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THE READER'S HANDBOOK 



THE 



READERS HANDBOOK 

OF 

ALLUSION S % REFERENCES, PLOTS 
AND STORIES 

WITH TWO APPENDICES 



^ 



BY THE REV. 



E. COBHAM BREWER, LL.D. 

TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE 

AUTHOR OF " DICTIONARY OF PHRASE AND FABLE " AND "GUIDE TO SCIENCE. 








PHILADELPHIA 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO, 

i 880 



^ 



7rK 3 






NELLIE AND AMY, 

Efjis Uolumc is ErtricattfJ 

BY THEIR 

AFFECTIONATE FATHER. 



PREFACE. 



The object of this Handbook is to supply readers and speakers with a lucid, 
but very brief account of such names as are used in allusions and references, 
whether by poets or prose writers, — to furnish those who consult it with 
the plot of popular dramas, the story of epic poems, and the outline of 
well-known tales. Who has not asked what such and such a book is about ? 
and who would not be glad to have his question answered correctly in a few 
words ? "When the title of a play is mentioned, who has not felt a desire to 
know who was the author of it ? — for it seems a universal practice to allude 
to the title of dramas without stating the author. And when reference is 
made to some character, who has not wished to know something specific about 
the person referred to? The object of this Handbook is to supply these 
wants. Thus, it gives in a few lines the story of Horner's Iliad and Odyssey, 
of Virgil's JEneid, Lucan's Pharsalia, and the Thebaid of Statius ; of Dante's 
Diuine Comedy, Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, and Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered ; 
of Milton's Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained; of Thomson's Seasons; 
of Ossian's tales, the Nibehmgen Lied of the German minnesingers, the 
Bomance of the Pose, the Lusiad of Camoens, the Loves of Tkeagenes and 
Charideia by Heliodorus (fourth century), with the several story poems 
of Chaucer, Grower, Piers Plowman, Hawes, Spenser, Drayton, Phineas 
Fletcher, Prior, Goldsmith, Campbell, Southey, Byron, Scott, Moore, Tenny- 
son, Longfellow, and so on. Far from limiting its scope to poets, the Hand- 
book tells, with similar brevity, the stories of our national fairy tales and 
romances, such novels as those by Charles Dickens, Vanity Fair by 
Thackeray, the Passelas of Johnson, Gidliver's Travels by Swift, the 
Sentimental Journey by Sterne, Bon Quixote and Gil Bias, Telemachus by 
Fenelon, and Undine by De la Motte Fouque. Great pains have been 
taken with the Arthurian stories, whether from sir T. Malory's collection or 
from the Mabinogion, because Tennyson has brought them to the front 



PREFACE. 



in his Idylls of the King ; and the number of dramatic plots sketched out 
is many hundreds. 

Another strikiug and interesting feature of the book is the revelation of 
the source from which dramatists and romancers have derived their stories, 
and the strange repetitions of historic incidents. Compare, for example, the 
stratagem of the wooden horse by which Troy was taken, with those of Abu 
Obeidah in the siege of Arrestan, and that of the capture of Sark from the 
French, p. 454. Compare, again, Dido's cutting the hide into strips, with 
the story about the Yakutsks, p. 164 ; that of Komulus and Kernus, with the 
story of Tyro, p. 843 ; the Shibboleth of Scripture story, with those of the 
"Sicilian Vespers," and of the Danes on St. Bryce's Day, p. 901; the story 
of Pisistratos and his two sons, with that of Cosmo de Medici and his two 
grandsons, p. 771; the death of Marcus Licinius Crassus, with that of 
Manlius Nepos Aquilius, p. 392; and the famous " Douglas larder," with 
the larder of Wallace at Ardrossan, p. 269. Witness the numerous tales 
resembling that of William Tell and the apple, p. 980 ; of the Pied Piper ot 
Hamelin, p. 766 ; of Llewellyn and his dog Gelert, p. 369 ; of bishop Hatto 
and the rats, p. 429 ; of Ulysses and Polyphemos, p. 1050 :, and of lord Lovel's 
bride, p. 571. Witness, again, the parallelisms of David in his flight from 
Saul, and that of Mahomet from the Koreishites, p. 937 ; of Jephtha and his 
daughter, and the tale of Idomeneus of Crete, or that of Agamemnon and 
Iphigenia, p. 491 ; of Paris and Sextus, p. 895 ; Salome and Fulvia, p. 864 ; 
St. Patrick preaching to king O'Neil, and St. Areed before the king of 
Abyssinia, p. 738 ; with scores of others mentioned in this Handbook. 

In the appendix arc added two lists, which wiJi be found of great use : 
the first contains the date and author of the several dramatic works set 
down ; and the. second, the date of the divers poems or novels given under 
their author's name. 

To ensure accuracy, every work alluded to in this large volume has been 
read personally b} r the author expressly for this Handbook, and since the 
compilation was commenced ; for although, at the beginning, a few others 
were employed for the sake of despatch, the author read over for himself, 
while the sheets were passing through the press, the works put into their 
hands. The very minute references to words and phrases, book and chapter, 
act and scene, often to page and line, will be sufficient guarantee to the reader 
that this assertion is not overstated. 

The work is in a measure novel, and cannot fail to be useful. It is owned 
that Charles Lamb has told, and told well, the Tales of Shakespeare ; but 
Charles Lamb has occupied more pages with each tale than the Handbook 
lias lines. It is also true that an "Argument" is generally attached to each 
bonk of an epic story ; but the reading of these rhapsodies is like reading an 



PREFACE. 



index — f ew have patience to wade through them, and fewer still obtain there- 
from any clear idea of the spirit of the actors, or the progress of the story. 
Brevity has been the aim of this Handbook, but clearness has not been 
sacrificed to terseness; and it has been borne in mind throughout that it 
is not enough to state a fact, — it must be stated attractively, and the 
character described must be drawn characteristically, if the reader is to 
appreciate it, and feel an interest in what he reads. 

It would be most unjust to conclude this preface without publicly 
acknowledging the great obligation which the author owes to the printer's 
reader while the sheets were passing through the press. He seems to have 
entered into the very spirit of the book; his judgment has been sound, his 
queries have been intelligent, his suggestions invaluable, and even some of 
the articles were supplied by him. 

Notwithstanding the care of both of us, some few errors in the earlier 
parts of the book escaped notice till it was too late to correct them, and that 
these errors may not be perpetuated, a table of corrigenda is given on the 
next page. 

The Author. 

Lavant, Chichester, 



Those verses introduced but not signed, or signed with initials only, are by the author of the 
Handbook. They are the Stornello Verses, p. 948 ; Nones and Ides, p. 689 ; the Seven Wise Men, 
p. 894; the Seven Wonders of the World, p. 894; and the following translations: — Lucan's "Ser- 
pents," p. 759; "Veni Wakefield perairnvnum," p. 373; specimen of Tyrteoa, p. 1047; " Vos non 
vobis,"p. 1075; " Hoi d'Yvelot," p. 1 126; " Non amo te," p. 1126; Marot's epigram, p. 569; epigram 
on a violin, p. 1070 ; epigram on the Fair Rosamond, p. 844 ; the Heidelberg tun, p. 1040 ; Dismas and 
Gesmas, pp. 248, 375; "Roger Bontemps," p. 839 ; "Le bon roi Dagobert," p. 678 ; " Pauvre Jacques," 
p. 741; Virgil's epitaph, p. 1070; "Cuuctis mare," p. 874; " Ni fallat fatum," p. 879; St. Elmo, 
p. 859; Baviad, etc., pp. 85, 591; several oracular responses (see Pkophkct, p. 795; Wooden 
Walls, p. 1117; etc); and many others. The chief object of this note is to prevent any useless 
Search after these trifles. 



CONTENTS. 



Stimulants useil by public actors and orators, p. 946. 

Stock Exchange nicknames, p. 946. 

Street nomenclature. 

Striking lines of noted authors, and sayings of great men. 

Superstitions and traditions about animals, precious stones, etc., pp. 955-61. 

Thieves screened by kings, p. 992 ; thieves of historic note, pp. 993-94 ; the 

penitent and impenitent, 248. 
The Times newspaper, p. 1006. 

The twelve Table Knights; twelve Paladins; twelve Wise Masters; etc. 
Three a sacred number, pp. 997-99. 

Thirteen precious things, p. 994; thirteen unlucky, p. 995. 
Titles and superscriptions of the popes, p. 785. 
Toad with an B, p. 1012. 
Touching for the kin-'s evil, p. 1019. 
Transformations, p. 1023. 
Trees noted for specific virtues and uses, pp. 1025-31 ; largest in the world, 

p. 1025. 
Unlucky possessions, p. 1052. 

Vicarious punishment (art. Zeleucus), p. 1129; whipping boys, p. 1096. 
Vulnerable parts of different heroes, p. 1076 ; invulnerability, p. 474. 
Warning-givers, pp. 1082-87. 
Waste time utilized, p. 1088. 
Welsh Triads, pp. 999-1001. 
Wind sold, p. 1108. 
Wines named from their effects, p. 1109; three-men wine, p. 1109; the 

rascal who drank wine out of a boot, p. 1040 (see Tun). 
Women changed to men; made of flowers; the nine worthy; abandoned 

women, p. 1115. 
Wooden horse of Troy and parallel stories, p. 1117. 
Wisdom honoured, p. 1110; wisdom persecuted, p. 1111. 

When no page is added, look under the word with a capital initial letter. 



THE READER'S HANDBOOK. 



AAltON", a Moor, beloved by Tam'- 
ora, queen of the Goths, in the tragedy 
of Titus Andron'icus, published amongst 
the plays of Shakespeare (1593). 

(The classic name is Andronicus, but 
the character of this play is purely 
fictitious.) 

Aaron (St.), a British martyr of the 
City of Legions (Newport, in South 
Wales). He was torn limb from limb by 
order of Maximian'us Hercu'lius, general 
in Britain, of the army of Diocle'tian. 
Two churches were founded in the City of 
Legions, one in honour of St. Aaron and 
one in honour of his fellow-martyr, St. 
Julius. Newport was called Caerleon by 
the British. 

. . . two others . . . sealed their doctrine with their blood ; 
St. Julius, and with him St. Aaron, have their room 
At Carleon, suffering death hy Diocletian's doom. 

Drayton, I'otyolbion, xxiv. (162i). 

Aaz'iz (osi/L), so the queen of Sheba 
or Saba is sometimes called ; but in the 
Koran she is called Balkis (ch. xxvii.). 

Abad'don, an angel of the bottomless 
pit (Rev. ix. 11). The word is derived from 
the Hebrew, abad, "lost," and means the 
lost one. There are two other angels intro- 
duced by Klopstock in The Messiah with 
similar names, but must not be con- 
founded with the angel referred to in 
Rev.; one is Obaddon, the angel of death, 
and the other Abbad'ona, the repentant 
devil. 

Ab'aris, to whom Apollo gave a 
golden arrow, on which to ride through 
the air. — See Dictionary of Fhrase ana 
Fable. 

Abbad'ona, once the friend of Ab'- 
dicl, was drawn into the rebellion of 
Satan half unwillingly. In hell he con- 
stantly bewailed his fall, and reproved 
Satan for his pride and blasphemy. He. 



openly declared to the infernals that he 
would take no part or lot in Satan's 
scheme for the death of the Messiah, and 
during the crucifixion lingered about the 
cross with repentance, hope, and fear. 
His ultimate fate we are not told, but 
when Satan and Adramelech arc driven 
back to hell, Obaddon, the angel of death, 
says — 

" For thee, Abbadona, I have no orders. How long 
thou art permitted to remain on earth 1 know not, nor 
whether thou wilt be allowed to see the resurrection of 
the Lord of glory' • • . but be not deceived, thou cans', 
not view Him with the joy of the redeemed." "Yet let 
me see Him, lot me M8 Him ! "— Klupotock, Tke ileesiah, 
xiii. 

Abberville (Lord), a young noble- 
man, 23 years of age, who has for 
travelling tutor a Welshman of 65, called 
Dr. Druid, an antiquary, wholly igno- 
rant of his real duties as a guide of youth. 
The young man runs wantonly wild, 
squanders his money, and gives loose to 
his passions almost to the verge of ruin, 
but he is arrested and reclaimed by his 
honest Scotch bailiff or financier, and the 
vigilance of his father's executor, Mr. 
Mortimer. This "fashionable lover" 
promises marriage to a vulgar, malicious 
city minx named Lucinda Bridgemore, 
but is saved from this pitfall also. — Cum- 
berland, The Fashionable Lover (1780). 

Abdal-azis, the Moorish governor 
of Spain after the overthrow of king 
Roderick. When the Moor assumed 
regal state and affected Gothic sovereignty, 
his subjects were so offended that they 
revolted and murdered him. He married 
Egilona, formerly the wife of Roderick. — 
Southey, Roderick, etc., xxii. (1814). 

Ab'dalaz'iz (Omar ben), a caliph 
raised to " Mahomet's bosom " in reward 
of his great abstinence and self-denial. — 
Herbelot, 690. 

He was by no means scrupulous ; nor did he think 
with the caliph Omar ben Abdalaziz that it was neces- 
sary to make a hell of this worid to enjoy paradise in tho 
next.— W. Beckford, Vathek 11786). 



ABDALDAR. 



ABSOLON. 



Abdal'dar, one of the magicians in 
the Domdaniel caverns, " under the roots 
of the ocean." These spirits were destined 
to be destroyed by one of the race of 
Hodei'rah (3 syl.), so they persecuted 
the race even to death. Only one 
survived, named Thal'aba, and Abdaldar 
was appointed by lot to find him out and 
kill him. He discovered the stripling in 
an Arab's tent, and while in prayer was 
about to stab him to the heart with a 
dagger, when the angel of death breathed 
on him, and he fell dead with the dagger 
in his hand. Thalaba drew from the 
magician's finger a ring which gave him 
command over the spirits. — Southey, 
Thalaba the Destroyer, ii. iii. (1797). 

Abdalla, one of sir Brian de Bois 
Guilbert's slaves. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Abdal'lah, brother and predecessor of 
Giaf'fer (2 syl.), pacha of Aby'dos. He 
was murdered by the pacha. — Byron, 
Bride of Abydos. 

Abdal'lah el Hadgi, Saladin's en- 
voy. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.). 

Abdals or Santons, a class of re- 
ligionists who pretend to be inspired 
with the most ravishing raptures of 
divine love. Regarded with great vene- 
ration by the vulgar. — Olearius, i. 971. 

Abde'rian Laughter, scoffing 
laughter, so called from Abdera, the 
birthplace of Democ'ritus, the scoffing or 
laughing philosopher. 

Ab'diel, the faithful seraph who 
withstood Satan when he urged those 
under him to revolt. 

... the seraph Abdiel, faithful found 
Among the faithless ; faithful only he 
Among innumerable false; unmoved, 
tjnshaken, unseduced, unterrified, 
His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, v. 896, etc. (1665). 

Abensberg {Count), the father of 
thirty-two children. When Heinrich II. 
made his progress through Germany, and 
other courtiers presented their offerings, 
the count brought forward his thirty-two 
children, " as the most valuable offering 
he could make to his king and country." 

Abes'sa, the impersonation of abbeys 
and convents in Spenser's Faery Queen, 
i. 3. She is the paramour of Kirk- 
rapine, who used to rob churches and 
poor-boxes, and bring, his plunder to 
Abcssa, daughter of Corccca (Blindness 
of Heart). 



Abney, called Young Afoiey, the 
friend of colonel Albert Lee, a royalist. — 
Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, the Com- 
monwealth). 

Abon Hassan, a young merchant of 
Bagdad, and hero of the tale called " The 
Sleeper Awakened," in the Arabian Nights' 
Entertainments. While Abon Hassan 
he is conveyed to the palace of 



Haroun-al-Raschid, and the attendants 
are ordered to do everything they can to 
make him fancy himself the caliph. He 
subsequently becomes the caliph's chief 
favourite. 

Shakespeare, in the induction of 
Taming of the Shrew, befools "Chris- 
topher Sly" in a similar way, but Sly 
thinks it was " nothing but a dream." 

Philippe le Bon, duke of Burgundy, on 
his marriage with Eleonora, tried the 
same trick. — Burton, Anatomy of Melan- 
choly, ii. 2, 4. 

Abra, the most beloved of Solomon's 
concubines. 

Fruits their odour lost and meats their taste, 
If gentle Abra had not decked the feast ; 
Dishonoured did the sparkling goblet stand, 
Unless received from gentle Abra's hand ; . . . 
Nor could my soul approve the music's tone 
Till all was hushed, and Abra sang alone. 

M. Prior, Solomon (1664-1721). 

Ab'radas, the great Macedonian 
pirate. 

Abradas, the great Macedonian pirat, thought every 
one had a letter of mart that bare sayles in the ocean. — 
Greene, Penelope's Web (1601). 

A'braham's Offering (Gen. xxii.). 
Abraham at the command of God laid his 
only son Isaac upon an altar to sacrifice 
him to Jehovah, when his hand was stayed 
and a ram substituted for Isaac. 

So Agamemnon at Aulis was about to 
offer up his daughter Iphigeni'a at the 
command of Artemis (Diana), when 
Artemis carried her off in a cloud and 
substituted a stag instead. 

Abroc'omas, the lover of An'thia in 
the Greek romance of Ephesi'aca, by 
Xenophon of Ephesus (not the historian). 

Ab'salom, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, is meant for the duke of 
Monmouth, natural son of Charles II. 
(David). Like Absalom, the duke was 
handsome ; like Absalom, he -was loved 
and rebellious ; and like Absalom, bis 
rebellion ended in his death (1649-1685). 

Ab'solon, a priggish parish clerk in 
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. His hair 
was curled, his shoes slashed, his hoao 
red. He could let blood, cut hair, and 



ABSOLUTE. 



ACHILLES. 



■have, could dance, and play either on 
the ribible or the gittern. This gay spark 
paid his addresses to Mistress Alison, the 
young wife of John, a rich but aged car- 
penter; but Alison herself loved a poor 
scholar named Nicholas, a lodger in the 
house.— Tlie Miller's Tale (1388). 

Absolute (Sir Anthony), a testy, but 
warm-hearted old gentleman, who ima- 
gines that he possesses a most angelic 
temper, and when he quarrels with his son, 
the captain fancies it is the son who is 
out of temper, and not himself. Smol- 
lett's "Matthew Bramble" evidently sug- 
gested this character. William Dowton 
(1764—1851) was the best actor of this 
part. 

Captain Absolute, son of sir Anthony, in 
love with Lydia Languish, the heiress, to 
whom he is known only as ensign Bever- 
ley. Bob Acres, his neighbour, is his 
rival, and sends a challenge to the un- 
known ensign ; but when he finds that 
ensign Beverley is captain Absolute, he 
declines to fight, and resigns all further 
claim to the lady's hand. — Sheridan, Tlie 
Rivals (1775). 

When you saw Jack Palmers in "captain Absolute," you 
thought you could trace his promotion to some lady of 
quality, who fancied the handsome fellow in his top-knot, 
and had bought him a commission. — Charles Lamb. 

Abu'dah., in the Tales of the Genii, by 
H. Ridley, is a wealthy merchant of Bag- 
dad, who goes in quest of the talisman of 
Oroma'nes, which he is driven to seek by 
a little old hag, who haunts him every 
night and makes his life wretched. He 
finds at last that the talisman which is to 
free him of this hag [conscience] is to 
"fear God and keep His command- 
ments." 

Abu'dah, in the drama called The Siege 
of Damascus, by John Hughes (1720), is 
the next in command to Caled in the 
Arabian army set down before Damascus. 
Though undoubtedly brave, he prefers 
peace to war ; and when, at the death of 
Caled, he succeeds to the chief command, 
he makes peace with the Syrians on 
honourable terms. 

Acade'mus, an Attic hero, whose 
garden was selected by Plato for the place 
of his lectures. Hence his disciples were 
called the "Academic sect." 

The green retreats of Academus. 

Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. 

Aca'dia (i.e. Nova Scotia), so called 
by the French from the river [Shuben]- 
acadie. In 1621 Acadia was given to sir 
William Alexander, and its name changed : 



and in 1755 the old French settlers were 
driven into exile by George II. Long- 
fellow has made this the subject of a poem 
in hexameter verse, called Evan'qeline 
(4 syl.). 

Acas'to (Lord), father of Seri'no, 
Casta'lio, and Polydore ; and guardian of 
Monimia "the orphan." He lived to see 
the death of his sons and his ward. 
Polydore ran on his brother's sword, Cas- 
talio stabbed himself, and Monimia took 
poison. — Otway, The Orphan (1680). 

Accidente ! (4 syl.), a curse and 
oath much used in Italy. 

Accidente ! cc qui veut dire en bon francais : Puis-tu 
mourir d'uecident. sans confession, dauine\ — lions. 
About, Tolla <* tale). 

Aces'tes (3 tyl.). In a trial of skill 
Acestes, the Sicilian, discharged his arrow 
with such force that it took fire from the 
friction of the air. — The sEaeid, Bk. V. 

Like Accstfes' shaft of old, 
The swift thought kindles as it flies. 

Longfellow, To a Child. 

Achates [A-ka'-teze], called by Virgil 
" fidus Achates." The name has become a 
synonym for a bosom friend, a crony, but 
is generally used laughingly.- TheJSneid. 



Acher'ia, the fox, went partnership 
with a bear in a bowl of milk. Before 
the bear arrived, the fox skimmed off the 
cream and drank the milk ; then, filling 
the bowl with mud, replaced the cream 
atop. Says the fox, " Here is the bowl ; 
one shall have the cream, and the other 
all the rest: choose, friend, which you 
like." The bear told the fox to take the 
cream, and thus bruin had only the mud. 
— A Basque Tale. 

A similar tale occurs in Campbell's 
Popular Talesof the West Highlands (iii. 98), 
called "The Keg of Butter." The wolf 
chooses the bottom when " oats " were the 
object of choice, and the top when "pota- 
toes " were the sowing. 

Rabelais tells the same tale about a 
farmer and the devil. Each was to have 
on alternate years what grew under and 
over the soil. The farmer sowed turnips 
and carrots when the undersoil produce 
came to his lot, and barley or wheat when 
his turn was the over-soil produce. 

Ac'heron, the " River of Grief," and 
one of the five rivers of hell ; hell itself. 
(Greek, axos pea, " I flow with grief.") 

Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 578 (1G65). 

Achilles (3 syl.), the hero of the 



ACHILLES' HEEL. 



ACRES. 



allied Greek army in the siege of Troy, 
and king of the Myr'inidons. — See Dic- 
tionary of Phrase and Fable, 

The English Achilles, John Talbot, first 
earl of Shrewsbury (1373-1453). 

The duke of Wellington is so called 
sometimes, and is represented by a statue 
of Achilles of gigantic size in Hyde 
Park, London, close to Apsley House 
(1769-1852). 

The Achilles of Germany, Albert, elec- 
tor of Brandenburg (1414-1486). 

Achilles of Borne, Sicin'ius Denta'tus 
(put to death b.c. 450). , 

Achilles' Heel, the vulnerable part. 
It is said that when Thetis dipped her son 
in the river Styx to make him invulner- 
able, she held him by the heel, and the 
part covered by her hand was the only 
part not washed by the water. This is a 
post-Homeric story. 

[Hanover] is the Achilles' heel to invulnerable England. 
— Carlyle. 

(Sometimes Ireland is called the Achil- 
les' heel of England.) 

* m * Similarly, the only vulnerable part 
of Orlando was the sole of his foot, and 
hence when Bernardo del Carpio assailed 
him at Roncesvalles, and found that he 
could not wound him, he lifted him up in 
his arms and squeezed him to death, as 
Hercules did Antae'os. 

Achilles' Spear. Telephus tried to 
stop the march of the Greek army on its 
way to Troy, and received a wound from 
Achilles. The oracle told him as "Achil- 
les gave the wound, only Achilles could 
cure it." Whereupon Telephus went to 
the tent of the hero, and was cured, some 
say by a herb called "Achilles," and 
others say by an emplastrium of rust 
scraped from the spear. Hence it was 
said that " Achilles' spear could both hurt 
and heal." — Plin. xxv. 5. 

Whose smile and frown, like to Achilles' spear, 
Is able with the change to kill or cure. 

Shakespeare, 5! Henry VI. act v. sc. 1 (1591). 

Achit'ophel, "Him who drew Achit- 
ophel," Dryden, author of the famous 
political satire of Absalom and Achit- 
ophel. "David" is Charles II. ; his rebel- 
lious son "Absalom" is the king's natural 
son, the handsome but rebellious James 
duke of Monmouth ; and " Achitophel," 
the traitorous counsellor, is the earl of 
Shaftesbury, "for close designs and 
crooked counsels lit." 

Can sneer at him who drew Achitophel. 

Byron, Don Juan, iii. 100. 
There is a portrait of the first earl of Shaftesbury 
(Pryden's " Achitophol ") as lord chancellor of England, clad 



Yd 



in ash-coloured robes, because he had never been allied to 
the bar.— E. Yates, Celebrities, xviii. 

Acida'lia, a fountain in Boeo f tia, sacred 
to Venus. The Graces used to bathe 
therein. Venus was called Acidalia (Vir- 
gil, jEneid, i. 720). 

After she •weary was 
With bathing in the Acidalian brook. 

Spenser, F.pithalamion (1595). 

A'cis, a Sicilian shepherd, loved by the 
nymph Galate'a. The monster Poly- 
pheny (3 syl.), a Cyclops, was his rival, 
and crushed him under a huge rock. The 
blood of Acis was changed into a river of 
the same name at the foot of mount Etna. 

Not such a pipe, good reader, as that which Acis did 
sweetly tune in praise of his Galatea, but one of true 
Delft manufacture. — W. Irving. 

Ack'land (Sir Thomas), a royalist. — 
Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, the Com-' 
monwealth). 

Ac'oe (3 syl.), " hearing," in the New 
Testament sense (Bom. x. 17), " Faith 
cometh by hearing." The nurse of Fido 
th}. Her daughter is Meditation. 
Greek, akoe, " hearing.") 

With him [Faith] his nurse went, careful AcoB, 
Whose hands first from his mother's womb did take 
him, 
And ever since have fostered tenderly. 

Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, tx. (1633). 

Acras'ia, Intemperance personified. 
Spenser says she is an enchantress living 
in the " Bower of Bliss," in " Wandering 
Island." She had the power of trans- 
forming her lovers into monstrous shapes ; 
but sir Guyon (temperance), having caught 
her in a net and bound her, broke down 
her bower and burnt it to ashes. — Faery 
Queen, ii. 12 (1590). 

Acra'tes (3 syl.), Incontinence per- 
sonified in The Purple Island, by Phineas 
Fletcher. He had two sons (twins) by 
Caro, viz., Methos (drunkenness) and 
Gluttony, both fully described in canto 
vii. (Greek, akrates, "incontinent.") 

Acra'tes (3 syl.), Incontinence personified 
in The Faery Queen, by Spenser. He is 
the father of Cvmoch'les and Pyroch'les. 
— Bk. ii. 4 (1590). 

Acres (Bob), a country gentleman, 
the rival of ensign Beverley, alias captain 
Absolute, for the hand and heart of Lydia 
Languish, the heiress. He tries to ape 
the man of fashion, gets himself up as a 
loud swell, and uses " sentimental oaths," 
i.e. oaths bearing on the subject. Thus 
if duels are spoken of he says, ods triggers 
and flints ; if clothes, ods froys and tam- 
bours; if music, ods minnums [minims] and 
crotchets : if ladies, o>is blushea and blooms. 



ACRISIUS. 



ADAM. 



This lie learnt from a militia officer, who 
to M him the ancients swore by Jove, 
Bacchus, Mar-*, Venus, Minerva, etc., 
according to the sentiment. H<»l> Acres 
is b great blusterer, and talks big of Ids 

•hiring, but when put to the push " his 
courage always oozed out <>f his fingers' 

ends." J. Quick was tin- original liob 

Acres.— Sheridan, The Rivals (177;")). 

As thru' hi^ palms Bob lores' valour •<■■/< .1. 

80 Juan's virtue ebbed, 1 know not how. 

Byim, 0SM Juan. 

Acris'ius, father of Dan'ae. An 
oracle declared that Hanao would give 
birth to a sun who would kill hini, so 
Aerisius kept his daughter shut up in an 
apartment underground, or (as some say) 
in a brazen tower. Here she became the 
mother of Pcr'scus (2 sul.), by Jupiter in 
the form of a shower of gold. The king 
of ArgOS now ordered his daughter and 
lier infant to be put into a chest, and 
cast adrift on the sea, hut they were 
rescued by Dictys, a fisherman. When 

grown to manhood, Perseus accidentally 
struck the foot of Aerisius with a quoit, 
and the blow caused his death. This tale 
is told by Mr. Morris in The Earthly 
Paradise (April). 

ActaB'on, a hunter, changed by Diana 
into a stag. A synonym for a cuckold. 

Divultro Pago bimadf for a ,-ocure and wilful AfitSSOD 
[cuckold} 

Shakespeare, Mirrii llitvc, ate., :ut iii. sc. 2 (159<S). 

Acte'a, a female slave faithful to Nero 
in his fall. It was this hetsera who 
wrapped the dead body in cerements, and 
saw it decently interred. 

This Aotea mi beautiful She was seated on the 
ground ; the head of Nero wu on her lap, hi< naked body 
was stretched on those winding-sheets In which she was 
about to fold him, to lay him in his grave upon the garden 
hill.— Ouida, Ariaditc, i. 7. 

Ac'tius Since'rus, the nom de plume 
of the Italian poet Sanna/.aro, called 
" The Christian Virgil " (1458-1530). 

Actors and Actresses. The last 
male actor that took a woman's character 
on the stage was Edward Kvnaston, noted 
for his beauty (1619-1687). The first 
female actor for hire was Mrs. Saunder- 
son, afterwards Mrs. Betterton, who died 
in 1712. 

Ad, Ad'ites (2 syl.). Ad is a tribe 
descended from Ad, son of Uz, son of 
I rem, son of Shem, son of Noah. The 
tribe, at the Confusion of Babel, went 
and settled on Al-Ahkaf [the Winding 
Sands], in the province of Hadramaut. 
Shedad was their first king, but in conse- 
quence of his pride, both he and all the 



tribe perished, either from drought 01 
the Sarsar {an toy wind). — Sale's Koran, 1. 

Won, woe, to [ran I Woe to Ad : 

Death i- rone up into Ik 

They fell around, roe. n andi (ell around. 

The king ami all hil people fell ; 
All. a 1. they peri bed all. 
Southey. rotate '>'<■ li.uroy.-r. i. 41. -15 (1797). 

A'dah, wife of Cain. After Cain had 

been conducted by Lucifer through the 
realms of space, he is restored to the home 
of his wife and child, where all is !icaiil\, 
gentleness, and love. full of faith and 
fervent in gratitude, Adah loves her infant 
with a sublime maternal affection. Sh« 
sees him sleeping, and says to Cain- 
Mow lovely In little cheukj 
In tie Ir pure Incarnation, v.ing wttt 
The rase leaves strewn beneath than. 

And bis lips, loo. 

HOW beautifully |>art.-<l ! No ; yoti shall not 

Kiel bin ; at least not now. He will awake soon- 
Hi;, hour of uiidda) nsSt i» nearly over. 

Byron, Cain. 
Adam.. In Greek this word is com- 
ponnded of the four initial letters of the 
cardinal quarters : 

Arktos, . upKTOf . north. 

Dusis, . ii'oiv . west. 

Anatoli, . ui-uto.x// . east. 

Mesembria, peo-n/i/?/J«a south. 

The Hebrew word ADM forms the ana- 
gram of A[dam], D[avid], M[essiah]. 

Ail-tin, /«>:'■ in id,: Cod created the body 
of Adam of Salzaly i.e. dry, unbaked 
clay, and left it forty night* without a 
soul. The clay was collected by A/arael 
from the four quarters of the earth, and 
God, to show His approval of Azarael's 
choice, constituted him the angel of 
death. — Kahadan. 

Adam, Eve t and the Serpent. After the 
fall Ad, tm was placed on mount Vasseni 
in the east ; Eve was banished to Djidda 
(now Gedda, on the Arabian coast) ; and 
the Serpent was exiled to the coast of 
Eblehh. 

After the lapse of 100 years Adam 
rejoined Eve on mount Arafaith \jAace 
of llemembrance'], near Mecca. — D'Ohsson. 

Death of Adam. Adam died on Friday, 
April 7, at the age of 930 years. 
Michael swaithed his body, and Gabriel 
discharged the funeral rites. The body 
was buried at Ghar'ul-Kenz [the grotto of 
treasure], which overlooks Mecca. 

His descendants at death amounted to 
40,000 souls.— D'Ohsson. 

When Noah entered the ark (the same writer says) he 
took the body of Adam in a coffin with him, and when ht 
lefi the ark restored it to the place he had taken it from. 

Adam, a bailiff, a jailor. 

Not that Adam that kept the paradise, but that Adam 
that keeps the prison.— Shakespeare, Comedy of Error*, 
act iv. sc. 3 H593). 



ADAM. 



ADICIA. 



Adam, a faithful retainer in the family 
of sir Rowland de Boys. At the age of 
four score, he voluntarily accompanied 
his young master Orlando into exile, and 
offered to give him his little savings. He 
has given birth to the phrase, "A faithful 
Adam" for man-servant]. — Shakespeare, 
As You Like It (1598). 

Adam's Ale, water. 
Adam's Profession, tillage, gar- 
dening. 

When Adam delved and Eve span, 
Who was then the gentleman ? 

Ray's Proverbs. 
There is no ancient gentleman bnt gardeners, ditchers, 
and grave-makers ; they hold up Adam's profession. — 
Shakespeare, Eamlet, act v. sc. 1 (1596). 

Adam Bell, a northern outlaw, noted 
for his archery. The name, like those of 
Clym of theClough, William of Cloudesly, 
Robin Hood, and Little John, is synony- 
mous with a good archer. 

Adamas or Adamant, the mineral 
called corun'dum, and sometimes the dia- 
mond, one of the hardest substances known. 

Albrecht was as firm as Adamas. — Schmidt, Germ. 
Bist. (translated). 

Adamastor, the Spirit of the Cape, 
a hideous phantom, of unearthly pallor, 
** erect his hair uprose of withered red, 
his lips were black, his teeth blue and 
disjointed, his beard haggard, his face 
scarred by lightning, his eyes shot livid 
fire, his voice roared." The sailors 
trembled at sight of him, and the fiend 
demanded how they dared to trespass 
" where never hero braved his rage be- 
fore? " He then told them " that every 
year the shipwrecked should be made to 
deplore their foolhardiness." — Camoens, 
The Lusiad, v. (1569). 

Adam'ida, a planet on which reside 
the unborn spirits of saints, martyrs, and 
believers. U'riel, the angel of the sun, 
was ordered at the crucifixion to interpose 
this planet between the sun and the earth, 
so as to produce a total eclipse. 

Adamida, in obedience to the divine command, flew 
amidst overwhelming storms, rushing clouds, falling 
mountains, and swelling seas. Uriel stood on the pole 
of the star, but so lost in deep contemplation on Golgotha, 
that he heard not the wild uproar. On coming to the 
region of the sun, Adamida slackened her course, and ad- 
vancing before the sun, covered its face and intercepted 
all its rays. — Klopstock, The Messiah, viiL (1771). 

Adams (John), one of the mutineers 
of the Bounty (1790), who settled in 
Tahiti. In 1814 he was discovered as 
the patriarch of a colony, brought up 
with a high sense of religion and strict 
regard to morals. In 1839 the colony 
was voluntarily placed under the pro- 
tection of the British Government. 



Adams (Parson), the beau-ideal of a 
simple-minded, benevolent, but eccentric 
country clergyman, of unswerving in- 
tegrity, solid learning, and genuine piety ; 
bold as a lion in the cause of truth, but 
modest as a girl in all personal matters ; 
wholly ignorant of the world, being "th 
it but not of it." — Fielding, Joseph An- 
drews (1742). 

His learning, his simplicity, his evangelical purity of 
mind are so admirably mingled with pedantry, absence 
of mind, and the habit of athletic . . . exercises . . . that 
he may be safely termed one of the richest productions of 
the muse of fiction. Like don Quixote, parson Adams is 
beaten a little too much and too often, but the cudgel lights 
upon his shoulders . . . without the slightest stain to his 
reputation. — Sir W. Scott. 

Adder (deaf). It is said in fable 
that the adder, to prevent hearing the 
voice of a charmer, lays one ear on the 
ground and sticks his tail into the other. 

. . . when man wolde him enchante. 
He leyeth downe one eare all flat 
Unto the grounde, and halt it fast ; 
And eke that other eare als faste 
He stoppeth with his taille so sore 
That he the wordes, lasse or more. 
Of his enchantement ne hereth. 
Gower, De Confessione Amantis, i. x. (1482). 

Adder's Tongue, that is, oph'io- 
glos'sum. 

For them that are with [by] newts, or snakes, or adder* 

stung. 
He seeketh out an herb that's called adder's tongue. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Ad'dison of the North, Henry 
Mackenzie, author of The Man of Feeling 
(1745-1831). 

Adelaide, daughter of the count of 
Narbonne, in love with Theodore. She 
is killed by her father in mistake for 
another. — Robt. Jephson, Count of Nar- 
bonne (1782). 

Adeline (Lady), the wife of lord 
Henry Amun'deville (4 syL), a highly 
educated aristocratic lady, with all the 
virtues and weaknesses of the upper ten. 
After the parliamentary sessions this 
noble pair filled their house with guests, 
amongst which were the duchess of Fitz- 

Fulke, the duke of D , Aurora Raby, 

and don Juan " the Russian envoy." 
The tale not being finished, no sequel to 
these names is given. (For the lady's 
character, see xiv. 54-56.) — Byron, Bon 
Juan, xiii. to the end. 

Ad'emar or Adema'ro, archbishop 
of Poggio, an ecclesiastical warrior in 
Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. — See Dic- 
tionary of Phrase and Fable. 

Adic'ia, wife of the solrlan, who in- 
cites him to distress the kingdom of 
Mercilla. When Mercilla sends* her 
ambassador, Samient, to negotiate peace, 



APKTJS. 



ADOSIXDA. 



Adicia, in violation of international law, 
thrusts her [Sainient] Oltt Of doors like a 
dog, and Beta two knighta upon her. Sir 
Artexal comes to bet rescue, attacks tin- 
two anights, and knocks one of them 
from his saddle with such force that he 
breaks his neck. Alter the discomfiture 

of the BOldan, Adicia rushes forth with a 
knife to stall Samient, hut, being inter- 
cepted by sir Artegal, \.i changed into ■ 
tigress. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 8 
(1696). 

*»*The "soldan" is kin;; Philip II. of 
Spain ; "Mercilla H is queen Elizabeth ; 
"Adicia" is Injustice personified, or the 
bigotry of popery: and "Samient M the 
ambassadors of Holland, who went to 
Philip for redress of grievances, and 
were most iniquitously detained by him 
as prisoners. 

Ad'icus, Unrighteousness personified 
in canto vii. of The Purple Itland 
(1633), by Phineas Fletcher. He has 
eight sons and daughters, viz., Ec'thros 
(hatred), Kris {variance) a daughter, 
Zelos (emulation), Thumofl (wrath), 
Erith'ius (strife), Dichos'tasis (sedition), 
Envy, and l'hon'os (murder) ; all fully 
described by the poet. (Greek, adikus, 
"an unjust man.") 

Adie of Aikenshaw, a neighbour 
of the Glendinnings. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Monast ery (time, Elizabeth). 

Adme'tus, a king of Thessaly, 
husband of Alcestis. Apollo, being con- 
demned by Jupiter to serve a mortal for 
twelve months for slaying a Cyclops, 
entered the service of Admetus. James 
K. Lowell, of Boston, U.S., has a poem 
on the subject, called The Shepherd of 
Kin,) Admetus (1819- ). 

Ad'mirable (Hie) : (1) Aben-Esra, 
a Spanish rabbin, bom at Tole'do (1119- 
1174). (2) James Crichton (Kry-ton), 
the Scotchman (1551-157i>). (3) Roger 
Bacon, called "The Admirable Doctor " 
(1214-1292). 

Adolf, bishop of Cologne, was de- 
voured by mice or rats in 1112. (See 
Hatto.) 

Ad'ona, a seraph, the tutelar spirit 
of James, the "first martyr of the 
twelve." — Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. 
(1748). 

A'donbec el Hakim, the physi- 
cian, a disguise assumed by Saladin, who 
visits sir Kenneth's sick squire, and 



cures him of a fever.— Sir \Y. Sett, The 
Talisman (time, Richard I.'. 

Ado'nis, a beautiful youth, beloved 
by Venus and I'm.-c r'j.ma, who quarrelled 

about the possession of him. Jupiter, t.> 
settle the dispute, decided that t lie bov 
should spend si\ months witli Venue in 
the upper world and >ix with Proserpina 
in the lower. Adonis was gored to death 
by a wild boar in a hunt. 

Shakespeare has a poem Called Venn* 

and Adam, Shelley calls his elegy on the 

pod Keats Admn'is, under the idea that 

the untimely death id' Keats resembled 

that of Adonis. 

(Adomt is an allegory of the sun, which 

is >ix months north of the horizon, and 
six months south. Thammiiz is the Bame 
as Adonis, and BO is Osiris.) 

Ado'nis Flower, the pheasant's 
eye or red maithes, called in French 
gaute (/<■ sang, and said to have Bprung 

from the blood of Adonis, who was 
killed by a wild boar. 

O fleur. si chore a C> thcree, 
Tacorolle Art, en nslsunt. 
Du saiig d'AdoiiU colore*. 

A nonyme. 

Adonis's Garden. It is said that 
Adonis delighted in gardens, and had a 
magnificent one. Pliny says (xix. 4), 
w Antiquitas nihil prius mirata est quam 
Hespendnm hortos, ac regum Adonidis 
et Alcimii." 

How shall I honour thee for this success t 

Thy promises an like Adams' ip"*-n. 

That tH day Moom'd. and fn.itful were the next. 
Shakespeare, 1 I/cnrt/ 17. act i. sc. 6 (154)9). 

An Adonis garden, a very short-lived 
pleasure ; a temporary garden of cut 
llowers ; an horticultural or floricultural 
show. The allusion is to the fennel and 
lettuce jars of the ancient Greeks, called 
"Adonis' gardens," because these plants 
were reared for the annual festival of 
Adonis, and were thrown away when the 
festival was over. 

Ad'oram, a seraph, who had charge 
of James the son of Alphe'us. — Klopstock, 

The Jlessiah, iii. (174*). 

Adosinda, daughter of the Gothic 
governor of Auria, in Spain. The Moors 
having slaughtered her parents, husband, 
and child, preserved her alive for the 
captain of Aleahman's regiment. She 
went to his tent without the least resis- 
tance, but implored the captain to give 
her one night to mourn the death of those 
so near and dear to her. To this he 
complied, but during sleep she murdered 



ADRAMELECH. 



iEGEON. 



him with his own scymitar. Roderick, 
disguised as a monk, helped her to bury 
the dead bodies of her house, and then 
she vowed to live for only one object, 
vengeance. In the great battle, when the 
Moors were overthrown, she it was who 
gave the word of attack, "Victory and 
Vengeance ! " — Southey, Roderick, etc., 
iii. (1814). 

Adram'elech (ch=k), one of the fallen 
angels. Milton makes him overthrown by 
U'riel and Raphael (Paradise Lost, vi. 365). 
According to Scripture, he was one of the 
idols of Sepharvaim, and Shalmane'ser 
introduced his worship into Samaria. 
[The word means "the mighty magniii- 
cent king."] 

The Sepharvites burnt their children in the fire to 
Adramelech.— 2 Kings xvii. 31. 

Klopstock introduces him into The 
Messiah, and represents him as surpassing 
Satsn in malice and guile, ambition and 
mischief. He is made to hate every one, 
even Satan, of whose rank he is jealous, 
and whom he hoped to overthrow, that by 
putting an end to his servitude he might 
become the supreme god of all the created 
worlds. At the crucifixion he and Satan 
are both driven back to hell by Obad'don, 
the angel of death. 

Adraste' (2 syL), a French gentleman, 
who enveigles a Greek slave named Isi- 
dore from don Pedre. His plan is this : He 
gets introduced as a portrait-painter, and 
thus imparts to Isidore his love and 
obtains her consent to elope with him. 
He then sends his slave Zaide (2 syl.) to 
don Pedre, to crave protection for ill 
treatment, and Pedre promises to befriend 
her. At this moment Adraste appears, 
and demands that Zaide be given up to 
him to punish as he thinks proper. 
Pedre intercedes; Adraste seems to relent; 
and Pedre calls for Zaide. Out comes 
Isidore instead, with Zaide's veil. 
" There," says Pfedre, "take her and use 
her well." "I will do so," says the 
Frenchman, and leads off the Greek 
slave. — Moliere, Le Sicilien ou L' Amour 
Peintre (1667). 

A'dria, the Adriatic. 

Fled over Adria to the Hesperian fields [Italy]. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 520 (1665). 

Adrian'a, a wealthy Ephesian lady, 
who marries Antiph'olus, twin-brother of 
Antiphoius of Syracuse. The abbess 
./Emilia is her mother-in-law, but she 
knows it not ; and one day when she 
accuses her husband of infidelity, she 



says to the abbess, if he is unfaithful it 
is not from want of remonstrance, "foi 
it is the one subject of our conversation. 
In bed I Avill not let him sleep for speak- 
ing of it ; at table I will not let him eat 
for speaking of it ; when alone with him 
I talk of nothing else, and in company I 
give him frequent hints of it. In a word, 
all my talk is how vile and bad it is in 
him to love another better than he loves 
his wife " (act v. sc. 1). — Shakespeare, 
Comedy of Errors (1593). 

Adria'no de Arma'do (Don), a 
pompous, fantastical Spaniard, a military 
braggart in a state of peace, as Parolles 
(3 syl.) was in war. Boastful but poor, a 
coiner of words but very ignorant, 
solemnly grave but ridiculously awkward, 
majestical in gait but of very low pro- 
pensities. — Shakespeare, Love's Labour 
Lost (1594). 

(Said to be designed for John Florio, 
surnamed "The Resolute," a philologist. 
Holofernes, the pedantic schoolmaster, in 
the same play, is also meant in ridicule of 
the same lexicographer.) 

Adriat'ic wedded to the Doge. The 
ceremony of wedding the Adriatic to the 
doge of Venice was instituted in 1174 by 
pope Alexander III., who gave the doge a 
gold ring from his own finger in token of 
the victory achieved by the Venetian 
fleet at Istria over Frederick Barbarossa. 
The pope, in giving the ring, desired the 
doge to throw a similar one into the sea 
every year on Ascension-Day in comme- 
moration of this event. The doge's 
brigantine was called Bucentaur. 

You may remember, scarce five years are past 
Since in your brigantine you sailed to see 
The Adriatic wedded to our duke. 

T. Otway, Venice Preserved, i. 1 (16S2). 

Ad'riel, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, the earl of Mulgrave, a 
royalist. 

Sharp-judging Adriel, the Muses' friend ; 
Himself a muse. In sanhedrim's debate 
True to his prince, but not a slave to state ; 
Whom David's love with honours did adorn, 
That from his disobedient son were torn. 

Parti. 

(John Sheffield, earl of Mulgrave (1049- 
1721) wrote an Essay on Poetry.) 

JE'acus king of Gino'pia, a man of 
such integrity and piety, that he was 
made at death one of the three judges of 
hell. The other two were Minos and 
Rhadaman'thus. 

JEge'on, a huge monster with 100 
arms and 50 heads, who with his brothers, 
Cottus and Gyges, conquered the Titans 



• 



/ENEID. 



bv barling at thi 

Homer says men call bim "./Ege'on," but 

by |he goat be ii called I 

(Milton accent* the irord on thi 
syllable, and bo does I airfan in Ins 
■ 

'on, n. merchant of Byracuse. in 

Shak. 

JEgi'nu, a rocky ialnnd In theSaronic 
gulf. It w:is near tin- ialnnd that the 
Athenian! won tin- famous naval battle >>f 
SaTamis over tin- fleet of \ 
400, llx- Athenian prows were decorated 
with a figure-head of Athe'nssor Mr 

Ai»l,.f,.|,| 
' m Hi.- brazen prow 

( >( A I : 

. . , o'erwhi 

Ak.ri.-i.le. llfnn to »A< 

JETia Lao'lia Crispis, an inex- 
plicable riddle, sn called bom an in- 
scription in Latin, preserved in Bologna, 
which may in- rendered thus into English : 
.i.i.ia i tut < an 

r mill, nor woman, nor njidrutgiM ; 
irl. nor hoj . nor aid ; 

Si illirr harlot nor »,: . 

Hut .4.11 |..x" the*. J 

Carried .iff neitlirr l.y hunger, nor sword, nor poison ; 

liul b) all [ol thrill). 
Neither In heaven. u,.r in the water, nor In the e*rth ; 

But bUittfl e»erj where. 

LlrllS ACATIIO II. 
Neither the hiuhnnd. tmr l.>>er, nor Mend ; 
Neither primftag, nor rejoking. nor jaindlH ; 
But nil [of EkawJ— 

This— neither a pile, nor a pyrnmij. nor a sepulchre 
That h built, he know- and knows n.>t [wbb h it La], 
pulchra contalnl ttiu it ; 

It u :i carpet w (to no wpaJchre containing it ; 

But the eoipse and the sepulchre are one and the 
same. 
It spouM ■oaroaljr' f* lW « ■ MM* t» the solution of the 
".KlUi l.asiii CritfU."— J W. DtapaK, 

^FiTnelia, a lady of high degree, in love 
with Am'ias, a squire of inferior rank. 
Going to meet her lover at a tryst im;- 
place, she was naught an by n hideous 
monster, and thrust into his den for future 
fond. Belphoebe (3 syi.) Blew " the caitiff" 
and released the maid (canto via.). 
Prince Arthur, having slain Corflambo, 
released Amies from the durance of 
Psaa'na, Corfiambo's daughter, and brought 
the lovers together " in peace and settled 
rest" (canto ix.). — Spenser, Faery Queen. 
iv. (1596). 

/Emil'ia, wife of /Ege'on the Syra- 
cusian merchant, and mother of the twins 
called Antiph'olus. When the boys were 
shipwrecked, she was parted from them 
and taken to Ephesus. Here she entered 
a convent, and rcse to be the abbess. 



Without her knowing it, one of her twins 

ettled in Ephesus, end rose to be 

i and richesl citizens. 

■ii and her husband .1 jinn 

fool in Ephesus the same day 
without the knowledge of each other, and 
all met together in the duke's court, when 

ry of their lives was told, and they 

became again united to each other. — 
Shak< 98). 

JEmon'ian Arts, magic, so called 
from . 1. mi >ti ' . . , noted for magic. 

Jason was >D called 
father was king of JSmonia. 

iEllG'aS, ■ Trojan prince, the her<> of 
Virgil's epic called .l.it. ./. He was the 

son "f Anchi'ses and Venus. His tir.-t 
\\ lie m ; sy/.), by whom he had 

a son named Asca'niUS j blS BOCOnd wife 

was l.avinia, daughter of Latlnus king of 

Italy, by whom he had a posthumous son 
called .i'.ue'as Sylvius. He -ucceeilcd his 
father-in-law in the kingdom, and the 
Romans called him their founder. 

According to Geoffrey of Monmouth 
11 Brutus," the iir.-t king <>f Britain (from 

whom the island was called Britain), was 
1 .neos. 

iEne'id, the epic poem of Virgil, in 

twelve 1 ks. When Troy was taken hy 

the Greeks and ad on lire. .Krie'as, with his 
father, son. and wife, took tii^'ht, with the 
intention of going to Italy, the original 
birthplace of the family. The wife was 
lost, and the old father died on the way; 
but alter numerous peril.- by sea and land, 
.l.neas and his son Ascs'nius reached 
Italy. Here Latinus, the reigning king, 
received the exiles hospitably, and pro- 
mised his daughter Lavin'ia in marriage 
;ieas; but she had been already 
betrothed by her mother to prince Turnus, 
son of Daunus, king of Ru'tuli, and 
Turnus would not forego his claim. 
Latinus. in this dilemma, said the rivals 
must settle the dispute by an appeal to 
arms. Turnus being slain, /Eneas married 
Lavinia, and ere long suceeded his father- 
in-law on the throne. 

Book I. The escape from Troy ; /Eneas 
and his son, driven by a tempest on the 
shores of Carthage, are hospitably enter- 
tained bv queen Dido. 

II. /Eneas tells Dido the tale of the 
wooden horse, the burning of Troy, and 
his flight with his father, wife, and son. 
The wife was lost and died. 

III. The narrative continued. The 
perils he met with on the way, and the 
death of his father. 



vEOLUS. 



10 



AGAMEMNON. 



IV. Dido falls in love with iEneas ; 
but he steals away from Carthage, and 
Dido, on a funeral pyre, puts an end to her 
life. 

V. tineas reaches Sicily, and celebrates 
there the games in honor of Anchises. 
This book corresponds to the Iliad, xxiii. 

VI. iEneas visits the infernal regions. 
This book corresponds to Odyssey, xi. 

VII. Latinus king of Italy, entertains 
iEneas, and promises to him Lavinia (his 
daughter) in marriage, but prince Turnus 
had been already betrothed to her by the 
mother, and raises an army to resist 
iEneas. 

VIII. Preparations en both sides for a 
general war. 

IX. Turnus, during the absence of 
iEneas, fires the ships and assaults the 
camp. The episode of Nisus and Eury'- 
alus. 

X. The war between Turnus and 
iEneas. Episode of Mezentius and Lau- 
sus. 

XL The battle continued. 
XII. Turnus challenges iEneas to 
single combat, and is killed. 

N.B. — 1. The story of Sinon and taking of Troy ig bor- 
rowed from Pisander, as Macrobius informs us. 

2. The loves of Dido and jEneas are copied from those 
of Medea and Jason, in Apollonius. 

6. The story of the wooden horse and the burning of 
Troy are from Arcti'nus of Miletus. 

-33'olus, god of the winds, which he 
keeps imprisoned in a cave in the JEolian 
Islands, and lets free as he wishes or as 
the over-gods command. 

Was I for this nigh wrecked upon the sea, 

And twies by awkward wind from England's bank 

Drevc back again unto my native clime? . , . 

Yet .Kolus would not be a murderer, 

But left that hateful office unto thee. 

Shakespeaie, 2 llenry VI. act v. sc. 2 (1591). 

iEscula'pius, in Greek Askle'pios, 
the god of healing. 

What says my .Esculapius ? my Galen? ... Hal is he 

dead ? 
Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 3 (1001). 

iE'Son, the father of Jason. He was 
restored to youth by Medea, who infused 
into his veins the juice of certain herbs. 

Ir. such a night, 
Medea grtther'd the enchanted herbs 
That did renew old jEsoii. 
Bhakespeare, Merchant of Venice, act v. sc. 1 (before 1593). 

iEsop, the fabulist, said to be hump- 
backed ; hence, " an iLsop " means a 
hump-backed man. The young son of 
llenry VI. calls his uncle Richard of 
Gloster " iEsop." — 3 Henry VI. act v. 
sc. 5. 

JEsop of Arabia, Lokman ; and Nas- 
sen (fifth century). 



JEsop of England, John Gay (1688- 
1732). 

JEsop of France, Jean de la Fontaine 
(1621-1695). 

JEsop of Germany, Gotthold Ephraim 
Lessing (1729-1781). 

JEsop of India, Bidpay or Pilpay 
(third century B.C.). 

Afer, the south-west wind ; Notus, the 
full south. 

Notus and Afer, black witli thundrous clouds. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 702 (1665). 

African Magician (T/ie), pretended 
to Aladdin to be his uncle, and sent the 
lad to fetch the " wonderful lamp " from 
an underground cavern. As Aladdin re- 
fused to hand it to the magician, he shut 
him in the cavern and left him there. 
Aladdin contrived to get out by virtue of 
a magic ring, and learning the secret of 
the lamp, became immensely rich, built a 
superb palace, and married the sultan's 
daughter. Several years after, the African 
resolved to make himself master of the 
lamp, and accordingly walked up and 
down before the palace, crying inces- 
santly, " Who will change old lamps for 
new ? " Aladdin being on a hunting ex- 
cursion, his wife sent a eunuch to exchange 
the "wonderful lamp" for a new one; 
and forthwith the magician commanded 
" the slaves of the lamp to transport the 
palace and all it contained into Africa. 
Aladdin caused him to be poisoned in a 
draught of wine. — Arabian Nights ("Alad- 
din or The Wonderful Lamp"). 

Afrit or Afreet, a kind of Medusa 
or Lamia, the most terrible and cruel of all 
the orders of the deevs. — Hcrbelot, 66. 

From the hundred chimneys of the village, 

Like the Afreet in the Arabian story [introduct. Tale\ 

Smoky columns tower aloft into the air of amber. 

Longfellow, The Holden Milestone. 

Agag, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achit'ophel, is sir Edmondbury 
Godfrey, the magistrate, who was fouud 
murdered in a ditch near Primrose Hill. 
Dr. Oates, in the same satire, is called 
" Corah." 

Corah might for Agag's murder call. 

In terms as coarse as Samuel used to Saul. 

Parti 

Agamemnon, king of the Argiyes 
and commander-in-chief of the allied 
Greeks in the siege of Troy. Introduced 
by Shakespeare in his Irvilus and Crcs'- 
sida, 

Vixere fortes ante Agamem'nona, " There 
were brave men before Agamemnon;" we 
are not to suppose that there were no 
great and good men in former times. A 



A(.\\M.« I \. 11 

similar proverb is, "Then archills be \ ond 
Pentland and held- beyond Forth." 

Agandecca, daughter of Btarno king 
of Lochlin [Sea promised in 

mam king ol Morven (jjortA- 

wst of ScoUana]. 1 be maid t « ■ 1 * i Fingal 
bo beware of ber father, who bad Bel an 
ambush to kill him. Fingal, being tfans 
forewarned, slew the men in ambush: and 
Starno, in rage, murdered bis daughter, 
who waa buried by Fingal in Ardven 
..'<■]. 
inter ..f tin- taem ow riV mi end l< " 

She came hi like the 

*u the cloud of tin aaal LoveUneai was aruunJ 
bat a.. liKi't ll<r Ma| vat Ilk* t ii«- buhm 

tin youth, ana loved Mm. H. «.i- the Btntea 
»uii i.i bar awl Bat brut ever rolled in mctsI on bun, 

and she UvjmM Uie ejiiel ol Murun- I'ui.ni | I 

Ej 

Aganip'pe (-1 ay/.), fountain of the 
. at the foot of mount Helicon, in 

Uuo'tia. 

Kruni llelit-on's harmonious Kpringj 

A thousand rilL- ilmr masj progreei take. 

Gray. l'ro<jr«Mt of I'ottry. 

Ag'ape (."> .<///.) the fay. She had three 
■ana al a birth, Priamond, Diamond, and 
Triamond. Being anxious to know the 
future Lot of her sons, she went to the 
abyss of Demogorgon, to consult the 
"Three Fatal Sisters." Clotho Bhowed her 
the threads, which "were thin as those 
apun by a spider." She begged the fates 
to lengthen the life-threads, but they said 
this could not be ; the] consented, how- 
ever, to this agreement — 

When ><• shred with fatal knife 
His line wlu.h is tlie shortest of ttie three. 
Bftaoon his lit. maj pat* into the next ; 
Aiut when the iiiai shall likewise ended t>e. 
That both their Ihres maj likewise !*■ annext 
Unto the third, thai bla maj i*- to treti 

Bp e n aar , t'a,ry Bjin***, iv. ■:. [i&o). 

Agapi'da (frag Antonio), the ima- 
ginary chronicler of The Conquest of 
UniwnLt, written by Washington Irving 

(1829). 

Ag'arie, a genus of fungi, some of 
which are very nauseous and disgusting. 

That smells as foul-fleshed agaric in the holt [/ores/]. 
Tennyson, tiarcth and lynatttl. 

Agast'ya (3 s;/L), a dwarf who drank 
the sea dry. As he was walking one day 
with Vishnoo, the insolent ocean asked 
the god who the pigmy was that strutted 
by his side. Vishnoo replied it was the 
patriarch Agastya, who was going to 
restore earth to its true balance. Ocean, 
in contempt, spat its spray in the pigmy's 
face, and the sage, in revenge of this 
affront, drank the waters of the ocean, 
leaving the bad quite dry.— Maurice. 



AGED. 



Ag'atha, daughter of Cuno, and the 

betrothed of Max, in Weber's opera of 

try of Phrase 

and I . 

Agath'ocles (l ay/.), tyrant of Sicily. 
Be was the ion of ■ potter, and raised 
himself from the ranks to become general 

Of thfl army, lie reduced all Sicily under 

In- power. When be attacked the Car 
thaginiana, he burnt his -hips thai his 
soldier- might feel aaaured they must 
either conquer or die. Agatboclea died 
of p liaon administered by bis grandson 
(b.c. 861 -- 

Voltaire baa a trage ly called .1 :>ithoclc, 
and Caroline Pichler baa an excellent 
Germ an novel entitled Agaihocies, 

Agathon, the hero and title of a 
philosophic romance, by t . M. W'ieland 
,17;.; 1813). This is considered the best 
of Ilia novels, though some prefer liis Don 

Syivio de Js<>s<ilva. 

Agdistes (.'? ay/.), the mystagog of 

the Arrasian bower, or the evil genhtS 
i\ B the ancients call 
"Self" the Agdistes of man; and the 
Socratic " daemon " was liis Agdistes. 
Tin} in that plan htm "Cental" iliit call; 

Not that tele-tial pOWe* . . . BMJC Anti-juity 

D 'i wisely aVaha, and ; / / Asjdiste* call ; 

Lut tins , . . waa . . . the roe of life. 

i , la, ry (Ju. . it, ii. 12 



Agdis'tis, a genius of human form, 
uniting the two sexes, and born of the 
stone Agdus ('/.?•.). This tradition has 
been preserved by Pansanias. 

Agdus, a stone of enormous size. 
Part- of this stone were taken by Deu- 
calion and Pyrrha to throw over their 
heads, in order to repeople the world 
desolated by the Flood. — Arnobius. 

Age. The Age of the Bislvops, accord- 
ing to Hallam, was the ninth century. 

The Age of the Popes, according to 
Hallam, was the twelfth century. 

Varo recognizes Three Ages: 1st. From 
the beginning of man to the great Flood 
(the period wholly unknown). 2nd. From 
the Flood to the first Olympiad (the mythi- 
cal period). 3rd. From the first Olympiad 
to the present time (the historical period). 
— Yaro, Fragments, 219 (edit. Scaliger). 

Aged (The), so TVemmick's father is 
called. He lived in "the castle at Wal- 
worth." Wemmick at "the castle " and 
Wemmick in business are two "different 
beings." 

Wemmick's house was a little wooden cottage, in the 
midst of plots if garden, and the top of it was cut oi't 



AGELASTES. 



12 



AGRAMANTE. 



and painted like a battery mounted with guns. ... It was 
the smallest of houses, with queer Gothic windows (by far 
the greater part of them sham), and a Gothic door, almost 
too small to get in at. . . . On Sundays he ran up a real 
flag. . . . The bridse was a plank, and it crossed a chasm 
about four feet wide and two deep. ... At nine o'clock 
every night " the gun fired," the gun being mounted in a 
separate fortress made of lattice- work. It was protected 
from the weather by a tarpaulin . . . umbrella.— C. 
Dickens, Great Expectations, xxv. (1860). 

Ag'elastss (Michael), the cynic philo- 
sopher. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Agesila'us (5 syl.). Plutarch tells 
us that Agesilaus, king of Sparta, was 
one day discovered riding cock-horse on 
a long stick, to please and amuse his 
children. 

A'gib (King), "The Third Calen- 
der" (Arabian Nights' Entertainments). 
He was wrecked on the loadstone moun- 
tain, which drew all the nails and iron 
bolts from his ship ; but he overthrew the 
bronze statue on the mountain-top, which 
was the cause of the mischief. A gib 
visited the ten young men, each of whom 
had lost the right eye, and was carried 
by a roc to the palace of the forty prin- 
cesses, with whom he tarried a year. The 
princesses were then obliged to leave for 
forty days, but entrusted him with the 
keys of the palace, with free permission 
to enter every room but one. On the 
fortieth day curiosity induced him to 
open this room, where he saw a horse, 
which he mounted, and was carried 
through the air to Bagdad. The horse 
then deposited him, and knocked out his 
right eye with a whisk of its tail, as it 
had done the ten "young men" above 
referred to. 

Agitator (The Irish), Daniel O'Con- 
nell (1775-1847). 

Agned Cathregonion, the scene of 
one of the twelve battles of king Arthur. 
The old name of Edinburgh was Agned. 

Ebraucus, a man of great stature and wonderful strength, 
took upon him the government of Britain, which he held 
forty years. ... He built tiie city of Alelud [? Dumbarton] 
and the town of Mount Agned. callt-d at this time the 
"Ca=tle of Maidens," or the "Mountain of Sorrow." — 
Geoffrey, British. History, ix. 7. 

Agnei'a (3 syl.), wifely chastity, sister 
of Parthen'ia or maiden chastity. Agneia 
is the spouse of Encra'tes or temperance. 
Fully described in canto x. of The Purple 
Island, by Phineas Fletcher (1G33). 
(Greek, agneia, "chastity.") 

Ag'nes, daughter of Mr. Wiekfield 
the solicitor, and David Copperrield's se- 
cond wife (after the death of Dora, "his 
child wife "). Agnes is a very pure, self- 



sacrificing girl, accomplished, yet do- 
mestic. — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
(1849). 

Agnes, in Moliere's Ue'cole des 
Femmes, the girl on whom Arnolphe tries 
his pet experiment of education, so as to 
turn out for himself a " model wife." 
She was brought up in a country convent, 
where she was kept in entire ignorance 
of the difference of sex, conventional 
proprieties, the difference between the 
love of men and women, and that 
of girls for girls, the mysteries of 
marriage, and so on. When grown to 
womanhood she quits the convent, and 
standing one evening on a balcony a 
young man passes and takes off his hat 
to her, she returns the salute ; he bows a 
second and third time, she does the same ; 
he passes and reDasses several times, 
bowing each time, and she does as she 
has been taught to do by acknowledging 
the salute. Of course, the young man 
(Horace) becomes her lover, whom she 
marries, and M. Arnolphe loses his 
" model wife." (See Pixchwife.) 

Elle fait V Agnes. She pretends to be 
wholly unsophisticated and verdantly 
ingenuous. — French Proverb (from the 
"Agnes" of Moiiere,xZ'ecofc des Femmes, 
1662). 

Agnes (Black), the countess of March, 
noted for her defence of Dunbar against 
the English. 

Black Agnes, the palfry of Mary queen 
of Scots, the gift of her brother Moray, 
and so called from the noted countess 
of March, Avho was countess of Moray 
(Murray) in her own right. 

Agnes (St.), a young virgin of 
Palermo, who at the age of thirteen was 
martyred at Rome during the Diocletian 
persecution of a.d. 304. Prudence 
(Aurelius Prudentius Clemens), a Latin 
Christian poet of the fourth century, has a 
poem on the subject. Tintoret and Do- 
menichi'no have both made her the 
subject of a painting. — The Martyrdom 
of St. Agnes. 

St. Agnes and the Devil. St. Agne3, 
having escaped from the prison at Rome, 
took shipping and landed at St. Piran 
Arwothall. The devil dogged her, but 
she rebuked him, and the large moor- 
stones between St. Piran and St. Agnes, 
in Cornwall, mark the places where the 
devils were turned into stone by the looks 
of the indignant saint. — Polwhele, His- 
tory of Cornwall. 

Agraman'te (4 syl.) or Ag'ra- 



AGRA WAIN. 



13 



AIIMKD. 



mant, king of the Moors, in Orlando i 
Innamorato, by Bojardo, and Orlando 
Jtirioso, by Anosto. 

Agrawain (>'-,•) <>r Sir Agravain, 
surnamed "The Desirous" and alio "The 
Haughty." He was boij of Lot (king of 
Orkney) ami Bfargawse half-sister of king 
Arthur. His brothers wen- sir Gaw'ain, 
sir Ga'heris, and sir Garcth. Mordred 

was his half-brother, being the son of 

king Arthur and Margawse. Sir Agm- 

vain and sir Mordred hated sir Launcelot, 

and told the king he was tOO familiar 

with the queen ; so they asked the king 

to spend the day in hunting, and kept 

watch. The queen sent for sir Launcelot 
to hei private chamber, and sir Agravain, 

sir Mordred, and twelve others assailed 

the door, luit sir Launcelot slew them all 

except sir Mordred, who escaped. — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 
l IJ 146 (1470). 

Agrica'ne (1 sy/.)i ki"£ of Tar- 
tary, in the Orlando Tnnamorato, of 
Bojardo. He besieges Angelica in the 
castle of Albracca, and is slain in single 
combat by Orlando. He brought into 
the field 2,200,000 troops. 

Bub Ibmt met not, n«>r M wulf .1 i-;imp. 

Whan Agrlcan, with fill hla northara i" van, 
Besieged AJbraeoa. 

Milton, Paradite Regained, iii. (lt;71). 

Ag'rios, Lumpishness personified ; 

a "sullen swain, all mirth that in 
himself and others hated ; dull, dead, and 

leaden." Described in canto via. of 
The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
(1635). (Greek, tujrlos, "a savage.") 

Agrippina was granddaughter, wife, 
sister, and mother of an emperor. She 
was granddaughter of Augustus, wife of 
Claudius, sister of Caligula, and mother 
of Nero. 

•»• Lam'pedo of Laced.tmon was daugh- 
ter, wife, sister, and mother of a king. 

Agripy'na or Ag'ripyne (3 sy/.), 
a princess beloved by the "king of 
Cyprus' son, and madly loved by Orleans." 
—Thomas Dekker, Old Fortunatus (a 
comedy, 1G00). 

A'gue (2 syl.). It was an old super- 
stition that if the fourth book of the Iliad 
was laid open under the head of a person 
suffering from Quartan ague, it would cure 
him at once. Serenus Sammon'icu6 (pre- 
ceptor of Gordian), a noted physician, has 
amongst his medical precepts the follow- 
ing :— 

Mceonke Iliados quartutn suppone timenti. 

Prctc. 50. 



Ague-cheek (Sir Andrew), a silly 
old fop with "8000 diuats a year," very 
fo&d of the table, but with a shrewd 
understanding that "beef had done harm 
to his wit."' Sir Andrew thinks himself 
"old in nothing hut in understanding," 
and boasts that he Can "cut a caper, 
dance the coranto, walk a ji^c, and take 
delight in masques," like a young man. — 
Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1614). 

Woodward (i";ir 1777) alwayi uatainad "-ir Andrew 

■ W " with Infinite ilr.'ll.-r). aadatad bj thai tx 
preaduii of " rueful dismay." winch BBVa n peculiar a 

■aat t.. Ui w orpM — Umii u. Hf* o/Btddtmt. 

Charlat Lamb ») * thut "Jem White -.ov Jamn I K..I.I 

. k and raeagnlL>n| him next 
.1 1> <ii i i. el Stn et, t.-.W ofl iu~ hat, and luin ad him with 
" S.HI- you. atr Andrew t " l>'-«M amply naved hi a hand 
and exclaimed, " Avaj, bol 1" 

A'haback and Des'ra, two en- 
chanters, who aided Ahu'hal in his rebel- 
lion again&i bis brother Misnar, sultan of 
Delhi. Ahubal had ■ magnificent tent 

built, and llorain the vizier had one built 
fi>r the sultan still more magnificent. 
When the rebels made their attack, the 
sultan and the best of the troops were 
drawn <">tV, and the sultan's tent was 
taken. The enchanters, delighted with 
their prize, slept therein, but at night the 
vizier led the sultan to a cave, and asked 
him to cut a rope. Next morning he 
heard that a huge stone had fallen on the 
enchanters and crushed them to mummies. 
In fact, this stone formed the head of the 
bed, where it was suspended by the rope 
which the sultan had severed in the 
night. — .lames Ridley, Tales of the Genii 
("The Knchanters' Tale," vi.). 

Ahasue'rus, the cobbler who pushed 
away Jesus when, on the way to exe- 
cution, He rested a moment or two at his 
door. " Get off ! Away with you !" cried 
the cobbler. "Truly, I go away," returned 
Jesus, "and that quickly; but tarry thou 
till I come." And from that time Aha- 
suerus became the "wandering Jew," 
who still roams the earth, and will con- 
tinue so to do till the "second coming 
of the Lord." This is the legend given 
by Paul von Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig 
(1547). — Greve, Memoir of Paul von 
Eitzen (1744). 

Aher'man and Ar'gen, the formei 
a fortress, and the latter a suite of im- 
mense halls, in the realm of Eblis, where 
are lodged all creatures of human intelli- 
gence before the creation of Adam, and 
all the animals that inhabited the earth 
before the present races existed. — W. 
Beckford, Vathek (1786). 

Ah'med (Prince), noted for the tent 



AHOLIBAMAH. 



14 



ALADDIN. 



given him by the fairy Pari-bauou, 
which would cover a whole army, and 
yet would fold up so small that it might 
be carried in one's pocket. The same 
good fairy also gave him the apple of 
Samarcana", a panacea for all diseases. — 
Arabian Nights' Entertainments ("Prince 
Ahmed, etc."). 

*** Solomon's carpet of green silk was 
large enough for all his army to stand 
upon, and when arranged the carpet was 
wafted with its freight to any place the 
king desired. This carpet would also fold 
into a very small compass. 

The ship Skidbladnir had a similar elastic 
virtue, for though it would hold all the 
inhabitants of Valhalla, it might be 
folded up like a sheet of paper. 

Bayard, the horse of the four sons of 
Aymon, grew larger or smaller as one or 
more of the four sons mounted it. (See 
Aymon.) 

Aholiba'mah, granddaughter of 
Cain, and sister of Anah. She was 
loved by the seraph Samias'a, and like 
her sister was carried off to another planet 
when the Flood came. — Byron, Heaven 
and Earth. 

Proud, imperious, and aspiring, she denies that she 
worships the seraph, and declares that his immortality can 
bestow no love more pure and warm than her own, and 
she expresses a conviction that there is a ray within her 
" which, though forbidden yet to shine," is nevertheless 
lighted at the same ethereal fire as his own.— Finden, 
Byron Beauties. 

Ah'riman or Ahrima'nes (4 syl.), 
the angel of darkness and of evil in the 
Magian system, slain by Mithra. 

Ai'denn. So Poe calls Eden. It is 
a reproduction in English spelling of the 
Arabic form of the word. 

Tell this soul, with sorrow laden, 
If within the distant Aidenn, 
It shall clasp a sainted maiden, 
Whom the angels name Leuore. 

Edgar Poe, The Raven. 

Aikwood (Ringan), the forester of 
sir Arthur Wardour, of Knockwinnock 
Castle. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary. 

Aim'well (Thomas, viscount), a 
gentleman of broken fortune, who pays 
his addresses to Dorin'da, daughter of 
lady Bountiful. He is very handsome 
and fascinating, but quite " a man of the 
world." He and Archer are the two beaux 
of The Beaux'' Stratagem, a comedy by 
George Farquhar (1705). 

I thought it rather odd that Holland should be the 
only "mister" of the party, and I said to myself, as 
Gibbet said when he heard that "Aimwell " had gone to 
church, " That looks suspicious " (act ii. sc. 2).— James 
Smith, Memoirs, Letters, etc. (1840). 

Aire as tie, in the Cozeners, by S. 



Foote. The original of this rambling 
talker was Gahagan, whose method of 
conversation is thus burlesqued : 

A ircastle : " Did I not tell you what parson Prunello 
said ? I remember, Mrs. Lightfoot was by. She had been 
brought to bed that day was a month of a very fine boy — 
a bad birth ; for Dr. Seeton, -vho served his time with 

Luke Lancet, of Guise's There was also a talk about 

him and Nancy the daughter. She afterwards married Will 
Whitlow, another apprentice, who had great expec- 
tations from an old uncle in the Greuadiers ; but he left all 
to a distant relation. Kit Cable, a midshipman aboard 
the Torbay. She was lost coming home in the channel. 
Tte captain was taken up by a coaster from Rye, loaded 

with cheese " [Now, pray, what did parson Prunello 

say ? This is a pattern of Mrs. Nickleby's rambling 
gossip.] 

Air 'lie {The earl of), a royalist in the 
service of king Charles I. — Sir W. Scott, 
Legend of Montrose. 

Airy (Sir George), a man of fortune, 
in love with Miran'da, the ward of sir 
Francis Gripe. — Mrs. Centlivre, The 

Busybody (1709). 

A'jax, son of Oi'leus [O.i'.luce'], 
generally called "the less." In conse- 
quence of his insolence to Cassan'dra, the 
prophetic daughter of Priam, his ship 
was driven on a rock, and he perished at 
sea. — Homer, Odyssey, iv. 507 ; Virgil, 
JEneid, i. 41. 

A'jax Tel'amon. Sophocles has a 
tragedy called Ajax, in which "the 
madman " scourges a ram he mistakes for 
Ulysses. His encounter with a flock of 
sheep, which he fancied in his madness to 
be the sons of Atreus, has been men- 
tioned at greater or less length by several 
Greek and Roman poets. Don Quixote 
had a similar adventure. This Ajax is 
introduced by Shakespeare in his drama 
called Troilus and Cressida. (See Ali- 

PHARNON.) 

The Tuscan poet [A riosto] doth advance 
The frantic paladin of France [Orlando Furioso~\; 
And those more ancient [Sophoclis and Seneca] do en- 
hance 

AlcidSs in his fury [HercuUs Furens]; 
And others, Ajax Telamon ;— 
But to this time there hath been none 
So bedlam as our Oberon ; 

Of which 1 dare assure you. 

M. Drayton, NympMdia (1563-1631). 

Ajut and Anningait, in The Bam- 
bler. 

Part, like Ajut, never to return. 

Campbell, Pleasures of llope, ii. (1799). 

Ala'ciel, the genius who went on a 
voyage to the two islands, Taciturnia and 
Merry land [ London and Paris']. — De la 
Dixmerie ISisle Taciturne et Piste En- 
joue'e, ou Voyage du Genie Alaciel dans les 
deux lies (1759). 

AladdiTl, son of Mustafa a poor 
tailor, oi China, " obstinate, disobedient, 



ALADDIN. 



Li 



Al. ASSAM. 



and mischievoaa," " boll] abandoi i 
indolence and Ucentiouaneaa." i h 

■ d him. pre 
tending t" be bia oocle, and sent bin to 
linn'; up the " wonderful lamp," at the 
same time :ns ing him ■ " ring of safety." 
Aladdin secured the lamp, but would not 
hand it t" the magician till he \*a* oat of 
tii-- care, whereupon the magician shut 
him up in the cave, and departed for 
i. Aladdin, wringing hii handa in 
deepair, happened t" rub me 
when the geniui of the ring ap 
before him, and asked him his com- 
mand-. Aladdin requested t<> be delivered 
bom the cai .-. ana be n tamed borne. 
Bj memni of bit lamp, be obtained 
nntold wealth, built ■ luperb palace, and 
married Badroul'boudour, the sultan's 
daughter. After ■ time, the African 
Ian got possession >>f tin- lamp, and 
i the palace, with all ancontanta, to 
be tmnaported into Africa. Aladdin was 

absent at the tunc, was arrc.-t.d and 

ordered to execution, bat was rescued by 
the populace, unit whom be was an im- 
mense favourite, and started to diaeovei 
what had become of his palace. Happen- 
ing t<> slip, he rubbed ln^ ring, and when 
the genius of the ring appeared and asked 
his orders, was instantly posted to the 

{dace where bis palace was in Africa. 
le poisoned the magician, regained the 
lamp, and had his palace r es to r ed to its 
original place in China, 

YtM, read) tuom-t is Aladdin's lamp. 

Bfl I'-it Juan. xii. UL 

AliiJJiiis Lamp, a lamp brought 
from an underground cavern in " the 
middle of China." Being in want of 
food, the mother of Aladdin began to 
scrub it. intending to sell it, when the 
genius of the lamp appeared, and asked 
her what were her commands. Aladdin 
answered, " I am hungry ; bring me 
food ; " and immediately ■ banquet was 
set before him. Having thus become 
acquainted with the merits of the lamp. 
he became enormously rich, and married 
the sultan's daughter. By artifice the 
African magician got possession of the 
lamp, and transported the palace with its 
contents to Africa. Aladdin poisoned the 
magician, recovered the lamp, and re- 
translated the palace to its original site. 

Aladdin's Palace Windows. At the 
top of the palace was a saloon, containing 
twenty-four windows (six on each side), 
and all but one enriched with diamonds, 
rubies, and emeralds. One was left for 
the sultan to complete, but all the jewel- 



ler- in the empire wen unable tO make one 
t" match lli,- Otheia, BO Aladdin com- 
manded "the slaves of the lamp" to 

complete their \n ork. 

Um'| y.'i'i/. given him by the 

•i magician, u a preservative 

■ is ei ii." Ar.r> an Nights 

{" Aladdin ana the Wonderful Lamp"). 

Al'adine, the sagacious but cruel 
kin_' of Jerusalem, slain by Raymond. 
1575). 

n of Aldu9 "a 
lu-t\ knight."— -Spenser, Fairy Quean, 
vi. i (1696). 

A la ft', Anlaf, or Olaf, son of 
Sihtric, Danish king of Northumberland 
(died 927). When .Kthcl-ian [Atheistan] 
took possession of Northumberland. Alan 
Bed to Ireland, and hi.- brother Guthfrith 
or Godfrey to Scotland. 

I NUM. 

Iii (in- Northumbrian flrlili, with most rictortou* nilght, 

t'ti t Aiail itnj bu powen i i' 

Q Uaiaa. 

Al Araf, the great limbo between 
paradise and hell, for the half good. — Al 
Aorda, vii. 

Alar'con king of Barca. who joined 

the armament of Egypt against the eru- 
saders, but his men were only half 
armed. — 'la- m Delivered (157 5). 

Alai*ic Cottill. Frederick the Gieat 
of Pniesia Was BO called by Yoitaire. 

M Alarie " because, like Alanc, he was ■ 

great warrior, and "Cottin" because, like 

Cottin, satirized by Boileau, he was a 
very indifferent poet. 

Alas'co, alias Dr. Dkxktrius Do- 
Boonius, an old astrologer, consulted by 

the earl of Leicester. — Sir YV. Scott, 
KeniiwortA (time, Elizabeth,). 

Alas'nam (Prince Zeyn) possessed 
eight statues, each a single diamond on a 
gold pedestal, but had to go in search of 
a ninth, more valuable than them all. 
This ninth was a lady, the most beauti- 
ful and virtuous of women, "more pre- 
cious than rubies," who became his wife. 

One pure and perfect [iwman] is . . . like Alasrir-m's 
lady, worth them all.— Sir Walter Scott. 

Alasnam's Mirror. "When Alasnam was 
in search of his ninth statue, the king of 
the Genii gave him a test mirror, in which 
he was to look when he saw a beauti- 
ful girl, "if the glass remained pure 
and unsullied, the damsel would be the 
same, but if not, the damsel would not 



ALASTOR. 



16 



ALBION. 



be wholly pure in body and in mind." 
This mirror was called "the touchstone 
of virtue." — Arabian Nights (" Prince 
Zeyn Alasnam "). 

Alas'tor, a house demon, the " skele- 
ton in the closet," which haunts and 
torments a family. Shelley has a poem 
entitled Alastor or the Spirit of Soli- 
tude. 

Cicero says he meditated killing himself that he mfeht 
become the Alastor of Augustus, whom he hated. — Plu- 
tarch, Cicero, etc. {" Parallel Lives"). 

God Almighty mustered up an army of mice against the 
archbishop [/facto], and sent them to persecute him as 
his furious Alastors. — Coryat, Crudities, 571. 

Al'ban (St.) of Ver'ulam, hid his con- 
fessor, St. Am'phibal, and changing clothes 
with him, suffered death in his stead. 
This was during the frightful persecution 
of Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, general of 
Diocle'tian's army in Britain, when 1000 
Christians fell at Lichfield. 

Alban — our proto-martyr called. 

Drayton. Polyoibion, xxiv. (1622). 

Alba'nia, the Scotch Highlands, so 
called from Albanact, son of Brute, the 
mythical Trojan king of Britain. At the 
death of Brute "Britain" was divided 
between his three sons : Locrin had Eng- 
land ; Albanact had Albania (Scotland) ; 
and Kamber had Cambria ( Wales). 

He [Arthur] by force of arms Albania overrun, 
Pursuing of the Picts beyond mount Caledon. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Alba'nia (Turkey in Asia). It means 
"the mountain region," and properly com- 
prehends Schi?-wan, Daghestan, and Geor- 
gia. In poetry it is used very loosely. 

Al'berick of Mortemar, the same 
as Theodorick the hermit of Engaddi, an 
exiled nobleman. He tells king Richard 
the history of his life, and tries to dissuade 
him from sending a letter of defiance to 
the archduke of Austria. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

AVberick, the squire of prince Richard 
(one of the sons of Henry II. of Eng- 
land).— Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Albert, commander of the Britannia. 
Brave, liberal, and just, softened and 
refined by domestic ties and superior in- 
formation. His ship was dashed against 
the projecting verge of Cape Colonna, the 
most southern point of. Attica, and he 
perished in the sea because Rodmond 
(second in command) grasped on his legs 
and could not be shaken off. 

Though trained 111 boisterous elements, his mind 
Was yet by soft humanity refined ; 
Each ioy of wedded love at home lie knew, 
Abroad, confessed the futher of his crew. . . 



His genius, ever for th' event prepared, 

Kose with the storm, and all its dangers shared. 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, i. 2 (1756). 

Albert, father of Gertrude, patriarch 
and judge of Wyo'ming (called by Camp- 
bell Wy'oming). Both Albert and his 
daughter were shot by a mixed force of 
British and Indian troops, led by one 
Brandt, who made an attack on the settle- 
ment, put all the inhabitants to the sword, 
set fire to the fort, and destroyed all the 
houses. — Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming 
(1809). 

Albert, in Goethe's romance called The 
Sorrows of Werther, is meant for his 
friend Kestner. He is a young German 
farmer,wbo married CharlotteBuff (called 
" Lotte" in the novel), with whom Goethe 
was in love. Goethe represents himself 
under the name of Werther (q. v.). 

Albert of Gei'er stein (Count), 
brother of Arnold Biederman, and presi- 
dent of the " Secret Tribunal." He some- 
times appears as a "black priest of St. 
Paul's," and sometimes as the "monk of 
St. Victoire."— Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Albertaz'zo married Alda, daughter 
of Otho, duke of Saxony. His sons 
were Ugo and Fulco. From this stem 
springs the Royal Family of England. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Albia'zar, an Arab chief, who joins 
the Egyptian armament against the cru- 
saders. 

A chief in rapine, not in knighthood bred. 

Tas. o, Jerusalem Delivered, xvii. (1575). 

Albin, the primitive name of the 
northern part of Scotland, called by the 
Romans " Caledo'nia." This was the part 
inhabited by the Picts. The Scots mi- 
grated from Scotia (north of Ireland), 
and obtained mastery under Kenneth 
Macalpin, in 843. 

Green Albin, what though he no more survey 
Thy ships at anchor on the quiet shore. 
Thy pellochs [porpoises] rolling from the mountain bay, 
Thy lone sepulchral cairn upon the moor. 
And distant isles that hear the loud Corbrechtan roar. 
Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 5 (1809). 

Al'bion. In legendary history this 
word is variously accounted for. One 
derivation is from Albion, a giant, son of 
Neptune, its first discoverer, who ruled 
over the island for forty-four years. 

Another derivation is Al'bia, eldest 
of the fifty daughters of Diocle'sian king 
of Svria. These fifty ladies all married 
on the same day, and all murdered their 
husbands on the wedding night. By way 



ALBORAK. 



17 



ALdll 



of punishment, t! .• t .-.drift in n 

ship, unmanned, but the wind drove the 
I in our coast, where thete Syrian 
damsels disembarked. Hen thej 1 1 \ «*< 1 
the reel of their lives, end married >*ith 

the aborigini B, "a U»M leM CrCW "f devils." 

Milton mention* t!u> legend, and naively 
adds, " it is too absurd and unconscionably 

to I"- believed." It- rescmbl i 
tin- titty daughters of Dan'aos is palpable. 
I hraj ton, in his says that 

Albion I'limi' f rt • i ti Rome, was "the first 
martyr of the land," and <l> ing for the 
faith ■ *akv, left hie nan nntry, 

>s here I ired to him 

"a rich and BUtnptUOUl shrine, with ■ 

monastery attached. " Song 

Album, kiiu' of Briton, vrhen O'beron 
held his court in w hat ii now called 
sington Gardens." T. Tickellhaa ■ poem 

upon this Subject. 

•i. Albion, 
s<m of Neptune, wars with Her'culi 
of Jove. Neptune, dissatisfied \sith the 
share of his father's kingdom, awarded to 
him by Jupiter, aspired to dethrone his 
brother, but Hercules took his father's 
part, and Albion was discomfited. 

Btnoo Albion ilnst ili<- bmj ..• J 

M. Dayton, /v'W m, h (1SU$. 

Albo'rak, the animal bxonght by 
Gabriel to convey Mahomet to the seventh 
heaven. It had the face of a man, the 
cheeks of a horse, the wings of an eagle, 

and spoke with :i human voice. 

Albrac'ca, a castle of Cathay (China), 

to which Angel'ica retires in grief when 
she finds her love for Rinaldo is not re- 
aprocatecL Here ?he in besieged by 
Ag'ricane king of Tartary, who is re- 
solved to win her. — Bojardo, Orlando 
Intuunorato (149;")). 

Albracca's Damsel, Angel'ica. (See 
above.) — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (151G). 

Albuma'zar, Arabian astronomer 
(77G-S85). 

Chaunteclere. our cocke, nnist tell what U o'clocke, 
By the astrologye tliat he hath naturally 
(Ameeyued and caught ; for he was uever taught 
By AJbamaaW, the astronomer. 
Nor by Ptholomy, prince of astronomy. 

J. Skelton, Philip HjHxrotc Uime. Henry - VIII.). 

Alcai'ro, the modern name of Mem- 
phis (Egypt). 

Not Babylon 
Nor great Alcatro such magnificence 
Equalled, in all their glories. 

Milton, Paradite Lost. L 717 (1665). 

Alceste (3 syl.) or Alcestis, wife of 
Admetus. On his wedding day Admetus 
neglected to offer sacrifice to Diana, but 



Apollo induced the Pates to spare his 
life, if he could find a voluntary substi- 
tute. His bride offered to die for him, 
but Hercules brought her back from the 
world of shadow s. 

*,• Euripides baa a Greek tragedy on 
the subject i Gluck has an opera 

Calzabigi M765) ; 
Philippi Quinault produced a French 
I) entitled Alt ■ !■ , in 1674 ; and 
Lagrange-Chancel in ISM produi 
French tragedy on the same subject. 

the hero of Bfoliere'i 
comedy /. ' not un- 

like ' by Shakespeare. 

Alceste is in met a pure and noble mind 
soured by perfidy and disgusted with 
society. < krartesj dm the vice 

Of fops, and the USageSOf civili/.cd life no 

better than hypocrisy. Alceste pays his 
addressee to Celimene, a coquette. 

Alccttt 
patlant, even of ttw ordinary cii ■< ffatom 

Alces'tis or Alces'tes (8 >•///.), 
daughter of P< I'iaa and wife <>f Admetus, 
who gave herself up to death to save the 
life of her husband. Hercules fetched her 
from the grave, and restored her to her 
husband. Her story is told by Wm. 
Morris, in T/ti Earthly Paradise (June). 

*«* Longfellow, in Tht Gold n i 
has a somewhat similar story: Henry of 
Hohen.-ck was like to die, and was told 
he would recover if he could lind a 
maiden willing to lay down her life for 
him. Elsie, the daughter <>f Gottlieb 
(a tenant fanner of the prince), vowed 
to do so, and followed the prince to 
Salerno, to surrender herself to Lucifer ; 
but the prince rescued her, and made 
her his wife. The excitement and exer- 
cise cured the indolent young prince. 

Al'chemist (Tht), the last of the 
three great comedies of Ben Jonson (1G10). 
The other two are Yol'pone (2 syl.), 
(1605), and The Silent }Yoman (KJ09). 
The object of The Alchemist is to ridicule 
the belief in the philosopher's stone 
and the elixir of life. The alchemist 
is "Subtle," a mere quack; and "sir 
Epicure Mammon " is the chief dupe, who 
supplies money, etc., for the "transmu- 
tation of metal." "Abel Drugger " a 
tobacconist, and " Dapper " a lawyer's 
clerk, are two other dupes. "Captain 
Face," alias "Jeremy," the house-servant 
of " Lovewit," and "" Dol Common " are 
his allies. The whole thing is blown up 
by the unexpected return of "Lovewit." 
c 



ALCIBIADES. 



18 



ALDABELLA. 



Aleibi'ades (5 syl.), the Athenian 
general. Being banished by the senate, he 
marches against the city, and the senate, 
being unable to offer resistance, open 
the gates to him (b.c. 450^104). This 
incident is introduced by Shakespeare in 
Timon of Atliens. 

Alcibiades has furnished Otway with 
the subject of an English tragedy (1672), 
and J. G. de Campistron with one in 
French (Alcibiade, 1683). 

Alcibi'ades' Tables represented a 
god or goddess outwardly, and a Sile'nus, 
or deformed piper, within. Erasmus has 
a curious dissertation on these tables 
(Adage, 667, edit. R. Stephens) ; hence 
emblematic of falsehood and dissimula- 
tion. 

Whoso wants virtue is compared to these 
False tables wrought by Alcibiades ; 
Which noted well of all were found t've bin 
Most fair without, but most deformed within. 
Wm. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. (1613). 

Alci'des, Hercules, son of Alcaeus; 
any strong and valiant hero. The drama 
called Hercules Furens is by Eurip'ides. 
Seneca has a tragedy of the same title. 

The Tuscan poet [A riosto] doth advance 
The frantic paladin of France \ Orlando Furioso"]; 
And those more ancient do enhance 
Alcides in his fury. 

M. Drayton, Nymphidia (1563-1631). 
Where is the great Alcides of the field, 
Valiant lord Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury? 
Shakespeare, 1 Benry VI. act iv. sc. 7 (1589). 

Alci'na, Carnal Pleasure personified. 
In Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato she 
is a fairy, who carries off Astolfo. Pn 
Ariosto's Orlando Furioso she is a kind 
of Circe, whose garden is a scene of 
enchantment. Alcina enjoys her lovers 
for a season, and then converts them into 
trees, stones, wild beasts, and so on, as 
her fancy dictates. 

Al'ciphron or The Minute Philoso- 
pher, the title of a work by bishop 
Berkeley, so called from the name of the 
chief speaker, a freethinker. The object 
of this work is to expose the weakness of 
infidelity. 

Al'ciphron, "the epicurean," the hero 
of T. Moore's romance entitled The 
Epicurean. 

Like Alciphron, we swing in air and darkness, and know 
not whither the wind blows us.— Putnam's Magazine. 

Alcme'na, (in Moliere, Alanine), the 
wife of Amphitryon, general of the The- 
ban army. While her husband is absent 
warring against the Telebo'ans, Jupiter 
assumes the form of Amphitryon ; but 
Amphitryon himself returns home the 
next day, and great confusion arises be- 



tween the false and true Amphitryon, 
which is augmented by Mercury, who 
personates Sos'ia, the slave of Amphi- 
tryon. By this amour of Jupiter, Alc- 
mena becomes the mother of Her'cules. 
Plautus, Moliere, and Dryden have all 
taken this plot for a comedy entitled 
Amphitryon. 

Aleofri'bas, the name by which 
Rabelais was called, after he came out of 
the prince's mouth, where he resided for 
six months, taking toll of every morsel of 
food that the prince ate. Pantag'ruel 
gave " the merry fellow the lairdship of 
Salmigondin." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 
32 (1533). 

Arcolomb, " subduer of hearts," 
daughter of Abou Aibouof Damascus, and 
sister of Ganem. The caliph Haroun-al- 
Raschid, in a fit of jealousy, commanded 
Ganem to be put to death, and his mother 
and sister to do penance for three days in 
Damascus, and then to be banished from 
Syria. The two ladies came to Bagdad, 
and were taken in by the charitable syn- 
dec of the jewellers. When the jealous 
fit of the caliph was over he sent for the 
two exiles. Alcolomb he made his wife, 
and her mother he married to his vizier. 
— Arabian Nights ("Ganem, the Slave of 
Love "). 

Alcy'on, "the wofullest man alive," 
but once "the jolly shepherd swain that 
wont full merrily to pipe and dance," near 
where the Severn flows. One day he saw 
a lion's cub, and brought it up till it fol- 
lowed him about like a dog; but a cruel satyr 
shot it in mere wantonness. By the lion's 
cub he means Daphne, who died in her 
prime, and the cruel satyr is death. He 
said he hated everything — the heaven, the 
earth, fire, air, and sea, the day, the night ; 
he hated to speak, to hear, to taste food, to 
see objects, to smell, to feel ; he hated 
man and woman too, for his Daphne lived 
no longer. What became of this doleful 
shepherd the poet could never ween. 
Alcyon is sir Arthur Gorges. — Spenser, 
Daphaida (in seven fyttes, 1590). 

And there is that Alcyon bent to mourn. 
Though fit to frame an everlasting ditty. 

Whose gentle sprite for Daphne's death doth turn 
Sweet Lays of love to endless plaints of pity. 
Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1501). 

Alcy'one or Halcyone (4 syl.), 

daughter ol iEoius, who, on hearing of 
her husband's death by shipwreck, threw 
herself into the sea, and was changed to a 
kingfisher. (See Halcyon Days.) 

Aldabel'la, wife of Orlando, sister of 



AI.PUlKLLA. 



1«> 



ALESSIO. 



Oliver, and daughter of sfonodantfte, — 
Arfnetftj OHand ■ 16). 

'•• lla, a marchioness of Florence, 
rerj beautiful end fascinating, bnl 
gant and heartlesa. she used t" give 
entertainment! to the a I Flo- 

rence, and Faiio was one irho spent 
moat of ln> time in her tociety. B 
hii w ife, being jealous of the marchioness, 
accused bim to the duke of being privy 
to the death of Bartoldo, and for tin's 
offence Fazio waa executed. Biancadied 
broken-hearted! and Aldabella was oon- 
damned to spend the rot of her life in a 
nunnery. -Dean Mil man, ftutb(ati 
1815). 

Alden {John\ one <>f the sons <.f the 
Pilgrim lathers, in love with Priacilla, the 
beautiful puritan. .Miles Staadish, ■ bluff 
old suidier, wishing to marry Priscilla, 

asked John Al.len to go ami plead for 

him; hut the maiden answered arehlv, 
" Why don't you speak for yourself, 

John " Soon after this, Standisfa being 
reported killed by ■ poisoned arrow, John 

spoke for himself, and the maiden con- 
sented. Btandlsh, howei er. was not killed, 
bnl only wounded : he made hifl reappear- 
ance at the wedding, where, seeing bow 

matters stood, he accepted the situation 

with the good-natured remark : 

if vim veuM in- lenrad yon mu»t urn foonelf; and 

innri'.iHT 

No m:oi on 11 gather oherrlet In Kent at lha neasou of 
Ohrittmaa, 

Longfellow, (hmrtiMii «A, l.x. 

Aldiborontephoscophornio A/'- 

ili'io-ron'tf-ft's'co-t.n-'n ,',, . ;l character in 
Ckrononhotonthougos, by II. Carey. 

(Sir Walter Scott need to call .lames Bel- 
lantyne, the printer, this nickname, from 
his pomposity ami formality of speech.) 

Al'diger, son of Buo'vo, of the house 
of Clermont, brother of Bfalagi'gi and 

Vivian. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Al'dine (2 s///.), leader of the second 
squadron of Arabs which joined the 
Egyptian armament against the crusaders. 
Tasso says of the Arabs, "Their accents 
were female and their stature diminu- 
tive " (xvii.). — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered 
(1575). 

Al'dingar (Sir), steward of queen 
Eleanor, wife of Henry II. He impeached 
the queen's fidelity, and agreed to prove 
his charge by single combat ; but an 
angel (in the shape of a little child) 
established the queen's innocence. This 
is probably a blundering version of the 



of Ounhilda and t>. 

. 11. 9. 

A lik), ■ Caledonian, was qoI invited by 

to in- banquet 00 his return to 

•1, after the overthrow of Bwaran, 

lent tins affront, be went over to 

wed en.ni\ , Brragon king of 

nhiKu ia >. and here Lome, the 

king's wife, fell in love with bim. The 

guilty pair fled to liorven. which Crragoo 

immediately invaded. Aldo fell in single 

combal with Brragon, Lome di< 

grief, and ErragOD was slain in battle by 

Gaul, son ol Moral. Ossian ("The Battte 

of Lorn ' '). 

Aldrovand {FatherY chaplain <.f sir 
Raymond Berenger, the old Norman 

warrior. >ir W. Scott, Tu> /;. | 
(time, Henry II.). 

Aldrick the Jesuit confessor of 
Charlotte countess ol Derby. Sir W. 

Scott, Pettrii 0/ ' ne, Charles 

II. . 

AlcUlS, father of Al'aditie C.\ si//.), the 

"lusty knight."— Spenser, raBrj Queen, 
vi. J (1596). 

Alea, a warrior who invented dice at 
the siege Of Troy ; at least so Isidore of 
Seville says. Suidas ascribes, the inven- 
tion to I'alamedes. 

' Imlii- tabula Lnrenta a Gravis, in otto Trojanl 
twlli. a quotum in lilt.-, nomine ALKA, a quo Bt an nuiurn 
miii. 57. 

Alector'ia, a stone extracted from a 
capon. It is said to render the wearer 
invisible, to allay thirst, to antidote 
enchantment, and ensure love. — Mirror of 
Stones. 

Alec'tryon, a youth set by Mars to 

guard against surprises, but he fell asleep, 
and Apollo thus surprised Mars and 
Venus in each others' embrace. Mars in 
anger changed the boy into a cock. 

And from ost the neighbouring farmyard 
Loud die cockAJevtryon crowed. 

Longfellow, Pcijiuus in Pound. 

A'leph, the nam de plume of the Kev. 
"William Harvey, of Belfast (1808- ). 

Ale'ria. one of the Amazons, and the 
best beloved of the ten wives of Guido the 
Savage. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Alessio, the young man with whom 
Lisa was living in concubinage, when 
Elvi'no promised to marry her. Elvino 
made the promise out of pique, because 
he thought Ami'na was not faithful to 
him, but when he discovered his error he 
returned to his first love, and left Lisa to 



ALETHES. 



20 



ALFADER. 



marry Alessio, with whom she had been 
previously cohabiting.— Bellini's opera, 
La Sonnambula (1831). 

Ale'thes (3 syl.), an ambassador from 
Egypt to king Al'adine (3 syj.) ; subtle, 
false, deceitful, and full of wiles. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Alexander the Great, a tragedy 
by Nathaniel Lee (1678). In French we 
have a novel called Roman oV Alexandre, 
by Lambert-li-cors (twelfth century), and 
a tragedy by Racine (1665). 

This was a favourite part with T. Betterton (1635- 
1710), Wm. Mountford (1660-1(59?), H. Norris (1665- 
1734); C. Hulct (1701-1736), and Spranger Barry (1710- 
1777); but J. W. Croker says that J. P. Kemble, in 
"Hamlet," "Coriolanus," "Alexander," and "Cato," 
excelled all his predecessors.— Boswell's Johnson. 

Alexander an Athlete. Alexander, 
being asked if he would run a course 
at the Olympic games, replied, "Yes, if 
my competitors are all kings." 

The Albanian Alexander, George 
Cast riot (Scanderbeg or Iscander beg, 
1404-1467). 

The Persian Alexander, Sandjar (1117- 
1158). 

Alexander of the North, Charles XII. 
of Sweden (1682-1718). 

Alexander deformed. 

Amnion's great son one shoulder had too high. 

Pope, Prologue to the Satires, 117. 

Alexander and Homer. "When Alex- 
ander invaded Asia Minor, he offered up 
sacrifice to Priam, and then went to visit 
the tomb of Achilles. Here he exclaimed, 
" O most enviable of men, who had 
Homer to sing thy deeds ! " 

Which made the Eastern conqueror to cry, 
"O fortunate young man ! whose virtue found 
So brave a trump thy noble deeds to sound." 

Spenser, The Ruins of Time (1591). 

Alexander and Parme'nio. When 
Darius, king of Persia, offered Alexander 
his daughter Stati'ra in marriage, with a 
dowry of 10,000 talents of gold, Parmenio 
said, "I would accept the offer, if I were 
Alexander." To this Alexander rejoined, 
" So would I, if I were Parmenio." 

On another occasion the general thought 
the "king somewhat too lavish in his 
gifts, whereupon Alexander made answer, 
" I consider not what Parmenio ought to 
receive, but what Alexander ought to 
give." 

Alexander and Pfirdiccas. When Alex- 
ander started for Asia he divided his 
possessions among his friends. Perdiccas 
asked what he had left for himself. 
"Hope," said Alexander. "If hope is 
enough for Alexander, " replied the 



friend, "it is enough for Perdiccas also ;" 
and declined to accept anything. 

Alexander and Raphael. Alexander 
encountered Raphael in a cave in the 
mountain of Kaf, and being asked what 
he was in search of, replied, " The water of 
immortality." Whereupon Raphael gave 
him a stone, and told him when he found 
another of the same weight he would 
gain his wish. "And how long," said 
Alexander, "have I to live ? " The angel 
replied, " Till the heaven above thee and 
the earth beneath thee are of iron." Alex • 
ander now went forth and found a stone 
almost of the weight required, and in order 
to complete the balance, added a little 
earth ; falling from his horse at Ghur he 
was laid in his armour on the ground, and 
his shield was set up over him to ward off 
the sun. Then understood he that he 
would gain immortality when, like the 
stone, he was buried in the earth, and that 
his hour was come, for the earth beneath 
him was iron, and his iron buckler was 
his vault of heaven above. So he died. 

Alexander and the Robber. When 
Dion'ides, a pirate, was brought before 
Alexander, he exclaimed, "Vile brigand ! 
how dare you infest the seas with your 
misdeeds?" "And you," replied the 
pirate, " by what right do you ravage the 
world? Because I have only one ship, 
I am called a brigand, but you who have 
a whole fleet are termed a conqueror." 
Alexander admired the man's boldness, 
and commanded him to be set at liberty. 

Alexander's Beard, a smooth chin, or 
a very small beard. It is said that Alex- 
ander the Great had scarcely any beard 
at all. 

Disgrac6d vet with Alexander's bearde. 

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Alexander's Runner, Ladas. 

Alexan'dra, daughter of Oronthea, 
queen of the Am'azons, and one of the 
ten wives of Elba'nio. It is from this 
person that the land of the Amazons was 
called Alexandra. — Ariosto, Orlando Fu- 
rioso (1516). 

Alexan'drite (4 syl.), a species of 
beryl found in Siberia. It shows the 
Russian colours (green and red), and is 
named from the emperor Alexander of 
Russia. 

Alex'is, the wanton shepherd in The 
Faithful Shepherdess, a pastoral drama by 
John Fletcher (1610). 

Alfa'der, the father of all the Asen 
(deities) of Scandinavia, creator and 



ALFONSO. 



21 



ALICIA. 



governor of the universe, patron of urts 
mid magic, etc. 

Alfonso, father of Leono'ra d'F.ste, 
and duke of Kerrara. Tasso the ])oot fill 
in love with Leonora. The duke confined 
him as a lunatic for seven years in the 
asylum of Santa Anna, hut at tin- expira- 
tion of that period lie was released through 
the intercession of Vincenzo Gonzago, 
duke of Mantua. Byron refers to this in 
his Childe Harold, iv. 86. 

Alfonso XL of Castile, whose "favour- 
ite" was Leonora de Guzman. — Donizetti, 
La Favorita (an opera, L842). 

Alfon'so (Don), of Seville, a man of 50 
and husband of donna Julia (twenty-seven 
years his junior), of whom lie was jealous 
without cause.— Byron, Don Juan, i. 

Alfon'so, in Walpole'fl tale called The 
Castle of Otranto, appears as an appari- 
tion in the moonlight, dilated to a gigantic 
form (1769). 

Alfred as a Gleeman. Alfred, 
wishing to know the strength of the 
Danish camp, assumed the disguise of a 
minstrel, and stayed in the Danish camp 
for several days, amusing the soldiers 
with his harping and singing. After, he 
had made himself master of all he re- 
quired, he returned hack to his own place. 
— William of Malmesbury (twelfth cen- 
tury). 

William of Malmesbury tells a similar 
story of Anlaf, a Danish king, who, he 
says, just before the battle of Brunan- 
burh, in Northumberland, entered the 
cam j> of king Athelstan as a gleeman, 
har]> in hand ; and so pleased was the 
English king that he gave him gold. 
Anlaf would not keep the gold, but buried 
it in the earth. 

Algarsife (3 syl.) and Cam'ballo, sons 
of Cambuscan' king of Tartary, and 
Elf6ta his wife. Algarsife married 
Theodora. 

I speak of Algarsife, 
How that he won Theodora to his wife. 

Chaucer, The Squire's Tale. 

_ Al'gebar' ( ' ' the giant "). So the Ara- 
bians call the constellation Orion. 

Begirt with many a blazing star, 
Stood the great giant Algebar — 
Orion, hunter of the beast. 

Longfellow, The Occultation of Orion. 

A'li, cousin and son-in-law of Ma- 
homet. The beauty of his eyes is pro- 
verbial in Persia. Ayn Hali ("eyes of 
Ali") is the highest compliment a Persian 
can pay to beauty. — Chardin. 



Ali Baba, a poor Persian wood- 
carrier, who accidentally learns the magic 
words, "( (pen Sesame ! " "Shut Sesame !" 
by which he gain! entrance into a vast 
Cavern, the repository of stolen wealth 
and the lair of forty thieves, lie makes 

himself rich by plundering from these 

stores ; and by the shrewd cunning of 
Morgiana, his female slave, the captain 
and his whole band of thieves are extir- 

fateil. In reward of these services, Ali 
5aba gives Morgiana her freedom, and 
marries her to hi^ own son. — Arabian 
Nighti ("AM Bahaorthe Forty Thieves"). 

Alias. "You have as many aliases 
a* Robin of Bagshot*" (See Robib of 

1! Ai.SIIOT.) 

Al'ice ("2 syl.), sister of Valentine, in 
Mont. Thomas, a comedy by Pcaumont 
and Fletcher (1619). 

Al'ice (2 syl.), foster-sister of Robert le 
Diable, and bride of Rambaldo, the Nor- 
man troubadour, in Meyerbeer's opera of 
Roberto il Diavoto. She comes to Palermo 
to place in the duke's hand his mother's 
"will," which he is enjoined not to read 
till he is a virtuous man. She is Robert's 
good genius, and when Bertram, the 
Send, claims his soul as the price of his 
ill deeds, Alice, by reading the will, re- 
claims him. 

Al'ice (2 syl.), the servant-girl of dame 
Whiteeraft, wife of the innkeeper at Al- 
tringham. — Sir W. Scott, Tcuril of the 
Teak (time, Charles II.). 

Al'ice, the miller's daughter, a story of 
happy first love told in later years by 
an old man who had married the rustic 
beauty. He was a dreamy lad when he 
first loved Alice, and the passion roused 
him into manhood. (See Rose.) — Tenny- 
son, The Miller s Daughter. 

Al'ice (The Lady), widow of Walter 
knight of A vend (2 syl.). — Sir W. Scott, 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Al'ice [Gray], called "Old Alice Gray," 
a quondam tenant of the lord of Ravens- 
wood. Lucy Ashton visits her after the 
funeral of the old lord. — Sir W. Scott, 
Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
III.). 

Aliehi'no, a devil in Dante's Inferno. 

Alicia gave her heart to Mosby, but 
married Arden for his position. As a 
wife, she played falsely with her hus- 
band, and even joined Mosby in a plot to 
murder him. Vacillating between love 



ALICIA. 



22 



ALKEN. 



for Mosby and respect for Arden, she 
repents, and goes on sinning ; wishes to 

fet disentangled, bnt is overmastered by 
losby's stronger will. Alicia's passions 
impel her to evil, but her judgment ac- 
cuses her and prompts her to the right 
course. She halts, and parleys with sin, 
like Balaam, and of course is lost. — Anon., 
Arden of Feversham (1592). 

Alic'ia, " a laughing, toying, wheed- 
ling, whimpering she," who once held 
lord Hastings under her distaff, but her 
annoying jealousy, "vexatious days, and 
jarring, joyless nights," drove him away 
from her. Being jealous of Jane Shore, 
she accused her to the duke of Gloster of 
alluring lord Hastings from his allegiance, 
and the lord protector soon trumped up a 
charge against both ; the lord chamberlain 
he ordered to execution for treason, and 
Jane Shore he persecuted for witchcraft. 
Alicia goes raving mad. — Rowe, Jane 
Shore (1713). 

The king of Denmark went to see Mrs. Bellamy play 
"Alicia," and fell into a sound sleep. The angry lady had 
to say, " thou false lord 1 " and she drew near to the 
slumbering monarch, and shouted the words into the 
royal box. The king started, rubbed his eyes, and re- 
marked that he would not have such a woman for his 
wife, though she had no end of kingdoms for a dowry. — 
Cornhill Magazine (1B63). 

Alic'ia (The lady), daughter of lord 
Waldemar Fitzarse. — Sir W. Scott, Ivan- 
hoe (time, Richard I.). 

Alick [Polworth], one of the ser- 
vants of Waverley. — Sir W. Scott, 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Alifan'faron, emperor of the island 
Trap'oban, a Mahometan, the suitor of 
Pentap'olin's daughter, a Christian. Pen- 
tapolin refused to sanction this alliance, 
and the emperor raised a vast army to 
enforce his suit. This is don Quixote's 
solution of two flocks of sheep coming in 
opposite directions, which he told Sancho 
were the armies of Alifanfaron and Pen- 
tapolin. — Cervantes, Bon Quixote, I. iii. 4 
(1605). 

Ajax the Greater had a similar encoun- 
ter. (See Ajax.) 

Alin'da, daughter of Alphonso, an 
irascible old lord of Sego'via. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Pilgrim (1621). 

(Alinda is the name assumed by young 
Arcfaas when he dresses in woman's attire. 
Tin's young man is the son of general 
Arenas, " the loyal subject" of the great 
duke of Moscovia, in a drama by Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, called The Loyal Sub- 
ject, 1618.) 



Aliprando, a Christian knight, who 
discovered the armour of Rinaldo, and 
took it to Godfrey. Both inferred that 
Rinaldo had been slain, but were mis- 
taken. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Al'iris, sultan of Lower Buchar'ia, 
who, under the assumed name of Fer'- 
amorz, accompanies Lalla Rookh from 
Delhi, on her way to be married to the 
sultan. He wins her love, and amuses 
the tedium of the journey by telling her 
tales. When introduced to the sultan, 
her joy is unbounded on discovering that 
Feramorz the poet, who has won her 
heart, is the sultan to whom she is be- 
trothed. — T. Moore, Lalla Rookh. 

Alisaunder (Sir), surnamed Lor- 
felix," son of the good prince Boudwine 
and his wife An'glides (3 syl.). Sir 
Mark, king of Cornwall, murdered sir 
Boudwine, who was his brother, while 
Alisaunder was a mere child. When 
Alisaunder was knighted, his mother gave 
him his father's doublet, "bebled with old 
blood," and charged him to revenge his 
father's death. Alisaunder married Alis 
la Beale Pilgrim, and had one son called 
Bellen'gerus le Beuse. Instead of ful- 
filling his mother's charge, he was him- 
self "falsely and feloniously slain" by 
king Mark. — Sir T. Malory, History of 
King Arthur, ii. 119-125 (1470). 

Al'ison, the young wife of John, a 
rich old miserly carpenter. Absolon, a 
priggish paiish clerk, paid her attention, 
but she herself loved a poor scholar named 
Nicholas, lodging in her husband's house. 
Fair she was, and her body lithe as a 
weasel. She had a roguish eye, small 
eyebrows, was "long as a mast and up- 
right as a bolt," more " pleasant to look 
on than a flowering pear tree," and her 
skin " was softer than the wool of a 
wether." — Chaucer, "The Miller's Tale" 
(Canterbury Tales, 1388). 

Al'ison, in sir W. Scott's Kenilworth, is 
an old domestic in the service of the earl 
of Leicester at Cumnor Place. 

Al Kadr (Tlie Night of). The 97th 
chapter of the Koran is so entitled. It 
was the night on which Mahomet received 
from Gabriel his first revelation, and was 
probably the 24th of Ramadan. 

Verily we sent down the Koran in the night of Al Kadr. 
— Al h'ordn, xcvii. 

Allien, an old shepherd, who instructs 
Robin Hood's men how to find a witch, 



ALKOKKMMI. 



SI 



ALL-FAIR. 



and how she is to be hunted. — Ben Jon- 
Bon, The Sad Shepherd (1637). 

Alkoremmi, the palace built by the 
Motassem on the hill of " Pied Horses." 
His son Vathok added live wings bo it, 
one for the gratification of each of the 
Uve senses. 

I. The Eternal Banquet, in which 

were tables covered both night and day 
with the most tempting foods. 

II. The Nectar of the Soul, filled 
with the best of poeta and musicians. 

III. The Delight of the Eyes, filled 
with the most enchanting objects the eye 
could look on. 

IV. The Palace of Perfumes, which 
was always pervaded with the sweetest 
odours. 

V. The Retreat of .Toy, filled with 

the loveliest and most seductive houris. — 
W. Beckford, Vatheh (1784). 

All's Well that Ends Well, a 
comedy by Shakespeare (1698). The 
hero and heroine are Bertram count of 
Rousillon, and Ilel'ena a physician's 
daughter, who are married by the com- 
mand of the king of France, but part 
because Bertram thought the lady not 
sufficiently well-born for him. Ulti- 
mately, however, all ends well. (See 
Helena.) 

The story of this play is from Painter's 
Gilletta of Narbon. 

All the Talents Administration, 
formed by lord Greville, in 1806, on the 
death of William Pitt. The members 
were lord Greville, the earl Fit/william, 
viscount Sidmouth, Charles James Fox, 
earl Spencer, William Windham, lord 
Erskine, sir Charles Grey, lord Minto, 
lord Auckland, lord Moira, Sheridan, 
Richard Fitzpatrick, and lord Ellen- 
borough. It was dissolved in 1807. 

On " nil the talents " vent your venal spleen. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

Allan, lord of Ravenswood, a decayed 
Scotch nobleman. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Bride of Lammcrmoor (time, William 
III.). 

Al'lan (Mrs.), colonel Mannering's 
housekeeper at Woodburne. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannerimj (time, George II.). 

Al'lan [Breck Cameron], the ser- 
geant sent to arrest Haniish Bean 
McTavish, by whore he is shot. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Highland Widow (time, George 

n.). 

Allan-a-Dale, one of Robiu Hood's 



men, introduced by sir W. Scott in 
Iwmhoe. (See Allim-a-Dals.) 

Allegory for Alligator, a mala- 

propism. 

She's as headstrong aa an allegory on the banks of the 
Nile 

Sheridan, The Rivals. iU. 2 (1775). 

Alle'gre (.'5 tyl.) t thfl faithful servant 
of Philip Chabotj When ( 'habot wiih 
aCCUBed OX treason, Allegre was put to the 
rack to make him confess something to 
his master's damage, but the brave fellow 
was true as steel, and it was afterwards 
shown that, the accusation had no foun- 
dation but jealousy. -G. Chapman and 
J. Shirley, The Tragedy <>f Phuip (.'/««W. 

Allelu'jah, wood-sorrel, so called by 
a corruption of its name, JtdMa, where- 
by it is known in the south of Italy. 
Its official name, Lu-.ula, is another shade 
of the same word. 

Allemayne (2 s>/!.), Germany, from 
the French A/lniuijiu: Also written 

A IX KM A IN. 

Thy faithful ho<om swooned with pain, 
lovelif.it maiden of Alle'mayne. 

Cainphell, 7'hc Urave Roland. 

Allen [Ralph), the friend of pope, 
and benefactor of Fielding. 

Let humble Alton, with an awkward -liaine. 
Do good by stc;dth, and blush to find it fame. 

Pope. 

Allen {Long}, I soldier in the "guards " 
of king Richard I.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Talisman, 

Allen (3fajor), an officer in the duke of 
Monmouth's army. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Alley (The), i.e. the Stock Ex- 
change Alley (London). 

John Rive, after many active years in the Alley, retired 
to the Continent ; and died at the age of 118.— Old and 
IftW London. 

All-Fair, a princess, who was saved 
from the two lions (which guarded the 
Desert Fairy) by the Yellow Dwarf, on 
condition that she would become his 
wife. On her return home she hoped to 
evade this promise by marrying the brave 
king of the Gold Mines, but on the wed- 
ding day Yellow Dwarf carried her 
oft' on a Spanish cat, and confined her in 
Steel Castle. Here Gold Mine came to 
her rescue with a magic sword, but in his 
joy at finding her, he dropped his sword, 
and was stabbed to the heart with it 
by Yellow Dwarf. All-Fair, falling on 
the body of her lover, died of a broken 



ALLIN-A-DALE. 



24 



ALMEYDA. 



heart. The sj r ren changed the dead 
lovers into two palm trees. — Comtesse 
D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("The Yellow 
Dwarf," 1G82). 

Allin-a-Dale or Allen-a-Dale, of 

Nottinghamshire, was to be married to a 
lady who returned his love, but her 
parents compelled her to forego young 
Allin for an old knight of wealth. Allin 
told his tale to Robin Hood, and the bold 
forester, in the disguise of a harper, went 
to the church where the wedding cere- 
mony was to take place. When the 
wedding party stepped in, Robin Hood 
exclaimed, "This is no fit match; the 
bride shall be married only to the man of 
her choice." Then sounding his horn 
Allin-a-Dale with four and twenty bow- 
men entered the church. The bishop 
refused to marry the woman to Allin till 
the banns had been asked three times, 
whereupon Robin pulled off the bishop's 
gown, and invested Little John in it, who 
asked the banns seven times, and per- 
formed the ceremony. — Robin Hood and 
Allin-a-Dale (a ballad). 

Allxmt (Noll), landlord of the Swan, 
Lambythe Ferry (1625). 

Grace Allnut, his wife. 

Oliver Allnut, the landlord's son. — 
Sterling, John Felton (1852). 

Allworth (Lady), stepmother to 
Tom Allworth. Sir Giles Overreach 
thought she would marry his nephew 
Wellborn, but she married lord Lovel. 

Tom Allworth, stepson of lady All- 
worth, in love with Margaret Overreach, 
whom he marries. — Massinger, A New 
Way to pay Old Debts (1625). 

The first appearance of Thomas King was "Allworth," 
on the 19th October, 1748.— Boaden. 

Airworthy, in Fielding's Tom 
Jones, a man of sturdy rectitude, large 
charity, infinite modesty, independent 
spirit, and untiring philanthropy, with 
an utter disregard of money or fame. 
Fielding's friend, Ralph Allen, was the 
academy figure of this character. 

Alma (the human soul), queen of 
" Body Castle," which for seven years 
was beset by a rabble rout. Spenser 
says, " The divine part of man is 
circular, and the mortal part triangular." 
Arthur and sir Guyon were conducted by 
Alma over "Body Castle." — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, ii. 9 (1590). 

Almain, Germany, in French Alle- 
mayne. 



Almansor ("the invincible"), a title 
assumed by several Mussulman princes, as 
by the second caliph of the Abbasside 
dynasty, named Abou Giafar Abdallah 
(the invincible, or al mansor). Also by the 
famous captain of the Moors in Spain, 
named Mohammed. In Africa, Yacoub- 
ai-Modjahed was entitled " al mansor," a 
royal name of dignity given to the kings 
of Fez, Morocco, and Algiers. 

The kingdoms of Almansor, Fez, and Sus, 
Marocco and Algiers. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, xL 403 (1665). 

Almanzor, the caliph, wishing to 
found a city in a certain spot, was told by 
a hermit named Bagdad that a man 
called Moclas was destined to be its 
founder. " I am that man," said the 
caliph, and he then told the hermit how in 
his boyhood he once stole a bracelet and 
pawned it, whereupon his nurse ever after 
called him "Moclas" (thief). Almanzor 
founded the city, and called it Bagdad, 
the name of the hermit. — Marigny. 

Alman'zor, in Dry den's tragedy of The 
Conquest of Grana'da. 

Alman'zor, lacke}' of Madelon and her 
cousin Cathos, the affected fine ladies in 
Mob ore's comedy of Les Pre'cieuses 
Ridicules (1659). 

Almavi'va (Count and countess). 
The count is a libertine ; the countess is 
his wife.— T. Holcroft, The Follies of a 
Day (1745-1809). 

Alme'ria, daughter of Manuel king 
of Grana'da. While captive of Valentia, 
prince Alphonso fell in love with her, and 
being compelled to flight, married her ; 
but on the very clay of espousal the ship 
in which they were sailing was wrecked, 
and each thought the other had perished. 
Both, however, were saved, and met 
unexpectedly on the coast of Gra- 
nada, to which Alphonso was brought 
as a captive. Here Alphonso, under the 
assumed name of Osmyn, was imprisoned, 
but made his escape, and at the hr-ad 
of an army invaded Granada, found 
Manuel dead, and "the mournful bride" 
became converted into the joyful wife. — 
W. Congreve, The Mourning Bride (1607). 

Almes'bury (3 syt.). It was in a 
sanctuary of Alniosbury that queen 
Guenever took refuge, after her adul- 
terous passion for sir Lancelot was made 
known to the king. Here she died, but 
her body was buried at Glastonbury. 

Almey'da, the Portuguese governor 



ALMIRODS. 



25 



ALP. 



of India. In his engagement with the 
united fleets of Cambaya and Egypt, he 
had his legs and thighs shattered by chain- 
shot, but instead of retreating to the 
back, he had himself bound to the ship- 
mast, whore he "waved his sword to 
cheer on the combatants," till he died 
from loss of blood. 

Similar stories are told of admiral 
Benbow, Cyna?geros brother of the poet 
.Eschylos, Jaaffer who carried the sacred 
banner of "the prophet" in the battle 
of Muta, and of some others. 

Whirled by the camions' rage, la shivers torn. 

His thighs f:ir scattered o'er the waves are borne; 

Bound to tbe mast the godlike hero stands. 

w-ivt-s his proud iword and cfeeen hi> woeful bands : 

Tho' winds anil ROM thcii wonted kid deny. 
To yield he knows not ; hut lie knows t,. .lie. 

Caiuoens, Liuiatl, x. (1569). 

Almirods (The), a rebellious people, 
who refused to submit to prince 1'an- 
tag'rucl after his subjugation of Anar- 
chus king of the Dipsodes (2 syl.). It 
was while Pantagruel was marching 
against these rebels that a tremendous 
shower of rain fell, and the prince, putting 
out his tongue " half-way," sheltered his 
whole army. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 32 
(1533). 

Alnas'char, the dreamer, the "bar- 
ber's fifth brother." He invested all his 
money in a basket of glassware, on which 
he was to gain so much, and then to in- 
vest again and again, till he grew so rich 
that he would marry the vizier's daughter 
and live in grandeur ; but being angry 
with his supposed wife, he gave a kick 
with his foot and smashed all the ware 
which had given birth to his dream of 
wealth. — The Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
ments. 

Echcp'ron's fable of The Shoemaker and 
a Ha'poth of Milk, in Rabelais ; The 
Milkmaid and her Pail of Milk, Dodsley ; 
and Perrette et le Pot au Lait, by La 
Fontaine, are similar fables. La Fon- 
taine's fable is a poetical version of one 
of iEsop's. 

The Ahiaschar of Modern Literature, 
8. T. Coleridge, so called because he was 
constantly planning magnificent literary 
enterprises which he never carried out 
(1772-1834). 

Alnec'ma or Alnecmacht, ancient 
name of Connaught. 

In Alnecma was the warrior honoured, the first of the 
race of Bolga [the Belgce of South Ireland]. — Ossian 
(" Temora," ii.). 

Aloa'din (4 syl.), a sorcerer, who made 
for himself a palace and garden in Arabia 
called "The Earthly Paradise." Thalaba 



slew him with a club, and the BCene of en- 
chant men t disappeared. — Southey, 77/ n- 
laba the Destroyer, vii. (1797). 

A. L. O. E. (that is, A LTady] 0[f] 
E[ngland]), Miss Charlotte Tucker, from 
1854. 

Alon'so, king of Naples, father of 
Ferdinand and brother of Sebastian, in 
The Tempest, by Shakespeare (1609). 

AloriZO the Wave, the name of a ballad 
by M. <;. Lewis. The lair [mogine was 
betrothed to Alonzo, but during his ab- 
sence in the wars became the bride of 
another. At the wedding-feast Alonzo's 
ghost sat beside the bride, and. alter re- 
buking her for her infidelity, carried her 
off to the grave. 

Alonzo the brave wa* the name of the knight; 
The maid was the (air huogine. 

M. G. Lewis. 

Alon'zo, a Portuguese gentleman, the 
sworn enemy of the vainglorious Duartc 
(3 syl.), in the drama called The Custom 
of the Country, bv Beaumont and Flet- 
cher (1647). 

Alonzo, the husband of Cora. He is a 
brave Peruvian knight, the friend of Rolla, 
and beloved by king Atali'ba. Alonzo, 
being taken prisoner of war, is set at 
liberty by Rolla, who changes clothes 
with him. At the end he lights with 
Pizarro and kills him. — Sheridan, Pizarro 
(altered from Kotzebuc). 

Alonzo {Don), "the conqueror of Afric," 
friend of don Carlos, and husband of 
Leonora. Don Carlos had been betrothed 
to Leonora, but out of friendship resigned 
her to the conqueror. Zanga, the Moor, 
out of revenge, persuaded Alonzo that his 
Avife and don Carlos still entertained for 
each other their former love, and out of 
jealousy Alonzo has his friend put to 
death, while Leonora makes away with 
herself. Zanga now informs Alonzo that 
his jealousy was groundless, and mad with 
grief he kills himself. — Edw. Young, The 
Jtevenge (1721). 

Alonzo Fernandez de Avella- 
neda, author of a spurious Don Quixote, 
who makes a third sally. This was pub- 
lished during the lifetime of Cervantes, 
and caused him great annoyance. 

Alp, a Venetian renegade, who was 
commander of the Turkish army in the 
siege of Corinth. He loved Francesca, 
daughter of old Minotti, governor of 
Corinth, but she refused to marry a rene- 
gade and apostate. Alp wa3 shot in the 



ALPH. 



26 



ALTAMONT. 



siege, and Francesca died of a broken 
heart. — Byron, Siege of Corinth. 

Alph, a river in Xanadu, mentioned 
by Coleridge in his Kubla Khan. The 
name is an invention of Coleridge's : 

In Xanadu did Kubla Khan 

A stately pleasure-dome decree, 
"Where Alph, the sacred river, rail, 
Thro' caverns measureless to man, 
Down to a sunless sea. — Kubla Klian. 



Alphe'us (3 syl.), a magician and 
prophet in the army of Charlemagne, 
slain in sleep by Clorida'no. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Alphe'us (3 syl.), of classic story, being 
passionately in lore with Arethu'sa, pur- 
sued her, but she fled from him in a 
fright, and was changed by Diana into 
a fountain, which bears her name. 

Alphon'so, an irascible old lord in 
The Pilgrim, a comedy by Beaumont and 
Fletcher (1621). 

Alphon'so king of Naples, deposed by 
his brother Frederick. Sora'no tried to 
poison him, but did not succeed. Ulti- 
mately he recovered his crown, and Fred- 
erick and Sorano were sent to a monastery 
for the rest of their lives. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1624). 

Alphonso, son, of count Pedro of Canta- 
bria, afterwards king of Spain. He was 
plighted to Hermesind, daughter of lord 
Pelayo. 

The yonng Alphonso was in truth an heir 

Of nature's largest patrimony ; rich 

In form and feature, growing strength of limb, 

A gentle heart, a sour affectionate, 

A joyous spirit, filled with generous thoughts, 

And genius heightening and ennobling all. 

Southey, Itoderick, etc., viii. (1814). 

Alpleich. or Elfenreigen, the weird 
spirit-song, or that music which some 
hear before death. Faber refers to it in 
his " Pilgrims of the Night" — 

Hark, hark, my soul I Angelic songs are swelling. 

And Pope, in the Dying Christian to his 
Soul, when he says — 

Hark ! they whisper, angels say, 
Sister spirit, come away I 

Alps- Vinegar. It is Livy who says 
that Hannibal poured hot vinegar on the 
Alps to facilitate his passage over the 
mountains. Where did he get the vinegar 
from ? And as for the lire, Polybius 
says there was no means of heating the 
vinegar, not a tree for fire-wood. 

Alqui'fe (3 syl.), a famous enchanter 
in Ainudis of Gaul, by Vasco de Lobeira, 
of Oporto, who died 1403. 

La None dcnounee:. such beneficent enchanters as Al- 
qyifo anil Urganda, because they serve "as a vindication 



of those who traffic with the powers of darkness. — Frand* 
de la None, Discourses, 87 (1587). 

Al Rakim [rah.keem']. The meaning 
of this word is very doubtful. Some say it 
is the mountain or valley of the cave of 
the seven sleepers. Others think it is 
the name of the dog shut up in the cave 
with them ; but probably it is a stone or 
metal tablet set up near the cave, con- 
taining the names of the seven sleepers 
and their dog Katrnir'. — Sale, Al Koran, 
xviii. note. 

Alrinach, the demon who causes 
shipwrecks, and presides over storms and 
earthquakes. When visible it is always 
in the form and dress of a woman. — 
Eastern Mythology. 

Alsa'tia, the Whitefriars' sanctuary 
for debtors and law-breakers. The name 
is taken from Alsatia (Alsace, in France), 
a seat of war and lawlessness when 
king James's son-in-law was the prince 
Palatine. Sir Walter Scott, in The For- 
tunes of Nigel, has graphically described 
the life and state of this rookery, but is 
greatly indebted to Shadwell's comedy, 
The Squire of Alsatia. 

Alscrip (Miss), "the heiress," a vulgar 
parvenue, affected, conceited, ill-natured, 
and ignorant. Having had a fortune left 
her, she assumes the airs of a woman of 
fashion, and exhibits the follies without 
possessing the merits of the upper ten. 

Mr. Alscrip, the vulgar father of " the 
heiress," who finds the grandeur of sud- 
den wealth a great bore, and in his new 
mansion, Berkeley Square, sighs for the 
snug comforts he once enjoyed as scrive- 
ner in Furnival's Inn. — General Burgoyne, 
The Heiress (1781). 

Al Sirat', an imaginary bridge be- 
tween earth and the Mahometan paradise, 
not so wide as a spider's thread. Those 
laden with sin fall over into the abyss 
below. 

Al'tamont, a young Genoese lord, who 
marries Calista, daughter of lord Sciol'to 
(3 syl.). On his wedding day he discovers 
that his bride has been seduced by Lotha'- 
rio, and a duel ensues, in which Lothario 
is killed, whereupon Calista stabs herself. 
— N. Rowe, The Fair Penitent (170B). 

V* Rowe makes Sciolto three syllables 
always. 

[John Quick] commenced his career at Fulham, where 
he perfornu'il tin- character of "Altamont," which he acted 
so much to (lie satisfaction of the manager that lie desired 
his wife to set, down young Quick a whole share, which, at 
the close of the performance, amounted to three shilling*. 
—Memoir of John quick (1838). 



AUTAMORUS. 

Altamo'rus, king of Samarcand', 
who joined the Egyptian armament against 
the crusaders. lit- surrendered himself 

to Godfrey (l>k. xx.). — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delivered (l- r >~- r >). 

Altlisca's Brand. The Fates told 
Althasa. that her son lielea'ger would live 

just as long as a log of wood then OB the 
lire remained uneonsuined. Altli.ea con- 
trived to keep the log anconsumed for 
many years, but when her son killed her 
two brothers, she threw it angrily into the 
fire, where it was quickly consumed, and 
MeleBger expired at the sametimc.— < >\ id, 
Metaph, viii. 4. 

The fatal btmnd Alth.ra tamed. 
Stuikevin'iro. 'J Ihnry VI. act I. sc. 1 (1591). 

(Shakespeare savs | •_> Henry IV. act ii. 
se.'2), Altluea dreamt "she was delivered of 
a fire-brand. 11 This is a mistake. It was 
lleeuha who so dreamt. The story of 
Altluea and the tire-brand is given above.) 

Althe'a ( The divine), of Richard Love- 
lace, was Lucy Sachevcrell, called by the 
poet, Lucretia. 

When love with unronflnM wings 

Hovers within DU gate*, 
And inv divine Altht a brings 

To whUpei at my unites. . . . 

(The " grates " here referred to were 
those of a prison in which Lovelace was 
confined by the Long Parliament, for his 
petition from Kent in favour of the king.) 

Altisido'ra, one of the duchess's 
servants, who pretends to be in love with 
don Quixote, and serenades him. The 
don sings his response that he has no 
other love than what he gives to his 
Dulcin'ea, and while he is still singing 
he is assailed by a string of cats, let into 
the room by a rope. As the knight was 
leaving the mansion, Altisidora accused 
him of having stolen her garters, but 
when the knight denied the charge, the 
damsel protested that she said so in her 
distraction, for her garters were not stolen. 
"I am like the man," she said, "looking 
for his mule at the time he was astride its 
back." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 
0, etc. ; iv. 5 (1615). 

Al'ton (Jfiss), alias Miss Clifford, a 
sweet, modest young lady, the companion 
of Miss Alscrip, "the heiress," a vulgar, 
conceited parvenue. Lord Gayville is 
expected to marry " the heiress," but 
detests her, and loves Miss Alton, her 
humble companion. It turns out that 
£2000 a year of "the heiress's" fortune 
belongs to Mr. Clifford (Miss Alton's 
brother), and is by him settled on his i 



AMADIS OF GREECE. 

sister. Sir Clement Flint destroys this 
bond, whereby the money returns to Clif- 
ford, who marries lady Emily Gayville, 
and sir Clement settles the same on his 

nephew, lord Gayville, who marries Miss 
Alton. — (jeneral Bunroyne, The Heiress 
(1781). 

Al'ton Locke, tailor and poet, a 
novel by the Lev. Charles Kingrdey 
(1850). This novel won for the author 
the title of "The Chartist Clergyman." 

Alzir'do, kingofTrem'uen, in Africa, 
overthrown by Orlando in his march to 

join the allied army of Ajj'ramant. — 

AiiostO] Orlando Furiosi, (1616), 
Am'adis of Gaul, a love-child of 

king I'er'ion and the princess l.li/c'na. 
lie is the hero of a famous prose romance 
Of chivalry, the first four books of which 
are attributed to Lobeira, of Portugal 
(died 1403). These books were trans- 
lated into Spanish in 1460 bv Bfontal'vo, 
who added the fifth book. The five were 
rendered into French by Uerbcray, who 
increased the series to twenty-four books. 
Lastly, Gilbert Saunier added seven more 
volumes, and called the entire series I.c 
Soman des Romans. 

Whether AmadlS was French or British 
is disputed. .Some maintain that "Caul" 
means Wales, not France ; that Eli/.ena 
was princess of Brittany (Breta^ne), and 
that Ferion was king of Gaul ( Wales), not 
Gaul (France). 

Amadis de Gaul was a tall man, of a fair complexisn. 
Iii- ■aped something K'tween mild and austere, and had 
■ handsome black bend. He was a person of yit\ few 
words, w;»s not easily provoked, and was soon appeased. — 
Cervantes, Hon Qmtxots, II. i. l (16U). 

(William Stewart Rose has a poem in 
three books, called Amadis of Gaul.) 

As Arthur is the central figure of 
British romance, Charlemagne of French, 
and Diderick of German, so Amadis is 
the central figure of Spanish and Portu- 
guese romance ; but there is this difference 
— the tale of Amadis is a connected whole, 
terminating with his marriage with 
Oria'na, the intervening parts being only 
the obstacles he encountered and over- 
came in obtaining this consummation. In 
the Arthurian romances, and those of the 
Charlemagne series, we have a number of 
adventures of different heroes, but there 
is no unity of purpose, each set of adven- 
tures is complete in itself. 

(Southey the poet has an admirable 
abridgment of Amadis of Gaul, and also 
of Palmer in of England.) 

Am'adis of Greece, a supplemental 
part of Amadis of Gaul, by Felicia'no de 



AMAIMON. 



28 



AMARANTH. 



Silva. There are also several other Ama- 
ciises — as Amadis of Colchis, Amadis of 
Trebisond, Amadis of Cathay, but all these 
are very inferior to the original Amadis 
of Gaul. 

The ancient fables, who?e relickes doe yet remain, 
namely, Lancelot of the Lake, Pierceforest, Tristram, 
Oiron the Courteous, etc., doe beare witnesse of this odde 
vanitie. Herewith were men fed for the space of 500 
yeeres, untill our language growing more polished, and 
our minds more ticklish, they were driven to invent some 
novelties wherewith to delight us. Thus came ye bookes 
of Amadis into light among us in this last age. — Francis 
de la Noue, Discourses, 87 (1587). 

Amai'mon (3 syl.), one of the prin- 
cipal devils. Asmode'us is one of his 
lieutenants. Shakespeare twice refers to 
him, in 1 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4, and in The 
Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 2. 

Amal'ahta, son of Erill'yab the 
deposed queen of the Hoamen (2 syl.), an 
Indian tribe settled on the south of the 
Missouri. He is described as a brutal 
savage, wily, deceitful, and cruel. Amal- 
ahta wished to marry the princess Goer'- 
vyl, Madoc's sister, and even seized her 
by force, but was killed in his flight. — 
Southey, Madoc, ii. 16 (1805). 

Amalthae'a, the sibyl who offered to 
sell to Tarquin nine books of prophetic 
oracles. When the king refused to give 
her the price demanded, she went away, 
burnt three of them, and returning to the 
king, demanded the same price for the 
remaining six. Again the king declined 
the purchase. The sibyl, after burning 
three more of the volumes, demanded 
the original sum for the remaining three. 
Tarquin paid the money, and Am althaea 
was never more seen. Aulus Gellius 
says that Amalthaea burnt the books in 
the king's presence. Pliny affirms that 
the original number of volumes was only 
three, two of which the sibyl burnt, and 
the third was purchased by king Tarquin. 

Amalthe'a, mistress of Ammon and 
mother of Bacchus. Ammon hid his 
mistress in the island Nysa (in Africa), 
in order to elude the vigilance and 
jealousy of his wife Rhea. This account 
(given by Diodorns Sic'ulus, bk. iii., 
and by sir Walter Raleigh in his History 
of the World, I. vi. 5) differs from the 
ordinary story, which makes Sem'ele the 
mother of Bacchus, and Rhea his nurse. 
(Ammon is Ham or Cham, the son of 
Noah, founder of the African race.) 

. . . that Nyseian ile. 
Girt with the river Triton, where old Cham 
(Whom Gentiles Ammon call, and Libyan .love) 

HmI Ainalthea and her florid son, 

Young Kaechus, from his stepdame Hhca's eve. 

Milton, Paradito Lost, iv. 875 (1(565). 



Amanda, wife of Loveless. Lord 
Foppington pays her amorous attentions, 
but she utterly despises the conceited 
coxcomb, and treats him with contumely. 
Colonel Townly, in order to pique his 
lady-love, also pays attention to Love- 
less's wife, but she repels his advances 
with indignation, and Loveless, who over- 
hears her, conscious of his own short- 
comings, resolves to reform his ways, and, 
" forsaking all other," to remain true to 
Amanda, "so long as they both should 
live." — Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough. 

Aman'da, in Thomson's Seasons, is 
meant for Miss Young, who married 
admiral Campbell. 

And thou, Amanda, come, pride of my song ! 
Formed by the Graces, loveliness itself. 

" Spring," 480, 481 (1728). 

Amanda, the victim of Peregine Pickle's 
seduction, in Smollett's novel of Peregine 
Pickle (1751). 

Am/ara (Mount), a place where the 
Abassinian kings kept their younger sons, 
to prevent sedition. It was a perfect 
paradise enclosed with alabaster rocks, 
and containing thirty-four magnificent 
palaces. — Heylin, Microcosmus (1627). 

Where the Abassin kings their issue guard, 
Mount Amara, ... by some supposed 
True paradise under the Ethiop line. 
By Nilus line, enclosed with shining rock 
A whole day's journev high. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 280, etc. (1665). 

("The Ethiop line" means the equi- 
noctial line.) 

Amaran'ta, wife of Bar'tolus, the 
covetous lawyer. She was wantonly 
loved by Leandro, a Spanish gentleman. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish 
Curate (1622). 

Am'aranth. There are numerous 
species of this flower; those best known 
are called prince's feather and love lies 
a-bleeding, both crimson flowers. Tho 
bloody amaranth and the clustered ama- 
ranth also bear red flowers ; but there is 
a species called the melancholy amaranth 
which has a purple velvety flower. All 
retain their colours pretty well to the last, 
and the flowers endure for a long time. 
The name is derived from the Greek 
word amarantos — i. e. "everlasting." 
Pliny says (xxi. 11) that the flowers of 
the amaranth recover their colour by be- 
ing sprinkled with water. 

Immortal amaranth, a flower which once 

In paradise, fast, by the Tree of Life, 

Began to bloom. . . . With these . . . the spirits elect 

Kind their resplendent locks. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 353, etc. (1665). 



L_ 



AMARANTH. 



29 



AMBROSE. 



Longfellow, by a strange error, crowns the 
angel <>f death with amaranth, with which 
(as Milton says) "the spirits elect bind 
their resplendent looks," and his angel of 
life he crowns with asphodel, the flower 
oi Pluto or the grave. 

He who won- the crown of uphodeli . . . 
fold] "My errand lauot death, imt life . . . 
|butj The angel with the amaranthine wreath 

Whispered a word, that bad a nound like death. 

Longfellow, The Two Aifjets. 

Am'aranth (Lady), in W&d (hits, by 
John O'Keefe, a famous part of Mrs. 
Tope (1740-17H7). 

Amaril'lis, a shepherdess in love 
with Per/igot (t Bounded), but Perigot 

loved Am'oret. In order to break off this 
affection, Amarillis induced "the sullen 
shepherd" to dip her in "the magic well," 
whereby she became transformed into the 
perfect resemblance of her rival, and soon 
effectually disgusted Perigot with her 
bold and wanton conduct. When after- 
wards he met the true Amoret, he repulsed 
her, and even wounded her with intent to 
kill. Ultimately, the trick was dis- 
covered by Cor'in, "the faithful shep- 
herdess," and Perigot was married to his 
true love. — .John Fletcher, The Faithful 
Shepherd (1610). 

Amaryllis, in Spenser's pastoral 
Colin Clout's Come Home Again, is the 
countess of Derby. Her name was Alice, 
and she was the youngest of the six 
daughters of sir John Spenser, of Al- 
thorpe, ancestor of the noble houses of 
Spenser and Marlborough. After the 
death of the earl, the widow married sir 
Thomas Egerton, keeper of the Great 
Seal (afterwards baron of Ellesmere and 
viscount Brackley). It was for this very 
lady, during her widowhood, that Milton 
wrote his Ar' cades (3 syl.). 

No less praiseworthy are the sisters three. 
The honour of the noble family 
Of which I meanest boast myself to be . . . 
Phyllis, Charvllis. and sweet Amaryllis : 
Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three, 
The next to her is bountiful Charyllis, 
But Amaryllis highest in degree. 
Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Uome Again (1594). 

Am'asisi, Amdsis, or Aah'mes (3 syl.), 
founder of the eighteenth Egyptian 
dynasty (b.c. 1610). Lord Brooke at- 
tributes to him one of the pyramids. The 
three chief pyramids are usually ascribed 
to Suphis (or Cheops), Sen-Suphis (or 
Cephrenes), and Mencheres, all of the 
fourth dynasty. 

Amasis and Cheops how can time forgive. 
Who in their useless pyramids would live ? 

Lord Brooke, Peace. 

Amateur (An). Pierce Egan the 



younger published undei this pseudonym 
ins Real Life in London, or The Ramble* 
and Adventures of Hob Tally-ho, Esq., 

and his Cousin, the Hun. Tom Dashall, 

through the Metropolis (1821-2). 

Amaurots (The), a people whose 
kingdom was invaded by the Dipsodes 
("2 syl.), but Pantag'ruel, coming to their 
defence, utterly routed the invaders. — 
Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. (1683). 

Ama'via, the personification of In- 
temperance in grief. Hearing that her 
husband, sir Mordant, had been enticed 
to the Bower of Bliss by the enchantress 
Acra'sia. she went in quest of him, and 
found him so changed in mind and body 
she could scarcely recognize him ; how- 
ever, she managed by tact to bring lii'.u 
away, but lie died on the road, and 
Ainavia stabbed herself from excessive 
grief. — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 1 
(1590). 

Amazo'na, a fairy, who freed a 
certain country from the Ogri and the 
Blue Centaur. When she sounded her 
trumpet, the sick were recovered and be- 
came both young and strong. She gave 
the princess Carpil'lona a bunch of gilli- 
rlowers, which enabled her to pass un- 
recognized before those who knew her 
well. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
("The Princess Carpillona," 1682). 

Amazo'nian Chin, a beardless chin, 
like that of the Amazonian women. 
Especially applied to a beardless young 
soldier. 

When with his Amazonian chin lie drove 
The bristled tips before him. 

Shakespeare, Coriolanus, act ii. sc. 2 (1C09). 

Ambassadors at foreign courts. 

Legatus est vir bonus peregre missus ad meutiendum 
reipublicae causa. — Sir Henry Wotton (1610). 

Amber, said to be a concretion of 
birds' tears, but the birds were the sisters of 
Melea'ger, called Meleag'rides, who never 
ceased weeping for their dead brother. — 
Pliny, Natural History, xxxvii. 2, 11. 

Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber, 
That ever Uie sorrowing sea-birds have wept. 

T. Moore, Fire- Worshippers. 

Am'brose (2 syl.), a sharper, who 
assumed in the presence of Gil Bias the 
character of a devotee. He was in league 
with a fellow who assumed the name of 
don Raphael, and a young woman who 
called herself Camilla, cousin of donna 
Mencia. These three sharpers allure Gil 
Bias to a house which Camilla says is hers, 
fleece him of his ring, his portmanteau, 
and his money, decamp, and leave him to 



AMBROSE. 



AMERICA. 



find out that the house is only a hired 
lodging. — Lesage, Gil Bias, i. 15, 16 
(1715). 

(This incident is borrowed from Es- 
pinel's romance entitled Vida de Escudero, 
marcos de Obregon, 1618.) 

Am'brose (2 syl.), a male domestic ser- 
vant waiting on Miss Seraphine and 
Miss Angelica Arthuret. — Sir W. Scott, 
Redyauntlet (time, George II.). 

Ambrose {Brother), a monk, who at- 
tended the prior Aymer, of Jorvaulx 
Abbey. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I.). 

Am'brosius (Father) abbot of Kenna- 
quhair, is Edward Glendinning, brother of 
sir Halbert Glendinning (the knight of 
Avenel). He appears at Kinross, dis- 
guised as a nobleman's retainer. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Ame'lia, a model of conjugal affec- 
tion, in Fielding's novel so called.' It is 
said that the character was modelled 
from his own wife. Dr. Johnson read 
this novel from beginning to end without 
once stopping. 

Amelia is perhaps the only book of which, being 
printed off betimes one morning, a new edition was 
called for before night. The character of Amelia is the 
most pleasing heroine of all the romances. — Dr. Johnson. 



Ame'lia, in Thomson's Seasons, a beauti- 
ful, innocent young woman, overtaken by 
a storm while walking with her troth- 
plight lover, Cel'adon, " with equal virtue 
formed, and equal grace. Hers the 
mild lustre of the blooming morn, and 
his the radiance of the risen day." 
Amelia grew frightened, but Celadon 
said, " 'Tis safety to be near thee, sure ; " 
when a flash of lightning struck her 
dead in his arms. — " Summer" (1727). 

Ame'lia, in Schiller's tragedy of The 

Bobbers. 

Or they will learn how generous worth sublimes 
The robber Moor, and pleads for all his crimes ; 
How poor Amelia kissed with many a tear 
His hand, blood-stained, but ever, ever dear. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 

Amelot (2 syl.), the page of sir Da- 
mian de Lacy. — Sir W. Scott, The Be- 
trothed (time, Henry II.). 

America. Names of cities and States 
in the United States, whence derived : — 

Alabama, an Indian word, meaning 
" Here we rest." It was the exclamation 
of an Indian chief, and alluded to its 
well-stocked hunting-grounds. 

Annap'o/is (Maryland), so named from 
queen Anne, in whose reign it was con- 
stituted the seat of local government. 



Asto'ria (Oregon), so called from Mr. 
Astor, merchant, of New York, who 
founded here a fur-trading station in 
1811. The adventure of this merchant 
forms the subject of Washington Irving's 
Astoria. 

Baltimore (3 syl.), in Maryland, is so 
called from lord Baltimore, who led a 
colony to that state in 1634. 

Boston (Massachusetts), so called from 
Boston in Lincolnshire, whence many of 
the original founders emigrated. 

Carolina (North and South), named in 
compliment to Carolus II. (Charles II.), 
who granted the whole country to eight 
needy courtiers. 

Carson City (Oregon), commemorates 
the name of Kit Carson, the Rocky Moun- 
tain trapper and guide, who died in 1871. 

Charleston (South Carolina), founded 
in 1670, and named after Charles II. 

Del' aware (3 syl.), in Pennsylvania, is 
the name of an Indian tribe with whom 
William Penn chiefly negociated. 

Kor'ida, discovered by the Spaniards 
on Palm Sunday, and thence called 
\_Pasqua~] Florida. 

Geor'gia, named in honour of George 
II., in whose reign the first settlement 
there was made. 

Harrisburg (Pennsylvania), named 
from Mr. Harris, by whom it was first 
settled in 1733, under a grant from the 
Penn family. 

Indiana, so named from the number of 
Indians which dwelt there (1801). 

Louisiana, so named bv M. de la Sale 
(1682), in honour of Louis XIV. of 
France. 

Maine, so called (1638) from the French 
province of the same name. 

Maryland, so named by lord Baltimore 
(1633), in compliment to Henrietta- 
Maria, the wife of Charles I. of England. 

Nevada, so called from the Sierra 
Nevada mountain-chain. 

New Hampshire, previously called La- 
conia. It received its present name from 
J. Mason, governor of Hampshire, to 
whom it was conceded in 1629. 

New Jersey, so called in honour of sir 
G. Carteret, who had defended Jersey 
against the parliamentary forces in 1664. 

New York, previously called New Am- 
sterdam. It received its present name 
(1664) in compliment to James duke of 
York (afterwards James II.). 

Pennsylvania ("the Penn Forest"), so 
called from William Penn, who, in 1681, 
gave to the state its constitution. 

Texas (i.e. "the place of pro-tection"), 



AMERICA. 



81 



AMI DAS. 



80 called in 1817, because general l.alle- 
mant gave there "protection" to a colony 
of French refugees. 

Vermont (i.e. "Verts Monts"), so called 
from the (ireen Mountains, which traverse 
the state. 

Virginia, so called (1584) by sir Walter 
Raleigh, in compliment to Elizabeth, 
" the virgin queen." 

*»* Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, 
Michigan ("a lake"), Minnesota ("laugh- 
ing 'waters"), Mississippi ("sea of 
waters"), Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Ore- 
gon, and Wisconsin, are names of rivers. 

America. Nicknames of the United 
States' inhabitants: — Alabama, lizards; 
Arkan'sas, tooth-picks; Califom'ia, gold- 
hunters ; Cohxra'do, rovers ; Connec'ticut, 
wooden nutmegs ; Delaware, musk-rats ■ 
Flor'ida, fly-up-the-creeks ; Qeor'gia, 

buzzards ; Illinois, suckers ; In 
hoosiers ; /<<"■,/, hawk-eyes; Kansas, 
jay-hawkers; Kentucky, corn-crackers ; 
Louisiana, Creoles ; Maine, fox.es ; 
Maryland, craw-thumpers ; Mich'igan, 
wolverines ; Minnesofa. gophers ; Mis- 
sissipfpi, tadpoles; Missou'ri, pukes; 
Nebras'ka, bug-eaters ; New/da, sa.u'e 
hens; Act Hampshire, granite boys; 
Neva Jersey, blues or clam-catchers ; 
New York, knickerbockers; North Caro- 
lina, tar-boilers and tuckoes ; Ohio, 
buck-eyes; Or'eyoti. web-feet and hard- 
eases ; Pennsylva'nia, Pennanites and 
leather-heads ; Rhode Island, gun-flints : 
South Carolina, weasels ; Ten, 
whelps ; Texas, beef-heads ; Vermont, 
Green Mountain boys; 1 7r ■jin'ia, beadies ; 
Wisconsin, badgers. 

Amethyst is said to dispel drunken- 
ness. 

Ameu'ti, the heaven of Egyptian 
mythology. 

Open the g-.ite of heaven . . . open the gate of the 
starry region ; open the gate of Aineuti : — luscrij t'wn 
on the mummy opened by Pcttiyrew, in 1S36. 

Am'giad, son of Camaralzaman and 
Badoura, and half-brother of Assad (son 
of Camaralzaman and Haiatal'nefous). 
Each of the tw'o mothers conceived a base 
passion for the other's son, and when the 
young princes revolted at their advances, 
accused them to their father of designs 
upon their honour. Camaralzaman or- 
dered his emir Giondar to put them both 
to death, but as the young men had saved 
him from a lion he laid no hand on them, 
but told them not to return to their 
father's dominions. They wandered on 
for a time, and then parted, but both 



reached the same place, which was a city 
of the fcfagi. Here by a Btrange ad- 
venture Amgiad was made vizier, while 
Assail was thrown into a dungeon, where 
he was designed as a sacrifice to the iir»- 
god. Bosta'na, a daughter of the old 
man who imprisoned Assad, released 
him, and Amgiad out of gratitude made 

her his wife. After which the king, who 

was greatly advanced in years, appointed 

him his successor, and Amgiad used his 
best etl'orts to abolish the worship of Hre 
and establish "the true faith." — Arabian 

Nights ("Amgiad and Assad"). 

Amhara, the kingdom in which was 
the "happy valley," where the Abys- 

sinian princes were doomed to live. The 
valley was encompassed by mountains, 
and had but one entrance, which was 
under a cavern, concealed by woods and 
closed bv iron gates. — Dr. Johnson, 
Rasselas ("1750). 

Am'ia3, a squire of low degree, be- 
loved by J'.milia. They agreed to meet 
at a given spot, but on their way thither 
both were taken captives — Amias by 
Corflambo, and /Emilia by a man 
monster. /Emilia was released by Bel- 
plm-be (3 syl.), who .slew " the caitiff ; " 
and Amias by prince Arthur, who slew 
Corflambo. The two lovers were then 
brought together by the prince "in peace 
and settled rest." — Spenser, Fairy Queen, 
iv. 7, 9 (1596). 

Am'idas, the younger brother of 
Brac'idas, sons of MULe'sio : the former 
in love with the dowerless Lucy, and the 
latter with the wealthy Philtra. The 

two brothers had each an island of equal 
size and value left them by their father, 
but the sea daily added to the island of the 
younger brother, and enroached on that 
belonging to Bracidas. When Philtra 
saw that the property of Amidas was 
daily increasing, she forsook the elder 
brother and married the wealthier ; while 
Lucy, seeing herself jilted, threw herself 
into the sea. A floating chest attracted 
her attention, she clung to it, and was 
drifted to the wasted island. It was 
found to contain great riches, and Lucy 
gave its contents and herself to Bracidas. 
Amidas claimed the chest as his own by- 
right, and the question in dispute was sub- 
mitted to sir Ar'tegal. The wise arbiter 
decided, that whereas Amidas claimed -as 
his own all the additions given to his 
island by the sea, Lucy might claim as 
her own the chest, because the sea had 



AMIEL. 



32 



AMMONIAN HORN. 



given it to her. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
v. 4 (1596). 

Am'iel, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, is meant for s'r Edward 
Seymour, Speaker of the House of Com- 
mons. — (2 Sam. xxiii. 34.) 

Who can Amiel's praise refuse? 
Of ancient race by birth, but nobler yet 
In his own worth, and without title great. 
The sanhedrim long time as chief he ruled, 
Their reason guided, and their passion cooled. 
Tart i. 

A'min {Prince), son of the caliph 
Haroun-al-Raschid ; he maried Am'ine, 
sister of Zobeide (3 syl.), the caliph's 
wife. — Arabian Nights' Entertainments 
("The History of Amine"). 

Ami'na, an orphan, who walked in 
her sleep. She was betrothed to Elvi'no, 
a rich farmer, but being found the night 
before the wedding in the chamber of 
count Rodolpho, Elvino looked upon her 
as a harlot. The count remonstrated 
with the young farmer, and while they 
were talking, the orphan was seen to get 
out of a window and walk along the nar- 
row edge of a mill-roof while the great 
wheel was rapidly revolving ; she then 
crossed a crazy old bridge, and came into 
the same chamber. Here she awoke, and, 
seeing Elvino, threw her arms around 
him so lovingly, that all his doubts 
vanished, and he married her. — Bellini, 
La Sonnambula (an opera, 1831). 

Am'ine (3 syl.), half-sister of Zo- 
bei'de (3 syl.), and wife of Amin, the 
caliph's son. One day she went to pur- 
chase a robe, and the seller told her he 
would charge nothing if she would suffer 
him to kiss her cheek. Instead of kis- 
sing he bit it, and Amine, being asked by 
her husband how she came by the wound, 
so shuffled in her answers that he com- 
manded her to be put to death, a 
sentence he afterwards commuted to 
scourging. One day she and her sister 
told the stories of their lives to the caliph 
Haroun-al-Raschid, when Amin became 
reconciled to his wife, and the caliph 
married her half-sister. — Arabian Nights' 
Entertainments (" History of Zobeide 
and History of Amine "). 

Am'ine (3 syl.) or Am'ines (3 
syl.), the beautiful wife of Sidi Nouman. 
Instead of eating her rice with a spoon, 
she used a bodkin for the purpose, and 
carried it to her mouth in infinitesimal 
portions. This went on for some time, 
till Sidi Nouman determined to ascertain 
ou what his wife really fed, and to his 



horror discovered that she was a ghoul, 
who went stealthily by night to the 
cemetery, and-feasted on the fresh-buried 
dead. — Arabian Nights ("History of Sidi 
Nouman "). 

One of the Amines' sort, who pick up their grains of 
food with a bodkin.— O. W. Holmes, A utocrat of the 
Breakfast-Table. 

Amin'tor, a young nobleman, the 
troth-plight husband of Aspatia, but by 
the king's command he marries Evad'ne 
(3 syl.). This is the great event of the 
tragedy of which Amintor is the hero. 
The sad story of Evadne, the heroine, 
gives name to the play. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy (1610). 

(Till the reign of Charles II., the kings 
of England claimed the feudal right of 
disposing in marriage any one who owed 
them feudal allegiance. In AlCs Well 
that Ends Well, Shakespeare makes the 
king of France exercise a similar right, 
when he commands Bertram, count of 
Rousillon, to marry against his will Hel'- 
ena, the physician's daughter.) 

Amis the Priest, the hero of a comic 
German epic of the 13th century, repre- 
sented as an Englishman, a man of great 
wit and humour, but ignorant and hypo- 
critical. His popularity excites the en- 
vy of the superior clergy, who seek to de- 
pose him from the priesthood by making 
public exposition of his ignorance, but 
by his quickness at repartee he always 
manages to turn the laugh against them. 
Ascribed to Strieker of Austria. 

Am'let (Richard), the gamester in 
Vanbrugh's Confederacy (1695). He is 
usually called " Dick." 

I saw Miss Pope for the second time, in the year 1790, 
in the character of "Flippanta," John Palmer being 
"Dick Amlet," and Mrs. Jordan "Corinna."— James 
Smith. 

Mrs. Amlet, a rich, vulgar trades- 
woman, mother of Dick, of whom she is 
very proud, although she calls him a "sad 
scapegrace," and swears " he will bo 
hanged." At last she settles on him 
£10,000, and he marries Corinna, 
daughter of Gripe the rich scrivener. 

Ammo'nian Horn ( The), the cornu- 
copia. Amnion king of Lib'ya gave 
to his mistress Amalthe'a (mother of 
Bacchus) a tract of land resembling a 
ram's horn in shape, and hence called the 
" Ammonian horn " (from the giver), the 
" Amalthe'an horn" (from the receiver), 
and the " Uisper'uin horn " (from its local- 
ity). Almathea also personifies fertility. 



AMMON'S SON. 



o3 



AMPHITRYON. 



(Aramoii is Hum, son of Noah, founder of 
the African race.) (See Aaiai.thka.) 
Were] Anmithrn pours, 

Well pl-ased, tlie wealth of that Aiinnonian horn. 

Her dower, 

Akeieide, lhjmn to Our Jfaiadt. 

Am'mon's Son. Alexander the 
Great called himself the son of the god 
Amnion, but others call hiui the son of 
Philip of Macedon. 

01 food i think with PhlDps ion, <>r rather 

Amnion's (ill pleased with one world ami one father). 

Byron, Am Juan, v. 31. 

(Alluding to the tale that when Alex- 
ander had conquered the whole world, he 
wept that there was no other world to 
conquer.) 

A'rnon's Son is Rinaldo, eldest 
son of Anion or Aymon marquis d'Este, 
and nephew of Charlemagne. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Amoret'ta or Am'oret, twin-bom 
with Pelphcebe (<i syl.). their mother 
being Chrysog'one (4 syl.). While the 
mother and her two babes were asleep, 
Diana took one (Pel phu-be) to bring up, 
and Venus the other. Venus committed 
Amoretta to the charge of Psyche 
(2 6///.), and Psyche tended her as lovingly 
as she tended her own daughter Pleasure, 
"to whom she became the companion." 
"When grown to marriageable estate, 
Amoretta was brought to Fairyland, and 
wounded many a heart, but gave her own 
only to sir Scudamore (bk. iii. b'). Peing 
seized by Pu'sirane, an enchanter, she was 
kept in durance by him because she would 
not "her true love deny;" but Britomart 
delivered her and bound the enchanter 
(bk. iii. 11, 12), after which she became 
the tender, loving wife of sir Scudamore. 

Amorct is the type of female loveliness 
and wifely affection, soft, warm, chaste, 
gentle, and ardent ; not sensual nor yet 
platonic, but that living, breathing, 
warm-hearted love which tits woman for 
the fond mother and faithful wife. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. (1590). 

Am'oret, a modest, faithful shep- 
herdess, who plighted her troth to Per'igot 
(t sounded) at the "Virtuous Well." 
The wanton shepherdess Amarillis, having 
by enchantment assumed her appearance 
and dress, so disgusted Perigot with her 
bold ways, that he lost his love for the true 
Amoret, repulsed her with indignation, 
and tried to kill her. The deception was 
revealed by Cor'in, " the faithful shep- 
herdess," and the lovers being reconciled, 
were happily married. — John Fletcher, 
The Faithful" Shepherdess (before 1611). 



Amour'y (Sir Gilsa), the Grand- 
Master of the Knights Templars, who 
conspires with the marquis of Mont- 

serrat against Richard 1. Saladm cuts off 
the Templar's head while in the act of 
drinking.— Sir \V. Scott, The Tali, man 
(time, Richard I.). 

Am'perzand, a corruption otAnd-aa- 

11110", i.r. "oV-as-and." The symbol is the 

old Italian monogram et ("and"), made 

thus eV, in which the lirst part is the letter 
e and the flourish at the end the letter t. 

State spiltleS, so .lull ami so mod, 

Mustn't eoiitain the shortened " und" 
o mjf nice little ampersand : 
Nothing thai Cadmns ever planned 
Squab my elegaul ampersand. 

Quoted in ffM« <i„U Uueri., (May 5, 1877). 

(Cadmus invented the original Greek 
alphabet.) 

Am'phibal (St.), confessor of St. 
Alban 01 Verulam. When Maximia'nus 

HerculiuS, general of 1 >ioclc'tian's army 
in Britain, pulled down the Christian 
churches, buml the Holy Scriptures, and 
put to death the Christians with unflagging 

seal, Alban hid his confessor, and ottered 
to die for him. 

A thousand other saints whom Ainphibal had taught . . . 
Wen slain where UchfteM is, whose name tluth rightly 

sound 

(There of those Christians slain). " Dead-field " orburying- 
ground. 

Drayton, Potyolbion, xxi?. (16W. 

Amphi'on is said to have built 
Thebes by the music of his lute. Tenny- 
son has a poem called Amphiun, a skit 
and rhyming _/<■>* (Fesprit. 

AmphUHi there the loud creating lyre 
Strikes, and behold a sudden Thebes aspire, 

i'ope, Temjile o/ J-'ume. 

Amphis-baena, a reptile which could 
go head foremost either way, because it 
had a head at each extremity. Milton 
uses the word in Paradise Lost, x. 524. 
(Greek, ampibaino, " 1 go both ways.") 

The amphis-toena doubly armed appears, 
At either end a threatening bead she rears. 

lluwe, Phar&alia., ix. GiHJ, etc. (by Lucan). 

Amphitryon, a Theban general, 
husband of Aleme'ne (3 syl.). While 
Amphitryon was absent at war with 
Pter'elas king of the Tel'eboans, Jupiter 
assumed his form, and visited Alcmene, 
who in due time became the mother 
of Her'cules. Next day Amphitryon re- 
turned, having slain Pterelas, and Alcmene 
w r as surprised to see him so soon agaiu. 
Here a great entanglement arose, Alc- 
mene telling her husband he visited her 
last night, and showing him the ring he 
gave her, and Amphitryon declaring he 
was with the army. This confusion is 
v 



AMREET. 



34 



ANACHRONISMS. 



still further increased by his slave Sos'ia> 
who went to take to Alemene the news of 
victory, but was stopped at the door of 
the house by Mercury, who had assumed 
for the nonce Sosia's form, and the slave 
could not make out whether he was 
himself or not. This plot has been made 
a comedy by Plautus, Moliere, and 
Dryden. 

The scenes which Plautus drew, to-night we show. 
Touched by Moliere, by Dryden taught to glow. 

Prologue to Uawksworth's version. 
As an Amphitryon chez qui Von dine, no one knows 
better than Ouida the uses cf a recherche dinner. — E. Yates, 
Celebrities, xix. 

"Amphitryon": Le veritable Amphi- 
tryon est V Amphitryon oil Von dine ("The 
master of the feast is the master of the 
house "). While the confusion was at its 
height between the false and true Amphi- 
tryon, Socie [Sosia] the slave is requested 
to decide which was which, and replied — 

Je ne me trompois pas, messieurs ; ce mot termiiie 
Toute l'irresolution ; 
le veritable Amphitryon 
Est rAmphitryon oil Ton dine. 

Moliere, Amphitryon, iii. 5 (1668). 
Demosthenes and Cicero 

Are doubtless stately names to hear, 
But that of good Amphitryon 
Sounds far more pleasant to my ear. 

M. A. Desaugiers (1772-1827). 

Amree't, the drink which imparts 
immortality, or the Water of Immortality. 
It is obtained by churning the sea, either 
with the mountain Meroo or with the 
mountain Mandar. — Mahabharat. 

" Bring forth the Anirceta-cup ! " Kehama cried 

To Yanien, rising sternly in his pride ; 

"It is within the marble sepulchre." . . . 

" Take 1 drink ! " with accents dread the spectre said. 

" For thee and Kailgal hath it been assigned. 

Ye only of the children of mankind." 

Southey. Curse of Kehama, xxiv. 13 (1809). 

Am'ri, in Absalom and Aohttophel, 
by Dryden and Tate, is lieneage Finch, 
earl of Nottingham and lord chancellor. 
He is called "The Father of Equity" 
(1621-1682). 

To whom the double blessing did belong, 
With Moecs' in.-piiatlon, Aaron's tongue. 

Part ii. 

Amun'deville (Lord Henry), one of 
the " British privy council." After the 
sessions of parliament he retired to his 
country seat, where he entertained a select 
and numerous party, amongst which Avere 
the duchess of Fitz-Fulke, Aurora Kaby, 
and don Juan " the Russian envoy." 
His wife was lady Adeline. (His character 
is given in xiv. 70, 71.) — Byron, Don Juan, 
xiii. to end. 

Am'urath III. sixth emperor of the 
Turks. He succeeded his father, Selim II., 
and reigned 1574-1595. Ilis first act was 
to invite all his brothers to a banquet, and 



strangle them. Henry IV. alludes to this 
when he says — 

This is the English, not the Turkish court; 
Not Amurath an Amurath succeeds, 
But Harry, Harry. 

Shakespeare, 2 Henry IT. act v. sc. 2 (1598). 

Amusements of Kings. The 
great amusement of Arenas of Arabia 
Petraea, was currying horses ; of Artaba'nus 
of Persia, was mole-catching ; of Domitian 
of Rome, was catching flies ; of Ferdinand 
VII. of Spain, was embroidering petti- 
coats ; of Louis XVI. clock and lock 
making ; of George IV. the game of 
patience. 

Amyn'tas, in Colin Clout's Come 
Home Again, by Spenser, is Ferdinande 
earl of Derby, who died 1594. 

Amyntas, flower of shepherd's pride forlorn. 
He, whilst he lived, was the noblest swain 
That ever pi]>ed on an oaten quill. 
Spenser, Colin Clout'* Come llvme Again (1591). 

Amyn'tor. (See Amintor.) 

A'mys and Amyl'ion, the Damon 
and Pythias of mediaeval romance. — See 

Ellis's Specimens of Early English Metrical 
Romances. 

Anab'asis, the expedition of the 
younger Cyrus against his brother Arta- 
xerxes, and the retreat of his "ten 
thousand" Greeks, described by Xen'- 
ophon the Greek historian. 

Your chronicler in writing this 
Had in his mind th' Anabasis. 
Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (an interlude). 

Anacharsis [Clootz]. Baron Jean 
Baptiste Clootz assumed the prenome of 
Anacharsis, from the Scythian so called, 
who travelled about Greece and other 
countries to gather knowledge and im- 
prove his own countrymen. The baron 
wished by the name to intimate that his 
own object in life was like that of Ana- 
charsis (1755-1794). 
Anachronisms. (See Errors.) 
Chaucer, in his tale of Troilus, at the 
siege of Troy, makes Paudarus refer to 
Ilobin Hood. 

And to himselfe ful soberly he snied, 
prom hasellwood there jolly Hobin plaied. 

Rooky. 

Giles Fletcher, in Christ's Victory, 
pt. ii. makes the Tempter seem to be 
"a good old hermit or palmer, travelling 
to see some saint, and telling his beads l! " 

Lodge, in The True Tragedies of 
Marius and Sylla (1594), mentions "the 
razor of Palermo" and "St. Paul's 
steeple," and introduces Frenchmen who 
" for forty crowns " undertake to poison 
ihe Roman consul. 



ANACHRONISMS. 



ANAGRAMS. 



Mok<;i.ay makes Dido toll .T.neas that 
she should have been contented with a 
son, even " if he had been a OOC&ney 
dandiprat" (1582). 

Schiller, in his Piccolommi, speaks 
of lightning conductors. This was about 

L5Q years before they were invented. 

Shakksi'KAUK, in his Curio/anus (act ii. 
sc. 1), makes Menenius refer to Oofcnabove 

000 years before lie was born. 

Cominius alludes to Roman plays, but 
no sueh things were known for 260 years 
after the death of Cominius. — Coriolanus, 

aet ii. so. 2. 

Brutus refers to the " Marcum waters 

brought to Koine by t'ensorlnus." This 
was not done till 800 years afterwards. 

In Samiet, the prince Hamlet was 
educated at Wittemberg School, which was 
not founded till 1502 ; whereas Saxo- 
Germanicus, from whom Shakespeare bor- 
rowed the tale, died in 1204. Hamlet 
was 30 years old when his mother talks 
of his going back to school (act i. sc. 2). 

In 1 Henry IV. the carrier complains 
that "the turkeys in his pannier are quite 
starved" (act ii. sc. 5), whereas turkeys 
came from America, and the New World 
was not even discovered for a century 
after. Again in Henry V. dower is made 
to say to Pluellen, " Here comes Pistol, 
swelling like a turkey-cock" (actv.se. 1). 

In Julius ( 'ossar, Brutus says to 
Cassius, " Peace, count the clock." To 
which Cassius replies, ''The clock has 
stricken three." Clocks were not known 
to tile Romans, and striking-clocks were 
not invented till some 1400 years after 
the death of Casar. 

Virgil places zEneas in the port 
Tellnus, which was made by Curius 
Dentatus. 

This list with very little trouble 
might be greatly multiplied. The hotbed 
of anachronisms is mediaeval romance ; 
there nations, times, and places are most 
recklessly disregarded. This may be 
instanced by a few examples from 
Ariosto's great poem Orlando Furioso. 

Here we have Charlemagne and his 
paladins joined by Edward king of 
England, Richard earl of Warwick, Henry 
duke of Clarence, and tiie dukes of 
York and Gloucester (bk. vi.). We have 
cannons employed by Cymosco king of 
Friza (bk. iv.), and also in the siege of 
Paris (bk. vi.J. We have the Moors 
established in Spain, whereas they were 
not invited over by the Saracens for 
nearly BOO years after Charlemagne's 
death. In bk. xvii. we have Prester John, 



who died in 1202; and in the last three 
books we have Constantino the Great, who 
died in S67. 

Anac'reon, the prince of erotic and 
bacchanalian poets, insomuch that songs 
on these subjects are still called Anac- 
reon'tic (n.c. oil;; 17*). 

Anacreon of Painters, Francesco Al- 
bano or Alha'hi (l.">7* 1660). 

Anacreon of the Guillotine, Bertnnd 
Barere de Vieuzac (17.".."> ixil). 

Anacreon of the Tri/,j>/<-, Guillaume 
Amfrye, abbe de Chaulieu (1639-1720). 

Anacreon of the Twelfth Century, 
Walter Manes, "The Jovial Toper." His 
famous drinking song. '• Meum est pro- 
positum . . /'has been translated by Leigh 
Hunt (1150-1196). 

The French Anacreon. 1. Pontus de 
Thiard, one of the "Pleiad poets" 
(1521-1605). 2. P.Laujon, perpetual pre- 
sident of the Caveau Moaerne, a Paris 
club, noted for its good dinners, but every 
member was of necessity a poet (1727- 
1811). 

The Persian Anacreon, Mahommed 
Hatiz. The collection of his poems is 
called The Dioan (1310-1889). 

The Sicilian Anacreon, Giovanni Meli 
(1740-1815). 

Anacreon Moore, Thomas Moore 
of Dublin (1780-1852), poet, called "Anac- 
reon," from his translation of that Greek 
poet, and his own original anacreontic 
songs. 

Inscribed by Mahomet and Anacreon Moore. 

Byron, i>u,i Juan, i. 104. 

Anadems, crowns of rlowers. 

Willi Ingen neat and fine 
Brave anadema the] make. 

Drayton, 1'uiyMion, xv. (1612). 

Anagnus, Inchastity personified in 
The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
(canto vii.). He had four sons by Caro, 
named Msechus (adultery), Pornei'us (forni- 
cation), Acath'arus, and Asel'ges (lascivious- 
ness), all of whom are fully described by the 
poet. In the battle of Mansoul (canto xi.) 
Anagnus is slain by Agnei'a (wifely 
chastity), the spouse of Encra'tes (tem- 
perance) and sister of Parthen'ia (mai- 
denly chastity. (Greek, an-agnos, "im- 
pure.") (1638.) 

Anagrams. 

Charles James Stuart (James I.). ; 
Claims Arthur's Seat. 

Dame Eleaxor Davies (prophetess in 
the reign of Charles I.). Never so mad a 
ladie. 



ANAH. 



36 



ANCOR. 



Horatio Nklson. Honor est Nilo. 

Marie Touchkt (mistress of Charles 
IX.). Je charme tout (made by Henri IV.). 

Pilate's question, Quid est Veritas ? 
Est vir qui adest. 

Sir Roger Charles Doughty Tich- 
bokne, Baronet. You horrid butcher, 
Orton, biggest rascal here. 

A'nah, granddaughter of Cain and 
sister of Aholiba'mah. Japhet loved her, 
but she had set her heart on the seraph 
Azaz'iel, who carried her off to another 
planet when the Flood came. — Byron, 
Heaven and Earth. 

Aiiah and Aholibamah are very different characters: 
Anah is soft, gentle, and submissive ; her sister is proud, 
imperious, and aspiring ; the one loving in fear, the 
other ill ambition. She fears that her love makes her 
"heart grow impious," and that she worships the seraph 
rather than the Creator.— Ed. Lytton Bulwer (Lord 
Lyttou;. 

Anak of Publishers, so John 
Murray was called by lord Byron (1778- 
1848). 

Ari'akim or Anak, a giant of Pales- 
tine, whose descendants were terrible for 
their gigantic stature. The Hebrew 
spies said that they themselves were 
mere grasshoppers in comparison of them. 

I felt the thews of Anakim, 
The pulses of a Titan's heart. 

Tennyson, In Memoriam, iii- 

(The Titans were giants, who, ac- 
cording to classic fable, made war with 
Jupiter or Zeus, 1 syl.) 

Anamnes'tes (4 syl.), the boy who 
waited on Eumnestes (Memory). Eum- 
nestes was a very old man, decrepit and 
half blind, a "man of infinite remembrance, 
who things foregone through many ages 
held," but when unable to " fet " what he 
wanted, was helped by a little boy 
yclept Anamnestes, who sought out for 
nim what "was lost or laid amiss." 
(Greek, eumnestis, "good memory;" 
anamnestis, " research or calling up to 
mind.") 

And oft when things were lost or laid amiss, 
That boy them sought and unto him did lend ; 
Therefore he Anamnestes clepGd is, 
And that old man Eumnestes. 

Spenser, b'aiiry Queen, ii. 9 (1590). 

Anani/as, in The Alchemist, a comedy 
by Ben Jorfson (1610). 

Benjamin Johnson (1(551-174-2) . . . seemed to be 
pr I to wear the poet's double name, and w;is particu- 
larly great in all that author's playa that wire usually 
performed, viz., "Wasp," " Corbaccio," "Morose," and 
" Ansulas."— Chetwood, 

(" Wasp" in Bartholomew Fair, "Cor- 
baccio" in The Fox, "Morose" in The 
Silent Woman, all by B. Jonson.) 

Anarclms, king of the Dipsodes 



I (2 syl.), defeated by Pantag'ruel, who 
I dressed him in a ragged doublet, a cap 
with a cock's feather, and married him to 
"an old lantern-carrying hag." The prince 
gave the wedding feast, which consisted 
of garlic and sour cider. His wife, being 
a regular termagant, "did beat him like 
piaster, and the ex-tyrant did not dare 
call his soul his own." — Rabelais, Pan- 
tagruel, ii. 31 (1533). 

Anasta'sius, the hero of a novel 
called Memoirs of Anastasius, by Thomas 
Hope (1770-1831), a most brilliant and 
powerful book. It is the autobiography 
of a Greek, who, to escape the consequences 
of his crimes and villainies, becomes a 
renegade, and passes through a long series 
of adventures. 

Fiction has but few pictures which will bear comparison 
with that of Anastasius, sitting on the steps of the 
lazaretto of Trieste, with his dying boy in his arms. — 
Encyc. Brit. Art. " Romance." 

Anastasius Griin, the nom de 
plume of Anton Alexander von Auersperg, 
a German poet (1806-1876). 

Anasterax, brother of Niquee [nc- 
kay~\, with whom he lives in incestuous 
intercourse. The fairy Zorphee, in order 
to withdraw her god-daughter from this 
alliance, enchanted her. — Amadis de Gaul. 

Anaxar'te (4 syl.), the Am'adis of 
Greece, a supplemental part of the Por- 
tuguese romance called Amadis of Gaul 
[Wales]. The supplemental romance 
was written by Feliciano de Silva. 

An'cho, a Spanish brownie, who haunts 
the shepherds' huts, warms himself at 
their fires, tastes their clotted milk and 
cheese, converges with the family, and is 
treated with familiarity mixed with terror. 
The Ancho hates church bells. 

Anchors. A frigate has six: — (1) 
the cock-bill anchor, forward ; (2) the 
kedger, aft ; (3) the flood anchor, towards 
the open ; (4) the ebb anchor ; (ft) the 
bower anchor, to starboard ; (6) the sheet 
anchor, to larboard or port. 

Ancient Mariner {The), by Cole- 
ridge. Por the crime of having shot an 
albatross (a bird of good omen to sea- 
men) terrible sufferings are visited upon 
him, which are finally remitted through 
his repentance ; but he is doomed to wan- 
der over the earth and repeat his story to 
Others as a warning lesson. 

An'cor, a river of Leicestershire, run- 
ning through Harshul, where Michael 



AND ARE YE SURE. 



37 



ANDRONICUS. 



Drayton was born. Hence Wm. Browne 
calls him the shepherd, 

Who on the banks of An cor tuned his pipe. 

UriUmnia'i Pastoral*. L 5 (1613). 

And are ye sure . . . (See Bur . . .) 

All'dersoil (Eppie), a servant at the 
inn of St. Ronans Well, held by Meg 
Dods. — Sir \V. Scott, St. Ronaris Wett 
(time, George III.). 

Andre (2 syl.), Petit-Andre' and Trow 
Echelles are the executioners of Louis XI. 
of France. They are introduced by sir 
W. Scott, both in Qnentm Durwara and 
in Anne of (icier stein. 

Andre, the hero and title of a novel 
by George Sand (Mde. Dndevant). This 
novel and that called Consttelo(4 syl.) are 
considered her best (1804-1876). 

An'drea Ferra'ra, a sword, so 
called from a famous Italian s word- 
maker of the name. Strictly speaking, 
only a broad-sword or claymore should be 
so called. 

There's nae sic thing as standing a Highlander's Andrew 
Ferara; they will slaughio aff a fallow's head at a dash 
slap.— C. Macklin, love d-la-moile U77U). 

Andre'os, Fortitude personified in 
The Purple Island, by Phiueas Fletcher 
(canto x.). "None fiercer to a stubborn 
enemy, but to the yielding none more 
sweetly kind." (Greek, andriu or and/via, 
" manliness.") 

An'drew, gardener, at Ellangowan, 

to Godfrey Bertram the laird. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Andrews, a private in the royal army 
of the duke of Monmouth. — Sir W. Scott, 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Andrews (Joseph), the hero and title 
of a novel by Fielding. He is a footman 
who marries a maid-servant. Joseph 
Andrews is a brother of [Richardson's] 
" Pamela," a handsome, model young 
man. 

The accounts of Joseph's bravery and good qualities, 
his voice too musical to halloa to the dogs. his bravery in 
riding races for the gentlemen of the county, and his 
constancy in refusing bribes and temptation, have 
something refreshing in their naivete and freshness, and 
prepossess one in favour of that handsome young hero. 
— Thackeray. 

Androclns and the Lion. An- 
droclus was a runaway Roman slave, who 
took refuge in a cavern. A lion entered, 
and instead of tearing him to pieces, 
lifted up its fore paw that Androclus might 
extract from it a thorn. The fugitive, 
being subsequently captured, was doomed 
to fight with a lion in the Roman arena, 
and it so happened that the very same 



lion was let out against him ; it instantly 
recognized its benefactor, and began tc 
fawn upon him with every token of 
gratitude and joy. The story being told 
of this Btrange behaviour, Androclus was 
forthwith set free. 

A somewhat similar anecdote is told of 
sir George Davis, English consul at 
Florence at the beginning of the present 
century. One day he went to see the 
lions of the great duke of Tuscany. 
There was one which the keepers could 
not tame, but no sooner did sir George 
appear, than the beast manifested every 
symptom of joy. Sir George entered 
the cage, when the creature leaped on his 
shoulder, licked his face, wagged its tail, 
and fawned like a dog. Sir George told 
the great duke that he had brought up 
this lion, but as it grew older it became 
dangerous, and he sold it to a Barbery 
captain. The duke said he bought it of 
the same man, and the mystery was 
cleared up. 

Andromache [An.drom'.a.ky^^vidovr 
of Hector. At the downfall of Troy both 
she and her son Astv'anax were allotted 
to Pyrrhus king of Epirus, and Pyrrhus 

fell in love with her, but she repelled his 

advances. At length a Grecian embassy, 
led by Orestes son of Agamemnon, 
arrived, and demanded that Astyanax 
should be given up and put to death, lest 
in manhood he should attempt to avenge 
his father's death. Pyrrhus told Andro- 
mache that he would protect her son in 
defiance of all Greece if she would become 
his wife, and she reluctantly consented 
thereto. While the marriage ceremonies 
were going on the ambassadors rushed on 
Pyrrhus and slew him, but as he fell he 
placed the crown on the head of Andro- 
mache, who thus became the queen of 
Epirus, and the ambassadors hastened to 
their ships in rliirht. — Ambrose Philips, 
The Distressed Mother (1712). 

* # * Andromache was a favourite part 
with Charlotte Clarke, daughter of Colley 
Cibber (1710-1760), and with Mrs. Yates 
(1737-1787). 

Androni'ca, one of Logistilla's hand- 
maids, noted for her beauty. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Androni'cus {Titus), a noble Roman 
general against the Goths, father of La- 
vin'ia. In the play so called, published 
amongst those of Shakespeare, the word 
all through is called Andron'icus (159o). 

Marcus Andronicus, brother of Titus, 
and tribune of the people. 



ANDROPHILUS. 



ANGELIQUE. 



Androph'ilus, Philanthropy per- 
sonified in The Purple Island, by Phineas 
Fletcher (1633). Fully described in 
canto x. (Greek, Andro-philos, " a lover 
of mankind.") 

An'eal (2 syl.), daughter of Maii/ni, 
who loves Djabal, and believes him to be 
" hakeem' " (the incarnate god and 
founder of the Druses) returned to life 
for the restoration of the people and 
their return to Syria from exile in the 
Spo'rades. When, however, she discovers 
his imposture, she dies in the bitterness 
of her disappointment. — Robert Browning, 
The Return of the Druses. 

Angel. When the Rev. Mr. Patten, 
vicar of Whitstable, was dying, the arch- 
bishop of Canterbury sent him £10 ; and 
the wit said, "Tell his grace that now I 
own him to be a man of God, for I have 
seen his angels." 

To write like an Angel, that is like 
Angel [Vergecios] , a Greek of the fifteenth 
century, noted for his caligraphy. 

Vange de Dieu, Isabeau la belle, the 
"inspired prophet-child" of the Cami- 
sards. 

Angels (Orders of). According to 
Dionysius the Areop'agite, the angels are 
divided into nine orders : Seraphim and 
Cherubim, in the first circle ; Thrones 
and Dominions, in the second circle ; 
Virtues, Powers, Principalities, Arch- 
angels, and Angels, in the third circle. 

Noveni angelorum ordines dicimus. quia videlicet esse, 
testaute siicro eloquio, scimus Angelos, Archangelos, Vir- 
tures, Potestates, Principatus, Dominationes, Thronos, 
Cherubim, atque Seraphim.— St. Gregory the Great, 
Homily 34. 

(See Hymns Ancient and Modem, No. 
253, ver. 2, 3.) 

Angels' Visits. Norris of Bemerton 
(1G57-1711) wrote — those joys which 

Soonest take their (light 
Are the most exquisite and strong. 
Like angels' visits, short and bright. 

Robert Blair, in 1743, wrote in his poem 
called The Grave, "in visits" 

Like those of angels, short and far between. 

_ Campbell, in 1799, appropriated the 
simile, but without improving it, wrote — 

Like angels' visits, few and far between. 

Angel'ica, in Bojardo's Orlando In- 
namorato (1495), is daughter of Gal'aphron 
king of Cathay. She goes to Paris, and 
Orlando falls in love with her, forgetful 
of wife, sovereign, country, and glory. 
Angelica, on the other hand, disregards 
Orlando, but passionately love3 Rinaldo, 



who positively dislikes her. Angelica 
and Rinaldo drink of certain fountains, 
when the opposite effects are produced in 
their hearts, for then Rinaldo loves Ange- 
lica, while Angelica loses all love for 
Rinaldo. 

Angelica, in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, 
(1516) is the same lady, who marries 
Medoro, a young Moore, and returns to 
Cathay, where Medoro succeeds to the 
crown. As for Orlando, he is driven mad 
by jealousy and pride. 

The fairest of her sex, Angelica, 

. . . Sought by many prowest knights, 

Both painim and the peers of Charlemagne. 

Milton, Paradise Regained, hi. (1671). 

Angelica (The princess), called "The 
Lady of the Golden Tower." The loves 
of Parisme'nos and Angelica form an 
important feature of the second part of 
Parismus Prince of Bohemia, by Emanuel 
Foord (1598). 

Angel'ica, an heiress with whom Va- 
lentine Legend is in love. For a time 
he is unwilling to declare himself because 
of his debts ; but Angelica gets possession 
of a bond for £4000, and tears it. The 
money difficult)'- being adjusted, the 
marriage is arranged amicably. — W. Con- 
gieve, Love for Love (1695). 

[Mrs. Anne Bracegirdle] equally delighted in melting 
tenderness and playful coquetry, in "Statira" or " Milla- 
mant ; " and even at an advanced age, when she played 
" Angelica."— C. Dibden. 

Angelica, the troth-plight wife of Valere, 
"the gamester." She gives him a pic- 
ture, and enjoins him not to part with it 
on pain of forfeiting her hand. How- 
ever, he loses it in play, and Angelica in 
disguise is the winner of it. After much 
tribulation, Valere is cured of his vice, 
and thetwoare happily united by marriage. 
— Mrs. Centlivre, The Gamester (1705). 

Angeli'na, daughter of lord Lewis, 
in the comedy called The Elder Brother, 
by Beaumont and Fletcher (1637). 

Angelina, daughter of don Channo. 
Her father wanted her to marry Clodio, 
a coxcomb, but she preferred his elder 
brother Carlos, a bookworm, with whom 
she eloped. They were taken captives 
and carried to Lisbon. Here in due time 
they met, the fathers who went in search 
of them came to the same spot, and as 
Clodio had engaged himself to Elvira of 
Lisbon, the testy old gentlemen agreed to 
the marriage of Angelina with Carlos. — 
C. Cibber, Lore Makes a Man. 

Angelique' (3 s;/L), daughter of A r-an 
the malade imajinaire. Her lover is Cle'aute 



ANGELIQUE. 



89 



ANGUI8ANT. 



(2 syl.). In order to prove whether his 
wife or daughter loved liiin the better, 
Argan pretended to be dead, whereupon 
the wife rejoiced greatly that she was 
relieved of a "disgusting creature," hated 
by every one; but the daughter grieved as 
if her heart would break, rebuked herself 
for her shortcomings, and vowed to devote 
the rest of her life in prayer lor the repose 
of his soul. Argan, being assured of his 
daughter's love, gave his free consent to 
her marriage with Cle'aute. — Moliere, 
Maktde Imaginain (1673). 

Angelique, the aristocratic wife of George 
Dandin, a French commoner. She has a 
liaison with a M. Clitandre, but always 
contrives to turn the tables on her hus- 
band. George Dandin lirst hears of a 
rendezvous from one Lubin, a foolish 
servant of Clitandre, and lays the affair 
before M. and Mde. Sotenville, his wife's 
parents. The baron with George Dandin 
call on the lover, who denies the accu- 
sation, and George Dandin has to beg 
pardon. Subsequently, he catches his 
wife and Clitandre together, and sends at 
once for M. and Mde. Sotenvilie ; but 
Angelique, aware of their presence, pre- 
tends to denounce her lover, and even 
takes up a stick to beat him for the " in- 
sult offered to a virtuous wife ; " so again 
the parents declare their daughter to be 
the. very paragon of women. Lastly, 
George Dandin detects his wife and Cli- 
tandre together at night-time, and succeeds 
in shutting his wife out of her room ; but 
Angelique now pretends to kill herself, 
and when George goes for a light to look 
for the body, she rushes into her room 
and shuts him out. At this crisis the 
parents arrive, when Angelique accuses 
her husband of being out all night in a 
debauch ; and he is made to beg her pardon 
on his knees. — Moliere, George Dandin 
(1668). 

All'gelo, in Measure for Measure, lord 
deputy of Vienna in the absence of Vin- 
centio the duke. His betrothed lady is 
Maria'na. Lord Angelo conceived a base 
passion for Isabella, sister of Claudio, but 
his designs were foiled by the duke, who 
compelled him to marry Mariana. — 
Shakespeare (1603). 

An'gelo, a gentleman, friend to Julio in 
The Captain, a drama by Beaumont and 
Fletcher (1613). 

Anger . . . the Alphabet. It was 

Athenodo'rus the Stoic who advised 



Augustus to repeat the alphabet when he 
felt inclined to give way to anger, 
in certain CJrec dlaait A I'amperatD Auguste, 
Onmms nai Instruction utile iiutant iju. 
Que. loraqju' una aventurc an colore non 
Rons devous, arant t-mt. dlra n«tro alphabet, 
Atin ana dam ee tempi la bile ■*.• tempi re, 

Et qu'oii nc DMBS ri-n \w Inn na ddtva fiiire. 

Moliere. L'tooU dct feinimt, ii. 4 (1603). 

Angioli'na (4 syl.), daughter ol 
Loreda na, and the young wife of Bfari'no 
Faliero, the doge of Venice. A patrician 

named Miehel Steno, having behaved in- 
decently to some of the women assembled 

at the great civic banquet given by the 

doge, was tricked out of the house by 
order of the doge, and in revenge wrote 
some scurrilous lines against the doga- 
ressa. This insult was referred to " '1 lie 
Forty," and Steno was sentenced to two 
months' imprisonment, which the doge 

Considered a very inadequate punishment 
for the offence.— Byron, Marino Faliero, 

Tiw character "f the calm, pure-sptrited Aagkdiiia h 
develop I moat admirably. The great difference between 
her tamper and that <>f her Ben buiband is rirtdly i»>r- 
tnued, but not lean rMdli touched Ii thai rtrong bond • •! 
uni.'ii which exi^L. in the common nobleness of their deep 
natures. There k no spark of Jealousy In the old man'i 

thought!. He does not expect (lit fervour of youthful 

passion In his young wife; i>ut be finds what is mr better— 
the (eaiiaei eonfldanee "f one k> Innocent that .-•lie can 
scarcel] believe In the existence of guilt. . . . She think: 
Steno'i greatest pnnlahmawt will be "the bkuheaof liU 
privacy. -- Lockluu-t. 

Anglan'te's Lord, Orlando, who 
was lord of Anglante and knight of 
Brava. — Ariosto, Orlando Furiuso (1516). 

An'glesey, i.e. Angles ea-land (the 
island of the English). Edwin king of 
Northumberland, "warred with them that 
dwelt in the Isle of Mona, and they 
became his sen-ants, and the island was 
no longer called Mona, but Anglesey, the 
isle of the English." 

An'glides (3 syl.), wife of good prince 
Boud'wine (2 syl.), brother to sir Mark 
king of Cornwall ("the falsest traitor 
that ever was born"). When king Mark 
slew her husband, Anglides and her son 
Alisaunder made their escape to Magounce 
(i.e. Arundel), where she lived in peace, 
and brought up her son till he received 
the honour of knighthood. — SirT. Malorv, 
Hist, of Pr. Arthur, ii. 117, 118 (1470). 

An'glo-ma'nia, generally applied to 
a French or German imitation of the 
manners, customs, etc., of the English. 
It prevailed in France some time before 
the first Revolution, and was often ex- 
tremely ridiculous. 

An'guisant, king of Erin (Ireland), 
subdued by king Arthur, fighting in behalf 



ANGULE. 



40 



ANNIE WINNIE. 



of Leod'ogran king of Cam'eliard (3 syl.). 
— Tennyson, Coming of King Arthur. 

Angule (St.), bishop of London, put 
to death by Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, 
Roman general in Britain in the reign of 
Diocletian. 

St. Angule put to death, one of our holiest men, 
At London, of that see the godly bishop then. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Angurva'del, Frithiofs sword, in- 
scribed with Runic characters, which 
blazed in time of war, but gleamed dimly 
in time of peace. 

Animals admitted to Heaven. 

According to the Moslem's creed, ten 
animals are admitted into paradise besides 
man. 1. The dog Kratim, of the seven 
sleepers of Ephesus. 2. Balaam's ass, 
which reproved the disobedient prophet. 
3. Solomon's ant, which reproves the 
sluggard. 4. Jonah's whale. 5. The 
ram of Ismael, caught by the horns, and 
offered in sacrifice instead of Isaac. 
7. The camel of Saleb. 8. The cuckoo 
ofBelkis. 9. The ox of Moses. 10. The 
animal called Al Borak, which conveyed 
Mahomet to heaven. 

The following are sometimes added or 
substituted : — The ass on which our Saviour 
rode into Jerusalem ; the ass on which the 
queen of Sheba rode when she visited 
Solomon. 

Anjou (The Fair Maid of), lady Edith 
Plantagenet, who married David earl of 
Huntingdon (a royal prince of Scotland). 
Edith was a kinswoman of Richard Coeur 
de Lion, and an attendant on queen 
Berengaria. 

*** Sir Walter Scott has introduced 
her in The Talisman (1825). 

Ann ( The princess), lady of Beaujeu. — 
Sir W. Scott, Quentin Burward (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Anna (Donna), the lady beloved by 
don Otta'vio, but seduced by don Gio- 
vanni. — Mozart's opera, Don Giovanni 
(1787). 

An'nabel, in Absalom and Achi- 
tophel, by Dryden, is the duchess of 
Monmouth, whose maiden name was 
Anne Scott (countess of Buccleuch). She 
married again after the execution of her 
faithless husband. 

With secret joy indulgent David [Charles //.] viewed 

His .Youthful image in his soil renewed ; 

I'o all his wishes nothing he denied. 

And made the charming Annabel his bride. 

Part 1. 

jftn'naple [Bailzou], Elbe Dean's 



"monthly" nurse. — Sir W. Scott, Heart 
of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

An'naple, nurse of Hobbie Elliot of the 
Heugh-foot, a young farmer. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Anne (Sister), the sister of Fat'ima 
the seventh and last wife of Blue Beard. 
Fatima, having disobeyed her lord by 
looking into the locked chamber, is 
allowed a short respite before execution. 
Sister Anne ascends the high tower of the 
castle, with the hope of seeing her brothers, 
who were expected to arrive every mo- 
ment. Fatima, in her agony, keeps ask- 
ing "sister Anne" if she can see them, 
and Blue Beard keeps crying out for Fa- 
tima to use greater despatch. As the 
patience of both is exhausted, the brothers 
arrive, and Fatima is rescued from death. 
— Charles Perrault, La Barbe Bleue. 

Anne, own sister of king Arthur. 
Her father was Uther the pendragon, and 
her mother Ygerna, widow of Gorloi's. 
She was given by her brother in marriage 
to Lot, consul of Londonesia, and after- 
wards king of Norway. — Geoffrey, British 
History, viii. 20, 21. 

*** In Arthurian romance this Anne 
is called Margawse (History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 2) ; Tennyson calls her Belli- 
cent (Gareth and Lynctte). In Arthurian 
romance Lot is always called king of 
Orkney. 

Anne. Queen Anne' s Fan. Your thumb 
to your nose and fingers spread. 

Annette, daughter of Mathis and 
Catherine, the bride of Christian, captain 
of the patrol. — J. E. Ware, The Polish 

Jew. 

Annette and Lubin, by Marmon- 
tel, imitated from the Daphnis and Chloe 
of Longos (q.v.). 

An'nie Lau'rie, eldest of the three 
daughters of sir Robert Laurie, of Max- 
welton. In 1709 she married James Fer- 
gusson, of Craigdarroch, and was the 
mother of Alexander Fergusson, the hero 
of Burns's song Tim Whistle. The song 
of Annie Laurie was written by William 
Douglas, of Fingland, in the stewardry of 
Kirkcudbright, hero of the song Willie 
was a Wanton Wag. (See Whistle.) 

An'nie "Win'nie, one of the old 
sibyls at Alice Gray's death ; the other 
was Ailsie Gourlay. — Sir W, Scott, The 
Jh-ide of Lainincnuuur (time, William 
III.). 



ANNIR. 



•11 



ANTHONIO. 



Annir, king of Inis-thona (an island 
of Scandinavia). I le bad two Bona | Argon 
and Luro) and one daughter. One day 
Cor'malo, a neighbouring chief, came and 
begged the honour of a tournament. 

Argon granted the request, and overthrew 
him, which so vexed Connalo that during 

a hunt he shot both the brothers secretly 
with his bow. Their dog Rnna ran t.i 

the palace, and howled so as ti> attract 
attention ; whereupon Annir followed the 
hound, and found both his sons dead, 
and on his return he further found that 
Connalo had carried off his daughter. 
Oscar, son of Ossian, led an army against 
the villain, and slew him ; then liberating 
the young lady, he took her hack to Inis- 
thona, and delivered her to her father. — 
Ossian (''The War of Inis-thona "). 

An'nophel, daughter of Ca8'silane 
(3 syl.) general of Candy. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Laws of Candy (1647). 

Anselm, prior of St. Dominic, the 

confessor of king Henry IV. — Sir W. 

Scott, The Fair Maid of Forth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Anselme (2 syl.), father of Valere 
(2 syl.) and Mariane (3 syl.). In reality 
he is don Thomas d'Albuiei, of Naples. 
The family were exiled from Naples for 
political reasons, and being shipwrecked 
were all parted. Valere was picked up 
by a Spanish captain, who adopted him; 
Mariane fell into the hands of a corsair, 
who kept her a captive for ten years, when 
she effected her escape ; and Anselme 
wandered from place to place for ten 
years, when he settled in Paris, and 
intended to marry. At the expiration of 
sixteen years they all met in Paris at the 
house of Har'pagon, the miser. Valfere 
was in love with Elise (2 syl.), the 
miser's daughter, promised by Harpagon 
in marriage to Anselme ; and Mariane, 
affianced to the miser's sonCle'ante (2 syl.), 
was sought in marriage by Harpagon, 
the old father. As soon as Anselme 
discovered that Valere and Mariane were 
his own children, matters were soon amic- 
ably arranged, the young people married, 
and the old ones retired from the unequal 
contest. — Moliere, L'Avare (16G7). 

Anselmo, a noble cavalier of 
Florence, the friend of Lothario. An- 
ielmo married Camilla, and induced his 
friend to try to corrupt her, that he might 
rejoice in her incorruptible fidelity. 
Lothario unwillingly undertook the task, 
and succeeded but too well. For a time 



Anselmo was deceived, but at length 
Camilla eloped, and the end of the sfily 
affair was that Anselmo died of grief, 

Lothario was slain in battle, and Camilla 
died in a cmivent. — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, I. IT. 5, <>; Fatal Curiosity (1605). 

An'ster {Hob), a constable at 
Kinross village.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Ant. Ants' egga are an antidote to 

love. 

Ants never tieep. Emerson says this 
is a " recently observed fact." — Nature, 
iv. 

A7its heme mind, etc. "In formica mm 
mode sensus. sed etiam mens, ratio, 
memoria." — Pliny. 

Ant {Solomon's), one of the ten ani- 
mals admitted into paradise, according 
to the Koran, eh. xxvii. (See Animals.) 

Ants lay up a store /<»• the winter. 
This is an error in natural history, 
as ants are torpid during the winter. 

Antae'os, a gigantic wrestler of 
Libya (or Irassa). His strength was 
inexhaustible so long as he touched the 
earth, and was renewed every time, he did 
touch it. Her'culcs killed him by lifting 
hiu. up from the earth and squeezing him 
to death. (See Malegku.) 

As when earth's son Antseus . . In Imssa strove 
With Jore't Akiiks. tod "ft foiled, BtUl rose, 
Receiving from his mother earth new strength, 
Freeh from his Call, and Bercer grapple 
Throttled ;it length i' the ah, expired and fell. 

MiltOD, J'urudite lUyaiaed, iv. (1671). 

%* Similarly, when Bernardo del 
Carpio assailed Orlando or Lowland 
at Koncesvallea, as he found his body was 
not to be pierced by any instrument of 
war, he took him up in his arms and 
squeezed him to death. 

N.B. — The only vulnerable part of Or- 
lando was the sole of his foot. 

Anta'nor, a traitorous Trojan prince, 
related to Priam. He advised Ulysses to 
carry away the palladium from Troy, and 
when the wooden horse was built it was 
Antenorwho urged the Trojans to make a 
breach in the wall and drag the horse 
into the city. — Shakespeare has intro- 
duced him in Troilus and Ci^essida (1602). 

Anthi'a, the lady beloved by Abroc'- 
omas in the Greek romance called 
De Amoribus Anthice et Abrocomce, by 
Xenophon of Ephesus, who lived in the 
fourth Christian century. (This is not 
Xenophon the historian, who lived B.C. 
444-359.) 

Anthonio, "the merchant of Ve- 



ANTHONIO. 



42 



ANTIOPE. 



nice," in Shakespeare's drama so called 
(1598). Anthonio borrows of Shylock, 
a Jew, 3000 ducats for three months, 
to lend to his friend Bassanio. The con- 
ditions of the loan were these : if the 
money was paid within the time, only the 
principal should be returned ; but if not, 
the Jew should be allowed to cut from 
Anthonio's body " a pound of flesh." As 
the ships of Anthonio were delaj^ed by 
contrary winds, he was unable to pay 
within the three months, and Shylock 
demanded the forfeiture according to the 
bond. Portia, in the dress of a law- 
doctor, conducted the case, and when the 
Jew was about to cut the flesh, stopped 
him, saying — (1) the bond gave him no 
drop of blood ; and (2) he must take 
neither more nor less than an exact 
pound. If he shed one drop of blood or 
if he cut more or less than an exact 
pound, his life would be forfeit. As it 
was quite impossible to comply with 
these, restrictions, the Jew was nonsuited, 
and had to pay a heavy fine for seeking 
the life of a citizen. 

Antho'nio, the usurping duke of Milan, 
and brother of Pros'pero (the rightful 
duke, and father of Miranda). — Shake- 
speare, The Tempest (1609). 

Antho'nio, father of Protheus, and 
suitor of Julia. — Shakespeare, The Two 
Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 

An'tliony, an English archer in the 
cottage of farmer Dickson, of Douglas- 
dale. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous 
(time, Henry I.). 

An'thony, the old postillion at Meg 
Dods's, the landlady of the inn at St. 
Rouan's Well.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronaris 
Well (time, George III.). 

Antid'ius, bishop of Jaen, martyred 
by the Vandals in 411. One day, seeing 
the devil writing in his pocket-book some 
sin committed by the pope, he jumped upon 
his back and commanded his Satanic ma- 
jesty to carry him to Koine. The devil 
tried to make the bishop pronounce the 
name of Jesus, which would break the 
spell, and then the devil would have tossed 
his unwelcome burden into the sea, but the 
bishop only cried, " Gee up, devil ! " and 
when he reached Rome he was covered 
with Alpine snow. The chronicler naively 
add3, "the hat is still shown at Rome in 
confirmation of this miracle." — General 
Chronicle of King Alp/ionso the Wise. 

Antig'one (4 syl.), daughter of 



G^'dipos and Jocas'te, a noble maiden, 
with a truly heroic attachment to her 
father and brothers. When GMipos had 
blinded himself, and was obliged to quit 
Thebes, Antigone accompanied him, and 
remained with him till his death, when 
she returned to Thebes. Creon, the king, 
had forbidden any one to bury Polyni'ces, 
her brother, who had been slain by his 
elder brother in battle ; but Antigone, in 
defiance of this prohibition, buried the 
dead bodj', and Creon shut her up in a 
vault under ground, where she killed 
herself. Haeman, her lover, killed him- 
self also by her side. Sophocles has a 
Greek tragedy on the subject, and it has 
been dramatized for the English stage. 

Then suddenly— oh ! . . . what a revelation of beauty ! 
forth stepped, walking in brightness, the most faultless of 
Grecian marbles. Miss Helen Faucet as "Antigone." 
What perfection of Athenian sculpture! the noble 
figure, the lovely arms, the fluent draper}- ! What an 
unveiling of the statuesque ! . . . Perfect in form ; perfect 
in attitude.— De Quincey (1845). 

The Modern Antigone, Marie The'rese 
Charlotte duchesse dAngouleme, daugh- 
ter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette 
(1778-1851). 

Antig'onus, a Sicilian lord, com- 
manded by king Leontes to take his 
infant daughter to a desert shore and leave 
her tc perish. Antigonus was driven by a 
storm to the coast "of Bohemia, where he 
left the babe ; but on his way back to 
the ship, he was torn to pieces by a 
bear. — Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale 
(1604). 

Antig'onus (King), an old man with a 
young man's amorous passions. He is 
one of the four kings who succeeded to 
the divided empire of Alexander the 
Great. — Beaumont and Fletcher, T/ie 
Humorous Lieutenant (1647). 

Antin'ous (4 syl.), a page of Had- 
rian the Roman emperor, noted for his 
beauty. 

Antin'ous (4 syl.), son of Cas'silane 
(3 syl.) general of Candy, and brother 
of An'nophel, in The Laws of Candy, a 
drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). 

Anti'ochus, emperor of Greece, who 
sought the life of Pericles prince of Tyre, 
but died without effecting his desire. — 
Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of Tyre 
(1608). 

Anti'ope * (4 syl.), daughter of 
Idom'eneus (A syl.), for whom Telem'achus 
had a tendre. Mentor approved his 
choice, and assured Telemacb.ua that the 
lady was designed for him by the gods. 



ANTIPHOLUS. 



43 



ANTONY. 



Her charms were "the glowing modesty 

Of her countenance, her silent diffidence, 
and her sweet reserve ; her constant at- 
tention to tapestry or to some other useful 
and elegant employment ; her diligence 
in household affairs, her contempt of 
finery in dress, and her ignorance of her 
own beauty." Tclemaehus says, H She 
encourages to Industry by her example, 
sweetens labour by the melody of her 
voice, and excels the best of painters in 
the elegance of her embroidery." — 
Fenelon, TvU-'iittique, xxii. (1700). 

He [Paul] fancied he had found in Virginia the 
ikdoa of Antiopi' with the misfortunes and the 
tenderness of focharis.— Bernardln du St. Pierre, I'aul 

and Virginia (J788). 

Antiph'olus, the name of two 
brothers, twins, the sons of <£ge'on a 
merchant of Syracuse. The two brothers 
were shipwrecked in infancy, and, being 
picked up by different cruisers, one was 
carried to Syracuse, and the other to 
Ephesus. The Ephesian entered the 
service of the duke, and, being fortunate 
enough to save the duke's life, became a 
great man and married well. The Syra- 
cusian Antipholus, going in search of 
his brother, came to Ephesus, where a 
series of blunders occurs from the won- 
derful likeness of the two brothers and 
their two servants called Dromio. The 
confusion becomes so great that the 
Ephesian is taken up as a mad man. It 
so happened that both brothers appeared 
before the duke at the same time ; and 
the extraordinary likeness being seen by 
all, the cause of the blunders was evident, 
and everything was satisfactorily ex- 
plained. — Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors 
(1593). 

Antiph'ony, alternate singing of 
opposite choirs, as when psalms are 
intoned in cathedrals. 

Oh ! never more for me shall winds intone 
With all your tops a vast antiphouy. 

Robert Browning, A Blot on the 'tcutcheon. 

Allton (Sir). Tennyson says that 
Merlin gave Arthur, when an infant, to sir 
Anton and his lady to bring up, and they 
brought him up as their own son. This 
does not correspond with the History of 
Prince Arthur, which states that he was 
committed to the Rare of sir Ector and 
his lady, whose son, sir Key, is over 
and over again called the prince's foster- 
brother. The History furthermore states 
that Arthur made sir Key his seneschal 
because he was his foster-brother. 

So the child w;is delivered unto Merlin, and he bare 
him forth unto sir Ector, and made a holy man christen 



him. and named him "Arthur." And weir Ector's wife 

nourished him irith her own breast.— I'art i. 3. 

s.i >ir Beta rode to the Jutland with him rode sir 
Key, his eon, and pomaj Arthur that was hta nourished 

brother.— Ditto. 

'•Sir.'' Mid sir Betor, " I will ask no more of you but 
that JfOU will make my .vm, sir Key, your ' foster- 
brother, seneschal of all vour lands." "That shall be 
done," s.iid Arthur (ch. 4).— Sir T. Malory. History of 
Prim/*} Arthur [HIV). 

Anton, one of Henry Smith's men in 
The Fnir Maid of Perth, by sir W. 
Scott (time, Henry IV.). 

Anto'niad, the name of Cleopatra's 
ship at the battle of Actium, so named 
in compliment to Mark Antony. — Plu- 
tarch. 

Anto'nio, a sea captain who saved 
Sebastian, the brother of Yi'ola. when 
wrecked off the coast of Illvria. — 
Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1G14)". 

Anto'nio, the Swiss lad who acts as 
the guide from Lucern, in sir W . Scott's 
Anne of Oeierstcin (time, Edward IV.). 

Anto'nio, a stout old gentleman, kins- 
man of Petruccio, governor of Bologna. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Chances 
(a comedy, before L621). 

Antonio {Don), father of Carlos a 
bookworm, and Clodio a coxcomb ; a 
testy, headstrong old man. He wants 
Carlos to sign away his birthright in 
favour of his younger brother, to whom 
he intends Angelina to be married ; but 
Carlos declines to give his signature, and 
elopes with Angelina, whom he marries, 
while Clodio engages his troth to Elvira 
of Lisbon. — C. (Jibber, Love Makes a 
Man. 

Antonio (Don), in love with Louisa, the 
daughter of don Jerome of Seville. A 
poor nobleman of ancient family. — 
Sheridan, The Duenna (1778). 

Antonomas'ia (The princess), 
daughter of Archipiela, king of Candaya, 
and his wife Maguncia. She married 
don Clavijo, but the giant Malambru'no, 
by enchantment, changed the bride into a 
brass monkey, and her spouse into a 
crocodile of some unknown metal. Don 
Quixote mounted the wooden horse 
Clavileno the Winged, to disenchant the 
lady and her husband, and this he 
effected " simply by making the 
attempt." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. 
iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

Antony (Saint) lived in a cavern on 



ANTONY AND CAESAR. 



44 



APOLLO. 



the summit of Cavadonga, in Spain, and 
was perpetually annoyed by devils. 

Old St. Antonius from the hell 
Of his bewildered phantasy saw fiends 
In actual vision, a foul throng grotesque 
Of all horrific shapes and forms obscene, 
Crowd in broad day before his open eyes. 

Southey, Jioderick, etc., xvi. (1814). 

An'tony and Caesar. Macbeth 
says that " under Banquo his own 
genius was rebuked [or snubbed], as it is 
said Mark Antony's was by Ca?sar " 
(act iii. sc. 1), and in Antony and Cleo- 
patra this passage is elucidated thus — 

Thy daemon, that's thy spirit which keeps thee, is 
Noble, courageous, high, unmatchable. 
Where Cresar's is not ; but near him thy angel 
Becomes a fear, as being o'erpowered. 

Act ii. sc. 3. 

All Vil ( The Literary) . Dr. Mayo was 
so called, because he bore the hardest 
blows of Dr. Johnson without flinching. 

Aodh, last of the Culdees, or primitive 
clergy of lo'na, an island south of 
Staff a. His wife was Reullu'ra. Ulv- 
fa'gre the Dane, having landed on the 
island and put many to the sword, bound 
Aodh in chains of iron, then dragging 
him to the church, demanded where the 
"treasures were concealed." A mys- 
terious figure now appeared, which not 
only released the priest, but took the 
Dane by the arm to the statue of St. 
Columb, which fell on him and crushed 
him to death. After this the "saint" 
gathered the remnant of the islanders 
together, and went to Ireland. — Campbell, 
Iieullura. 

Aon'ian Mount {The), in Boeo'tia, 
the haunt of the Muses. Milton says his 
Muse is to soar above " the Aonian 
mount," i.e. above the flight of fable and 
classic themes, because his subject 
was "Jehovah, lord of all." — Paradise 
Lost, i. 15 (16G5). 

Ape (1 syl.), the pseudonym of M. 
Pellegrini, the caricaturist of Vanity 
Fair. Dr. Johnson says " to ape is to 
i nutate ludicrously ;" whence the adoption 
of the name. 

Apes. To lead Apes in Hell, to die an 
old maid. Thus Fadladin'ida says to 
Tatlanthe (3 syl.)— 

Pity that you who've served so long and well 
Should die a virgin, and lead apes in hell ; 
Choose for yourself, dear girl, our umpire round, 
Your portion is twelve hundred thousand pound. 

H. Carey, C'hrotiotihotonthologos. 
Women, dying maids, lead apes in hell. 

The London Prodigal, 1. 2. 

ApePles and the Cobbler. A 

cobbler found fault with the shoe-latchet 
of one of Apelles' paintings, and the artist 



rectified the fault. The cobbler, thinking 
himself very wise, next ventured to 
criticize the legs ; but Apelles said, Ne 
sutor ultra crepidum (" Let not the 
cobbler go beyond his last "). 

Within that range of criticism where all are equally 
judges, and where Crispin is entitled to dictate to 
Apelles. — Encyc. Brit. Art. " Romance." 

Apelles. When his famous painting of 
Venus rising out of the sea (hung by 
Augustus in the temple of Julius Caesar) 
was greatly injured by time, Nero re- 
placed it by a copy done by Dorotheus. 
This Venus by Apelles is called " Venus 
Anadyom'ene," his model (according to 
tradition) being Campaspe (afterwards 
his Avife). 

Apeman'tus, a churlish Athenian 
philosopher, who snarled at men 
systematically, but showed his cynicism 
to be mere affectation, when Timon 
attacked him with his own weapons. — 
Shakespeare, Timon of Athens (1600). 

Their affected melancholy showed like the cynicism of 
Apemantus, contrasted with the real misanthropy of 
Timon.— Sir W. Scott 

Apic'ius, an epicure in the time of 
Tiberius. He wrote a book on the ways 
of provoking an appetite. Having spent 
£800,000 in supplying tha delicacies 
of the table, and having only £80,000 
left, he hanged himself, not thinking it 
possible to exist on such a wretched 
pittance. Apioia, however, became a 
stock name for certain cakes and sauces, 
and his name is still proverbial in all 
matters of gastronomy. 

There was another of the name in the 
reigu of Trajan, who wrote a cooking 
book and manual of sauces. 

No Brahmin could abominate your meal more than I do. 
Hirtius and Apicius would have blushed for it. Mark 
Antony, who roasted eight whole boars for supper, never 
massacred more at a meal than you have done. — Cumber- 
land, The Fashionable Lover, i. 1 (1780). 

Apollo, the sun, in Homeric mytho- 
logy is the embodiment of practical 
wisdom and foresight, of swift and far- 
reaching intelligence, and hence of 
poetry, music, etc. 

The Apollo Belvidere, that is, the Apollo 
preserved in the Belvidere gallery of the 
Vatican, discovered in L 503 amidst the ruins 
of An'tium, and purchased by pope Julius 
II. It is supposed to be the work of 
Cal'amis, a Creek sculptor of the fifth 
century B.C. 

The Apollo of Actium was a gigantic 
statue, which served for a beacon. 

The Apollo of Rhodes, usually called the 
colossus, was a gigantic bronze statue, 150 



APOLLYON. 



46 



AQUILINE. 



feet high, made by Chares, a pupil of 
Lysippus, and set up n.c. 300. 

Ani/nuls consecrated to Apollo, the cock, 
the crow, the grasshopper, the hawk, the 
raven, the swan, and the wolf. 

ApoH'yoil, king of the bottomless 
pit ; introduced by Bunvan in his 
Pilgrim's Progress. Apolryon encounters 
Christian, by whom, after a severe 
contest, he is foiled (1G78). 

Apostle or Patron Saint of — 

Abvssinians, St Frumeutius (died 360). HU day, 
October 87. 

AI.1S, Kclfx NefT (1798-1829). 

Antkh il. St. Margaret (died 075). Her day, July 20. 

Akdf.nnks, St. HulxTt (656-730). 

ARMENIANS, Gregory of Armenia (256-331). 

Cacliaki [Sardinia), St. Bfliio. 

CORFU, St. Bplridion (fourth century). Hts day, Decem- 
ber 14. 

English, St. Augastin (died Wl)\ St. George [died 290). 

ETHIOPIA, St. Frumeutius (died 360). His day, Octo- 
ber 27. 

FRANOONU, St. Kilian Mi, ,1 689). Hi> day, July 8. 

Fkee Trade, Kichanl Cobderj 1 1 H«>-l-18ivr»). 

FRENCH, St. Denis (died WSi His day. October 9. 

Frisians, st. WUbrod (W7-738). 

Gauls, St. Irena'us (130-200) ; St. Martin (316-397). 
Gr.ntills, St. Paul (died 66). His days, June 29, 

January 25. 
GBOB61A, St. Nino. 
(Jek.m any. St. Boniface (680-755). His day. June 5. 

Highlanders, St Colomb 1821-597). His day. June 9. 
HUNGARIANS, St. Anastasius (died 628). His day, 

January' 22. 
Indians, Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566) ; Rev. John 

Eliot (1603-1890). 
Indies. St, Francis Xavier (1506-157)2). His day, Decem- 
ber 3. 
Infidelity. Voltaire (1694-1778). 
Ikis •!. St. Patrick (372-493). His day. March 17. 
Libertt, Thomas Jefferson, third president of the U.S. 

(1743-1826). 
London, St. Paul; St. Michael. Days January 25; 

September 29. 
Netherlands. St. Armand (589-679). 
North, St Ansgar (801-864) ; Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583). 
Padua, St Anthony (1195-1331). His day, June 13. 
Paris, St. Genevieve (419-513). Her day, January 3. 
Peak, W. Bagshaw, so called from his missionary labours 

in Derbyshire (1628-1702). 
Picts, St. Ninian. 

Scottish Reformers, John Knox (1505-1572). 
Sicily (the tutelarv deitv is) Ceres. 
Slaves, St. Cyril (died 868). His day, February' 14. 
SPAIN, St. James the Greater (died 44). His day, July 24. 
Temperance. Father Mathew (1790-1856). 
Venice, St. Mark; St. Pantaleon : St. Andrew Justiniani. 

St Mark's day, April 25; St. Pantaloon's, July 27. 
Yorkshire, St. Pauli'nus, bishop of York (597-644). 
Walks, St David (480-544). His day, March 1. 

Apostle of Free Trade, Richard 
Cobden (1804-1865). John Bright is 
also so called (1811- ). 

Apostolic Fathers (The Five): 
Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Hermas, 
Igna'tius, and Polycarp. All contem- 
porary with the apostles. 

Ap'petiser. A Scotchman being told 
that the birds called kittiewiaks were ad- 
mirable appetisers, ate six of them, and 
then complained "he was no hungrier 
than he was before." 

Apple (Prince Ahmed's), a cure for 



every disorder. — Arabian NiqhU? Enter- 
tainments ("Ahmed and Pan-banou"). 

The Singing Apple, fcha perfect em- 
bellisher of wit. It would persuade by 
its smell alone, and would enable the 
possessor to write poetry <t prose, to 
make people laugh or cry, and discoursed 
such excellent music as to ravish every 
one. — Countess D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
("Cher}' and Fairstar," 1682). 

Apples of Sodom (called by Wit- 
man, oranges) are the yellow fruit of 
the osher or ashey tree. Tacitus (His- 
tory, v. 7) and Josephua both refer to 
these apples. Thevenot says, "The 
fruit is lovely [externally], but within is 
full of ashes." 

The fniit of the osher or ashey tree, called "Apple! or 
OrangM of Bodam.* 1 reaeroNe* a ntootb apple or orange, 
hangi in clutter* of three or lour on ■ branch, and Ei "f 

a yellow colour when rij»e. Upon being struck or 
pressed, it explodes with a puff, and i< reduced to tbo 
rind and a f.w fibres, being chiefly filled with air. — 
Gallery of Geography, 811. 

Like to the apples on the Dead Sea shore, 

All uhei to the taste. 

Byron. CM'de Harold, iii. 34. 

Appul'durcombe (4 s>/L), the 
Isle of Wight. The word is a com- 
pound of apwdre-combe (" valley of apple 
trees"), and not y put dur y cum ("the 
lake in the valley "). 

April Fool. One of the favour- 
ite London jokes was to send green- 
horns to the Tower, ''to see the lions 
washed." — !?ee Dictionary of Phrane and 
Fable. 

April Showers. April showers 
bring May flowers. 

Sweet April showers do spring May flowers. 
T. Tusser, 500 Points of Good Uuthandry, xxxix. (1557). 

Aquarius, Sagittarius. Mrs. 
Browning says that "Aquarius'' is a 
symbol of man bearing, and " Sagit- 
tarius " of man combatting. The passive 
and active forms of human labour. 

/><■. Two phantasms of two men. 

A dam. One that sustains, 

And one that strives, so the ends 
Of manhood's curse of labour. 
E. B. Browning, A Drama of Exile (1851). 

A'quilant, son of Olive'ro and 
Sigismunda ; a knight in Charlemagne's 
army. He was called "black," and his 
brother Gryphon "white," from the colour 
of their armour. — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

A'quiline (3 syl.), Raymond's steed, 
whose sire was the wind. — Tasso, Jeru- 
salem Delivered, vii. (1575). 

(Solinus, Columella, and "Varro relate 
how the Lusitanian mares "with open 



AQUINIAN SAGE. 



46 



ARC. 



mouth against the breezes held, receive 
the gales with warmth prolific filled, and 
thus inspired, their swelling wombs pro- 
duce the wondrous offspring." — See also 
Virgil, Georgics, iii. 266-283. 

Aquin'ian Sage. Juvenal is so 
called, because he was born at Aqui'num, 
in Latium (fl. a.d. 100). 

Arabella, an heiress left under the 
guardianship of justice Day. Abel Day, 
the son of justice Day, aspires to her hand 
and fortune, but she confers both with 
right good will on captain Manly. — T. 
Knight, The Honest Thieves. 

Ara'bia Fe'lix ( u Araby the blest"). 
This name is a blunder made by British 
merchants, who supposed that the precious 
commodities of India bought of Arab 
traders were the produce of Arabia. 

Aralbian Bird (The), the phoenix, a 
marvellous man, one sui generis. 

Antony ! O thou Arabian bird 1 
Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act iii. s& 2. 

Arach'ne (3 syl.), a spider, a weaver. 
"Arachne's labours," spinning or weav- 
ing. Arachne was a Lydian maiden, who 
challenged Minerva to compete with her 
in needle tapestry, and Minerva changed 
her into a spider. 

No orifice for a point 
As subtle as Arachne's broken woof 
To enter. 
Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, act v. sc. 2 (1602). 

A'raf (Al), a sort of limbo between 
paradise and jehennam, for those who 
die without sufficient merit to deserve the 
former, and without sufficient demerit to 
deserve the latter. Here lunatics, idiots, 
and infants go at death, according to the 
Koran. 

Ar'afat (Mount), a granite hill, fifteen 
miles south-east of Mecca, where Adam, 
conducted by Gabriel, met Eve, after a 
punitive separation of 200 years. Every 
pilgrim to this mount enjoys the privileges 
of a Hadji. 

Aragnol, the son of Arachne (the 
"most fine-fingered of all workmen," 
turned into a spider for presuming to 
challenge Minerva to a contest in needle- 
work). Aragnol entertained a secret and 
deadly hatred against prince Clarion, son 
of Muscarol the fly-king ; and weaving 
a curious net, soon caught the gay young 
flutterer, and gave him his death-wound 
by piercing him under the left wing. — 
Spenser, Muiopotmos or The Butterfly's 
Fate (1590). 

Aramin'ta, the wife of Moneytrap, 



and friend of Clarissa (wife of Gripe 
the scrivener). — Sir John Vanbrugh, Tlie 
Confederacy (1695). 

Aranza (The duke of). He marries 
Juliana, eldest daughter of Balthazar. 
She is so haughty, arrogant, and over- 
bearing, that after the marriage he takes 
her to a mean hut, which he calls his 
home, and pretends to be only a peasant 
who must work for his living, and gives 
his bride the household duties to perform. 
She chafes for a time, but firmness, 
manliness, and affection win the day ; 
and when the duke sees that she loves 
him for himself, he leads her to his 
castle, and reveals to her that the peasant 
husband is after all the duke of Aranza. — 
J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). 

Ar'aphil or Ar'aphill, the poetic 
pseudonym of Wm. Habington. His 
lady-love, Miss Lucy Herbert, he calls 
Castara. 

Aras'pes (3 syl.), king of Alexandria, 
who joined the Egyptian armament 
against the crusaders. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

Arba'ces (3 syl.), king of Ibe'rin, in 
the drama called A King or no King, by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1619). 

Arbate (2 syl.), governor of the prince 
of Ithaca, in Moliiere's comedy La Prin- 
cesse d'Elide (1664). In his speech to 
"Euryle" prince of Ithaca, persuading 
him to love, he is supposed to refer to 
Louis XIV., then 26 years of age. 

Je dirai que l'amour sied bien h, vos pareil . . . 
Et qu'il est malaise que, sans 6tre aincrcux, 
Un jeune prince soit et grand et g6nereux. 

Act i. 1. 

Arbate, in Racine's drama of Mithri- 
date (1673). 

Ar'biter 2Ei'iganti83. C. Petro'- 
nius was appointed dictator-in-chief of 
the imperial pleasures at the court of 
Nero, and nothing was considered comnie 
il faut till it had received the sanction of 
this Roman beau Brummel. 

Behold the new Petronius of the day, 
The arbiter (if pleasure and of play. 
Byron. EjtylUh Bard* and Scottish Reviewers. 

Arbre Sec, a tree supposed to have 
dried up and withered when our Lord was 
crucified. — Mediaeval Tradition. 

Arbre Sol foretold, with audible 
voice, the place and manner of Alexander's 
death. It figures in all the fabulous 
legends of Alexander. 

Arc (Joan of), or Jeanne la Pucelle, 
the " Maid of Orleans," daughter of a 



ARCADES AMBO. 



47 



ARCHY M'SARCASM. 



rustic of Pomre'my, near Vaucouleurs, in 

France. She was servant at an inn when 
she conceived the idea of liberating France 
from the English. Having gained ad- 
mission to Charles VII., she was sent by 
him to raise (he siege of Orleans, and 
actually succeeded in so doing. Schiller 
has a "tragedy on the subject, Casiinir 
Delavigne an elegy on her, Southey an 
epic poem on her life and death, and 
Voltaire a burlesque. 

In regard to her death, M. Octave 
Delepiere, in his Doute Historique, denies 
the tradition of her having been burnt to 
death at Rouen ; and Vigniei discovered 
in a family muniment chest the "contract 
of marriage between" Robert des Armoise, 
knight, and Jeanne d'Arc, surnamed "The 
Maid of Orleans." 

Ar'cades Ambo, both fools alike ; 
both "sweet innocents;" both alike 
eccentric. There is nothing in the cha- 
racter of Corydon and Thyrsis (Virgil's 
Eologve, vii. 4) to justify this disparaging 
application of the phrase. All Virgil 
says is they were both "in the flower of 
their youth, and both Arcadians, both 
equal in setting a theme for song or cap- 
ping it epigrammatically ; " but as Ar- 
cadia was the least intellectual part of 
Greece, an "Arcadian" came to signify a 
dunce, and hence "Arcades ambo" re- 
ceived its present acceptation. 

Arca'dia, a pastoral romance by sir 
Philip Sidney, in imitation of the Dian'a 
of Montemayor (sixteenth century). 

Arcala'us (4 syl.), an enchanter who 
bound Am'adis de Gaul to a pillar in his 
courtyard, and administered to him 200 
stripes with his horse's bridle. — Amadis 
de Gaul (fifteenth century). 

Arca'nes (3 syl.), a noble soldier, 
friend of Cas'silane (3 syl.) general of 
Candy. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Laws of Candy (1G47). 

Arch.an'gel. Burroughs, the puritan 
preacher, called Cromwell "the arch- 
angel that did battle with the devil." 

Archas, "the loyal subject" of the 
great duke of Moscovia, and general of 
the Moscovites. His son is colonel Theo- 
dore. 

Young Archas, son of the general. 
Disguised as a woman, he assumes the 
name of Alinda. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Loyal Subject (1618). 

Archbish'op of Q-rana'da told his 
secretary, Gil Bias, when he hired him, 
"Whenever thou shalt perceive my pen 



smack of old age and my genius flag, 
don't fail to advertise me of it, for I don't 
trust to my own judgment, which may be 
seduced by self-love." After a lit of 
apoplexy, Oil Bias ventured in the most 
delicate manner to hint to his grace that 
"his last discourse had not altogether 
the energy of his former ones." To this 
the archbishop replied, "You are yet too 
raw to make proper distinctions. Know, 

child, that 1 never composed a better 
homily than that which you disapprove. 

Oo, tell my treasurer to give you 1<»'» 
ducats. Adieu, BIr. Gil Bias; I wish 
you all mannered prosperity, with a little 
more taste." — Lesage, Gil Bias, vii. :> 
(1715). 

Ar'clier (Francis), friend of Aimwcll, 
who joins him in fortune-hunting. These 
are the two "beaux." Thomas viscount 
Aimwell marries Dorinda. the daughter 
of lady Bountiful. Archer hands the 
deeds and property taken from the high- 
waymen to sir Charles Freeman, who 
takes his sister, Mrs. Sullen, under his 
charge again. — George Farquhar, The 
Beaux' Stratagem (17o7). 

Archibald (John), attendant on the 
duke of Argyle. — Sir W. Scott, Heart 
of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Archima'go, the reverse of holiness, 
and therefore Satan the father of lies 
and all deception. Assuming the <ruise 
of the Red Cross Knight, he deceived 
Una ; and under the guise of a hermit, he 
deceived the knight himself. Archima^o 
is introduced in bks. i. and ii. of Spenser's 
Fairy Queen. The poet says : 

. . . ne could take 
As many forms and shapes In seeming wise 
As ever Proteus to himself coukl make : 
Sometimes a fowl, sometimes a fish in lake. 
Now likt a fox, now like a dragon fell. 

Spenser, The Fairy Queen, I. ii. 10 (1590) 

Ar'chy M'Sar'casm (Sir), "a proud 
Caledonian knight, whose tongue, like the 
dart of death, spares neither sex nor age . . . 
His insolence of family and licentious- 
ness of wit gained him the contempt of 
every one" (i. 1). Sir Archy tells Char- 
lotte, " In the house of M' Sarcasm are 
twa barons, three viscounts, six earls, ane 
marquisate, and twa dukes, besides baro- 
nets and lairds oot o' a' reckoning " (i. 1). 
Fie makes love to Charlotte Goodchild, 
but supposing it to be true that she 
has lost her fortune, declares to her that 
he has just received letters " frae the 
dukes, the marquis, and a' the dignitaries 
of the family . . . expressly prohibiting 
his contaminating the blocd of M'Sarcasm 



ARCHYTAS. 



48 



ARETHUSA. 



wi" onything sprung from a hogshead or 
a coonting-house " (ii. 1). 

Tbe man has something droll, something ridiculous in 
him. His abominable Scotch accent, his grotesque visage 
almost buried in snuff, the roll of his eyes and twist of his 
mouth, his strange inhuman laugh, his tremendous peri- 
wig, and his manners altogether — why, one might take him 
for a mountebank doctor at a Dutch fair. — C. Macklin, 
Love d-la-mode, i. 1 (1779). 

Sir Archy's Great-grandmother. Sir 
.Archy M 'Sarcasm insisted on fighting sir 
Callaghan O'Brallaghan on a point of 
ancestry. The Scotchman said that the 
Irish are a colony from Scotland, "an 
ootcast, a mere ootcast." The Irishman 
retorted by saying that "one Mac Fergus 
O'Brallaghan went from Carrickfergus, 
and peopled all Scotland with his own 
hands." Charlotte [Goodchild] inter- 
posed, and asked the cause of the con- 
tention, whereupon sir Callaghan replied, 
." Madam, it is about sir Archy's great- 
grandmother." — C. Macklin, Love a-la- 
mode, i. 1 (1779). 

We shall not now stay to quarrel about sir Archy's 
great-grandmother. — Macpherson, Dissertation upon 
Ossian. 

Archy'tas of Tarentum made a 
wooden pigeon that could fly; and Regio- 
monta'nus, a German, made a wooden 
eagle that flew from Koenigsberg to meet 
the emperor, and, having saluted him, 
returned whence it set out (1436-1476). 

This engine may be contrived from the same principles 
by which Arcliytas made a wooden dove, and Kegiomon- 
tanus a wooden eagle. — Dr. John Wilkins (1614-1671.'). 

Ar'cite (2 syl.) and Pal'amon, two 
Theban knights, captives of duke The- 
seus, who used to see from their dungeon 
window the duke's sister-in-law, Emily, 
taking her airing in the palace garden, 
and fell in love with her. Both captives 
having gained their liberty, contended 
for the lady by single combat. Arcite 
was victor, but being thrown from his 
horse was killed, and Emily became the 
bride of Palamon. — Chaucer, Canterburxj 
'Tales ("The Knight's Tale," 1388). 

Richard Edwards in 1566 produced a 
drama entitled Palamon and Ax-cite. 

Arcit'enens, the zodiacal sign called 
the Archer. 

Stmt Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, 
Lihrnutie, Scorpius, Arcitenens, Caper, Amphora, Pisces. 

Ar'den (Enoch), the hero of a poetic 
(ale by Tennyson. lie is a seaman 
■wrecked on a desert island, who returns 
home after the absence of several years, 
and finds his wife married to another. 
Seeing her both liappy and prosperous, 
Enoch resolves not to mar her domestic 
peace, so he leaves her undisturbed, and 
dies of a broken heart. 



Ar'den of Fev'ersham, a noble cha- 
racter, honourable, forgiving, affectionate, 
and modest. His wife Alicia in her sleep 
reveals to him her guilty love for Mosby, 
but he pardons her on condition that 
she will never see the seducer again. 
Scarcely has she made the promise 
when she plots with Mosby her hus- 
band's murder. In a planned street- 
scuffle, Mosby pretends to take Arden's 
part, and thus throws him off his 
guard. Arden thinks he has wronged 
him, and invites him to his house, but 
Mosby conspires with two hired ruffians 
to fall on his host during a game of 
draughts, the right moment being signified 
by Mosby's saying, " Now I take you." 
Arden is murdered ; but the whole gang 
is apprehended and brought to justice. 

(This drama is based on a murder 
which took place in 1551. Ludwig Tieck 
has translated the play into German, as a 
genuine production of Shakespeare. Some 
ascribe the play to George Lillo, but 
Charles Lamb gives 1592 as the date of 
its production, and says the author is 
unknown.) 

Ardenne (Water of). This water 
had the power of converting love to hate. 
The fountain was made by Merlin, to cure 
sir Tristram of his love for Isolt (but 6ir 
Tristram never drank of it). It is men- 
tioned by Bojardo in Orlando Innamorato. 
Nepenthe (3 syl.) had the contrary effect, 
viz., turning hatred to love. (See Ne- 
penthe.) 

. . . that same water of Ardenne, 
The which Rinaldo drank in happy hour, 
Described by that famous Tuscan pen. 
... It had the power to change the hearts of men 
Fro' love to hate. 

Spenser, The Faery Queen, iv. 3 (1506). 

Ardven, west coast of Scotland 
(Argyleshire and its vicinity). 

" Go," . . . said Starno ; " go to Ardven's sea-surrounded 
rocks. Tell the king of Selma [Fingal, the capital of 
whose kingdom wns Sehna] . . . I give to him my daugh- 
ter, the loveliest maid that ever heaved a breast of snow. 
Her arms are white as the foam of my waves. Her soul 
is generous and mild." — Ossian (" Fingal," iii.). 

Areous'ki, the Indian war-god, war, 
tumult. 

A cry of Areouski broke our sleep. 
Campbell, Gertrude oj Wyoming, i. 16 (1S09). 

Arethu'sa, daughter of the king 
Messi'na, in the drama called Phdaster or 
Love Lies a-bleeding, by Beaumont and 
Fletcher (1638). 

Arethusa, a nymph pursued by Al- 
pheos the river-god, and changed into a 
fountain in the island of Ortygia ; but 
the river-god still pursued her, and 
mingled his stream with the fountain, 



ARETHUSE. 



49 



ARGILLAN. 



and now, " Uke friends once parted 
grown single-hearted^" they leap and 
HOW and slumber together, " like spirits 
that love but live no more." 

V This fable has been exquisitely 
turned into poetry by Percy B. Shelley 
(Aretlmsa, 1820). 

Arcthu'se (4 syl.), «• Syrocnsian 
fountain, especially noted because the 
poet Thioc'ntos was born on its banks. 
Milton alludes to it in his Lyc'idas, v. 85. 

Argali'a, brother of Angel'iea, in 
Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Ar'gan, the malade imaginaire and 
father of Angelique. He is introduced tax- 
ing his apothecary's bills, under the con- 
viction that he cannot afford to be sick 
at the prices charged, but then he notices 
that he has already reduced his bills 
during the current month, and is not so 
well. " He tirst hits upon the plan of 
marrying Angelique to a young doctor, 
but to this the lady objects. His brother 
suggests that Argan himself should be 
his own doctor, and when the invalid 
replies he has not studied either diseases, 
drugs, or Latin, the objection is over- 
ruled by investing the "malade" in a 
doctor's cap and robe. The piece con- 
cludes with the ceremonial in macaronic 
Latin. 

%* When Argan asks his doctor how 
many grains of salt he ought to eat with 
an egg, the doctor answers, " Six, luiit, 
dix, etc., par les nombres pairs, comme 
dans les medicaments par les nombres 
impairs." — Moliere, Le Malade Imaginaire, 
ii. 9 (1673). 

Argari'te (3 syl.), a giantess called 
" the very monster and miracle of lust." 
She and her twin-brother Ollyphant or 
Oliphant were the children of Typhoe'us 
and Earth. Argante used to carry off 
young men as her captives, and seized 
" the Squire of Dames " as one of her 
victims. The squire, who was in fact 
Britomart (the heroine of chastity), was 
delivered by sir Sat'yrane (3 syl.). — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 7 (1590). 

Argante' (2 syl.), father of Octave (2 
syl.) and Zerbinette (3 syl.). He pro- 
mises to give his daughter Zerbinette to 
Leandre (2 syl.), the son of his friend 
Ge'ronte (2 syl.) ; but during his absence 
abroad the young people fall in love 
unknown to their respective fathers. 
Both fathers storm, and threaten to break 
off the engagement, but are delighted 
beyond measure when they discover that 



the choice of the young people has un- 
knowingly coincided with their own. — 
Moliere, Les Fourberiesde Scapm (1071). 

(Thomas Otway has adapted this play 
to the English stage, and called it The 
Cheats of Scapin. "Argante" he calls 
Thrifty; "Grrontc" is Gripe ; "Zerbi- 
nette" he calls Lucia ; and "Leandre" 
he Anglicises into Leander.) 

Argan'tes (3 •'///.), a Circassian of 
high rank and undoubted courage, but 
fierce and a great detester of the Na/.a- 
rcnes. Argantes and Solvinan were un- 
doubtedly the bravest heroes of the 
infidel host. Argantes was slain by 
Rinnldo. and Solymad by Tancred. — ■ 
Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

i: ssparta stood before tii<' deputies like the Argantes 
of Italy's heroi.: |»>et.— .Sir W. Sett 

Ar'genis, a political romance by 
Barclay (1621). 

Ar'genk ( The halls of). Here are 
portrayed all the various creatures that 
inhabited this earth before the creation of 
Adam.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 

Ar'gentile (3 syl, ), daughter of king 

Adelbright. and ward of Edel. Curan, a 
Danish prince, in order to woo her, became 
a drudge in her house, but being obliged 
to quit her service, became a shepherd. 
Edel, the guardian, forcing his suit on 
Argcntile, compelled her to flight, and 
she became a neatherd's maid. In this 
capacity Curan wooed and won her. 
Edel was forced to restore the possessions 
of his ward, and Curan became king of 
Northumberland. As for Edel, he was 
put to death. — William Warner, Albion's 
England (1586). 

Ar'gentin (Le sieur <T), one of the 
officers of the duke of Burgundy. — Sir 
W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
IV.). . 

Arge'o, baron of Servia and husband 
of Gabrina. (See Dictionary of Phrase 
and Fable.) — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Arges'tes (3 syl.), the west wind. 

Winged Argestes, faire Aurora's Sonne, 
Licensed that <My to leave his dungeon. 
Meekly attended. 
Wni. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 5 (1613). 

Arges'tes (3 syl.), the north-east wind ; 
Cae'cias, the north-west ; Bo'reas, the full 
north. 

Boreas and Caecias and Argestes loud 
. . . rend the woods, and sea-; upturn. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, x. (W9, etc. (1665). 

Ar'gillan, a haughty, turbulent 
knight, born on the banks of the Trent. 



ARGOX AND RURO. 

He induced the Latians to revolt, was 
arrested, made his escape, but was ulti- 
mately slain in battle by Solyman. — 
Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, viii. ix. 
(1575). 

Argon and Ruro, the two sons of 
Annin king of Inis-thona, an island of 
Scandinavia. Cor'malo, a neighbouring 
chief, came to the island, and asked for 
the honour of a tournament. Argon 
granted the request, and overthrew him, 
and this so vexed Cormalo that during a 
hunt he shot both the brothers with his 
bow. Their dog Runo, running to the 
hall, howled so as to attract attention, and 
Annin, following the hound, found hij 
two sons both dead. On his return he 
discovered that Cormalo had run off. with 
his daughter. Oscar, son of Ossian, slew 
Cormalo in fight, and restored the daugh- 
ter to her father. — Ossian ("The War of 
Inis-thona"), 

Arg'uri (in Russian Armenia), tra- 
ditionally where Noah first planted the' 
vine. (Argh urri, "he planted the vine.") 

Ar'gus, the turf-writer, was Irwin 
"Willes, who died in 1871. 

Argyle' {Mac Callum More, duke of), 
in the reign of George I. — Sir W. Scott, 
Hob Roy (1818). 

Mac Callum More, marquis of Argyle, in the reign of 
3harles I., was commander of the parliamentary forces, and 
s called " Gillespie Grumach ; " hedisgui-e* himself, and 
vssumes the name of Murdoch Campbell. — Sir W. Scott, 
Legend of Montrose (1819). 

(Duke and duchess of Argyle are intro- 
duced also in the Heart of Midlothian, by 
sir W. Scott, 1818.) 

Ariad'ne (4 syl.), daughter of Minos 
king of Crete. She gave Theseus a clew 
of thread to guide him out of the Cretan 
labyrinth. Theseus married his deliverer, 
but when he arrived at Naxos {Dia) for- 
sook her, and she hung herself. 

Surely it is an Ariadne. . . . There is dawning woman- 
hood in every Hue; but she knows nothing of Naxos. — 
Ouida, A riadnd, i. 1. 

Aria'na, an ancient name of Khoras- 
san, in Persia. 

Ar'ibert, king of the Lombards (G53- 
6(11), left "no male pledge behind," but 
only a daughter named Rhodalind, whom 
he wished duke Gondibert to marry, but 
(lie duke fell in love with Bertha, daugh- 
ter of As'tragon, the sage. The tale 
being unfinished, the sequel is not known. 
— Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668). 

Arico'nium, Kenchester, in Here- 
ford, on the Inc. Here Offa had a palace. 



ARIMASPIANS. 



In poetry, Ariconium means Hereford- 
shire, noted for its wool. 

I [Hermes'] conduct 
The English merchant, with the buxom fleece 
Of fertile Ariconium, while I clothe 
Sarmatian kings [Poland and Russia]. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads. 

Arideus [A.ree'.de.tts], a herald in 
the Christian army. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

A'riel, in The Tempest, an airy spirit, 
able, to assume any shape, or even to be- 
come invisible. He was enslaved to the 
witch Syc'crax, mother of Cal'iban, who 
overtasked the little thing, and in punish- 
ment for not doing what was beyond his 
strength, imprisoned him for twelve years 
in the rift of a pine tree, where Caliban 
delighted to torture him with impish 
cruelty. Prospero, duke of Milan and 
father of Miranda, liberated Ariel from 
the pine-rift, and the grateful spirit served 
the duke for sixteen years, when he was 
set free. 

And like Ariel in the cloven pine tree. 
For its freedom groans and sighs. 

Longfellow, The Golden Milestone. 

A'riel, the sylph in Pope's Rape of the 
Lock. The impersonation of "tine life" 
in the abstract, the nice adjuster of hearts 
and necklaces. When disobedient he is 
punished by being kept hovering over 
the fumes of the "chocolate, or is trans- 
fixed with pins, clogged with pomatums, 
or wedged in the eyes of bodkins. 

A'riel, one of the rebel angels. The 
word means "the Lion of God." Abdiel 
encountered him, and overthrew him. — 
Milton, Pardise Lost, vi. 371 (ItiGo). 

Ariman'es (4 syl.), the prince of the 
powers of evil, introduced by Uyron in his 
drama called Manfred. The Persians 
recognized a power of good and a power 
of evil : the former Yezad. and the latter 
Ahriman (in Greek, Oroma'zes and Ari- 
man'nis). These tw r o spirits arc ever at war 
with each other. Oromazes created twenty- 
four good spirits, and enclosed them in an 
egg to be out of the power of Arimanes ; 
but Arimanes pierced the shell, and thus 
mixed evil with every good. However, 
a time will come when Arimanes shalkbe* 
subjected, and the earth will become a 
perfect paradise. 

Arimas'pians, a one-eyed people of 
Scythia, who adorned their hair with 
gold. As gold mines were guarded by 
Gryphons, there wore perpetual conten- 
tions between the Arimaspians and the 
Gryphons. (See GRYPHON.) 

Arimaspl, quos dixlmus uno ocsdo in fronts media in* 



ARIOCH. 



51 



ARISTOMENES. 



aignes; qulbus assidue bcllum esse circa metalla cum 
gryphis, f era rum volucri geuere, quale vulgo tradltur, 
eruente ex cimiculis minim, mire cnpiditatc et fcris custo- 
dienlilms. et Arim.-isph: nipi -ntibiis, inulti, scd maxhne 
Ulustrea Herodotus et Ariste;is Proconnesius scribunt. — 
Pliny, /fat. Hist, vii. 2. 

Ar'ioch ("a fierce lion"), one of the 
fallen angels overthrown by Abdiel. — 
Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 371 (1065). 

Ariodan'tes (5 syl.), the beloved of 
Geneu'ra, a Scotch princess. (Jeneura 
being accused uf incontinence, Ariodant §8 
stood forth her champion, vindicated her 
innocence, and married her. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furiuso (1516). 

Ari'on. William Falconer, author of 
The Shiptcrcck, speaks of himself under 
this nom tie plume (canto iii.). He was 
sent to sea when a lad, and says he was 
eager to investigate the " antiquities of 
foreign states." He was junior officer in 
the Britannia, which was wrecked against 
the projecting verge of cape Colonna, the 
most southern point of Attica, and was 
the only officer who survived. 

Thy woes, Arion, and thy simple tale 

O'ei all the hearts shall triumph and prevail. 

Campbell, Pleasure* of JBope, ii. (1799). 

Ari'on, a Greek musician, who, to avoid 
being murdered for his wealth, threw 
himself into the sea, and was carried to 
Tae'naros on the back of a dolphin. 

Ari'on, the wonderful horse, which Her- 
cules gave to Adrastos. It had the gift 
of human speech, and the feet on the right 
side were the feet of a man. 

(One of the masques in sir W. Scott's 
Kcnilicorth is called "Arion.") 

Ario'sto of the North, sir Walter 
Scott (1771-1832). 

And, like the Ariosto of the North, 
Sang ladye-lcve and war, romance ami knightly worth. 
Byron, Childv Uaro:d, iv. 40. 

Aristse'us, protector of vines and 
olives, huntsmen and herdsmen. He in- 
structed man also in the management of 
bees, taught him by his mother Gyrene. 

In such a palace Aristasus found 
Cyreng, when he bore the plaintive tile 
Of his lost bees to her maternal ear. 
Cowper, The Ice Palace of A nne of Russia. 

Aristar'chus, any critic. Aristar- 
chus of Samothrace was the greatest critic 
of antiquity. His labours were chiefly 
directed to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer. 
He divided them into twenty-four books 
each, marked every doubtful, line with an 
obelos, and every one he considered 
especially beautiful with an asterisk. 
(Fl. B.C. 156" ; died aged 72.) 

The whole region of belles lettres fell under my insi>ec- 
Uon . . . There, sirs, like another Aristarch, 1 dealt out 



fame and damnation at pleasure.— Samuel Foote, Th4 
Mar, i. l. 

" How, friend." replied the archbishop, " has it [the 

homily] met with any Aiisiarchus heverc critul'!" 

Les;ige, Oil Mas, vii. 4 U715). 

Ariste (2 syl.), brother of Chrysale 
(2 syl.), not a savant, but a practical 
tradesman. He sympathizes with Hen- 
rietta, his womanly niece, against his 
sister-in-law Philaminte (3 syl.) and her 
daughter Armande (2 syl.j, who arc 
feinmes savantes. — Moliere, Lcs Fennncs 
Savantcs (1672). 

Ariste'a3, a poet who continued to 
appear and disappear alternately for above 
400 years, and who visited all "the mythi- 
cal nations of the earth. When not in 
the human form, he took the form of a 
stag. — Greek Legend. 

Aristi'des {The British), Andrew 
Marvell, an influential member of the 
House of Commons in the reign of Charles 
II. He refused every offer of promotion, 

and a direct bribe tendered to him by the 
lord treasurer. Dying in great poverty, 
he was buried, like Aristides, at the public 

expense (1620-1678). 

Aristip'pos, a Greek philosopher of 
Cyre'ne, who studied under Soc'rates, and 
set up a philosophic school of his own, 
called "he'donism" (<<W>/, "pleasure";. 

*** C. M. Wieland has an historic 
novel in German, called Aristippus, in 
which he sets forth the philosophical 
dogmas of this Cyrenian (1733-18UJ). 

An axiom of Aristippos was Omnis 
Aristippum decuit color, et status, et res 
(Horace, Epist. i. 17, 23) ; and his great 
precept was Mihi res, non me rebus sub- 
junjerc (Horace, Epist. i. 1, 18). 

I air, a sort of Aristippus, and can equally accommodate 
myself to company and solitude, to affluence and frugality. 
— Lesagc, OU bias, v. 12 (1715). 

Aristobulus, called by Drayton 
Aristob'ulus {Rom. xvi. 10), and said to 
be the first that brought to England the 
"glad tidings of salvation." He was 
murdered by the Britons. 

The first that ever told Christ crucified to us, 
By Paul and Peter sent, just Aristob'ulus . . . 
By the Britons murdered was. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Aristom'exies (5 syl.), ayoungMes- 
senian of the" royal line, the' " Cid " of 
ancient Messe'nia. On one occasion he 
entered Sparta by night to suspend a 
shield from the temple of Pallas. On 
the shield were inscribed these words : 
" Aristomenes from the Spartan spoils 
dedicates this to the goddess." 

*** A similar tale is told of Fernando 



ARISTOPHANES. 



52 



ARMSTRONG. 



Perez del Pulgar, when serving under 
Ferdinand of Castile at the siege of 
Grana'da. With fifteen companions ho 
entered Granada, then in the power of the 
Moors, and nailed to the door of the 
principal mosque with his dagger a tablet 
inscribed " Ave Maria ! " then galloped 
back, before the guards recovered from 
their amazement. — Washington Irving, 
Conquest of Granada, 91. 

Aristoph'anes (5 syl.), a Greek 
who wrote fifty-four comedies, eleven of 
which have survived to the present day 
(n.c. 444-380). He is called "The Prince 
of Ancient Comedy," and Menader 
"The Prince of New Comedy" (b.c. 
342-291). 

The English or Modern Aristophanes, 
Samuel Foote (1722-1777). 

The French Aristophanes, J. Baptiste 
Poquelin de Moliere (1622-1673). 

Aristotle. The mistress of this 
philosopher was Hepyllis ; of Plato, 
Archionassa ; and of Epicurus, Leontium. 

Aristotle of China, Tehuhe, who died 
A.i). 1200, called "The Prince of Science." 

Aristotle of Christianity, Thos. Aqui'nas, 
who tried to reduce the doctrines of faith 
to syllogistic formulae (1224-1274). 

Aristotle of the Nineteenth Century, 
George Cuvier, the naturalist (1769-1832). 

Ar'istotle in Love. Godfrey Gobi- 
lyve told sir Graunde Amoure that Aris- 
totle the philosopher was once in love, and 
the lady promised to listen to his prayer 
if he Avould grant her request. The terms 
being readily accepted, she commanded 
him to go on all fours, and then, putting 
a bridle into his mouth, mounted on his 
back, and drove him about the room till 
he was so angry, weary, and disgusted, 
that he was quite cured of his foolish at- 
tachment. — Stephen Hawes, The Pastime 
of Plesure, xxix. (1555). 

Armado (Don Adriano de), a pom- 
pous, affected Spaniard, called "a re- 
fined traveller, in all the world's new 
fashion planted, that had a mint of 
phrases in his brain. One whom the 
music of his own vain tongue did ravish." 
This man was chosen by Ferdinand, the 
king of Navarre, when he resolved to 
spend three years in study with three 
companions, to relate in the interim of 
his studies " in high-born words the 
worth of many a knight from tawny 
Spain lost in the world's debate." 

His htimour is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his 
tongue riled, his eye ambitious, his gait majesticul, ami 



his general behaviour vain, ridiculous, and thrasonical. . . . 
He draweth out the thread of his verbosity finer than the 
staple of hisargunient.— Shakespeare,£ore'« Labour's Lost, 
act v. sc. 1 (15W). 

Armande (2 syl.), daughter of Chry- 
sale (2 syl.) and sister of Henriette. 
Armande is a fernme savante, and Hen- 
riette a "thorough woman." Both love 
Clitandre, but Armande loves him pla- 
tonicly, while Henriette loves him with 
womanly affection. Clitandre prefers the 
younger sister, and after surmounting the 
usual obstacles, marries her. — Moliere, 
Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 

Armi'da, a sorceress, who seduces 
Rinaldo and other crusaders from the siege 
of Jerusalem. Rinaldo is conducted by her 
to her splendid palace, where he forgets his 
vows, and abandons himself to sensual 
joys. Carlo and Ubaldo are sent to bring 
him back, and he escapes from Armida ; 
but she follows him, and not being able 
to allure him back again, sets fire to her 
palace, rushes into the midst of the fight, 
and is slain. 

f Julia's] small hand 
Withdrew itself from his, but left behind 
A little pressure . . . but ne'er magician's wand 
Wrought change with all Armida's fairy art. 
Like what this light touch left on Juan's heart 

Byron, Don Juan, i. TL 

When the young queen of Frederick 
William of Prussia rode about in military 
costume to incite the Prussians to arms 
against Napoleon, the latter wittily said, 
" She is Armida in her distraction setting 
fire to her own palace." 

(Both Gluck and Rossini have taken 
the story of Armida as the subject of an 
opera.) 

Armida's Girdle. Armida had an en- 
chanted girdle, which, "in price and 
beauty," surpassed all her other orna- 
ments ; even the cestus of Venus was less 
costly. It told her everything; "and 
when she would be loved, she wore the 
same. " — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered ( 1 575) . 

Arm/strong (John), called "The 
Laird's Jock." He is the laird of Man- 
gerton. This old warrior witnesses a 
national combat in the valley of Liddes- 
dale, between his son (the Scotch chief- 
tain) and Foster (the Engli*h champion), 
in which young Armstrong is overthrown. 
— Sir W. Scott, The JjaircTs Jock (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Armstrong (Grace), the bride-elect of 
Hobbie Elliot of the hcugh-foot, a voting 
farmer.— Sir W. Scott, The Black 'Dwarf 
(lime, Anne). 

Armstrong (Archie), court jester te 



ARNAUT. 



58 



ARROW SHOT A MILE. 



James I., introduced in The Fortunes of 
Mgel, by sir Walter Scott (1822). 

Ar'naut, an Albanian mountaineer. 
The word means "a brave man." 

St:iincd willi the best of Arnaiit blood. 

Byron, Tlte Outour, 526. 

Aniheim (2 syl.). The baron Her- 
man von Amheim, Anne of Geierstoin's 
grandfather. 

Sibilla of Arnheim, Anne's mother. 

The baroness of' Aruheim, Anne of Geier- 
stein. — Sir W. Seott, Anne of Geierstein 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Ar'no, the river of Elorence, the birth- 
place of both Dante and Boccaccio. 

At last the Muses rose . . . and scattered . . . nstliey 

Hew 
Their blooming wreaths from fair Valcl(ie*J bowers 

[Petrarch]. 
To Arno's in>rtle border. 

Akenside. I'leaturet of Imagination, ii. 

Ar'nold, the deformed son of Bertha, 
who hates him for his ugliness. Weary 
of life, he is about to make away with 
himself, when a stranger accosts him, and 
promises to transform him into any shape 
he likes best. He chooses that of Achilles, 
and then goes to Rome, where he joins 
the besieging army of Bourbon. During 
the siege, Arnold enters St. Peter's of 
Rome just in time to rescue Olimpia, but 
the proud beauty, to prevent being taken 
eaptive by him, flings herself from 
the high altar on the pavement, and is 
taken up apparently lifeless. As the 
drama was never completed, the sequel 
is not known. — Byron, The Deformed 
Transformed. 

Ar'nold, the torch-bearer at Rotherwood. 
— Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Ar'nold of Benthuysen, disguised as a 
beggar, and called "Ginks." — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Beggar's Bush (lb'22). 

Arnoldo, son of Melchtal, patriot of 
the forest cantons of Switzerland. He 
was in love with Mathilde (3 syl.), sister 
of Gessler, the Austrian governor of the 
district. When the tyranny of Gessler 
drove the Swiss into rebellion, Arnoldo 
joined the insurgents, but after the death 
of Gessler he married Mathilde, whose 
life he had saved when it was imperilled 
bv an avalanche. — Rossini, Guglielmo Tell 
(1829). 

Arnol'do, a gentleman contracted to 
Zeno'cia, a chaste lady, dishonourably 
pursued by the governor, count Clodio. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of 
the Country (1647). 



Ar'nolphe (2 spl.) t a man of wealth, 
who has a crotchet about the proper train- 
ing of gifla to make good wives, and tries 

his scheme on Agnes, whom lie adopts 
from a peasant's hut, and whom he in- 
tends in time to make his wife. She is 
brought up, from the ago of four years, 
in a country convent, whore difference 
of sex and the conventions of society are 
wholly ignored ; but when removed from 
the convent Agnes treats men like school- 
girls, nods to them familiarly, ki.-ses 
them, and plays with them. Being told 
by her guardian that married women have 
more freedom than maidens, she asks him 
to marry her ; however, a young man 
named Horace falls in love with her, and 
makes her his wife, so Arnolphe after all 
profits nothing by his pains. — Moliere, 
Ve'eole des Femmes (1662). 

Dans un petit convent lobule toute pratique 

Je le fis (lever telon ma politique 

C'est-a-dire. ordonnant quels Mini on emploierolt 

I'our le rendre idiute autant u,u'il se j/ourroit. 

Act I. 1. 

Ar'not (Andreic), one of the yeomen 
of the Balafre' [Ludovic Lesly].— Sir W. 
Scott, Quentin Duricard (time. Edward 
IV.). 

Aron'teus (4 syl.), an Asiatic king, 
who joined the Egyptian armament 
against the crusaders. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

Aroun'dight, the sword of sir Lan- 
celot of the Lake. 

Arpa'sia, the betrothed of Mone'ses, 
a Greek, but made by constraint the bride 
of Baj'a/et sultan of Turkey. Bajazet 
commanded Monoses to be bow-strung in 
the presence of Arpasia, to frighten her 
into subjection, but she died at the sight. 
— N. Rowe, Tamerlane (1702). 

Ar'rant Knave (An), a corruption 
of the Anglo-Saxon nearo-endpa ("great 
knave"). Similarly, nearo-bregd ("great 
fear") ; ncaro-grdp ("great grip") ; nearo- 
vcrence ("great deceit"), etc. 

Ar'rot, the weasel in the beast-epic of 
Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Arrow Festival {The), instituted 
by Zoroaster to commemorate the flight 
of the arrow shot from the top of the 
Peak of Demavend, in Persia, with such 
miraculous prowess as to reach the banks 
of the Oxus, causing the whole intervening 
country to be ceded to Persia. 

Arrow shot a Mile. Robin Hood 



ARSACES. 



54 



ARTEMISIA. 



and Little John " frequently shot an arrow 
a measured mile" (17(30 yards). 

Tradition informs us that in one of Kobin Hood's pere- 
grinations, attended by Little John, he went to dine at 
Whitby Abbey with the abbot Richard . . . they went to 
the top of the abbey, and eauh of them shot an arrow, 
which fell not far from Wbitby-laBhs, and a pillar was set 
up by the abbot where each arrow was found . . . both 
fell more than a measured mile from the abbey.— Charl- 
ton, History of Whitby, York. 146. 

■ Ar'saces (3 syl.), the patronymic 
name of the Persian kings, from Arsaces, 
their great monarch. It was generally 
added to some distinctive name or appel- 
lation, as the Roman emperors added the 
name of Caesar to their own. 

Cnjus memoriae nunc honorem Parthi tribuerunt ut 
omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine nuncupent.— 
Justin, llistoriarce Philippicce, xli. 

Arse'tes (3 syl.), the aged eunuch 
who brought up Clorinda, and attended on 
her. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Ar'taban, the French type of nobi- 
liary pride. 

Ar'tamenes (3 syl.) or Le Grand 
Cyrus, a "long-winded romance," by 
Mdlle. Scuderi (1607-1701). 

Artaxam'inous, king of Utopia, 
married to Griskinissa, whom he wishes 
to divorce for Distaffi'na. But Distaffina 
is betrothed to general Bombastes, and 
when the general finds that his "fond 
one" prefers "half a crown" to himself, 
he hates all the world, and challenges the 
whole race of man by hanging his boots 
on a tree, and daring any one to displace 
them. The king, coming to the spot, reads 
the cnallenge, and cuts the boots down, 
"whereupon Bom bastes falls on his majesty, 
and " kills him," in a theatrical sense, for 
the dead monarch, at the close of the bur- 
letta, joins in the dance, and promises, 
if the audience likes, "to die again to- 
morrow." — W. B. Rhodes, Bombastes 
Furioso. 

Ar'tchila Mur'tehila, the magic 
words which " Fourteen " was required to 
pronounce when he wished to get any 
specific object "into his sack." — A Basque 
Legend. (See Foukteen.) 

Ar'tegal or Arthegal (Sir), son of 
Gorloi's prince of Cornwall, stolen in 
infancy by the fairies, and brought up in 
Fairyland. Brit'omart saw him in Venus's 
looking-glass, and fell in love with him. 
She married him, and became the mother 
of Aurelius Conan, from whom (through 
Cadwallader) the Tudor dynasty derives 
descent. The wanderings of Britomart, 
as a lady knight-errant and the imper- 
sonation of chastity, is the subject of 



bk. iii. of the Faery Queen ; and the 
achievements of sir Artegal, as the im- 
personation of justice, is the subject of 
bk. v. 

Sir Artegal's first exploit was to decide 
to which claimant a living woman be- 
longed. This he decided according to 
Solomon's famous judgment respecting 
"the living and dead child" (canto 1). 
His next was to destroy the corrupt 
practice of bribery and toll (canto 2). 
His third was the exposing of Bragga- 
doccio and his follower Trompart (canto 
3). He had then to decide to which 
brother a chest of money found at sea 
belonged, whether to Bracidas or Am'idas ; 
he gave judgment in favour of the former 
(canto 4). He then fell into the hands 
of Rad'igund queen of the Amazons, and 
was released by Britomart (cantos 5 and 
6), who killed Radigund (canto 7). His 
last and greatest achievement was the 
deliverance of Ire'na (Ireland) from 
Grantorto (rebellion), whom he slew 
(canto 12). 

N.B. — This rebellion was that called the 
earl of Desmond's, in 1580. Before bk. iv. 
6, Artegal is spelt Arthegal, but never 
afterwards. 

*** "Sir Artegal " is meant for lord Gray 
of Wilton, Spenser's friend. He was sent 
in 1580 into Ireland as lord-lieutenant, 
and the poet was liis secretary. The 
marriage of Artegal with Britomart 
means that the justice of lord Gray was 
united to purity of mind or perfect in- 
tegrity of conduct. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
v. (1596). 

Artemis'ia, daughter of Lygd&mis 
and queen of Carta. With five ships she 
accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of 
Greece, and greatly distinguished herself 
in the battle of Salamis by her prudence 
and courage. (This is not the Artemisia 
who built the Mausoleum.) 

Our statues . . . she 

The foundress of the Babylonian wall [Semiramis]; 

The Carian Artemisia strong in war. 

Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 

Artemis'ia, daughter of Hecatomnus 
and sister-wife of Mauso'lus. Arte- 
misia was queen of Caria, and at the 
death of her fraternal husband raised a 
monument to his memory (called a niau- 
sole'um), which was one of the " Seven 
Wonders of the World." It was built by 
four different architects: Scopus, Timo- 
theus, Leochares, and Bruxis. 

This made the four rare masters which Iwgan 
Fair ArteniysiaV husband's dainty tomb 

(When death took her before the work was done, 
And so bereft them of all hopes to coma). 



ARTFUL DODGER. 



55 



ARTHUR. 



That they would yet their own work perfect make 

F/e.. for their workcs. ami their -self-glories <f_ ke - 

Lord Brooke, An Inquiry u/jon Fame, etc. (15o4-ll>.!8). 

Artful Dodger, the sobriquet of John 
Dawkins, a young thief, up to every sort 
of dodge, and a most marvellous adept in 
villainy.— Dickens, Olioer Twist (1837). 

Arthgallo, a mythical British king, 
brothel of Gorbonian, hia predecessor on 
the throne, and son of Mor'vidus, the 
tyrant who was swallowed by a sea- 
monster. Arthgallo was deposed, and 
his brother El'idure was advanced to the 
throne instead.— Geoffrey, British History, 
iii. 17 (1142). 

Arthur {King), parentage of. His 
father was Uther' the pendragon, and his 
mother Ygernt! (3 syl.), widow of Gorloi's 
duke of Cornwall. ' But Ygerne* had been 
a widow only three hours, and knew not 
that the duke was dead (pt. i. 2), and 
her marriage with the pendragon was 
not consummated till thirteen days after- 
wards. When the boy was horn Merlin 
took him, and he was brought up as the 
foster-son of sir Ector (Tennyson says ''sir 
Anton"), till Merlin thought proper to 
announce him as the lawful successor of 
Uther, and had him crowned. Uther lived 
two years after his marriage with Ygerne. 
—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, 
i. 2, 6 (1470). " 

Wherefore Merlin took the child 
And gave him to sir Anton, an old knight 
Ami ancient friend of Uther; and his wife 
Nursed the young prince, and reare I liini with her own. 
Tennyson, Comiity 0/ Arthur. 

Cominy of Arthur. Leod'ogran, king of 
Cam'eliard (3 syl.), appealed to Arthur to 
assist him in clearing his kingdom of 
robbers and wild beasts. This being 
done, Arthur sent three of his knights 
to Leodogran, to beg the hand of his 
daughter Guenever in marriage. To this 
Leodogran, after some little hesitation, 
agreed, and sir Lancelot was sent to escort 
the lady to Arthur's court. 

Arthur not dead. According to tra- 
dition Arthur is not dead, but rests in 
Glastonbury, " till he shall come again 
full twice as fair, to rule over his people." 
l^See Baubarossa.) 

According to tradition. Arthur never died, but w;is 
converted into a raven by enchantment, and will, in the 
fulne-s of time, appear again in hu original shape, to 
recover his throne and sceptre. For this reason there is 
never a raven killed in England-— Cervantes, Don q.uUote, 
I. ii. 5 lltWo). 

Arthur's Twelve Battles (or victories 
over the Saxons). 1. The battle of the 
river Glem (i.e. the glen of Northumber- 
land). 2 to 5. The four battles of the 



Duglas (which falls into the estuary of 
the Kibble). 6. The battle of Bassa, said 
to be Bashall Brook, winch joins the 
Rihble near Clithero. 7. The battle of 
Celidon, said to be Tweed. laic 8. The 
hattl.- of Castle Gwenion (>'.<'. Caor Wen, 

in Wedale, Stow). '.'. The battle of 
Caerleon, i.e. Carlisle ; which Tennyson 
makes to he Cacrlcon-upon-L'sk. 1U. The 
battle of Trath Treroit, in Anglesey, some 
sav the Solway Frith. 11. The battle of 
Agned Cathregonion (i.e. Edinburgh). 
12. The battle of Badon Hill (i.e. the 
Hill of Bath, now Bannerdown). 

Then bravely chanted they 

The several twelve pitched heldi he [Arthur] with the 
Saxons fought. 

M. Drayton. Polyolbion. iv. (1612). 

Arthur, one of the Nine Worthies. Three 
were Gentiles: Hector, Alexander, and 
.Julius Ca-sar ; three were Jews: Joshua, 
David, and Judas Maccabaeus; three were 
Christians: Arthur, Charlemagne, and 
Godfrey of Bouillon. 

Arthur's Foster-Father and Mother, sir 
Ector and his lady. Their son, sir Key 
(his foster-brother), was his seneschal or 
steward. — SirT. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 3, 8 (1470). 

N.B. — Tennyson makes sir Anton the 
foster-father of Arthur. 

Arthur's Butler, sir Lucas or Lucan, son 
of duke Corneus ; but sir Griflct, son of 
Gardol, assisted sir Key and sir I.ueas "in 
the rule of the service." — History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 8(1470). 

Arthur's Sisters [half-sisters], Mor- 
gause or Margawse (wife of king Lot) ; 
Elain (wife of king Xentrcs of Carlot) ; 
and Morgan le Fay, the "great dark of 
Nigromancy," who wedded king Yrience, 
of the land of Core, father of Ewayns le 
Blanchemayne. Only the last had the 
same mother (Ygraine or Ygerne) as the 
king. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 2. 

Arthur's Sons — Urien, Llew, and Arawn. 
Borre was his son by Lvonors, daughter 
of the earl Sanam. — History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 15. Mordred was his son by 
Elain, wife of king Nentres of Carlot. 
In some of the romances collated by sir 
T. Malory he is called the son of Mar- 
gause and Arthur; Margause being called 
the wife of king Lot, and sister of Arthur. 
This incest is said to have been the cause 
of Mordred's hatred of Arthur. — Pt. i. 
17, 36, etc. 

Arthur's Drinkiny-Horn. No one could 
drink from this horn who was either 
unchaste or unfaithful. — Lai du Corn and 
Morte d' Arthur. (See Chastity.) 



ARTHUR. 



56 



ARTHURET. 



Arthur' s Shield, Pridwin. Geoffrey calls 
it Priwen, and says it was adorned with 
the picture of the Virgin Mary. — British 
History, ix. 4 (1142). 

Arthur's Spear, Rone. Geoffrey calls it 
Ron. It was made of ebony. — British 
History, ix. 4 (1142). 

His spere he nom an honde tha Ron wes ihaten. 
Layamon, Brut, (twelfth century). 

Arthur's Sword, Eseal'ibur or Excal'iber. 
Geoffrey calls it Caliburn, and says it was 
made in the isle of Avallon. — British 
History, ix. 4 (1142). 

The temper of his sword, the tried Escalabour, 

The bigness and the length of Rone, his noble spear, 

With Pridwin, his great shield. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Arthurs Round Table. It contained 
seats for 150 knights. Three were re- 
served, two for honour, and one (called 
the "siege perilous") for sir Galahad, 
destined to achieve the quest of the 
sangreal. If any one else attempted to 
sit in it, his death was the certain penalty. 

*** There is a table so called at Win- 
chester, and Henry VIII. showed it to 
Francois I. as the very table made by 
Merlin for Uther the pendragon. 

And for great Arthur's seat, her Winchester prefers. 
Whose old round table yet she vaunteth to be hers. 
M. Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 

- Arthur {King), in the burlesque opera 
of Tom IViumb, has Dollallolla for his 
queen, and Huncamunca for his daughter. 
This dramatic piece, by Henry Fielding, 
the novelist, was produced in 1730, but 
was altered by Kane O'liara, author of 
Midas, about half a century later. 

Arthur's Harp, aLyrce, which forms 
a triangle with the Pole-star and Arcturus. 

Post thou know the staT 

We call the " Harp of Arthur," up in heaven ? 

Tennyson, The Last. Tournament. 

Arthur's Seat, the hill which over- 
hangs Edinburgh. 

Nor hunt the bloodhounds back to Arthur's scat 
l£dinbur,)h]l 

Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

Arthurian Romances. 

King Arthur and the Hound Table, a 
romance in verse (1096). 

The Holy Graal (in verse, 1100). 

Titvrel, or The Guardian of the Holy 
Graal, by Wolfram von Esehenbach. 
Titurel founded the temple of (Jraal- 
burg as a shrine for the holy graal. 

The Romance of Parm'val, prince of the 
race of the kings of Graal burg. By Wolf- 
ram of Eschenbach (in verse). This ro- 
mance (written about 1205) was partly 
founded upon a French poem by Chre- 
tien de Troy es,/^ (•<•<•(•« //e Gallois, (1170). 



Launcelot of the Lake, by Ulrich of 
Zazikoven, contemporary with William 
Rufus. 

Wigalois or The Knight of the Wheel, 
by Wirnd of Graffenberg. This adven- 
turer leaves his mother in Syria, and 
goes in search of his father, a knight of 
the Round Table. 

Twain or The Knight of the Lion, and 
Ereck, by Hartmann von der Aue (thir- 
teenth century). 

Tristan and Yseult (in verse, by Master 
Gottfried of Strasburg (thirteenth cen- 
tury). This is also the subject of Luc du 
Gast's prose romance, which was revised 
by Elie de Borron, and turned into verse 
by Thomas the Rhymer, of Erceldoune, 
under the title of the Romance of Tris- 
tram. 

Merlyn Ambroise, by Robert de Borron. 

Roman des diverses Quetes de St. Graal, 
by Walter Mapes (prose). 

A Life of Joseph of Arimathea, by 
Robert de Borron. 

La Mort dTArtur, by Walter Mapes. 

The Idylls of the King, by Tennyson, in 
blank verse, containing "The Coming of 
Arthur," " Gereth and Lynette," " Geraint 
and Enid," "Merlin and Vivien," " Lan- 
celot and Elaine," "The Holy Graal," 
" Peleas and Ettarre" (2 syl.), " The Last 
Tournament," " Guinevere" (3 syl.), and 
"The Passing of Arthur," which is the 
" Morte d'Arthur" with an introduction 
added to it. 

(The old Arthurian Romances have 
been collated and rendered into English 
by sir Thomas Malory, in three parts. 
Part i. contains the early history of Arthur 
and the beautiful allegory of Gareth and 
Linet ; part ii. contains the adventures 
of sir Tristram ; and part iii. the adven- 
tures of sir Launcelot, with the death of 
Arthur and his knights. Sir Frederick 
Madden and J. T. K. have also contributed 
to the same series of legends.) 

*3* Sources of the Arthurian Romances. 
The prose series of romances called 
Arthurian, owe their origin to: 1. The 
legendary chronicles composed in Wales 
or Brittany, such as De Krcidio Britannia: 
of Gildas. 2. The chronicles of Nennius 
(ninth century). 3. The Armoric collec- 
tions of Walter jCale'nius] or Gauliter, 
archdeacon of Oxford. 4. The Chronica* 
sive Historic* Britonum of Geoffrey of 
Monmouth. 5. Floating traditions and 
metrical ballads and romances. (See 
Charlemagne.) 

Ar'thuret (Miss Seraphma the papist 
and Miss Angelica), two sisters in six 



ARTS AND GENIUS. 



57 



ARYAN LANGUAGES. 



W. Scott's novel called Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Arts ( The fine) and Genius. Sir 
Walter Scott was wholly ignorant of 
pictures, and quite indifferent to music. 
Wordsworth oared nothing for paintings, 
and music gave him positive discomfort. 
Sir Robert Peel detested music. Byron 
and Tasso cared nothing for architecture, 
and Byron bad no ear for music. Mde. de 
Suo'l could not appreciate scenery. Pope 
and Dr. Johnson, like Scott and Byron, 
had no ear for music, and could scarcely 
discern one tune from another ; Pope 
preferred a street organ to Handel's 
Jlessiah. 

Ar'turo (lord Arthur Talhot), a 
cavalier affianced toElvi'ra" the puritan," 
daughter of lord Walton. On the day 
appointed for the wedding, Arturo has to 
aid Enrichetta (Henrietta, widow of 
Charles I.) in her escape, and Elvira, 
supposing he is eloping with a rival, 
temporarily loses her reason. On his 
return, Arturo explains the circumstances, 
and they vow never more to part. At 
this juncture Arturo is arrested for treason, 
and led away to execution ; but a herald 
announces the defeat of the Stuarts, and 
free pardon of all political offenders, 
whereupon Arturo is released, and marries 
" the fair puritan." — Bellini's opera. J 
Puritani (1834). 

Ar'turo [Buckla w] . So Frank Hayston 
is called in Donizetti's opera of Lucia dt 
Lammermoor (1835). (See Hayston.) 

Ar'undel, the steed of sir Bevis of 
Southampton, given him by his wife 
Josian, daughter of the king of Armenia. 
— Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 

Arundel Castle, called Magounce 
(2 syl.). 

fjlie [A nglides) came to a caslle that was called Ma- 
gounce, and now is called Arundel], in Southsea.— Sir X. 
Malory. History of /Voice Arthur, ii. 118 (1470). 

Ar'valan,the wicked son of Keha'ma, 
slain by Ladur'lad for attempting to 
dishonour his daughter Kail'yal (2 syl.). 
After this, his spirit became the relent- 
less persecutor of the holy maiden, but 
holiness and chastity triumphed over sin 
and lust. Thus when Kailyal was taken 
to the bower of biiss in paradise, Arvalan 
borrowed the dragon-car of the witch 
Lor'rimite (3 syl.) to carry her off ; but 
when the dragons came in sight of the 
holy place they were unable to mour t, 
and" went perpetually downwards, till 
Arvalan was dropped into an ice-rift of 



perpetual snow. When he presented 
himself before her in the temple of .laga- 
nant, she set tire to the pagoda. And 
when lie caught the maiden waiting for 
her father, who was gone to release the 

glendoveer from tlte submerged city of 
Baly, Baly himself came to her rescue. 

"Help, help. Kehaina! help!" he cried. 

Bui Baly tarried not to abide 

That mightier |H>wer. Willi irresUtihle feet 

lie .stamp! ami cleft the earth. It Opened wide. 

Ami gave him way to hi.-, own Judgment teat 

Down like a plummet to the world In-low 

He tank. . . to puniahmeat dooonred and eudl— wq> 

Southey. Curse of K<-h>ima, xvii. Ii (1S09). 

Arvi'da (Prince), a noble friend of 

Gustavus Vasa. Both Arvida and Gus- 
tavus are in love with Christi'na. daughter 
of Christian II. king q! Scandinavia. 
Christian employs the prince to entrap 
(iustavus, but when he approaches him 
the better instincts of old friendship and 
the nobleness of (iustavus prevail, so that 
Arvida not only refuses to betray his 
friend, but even abandons to him all 
further rivalry in the love of Christina. — 
H. Brooke, (iustavus Vasa (1730). 

Arvir'agus, the husband of Do'rigcn. 
Aurelius tried to win her love, but Dongen 
made answer that she would never listen 
to his suit till the rocks that beset the 
coast were removed, "and there n'is no 
stone y-secn." By the aid of magic, 
Aurelius caused all the rocks of the coast 
to disappear, and Dorigen's husband 
insisted that she should keep her word. 
When Aurelius saw how sad she was, and 
was told that she had come in obedience 
to her husband's wishes, he said he would 
rather die than injure so true a wife and 
noble a irentleman. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
Tales ("The Franklin's Tale," 1388). 

(This is substantially the same as 
Boccaccio's tale of Dianora and Uilberto, 
day x. 5. See Diaxora.) 

Arvir'agus, younger son of Cym'beline 
(3 syl.) king of Britain, and brother of 
Guide'rius. The two in early childhood 
were kidnapped by Bela'rius, out of re- 
venge for being unj ustly banished, and were 
brought up by him in a cave. When they 
were grown to manhood, Belarius, having 
rescued the king from the Romans, was 
restored to favour. He then introduced 
the two young men to Cymbeline, and 
toid their story, upon w r hich the king Avas 
rejoiced to find that his two sons whom 
he thought dead were both living. — 
Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1G05). 

Aryan Languages (The)— 
1. Sanskrit, whence Hindustanee. 
I 2. Zend, ., Persian. 



AS YOU LIKE IT. 



58 



ASGIL'S TRANSLATION. 



3. Greek, whence Romaic. 

4. Latin, ,, Italian, French, Spanish, 

Portuguese, Wallachian 
(Romance). 

5. Keltic, ,, Welsh, Irish, Gaelic. 

6. Gothic, ,, Teutonic, English, Scan- 

dinavian. 

7. Slavonic, ,, European Russian, and 

Austrian. 

As You Like It, a comedy by Shake- 
speare. One of the French dukes, being 
driven from his dukedom by his brother, 
went with certain followers to the forest 
of Arden, where they lived a free and easy 
life, chiefly occupied in the chase. The 
deposed duke had one daughter, named 
Rosalind, whom the usurper kept at 
court as the companion of his own 
daughter Celia, and the two cousins were 
very fond of each other. At a wrestling 
match Rosalind fell in love with Orlando, 
who threw his antagonist, a giant and 
professional athlete. The usurping duke 
(Frederick) now banished her from the 
court, but her cousin Celia resolved to go 
to Arden with her ; so Rosalind in boy's 
clothes (under the name of Ganimed), and 
Celia as a rustic maiden (under the name 
of Alie'na), started to find the deposed 
duke. Orlando being driven from home 
by his elder brother, also went to the 
forest of Arden, and was taken under the 
duke's protection. Here he met the 
ladies, and a double marriage was the 
result — Orlando married Rosalind, and 
his elder brother Oliver married Celia. 
The usurper retired to a religious house, 
and the deposed duke was restored to his 
dominions. — (1598.) 

Asaph. So Tate calls Dryden in 

Absalom and Achltophel. 

While Jndah's throne and Zion's rock stand fust, 
The song of Asaph and his fame shall last. 

Part iL 

Asnph (St.), a British [i.e. Welsh] 
monk of the sixth century, abbot of Llan- 
Elvy, which changed its name to St. 
Asaph, in honour of him. 

So bishops can she bring, of which her saints shall be: 
As Asaph, who first gave that name unto that see. 

Drayton, I'olyulbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Ascal'aphos, son of Acheron, turned 
into an owl for tale-telling and trying to 
make mischief. — Greek Fable. 

Asca'nio, son of donHenriqre(2si/J.), 
in the comedy called The Spanish Curate, 
by Beaumont and Fletcher (1022). 

As'capart or As'cupart, an enormous 
giant, thirty feet high, who carried off sir 
Bevis, his wife Jos'ian, his sword Morglav, 



and his steed Ar'undel, under his arm. 
Sir Bevis afterwards made Ascapart his 
slave, to run beside his horse. The effigy 
of sir Bevis is on the city gates of South- 
ampton. — Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 

He was a man whose huge stature, thews, sinews, and 
bulk . . . would have enabled him to enact "Colbrand," 
"Ascapart," or any other giant of romance, without raising 
himself nearer to heaven even by the altitude of a chopin. — 
Sir W. Scott 

Those Ascaparts, men big enough to throw 
Charing Cross for a bar. 

Dr. Donne (1573-1631). 

Thus imitated by Pope (1G88-1744)— 

Each man an Ascapart of strength to toss 

For quoits both Temple Bar and Charing Cross. 

Ascrse'an Sage, or Ascrcean poet, 
Hesiod, who was born at Ascra. in Boeo'tia. 
Virgil calls him " The Old Ascnean." 

Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musse 
Ascneo quus ante seni. 

Eel. vii. 70. 

As'ebie (3 syL), Irreligion oersonified 
in The Purple Island (1633), by Phineas 
Fletcher (canto vii.). He had four gone : 
Idol'atros (idolatry), Phar'makeus (3 syt.) 
(witchcraft), Hnsret'icus, and Hypocrisy; 
all fully described by the poet. (Greek, 
asebeia, "impiety.") 

Asel'ges (3 syl.), Lasciviousness per- 
sonified. One of the four sons of Anag'- 
nus (inchastiti/), his three brothers being 
Msechus (adultery), Pornei'us (fornication), 
and Acath'arus. Seeing his brother Por- 
neius fall by the x spear of Parthen'ia 
(maidenly chastity), Aselges rushes for- 
ward to avenge his death, but the martial 
maid caught him with her spear, and 
tossed him so high i' the air "that he 
hardly knew whither his course was 
bent." (Greek, asMyes, " intemperate, 
wanton.") — Phineas Fletcher, The Purple 
Island, xi. (1633). 

As'en, strictly speaking, are only the 
three gods next in rank to the twelve 
male Asir ; but the word is not un- 
frequently used for the Scandinavian 
deities generally. 

As'gard, the fortress of the As'en 
or Scandinavian deities. It is situate in 
the centre of the universe, and is accessible 
only by the rainbow bridge (Hi frost). 
The river is Nornor, overshadowed by 
the famous ash tree Ygdrasil'. 

As'gil's Translation. .John Asgill 
wrote a book on the possibility of man 
being translated into eternal life without 
tasting death. The book in 1707 was 
condemned to be burnt by the common 
hangman. 

Here's no depending upon old women in my country, . . . 
and a man may :is sately trust to Asgil'a translation as to 



ASH FIELD. 



59 



ASPATIA. 



his great-grandmother not marrying. — Mrs. CenUivre, The 
busybody, iL 3 (1709). 

Ash/field (Farmer), a truly John 
Bull farmer, tender-hearted, noble-minded 
hut homely, generous hut, hot-tempered. 
He loves his daughter Susan with the 
love of a woman. Mis favourite ex- 
pression is " Behave pratty," and he 
himself always tries to do so. His 
daughter Susan marries Robert Handy, 
the son of sir Abel Handy. 

Dame Ashpeld, the farmer's wife, whose 
bete noire is a neighbouring farmer named 
Grundy. What Mrs. Grundy will say, 
or what Mrs. Grundy will think or do, is 
dame Ashtield's decalogue and gospel too. 

Susan Ashjield, daughter of farmer and 
dame Ashfield. — Thorn. Morton, Speed 
the Plough (1764-1838). 

Ash'ford {Isaac), "a wise, good 
man, contented to be poor." — Crabbe, 
Pariah Register (1807). 

Asli'tarotli, a general name for all 
Syrian goddesses. (See Astokkth.) 

[They] had general names 
Of Raaliui and Ashtaroth : thu.>e male, 
These feminine. 

Milton. Paradise Lost. i. <W (1G65). 

Ash/ton (Sir William), the lord 
keeper of Scotland, and father of Lucy 
Ashton. 

Lady Eleanor Ashton, wife of sir "Wil- 
liam. 

Colonel Sholto Douglas Ashton, eldest 
son of sir William. 

Lucy Ashton, daughter of sir William, 
betrotlied to Edgar (the master of Ravens- 
wood) ; but being compelled to marry 
Frank Hayston (laird of Bucklaw), she tries 
to murder him in the bridal chamber, and 
becomes insane. Lucy dies, but the laird 
recovers. — Sir W. Scott, The Bride of 
Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

(This has been made the subject of an 
opera by Donizetti, called Lucia di Lam- 
mermoor, 1835.) 

Asia, the wife of that Pharaoh who 
brought up Moses. She was the daugh- 
ter of Mozahem. Her husband tor- 
tured her for believing in Moses; but 
she was tajten alive into Paradise. — 
Sale, Al Koran, xx., note, and lxvi., 
note. 

Mahomet says, " Among women four 
have been perfect : Asia, wife of Pha- 
raoh ; Mary, daughter of Iuiran; Kha- 
dijah, the prophet's first wife ; and 
Fatima, his own daughter." 

As'ir, the twelve chief -rods of Scandi- 



navian mythology — Odin, Tkor, Baldr, 
Niord, Frey, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdall, 

Vidar, Yali, l.'Uur, and I-'orseti. 

Sometimes the goddesses — Frigga, 
Freyja. Idu'na, and Saga, are ranked 
amongst the Aair also. 

As'madai (-'5 syl.), the same as Asmo- 
de'us (4 syl.), the lustful and destroying 
angel, Who robbed Sara of her seven hus- 
bands (Tobit iii. 8). Milton makes him 
one of the rebellious angels overthrown 
by Uriel and Pa'phacl. Hume says the 
word means "the destroyer." — Paradise 
Lost, vi. 365 (1665). 

Asinode'us (-1 syl.), the demon of 
vanity and dress, called in the Talmud 
"king of the devils." As ''dress" is 
one of the bitterest evils of modern life, 
it is termed " the Asmodcus of domestic 
peace," a phrase employed to express any 
'•skeleton" in the house of a private 
family. 

In the book of Tobit Asmodcus falls in 
love with Sara, daughter of Rag'uSl, and 
causes the successive deaths of seven 
husbands each on his bridal night, but 
when Sara married Tobit, Asmodeus 
was driven into Egypt by a charm made 
of the heart and liver of a lish burnt on 
perfumed ashes. 

(Milton throws the accent on the third 
syl., Tennyson on the second.) 
Better pleased 
Ttami AanioUeus with the fishy fume. 

Hilton, I'aradisv Lost, iv. 16S. 
Ahaildon and Asmodeus caught at me. 

Tennyson, St. Simeon sty/itct. 

Asmodc'iis, a "diable bon-homme." 
with more gaiety than malice ; not the 
least like Mephistopheles. He is the 
companion of Cle'ofas, whom he carries 
through the air, and shows him the inside 
of houses, where they see what is being 
done in private or secrecy without being 
seen. Although Asmodeus is not malig- 
nant, yet with all his wit, acuteness, and 
playful malice, we never forget the fiend. 
Le Sage, Le Diable Boiteux. 

(Such was the popularity of the Diable 
Boiteux, that two young men fought a 
duel in a bookseller's shop over the only 
remaining copy, an incident worthy to "be 
recorded by Asmodeus himself.) 

Miss Austeii gives us jnst such a picture of domestic life 
as Asmodeus would present could he remove the root' of 
many an English home.— Eneye. ISrit Art. " Roman e." 

Aso'tus, Prodigality personilijd in 
The Purple Tsland (1633), by Phineas 
Fletcher, fully described in canto viii. 
(Greek, ascios, "a profligate.") 

Aspa'tia, a maiden the very ideal of 



ASPHALTIC POOL. 



GO 



ASSIDOS. 



ill-fortune and wretchedness. She is the 

troth-plight wife of Amintor, hut Amin- 
tor, at the king's request, marries 
Evad'ne (3 syl.). Women point with 
scorn at the forsaken Aspatia, but she 
hears it all with patience. The pathos of 
her speeches is most touching, and her 
death forms the tragical event which 
gives name to the drama. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy (1610). 

Asphal'tic Pool (77m?), the Dead 
Sea, so called from the asphalt or bitu'- 
men abounding in it. The river Jordan 
empties itself into this "pool." — Milton, 
Paradise Tost, i. 411 (1665). 

As'phodel, in the language of flowers, 
means "regret." It is said that the spirits 
of the dead sustain themselves with the 
roots of this flower. It was planted by 
the ancients on graves, and both Theo- 
philus and Pliny state that the ghosts 
beyond Acheron roam through the mea- 
dows of Asphodel, in order if possible to 
reach the waters of Lethe or Oblivion. 
The Asphodel was dedicated to Pluto. 
Longfellow strangely enough crowns his 
angel of death with amaranth, with which 
the " spirits elect bind their resplendent 
locks," and his zmgel of life with aspho- 
del, the flower of "regret "and emblem 
of the grave. 

Ke wlio wore the crown of asphodels . . . 
fsaid] " My errand is not death, but life" . . . 
[butj The angel with the amaranthine wreath 

Whi-pered a word, that had a sound like death. 
Longfellow, The Two A ngels. 

As'pramont, a place mentioned by 
Ariosto in his Orlando Furioso, in the 
department of the Meuse (1516). 

Jousted in Aspramont and Mont'alban [Alontauba.n\. 
Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 583 (1(>65). 

As'prarnonte (3 syl.), in sir W. 

Scott's Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Pufus). 

The old kniyht, father of Brenhilda. 

The lady of Aspramonte, the knight's 
wife. 

Brenhilda of Aspramonte, their daugh- 
ter, wife of count Pobert. 

As'rael or Az'iael, an angel of 
death. He is immeasurable in height, 
insomuch that the space between his eyes 
equals a 70,000 days' journey. — Moham- 
medan Mythology. 

Ass (An), emblem of the tribe of 
1 88a char. In the old church at Tomes is 
a stone pulpit, divide;] into compartments, 
coitaining shields decorated with the 



several emblems of the Jewish tribes, of 
which this is one. 

Issachar is a strong ass, couching down between two 
burdens. — Gen. xlix. 14. 

Ass. Three of these animals are by 
different legends admitted into heaven: 

1. The ass on which Christ rode on His 
journey to Jerusalem on the day of palms. 

2. The ass on which Balaam rode, and 
which reproved the prophet, "speaking 
with the voice of a man." 3. The ass of 
Aaz'is queen of Sheba or Saba, who came 
to visit Solomon. (See Animals, p. 40.) 

Ass's Ears. Midas was chosen to decide 
a trial of musical skill between Apollo 
and Pan. The Phrygian king gave his 
verdict in favour of Pan, whereupon 
Apollo changed his ears to those of an 
ass. The servant who used to cut the 
king's hair, discovering the deformity, 
was afraid to whisper the secret to any 
one, but not being able to contain himself, 
dug a hole in the earth, and, putting his 
mouth into it, cried out, "King Midas 
has ass's ears." He then filled up the hole, 
and felt relieved. Tennyson makes the 
barber a woman. 

No livelier than the dame 
That whispered " Asses' ears " [sicj among the sedge, 
" My sister." 

The Princest, ii. 

As'sad, son of Camaral'zaman and 
Ilaiatal'nefons (5 syl.), and half-brother 
of Amgiad (son of Camaralzaman and 
Badoura). Each of the two mothers 
conceived a base passion for the other's 
son, and when the young men repulsed 
their advances, accused them to their 
father of gross designs upon their honour. 
Camaralzaman commanded his vizier to 
put them both to death ; but instead of 
doing so, he conducted them out of the 
city, and told them not to return to their 
father's kingdom (the island of Ebony). 
They wandered on for ten days, when 
Assad went to a city in sight to obtain 
provisions. Here he was entrapped by an 
old tire-worshipper, who ottered him hos- 
pitality, but cast him into a dungeon, in- 
tending to otter him up a human victim 
on the "mountain of lire." The ship in 
which he was sent being driven on the 
coast of queen Margiana, Assad was sold 
to her as a slave, hut being recaptured was 
carried back to his old dungeon. Here 
Bosta'na, one of the old man's daughters, 
took pity on him, and released him, and 
ere long Assad married queen Margiana, 
while Amgiad, out of gratitude, married 
Bostana. — Arabian Nujhts ("Amgiad and 
Assad "). 

As'sidos, a plant in the country of 



ASSISE. 



Gl 



ASTKEE. 



Prester Jolin. It not only protects the 
wearer from evil spirits, but forces every 
spirit to tell its business. 

Assise (in feudal times), toute chose 
qui Ton a vue user et accoustumer et 
deliverer en cour du roiaume. — Clef des 
Assises. 

Astag'oras, a female fiend, who has 
the power of raising storms. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Astar'te (3 syl.), the Phoenician 
nuon-goddess, the Astoreth of the 
Syrians. 

With these 
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenician! called 
Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. 

Milton, J'arculise Lost, i 4;i8 (1065). 

As'tarte (2 st/L), an attendant on the 
princess Anna Comne'na. — Sir W. Scott, 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Kufus). 

Astarte (2 or 3 syl.), beloved by Man- 
fred. — Byron, Manfred. 

We think of Astarte a? young, beautlflrt, innocent,— 
guilty, lost, murdered, judged, pardoned ; but still, in her 
permitted visit to earth, speaking in a voice of sorrow, 
and with a countenance yet pale with mortal trouble. 
We had but a glimpse of her in her beauty and innocence, 
but at last she rises before us in all the moral silence of a 
ghost, with fixed, glazed, and passionless eyes, revealing 
death, judgment, and eternity. — Professor Wilson. 
C2s>/1.) The lady Astarte his? Hush! who comes here? 
{■.isyl.) ... The same Astarte ? no (hi. 4). [(hi. 4.) 

As'tery, a nymph in the train of 
Venus ; the lightest of foot and most 
active of all. One day the goddess, 
walking abroad with her nymphs, bade 
them go gather flowers. Astery gathered 
most of all ; but Venus, in a fit of 
jealousy, turned her into a butterfly, and 
threw the flowers into the wings. Since 
then all butterflies have borne wings of 
many gay colours. — Spenser, Muiopottnos 
or the Butterfly's Fate (1590). 

As'tolat, Guildford, in Surrey. 

Astol'pho, the English cousin of 
Orlando ; his father was Otho. He was 
a great boaster, but was generous, cour- 
teous, gay, and singularly handsome. 
Astolphowas carried to Alci'na's isle on the 
back of a whale ; and when Alcina tired 
of him, she changed him into a myrtle 
tree, but Melissa disenchanted him. 
Astolpho descended into the infernal 
regions ; he also went to the moon, to 
cure Orlando of his madness by bringing 
back his lost wits in a phial. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioio (1516). 

Astolpho's Horn. This horn was the 
gift of Logisti'Ja. Whatever man or 
beast heard it, was seized with instant 



panic, and became an easy captive. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furiosi), viii. 

Astolpho' s Book, The same fairy- 
gave him a book, which would direct 
him aright in all his journeyings, and 
give him any other information lie re- 
quired. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, viii. 

As'ton (Sir Jacob), a cavalier during 
the Commonwealth ; one of the partisans 
of the late king.— Sir \V. Scott, Wood- 
stock (period, Commonwealth). 

As'ton (Enrico). So Henry Ashtou 
is called in Donizetti's Opera of Lucia di 
Lammermoor (1835). (See Ashton.) 

As'torax, king of Paphos and 
brother of the princess Calis. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Mad Lover (before 
1618). 

As'toreth, the goddess-moon of 
Syrian mythology ; called by Jeremiah, 
"The Queen of Heaven," and by the 
Phoenicians, "Astar'te." (See ASHTA- 
ROTH.) 

With these [the host of heaven] in troop 
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called 
Astartfe, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. 
Milton, I'aradUe Lost, i. 4^8 (166; 

(Milton does not always preserve the 
difference between Ashtaroth and Asto- 
reth ; for he speaks of the "mooned 
Ashtaroth, heaven's queen and mother.") 

As'tragon, the philosopher and great 
physician, by whom (iondibert and his 
friends were cured of the wounds re- 
ceived in the faction fight, stirred up by 
prince Oswald. Astragon had a splendid 
library and museum. One room was 
called "Great Nature's Otfiee," another 
"Nature's Nursery," and the library was 
called "The Monument of Vanished 
Mind." Astragon (the poet says) dis- 
covered the loadstone and its use in 
navigation. He had one child, Bertha, 
who loved duke Gondibert, and to whom 
she was promised in marriage. The tale 
being unfinished, the sequel is not known. 
— Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 
1668). 

Astre'a, Mrs. Alphra Behn, an 
authoress. She published the story of 
Prince Oroonoka (died 1689). 

The stage now looselv does Astrea tread. 

Pope. 

Astrae (2 st/L), a pastoral romance 
by Honore D'Urfe' (1616), very cele- 
brated for giving birth to the pastoral 
school, which had for a tim« an over- 
whelming power on literature dress, and 



ASTRINGER. 



62 



ATE. 



amusements. Pastoral romance had re- 
appeared in Portugal full sixty years 
previously in the pastoral romance of 
Montemayer called Diana (J 552) ; and 
Longos, in the fifth century, had pro- 
duced a beautiful prose pastoral called 
The Loves of Daphnis and Chloe, but 
both these pastorals stand alone, while 
that of D'Urfe is the beginning of a 
long series. 

Astringer, a falconer. Shakespeare 
introduces an astringer in All's Well that 
Ends Well, act v. sc. 1. (From the French 
austour, Latin austercus, "a goshawk.") 
A "gentle astringer" is a gentleman 
falconer. 

We usually call a falconer who keeps that kir.d of 
hawk [the goshawk J an austringer. — Cowell, taw 
Dictionary. 

As'tro-fiamman'te (5 syl.), queen 
of the night. The word means "flaming 
star." — Mozard, Die Zauberjlbte (1791). 

Astronomer {The), in Iiasselas, an 
old enthusiast, who believed himself to 
have the control and direction of the 
weather. He leaves Imlac his successor, 
but implores him not to interfere with 
the constituted order. 

"I have possessed," said he to Indac, "for five years 
the regulation of the weather, and the distribution of the 
seasons : the sun has listened to my dictates, and passed 
from tropic to tropic by my direction ; the clouds, at my 
call, have poured their waters, and the Nile has over- 
flowed at my command ; I have restrained the rage of 
the Dog-star, and mitigated the fervour of the Crab. The 
winds alone . . . have hitherto refused my authority. . . . 
I am the first of human beings to whom this trust has 
been imparted."— Dr. Johnson, Iiasselas, xlL— xliii. (1759). 

As'trophel, Sir Philip Sidney. 
"Phil. Sid." may be a contraction of phtlos 
sidus, and the Latin sidus being changed 
to the Greek astroti, we get asiron philos 
("star-lover"). The "star" he loved 
was Penelope Devereux, whom he calls 
Stella ("star"), and to whom he was 
betrothed. Spenser wrote a poem called 
Astruphel, to the memory of sir Philip 
Sidney. 

But while as Astrophel did live and reign. 
Amongst all swains was none his paragon. 
Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1591). 

Astyn'ome (4 syl.) or Chryseis, 
daughter of Chryses priest of Apollo. 
When Lyrnessus was taken, Astynonie 
fell to the share of Agamemnon., but the 
father begged to be allowed to ransom 
her. Agamemnon refused to comply, 
whereupon the priest invoked the anger 
of his patron god, and Apollo sent a 
plague into the Grecian camp. This was 
the cause of contention between Aga- 
memnon and Achilles, and forms the 
subject of Homer's epic called T\e Iliad. 



As'wad, son of Shedad king of Ad. 
He was saved alive when the angel of 
death destroyed Shedad and all his sub- 
jects, because he showed mercy to a camel 
which had been bound to a tomb to 
starve to death, that it might serve its 
master on the day of resurrection. — 
Southey, Talaba the' Destroyer (1797). 

Asy'Luro. Chris'ti. So England was 
called by the Camisards during the 
scandalous religious persecutions of the 
" Grand Monarque" (Louis XIV.). 

Ataba'lipa, the last emperor of 
Peru, subdued by Pizarro, the Spanish 
general. Milton refers to him in Tara- 
dise Lost, xi. 409 (1G65). 

At'ala, the name of a novel by Fran- 
cois Rene Chateaubriand. Atala, the 
daughter of a white man and a Christian- 
ized Indian, takes an oath of virginity, 
but subsequently falling in love with 
Chactas, a young Indian, she poisons 
herself for fear that she may be tempted 
to break her oath. The novel was received 
with extraordinary enthusiasm (1801). 

(This has nothing to do with Attila, 
king of the Huns, nor with Athalie (queen 
of Judah), the subject of Racine's great 
tragedy.) 

Atalanta, of Arcadia, wished to 
remain single, and, therefore gave out 
that she would marry no one who cotdd 
not outstrip her in running ; but if any 
challenged her and lost the race, he was 
to lose his life. Hippom'enes won the 
race by throwing down golden apples, 
which Atalanta kept stopping to pick up. 
William Morris has chosen this for one 
of his tales in Earthly Paradise (March). 

In short, she thus appeared like another Atalanta.— 
Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," KiS - J). 

Atali'ba, the inca of Peru, most 
dearly beloved by his subjects, on whom 
Pizarro makes war. An old man says of 
the inca— 

The virtues of our monarch alike secure to him the 
affection of his people ami the benign regard of heaven. 
— Sheridan. Pizarro, ii. 4 (from Kotzeuue), (1799). 

Atba'ra or Black River, called the 
" dark mother of Egypt." (See Black 
Rivek.) 

Ate (2 syl.), goddess of revenge 
Wiih him along is come the mother queen 
An Ate, stirring him to blood and strife. 

Shakespeare, King John, act ii. »c. 1 (1096 . 

Ate (2 syl.), " mother of debate and 
all dissension," the friend of Duessa. 
She squinted, lied with a false tongue, 
and maligned even the bet>t of beings. 



ATELLAN FABLES. 



03 



A Til OS. 



Her abode, " far under ground hard by 
the gates of hell," is described at length 
in bk. iv. 1. When sir Blandamour was 
challenged by Braggadoceio (canto 4), 
the terms of the contest were that the 
conqueror should have " Florimel," and 
tlie other "the old hag Ate." who was 
always to ride beside him till he could 
pass her off to another. — Spenser, Fairy 
Queen, iv. (159G). 

Atell'an Fables (The), in Latin 
Atella'na: Fabulce, a species of farce per- 
formed by the ancient Romans, and so 
called from Atella, in Campania. They 
differed from comedy because no magis- 
trates or persons of rank were introduced ; 
they differed from the tabernaricB or 
genre drama, because domestic life was 
not represented in them ; and they differed 
from the mimes, because there was neither 
buffoonery nor ribaldry. They were not 
performed by professional actors, but by 
Roman citizens of rank ; were written 
in the Qscan language, and were dis- 
tinguished for their refined humour. 

They were supposed to be directly derived from the 
ancient ilimi of the Atellan Fables.— Sir W. Scolt, The 
bran, a. 

A'tha, a country in Connaught, which 
for a time had its own chief, and some- 
times usurped the throne of Ireland. 
Thus Cairbar (lord of Atha) usurped the 
throne, but was disseated by Fingal, who 
restored Conar king of Ulster. The war 
of Fingal with Cairbar is the subject of 
the Ossianic poem Tem'ora, so called 
from the palace of that name where 
Cairbar murdered king Cormac. The 
kings of the Fir-bolg were called "lords 
of Atha." — Ossian. 

Ath'alie (3 syl.), daughter of Ahab 
and Jezabel, and wife of Joram king of 
Judah. She massacred all the remnant 
of the house of David ; but Joash escaped, 
and six years afterwards was proclaimed 
king. Athalie, attracted by the shouts, 
went to the temple, and was killed by 
the mob. This forms the subject and 
title of Racine's chef-d'ccucre (1691), 
and was Mdlle. Rachel's great part. 

(Racine's tragedy of Athalie, queen of 
Judah, must not be confounded with 
Corneille's tragedy of Attiia, king of the 
Huns.) 

Atheist's Tragedy {The), by Cyril 
Tourneur. The "atheist" is D'Amville, 
who murders his brother Montferrers for 
his estates. — (Seventeenth century.) 

Ath'elstane (3 syl.), sumamed " The 



Unready," thane of Coningsburgh. — Sir 
W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

%* "Unready" does not mean unpre- 
pared but injudicious (from Anglo-Saxon, 
rdd, "wisdom, counsel"). 

Athe'na (Juno) once meant "the air," 
but in Homer this goddess is the repre- 
sentative of civic prudence and military 
skill ; the armed protectress of states 
and cities. 

Athe'nian Bee, Plato, so called 
from the honeyed Bweetness of his com- 
position. It is said that a bee settled on 
his lip while he was an infant asleep in 
his cradle, and indicated that "honeyed 
words" would fall from his lips, and flow 
from his pen. Sophocles is called "The 
Attic Bee." 

Athenodo'rus, the Stoic, told Augus- 
tus the best way to restrain unruly anger 
was to repeat the alphabet before giving 
way to it. 

The sacred line he did but once repeat. 

And laid the storm, and cooled the laging heat 

Tictell. The llorn-book. 

Ath'ens. 

German Athens, Saxe-Weimar. 

Athens of Ireland, Belfast. 
. Modem Athens, Edinburgh, so called 
from its resemblance to the Acropolis, 
when viewed from the sea opposite. — 
Willis. 

Mohammedan. Athens, Bagdad in the 
time of Haroun-al-Raschid. 

At /(ens of the See: World, Boston, 
noted for its literature and literary in- 
stitutions. 

Athens of the North, Copenhagen, un- 
rivalled for its size in the richness of its 
literary and antique stores, the number 
of its societies for the encouragement of 
arts, sciences, and general learning, to- 
gether with the many illustrious names 
on the roll of citizenship. 

Athens of Switzerland, Zurich, so called 
from the number of protestant refugees 
who resorted thither, and inundated 
Europe with their works on controversial 
divinity. Coverdale's Bible was printed 
at Zurich in 1535 ; here Zuinglius 
preached, and here Lavater lived. 

Athens of the West. Cor'dova, in Spain, 
was so called in the middle ages. 

AthTiot, the most wretched of all 
women. 

Her comfort is (if for her any be). 
That none can show more cause of grief than she. 
Wni. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 5 (1U13). 

Atll'os. Dinoc'rates, a sculptor, pro- 
posed to Alexander to hew mount Athos 



ATHUNREE. 



64 



AUBREY. 



into a statue representing the great con- 
queror, with a city in his left hand, and 
a basin in his right to receive all the 
waters which flowed from the mountain. 
Alexander greatly approved of the sug- 
gestion, but objected to the locality. 

And hew out a huge mountain of pathos. 

As Philip's son proposed to do with A thus. 

Byron, Oon Juan, xii. 86. 

Athun'ree, in Connaught, where 
was fought the great battle between 
Felim O'Connor on the side of the Irish, 
and William de Bourgo on the side of the 
English. The Irish lost 10,000 men, and 
the whole tribe of the O'Connors fell ex- 
cept Fe'lim's brother, who escaped alive. 

At'imus, Baseness of Mind personified 
in The Purple Island (1(533), by Phineas 
Fletcher. "A careless, idle swain . . . 
his work to eat, drink, sleep, and purge 
his reins." Fully described in canto viii. 
(Greek, atlmos, "one dishonoured.") 

A'tin (Strife), the squire of Pyr'- 
ochles. — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 4, 5, 6 
(1590). 

Atlante'an Shoulders, shoulders 
broad and strong, like those of Atlas, 
which support the world. 

Sage he f [icelzebub] stood. 
With Atlantean shoulders, tit to bear 
The weight of mightiest monarchies. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 305 (1665). 

Atlan'tis. Lord Bacon wrote an 
allegorical fiction called Atlantis or The 
JS 7 ew Atlantis. It is an island in the 
Atlantic, on which the author feigns that 
he was wrecked, and there he found every 
model arrangement for the promotion of 
science and the perfection of man as a 
social being. 

A moral country— but I hold my hand, 
For I disdain to write an Atlantis. 

Byron, Don Jtuin, xi. 87. 

Atlas' Shoulders, enormous strength. 
Atlas king of Mauritania is said to sup- 
port the world on his shoulders. 

Change thy shape and shake off age . . . Get thee Medea's 
kettle and be boiled anew, come forth with . . . callous 
hands, a chine .if steel, and Atlas' shoulders. — W. Congreve, 
Low for Love, iv. (J(i:»5). 

Atos'sa. So Pope calls Sarah duchess 
of Marlborough, because she was the great 
friend of lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 
whom he calls Sappho. 

But what are these to great Atossa's mind? 

Pope. 

(The great friend of Sappho was Atthis. 
By Atossa is gcncrally.understood Vasliti, 
daughter of Cyrus and wife of Ahasuerus 
of the Old Testament.) 



At'ropos, one of the Fates, whose 
office is to cut the thread of life with a 
pair of scissors. 

. . . nor shines the knife. 
Nor shears of Atropos before their vision. 

Byron, Don Juan, ii. 64. 

Attic Bee (The), Soph'ocles (n.c. 
495-405). Plato is called "The Athe- 
nian Bee." 

Attic Boy (Tlie), referred to by 
Milton in his H Penseroso, is Ceph'alos, 
who was beloved by Aurora or Morn, but 
was married to Procris. He was passion- 
ately fond of hunting. 

Till civil-suited Morn appear. 

Not tricked and flounced, as she was wont 

With the Attic boy to hunt. 

But kerchiefed in a comely cloud. 

11 Penseroso (1638). 

Attic Muse (The), Xen'ophon the 
historian (b.c. 444-359). 

At'ticus (The English), Joseph Addi- 
son (1672-1719). 

Who but must laugh if such a man there be, 
Who would not weep if Atticus were he? 

Pope, Prologue to the Satires. 

The Christian Atticus, Reginald Heber, 
bishop of Calcutta (1783-1820). 

The Irish Atticus, George Faulkner, 
printer and author (1700-1775). 

At'tila, one of the tragedies of Pierre 
Corneille (1667). This king of the Huns, 
usually called " The Scourge of God," 
must not be confounded with " Athalie," 
daughter of Jezabel and wife of Joram, 
the subject and title of Racine's chef- 
d'oeuvre, and Mdlle. Rachel's chief cha- 
racter. 

Attreba'tes (4 sj/l.)— Drayton makes 
it 3 syl. — inhabited part of Hampshire and 
Berkshire. The primary city was CallBba 
(Silchester). — Richard of Cirencester, vi. 
10. 

The Attrebates in Rirk unto the bank of Thames. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xri. (1612). 

("In Bark " means in Berkshire.) 
Aubert (Therese), the heroine of C. 
No.dier's romance of that name (1819). 
The story relates to the adventures of a 
young royalist in the French Revolution- 
ary epoch, who had disguised himself in 
female apparel to escape detection. 

Aubrey, a widower for eighteen 
years. At the death of his wife he com- 
mitted bis infant daughter to the care 
of Mr. Bridgemore a merchant, and lived 
abroad. He returned to London after an 
absence of eighteen years, and found 
that Bridgemore had abused his trust, and 
his daughter had been obliged to quit the 



AUBRI'S DOG. 



85 



AUGUSTA. 



house and seek protection with Mr. 
Mortimer. 

Augusta Aubrey, daughter of Mr. 
Aubrey, in love with Francis Tyrrel, the 
nephew of Mr. Mortimer. She is snubbed 
and persecuted by the vulgar Lucinda 
Bridgemore, and most wantonly per- 
secuted by lord Abberville, but after 
passing through many a most painful 
visitation, she is happily married to the 
man of her choice. — Cumberland, The 
Fashionable Lover (1780). 

Au'bri's Dog showed a most un- 
accountable hatred to Richard de Macaire, 
Bnarling and flying at him whenever he 
appeared in sight. Now Aubri had 
been murdered by some one in the forest 
of Bondy, and this animosity of the dog 
directed suspicion towards Richard de 
Macaire. Richard was taken up, and 
condemned to single combat with the 
dog, by whom he was killed. In his 
dying moments he confessed himself to 
be the murderer of Aubri. (See Dog.) 

Le combat entre Macaire i-t le chien eut lieu a Paris, 
dans Hie Louviers. On place ce fait mervellleui en 
1371. inais . . . il est Itien anterieur, car D est men- 
bonne* des le dtcle precedent par Alberfc des Trois- 
Fontaines.— Bouillet, Met. Lnit>ertel, etc. 

Auch'termuch'ty (John), the Kin- 
ross carrier. — Sir W. Scott, The AN)ot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Audhum'bla, the cow created by 
Surt to nourish Ymir. She supplied him 
with four rivers of milk, and was herself 
nourished by licking dew from the rocks. 
— Scandiiiavian Mythology. 

Audley. Is John Audley here? In 
Richardson's travelling theatrical booth 
this question was asked aloud, to signify 
that the performance was to be brought 
to a close as soon as possible, as the 
platform was crowded with new-comers, 
waiting to be admitted (17GG-1836). 

The same question was asked by Shuter 
(in 1759), whose travelling company pre- 
ceded Richardson's. 

Au'drey, a country wench, who jilted 
William for Touchstone. She is an ex- 
cellent specimen of a wondering she- 
gawky. She thanks the gods that " she 
is foul," and if to be poetical is not to be 
honest, she thanks the gods also that 
" she is not poetical." — Shakespeare, A& 
You Like It (1598). 

The character of " Audrey," that of a female fool, shouH 
not have l)een assumed [i.e. by Miss Pope, in her last 
appearance in public] ; the last line of tt.e farewell address 
was, "And now poor Audley bids you ah farewell" 
(May 26. 1S0S).— Janies Smith, Memoirs, etc. (IR40J. 

Au'gean Stables. Augeas king of 



the Epcans, in El is, kept 8000 oxen for 
thirty years in stalls which were never 
cleansed. It was one of the twelve 
labours of Her'culGs to cleanse these 
stables in one day. This he accomplished 
by letting two rivers into them. 

If the Auneaii stable [of dramatic im/ittri/y] was not 
sufficiently ciean-ed. the str. nn of public Opinion «•'> 

falrli directed ■galnet its conglomerated unpnrMi 

W. Seott, The Onu/ui 

Augusta. London [Trinobantina'] 
was so called by the Romans. 

Where full In view Augusta's spires are seen. 
With Bowery lawn- hnd waving woods lietween. 

A bumble habitation rose. DC He 

Where Thames meandering rolls his ample tide. 

Meaner, The Shi).vrreck. L 3 (1758). 

Augus'ta, mother of Gustavus Vasa. 
She is a prisoner of Christian II. kim: of 
Denmark, but the king promises to set 
her free if she will induce her son to 
submission. AugBSta refuses, but in the 
war which follows, Gustavus defeats 
Christian, and becomes king of Sweden. 
— H. Brooke, Gustavus Vasa (1730). 

Augusta, a title conferred by the 
Roman emperors on their wives, sisters, 
daughters, mothers, and even concubines. 
It had to be conferred ; for even the wife 
of an Augustus was not an Augusta until 
after her coronation. 

1. Empkkssks. Livia and Julia were 
both Augusta ; so were Julia (wife of 
Tiberius), Messalina, Agrippina, Octaria, 
Poppsea, Statilia, Sabina, Domitilla, 
Domitia, and Faustina. In imperials the 
wife of an emperor is spoken of as 
Au pitta: Serenissima Augusta conjux 
nostra ; Divina Augusta, etc. But the 
title had to be conferred ; hence we read, 
"Domitian uxorem suam Augustam 
jussit nuncupari ; " and " Flavia Titiana, 
eadem die, uxor ejus [i.e. Pertinax] 
Awjusta est appellata." 

2. Mothers or Grandmothers. An- 
tonia, grandmother of Caligula, was 
created Augusta. Claudius made his 
mother Antonia Augusta after her death. 
Heliogab'alus had coins inscribed with 
"Julia Mtesa Augusta,'" in honour of his 
grandmother; Mamm«a, mother of Alex- 
ander Severus, is styled Augusta on 
coins ; and so is Helena, mother of 
Constantine. 

3. Sisters. Honorius speaks of his 
sister as " venerabilis Augusta germana 
nostra." Trajan has coins inscribed with 
"Diva Marciana Augusta." 

4. Daughters. Mallia Scantilla the 
wife, and Didia the daughter of Didius 
Julianus, were both Augusta, Titus in- 
scribed on coins his daughter as " Julia 



AUGUSTAN AGE. 



66 



AUSTRIAN LIP. 



Sabina Augusta ; " there are coins of the 
emperor Decius inscribed with " Herennia 
Etruscilla Augusta" and " Sallustia Au- 
gusta" sisters of the emperor Decius. 

5. Others. Matidia, niece cf Trajan, 
is called Augusta on coins ; Constantine 
Monomachus called his concubine Au- 
gusta. 

Augus'tan Age, the golden age of 
a people's literature, so called because 
while Augustus was emperor, Rome was 
noted for its literary giants. 

The Augustan Age of England, the 
Elizabethan period. That of Anne is 
called the i( Silver Age." 

The Auqustan A/e of France, that of 
Louis XIV. (1610-1740). 

The Augustan Age of Germany, nine- 
teenth century. 

The Augustan Age of Portugal, the 
reign of don Alphonso Henrique. In 
this reign Brazil was occupied ; the 
African coast explored ; the sea-route to 
India was traversed ; and Camoens 
flourished. 

Augusti'na, the Maid of Saragoza. 
She was only 22 when, her lover being 
shot, she mounted the battery in his 
place. The French, after a siege of two 
months, were obliged to retreat, August 
15, 1808. 

Such were the exploits of the Maid of Saragoza. who 
by her valour ele\ated herself to the highest rank of 
heroines. When the author was at Seville, she walked 
daily on the Prado, decorated with medals and orders, by 
order of the Junta.— Lord Byron. 

Auld Kobin Gray was written 
(1772) by lady Anne Barnard, to raise a 
little money for an old nurse. Lady 
Anne's maiden name was Lindsay, and 
her father was earl of Balcarras. 

Aullay, a monster horse with an 
elephant's trunk. The creature is as 
much bigger than an elephant, as an 
elephant is larger than a sheep. King 
Baly of India rode on an aullay. 

The aullay, bugest of four-footed kind. 

The aullay-horse, that ill his force, 
With elephantine trunk, could bind 
And litt the elephant, and on the wind 
Whirl him away, with sway and swing. 
E'en like a pebble from a practised sling. 

Southey, Cur&e of Kehama, xvi. 2 (1809). 

Aumerle [O.murl'], a French corrup- 
tion of Aibemarle (in Normandy). 

Aure'lius, a young nobleman who 
tried to win to himself l)o'rigen, the wife 
of Arvir'agus, but Dorigen told him she 
would never yield to hi* suit till all the 
rocks of the British coast were removed, 
"tntl there n'is no stone y-seen." Aure- 



iius by magic made all the rocks disap- 
pear, but when Dorigen went, at her 
husband's bidding, to keep her promise, 
Aurelius, seeing how sad she was, made 
answer, he would rather die than injure 
so true a wife and noble a gentleman. — 
Chaucer, Canterbury Tales ("The Frank- 
lin's Tale," 1388). 

(This is substantially the same as Boc- 
caccio's tale of Dian/ra and Gilberto, x. 5. 
See Diaxoua.) 

Aurelius, elder brother of Uther the 
pendragon, and uncle of Arthur, but he 
died before the hero was born. 

Even sicke of a flixe [ill of the flux] as he was, he 
caused himself to be carried forth on a litter; witu 
whose presence the people were so encouraged, that en- 
countering witli the Saxons they wan the victorie.— Holin- 
shed, history of Scotland, 99. 

. . . once I read 
That stout Pendragon on his litter sick 
Came to the field, and vanquished his foes. 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act iii. sc 2 (1589) 

Auro'ra's Tears, the morning dew. 
These tears are shed for the death of her 
son Memnon, who was slain by Achilles 
at the siege of Troy. 

Auso'nia, Italy, so called from Au- 
son, son of Ulysses. 

. . . romantic Spain, — 
Gay lilied fields of France, or, more refined, 
The soft Ausonia's monumental reign. 
Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, ii. 15 (1809) 

Austin, the assumed name of the 
lord of Clarinsal, Vhen he renounced the 
world and became a monk of St. Nicholas. 
Theodore, the grandson of Alfonso, was 
his son, and rightful heir to the posses- 
sions and title of the count of Narbonne. 
— Robert Jephson, Count of Narbonne 
(1782). 

Aus'tria and the Lion's Hide. 

There is an old tale that the arch-duke of 
Austria killed Richard I., and wore as a 
spoil the lion's hide which belonged to 
our English monarch. Hence Faulcon- 
bridge (the natural son of Richard) says 
jeeringly to the arch-duke : 

Thou wear a lion's hide ! doff it for shame. 
And hang a call-skin on those recreant limbs. 

Shakespeare, King John, act iii. sc. 1 (159G). 

(The point is better understood when it 
is borne in mind that fools and jesters 
were dressed in calf-skins.) 

Aus'trian Lip (The), a protruding 
under jaw, with a heavy lip disinclined 
to shut close. It came from kaiser Maxi- 
milian L, son of kaiser Frederick 1 1 1., and 
was inherited from his mother Cimburgis, 
a Polish princess, duke of Masovia's 
daughter, and hence called the "Cim- 
burgis Under Lip." 



AUTOLYCOS. 



67 



AVI LION. 



Autol'ycos, the craftiest of thieves. 
He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and 
changed their marks. Sis'yphos out- 
witted him by marking his sheep under 
their feet. 

Alltol'ycus, a pedlar and -witty 
rogue, in The Winter's Talc, by Shake- 
speare (1(30-1). 

Av'alon or Avallon, Glastonbury, 
generally called the " isle of Avalon." 
The abode of king Arthur, Oberon, 
Morgaine la Fee, the Fees generally, and 
sometimes called the " island of the 
blest." It is very fully described in the 
French romance of Oijier le Danois. 
Tennyson calls it Avil'ion (</.t\). Dray- 
ton, in his I'olyolbion, styles it " the ancient 
isle of Avalon," and the Romans " insula 
Avalonia." 

<> three-times famous is'.e ! where is that place Uiat might 
Be with thyself compared for glory and delight. 
Whilst Glastonbury stoo.l? 

M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iii. (1612). 

Avan'turine or Aven'turine (4 
syl.), a variety of rock-crystal having 
a spangled appearance, caused by scales of 
mica or crystals of copper. The name 
is borrowed from that of the artificial 
k'old-spangled glass obtained in the first 
instance par aventare (" by accident"). 

. . . atid the hair 
All over glanced with dew-drop or with gem. 
Like sparkles in the stone avantnriiie. 

Tennyson, tiaretli and l.ynette. 

Avare (£'). The plot of this comedy 
is as follows : Harpagon the miser and 
his son Cle'ante (2 syl.) both want to 
marry Mariane (3 syl.), daughter of An- 
seime, alias don Thomas dAlburci, of 
Naples. Cle'ante gets possession of a 
casket of gold belonging to the miser, 
and hidden in the garden. When Har- 
pagon discovers his loss he raves like a 
mad man, and Cle'ante gives him the choice 
of Mariane or the casket. The miser 
chooses the casket, and leaves the young 
lady to his son. The second plot is 
connected with Elise (2 syl.), the miser's 
daughter, promised in marriage by the 
father to his friend Anselme (2 syl.) ; 
but Elise is herself in love with Valere, 
who, however, turns out to be the son of 
Anselme. As soon as Anselme discovers 
that Valere is his son, who he thought 
bad been lost at sea, he resigns to him 
Elise, and so in both instances the young 
foiks marry together, and the old ones 
give up their unnatural rivalry. — Moliere, 
L' Avare (1G67). 

Ava'tar, the descent of Brahma to 
this earth. It is said in Hindu mytho- 



logy that Brahma has already descended 
nine times in various forms, but is yet to 
appear a tenth, in the figure of a warrior 
upon a white horse, to cut off all incor- 
rigible offenders. 

Nine times have Brahma's wheel* of lightning hurled 
His awful presence o'ur the alarmed world j 
Nine times hath Guilt, through all his giant frame. 
Convulsive trembled, as the Highly came; 

Nine times hath suffering Men-) (pared In vain, — 
Bat heaven shall hurst her starry gates again. 
lie comm ! dread Brahin i shakes the sunless sky . . . 
Heaven's fiery horse, beneath his warrior-form, 
Paws the light clouds, and gallops on the storm. 

Campbell, rtcaturcs of J/ojje, i. (1799). 

Ave'nel (2 syl.), Julian Avenel, the 
usurper of Avenel Castle. 

Lady Alice Acciiel, widow of sir 
Walter. 

Mary Avenel, daughter of lady Alice. 
She marries Ilalbert Glendinning. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Monastery (date loo!*;. 

Ave'nel (Sir Ilalbert Glendinniny, knight 
of), same as the bridegroom in The 
Monastery. 

The lady Mary of Avenel, same as The 
bride in The Monastery. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Abb' >t (time, Elizabeth). 

The White Lady of Avenel, a spirit 
mysteriously connected with the Avenel 
family, ;is the Irish banshee is with true 
Mile'sian families. She announces good 
or ill fortune, and manifests a general 
interest in the family to which she is 
attached, but to others she acts with con- 
siderable caprice ; thus she shows un- 
mitigated malignity to the sacristan and 
the robber. Any truly virtuous mortal 
has commanding power over her. 

Noon gleams on the lake. 

Noon kIows on the fell ; 
Awake Uiee. awake. 

White maid of Avenel : 
Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Aven'ger of Blood, the man who 

had the birthright, according to the 
Jewish polity, of taking vengeance on 
him who had' killed one Of his relatives. 

. . . the Christless code. 
That must have life for a blow. 

Tennyson, Maud, II. i. 1. 

Av'icen or Abcu-ibn-Sina, an Arabian 
physician and philosopher, born at 
Shiraz, in Persia (980-10o7). He com- 
posed a treatise on logic, and another on 
metaphysics. Avicen is called both the 
Hippo'crates and the Aristotle of the 
Arabs. 

Of physicke speake for rne. kin? Aviecn . . . 
Yet was his glory never set on shelfe. 
Nor uever shall, vhyles any worlde may stande 
Where men have iniiide to take good bookes in hande. 
G. Gascoigne, The Fruits uf Warre, lvii. (died lo.T). 

AvU'ioil {''■the apple island'"), near 
the terrestrial paradise. (See Avaixhc.) 



AYLMER. 



68 



BAAL 



Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow. 
Nor ever wind blows loudly ; but it lies 
Deep-nieadowed, happy, fair with orchard-lawns 
And bowery hollows crowned with summer sea. 
Where I [Arthur] will heal me of my grievous wound. 
Tennyson, Morte d'A rthur. 

Ayl'nier (Mrs.), a neighbour of sir 
Henry Lee. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock 
(time, Commonwealth). 

Ay'mer (Prior), a jovial Benedictine 
monk, prior of Jorvaulx Abbey. — Sir \V. 
Scott, loanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Ay'mori, duke of Dordona (Dor- 
dogne). He had four sons, Rinaldo, 
(iuicciardo, Alardo, and Ricciardetto 
(i.e. Renaud, Guiscard, Alard, and 
Richard), whose adventures are the sub- 
ject of a French romance, entitled Les 
Quatre filz Aynion, by H. de Alleneuve 
(1165-1223). 

Az'amat-Bat'uk, pseudonym of M. 
Thiebland, war correspondent of the 
Pall- Mall Gazette, in 1870. 

Aza'zel, one of the ginn or jinn, all of 
whom were made of "smokeless fire," 
that is, the fire of the Simoom. These 
jinn inhabited the earth before man was 
created, but on account of their persistent 
disobedience Avere driven from it by an 
army of angels. When Adam was 
created, and God commanded all to wor- 
ship him, Azazel insolently made answer, 
" Me hast Thou created of fire, and him of 
earth ; why should I worship him ? " 
Whereupon God changed the jinnee into 
a devil, and called him Iblis or Despair. 
In hell he was made the standard-bearer 
of Satan's host. 

Upreared 
His mighty standard ; that proud honour claimed 
Azazel as bis rUht. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 534 (1665). 

Az'la, a suttee, the young widow of 
Ar'valan, son of Keha'ma. — Southey, 
Curse of Kchama, i. 10 (1809). 

Az'o, husband of Parisi'na. He was 
marquis d'Kste, of Ferrara, and had 
already a natural son, Hugo, by Bianca, 
who, " never made his bride," died of 
a broken heart. Hugo was betrothed 
to Parisina before she married the mar- 
quis and after she became his mother- 
in-law, they loved on still. One night 
Azo heard Parisina in sleep express her 
love for Hugo, and the angry marquis 
condemned his son to death. Although 
he spared his bride, no one ever knew 
what became of her. — Byron, Parisina. 



Az'rae] '3 syl.), the angel of death 
(called Raphael in the Gospel of Barna- 
bas). — Al Koran. 

Az'tecas, an Indian tribe, which con- 
quered the Hoamen (2 syl.), seized their 
territory, and established themselves on 
a southern branch of the Missouri, having 
Az'tlan as their imperial city. When 
Madoc conquered the Aztecas in the 
twelfth century, he restored the Hoa- 
men, and the Aztecas migrated to Mexico. 
—Southey, Madoc (1805). 

Az'tlan, the imperial city of the 
Az'tecas, on a southern branch of the 
Missouri. It belonged to the Hoamen '2 
syl.), but this tribe being conquered by 
the Aztecas, the city followed tiie fate of 
war. When Madoc led his colony to 
North America, he took the part of the 
Hoamen, and, conquering the Aztecas, 
restored the city and all the territory 
pertaining thereto to the queen Erill'yab, 
and the Aztecas migrated to Mexico. The 
city Aztlan is described as "full of 
palaces, gardens, groves, and houses " (in 
the twelfth century). — Southev, Madoc 
(1805). 

Azuce'na, a gipsy. Manri'co is sup- 
posed to be her son, but is in reality the 
son of Garzia (brother of the coate di 
Luna).— Verdi, It Trovato're (1858). 

Azyorn'ca (4 syl.), queen of the snakes 
and dragons. She resides in Patala, or the 
infernal regions. — Hindu Mythology. 

There Azyoruca veiled her awful form 
In those eternal shadows. There she sat. 
And as the trembling souls who crowd around 
The judgment seat received the doom of fate, 
Her giant arms, extending from the cloud, 
Drew them within the darkness. 

Southey, Curse of Kchama, xxiiL 15 (1809). 



Baal, plu. Baalim, a general name 
for all the Syrian gods, as Ash'taroth was 
for the goddesses. The general version 
of the legend of Baal is the same as that 
of Adonis, Thammuz, Osiris, and the 
Arabian myth of El Khouder. All alle- 
gorize the Sun, six months above and six 
months below the equator. As a title of 
honour, the word liaal, Bal, Bel, etc.. 
enters into a large number of Phoenician 



BAALBEC OF IRELAND. 



m 



BACCHUS. 



and Carthaginian proper names, as Hanni- 
bal, Hasdru-bal, Bel-shazzar, etc. 

. . . [the] general names 
Of Baalim and Ashlurolh : those male; 
These female. 

Milton, /'undine lost, i. 4S& (1663). 

Baalbec of Ireland, KLilmallock 

in Limerick, noted for its ruins. 

Bab (Lad;/), a waiting maid on a lady 
so called, who assumes the airs with the 
name and address of her mistress. Her 
fellow-servants and other servants address 
her as "lady Bab," or " Your ladyship." 
She is a fine wench, " but by no means 
[.articular in keeping her teeth clean." 
She says she never reads but one "bowk, 
which is Shikspur." And she calls 
Lovel and Freeman, two gentlemen of 
fortune, " downright hottenpots." — Rev. 
J. Townley, High Life Below Stairs (17(J3). 

Ba'ba, chief of the eunuchs in the 
court of the sultana Gulbey'az. — Byron, 
Don Juan, v. 28, etc. (1820). 

Baba (Ali), who relates the story of the 
" Forty Thieves " in the Arabian Nights' 
Entertainments. He discovered the 
thieves' cave while hiding in a tree, and 
heard the magic word " Ses'ame," at 
which the door of the cave opened and 
shut. 

Cassvn Baba, brother of Ali Baba, who 
entered the cave of the forty thieves, but 
forgot the pass-word, and stood crying 
"Open Wheat !" " Open Barley !" to the 
door, which obeyed no sound but " Open 
Sesame ! " 

Baba Mus'tapha, a cobbler who 
sewed together the four pieces into which 
Cassim's body had been cleft by the forty 
thieves. "When the thieves discovered 
that the body had been taken away, thcy 
sent one of the band into the city, to 
ascertaiu who had died of late. The man 
happened to enter the cobbler's stall, and 
falling into a gossip heard about the body 
which the cobbler had sewed together. 
Mustapha pointed out to him the house 
of Cassim Baba's widow, and the thief 
marked it with a piece of white chalk. 
Next day the cobbler pointed out the 
house to another, who marked it with 
red chalk. And the day following he 
pointed it out to the captain of the band, 
who instead of marking the door studied 
the house till he felt sure of recognizing 
it. — Arabian Nights ("Ali Baba or The 
Forty Thieves"). 

Bababalouk, chief of the black 
unuohs, whose duty it was to wait on the 



sultan, to guard the sultanas, and to 
superintend the harem. — Habesci, State of 
the Ottoman Empire, 155-6. 

Ba'bel ("confusion"). There is atown 
in Abyssinia called Ilabesh, the Arabic 
word for "confusion." This town is so 
called from the great diversity of races 
by which it is inhabited : Christians, 
Jews, and Mohammedans, Ethiopians, 
Arabians, Falashas (exiles), Gallas, and 
Negroes, all consort together there. 

Babes in the "Wood, insurrec- 
tionary hordes that infested the mountains 
of Wicklow, and the woods of Ennis- 
carthy towards the close of the eighteenth 
century. (See Chilobeh in tub Wood.) 

Babie, old Alice (iray's servant-girl. 

— Sir \V. Scott, Hriilc of Lammcrmoor 
(time, William 111.). 

Babie'ca (8 «•'//.), the Cid's horse. 

I learnt to prize Balneal from his head unto his hoof. 
The Cid (1128). 

Baboon (Philip), Philippe Bourbon, 
due d'Anjou. 

Lewis Baboon, Louis XIV., "a false 
loon of a grandfather to Philip, and one 
that might justly be called a Jack-of- 
all-trades." 

Sometimes you would see this Lewis Baboon behind his 
counter, selling broad-cloth, sometimes measuring linen ; 
next day be would be dealing in mercery-ware; high 
heads, ribbons, gloves, fans, anil lace, he understood to a 
nicety . . . nay, he would descend to the selling of tape?, 
garters, and shoebuckles. When shop was shut up he 
would go about (he neighbourhood, and earn half-a-crown, 
by teaching the young men and maiden? to dance, by 
these means he had acquired immense riches, which he 
used to squander away at baek-sword [in war], quarter- 
staff, and cudgel-play, in which he took great pleasure. — 
Dr. Arbuthnot, History of John /iiill, ii. (1712). 

Bab'ylon. Cairo in Egypt was so 
called by the crusaders. Borne was so 
called by the puritans ; and London was, 
and still is so called by some, on account 
of its wealth, luxury, and dissipation. — 
The reference is to Rev. xvii. and xviii. 

Babylonian Wall. The foundress 
of this wall (two hundred cubits high, 
and fifty thick), was Semiramis, mythic 
foundress of the Assyrian empire. She 
was the daughter of the fish-goddess 
Der'ceto of Ascalon, and a Syrian youth. 

Our statues . . . she 

The foundress of the Babylonian wall. 

Tennysou, The Princess, ii. 

Bacchan'tes (3 syl.), priestesses of 
Bacchus. 

Round about him [Bacchus] fair Bacchantes, 
Bearing cymbals, flutes, and tbyrses, 

Wild from Naxian groves, or Zante's 
Vineyards, sing delirious verses. 

Longfellow, Drinking Song. 

Bacchus, in the Lusiad, an epic 



BACHARACH. 



70 



BADKOULBOUDOUR. 



poem by Camoens (1569), is the personi- 
fication of the evil principle which acts in 
opposition to Jupiter, the lord of Destiny. 
Mars is made by the poet the guardian 
power of Christianity, and Bacchus cf 
Mohammedanism. 

Bacriaraeh, a red wine, so called 
from a town of the same name in the 
Lower Palatinate. Pope Pius II. used to 
import a tun of it to Rome yearly, and 
Nuremberg obtained its freedom at the 
price of four casks of it a-year. The 
word Bacharach means "the altar of 
Bacchus" (Bacchi ara), the altar referred 
to being a rock in the bed of the river, 
which indicated to the vine-growers what 
sort of year they might expect. If the 
head of the rock appeared above water 
the season was a dry one, and a fine 
vintage might be looked for ; if not it 
was a wet season, and bad for the grapes. 

. . that ancient town of Bacharach,— 
The beautiful town that gives us wine. 
With the fragrant odour of Muscadine. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 

Backbite (Sir Benjamin), nephew of 
Crabtree, very conceited, and very cen- 
sorious. His friends called him a great 
poet and wit, but he never published any- 
thing, because "'twas very vulgar to 
print ; " besides, as he said, his little pro- 
ductions circulated more " by giving 
copies in confidence to friends." — Sheri- 
dan, School for Scandal (1777). 

When I first saw Miss Pope she was performing "Mrs. 
Candour," to Miss Farren's "lady Teazle," King as "sir 
Peter," Parsons "Crabtree," Dodd "Backbite," Baddeley 
" Moses." Smith "Charles," and John Palmer "Joseph " 
Surface].— James Smith, Memoirs, etc 

Bacon of Theology, bishop But- 
ler, author of The Analog;/ of Religion, 
Natural and Revealed, etc. (1692-1752). 

Baerack, a red German wine. (See 
Bacharach.) 

Bactrian Sage {The), Zoroas'ter 
or Zerdusht, a native of Bactria, now 
Balkh (B.C. 589-513). 

Bade'bec (2 syl.), wife of Gargantua 
and mother of Pan'tagruel'. She died in 
giving him birth, or rather in giving 
birth at the same time to 900 dromedaries 
laden with ham and smoked tongues, 7 
camels laden with eels, and 25 waggons 
full of leeks, garlic, onions, and shal- 
lots. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 2 (1533). 

Badger (Will), sir Hugh Robsart's 
favourite domestic— Sir W. Scott, Kenil- 
tjoorth (time, Elizabeth). 

Bad'ger (Mr. Bayham), medical prac- 



titioner at Chelsea, under whom Richard 
Carstone pursues his studies. Mr. Badger 
is a crisp-looking gentleman, with "sur- 
prised eyes ; " very proud of being Mrs. 
Badger's " third," and always referring 
to her former two husbands, captain 
Swosser and professor Dingo. — 0. 
Dickens. Bleak House (1853). 

BadingLiet [Bad'.en.gay], one of the 
many nicknames of Napoleon III. It 
was the name of the mason in whose 
clothes he escaped from the fortress of 
Ham (1808, 1851-1873). 

Ba'don, Bath. The twelfth great vie- 
tory of Arthur over the Saxons was at 
Badon Hill (Bannerdown). 

They sang how he himself [king Arthur] at Badon bore 

that day, 
When at the glorious goal his British sceptre lay. 
Two days together how the battle strongly stood ; 
Pendragon's worthy son [king A rthur] . . . 
Three hundred Saxons sltw with his own valiant hand. 
M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Badou'ra, daughter of Gaiour (2 
syl.) king of China, the " most beautiful 
woman ever seen upon earth." The em- 
peror Gaiour wished her to marry, but 
she expressed an aversion to wedlock. 
However, one night by fairy influence she 
was shown prince Camaral'zaman asleep, 
fell in love with him, and exchanged 
rings. Next day she inquired for the 
prince, but her inquiry was thought so 
absurd that she was confined as a mad 
woman. At length her foster-brother 
solved the difficulty thus : The emperor 
having proclaimed that whoever cured 
the princess of her [supposed] madness 
should have her for Lis wife, he sent 
Camaralzaman to play the magician, and 
imparted the secret to the princess by 
sending her the ring she had left with 
the sleeping prince. The cure was 
instantly effected, and the marriage 
solemnized with due pomp. When the 
emperor was informed that his son- 
in-law was a prince, whose father was 
sultan of the " Island of the Children of 
Khal'edan, some twenty days' sail from 
the coast of Persia," he was delighted 
with the alliance. — Arabian Nights 
(" Camaralzaman and Badoura "). 

Badroul'boudour, daughter of the 
sultan of China, a beautiful brunette. 
" Her eyes were large and sparkling, 
her expression modest, her mouth small, 
her lips vermilion, and her figure per- 
fect." She became the wife of Aladdin, 
but twice nearly caused his death: once 
by exchanging " the wonderful lamp" 
for a new copper one, and once by giving 



ByETICA. 



71 



BAILLIF. 



hospitality to the false Fatitna. Aladdin 
killed both these magicians. — Arabian 

Nii/hts ("Aladdin or The Wonderful 
Lamp"). 

Bae'tica or Baetic Vale, Granada 
and Andalusia, or Spain in general. So 
called from the river lketis or Guadal- 
quiver. 

While o'er the Bretlc vale 
Or thro' the towers of Memphis | Egypt], or the palms 
By aacred Ganget watered, I conduct 
The English merchant. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naindt. 

Bagdad. A hermit told the caliph 
Almanzor that one Moclas was destined 
to found a city on the spot where he was 
standing. " I am that man," said the 
caliph, and he then informed the hermit 
how in his boyhood he once stole a 
bracelet, and his nurse ever after called 
him "Moclas," the name of a well-known 
thief. — Marigny. 

Bagshot, one of a pan?; of thieves 
who conspire to break into the house of 
lady Bountiful. — Farquhar, The Beaux' 
Stratagem (1705). 

Bagstock {Major Joe), an apo- 
plectic retired military officer, living in 
Princess's Place, opposite to Miss Tox. 
The major had a covert kindness for Miss 
Tox, and was jealous of Mr. Dombey. 
He speaks of himself as "Old Joe Bag- 
stock," "Old Joey," "Old J.," "Old 
Josh," "Rough and tough Old Jo," "J. 
B.," " Old J. B.," and so on. He is also 
given to over-eating, and to abusing his 
poor native servant.— C. Dickens, Dombey 
and Son (1846). 

Bah'adar, master of the horse to 
the king of the Magi. Prince Am'giad 
was enticed by a collet io enter the 
minister's house, and when Bahadar re- 
turned, he was not a little surprised at the 
sight of his uninvited guest. The prince, 
however, explained to him in private how 
the matter stood, and Bahadar, entering 
into the fun of the thing, assumed for the 
nonce the place of a slave. The collet 
would have murdered him, but Amgiad, 
to save the minister, cut off her head. 
Bahadar, being arrested for murder, was 
:ondemned to death, but Amgiad came 
forward and told the whole truth, where- 
upon Bahadar was instantly released, and 
Amgiad created vizier. — Arabian JS'ights 
("Amgiad and Assad"). 

Balimaii (Prince), eldest son of the 
sultan Khro330u-schah of Persia. In 



infancy he was taken from the palace by 
the sultana's sisters, and set adrift on a 
canal, but being rescued by the superin- 
tendent of the sultan's gardens, he was 
brought up, and afterwards restored to 
the sultan. It was the "talking bird" 
that told the sultan the tale of the young 
prince's abduction. 

Prince Bahman's Knife. "When prince 
Bali man started on his exploits, be gave 
to his sistei Para/adO (4 •>;/(.) a knife, 
saying, "As long as you find this knife 
clean and bright, you may fed assured 
that I am alive and well ; but if a drop 
of blood falls from it, you may know that 
I am no longer alive." — Arabian Nights 
(" The Two Sisters," the last tale). 

Bailey, a sharp lad in the service of 
Todger's boarding-house. His ambition 
was to appear quite a full-grown man. 
On leaving Mrs. Todger's, he became the 
servant of Montague Tigg, manager of 
the "Anglo-Bengalee Company." — C. 
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1.S44;. 

Bailio (General^ a parliamentary 
leader. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Bailie (Gtfes), a gipsy; father of Ga- 
bracl Kaa (nephew to Meg Merrilies). — 
Sir W. Scott, Uu;i Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Bailiff's Daughter of Isling- 
ton (in Norfolk). A squire's son loved 
the bailiff's daughter, but she gave him 
no encouragement, and his friends sent 
him to London "an apprentice for to 
bindei'' After the lapse of seven years, 
the bailiff's daughter, " in ragged attire," 
set out to walk to London, "her true love 
to inquire." The young man on horse- 
back met her, but knew her not. " One 
penny, one penny, kind sir ! " she said. 
"Where were you born?" asked the 
young man. " At Islington," she replied. 
" Then prithee, sweetheart, do you know 
the bailiff's daughter there?" "She's 
dead, sir, long ago." On hearing this the 
young man declared he'd live an exile in 
some foreign land. " Stay, oh stay, 
thou goodly youth," the maiden cried, 
" she is n-»t really dead, for I am she." 
" Then farewell grief and welcome joy, 
for I have found my true love, whom I 
feared I should never see again." — Percy, 
Belies of English Poetry, ii. 8. 

Baillif (Herry), mine host in the 
Canterbury Tales, by Chaucer (1388). 
When the poet begins the second fit. of 



BAILZOU. 



72 



BALANCE. 



the "Rime of Sir Thopas," mine host 
exclaims : 

No mor of this for Goddgs digiiitie ! 
For thou makest me so wery . . . that 
Mine eeres aken for thy nasty speeche. 

v. 15, 327. etc. (1388). 

Bailzou (Ann'aple), the nurse of 
Effie Deans in her confinement. — Sir W. 
Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Baiser-Lamourette (see Lamonr- 
ette's Kiss), a short-lived reconciliation. 

II y avait (20 juin, 1792), scission entre les membres de 
1'Assemblce. Lamourette ies exliorta a se reconcilier. Per- 
suades par son disconrs, ils s'embrasscrent les uns les 
aoties. Mais cette reconciliation ne dura pas deux 
jours; et elle fut bientot ridiculisc sous le nom de HaUer- 
/.amourette. — Bouillet, Diet, d'flist., etc 

Bajar'do, Rinaldo's steed. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Baj'azet, surnamed "The Thunder- 
bolt " (ilderim), sultan of Turkey. 
After subjugating Bulgaria, Macedonia, 
Thessaly, and Asia Minor, he laid siege 
to Constantinople, but was taken captive 
by Tamerlane emperor of Tartary. He 
was fierce as a wolf, reckless, and in- 
domitable. Being asked by Tamerlane 
how he would have treated him had their 
lots been reversed, " Like a dog," he 
cried. " I would have made you my 
footstool when I mounted my saddle, 
and when your services were not needed 
would have chained you in a cage like 
a wild beast." Tamerlane replied, "Then 
to show you the difference of my spirit, 
I shall treat you as a king." So saying, 
he ordered his chains to be struck off, 
gave him one of the royal tents, and 
promised to restore him to his thrOne if 
he would laj r aside his hostility. Bajazet 
abused this noble generosity ; plotted the 
assassination of Tamerlane ; and bow- 
strung Mone'ses. Finding clemency of 
no use, Tamerlane commanded him to 
be used "as a dog, and to be chained 
in a cage like a wild beast." — N. Kowe, 
Tamerlane (a tragedy, 1702;. 

*** This was one of the favourite parts 
of Spranger Barry (1719-1777) and J. 
Kemble (1757-1823). 

Bajazet, a black page at St. James's 
Palace. — Sir W. Scott, Pcveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.), 

Bajura, Mahomet's standard. 

Baker ( The), and the " Baker's Wife." 
Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette were 
so called by the revolutionary party, 
because on the 6th October, 1789, they 
ordered a sunply of bread to be given to 



the mob which surrounded the palace at 
Versailles, clamouring for bread. 

BaTaam (2 syl.), the earl of Hunt- 
ingdon, one of the rebels in the army of 
the duke of Monmouth. 

And therefore, in the name of dulness, be 
The well-hung Balaam. 

Dryden, Abtalom and Achitophel. 

Ba'laam, a "citizen of sober fame," 
who lived near the monument of London. 
While poor he was " religious, punctual, 
and frugal ; " but when he became rich 
and got knighted, he seldom went to 
church, became a courtier, " took a bribe 
from France," and was hung for treason. 
— Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 

Balaam and Josaphat, a religious 
novel by Johannes Damascenus, son of 
Almansur. (For plot, see Josaphat.) 

Balack, Dr. Burnet, bishop of Salis- 
bury, who wrote a history called Burnet's 
Own Time, and History of the Reforma- 
tion. — Dryden and Tate, Absalom and 
Achitophel, ii. 

Balacla'va, a corruption of bella 
chiare ("beautiful port"), so called by 
the Genoese, who raised the fortress, some 
portions of which still exist. (SeeCiiAitGE.) 

Balafre (Le), alias Ludovic Lesly, an 
old archer of the Scottish Guard at Plessis 
les Tours, one of x the castle palaces of 
Louis XL Le Balafre' is uncle to Quen- 
tin Durward. — Sir W. Scott, Qucniin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

*** Henri, son of Francois second 
duke of Guise, was called Le Balafre" 
(" the gashed "), from a frightful scar in 
the face from a sword-cut in the battle of 
Dormans (1575). 

Balain', the ox on which the faithful 
feed in paradise. The fish is called Nun, 
the lobes of whose liver will suffice for 
70,000 men. 

Balan', brother of Balyn or Balin le 
Savage, two of the most valiant knights 
that the world ever produced. — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 31 
(1470)". 

Balan, "the bravest and strongest of 
all the giant race." Am'adis de Gaul 
rescued Gabrioletta from his hands. — 
Vasco de Lobcira, Amadis de Gaul, iv. 
129 (fourteenth century). 

Balance (Justice), father of Sylvia. 
He had once been in the army, and as he 
had run the gauntlet himself, he could 
make excuses for the wild pranks of 



BALAND OF SPAIN. 



73 



BALIN. 



yocng men. — G. Farquhar, The Recruiting 
Officer (1704). 

Ba'land of Spain, a man of gigantic 
Btrength, who called himself " Fienibras." 
— Mediaeval Romance. 

Balehris'tie (Jenny), housekeeper to 
the laird of Dumbiedikes. — Sir W. Scott, 
Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Balclu'tha, a town belonging to the 
Britons on the river Clyde. It fell into 
the hands of Comhal (Fingal's father), 
and was burnt to the ground. 

'■ 1 have seen the walls of Baldutha,' odd FlngaJ. " bat 
thej wen desolate. The tire had resounded In the balls, 

ami* the voice Of the people is heard no more. The thistle 
shook there its lonely bead, the moss whistled in the 
Wind, and the fox looked out from the windows. "— Osaian, 
Vurthun. 

Baldassa're (4 syl.), chief of the 
monastery of St. Jacopo di Compostella. 
— Donizetti's opera, La Favorite (1#42). 

Bal'der, the god of light, peace, and 
day, was the young and beautiful son of 
Odin and Frigga. His palace, Briedab- 
lik ("wide-shining"), stood in the Milky 
Way. He was slain by Hoder, the blind 
old god of darkness and night, but was 
restored to life at the general request of 
the gods. — Scandinavian Mythology, 

Balder the beautiful 
God of the summer sun. 

Longfellow, 1'egnier't Death. 

(Sydney Dobell has a poem entitled 

Balder, published in 1854.) 

Bal'derston (Caleb), the favourite 
old butler of the master of Ravenswood, 
at Wolfs Crag Tower. Being told to 
provide supper for the laird of Bucklaw, 
he pretended that there were fat capon 
and good store in plenty, but all he could 
produce was " the hinder end of a 
mutton ham that had been three times 
on the table already, and the heel of a 
ewe-milk kebbuck [dieese] " (ch. vii.). — 
Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

Baldrick, an ancestor of the lady 
Eveline Berenger "the betrothed." He 
was murdered, and lady Eveline assured 
Rose Flammock that she had seen his 
ghost frowning at her. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Bal'drmgham (The lady Ermen- 
garde of), great-aunt of lad}' Eveline 
Berenger "the betrothed." — Sir W. 
Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Baldwin, the youngest and comeliest 
of Charlemagne's paladins, nephew of sir 
Roland. 



Baldwin, the restless and ambitious 
duke of Boloigna. leader of 1200 horse 
in the allied Christian army, lie was 
Godfrey's brother, and very like him, but 
not so tall. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered 
(157o). 

%* He is introduced by sir Waiter 
Scott in Count Robert of Paris. 

Baldwin. So the Ass is called in the 
beast-epic entitled Reynard the Fox (the 
word means " bold friend "). In pt. iii. he 
is called " Dr. " Baldwin (1498). 

Bald' win, tutor of Rollo ("the bloody 
brother") and Otto, dukes of Normandy, 
and sons of Sophia. Baldwin was put to 
death by Rollo, because Hamond slew 
Gisbert the chancellor with an axe and 
not with a sword. Rollo said that 
Baldwin deserved death "for teaching 
Hamond no better." — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Bloody Brother (1639). 

Baldwin (Count), a fatal example of 
paternal self-will. He doted on his elder 
son Biron, but because he married against 
his inclination, disinherited him, and 
lixed all his love on Carlos his younger son. 
Biron fell at the siege of Candy, and was 
Buppoeed to be dead. His wife Isabella 
tin 'tuned for him seven years, and 
being on the point of starvation, applied 
to the count for aid, but he d e her 
from his house as a dog. Villeroy (2 syl.) 
married her, but Biron returned the 
following day. Carlos, hearing of hi3 
brother's return, employed ruffians to 
murder him, and then charged Villeroy 
with the crime ; but one of the ruffians 
impeached, Carlos was arrested, and 
Isabella, going mad, killed herself. Thus 
was the wilfulness of Baldwin the source 
of infinite misery. It caused the death of 
his two sons, as well as of his daughter- 
in-law. — Thomas Southern, The Fatal 
Marriage (1692). 

Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury 
(1184-1190), introduced by sir W. Scott 
in his novel called The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Baldwin de Oyley, esquire of sir 
Brian de Bois Guilbert (Preceptor of the 
Knights Templars). — Sir W. Scott, 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Balin (Sir), or " Balin le Savage," 
knight of the two swords. He was a 
Northumberland knight, and being taken 
captive, was imprisoned six months by 
king Arthur. It so happened that a 
damsel girded with a sword came to 



BALINVERNO. 



74 



BALRUDDERY. 



Camelot at the time of sir Balin's release, 
and told the king that no man could 
draw it who was tainted with " shame, 
treachery, or guile." King Arthur and 
all his knights failed in the attempt, but 
sir Balin drew it readily. The damsel 
begged him for the sword, but he refused 
to give it to any one. Whereupon the 
damsel said to him, " That sword shall 
be thy plague, for with it shall ye slay 
your best friend, and it shall also prove 
your own death." Then the Lady of the 
Lake came to the king, and demanded the 
sword, but sir Balin cut off her head with 
it, and was banished from the court. 
After various adventures he came to a 
castle where the custom was for every 
guest to joust. He was accommodated 
with a shield, and rode forth to meet his 
antagonist. So fierce was the encounter 
that both the combatants were slain, but 
Balin lived just long enough to learn that 
his antagonist was his dearly beloved 
brother Balan, and both were buried in 
one tomb. — Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 27-44 (1470). 

%* " The Book of Sir Balin le Sa- 
vage " is part i. ch. 27 to 44 (both in- 
clusive) of sir T. Malory's History of 
Prince Arthur. 

Balinverno, one of the leaders in 
Agramant's allied army. — Ariosto, Or- 
lando Furioso (1516). 

Ba'liol (Edward), usurper of Scotland, 
introduced in Redaauntlet, a novel by sir 
W. Scott (time, George II.). 

Ba'liol (Mrs.), friend of Mr. Croftangry, 
in the introductory chapter of The Fair 
Maid of Perth, a novel by sir W. Scott 
(time, Henry IV.). 

Ba'liol (Mrs. Martha Bethune), a lady 
of quality and fortune, who had a house 
called Baliol Lodging, Canongate, Edin- 
burgh. At death she left to her cousin 
Mr. Croftangry two series of tales called 
The Chronicles of Canonyate (q.v.), which 
he published. — Sir W. Scott, The High- 
land Widow (introduction, 1827). 

Baliol College,Oxford, was founded 
(in 1263) by John de Baliol, knight, father 
of Baliol king of Scotland. 

Balisar'da, a sword made in the 
garden of Orgagna by the sorceress Fal- 
eri'na ; it would cut through even en- 
ehanted substances, and was given to 
Rogc'ro for the express purpose of " deal- 



ing Orlando's death." — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso, xxv. 15 (1516). 

He knew with Bali?arda's lightest blows. 
Nor helm, nor shield, nor cuirass could avail, 
Nor strongly tempered plate, nor twisted mail. 

Book xxiii. 

Baliverso, the basest knight in the 
Saracen army. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Balk orBalkh (" toembrace"), Omurs, 
surnamed Ghil-Shah ("earth's king"), 
founder of the Paishdadian dynasty. He 
travelled abroad to make himself familiar 
with the laws and customs of other lands. 
On his return he met his brother, and 
built on the spot of meeting a city, which 
he called Balk; and made it the capital 
of his kingdom. 

Balkis, the Arabian name of the 
queen of Sheba, who went from the South 
to witness the wisdom and splendour of 
Solomon. According to the Koran she 
was a fire-worshipper. It is said that 
Solomon raised her to his bed and throne. 
She is also called queen of Saba or Aaziz. 
— Al Koran, xxvi. (Sale's notes). 

She fancied herself already more potent than Balkis, 
and pictured to her imagination the genii falling pros- 
trate at the foot of her throne. — W. Beckford, Vathek. 

Balkis queen of Sheba or Saba. Solomon 
being told that her legs were covered 
with hair "like those of an ass," had the 
presence-chamber floored with glass laid 
over running water filled with fish. 
When Balkis approached the room, 
supposing the floor to be water, she 
lifted up her robes and exposed her hairy 
ankles, of which the king had been rightly 
informed. — Jallalo 'diun. 

BarienkeiroeMa'o 7 ), a Highland 
chief and old friend of Fergus MTvor. — 
Sir W. Scott, Wacerley (time, George II.). 

Balmung, the sword of Siegfried, 
forged by Wieland the smith of the 
Scandinavian gods. In a trial of merit, 
Wieland cleft Amilias (a brother smith) 
to the waist ; but so fine was the cut that 
Amilias was not even conscious of it till 
he attempted to move, when he fell 
asunder into two pieces. — Niebclunycn 
Lied. 

Balni-Barbi, (he land of projectors, 
visited by Gulliver.— Swift, Gulliver's 
Travels (1726). 

Balrud'dery (The laird of), a re- 
lation of Godfrey Bertram, laird of 
Ellangowan. — Sir "W. Scott, Guy Man- 
ner iny (time, George II.). 



BALSAM OF FIERABRAS. 



75 



BANASTAR. 



Balsam of Fierabras. " This 
famous balsam," said don Quixote, " only- 
costs three rials [about sixpence] for three 
quarts." It was the balsam with which 
the body of Christ was embalmed, and was 
stolen by sir Fierabras [Fe. a'. ra.br ah]. 
Such was its virtue, that one single drop 
of it taken internally would instantly 
heal the most ghastly wound. 

" It is a balsam oC balsams; it not only heals all wounds, 
hut even defies death itself. If thou should'st see my 
body cut in two, friend Sancho, by some unlucky back- 
stroke, you must carefully pick up that half of me which 
falls on the ground, and clap it upon the other half before 
the blood congeals, then give me a draught of the balsam 
of Fierabras, and you will presently see me as sound as 
an orange." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. ii. 2 (1605). 

Baltha'zar, a merchant, in Shake- 
speare's Comedy of Errors (1593). 

Baltha'zar, a name assumed by Portia, 
in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice 
(1598). 

Baltha'zar, servant to Romeo, in 
Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (1597). 

Baltha'zar, servant to don Pedro, in 
Shakespeare's Much AJo about Nothing 
(1600). 

Baltha'zar, one of the three "kings" 
shown in Cologne Cathedral as one of the 
" Magi " led to Bethlehem by the guiding 
star. The word means "lord of treasures." 
The names of the other two are Melchior 
("king of light"), and Gaspar or Caspar 
("the white one"). Klopstock, in The 
Messiah, makes six "Wise Men," and 
none of the names arc like these three. 

Balthazar, father of Juliana, Vo- 
lante, and Zam'ora. A proud, peppery, 
and wealthy gentleman. His daughter 
Juliana marries the duke of Aranza ; his 
second daughter the count Montalban ; 
and Zamora marries signor Rinaldo. — 
J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). 

Balue (Cardinal), in the court of 
Louis XI. of France (1420-1491), intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in Quentin Dur- 
voard (time, Edward IV.). 

Balugantes (4 syl.), leader of the 
men from Leon, in Spain, and in alliance 
with Agramant. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Balveny (Lord), kinsman of the earl 
of Douglas. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Balwhidder [Bdl r . wither], a Scotch 
presbj r terian pastor, filled with all the 
old-fashioned national prejudices, but 
sincere, kind-hearted, and. pious. He is il 
garrulous and loves his joke, but is quite 



ignorant of the world, being " in it but 
not of it." — Gait, Annals of the Parish 
(1821). 

The Rev. ifirah fialwhiddcr is a fine representation of 
the primitive Scottish pastor; diligent, blameless, loyal, 
and exemplary in his life, but without the fiery zeal and 
"kirk-filling eloquence "of the supporters of the Cove- 
nant—It. Chambers, English Literature, ii. 5U1. 

Baly, one of the ancient and gigantic 
kings of India, who founded the city 
called by his name. He redressed 
wrongs, upheld justice, was generous and 
truthful, compassionate and charitable, 
so that at death he became one of the 
judges of hell. His city in time got 
overwhelmed with the encroaching ocean, 
but its walls were not overthrown, nor 
were the rooms encumbered with the 
weeds and alluvial of the sea. One day 
a dwarf, named Vanien, asked the mighty 
monarch to allow him to measure three 
of his own paces for a hut to dwell in. 
Baly smiled, and bade him measure out 
what he required. The first pace of the 
dwarf compassed the whole earth, the 
second the whole heavens, and the third 
the infernal regions. Baly at once per- 
ceived that the dwarf was Vishnu, and 
adored the present deity. Vishnu made 
the king " Governor of Pad'alon " or 
hell, and permitted him once a year to 
revisit the earth, on the first full moon of 
November. 

Baly built 
A city, like the cities of the gods. 
Being like a god himself. For many an age 
Hath ocean warred against his palaces. 
Till overwhelmed they lie beneath the waves. 
Not overthrown 

Southey, Curse of Kehama, zv. I (1809). 

Ban, king of Ben wick [Brittany], 
father of sir Launcelot, and brother of 
Bors king of Gaul. This " shadowy king 
of a still more shadowy kingdom " came 
over with his royal brother to the aid of 
Arthur, when, at the beginning of his 
reign, the eleven kings leagued against 
him (pt. i. 8). 

Yonder I see the most valiant knight of the world, and 
the man of most renown, for such two brethren as are king 
Ban and king Bors are not living. — Sir T. Malory, History 
of Prince Arthur, i. 14 (1470) 

Ban'agher, a town in Ireland, on the 

Shannon (King's County). It formerly 
sent two members to parliament, and was 
a pocket borough. When a member 
spoke of a rotten borough, he could de- 
vise no stronger expression than That 
beats Banagher, which passed into a 
household phrase. 

Banastar (Bumfrey), brought up by 
Henry duke of Buckingham, and ad- 
vanced by him to honour and wealth. 



BANBERG. 



76 



BAPTISTA. 



lie professed to love the duke as his 
dearest, friend; but when Richard III. 
offered £1000 reward to any one who 
would deliver up the duke, Banastar 
betrayed him to John Mitfcon, sheriff of 
Shropshire, and he was conveyed to Salis- 
bury, where he was beheaded. The ghost 
of the duke prayed that Banastar's eldest 
son, " reft of his wits might end his life 
in a pigstye ; " that his second son might 
" be drowned in a dyke" containing less 
than "half a foot of water;" that his 
only daughter might be a leper ; and that 
Banastar himself might "live in death 
and die in life." — Thomas Sackville, A 
Mirrour for Magistraytes ("The Com- 
playnt," 1587). 

Banberg {The bishop of), introduced 
in Donnerhugel's narrative. — Sir W. Scott, 
Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Banbury Cheese. Bardolph calls 
Slender a "Banbury cheese" {Merry 
Wives of Windsor, act i. sc. 1) ; and in 
Jack Drum's Entertainment we read 
" You are like a Banbury cheese, nothing 
but paring." The Banbury cheese 
alluded to was a milk cheese, about an 
inch in thickness. 

Bandy - legged, Armand Gouffe 
(1775-1845), also called Le panard du 
dix-neuvieme siecle. He was one of the 
founders of the " Caveau moderne." 

Bane of the Land {Landschaden), 
the name given to a German robber- 
knight on account of his reckless depre- 
dations on his neighbours' property. He 
was placed under the ban of the empire 
for his offences. 

Bango'rian Controversy, a theo- 
logical paper- war begun by Dr. Hoadly, 
bishop of Bangor, the best reply being by 
Law. The subject of this controversy 
was a sermon preached before George I., 
on the text, " My kingdom is not of this 
world." 

Banks, a farmer, the great terror of 
old mother Sawyer, the witch of Edmon- 
ton. — The Witch of Edmonton (by Row- 
ley, Dekker, and Ford, 1658). 

Ban'natyne Club, a literary club 
which takes its name from George Ban- 
natyne. It was instituted in 1823 by sir 
Walter Scott, and had for its object the 
publication of rare works illustrative of 
Scottish history, poetry, and general 
literature. The club was dissolved in t 
1869. 



Bannockburn (in Stirling), famous 
for the great battle between Bruce and 
Edward II., in which the English army 
was totally defeated, and the Scots re- 
gained their freedom (June 24, 1314). 

Departed spirits of the mighty dead ! . . . 
Oh I once again to Freedom's cause return 
The patriot Tell, the Bruce of Rmnockburn. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

Banquo, a Scotch general of royal 
extraction, in the time of Edward the 
Confessor. He was murdered at the in- 
stigation of king Macbeth, but his son 
Fleance escaped, and from this Fleance 
descended a race of kings who filled the 
throne of Scotland, ending with James I. 
of England, in whom were united the 
two crowns. The witches on the blasted 
heath hailed Banquo as — 

(1) Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. 

(2) Not so happy, yet much happier. 

(3) Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none. 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, act i. sc. 3 (1606). 

(Historically no such person as Banquo 
ever existed, and therefore Fleance was 
not the ancestor of the house of Stuart.) 

Ban'shee, a tutelary female spirit. 
Every chief family of Ireland has its 
banshee, who is supposed to give it warn- 
ing of approaching death or danger. 

Bantam {A ngelo Cyrus), grand-master 
of the ceremonies at "Ba-ath," and a 
very mighty personage in the opinion of 
the dite of Bath.— C.x Dickens, The Pick- 
wick Papers (1836). 

Banting. Doing Banting means living 
by regimen for the sake of reducing 
superfluous fat. William Banting, by a 
rigorous abstention from all food con- 
taining starch and saccharine matter, 
reduced his weight from 202 to 167 lbs., 
and in 1862 he published a pamphlet 
upon the subject. 

Bap, a contraction of Bap'homct, i.e. 
Mahomet. An imaginary idol or symbol 
which the Templars were accused of em- 
ploying in their mysterious religious 
rites. It Avas a small human figure cut 
in stone, with two heads, one male aud 
the other female, but all the rest of the 
figure was female. Specimens still exist. 

Bap'tes (2 syl.), priests of the god- 
dess Cotytto, whose midnight orgies 
were so obscene as to disgust even the 
very goddess of obscenity. (Greek, bapto, 
" to baptize," because these priests bathed 
themselves in the most effeminate man- 
ner.) 

Baptis'ta, a rich gentleman of 
Padua, father of Kathari'na "the shrew " 



BAPTISTI DAMIOTTI. 



BARD OF AVON. 



and Bianca. — Shakespeare, Taming of the 
Shrew (1594). 

BaptistiDamiotti,aPaduan quack, 
who shows in the enchanted mirror a 
picture representing the clandestine mar- 
riage and infidelity of sir l'hilip Forester. 
— Sir W. Scott, Aunt Margaret's Mirror 
(time, William III.). 

Bar of Gold. A bar of gold above 
the instep is a mark of sovereign rank in 
the women of the families of the deys, 
nttd is worn as a "crest" by their female 
relatives. 

Around, as princess of her father's land, 
A like gold b;ir, above her iiutep rolled. 
Announced her rank. 

Byron. Don Juan, iii. 72 (1820). 

Bar'abas, the faithful servant cf 
Ralph de Lascours, captain of the Uran'ia. 

His favourite expression is " I am afraid;" 
but he always acts most bravely when he 
is afraid. (See Baurabas.) — E. Stirling, 
The Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Bar'adas (Count), the king's fa- 
vourite, first gentleman of the chamber, 
and one of the conspirators to dethrone 
Louis XIII., kill Richelieu, and place the 
due d'Orle'ans on the throne of France. 
Baradas loved Julie, but Julie married the 
chevalier Adrien de Mauprat. When 
Richelieu fell into disgrace, the king 
made count Baradas his chief minister, 
but scarcely had he so done when a 
despatch was put into his hand, reveal- 
ing the conspiracy, and Richelieu ordered 
Baradas 1 instant arrest. — Lord Lytton, 
Uiclielieu (1839). 

Barak el Hadgi, the fakir', an 
emissary from the court of Hyder Ali. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter 
(time, George II.). 

Barata'ria, the island-city over which 
Sancho Pairza was appointed governor. 
The table was presided over by Dr. Pedro 
Rezio de Ague'ro, who caused every dish 
set before the governor to be whisked 
away without being tasted, — some be- 
cause they heated the blood, and others 
because they chilled it, some for one evil 
effect, and some for another, so that 
Sancho was allowed to eat nothing. 

Sancho then arrived at a town containing about a 
thousand inhabitants. They gave him to understand 
that it was called the Island of Barataria, either because 
Barataria was really the name of the place, or because he 
obtained the government barato, i.e. "at a cheap rate." 
Uu his arrival near the gates of the town, the municipal 
officers came out to receive him. Presently after, with 
certain ridiculous ceremonies, they presented him with 
the keys of the town, and constituted him perpetual 
governor of the island of Barataria.— Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, II. iii. 7, etc. (1615) 



Barbarossa (" red beard"), surname 
of Frederick I. of Germany (1121-1190). 

It is said that lie never died, but is still 
Bleeping in Kyflhauserberg in Thurin-ia. 
There he sits iit a stone table with his ax 
knights, waiting the "fulness of time," 
when be will come from his cave to 
rescue Germany from bondage, and give 
her the foremost place of all the world. 
His beard has already grown through the 
table-slab, but must wind itself thrice 
round the table before his second advent. 
(Sec Mansuk, Charlemagxb, Arthur, 
Dksmomo, Shbastiak I., to whom 
similar legends are attached.) 

Like Barbarossa. who sits in a cave. 
Taciturn, sombre. mtet*, and grave. 

Longfellow, The Uolden Legend. 

Barbarossa, a tragedy by John Brown. 
This is not Frederick Barbarossa, the 
emperor of Germany (1121-1190), but 

Horuc Barbarossa, the corsair (1-175- 
1519). He was a renegade Greek, of 
Mitylone, who made himself master of 
Algeria, which was for a time subject to 
Turkey. lie killed the Moorish king ; 
tried to cut off Selim the son, but without 
success ; and wanted to marry Zaphi'ra, 
the king's widow, who rejected his suit 
with scorn, and was kept in confinement 
for seven years. Selim returned unex- 
pectedly to Algiers, and a general rising 
took place ; Barbarossa was slain by the 
insurgents ; Zaphira was restored to the 
throne ; and Selim her son married Irene 
the daughter of Barbarossa (1742). 

Bar'bary (St.), the patron saint of 
arsenals. When her father was about to 
strike off her head, she was killed by a 
flash of lightning. 

Bar'bary (Roan), the favourite horse of 
Richard II. 

Bolingbroke rode on roan Barbary, 
That horse that thou so often hast bestrid ! 
Shakespeare, Kichard II. act v. sc. 5 (1597). 

Bar'bason, the name of a demon 
mentioned in The Merry Wives of Wmd- 
sor, act ii. sc. 2 (1596). 

I am not Barbason ; you cannot conjure me.— Shake- 
speare, Henry V. act ii. sc 1 (1599). 

Barco'ehebah, an antichrist. 

Shared the fall of the antichrist Barcocbebar. — Professor 
Selwin, Ecce Uomo. 

Bard of Avon, Shakespeare, born 
and buried at Stratford-upon-Aron (1564- 
1616). Also called the Bard of all 
Times. 

Bard of Ayrshire, Robert Burns, a 
native of Ayrshire (1759-1796). 

Bard of Hope, Thomas Campbell, author 
of The Pleasures of Hope (1777-1844). 



BARDS. 



r8 



BARKIS. 



Bard of the Imagination, Mark Ak en- 
Bide, author of The Pleasures of the Im- 
agination (1721-1770). 

Bard of Memory, S. Rogers, author of 
The Pleasures of Memory (1762-1855). 

Bard of Olney, W. Cowper [Coo'.prj, 
who lived for many years at Olney, in 
Bucks (1731-1800). 

Bard of Prose, Boccaccio. 

He of the hundred tales of love. 

Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 56 (1818). 

Bard of Rydal Mount, William Words- 
worth, who lived at Rydal Mount ; 
also called " Poet of the Excursion," from 
his principal poem (1770-1850). 

Bard of Twickenham, Alexander Pope, 
who lived at Twickenham (1688-1744). 

Bards. The ancient Gaels thought that 
the soul of a dead hero could never be 
happy till a bard had sung an elegy over 
the deceased. Hence when Cairbar, the 
usurper of the throne of Ireland, fell, 
though he was a rebel, a murderer, and a 
coward, his brother Cathmor could not 
endure the thought of his soul being 
unsung to rest. So he goes to Ossian and 
gets him to send a bard " to give the soul 
of the king to the wind, to open to it the 
airy hall, aad to give joy to the darkened 
ghost." — Ossian, Temora, ii. 

Bardell (Mrs.), landlady of "apart- 
ments for single gentlemen " in Goswell 
Street. Here Mr. Pickwick lodged for a 
time. She persuaded herself that he 
would make her a good second husband, 
and on one occasion was seen in his arms 
by his three friends. Mrs. Bardell put 
herself in the hands of Messrs. Dodson 
and Fogg (two unprincipled lawyers), 
who vamped up a case against Mr. Pick- 
wick of " breach of promise," and obtained 
a verdict against the defendant. Subse- 
quently Messrs. Dodson and Fogg arrested 
their own client, and lodged her in the 
Fleet. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
(1836). 

Barde'sanist (4 syl.), a follower of 
Barde'san, founder of a Gnostic sect in 
the second century. 

Bar'dolph, corporal of captain sir 
John Falstaff, in 1 and 2 Henry IV. and 
in. Tlie Merry Wives of Windsor. In 
Henry V. he is promoted to lieutenant, 
and Nym is corporal. Both are hanged. 
Bardolph is a bravo, out great humorist; 
ho is a low-bred, drunken swaggerer, 
wholly without principle, and always 
poor. His red, pimply nose is an ever- 
lasting joke with sir John and others. 



Sir John in allusion thereto calls Bardolph 
"The Knight of the Burning Lamp." 
He says to him, " Thou art our admiral, 
and bearest the lantern in the poop.*' 
Elsewhere he tells the corporal he had 
saved him a "thousand marks in links 
and torches, walking with him in the night 
betwixt tavern and tavern." — Shake- 
speare. 

We are much of the mind of FalstafTs tailor. We 
must have better assurance for sir John than Bardolph's. 
— Macaulay. 

(The reference is to 2 Henry IV. act i. 
sc. 2. When Falstaff asks Page, " What 
said Master Dumbleton about the satin 
for my short cloak and slops ? " Page 
replies, " He said, sir, you should pro- 
cure him better assurance than Bardolph. 
He . . . liked not the security.") 

Bardon (Hugh), the scout-master in 
the troop of lieutenant Fitzurse. — Sir W. 
Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Barere (2 syl.), an advocate of Tou- 
louse, called " The Anacreon of the 
Guillotine." He was president of the Con- 
vention, a member of the Constitutional 
Committee, and chief agent in the con- 
demnation to death of Louis XVI. As 
member of the Committee of Public 
Safety, he decreed that "Terror must be 
the order of the day." In the first em- 
pire Barere bore no public part, but at the 
restoration he was banished from France, 
and retired to Brussels (1755-1841). 

The filthiest and most spiteful Yahoo of the fiction 
was a noble creature compared with the Barere of his- 
tory.— Lord Macaulay. 

Bar'guest, a goblin armed with teeth 
and claws. It would sometimes set up in 
the streets a most fearful scream in the 
" dead waste and middle of the night." 
The faculty of seeing this monster was 
limited to a few, but those who possessed 
it could by the touch communicate the 
" gift " to others. — Fairy Mythology, 
North of England. 

Bar'gulus, an Illyrian robber or 
pirate. 

Bargulus, Illyrius latro. de quo est apud Theopompum 
magnas opes habuit.— Cicero, De Oj/itiis, ii. 11. 

Baricondo, one of the leaders of the 
Moorish army. He was slain by the 
duke of Clarence. — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Barker (Mr.), friend to Sowerberry. 
Mrs. Barker, his wife. — W. Brough, 
A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock. 

Bar'kis, the carrier who courted 
[Clara] Ptggot'ty, by telling David 



BAKLAHAM AND JOSAPHAT. 



79 



BARN-BURNERS. 



Copperfield when he wrote home to say 
to his nurse " Barkis is willin'." Clara 
took the hint and became Mrs. Barkis. 

id- dlea when the tide (?>e.s out, confirming the Buper- 
stirimi that people cau't die till the Ude goes out, or h<- 
l«>rn till it is in. The Lust words he utters are " Barkis is 
willin'."— C. Dickens, David Copperflehi, xxx. (1S41>). 

(Mrs. Quickly says of sir John Falstaff, 
'"A parted even just between twelve and 
one, e'en at the turning o' the tide." — 
Henry V. act ii. sc. 3, 1599.) 

Bar'laham and Josaphat, the 
heroes and title of a minncsong, the 
object of which was to show the triumph 
of Christian doctrines over paganism. 
Barlaham is a hermit who converts Josa- 
phat, an Indian prince. This " lay " was 
immensely popular in the Middle Ages, 
and has been translated into every Euro- 
pean language. — Rudolf of Ems (a min- 
nesinger, thirteenth century). 

Barley (Bill), Clara's father. Chiefly 
remarkable for drinking rum, and thump- 
ing on the floor. — C. Dickens, Great 
Expectations (18G0). 

Barleycorn (Sir John), Malt-liquor 
personified. His neighbours vowed that 
sir John should die, so they hired ruffians 
to "plough him with ploughs and bury 
him ; " this they did, and afterwards 
" combed him with harrows and thrust 
clods on his head," but did not kill him. 
Then with hooks and sickles they " cut 
his legs off at the knees," bound him like 
a thief, and left him " to wither with the 
wind," but he died not. They now "rent 
him to the heart," and having " mowed 
him in a mow," sent two bravos to beat 
him with clubs, and they beat him so sore 
that " all his flesh fell from his bones," 
but yet he died not. To a kiln they next 
hauled him, and burnt him like a 
martyr, but he survived the burning. 
They crushed him between two stones, 
but killed him not. Sir John bore no 
malice for this ill-usage, but did his best 
to cheer the flagging spirits even of his 
worst persecutors. 

%* This song, from the English 
Dancing-Master (1651), is generally 
ascribed to Robert Burns, but all that the 
Scotch poet did was slightly to alter 
parts of it. The same may be said of 
" Auld lang Syne," "Ca' the Yowes," 
"My Heart is Sair for Somebody," 
"Green grow the Rashes, 0!" and 
several other songs, set down to the credit 
of Burns. 

Barlow, the favourite archer of 
Henry VIII. He was jocosely created 



by the merry monarch " Duke of Shore- 
ditch," and his two companions "Marquis 
of Islington " and " Marl of Pancras." 

Barlow (Billy), a jester, who fancied 
himself a "mighty potentate." He was 
well known in the east of London, and 
died in Whitechapel workhouse. Some 
of his sayings were really witty, and some 
of his attitudes truly farcical. 

Bar'mecide Feast, a mere dream- 
feast, an illusion, a castle in the air. 
Schacabac "the hare-lipped," a man in the 
greatest distress, one day called on the 
rich Barmecide, who in merry jest asked 
him to dine with him. Barmecide first 
washed in hypothetical water, Schacabac 
followed his example. Barmecide then 
pretended to eat of various dainties, 
Schacabac did the same, and praised them 
highly, and so the " feast " went on to the 
close. The story says Barmecide was so 
pleased that Schacabac had the good 
sense and good temper to enter into the 
spirit of the joke without resentment, 
that he ordered in a real banquet, at 
which Schacabac was a welcome guest. — 
Arabian Nights (" Tha Barber's Sixth 
Brother"). 

Bar'nabas (£*.), a disciple of Gama- 
liel, cousin of St. Mark, and fellow- 
labourer with St. Paul. He was mar- 
tyred at Salamis, A.D. 63. St. Barnabas' 1 
Day is June 11. — Acts iv. 36, 37. 

Bar'naby ( Widow), the title and chief 
character of a novel by Mrs. Trollope 
(1839). The widow is a vulgar, pre- 
tentious husband-hunter, wholly without 
principle. Widow Barnaby has a sequel 
called The Barnaby s in America or The 
Widow Married, a satire on America and 
the Americans (1840). 

Bamaby Budge, a half-witted lad, 
whose companion is a raven. He was 
allured into joining the Gordon rioters. 
— C. Dickens, Bamaby Budge (1841). 
(See Budge.) 

Barnacle, brother of old Nicholas 
Cockney, and guardian of Priscilla 
Tomboy of the West Indies. Barnacle is 
a tradesman of the old school, who thinks 
the foppery and extravagance of the 
" Cockney " school inconsistent with pros- 
perous shop-keeping. Though brusque 
and even ill-mannered, he has good sense 
and good discernment of character. — The 
Bomp (altered from Bickerstaffs Love in 
the City). 

Barn-Burners, ultra-radicals or 



BARNES. 



80 



BARTOLDO. 



destructives, who burnt the barns in 
order to reform social and political abuses. 
These wiseacres were about as sapient as 
the Dutchman who burnt down his barns 
to get rid of the rats which infested them. 

Barnes (1 sy'L), servant to colonel 
Mannering, atWoodburne. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Barney, a repulsive Jew, who waited 
on the customers at the low public-house 
frequented by Fagin and his associates. 
Barney always spoke through his nose. — 
C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 

Barn'stable (Lieutenant), in the 
British navy, in love with Kate Plowden, 
niece of colonel Howard of New York. 
The alliance not being approved of, Kate 
is removed from England to America, 
but Barnstable goes to America to dis- 
cover her retreat. In this he succeeds, 
but being seized as a spy, is commanded 
by colonel Howard to be hung to the 
yardarm of an American frigate called the 
Alacrity. Scarcely is the young man led 
off, when the colonel is informed that 
Barnstable is his own son, and he arrives 
at the scene of execution just in time to 
save him. Of course after this he marries 
the lady of his affection. — E. Fitrball, 
The Pilot (a burletta). 

Barnwell ( George), the chief character 
and title of a tragedy by George Lillo. 
George Barmvell is a London apprentice, 
who falls in love with Sarah Millwood of 
Shoreditch, who leads him astraj'. He 
first robs his master of £200. He next 
robs his uncle, a rich grazier at Ludlow, 
and murders him. Having spent all the 
money of his iniquity, Sarah Millwood 
turns him off and informs against him. 
Both arc executed (1732). 

*** For many years this play was acted 
on boxing-night, as a useful lesson to 
London apprentices. 

A gentleman . . . called one day on David Ross (172S-1790) 
the actor, and told him his father who lay at the point of 
death greatly desired to see him. When the actor was at 
the bed-side, the dying man said, "Mr Ross, some forty 
/ears ago. like ' George Barnwell,' I wronged my master to 
supply the unbounded extravagance of a 'Millwood.' I 
took her to see your performance, which so shocked me 
that I vowed to break the connection and return to the 
path of virtue. I kept my resolution, replaced the money 
I had stolen, and found a' Maria' in my master's daughter. 
I soon succeeded to my master's business, and have 
bequeathed you £1(K)0 in my will." — Pelbani, Chronicles of 
Crime. 

Baron (The old English), & romance 
by Clara Reeve (1777). 

Bar'rabas, the rich "Jew of Malta." 
He is simply a human monster, who kills 
in sport, poisons whole nunneries, and 



invents infernal machines. Shakespeare's 
"Shylock" has a humanity in the very 
whirlwind of his resentment, but Mar- 
lowe's " Barrabas " is a mere ideal of that 
"thing" which Christian prejudice o^ce 
deemed a Jew. (See Bakabas.) — Mar- 
lowe, The Jew of Malta (1586). 

Bar'rabas, the famous robber and 
murderer set free instead of Christ by 
desire of the Jews. Called in the New 
Testament Barab'bas. Marlowe calls the 
word "Barrabas" in his Jew of Malta ; 
and Shakespeare says : 

Would any of the stock of Bar'rabas 

Had been her husband, rather than a Christian ! 

Merchant of Venice, act iv. sc. 1 (1598). 

Barry Cornwall, the nom de plume 
of Bryan Waller Procter. It is an 
imperfect anagram of his name (1788- 
1874). 

Barsad (John), alias Solomon Pross, 
a spy. 

He had an aquiline nose, but not straight, having a 
peculiar inclination towards the left cheek; expression, 
therefore, sinister.— C. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, ii. 
16 (1859). 

Barsis'a (Santon), in the Guardian, 
the basis of the story called Tlie Monk, bv 
M. G. Lewis (1796). 

Barston, alias captain Fenwicke, a 
Jesuit and secret correspondent of the 
countess of Derby. — Sir W. Scott, Peverii 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Bartholomew (Brother), guide of 
the two Philipsons on their way to 
Strasburg. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Gcier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Bartholomew (St.). His day is August 
24, and his symbol a knife, in allusion to 
the knife with which he is said to have 
been flayed alive. 

Bartholomew Massacre, the great 
slaughter of the French huguenots [Pro- 
testants] in the reign of Charles IX., 
begun on St. Bartholomew's Day, 1.572. 
In this persecution we are told some 
30,000 persons were massacred in cool 
blood. Some say more than double that 
number. 

Bartholomew Pigs. Nares says 
these pigs were real animals roasted and 
sold piping hot in the Smithfield fair. 
Dr. Johnson thinks they were the "tidy 
boar-pigs" made of flour with currantfc 
for their ej'es. Falstaff calls himself 

A litUe tidy Bartholomew boar-pig. 

•J Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4 (1598). 

Bartoldo, a rich old miser, who died 
of fear and want of sustenance. Fazio 



BARTOLE 



81 



BASIL. 



rifled his treasures, and at. the accusation 
of his own wife was tried and executed. — 
Dean Milman, Fazio (1815). 

Bartoldo, same as Bertohlo (q. v.). 

Bartoli (in French Barthole, better 
known, however, by the Latin form of the 
name, Bartolvs) was the most famous 
master of the dialectical school of jurists 
(1313-1356); He was born at Sasso Fer- 
rata in Italy, and was professor of Civil 
Law at the University of Perugia. His 
reputation was at onja time immense, and 
his works were quoted as authority in 
nearly every European court. Hence the 
French proverb, applied to a well- read 
lawyer, He knows hia " Barthole" as well 
as a Cordelier his " Dormi " (an anony- 
mous compilation of sermons for the use 
of the Cordelier monks). Another com- 
mon French expression, R&boIu comnte 
Barthole ("as decided as Barthole"), is a 
sort of punning allusion to his Resolu- 
tions Bartoli, a work in which the knot- 
tiest questions are solved with ex cathe- 
dra peremptoriness. 

Bar'tolus, a covetous lawyer, hus- 
band of Amaran'ta. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Spanish Curate (1622). 

Barton (Sir Andrew), a Scotch sea- 
officer, who had obtained in 151 1 ietters 
of marque for himself and his two sons, 
t« make reprisals upon the subjects of 
Portugal. The council-board of England, 
at which the earl of Surrey presided, was 
daily pestered by complaints from British 
merchants and sailors against Barton, and 
at last it was decided to put him down. 
Two ships were, therefore, placed under 
the commands of sir Thomas and sir 
Edward Howard, an engagement took 
place, and sir Andrew Barton was slain, 
bravely fighting. A ballad in two parts, 
called " Sir Andrew Barton," is inserted 
in Percy's Reliques, II. ii. 12. 

Barueh.. Dites, done, avez-vous lu 
Barueh ? Said when a person puts an 
unexpected question, or makes a startling 
proposal. It arose thus : Lafontaine 
went one day with Racine to tenebraz, and 
was given a Bible. He turned at random 
to the " Prayer of the Jews," in Barueh, 
and was so struck with it that he said 
aloud to Racine, "Dites, done, who was 
this Barueh ? Why, do you know, man, 
he was a fine genius ; " and for some days 
afterwards the first question he asked his 
friends was, Dites, done, Mons., avez-vous 
lu Barueh ? 



Barzil'lai (3 s;//.), the duke of 
Ormond, a friend and firm adherent of 
Charles II. As Bar/.illai assisted David 
when he was expelled by Absalom from 
his kingdom, so Ormond assisted Charles 
II. when he was in exile. 



Biirzilliii, crowned with honours and with yeai-3, . . . 
In exile witti his god-like prince lie mounted, 
For htm he Suffered, and with him returned. 

Dryden, Abtilom und Achitophel, i. 

Basa-Andre, the wild woman, » 
sorceress, married to Basa-Jaun, a sort of 
vampire. Basa-Andre sometimes is s 
sort of land mermaid (a beautiful lady 
who sits in a cave combing her locks with 
a golden comb). She hates church bells. 
(See Basa-Jaun.) 

Basa-Jaun, a wood-sprite, married tc 
Basa-Andre, a sorceress. Both hated the 
sound of church bells. Three brother.' 
and their sister agreed to serve him, but 
the wood-sprite used to suck blood iron: 
the finger of the girl, and the brothers 
resolved to kill him. This they accom- 
plished. The Basa-Andre induced the 
girl to put a tooth into each of the foot- 
baths of her brothers, and, lo ! they be- 
came oxen. The girl crossing a bridge 
saw Basa-Andre, and said if she did no*, 
restore her brothers she would put he: 
into a red-hot oven, so Basa-Andre told 
the girl to give each brother three blows 
on the back with a ha:cel wand, and on so 
doing they were restored to their proper 
forms. — Rev. W.Webster, Basque Legends i 
49 (1877). 

Bashful Man {The), a comic drama 
by W. T. Moncrietf. Edward Blush- 
ington, a young man just come into a 
large fortune, is so bashful and shy that 
life is a misery to him. He dines at 
Friendly Hall, and makes all sorts of 
ridiculous blunders. His college chum, 
Frank Friendly, seods word to say that 
he and his sister Dii:*ih, with sir Thomas 
and lady Friendly, will dine with him at 
Blushington House. After a few glasses 
of wine, Edward loses his shyness, 
makes a long speech, and becomes the 
accepted suitor of Dinah Friendly. 

Basil, the blacksmith of Grand Pre', 
in Acadia (now Nova Scotia), and father 
of Gabriel the betrothed of Evangeline. 
When the colony was driven into exile in 
1713 by George II., Basil settled in 
Louisiana, and greatly prospered ; but Ins 
son led a wandering life, looking for 
Evangeline, and died in Pennsylvania 
of the plague. — Longfellow, Evangeline 
(1849). 



BASILE. 



82 



BASTARD. 



Ba'sile (2 syl.), a calumniating, nig- 
gardly bigot in Le Mariage de Figaro, 
and again in Le Barbier de Seville, both 
by Beaumarchais. "Basile" and " Tar- 
tuffe" are the two French incarnations of 
religious hypocrisy. The former is the 
clerical humbug, and the latter the lay 
religious hypocrite. Both deal largely 
in calumny, and trade in slander. 

Basil'ia, a hypothetical island in the 
northern ocean, famous for its amber. 
Mannert says it is the southern extremity 
of Sweden, erroneously called an island. 
Jt is an historical fact that the ancients 
drew their chief supply of amber from 
the shores of the Baltic. 

Basilis'co, a bully and a braggart, in 
Solyman and Perseda (1592). Shake- 
speare has made " Pistol " the counterpart 
of " Basilisco." 

Knight, knight, good mother, Basilisco-like. 

Shakespeare, King John, act i. sc. 1 (1596). 

(That is, " my boasting like Basilisco 
has made me a knight, good mother.") 

Bas'ilisk, supposed to kill with its 
gaze the person who looked on it. Thus 
Henry VI. says to Suffolk, " Come, 
basilisk, and kill the innocent gazer with 
thy sight." 

Natus in ardente Lvdia: basiliscus arena, 
Vuinerat aspectu, luminibusque nocet. 

Mantuanus. 

Basilius, a neighbour of Quiteria, 
whom he loved from childhood, but 
when grown up the father of the lady 
forbade him the house, and promised 
Quiteria in marriage to Camacho, the 
richest man of the vicinity. On their 
way to church they passed Basilius, 
who had fallen on his sword, and all 
thought he was at the point of death. 
He prayed Quiteria to marry him, " for 
his soul's peace," and as it was deemed a 
mere ceremony, they were married in due 
form. Up then started the wounded man, 
and showed that the stabbing was only 
a ruse, and the blood that of a sheep from 
the slaughter-house. Camacho gracefully 
accepted the defeat, and allowed the pre- 
parations for the general feast to proceed. 

Basilius is strong and active, pitches the bar ad- 
mirably, wrestles with amazing dexterity, and is an 
excellent cricketer. He runs like a buck, leaps like a 
wild goat, and plays at skittles like a wizard. Then he 
has a fine voice for singing, he touches the guitar 80 as to 
make it speak, and handles a foil as well as any fencer 
In Spain.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 4(1615). 

Baskerville (A), an edition of the 
.New Testament, or Latin classics, brought 
out by John Baskerville, a famous printer 
(1706-1775). 



Basrig or Bagsecg, a Scandinavian 
king, who with Halden or Halfdene 
(2 syl.) king of Denmark, in 871, made a 
descent on Wessex. In this year Ethel- 
red fought nine pitched battles with the 
Danes. The first was the battle of Engle- 
field, in Berkshire, lost by the Danes ; the 
next was the battle of Beading, won by 
the Danes ; the third was the famous 
battle of iEscesdun or Ashdune (now 
Ashton), lost by the Danes, and in which 
king Bagsecg was slain. 

And Ethelred with them [the Danes] nine sundry fields 

that fought . . . 
Then Reading ye regained, led by that valiant lord, 
Where Basrig ye outbraved, and Halden sword to sword. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 
Next year (871) the Danes for the first time entered 
Wessex. . . . The first place they came to was Reading. 
. . . Nine great battles, besides smaller skirmishes, were 
fought this year, in some of which the English won, and 
in others the Danes. First, alderman iEthelwulf fought 
the Danes at Englefield, and beat them. Four days after 
that there was another battle at Reading . . . where the 
Danes had the better of it, and iEthelwulf was killed. 
Four days afterwards there was another more famous 
battle at iEscesdun . . . and king ..Ethelred fought 
against the two kings, and slew Bagsecg with his own 
hand.— E. A. Freeman, Old English History 11869) ; see 
Asser, Life of Alfred (ninth century). 

Bassa'nio, the lover of Portia, suc- 
cessful in his choice of the three caskets, 
which awarded her to him as wife. It 
was for Bassanio that his friend Antonio 
borrowed 3000 ducats of the Jew Shy lock, 
on the strange condition that if he re- 
turned the loan within three months no 
interest should be required, but if not, 
the Jew might claim a pound of An- 
tonio's flesh for forfeiture. — Shakespeare, 
Merchant of Venice (1598). 

Bas'set (Count), a swindler and 
forger, who assumes the title of " count" 
to further his dishonest practices. — 
C. Cibber, The Provoked Husband (1728). 

Bassia'nus, brother of Satur'nius 
emperor of Rome, in love with Lavin'ia 
daughter of Titus Andron'icus (properly 
Andronicus). He is stabbed by Deme'- 
trius and Chiron, sons of Tam'ora queen 
of the Goths. — (?) Shakespeare, Titus 
Andronicus (1593). 

Bassi'no (Count), the " perjured 
husband" of Aurelia, slain by Alonzo. — 
Mrs. Centlivre, The Perjured Husband 
(1700). 

Bastard. Homer was probably a 

bastard. Virgil was certainly one. 
Neoptol'emos was the bastard son of 
Achilles by Deidamfa (5 syl.). Romulus 
and Remus, if they ever existed, were the 
love-sons of a vestal. Brutus the regi- 
cide was a bastard. Ulysses was pro- 



BASTARD. 



83 



BATTLE OF WARTBERG. 



bably so, Tcuccr certainly, and Darius 
gloried in the surname of Not has. 

Bastard (The), in English history is 
"William I., natural son of Robert le 
Diable. His mother was a peasant girl 
of Falaise. 

Bastard of Orleans, Jean Dunois, 
a natural son of Louis due d'Orle'ans 
(brother of Charles VI.), and one of the 
most brilliant soldiers France ever pro- 
duced (1403-1468). Beranger mentions 
him in his Charles Sept. 

Bastille. The prisoner who had 
been confined in the Bastille for sixty-one 
years was A. M. Dussault, who was in- 
carcerated by cardinal Richelieu. 

Bat. In South Staffordshire that 
slaty coal which will not burn, but which 
lies in the tire till it becomes red hot, is 
called "bat;" hence the expression, 
Warm as a bat. 

Bata'via, Holland or the Nether- 
lands. So called from the Bata'vians, 
a Celtic tribe, which dwelt there. 

. . . void of care. 
Batavia rushes forth ; and as they sweep 
On sounding skates, a thousand different ways, 
The then gay land is maddened all with joy. 

Thomson, .Season* (" Winter," 1726). 

Bates (1 syl.), a soldier in the army of 
Henry V., under sir Thomas Erpingham. 
He is introduced with Court and 
"Williams as sentinels before the English 
camp at Agincourt, and the king un- 
known comes to them during the watch, 
and holds with them a conversation 
respecting the impending battle. — Shake- 
speare, Henry V. act iv. sc. 1 (1599). 

Bates (Frank), the friend of Whittle. 
A man of good plain sense, who tries to 
laugh the. old beau out of his folly. — 
Garrick, The Irish Widow (1757). 

Bates (Charley), generally called 
"Master Bates," one of Fagin's "pupils," 
training to be a pickpocket. He is 
always laughing uproariously, and is 
almost equal in artifice and adroitness 
to "The Artful Dodger" himself. — 
C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 

Batll, called by the Romans Aqnas 
Solis ("waters of the tmn"), and by the 
Saxons Achamunnum ("city of the 
sick"). 

Bath (King of), Richard Nash, generally 
called Beau Nash, master of the cere- 
monies for fifteen years in that fashion- 
able city (1674-1761). 



Bath (The Maid of), Miss Linley, a 
beautiful and accomplished singer, who 

married Richard B. Sheridan, the states- 
man and dramatist. 

Bath (The Wife of), one of the 
pilgrims travelling from Southwark to 
Canterbury, in Chaucer's Canterbury 
Talcs. She tells her tale in turn, and 
chooses " Midas" for her subject (1388). 

Batli'sheba, duchess of Portsmouth, 
a favourite court lady of Charles II. As 
Bathsheba, the wife of Uri'ah, was 
criminally loved by David, so Louisa I'. 
Keroual (duchess of Portsmouth) was 
criminally loved by Charles II. 

My rather[CA«tr2ai //■ 1. whom with reierencc 1 name . . . 
Is grown in Batbaheba't embraces old. 

Dryden, Abtalomaiul Achitopltel, ii. 

Battar (Al), i.e. the trenchant, one of 
Mahomet's swords. 

Battle (The British Soldiers' 1 ), Inker- 
man, November 5, 1854. 

Battle of Barnet, 14th April, 1471, 
was certainly one of the most decisive 
ever fought, although it finds no place 
amongst professor Creasy's list of " de- 
cisive battles." It closed for ever the 
Age of Force, the potentiality of the 
barons, and opened the new era of trade, 
literature, and public opinion. Here fell 
"Warwick, the " king maker," " last of the 
barons;" and thenceforth the king had 
no peer, but king was king, lords were 
lords, and commons the people. 

Battle of Nations, the terrible 
conflict at Leipsic (October 18 and 19, 
1813) between Napoleon and the Allies. 
Its issue was the defeat of Napoleon and 
the deliverance of Germany. It is called 
"the Battle of Nations" not only from 
the number engaged therein, but also 
from its being the champion battle of the 
nations of Europe. 

Battle of Prague, a piece of de- 
scriptive music very popular in the first 
quarter of the nineteenth century. It 
was composed by Frdsz Kotzwara of 
Prague, born 1791. 

Battle of Wartberg (The), the 
annual contest of the minnesingers for 
the prize offered by Hermann mar- 
graf of "Wartberg, near Gotha, in Ger- 
many, in the twelfth century. There is 
a minnesong so called, celebrating the 
famous contests of Walter von der Vogel- 
weide and Wolfram von Eschenbach with 
Heinrich von Ofterdingen. Heinrich lost 
the former and won the latter. 



BATTLE OF THE GIANTS. 



84 



BAUCIS AND PHILEMON. 



Battle of the Giants, Marignano, 
September, 1515. Francois I. won this 
battle over the Swiss and the duke of 
Milan. The French numbered 26,000 
men, the Swiss 20,000. The loss of the 
former was G000, and of the latter 10,000. 
It is called "the Battle of the Giants " be- 
cause the combatants on both sides were 
"mighty men of war." and strove for 
victory like giants. 

Battle of the Three Emperors, 

Austerlitz, 2nd December, 1805. So 
called because the emperor Napoleon, the 
emperor of Russia, and the emperor of 
Austria were all present. Napoleon won 
the fight. 

Battle of the "West (Great), the 
battle between king Arthur and Mordred. 
Here the king received his death-wound. 

For battle of the books, of the herrings, 
of the moat, of the standard, of the 
spurs, etc., see Dictionary of Phrase and 
Fable. 

Battles (The Fifteen Decisive), accord- 
ing to professor Creasy, are — 

(1) Mar'athon (b.c. 490), in which the 
Greeks under Milti'ades defeated Darius 
the Persian, and turned the tide of Asiatic 
invasion. 

(2) Syracuse (b.c. 413), in which the 
Athenian power was broken and the ex- 
tension of Greek domination prevented. 

(3) Arbe'la (b.c. 331), by which Alex- 
ander overthrew Darius and introduced 
European habits into Asia. 

(4) Metau'rus (b.c. 207), in which the 
Romans defeated Hannibal, and Carthage 
came to ruin. 

(5) Armin'ius (a.d. 9), in which the 
Gauls overthrew the Romans under Varus 
and established the independence of 
Gaul. 

(0) Chalons (a.d. 451), in which 
Attila, " The Scourge of God," was de- 
feated by Actius, and Europe saved from 
utter devastation. 

(7) Tours (a.d. 732), in which Charles 
Martel overthrew the Saracens, and broke 
from Europe the Mohammedan voke. 

(8) Hastings (a.d. 106(5), by which 
William the Norman became possessed of 
the English crown. 

(9) Orleans (a.d. 1429), by which Joan 
of Arc raised the siege of the city and 
secured the independence of France. 

(10) Armada (a.d. 1588), which 
crushed the hopes of Spain and of the 
papacy in England. 

(11) Blenheim (a.d. 1704), in which 



Marlborough, by the defeat of Tallard, 
broke off the ambitious schemes of 
Louis XIV. 

(12) Pultowa (a.d. 1709), in which 
Charles XII. of Sweden was defeated by 
Peter the Great of Russia, and the sta- 
bility of the Muscovite empire was 
established. 

(13) Sarato'ga (a.d. 1777), in which 
general Gates defeated Burgoyne, and 
decided the fate of the American Revolu- 
tion, by making France their allv. 

(14) Valmy (a.d. 1792), in which the 
allied armies under the duke of Bruns- 
wick were defeated by the French Revo- 
lutionists, and the revolution was 
suffered to go on. 

(15) Waterloo (a.d. 1815), in which 
Wellington defeated Napoleon and saved 
Europe from becoming a French pro- 
vince. 

Battles. J. B. Martin, of Paris, painter 
of battle-scenes, was called by the French 
M. des Batailles (1659-1735). 

Battle for Battle-axe. 

The word battle . . . seems to be used for battle-axe 
in this unnoticed passage of the Psalms : " There brake 
He the arrows of the bow, the shield, the sword, and the 
battle [axe]."— Rev. J. Whitaker, Gibbons History lie- 
viewed (irai). 

Battle-Bridge, King's Cross, Lon- 
don. Called "Battle" from being the 
site of a battle between Alfred and the 
Danes ; and called " King's Cross" from 
a wretched statue of George IV., taken 
down in 1842. The historic name of 
" Battle-Bridge " was changed in 1871, 
by the Metropolitan Board, for that of 
" York Road." Miserabile dictu ! 

Battus, a shepherd of Arcadia. Hav- 
ing witnessed Mercury's theft of Apollo's 
oxen, he received a cow from the thief 
to ensure his secrecy ; but, in order to 
test his fidelity, Mercury re-appeared 
soon afterwards, and offered him an ox 
and a cow if he would blab. Battus fell 
into the trap, and was instantly changed 
into a touchstone. 

When Tantalus in hell sees store and staves ; 
And senceless Kattus for a touchstone serves. 

Lord Brooke, TreatUe on ilonarchie, vt. 

Bau'cis and Philemon, an aged 
Phrygian woman and her husband, who 
received Jupiter and Mercury hospitably 
when every one else in the place had 
refused to entertain them. For this 
courtesy the gods changed the Phrygians 1 
cottage into a magnificent temple, and 
appointed the pious couple over it. They 
both died at the same time, according to 



BAULDIE. 



85 



BAYES 



their wish, and were converted into two 
trees before the temple.— Greek and Bo- 
man Mythology. 

Baul'die (2 syl.), stable - boy of 
Joshua Geddes the quaker.— Sir W. Scott, 
Jiodgauntlet (time, George 111.)- 

Ba-ul'die (2 syl.), the old shepherd in 
the introduction of the story called The 
Black Dwarf, by sir W. Scott (time, 
Anne). 

Bav'iad (The), a satire by W. Gifford 
on the Delia Cruscan school of poetry 
(1794). It was followed in 1800 by The 
Mivviad. The words " Baviad " and 
"Mseviad" were suggested by Virgil, 
Eel. iii. 90, 91. 

He may with foxes plough and milk he-goaU 
Who praises Bavius or on Mwrius dotes. 

Bavian Fool {The), one of the 
characters in the old morris dance. He 
wore a red cap faced with yellow, a 
yellow " slabbering-bib." a blue doublet, 
red hose, and black shoes. He represents 
an overgrown baby, but was a tumbler, 
and mimicked the barking of a dog. The 
word Bavian is derived from bavon, a 
" bib for a slabbering child " (see Cot- 
grave, French Dictionary). In modern 
French bate means "drivel," " slabbering," 
and the verb baver " to slabber," but the 
bib is now called bavette. (See Moiuus 
Dance.) 

Bavie'ca, the Cid's horse. He sur- 
vived his master two years and a half, 
and was buried at Valencia. No one was 
ever allowed to mount him after the 
death of the Cid. 

Bavie'ca [i.e. "Booby"]. "When Rodri- 
go was taken in his boyhood to choose a 
horse, he passed over the best steeds, and 
selected a scrubby-looking colt. His 
godfather called the boy a booby \banie- 
ca] for making such a silly choice, and 
the name was given to the horse. 

BaVius, any vile poet. (See 
ALbvius.) 

Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina. Maevi, 
Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos. 

Virgil, Eel. iii. 90, 91. 
May some choice patron bless each grey goose-quill ; 
May every Bavius have his Bufo still. 

Pope, Prologue to the Satires. 

Bawtry. Like the saddler of Bawtry, 
who was handed for leaving his liquor 
(Yorkshire Proverb). It was customary 
for criminals on their way to execution 
to stop at a certain tarern in York for a 
" parting draught." The saddler of Baw- 
try refused to accept the liquor, and was 



hanged, whereas if he had stopped a few 
minutes at the tavern his reprieve, which 
was on the road, would have arrived in 
time to save him. 

Ba'yard, Le chevalier sans peur et 
suns reproche (1476-1524). 

The Bntish Bayard, sir Philip Sidnev 
(1564-1684). 

The J'olish Bayard, prince Joseph Poni- 
atowski (1703-1814). 

The Bayard of India, sir James Outram 
(1803-1863). So called by sir Charles 
Napier. 

Ba'yard, a horse of incredible speed, 
belonging to the four sons of Aymon. 
If only one mounted, the horse was of 
the ordinary size, but increased in pro- 
portion as two or more mounted. (The 
word means "bright bay colour.") — 
Villeneuve, Lcs Quatre-FUz- Aymon. 

Baifard, the steed of Fitz-James. — Sir 
W. Scott, Lady of the Lake, v. 18 (1810). 

Bayar'do, the famous steed of 
Kinaldo, which once belonged to Amadis 
of Gaul. It was found in a grotto by 
the wizard Malagigi, along with the 
sword Fusberta, both of which he gave 
to his cousin Kinaldo. 

His colour bay, and hence his name he drew — 
Ba> ardo called. A star of silver hue 
Emblazed his front. 

Tasso, Kinaldo. ii. 2*20 (1562). 

Bayes (1 syl.), the chief character of 
The Rehearsal, a farce by George Villiers, 
duke of Buckingham (1671). Bayes is 
represented as greedy of applause, im- 
patient of censure, meanly obsequious, 
regardless of plot, and only anxious for 
claptrap. The character is meant for 
John Dryden. 

*** C. Dibdin, in his History of the 
Stage, states that Mrs. Mountford played 
"Bayes" "with more variety than had 
ever been thrown into the part before." 

No species of novel-writing exposes itself to a severer 
trial, since it not only resigns all Bayes' pretensions " to 
elevate the imagination," . . . but places its productions 
within the range of [general] criticism. — Encyc. Brit. 
Art. " Komance." 

Dead men may rise again, like Bayes 1 
troops, or the savages in the Fantocini. In 
the farce above referred to a battle is 
fought between foot-soldiers and great 
hobby-horses. At last Drawcansir kills 
all on both sides. Smith then asks Bayes 
"How are they to go off?" "As they 
came on," says Bayes, "upon their legs." 
Whereupon the dead men all jump up alive 
again. 

*** This revival of life is imitated by 



BAYEUX TAPESTRY. 



86 



BEARDED. 



Rhodes in the last scene of his Bombastes 
Furioso. 

Bayeux Tapestry, said to be the 
work of English damsels retained in the 
court of Matilda, the Conqueror's wife. 
When Napoleon contemplated the invasion 
of England in 1803, he caused this record 
to be removed to Paris, where it was ex- 
hibited in the National Museum. Having 
served its purpose, it was returned to 
Bayeux. Fac-similes by Stothard were 
published in the Vetusta Monumenta, at 
the expense of the Society of Antiquaries. 
The original is preserved in the Hotel of 
the Prefecture of Bayeux (Normandy) 
and is called Toile de St. Jean. It is coiled 
round a windlass, and consists of linen 
worked with wools. It is 20 inches 
broad, 214 feet long, and contains 72 
compartments. 

1st compartment, Edwardus Bex : the 
Confessor is giving audience to two per- 
sons, one of whom is Harold. 2nd, 
Harold, with a hawk in his hand (a mark 
of nobility) and his hounds, is on his 
way to Bosham. 3rd, Ecclesia : a Saxon 
church, with two figures about to enter. 
4th, Harold embarking. 5th, The voyage 
to Normandy. 6th, Disembarking on the 
coast of Normandy. 7th and 8th, seizure 
of Harold by the count of Pouthieu. 9th, 
Harold remonstrating with Guy, the 
count, upon his unjust seizure. 10th to 
20th, scenes connected with the sojourn 
of Harold at the court of William. 26th, 
Harold swearing fidelity to William, with 
each hand on a shrine of relics. 27th, 
Harold's return. 28th, his landing. 29th, 
presents himself to king Edward. 30th 
to 32nd, the sickness of the Confessor, 
his death, and his funeral procession to 
Westminster Abbey. 33rd, the crown 
offered to Harold. 34th, Harold on the 
throne, and Stigant the archbishop. 35th, 
the comet. 36th, William orders a fleet 
to be built. 55th, orders the camp at 
Hastings to be constructed. 7 1st, death 
of Harold. 72nd, duke William triumph- 
ant. Although 530 figures are repre- 
sented in this tapestry, only three of 
them are women. 

Baynard (Mr,), introduced in an epi- 
sode in the novel called Humphry 
Clinker, by Smollett (1771). 

Bayswater (London), that is, 
Bayard's Watering, a string of pools and 
ponds which new form the Serpentine. 

Bea'con (Tom), groom to Master 
Chiflinch (private emissary of Charles II.). 



— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). . 

Beadle. The running banquet of two 
beadles, a public whipping. (See Henry 
VIII. act v. sc. 3.) 

Bea'gle (Sir Harry), a horsy country 
gentleman, who can talk of nothing but 
horses and dogs. He is wofully rustic 
and commonplace. Sir Harry makes a 
bargain with lord Trinket to give up 
Harriet to him in exchange for his horse. 
(See Goldfinch.) — George Colmau, The 
Jealous Wife (1761). 

Beak. Sir John Fielding was called 
" The Blind Beak " (died 1780). 

Bean Lean (Donald), alias Will 
Ruthven, a Highland robber-chief. He 
also appears disguised as a pedlar on the 
road-side leading to Stirling. Waverley 
is rowed to the robber's cave and remains 
there all night. 

Alice Bean, daughter of Donald Bean 
Lean, who attends on Waverley during a 
fever. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Bear (The), emblem of ancient Persia. 
The golden lion was the emblem of an- 
cient Assyria. 

Where is th' Assyrian lion's golden bide, 
That all the East once grasped in lordly paw 

Where that great Persian bear, whose swelling pride 
The lion's self tore ouOwith ravenous jaw? 

Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 

Bear ( Tlie), Russia, its cogniaance being 
a bear. 

Fiance turns from her abandoned friends afresh. 
And soothes the Bear that prowls for patriot Mesh. 
Campbell, Poland. 

Bear ( Tlie Brave) . Warwick is so cal 1 ed 
from his cognizance, which was a bciir 
and ragged staff. 

Bear (The Great), called " Hellice." 

Night on the earth poured darkness; on the sea 
The wakeful sailor to Orion's star 
And Hellice turned heedful. 

Apollonius Rhodius, A rgotiaut let. 

BearclifF (Deacon), at the Gordon 
Arms or Kipplctringam inn, where 
colonel Mannering stops on his return to 
England, and hears of Bertram's illness 
and distress. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- 
ing (time, George II.). 

Bearded (The), (1) Geoffrey tlie 
crusader. (2) Bouchard of the house of 
Montmorency. (3) Constantine IV. 
(648 685). (4) Master George killing- 
worthe of the court of Ivan the Terrible 
of Russia, whose beard (says Hakluyt) 
was five Oeet two inches Long, yellow, 



BEARNAIS. 



87 



BEAUJEU. 



thick, and broad. Sir Hugh Willoughby 
was allowed to take it in his hand. 

The Bearded Master. Soc'rates was so 
called by Persius (b.c. 468-399). 

Handsome Beard, Baldwin IV. earl 
of Flanders (1160-1186). 

John the Bearded, John Mayo, the 
German painter, whose beard touched the 
ground when he stood upright. 

Bearnais (Le), Henri IV. of France, 
so called from his native province, Le 
Beam (1553-1610). 

Be'atrice (3 syl.), a child eight years 
old, to whom Dante at the age of nine 
was ardently attached. She was the 
daughter of Folco Portina'ri, a rich citizen 
of Florence. Beatrice married Simoni de 
Bardi, and died before she was 24 years 
old (1266-1290). Dante married Gem- 
ma Donati, and his marriage was a most 
unhappy one. His love for Beatrice re- 
mained after her decease. She was the 
fountain of his poetic inspiration, and in 
his Divina Cominedia he makes her his 
guide through paradise. 

Dantd's Beatrice and Milton's Eve 

Were not drawn from their spouses you conceive. 

Byron, Don Jium, iii. 10 (1820). 

(Milton, who married Mary Powell, of 
Oxfordshire, was as unfortunate in his 
choice as Dante.) 

Beatrice, wife of Ludov'ico Sforza. 

Beatrice, daughter of Ferdinando king 
of Naples, sister of Leonora duchess of 
Ferrara, and wife of Mathias Corvi'nus 
of Hungary, 

Beatrice, niece of Leonato governor of 
Messina, lively and light-hearted, affec- 
tionate and impulsive. Though wilful 
she is not wayward, though volatile she 
is not unfeeling, though teeming with 
wit and gaiety she is affectionate and 
energetic. At first she dislikes Bene- 
dick, and thinks him a flippant conceited 
coxcomb ; but overhearing a conversation 
between her cousin Hero and her gentle- 
woman, in which Hero bewails that 
Beatrice should trifle with such deep love 
as that of Benedick, and should scorn 
so true and good a gentleman, she cries, 
" Sits the wind thus ? then farewell con- 
tempt. Benedick, love on ; I will requite 
you." This conversation of Hero's was 
a mere ruse, but Benedick had been 
caught by a similar trick played by 
Clandio. The result was they sincerely 
loved each other, and were married. — 



Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing 
(1600). 

Miss Helen Faucit's impersonations are nature itself. 
"Juliet," "Rosalind," divine "Imogen," "Beatrice," all 
crowd upon our fancy. — Dublin Utuecrtity Magazine 
(184«). 

Beatrice Cenci, The Beautiful Par- 
ricide {q.v.). 

Beatrice D'Este, canonized at 
Rome. 

Beau Brummel, George Bryan 
Brummel (1778-18-10). 

Beau Clark, a billiard-maker at the 
beginning of the nineteenth century. 
He was called "The Beau," assumed the 
name of Beauclerc, and paid his addresses 
to a protegee of lord Fife. 

Beau Fielding, called " Handsomo 
Fielding" by Charles II., by a play on 
his name, which was Hendrome Fielding. 
He died in Scotland Yard. 

Beau Hewitt was the original of sir 
George Etherege's "sir Fopling Flutter," 
in the comedy called The Man of Mode 
or Sir Fopling Flutter (1676). 

Beau Nash, Richard Nash, called 
also " King of Bath ; " a Welsh gentleman, 
who for fifteen years managed the bath- 
rooms of Bath, and conducted the balls 
with unparalleled splendour and decorum. 
In his old age he sank into poverty (1674- 
1761). 

Beau d'Orsay (Le), father of count 
d'Orsay, whom Byron calls " Jeune Cu- 
pldon." 

Beau Seant, the Templars' banner, 
half white and half black : the white 
signified that the Templars were good to 
Christians, the black that they were evil 
to infidels. 

Beau Tibbs, in Goldsmith's Citizen 
of t/ie World, a dandy noted for his 
finer}', vanity, and poverty. 

Beauclerk, Henry I. king of Eng- 
land (1068, 1100-1135). 

Beaufort, the lover of Maria Wilding, 
whom he ultimately marries. — A. Mur- 
phy, The Citizen (a farce). 

Beaujeu (Mons. le chevalier de), 
keeper of a gambling-house to which 
Dalgarno takes Nigel. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Beaujeu (Mons. le comte de), a French 
officer in the army of the Chevalier 
Charles Edward, the Pretender. — Sir W. 
Scott, Wavcrley (time, George II.). 



BEAUMAINS. 



88 



BEAUX' STRATAGEM. 



Beaumains ("big hands"), a nick- 
name which sir Key (Arthur's steward) 
gave to Garethwhenhewas kitchen drudge 
in the palace. " He had the largest hands 
that ever man saw." Gareth was the son 
of king Lot and Margawse (king Arthur's 
sister). His brothers were sir Gaw'ain, 
sir Agravain, and sir Gaheris. Mordred 
was his half-brother. — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 120 (1470). 

%.** His achievements are given under 
the name " Gareth " (q.v.). 

Tennyson, in his Gareth and Lynette, 
makes sir Kay tauntingly address Lance- 
lot thus, referring to Gareth : 

Fair and fine, forsooth ! 
Sir Fine-face, sir Fair-hands? But see thou to it 
That thine own fineness, Lancelot, some fine day, 
Undo thee not. 

Be it remembered that Kay himself 
called Gareth " Beaumain " from the extra- 
ordinary size of the lad's hands ; but the 
taunt put into the mouth of Kay by the 
poet indicates that the lad prided himself 
on his "fine" face and "fair" hands, 
which is not the case. If " fair hands " 
is a translation of this nickname, it 
should be "fiue hands," which bears the 
equivocal sense of big and beautiful. 

Beau'manoir (Sir Lucas), Grand- 
Master of the Knights Templars. — Sir 
W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Beaupre [_Bo-pray'~], son of judge 
Vertaigne (2 syl.) and brother of Lami'ra. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher, The Little ' 
French Lawyer (1647). 

Beauts (2 syl.). La dame dc Beaute'. 
Agnes Sorel, so called from the chateau 
de Beaute, on the banks of the Marne, 
given to her by Charles VII. (1409-1450). 

Beautiful (The) or La Delia. So 
Florence is called. France is spoken of 
by Frenchmen as La Belle France. 

Beautiful Corisande (3 syl.), 
Diane comtesse de Guiche et de Gram- 
mont. She was the daughter of Paul 
d'Andouins, and married Philibert de 
Gramont, who died in 1580. The widow 
outlived her husband for twenty-six 
years. Henri IV., before he was king of 
Navarre, was desperately smitten by L«. 
belle Corisande, and when Henri was at 
war with the League, she sold her dia- 
monds to raise for him a levy of 20,000 
Gascons (1554-1620). 

(The letters of Henri to Corisande are 
still preserved in the Biblioth&que de 
I' Arsenal, and were published in 1769.) 

Beautiful Parricide (The), Bea- 



trice Cenci, daughter of a Roman noble- 
man, who plotted the death of her father 
because he violently defiled her. She was 
executed in 1605. Shelley has a tragedy 
on the subject, entitled The Cenci. Guido 
Reni's portrait of Beatrice is well known 
through its numberless reproductions. 
(See p. 173.) 
Beauty. 

Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover. 
Fades in his eye, and palls upon the sense. 

Addison, Cato, i. 1 (1713X 

Beauty (Queen of). So the daughter of 
Schems'eddin' Mohammed, vizier of 
Egypt, was called. She married her 
cousin, Bed'reddin' Hassan, son of Nour'- 
eddin' Ali, vizier of Basora. — Arabian 
Nights ("Noureddin Ali," etc.). 

Beauty and the Beast (La Belle 
et la Bete), from Les Contes Mar hies of 
Mde. Villeneuvre (1740), the most beau- 
tiful of all nursery tales. A young and 
lovely woman saved her father by putting 
herself in the power of a frightful but 
kind-hearted monster, whose respectful 
affection and melancholy overcame her 
aversion to his ugliness, and she consented 
to become his bride. Being thus freed 
from enchantment, the monster assumed 
his proper form and became a young and 
handsome prince. 

Beauty but Skin-deep. This ex- 
pression occurs in Ralph Venning's Ortho- 
doxe Paradoxes. 

All the beauty of the world 'tis hut skin-deep, a sun- 
blast defac.eth it.— 3rd Edit., 41 (1650). 

Beauty of Butterinere (3 syl.), 
Mary Robinson, who married John Hat- 
field, a heartless impostor executed for 
forgery at Carlisle in 1803. 

Beauty "when Unadorned A- 
dorned the Most. — Thomson, Sea- 
sons ("Autumn," 1730). 

Beaux' Stratagem (The), by Geo. 
Farquhar. Thomas viscount Aimwell 
and his friend Archer (the two beaux), 
having run through all their money, set 
out fortune-hunting, and come to Lich- 
field as "master and man." Aimwell 
pretends to be very unwell, and as lady 
Bountiful's hobby is tending the sick and 
playing the leech, she orders him to be 
removed to her mansion. Here he and 
Dorinda (daughter of lady Bountiful) fall 
in love with each other, and finally many. 
Archer falls in love with Mrs. Sullen, the 
wife of squire Sullen, who had been mar- 
ried fourteen months but agreed to a 
divorce on the score of incompatibility of 
tastes and temper. This marriage forms 



BED OF WARE. 



BEE. 



no part of the play ; all we are told it! 
that she returns to the roof of her brother, 
sir Charles Freeman (1707). 

Bed of Ware, a large bed, capable of 
holding twelve persons. Tradition as- 
signs it to Warwick, the " king maker." 

Bede (Cuthbert), the Rev. Edward 
Bradley, author of The Adventures of Mr, 

Verdant Green, an Oxford Freshman 
(1857). 

Bedegrain (Castle of), in Sherwood. 
It was a royal castle, belonging to king 
Arthur. 

Bed'er (" the full moon"), son of Gul- 
na're (3 syl.), the young king of Persia. 
As his mother was an under-sea princess, 
he was enabled to live under water as 
well as on land. Beder was a young man 
of handsome person, quick parts, agree- 
able manners, and amiable disposition. 
He fell in love with Giauha'rc, daughter 
of the king of Samandal, the most power- 
fa] of the under-sea empires, but Giau- 
harC changed him into a white bird with 
red beak and red legs. After various 
adventures, Beder resumed his human 
form and married Giauhare. — Arabian 
Sights (" Beder and Giauharu "). 

Bed'er or Bedr, a valley noted for 
the victory gained by Mahomet, in which 
" he was assisted by 3000 angels led by 
(iabriel mounted on his horse Haiz'um." 
— Sale's Koran. 

Bed'ivere (Sir) or Bed'iver, king 
Arthur's butler and a knight of the Round 
Table. He was the last of Arthur's 
knights, and was sent by the dying king 
to throw his sword Excalibur into the 
mere. Being cast in, it was caught by 
an arm "clothed in white samite," and 
drawn into the stream. — Tennyson, Morte 
dArthur. 

Tennyson's Morte d Arthur is a very 
close and in many parts a verbal render- 
ing of the same tale in sir Thomas 
Malory's Morte d Arthur, iii. 168 (1470). 

Bedlam Beggars, lunatics or mad 
men belonging to Bethlehem Hospital. 
This institution was designed for six 
lunatics, but in 1641 the number admitted 
Avas forty-tour, and applications were so 
numerous that many were dismissed half 
cured. These " ticket-of -leave " men 
used to wander about as vagrants, singing 
4 • mad songs " and dressed in the oddest 
manner, to excite compassion. 

He swears he has been in Bedlam, and will talk fran- 
tickely of purpose. You see pinues stuck in sundry plpces 
in his naked flesh, especially in his anues, which paine he 



gladly puts himselfe to only to make you believe he is on* 
ol In- wit-.. Hi- . i I- liini-i [ft- . . . " l'i> m: lou i," and com- 
mlng nt:ir anybody cries out " Poors Tom i- a-eokL" . . . 
Borne do nothing but sin:: tongi fashioned out of their 

owue limine-,; HUM Will dance; Other! Will doe nothing 

but either laugh or weepe; others .in- dogged . . and 
■pylng but a small company In a house . . . erill compel 

the M-rvMiit^s through feare to givo them what they de- 
mand. — l>ecker, Uelhiuin of London. 

Bed'ouins [Bed', winz] , nomadic tribes 
of Arabia. In common parlance, "the 
homeless street poor." Thus gutter- 
children are called " Bedouins." 

Bed'reddin' Has'san of Baso'ra, 
son of Nour'eddin' All grand vizier of 
Basora, and nephew to Schems'eddin' 
Mohammed vizier of Egypt. His beauty 
was transcendent and his talents of the 
first order. When 20 years old his 
father died, and the sultan, angry with 
him for keeping from court, confiscated 
all his goods, and would have seized 
Bedreddin if he had not made his escape. 
During sleep he was conveyed by fairies 
to Cairo, and substituted for an ugly 
groom (Hunchback) to whom his cousin, 
the Queen of Beauty, was to have been mar- 
ried. Next day he was carried off by the 
6ame means to Damascus, where he lived 
for ten years as a pastry-cook. Search 
was made for him, and the search party, 
halting outside the city of Damascus, 
sent for some cheese-cakes. When the 
cheese-cakes arrived, the widow of Nour- 
eddin declared that they must have been 
made by her son, for no one else knew 
the secret of making them, and that she 
herself had taught it him. On hearing 
this, the vizier ordered Bedreddin to be 
seized, "for making cheese-cakes with- 
out pepper," and the joke was carried on 
till the party arrived at Cairo, when the 
pastry-cook prince was re-uhited to his 
wife, the Queen of Beauty. — Arabian 
Sights (" Noureddin Ali," etc.). 

Bedwin (Mrs.), housekeeper to Mr. 
Brownlow. A kind, motherly soul, who 
loves Oliver Twist most dearlv. — C. 
Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 

Bee. The ancient Egyptians sym- 
bolized their kings under this emblem. 
The honey indicated the reward they gave 
to the meritorious, and the sting the 
punishment they awarded to the un- 
worthy. 

As the Egyptians used by bees 
To express their ancient Ptolemies. 

S. Butler, Uudibra*. iii. 2. 

*** In the empire of France the royal 
mantle and standard were thickly sown 
with golden bees instead of "Louis 
flowers." In the tomb of Chil'deric more 



BEE. 



90 BEGGAR OF BETHNAL GREEN. 



than 300 golden bees were discovered in 
1653. Hence the emblem of the French 
empire. 

Bee, an American word recently intro- 
duced to signify a competitive examina- 
tion : thus — 

A Spelling Bee is a company met to- 
gether to compete with each other in 
spelling. 

A Husking Bee is a company assembled 
together to compete with each other in 
stripping the husks from the ears of 
maize. 

A Musical Bee is a company assembled 
together to compete with each other in 
singing or playing music " at sight," 
etc., etc. 

Bee-line, the straightest or shortest 
distance between two points. This is an 
American expression, equivalent to "As 
the crow flies ; " but crows do not always 
fly in a direct line, as bees do when they 
seek their home. 

Sinners, you are making a bee-line from time to eternity, 
and what you have once passed over you will never pass 
over again.— Dow, Lay Sermons. 

Bee of Attica, Soph'ocles the dra- 
matist (b.c. 495-405). The "Athenian 
Bee " was Plato the philosopher (b.c. 

428-347). 

The Bee of Attica rivalled ^Eschylus when in the posses- 
sion of the stage.— Sir W Scott, The Drama. 

Bee Painted (^1) by Quintin Matsys 
on the outstretched leg of a fallen angel 
painted by Mandyn. It was so life-like 
that when the old artist returned to the 
studio he tried to frighten it away with 
his pocket-handkerchief. 

Beefington (Milor), introduced in 
The Rovers. Casimir is a Polish emi- 
grant, and Beefington an English noble- 
man exiled by the tyranny of king John. 
— Anti-Jacobin. 

" Will without power," said the sagacious Casimir to 
Milor Beefington, "is like children playing at soldiers." — 
Macaulay. 

Be'elzebub (4 syl.), called "prince 
of the devils" (Matt. xii. 24), worshipped 
at Ekrou, a city of the Philistines (2 
Jungs i. 2), and made by Milton second 
to Satan. 

One next himself in power and next in crime— 
Beelzebub. 

Paradise Lost, i. 80 (1665). 

Bee'nie (2 syl.), chambermaid at Old 
St. Ronan's inn, held bv Meg Dods. — 
Sir W. Scott, St. Roman's Well (time, 
George III.). 

Befa'na, the good fairy of Italian 
children. She it» supposed to fill their 



shoes and socks with toys when they go 
to bed on Twelfth Night. Some one 
enters the bedroom for the purpose, and 
the wakeful youngsters cry out, " Eccu la 
Befana!" According to legend, Befana 
was too busy with house affairs to take 
heed of the Magi when they went to offer 
their gifts, and said she would stop for 
their return ; but they returned by 
another way, and Befana every Twelfth 
Night watches to see them. The name is 
a corruption of Epiphania. 

Beg ("lord"), a title generally given to 
lieutenants of provinces under the grand 
signior, but rarely to supreme princes. 
Occasionally, however, the Persian em- 
perors have added the title to their names, 
as Hagmet beg, Alman beg, Morad beg, 
etc. — Selden, Titles of Honour, vi. 70 
(1672). 

Beg (Callum), page to Fergus M'lvor, 
in Waverley, a novel by sir W. Scott 
(time, George II.). 

Beg (Toshach), MacGillie Chattanach's 
second at the combat. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Beggars (King of the), Bampfylde 
Moore Carew. He succeeded Clause 
Patch (1693, 1730-1770). 

Beggar's Daughter (7%e). "Bessee 
the beggar's daughter of Bethnal Green," 
was very beautiful, and was courted by 
four suitors at once — a knight, a country 
squire, a rich merchant, and the son of 
an innkeeper at Romford. She told them 
all they must first obtain the consent of 
her poor blind father, the beggar of 
Bethnal Green, and all slunk off except 
the knight, who went and asked leave to 
marry " the pretty Bessee." The beggar 
gave her for a " dot," £3000, and £100 
for her trousseau, and informed the 
knight that he (the beggar) was Henry, 
son and heir of sir Simon de Montfort, 
and that he had disguised himself as a 
beggar to escape the vigilance of spies, 
who were in quest of all those engaged 
on the baron's side in the battle of 
Evesham. — Percy's Reliques, II. ii. 10. 

The value of money was about twelve 
times more than its present purchase 
value, so that the " dot " given was equal 
to £36,000. 

Beggar of Bethnal Green (The), 
a drama by S. Knowles (recast and pro> 
duced, 1834). Bess, daughter of Albert, 
"the blind beggar of Bethnal Green," 
was intensely loved by Wilford, who first 



BEGGAR'S OPERA. 



1)1 



BELERMA. 



HV her in the streets of London, and 
subsequently, after diligent search, dis- 
covered her in t lie Queen's Anna inn at 
Romford. It turned out that her father 
Albert was brother to lord Woodville, 
and Wilford was his truant son, so that 
Bess was his cousin. Queen Elizabeth 
sanctioned their nuptials, and took them 
under her own conduct. (See Blind.) 

Beggar's Opera (The), by Gay 
(1727). The beggar is captain Macheath. 
(For plot, see Machkath.) 

Beggar's Petition [The), a poem 
by the Rev. Thomas Moss, minister of 
Brierly Hill and Trentham, in Stafford- 
shire. It was given to Mr. Smart, the 
printer, of Wolverhampton. — Gentleman's 
magazine, lxx. 41. 

Beguines [Beg-vrins], the earliest of 
all lay societies of women united for 
religious purposes. Brabant says the 
order received its name from St. Begga, 
'daughter of Pepin, who founded it at 
Namur, in 696 ; but it is more likely to 
be derived from le Begue ("the Stam- 
merer ") ; and if so, it was founded at 
Liege, in 1180. 

Beh'ram, captain of the ship which 
was to convey prince Assad to the 
" mountain of fire," where he was to be 
offered up in sacrifice. The ship being 
driven en the shores of queen Margia'na's 
kingdom. Assad became her slave, but 
was recaptured by Behram's crew, and 
carried back to the ship. The queen 
next day gave the ship chase. Assad 
was thrown overboard, and swam to the 
city whence he started. Behram also 
was drifted to the same place. Here the 
captain fell in with the prince, and re- 
conducted him to the origiual dungeon. 
Bosta'na, a daughter of the old tire- 
worshipper, taking pity on the prince, 
released him ; and, at the end, Assad 
married queen Margiana, Bostana married 
prince Amgiad (half-brother of Assad), 
and Behram, renouncing his religion, 
became a mussulman, and entered the 
service of Amgiad, who became king of 
the city. — Arabian Nights (" Amgiad and 
Assad "). 

Bela'rius, a nobleman and soldier in 
the army of Cym'oeline (3 syl.) king of 
Britain. Two villains having sworn to 
the king that he was "confederate with 
the Romans," he was banished, and for 
twenty years lived in a cave ; but he 
stole away the two infant sons of the 
king out of revenue. Their names were 



Guide'rius and Arvir'agus. When these 
two princes were grown to manhood, a 
battle was fought between the Romans 
and Britons, in which Cymbeline was 
made prisoner; but BehuiUS coming to 
the rescue, the king was liberated and 
the Roman general in turn was made 
captive. Belarius was now reconciled to 
Cymbeline, and presenting to him the 
two young men, told their story ; where- 
upon they were publicly acknowledged 
to be the sons of Cymbeline ami priuce.s 
of the realm. — Shakespeare, Cymbeline 
(1605). 

Belch (Sir Toby), uncle of Olivia 
the rich countess of Illvria. He is a 
reckless roisterer of the old school, and 
a friend of sir Andrew Ague-cheek.— 
Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1614). 

Belcour, a foundling adopted by Mr. 
Belcour, a rich Jamaica merchant, who 
at death left him all his property. He 
was in truth the son of Mr. Stockwell, 
the clerk of Belcour, senior, who clan- 
destinely married his master's daughter, 
and afterwards became a wealthy mer- 
chant. On the death of old Belcour, the 
young man came to England as the guest 
of his unknown father, fell in love with 
Miss Dudley, and married her. He was 
hot-blooded, impulsive, high-spirited, and 
generous, his very faults serving as a 
foil to his noble qualities ; ever erring and 
repenting, offending and atoning for his 
offences.— Cumberland, TJtc West Indian 
(1771). 

Beled, one of the six Wise Men of 
the East, lead by the guiding star to 
Jesus. He was a king, who gave to his 
enemy who sought to dethrone him half 
of his kingdom, and thus turned a foe 
into a fast friend. — Klopstock, The Mes- 
siah, v. (1747). 

Belen, the mont St. Michael, in 
Normandy. Here nine druidesses used 
to sell arrows to sailors " to charm away 
storms." These arrows had to be dis- 
charged by a young man 25 years old. 

Belerma, the lady whom Durandarte 
served for seven years as a knight-errant 
and peer of France. When, at length, 
he died at Roncesvalles, he prayed his 
cousin Montesi'nos to carry his heart to 
Belerma. 

I saw a procession of beautiful damsels in mourning, 
with white turbans on their beads. In the rear came a 
lady with a veil so long that it reached the ground : her 
turban was twice as large as the largest of the ethers ; 
her eyebrows were joined, her nose wa? rather flat, 
her mouth wide, but her lips of a vermilion colour. Her 



BELESES. 



92 



BELINDA. 



teeth were thin-set and irregular, though very white. ; 
»nd she carried in her hand a fine linen cloth, containing 
a heart, Montesinos informed me that this lady was 
Beierma.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615). 

Bele'ses (3 syl.), a Chaldaean sooth- 
sayer and Assyrian satrap, who told 
Arba'ces (3 syl.) governor of Me'dia, that 
he would one day sit on the throne of 
Nineveh and Assyria. His prophecy 
came true, and Beleses was rewarded 
with the government of Babylon. — Byron, 
Sardanapalus (1819). 

Belfab orac, the palace of the em- 
peror of Lilliput, in the middle of 
Mildendo, the metropolis of the empire. — 
Swift, Gulliver's Travels (•' Voyage to 
Lilliput," 1726). 

Bel'field {Brothers). The elder 
brother is a squire in Cornwall, betrothed 
to Sophia (daughter of sir Benjamin 
Dove), who loves his younger brother 
Bob. The younger brother is driven 
to sea by the cruelty of the squire, but on 
his return renews his acquaintance with 
Sophia. He is informed of her unwilling 
betrothal to the elder brother, who is 
already married to Violetta, but parted 
from her. Violetta returns home in the 
same ship as Bob Belfield, becomes 
reconciled to her husband, and the 
younger brother marries Sophia. — Rich. 
Cumberland, The Brothers (1769). 

Bel'ford, a friend of Lovelace (2 syl.). 
They made a covenant to pardon every 
sort of liberty which they took with each 
other. — Richardson, Clarissa Ilarlowe 
(1749). 

Belford (Major), the friend of colonel 
Tamper, and the plighted husband of 
Mdlle. Florival. — G. Colman, sen., The 
Deuce is in Him (1762). 

Beige (2 syl.), the mother of seventeen 
sons. She applied to queen Me r cilla for 
aid against Geryon'eo, who had deprived 
her of all her offspring except rive. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 10 (1596). 

%* " Beige " is Holland ; the " seven- 
teen sons" are the seventeen provinces 
which once belonged to her ; " Geryoneo " 
is Philip II. of Spam ; and " Mercilla " is 
queen Elizabeth. 

Belgrade' (2 syl.), the camp-suttler ; 
so called because she commenced her 
career at the siege of Belgrade. Her 
dog's name was Clumsey. 

Be'lial, last or lowest in the hierarchy 
of hell. (See Kimmox.) Moloch was the 
fiercest of the infernal spirits, and Belial 
the most timorous and slothful. The 



lewd and profligate, disobedient and 
rebellious, are called in Scripture " sons of 
Belial." 

Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd 
Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love 
Vice for itself (i. -190, etc. ) . . . though his tongue 
Dropt manna, and could make the worse appear 
The better reason . . . but to nobler deeds 
Timorous and slothful. 

Milton, Paradise Lost. ii. 112 (1665). 

%* Belial means " the lawless one," 
that is, one who puts no restraint on his 
evil propensities. 

Belia'nis of Greece {Bon), the 
hero of an old romance of chivalry on the 
model oiAm'adis de Gaul. It was one of 
the books in don Quixote's library, but 
was not one of those burnt by the cure' as 
pernicious and worthless. 

" Don Belianis," said the curi, " with its two, three, and 
four parts, hath need of a dose of rhubarb to purge off 
that mass of bile with which he is inflamed. His Castle 
of Fame and other impertinences should be totally 
obliterated. This done, we would show him lenity hi 
proportion as we found him capable of reform. Take 
don Belianis home with you, and keep him in close- 
confinement "—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605). 

(An English abridgment of this ro- 
mance was published in 1673.) 

Belinda, niece and companion of 
lady John Brute. Young, pretty, full of 
fun, and possessed of £10,000. Heart- 
free marries her,— Vanbrugh, The Pro- 
voked Wife (1697). 

Belin'da, the heroine of Pope's Bape of 
the Lock. This mock heroic is founded 
on the following incident : — Lord Petre 
cut a lock of hair from the head of Miss 
Arabella Feraior, and the young lady 
resented the liberty as an unpardonable 
affront. The poet says Belinda wore on 
her neck two curls, one of which the 
baron cut off with a pair of scissors 
borrowed of Clarissa, and when Belinda 
angrily demanded that it should be 
delivered up, it had flown to the skies and 
become a meteor there. (See Berenice.) 

Belinda, daughter of Mr. Blandford, 
in love with Beverley the brother of 
Clarissa. Her father promised sir 
William Bellmont that she should marry 
his son George, but George was already 
engaged to Clarissa. Belinda was very 
handsome, very independent, most irre- 
proachable, and devotedly attached to 
Beverley. "When he hinted suspicious of 
infidelity, she was too proud to deny 
their truth, but her pure and ardent love 
instantly rebuked her for giving her lover 
causeless pain. — A. Murphy, All in the 
Wrong (1761). 



BELINDA. 



BELL-THE-CAT. 



Belin'da, the heroine of Miss Edge- 
worth's novel of the same name. The 
object of the tale is to make the reader 
feel what ia good, and pursue it (1808). 

Belin'da, a lodging-house servant-girl, 
very poor, very dirty, very kind-hearted, 
and shrewd in observation. She married, 
and Mr. Middlewiek the butter-man set 
ber husband up in business in the butter 
line. — H. J. Byron, Our Boys (187;")). 

Beline (2 syl.), second wife of Argan 
the maladc imaginairc, and step-mother 
of Angelique, whom she hates. Beline 
pretends to love Argan devotedly, 
humours him in all his whims, calls him 
" mon fils," and makes him believe that 
if he were to die it would be the death of 
her. Toinette induces Argan to put these 
specious protestations to the test by pre- 
tending to be dead. He does so, and 
when Beline enters the room, instead of 
deploring her loss, she cries in ecstasy : 

" Le del en soit louc ! Me voila delivrce d'un grande 
f.-irdeau ! . . . do quoi servait-il sur laterre? Unhomme 
incommode a tout le moiide, malpropre, dcgoutant . . . 
mouchant, toussant. cracliant toujours, sans esprit, 
ennuyeux, de mauv.iise humeur, fatiguant s;ms cesse les 
gens, et grondaut jour et nuit servantes et valets " (iii. 18). 

She then proceeds to ransack the room 
for bonds, leases, and money ; but Argan 
starts up and tells her she has taught him 
one useful lesson for life at any rate. — 
Moliere, La Malade Jmayinaire (1673). 

Belisa'rius, the greatest of Justi- 
nian's generals. Being accused of treason, 
he was deprived of all his property, and 
his eyes were put out. In this state he 
retired to Constantinople, where he lived 
by begging. The story says he fastened 
a label to his hat, containing these words, 
" Give an obOlus to poor old Beiisarius." 
Marmontel has written a tale called 
Belisaire. which has helped to perpetuate 
these fables, originally invented by 
Tzetzes or Caesios, a Greek poet, born at 
Constantinople in 1120. 

Belise (2 syl.), sister of Philaminte 
(3 syl.), and, like her, a femme savante. 
She imagines that every one is in love 
with her. — Moliere, Les Femmcs Savantes 
(1672). 

Bell (Adam), a wild, north-country 
outlaw, noted, like Robin Hood, for his 
skill in archery. His place of residence 
was Englewood Forest, near Carlisle ; and 
his two comrades were Clvm of the 
Clough [Clement of the Cliff] and Wil- 
liam of Cloudesly (3 syl.). William 
was married, but the other two were not. 
When William was captured at Carlisle 



and was led to execution, Adam and 
Clym rescued him, and all three went to 
London to crave pardon of the king, 
which, at the queen's intercession, was 
granted them. They then showed the 
king specimens of their skill in archery, 
and the king was so well pleased that he 
made William a "gentleman of fe," and 
the two others yeomen of the bed-cham- 
ber. — Percy, lieliqucs (" Adam Bell," 
etc.), I. ii. 1. 

Bell (Bessy). Bessy Bell and Mary 
Gray were the daughters of two country 
gentlemen near Perth. When the plague 
broke out in 1666 they built for them- 
selves a bower in a very romantic spot 
called Burn Braes, to which they retired, 
and were supplied with food, etc., by a 
young man who was in love with both of 
them. The young man caught the plague, 
communicated it to the two young ladies, 
and all three died. — Allan Ramsay, Bessij 
Bell and Mary Gray (a ballad). 

Bell. Anne, Charlotte, and Emiiy 
Bronte' assumed the noms de plume of 
Acton, Currer, and Ellis Bell (first half 
of the nineteenth century). Currer Bell 
or Bronte married the Rev. Arthur Bell 
Nicholls. She was the author of Jane 
Lyre. 

It will be observed that the initial 
letter of both names is in every case pre- 
served throughout — Acton ( Anne), Currer 
(Charlotte), Ellis (Emily), and Bell 
(Bronte). 

Bell (Peter), the subject of a "tale in 
verse " by Wordsworth. Shelley wrote a 
burlesque upon it, entitled Peter Bell the 
Third. 

Bell Battle (The). The casus belli 
was this • Have the local magistrates 
power to allow parish bells to be rung at 
their discretion, or is the right vested in 
the parish clergyman ? This squabble 
was carried on with great animositv in 
the parish of Paisley in 1832. "The 
clergyman, John Macnaughton, brought 
the question before the local council, 
which gave it in favour of the magis- 
trates ; but the court of sessions gave it 
the other way, and when the magistrates 
granted a permit for the bells to be rung, 
the court issued an interdict against them. 

For nearly two years the Paisley bell battle was fought 
with the fiercest zeal. It was the subject of every political 
meeting, the theme of every board, the gossip at tea- 
tables and dinner parties, and children delighted in 
chalking on the walls " Please to ring the bell" (May 14, 
1S32, to Sept. 10, 1834).— Sewspaper paragraph. 

Bell-the-Cat, sobriquet of Archibald 



BELLS. 



94 



BELLE'S STRATAGEM. 



Douglas, great-earl of Angus, who died 
in 1514. 

The mice, being much annoyed by the persecutions of a 
cat, resolved that a bell should be hung about her neck to 
give notice of her approach. The measure was agreed to 
in full council, but one of the sager mice inquired "Who 
would undertake to bell the cat?" When Lauder told 
this ."able to a council of Scotch nobles, met to declaim 
against one Cochran, Archibald Douglas started up, and 
exclaimed in thunder "I will;" and hence the sobriquet 
referred to.— Sir W. Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, 



Bells (Those Evening), a poem by T. 
Moore, set to music, refer to the bells of 
Ashbourne parish church, Derbyshire. — 
National Airs, 1. 

Bells (To shake one's), to defy, to re- 
sist, to set up one's back. The allusion is 
to the little bells tied to the feet of hawks. 
Immediately the hawks were tossed, they 
were alarmed at the sound of the bells, 
and took to flight. 

Neither the king, nor he that loves him best . . . 
Dare stir a wing if Warwick shake his bells. 

Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI. act i. sc. 1 (1592). 

Bells. Seven bells (i.e. half -past 7), 
breakfast- time ; eight bells (i.e. noon), 
dinner-time ; three bells (i.e. half -past 5), 
supper-time. 

Eight bells (the highest number) are 
rung at noon and every fourth hour 
afterwards. Thus they are sounded at 
12, 4, and 8 o'clock. For all other parts 
of the day an Even number of bells 
announce the hours, and an Odd number 
the half-hours. Thus 12| is 1 bell, 1 
o'clock is 2 bells, \\ is 3 bells, 2 o'clock 
is 4 bells, 2| is 5 bells, 3 o'clock is 6 
bells, 3^ is 7 bells. Again, A\ is 1 bell, 

5 o'clock is 2 bells, b\ is 3 bells, 6 o'clock 
is 4 bells, 6£ is 5 bells, 7 o'clock is 6 
bells, 7h is 7 bells. Again, 8^ is 1 bell, 
9 o'clock is 2 bells, 9* is 3 bells, 10 o'clock 
is 4 bells, 10h is 5 bells, 11 o'clock is 6 
bells, 11| is 7 bells. Or, 1 bell sounds at 
12|, 4h, {£; 2 bells sound at 1, 5, 9 ; 
3 bells sound at Ik, 5k, 9% ; 4 bells sound 
at 2, 6, 10 ; 5 bells sound at 2|, fii, lOf ; 

6 bells sound at 3, 7, 11 ; 7 bells sound 
at 3|, 7± Ilk; 8 bells sound at 4, 8, 12 
o'clock. 

Bells tolled Backwards. This 
was the tocsin of the French, first used 
as an alarm of fire, and subsequently for 
any uprising of the people. In the reign 
of Charles IX. it was the signal given by 
the court for the Bartholomew slaughter. 
In the French Revolution it was the call 
to the people for some united attack 
against the royalists.. 

Old French, toquer, " to strike," seing i 
or sing, " a church bell," 



Bella Wilfer, a lovely, wilful, lively, 
spoilt darling, who loved every one, and 
whom every one loved. She married 
John Rokesmith (i.e. John Harmon).— C. 
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

Bellamy, a steady young man, look- 
ing out for a wife "capable of friendship, 
love, and tenderness, with good sense 
enough to be easy, and good nature 
enough to like him." He found his beau- 
ideal in Jacintha, who had besides a 
fortune of £30,000.— Dr. Hoadly, The 
Suspicious Husband (1761). 

Bella'rio, the assumed name of 
Euphrasia, when she put on boy's ap- 
parel that she might enter the service of 
prince Philaster, whom she greatly loved. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster or 
Love Lies a-bleeding (1622). 

Bel'laston (Lady), a profligate, from 
whom Tom Jones accepts support. Her 
conduct and conversation may be con- 
sidered a fair photograph of the "beau- 
ties" of the court of Louis XV.— Fielding, 
History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1750). 

The character of Jones, otherwise a model of generosity, 
openness, and manly spirit, mingled with thoughtless dis- 
sipation, is unnecessarily degraded by the nature of his 
intercourse with lady Bellaston. — Encyc. Brit. Art. 
'• Fielding." 

Belle Cordiere (La), Louise Labe, 
who married Enn^mond Perrin, a wealthy 
rope-maker (1526-1566). 

Belle Corisande (La), Diane com- 
tesse de Guiche et de Grammont (1554- 
1620). 

Belle France (La), a pet way of 
alluding to France, similar to our Merry 
England. 

Belle the Giant. It is said that 
the giant Belle mounted on his sorrel 
horse at a place since called mount 
Sorrel. He leaped one mile, and the spot 
on which he lighted was called Wanlip 
(one-leap) ; thence he leaped a second 
mile, but in so doing " burst all " his 
girths, whence the spot was called Burst- 
all ; in the third leap he was killed, and 
the spot received the name of Belle- 
grave. 

Belle's Stratagem {The). The 
"belle" is Letitia Hardy, and her 
stratagem was for the Bake of winning 
t lie love of Doricourt, to whom she had 
been betrothed. The very fact of being 
betrothed to Lotitia sets Doricourt against 
her, so she goes unknown to him to a 
masquerade, where Doricourt falls in love 



BELLEFONTAINE. 



BELLICENT. 



with "the beautiful stranger." In order 
to consummate the marriage of his 
daughter, Mr. Hardy pretends to be "sick 
unto death," and beseeches Doricourt to 
wed Letitia before he dies. Lctitia 
moots her betrothed in her masquerade 
dress, and unbounded was the joy of the 
young man to find that "the beautiful 
st ranger " is the lady to whom he has 
boon betrothed. — Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's 
Stratagem (1780). 
Ballefontaine (Benedict), thewealthy 

farmer of Grand l're' [Nova Scotia] and 
father of Evangeline. When the inhabit- 
ants of his village were driven into exile, 
Benedict died of a broken heart as ho 
was about to embark, and was buried 
on the sea-shore. — Longfellow, Evangeline 
(1849), 

Bel'lenden (Lady Margaret), an old 
Tory lady, mistress of the Tower of Til- 
lietudlem. 

Old major Miles Bellendcn, brother of 
lady Margaret. 

Miss Edith Bellendcn, granddaughter 
of lady Margaret, betrothed to lord 
Evendale, of the king's army, but in love 
with Morton (a leader of the covenantors, 
and the hero of the novel). After the 
death of lord Evendale, who is shot by 
Balfour, Edith marries Morton, and this 
terminates the tale. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Beller'ophon, son of Glaucos. A 
kind of Joseph, who refused the amorous 
solicitations of Antea, wife of Proctos (2 
syl.) king of Argos. Antea accused him 
of attempting to dishonour her, and 
Proetos sent him into Lycia with letters 
desiring his destruction. Accordingly, 
he was set several enterprises full of 
hazard, which, however, he surmounted. 
In later life he tried to mount up to 
heaven on the winged horse Pegasus, but 
fell, and wandered about the Alei'an 
plains till he died. — Homer, Iliad, vi. 

As once 
Bellerophon . . . dismounted in the Aleian field . . . 
Erroneous there to wander and forlorn. 

Millon, Partutise Lost, vii. 17, etc. (1665). 

Letters of Bellerophon, a treacherous 
letter, pretending to recommend the 
bearer but in reality denouncing him, 
like the letter seut by Proetos to the king 
of Lycia, requesting him to kill the 
bearer (Bellerophon). 

Pausa'nias the Spartan, in his treason- 
able correspondence with Xerxes, sent 
several such letters. At last the bearer be- 
thought that none of the persons sent ever 
returned, and opening the letter found it 



contained directions for his own death. 
It was shown totheephors, and Pausanias 
in alarm tied to a temple, where he was 
starved to death. 

Dk Lacy, being sent by king John 
against De Courcy, was informed by two 
of the servants that their master always 
laid aside his armour on Good Friday. 
De Lacy made his attack on that day, 
and 6ent Ue Courcy prisoner to Loudon. 
The two servants now asked De Lacy for 
passports from Ireland and England, and 
De Lacy gave them Letters of Bellerophon, 
exhorting "all to whom those presents 
come to spit on the faces of the bearers, 
drive them forth as hounds, and use them 
as it behoved the betrayers of their masters 
to be treated." — Cameos of English J/is- 
tory (" Conquest of Ireland"). 

Beller'ophon (4 syl.), the English man- 
of-war under the command of captain 
Mail land. After the battle of Water- 
loo Bonaparte set out for Rochcford, in- 
tending to seek refuge in America, but 
the Bellerophon being in sight and escape 
impossible, he made a virtue of necessity 
by surrendering himself, and was forth- 
with conveyed to England. 

Belle'rus, a Cornish giant, whence 
the Land's End is called Bellerium. 
Milton in his Lycldas suggests the pos- 
sibility that Edward King, who was 
drowned at sea, might be sleeping near 
Bellerium or the Land's End, on mount 
St. Michael, the spot where the archangel 
appeared, and ordered a church to be 
built there. 

Sleepst [thou] by the fable of Bellerus old. 
Where the >;reat vision of the guarded mount 
Looks towards Naniaiicos [old Castite]. 

Milton, L-ycidas, 160, etc. (1638). 

Belleur', companion of Pinac and 
Mirabel ("the wild goose"), of stout 
blunt temper ; in love with Rosalu'ra, 
a daughter of Nantolet. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Wild Goose Chase (1652). 

Bellicent, daughter of Gorloi's lord of 
Tintag'il and his wife Ygerne or Igerna. 
As the widow married Uther the pendragon, 
and was then the mother of king Arthur, it 
follows that Bellicent was half-sister of 
Arthur. Tennyson in Gareth and Lynette 
says that Bellicent was the wife of Lot 
king of Orkney, and mother of Gaw'ain 
and Mordred, but this is not in accordance 
either with the chronicle or the history, for 
Geoffrey in his Chronicle says that Lot's 
wife was Anne, the sister (not half- 
sister) of Arthur (viii. 20, 21), and sir 



BELLIN. 



BELPHCEBE. 



T Malory, in his History of Prince 
Arthur, says : 

King Lot of Lothan and Orkney wedded Margawse ; 
Nentres, of the land of Carlot, wedded Elain ; and that 
Morgan le Fay was [Arthur's] third sister.— Pt i. 2, 35, 36. 

Bel'lin, the ram, in the beast-epic of 
Reynard the Fox. The vrord means 
"gentleness" (1498). 

Bellingliam, a man about town. — 
D. Boucicault, After Dark. 

I was engaged for two years at St James's Theatre, 
acting "Charles Surface" eighty nights, " Bellingham " 
a couple of hundred nights, and had two special engage- 
ments for •' Mercutio" at the Lyceum.— Walter Lacy. 

Bel'lisant, sister of king Pepin of 
France, and wife of Alexander emperor 
of Constantinople. Being accused of 
infidelity, the emperor banished her, and 
she took refuge in a vast forest, where 
she became the mother of Valentine and 
Orson. — Valentine and Orson. 

Bellmont (Sir William), father of 
George Bellmont ; tyrannical, positive, 
and headstrong. He imagines it is the 
duty of a son to submit to his father's will, 
even in the matter of matrimony. 

George Bellmont, son of sir William, in 
love with Clarissa, his friend Beverley's 
sister ; but his father demands of him to 
marry Belinda Blandford, the troth-plight 
wife of Beverley. Ultimately all comes 
right. — A. Murphy, All in the Wrong 
(1761). 

Bello'na's Handmaids, Blood, 
Fire, and Famine. 

The goddesse of warre, called Bellona, had these thre 
handmaids ever attendynge on her: Blood, Fike. and 
Famine, which thre damosels he of that force and 
strength that every one of them alone is able and sufficient 
to torment and afflict a proud prince; and they all joyned 
together are of puissance to destroy the most populous 
country and most richest region of the world. — IlaU, 
Chronicle (1530). 

Bellum (Master), war. 

A difference [U] 'twixt broyles and bloudie warres,— 
Yet have 1 shot at Maister Bellum's butte, 
And thrown his ball, although I toucht no tutte [bi'tiefit]. 
G. Gascoigne, The Fruites of Warre, 94 (died 1577). 

Belmont (Sir Robert), a proud, testy, 
mercenary country gentleman ; friend of 
his neighbour sir Charles Raymond. 

Charles Belmont, son of sir Robert, a 
young rake. He rescued Fidelia, at the 
age of 12. from the hands of Villard, 
a villain who wanted to abuse her, and 
taking her to his own home fell in love 
with her, and in due time married her. 
She turns out to be the daughter of sir 
Charles Raymond. 

Rosetta Belmont, .daughter of sir 
Robert, high-spirited, witty, and affec- 
tionate. She is in love with coionel 



Raymond, whom she delights in torment- 
ing. — Ed. Moore, The Foundling (1748). 

Belmont (Andrew), the elder of two 
brothers, who married Violetta (an English 
lady born in Lisbon), and deserted her. 
He then promised marriage to Lucy 
Waters, the daughter of one of bis 
tenants, but had no intention of making 
her his wife. At the same time, he en- 
gaged himself to Sophia, the daughter of 
sir Benjamin Dove. The day of the 
wedding arrived, and it was then dis- 
covered that he was married already, and 
that Violetta his wife was actually 
present. 

Robert Belmont, the younger of the 
two brothers, in love with Sophia Dove. 
He went to sea in a privateer under 
captain Ironside, his uncle, and changed 
his name to Lewson. The vessel was 
wrecked on the Cornwall coast, and he 
renewed his acquaintance with Sophia, 
but heard that she was engaged in mar- 
riage to his brother. As, however, it was 
proved that his brother was already 
married, the young lady willingly aban- 
doned the elder for the j r ounger brother. 
— R. Cumberland, The Brothers (1769). 

Belmour (Edward), a gay young 
man about town. — Congreve, The Old 
Bachelor (1693). 

Belmour (if rs.), a widow of "agreeable 
vivacit3 r , entertaining manners, quickness 
of transition from one thing to another, a 
feeling heart, and a generosity of senti- 
ment." She it is who shows Mrs. Love- 
more the way to keep her husband at 
home, and to make him treat her with 
that deference which is her just due. — 
A. Murphy, The Way to Keep Him 
(1760). 

Beloved Disciple (Tlie), St. John 
" the divine," and writer of the fourth 
Gospel. — John xiii. 23, etc. 

Beloved Physician (The), St. 
Luke the evangelist. — Col. iv. 14. 

Bel'phegor, aMoabitish deity, wnose 
orgies were celebrated on mount Phcgor, 
and were noted for their obscenity. 

Belphoe'be (3 syl.). " All the Graces 

rocked her cradle when she was born." 
Her mother was Chrysog'one (4 syl.), 
daughter of Amphisa of fairy lineage, 
and her twin-sister was Amoretta. While 
the mother and her babes were asleep, 
Diana took one (Belphoebe) to bring up, 
and Venus took the other. 

*** Belphoebe is the "Diana "among 



BELTED WILL. 



97 



BEN BOW. 



women, cold, passionless, correct, and 
stmn^-mindcd. Amoret is the "Venus," 
but without the licentiousness of that 
goddess, warm, loving, motherly, and 
wifely. Belphoebe was a lily ; Amoret a 
rose. Belphoebe a moonbeam, light with- 
out heat ; Amoret a sunbeam, bright and 
warm and life-giving. Belphoebe would 
go to the battle-field, and make a most 
admirable nurse or lady-conductor of an 
ambulance; but Amoret would prefer to 
look after her husband and family, whose 
comfort would be her first care, and 
whoee love she would seek and largely 
reciprocate. — See Spenser, Faeru Queen. 
iii. iv. (1590). 

%* " Belphoebe " is queen Elizabeth. 
As queen she is Gloriana, but as woman 
she is Belphoebe, the beautiful and chaste. 

Either Gloriana let her choose. 
Or in Belphiebe fashioned to be ; 
In one her rule, in the other her rare chastitie. 
Spenser, IWry 0,ueen lintroducUon to bk. iii.). 

Belted Will, lord William Howard, 
warden of the western marches (1563- 
1640). 

His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt. 
Hung in a broad and studded belt ; 
Hence in rude phrase the Borderers still 
Called noble Howard ■« Belted WilL" 

Sir W. Scott. 

Belten'ebros (4 $;/(.). Amadis of 
Gaul assumes the name when he retires to 
the Poor Rock, after receiving a cruel 
letter from Oria'na his lady-love. — Vasco 
de Lobeira, Amadis de Gaul, ii. 6 (before 
1400). 

One of the most distinguishing testimonies which that 
hero gave of his fortitude, constancy, and love, was his 
retiring to the Poor Rock when in disgrace with his 
mistress Oriana, to do penance under the name of Hel- 
tenebrot or the Lovely Obscure. — Cervantes, J/un Ijuixotc, 
I. iii. 11 (1606). 

Belvide'ra, daughter of Priu'li a 
senator of Venice. She was saved from 
the sea by Jaffier, eloped with him, and 
married him. Her father then discarded 
her, and her husband joined the con- 
spiracy of Pierre to murder the senators. 
He tells Belvidera of the plot, and 
Belvidera, in order to save her father, per- 
suades Jaffier to reveal the plot to Priuli, 
if he will promise a general free pardon. 
Priuli gives the required promise, but 
notwithstanding, all the conspirators, ex- 
cept Jaffier, are condemned to death by 
torture. Jaffier stabs Pierre to save him 
from the dishonour of the wheel, and 
then kills himself. Belvidera goes mad 
and dies. — Otway, Venice Preserved (1682). 

We hare to check our tears, although well aware that 
the "Belvidera" with whose sorrows we sympathize is no 
other than our own inimitable Mrs, Siddons.— Sir W. 
Scott, The Drama. 



(The actor Booth used to speak in 
rapture of Mrs. Porter's "Belvidera." It 
obtained for Mrs. Harry the title of 
famous; Miss O'Neill arid Miss Helen 
Faucit were both great in the same part.) 

Ben [Lk<;kni>], sir Sampson Legend's 
younger son, a sailor and a "sea-wit." 
in whose composition there enters no part 
of the conventional generosity and open 
frankness of a British tar. His slang 
phrase is " D'ye see." and his pet oath 
"Mess!" — W. Congreve, Love for Lore 
(1695). I cannot agree with the follow- 
ing sketch : — 

What is U rn th e pleasant sailor which Binnister gives 
us— hut a pteoe of -.aire . . . a drawn? combination .f 
all the accident* of a mHatu character, bti oontampl of 
m.'iiey. his credulity to women, with that necessary 
antra nauinanf from borne t . . . We never think the 
worse of Ben for it, or feel it as a stain upon his charac- 
ter.— C. Lamb. 

C. Dibdin says: " If the description of Thorn Dogzctt's 
performance of this character be correct, the pari bar 
certainly never been performed since to any degree of 
perfection." 

Ben Israel (Nathan) or Nathan 
ben Samuel, the physician and friend 
of Isaac the Jew. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Een Joc'hanan, in the satire of 
Absalom and Achitopkel, by Dzyden and 

Tate, is meant for the Rev. Samuel John- 
son, who suffered much persecution for 
his defence of the right of private judg- 
ment. 

Let Hebron, nay, let hell produce a man 
So made for mi-chief as Ben Jochanan. 
A Jew of bumble pare n tage was he. 
By Lnul e a Levite, though of low degree. 

Tart ii. 

Benai'ah (3 syl.) t in Absalom and 
Achitophel, is meant for general George 
Edward Sackville. As Benaiah, captain 
of David's guard, adhered to Solomon 
against Adonijah, so general Sackville 
adhered to the duke of York against the 
prince of Orange (1590-1652). 

Nor can Benaiah's worth forgotten lie. 

Of steady soul when public storms were high. 

Dry den and Tate, part iL 

Benas'kar or Bennaskar, a 
wealthy merchant aud magician of Delhi, 
— James Ridley, Tales of the Genii 
("History of Mahoud," tale vii.. 1751). 

Benbow (Admiral). In an engaged 
ment with the. French near St. Martha on 
the Spanish coast in 1701, admired 
Benbow had his legs and thighs shivered 
into splinters by chain-shot, but supported 
in a wooden frame he remained on the 
quarter-deck till morning, when DuCassi 
sheered off. 

Similar acta of heroism are recorded of 



BENBOW. 



98 



BENTICK STREET. 



Almeyda the Portuguese governor of 
India, of Cynaegiros brother of the poet 
iEschylos, of Jaafer the standard-bearer 
of " the prophet " in the battle of Muta, 
and of some others. 

Benbow, an idle, generous, free-and- 
easy sot, who spent a good inheritance in 
dissipation, and ended life in the work- 
house. 

Benbow, a boon companion, long approved 
By jovial sets, and (as he thought) beloved, 
Was judged as one to joy and friendship prone, 
And deemed injurious to himself alone. 

Crabbe, Borough, xvi. (1810). 

Ben'demeer', a river that flows near 
the ruins of Chil'miuar' or Istachar', in 
the province of Chusistan in Persia. 

Bend-the-Bow, an English archer 
at Dickson's cottage. — Sir W. Scott, 
Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Benedick, a wild, witty, and light- 
hearted young lord of Padua, who vowed 
celibacy, but fell in love with Beatrice 
and married hor. It fell out thus: He 
went on a visit to Leonato governor of 
Messina ; here he sees Beatrice, the 
governor's niece, as wild and witty as 
himself, but he dislikes her, thinks her 
pert and forward, and somewhat ill-man- 
nered withal. However, he hears Claudio 
speaking to Leonato about Beatrice, 
saying how deeply she loves Benedick, 
and bewailing that so nice a girl should 
break her heart with unrequited love. 
This conversation was a mere ruse, but 
Benedick believed it to be true, and 
resolved to reward the love of Beatrice 
with love and marriage. It so happened 
that Beatrice had been entrapped by a 
similar conversation which she had over- 
heard from her cousin Hero. The end 
was they sincerely loved each other, and 
became man and wife. — Shakespeare, 
Much Ado about Nothing (1600). 

Benedict [Bellefontaine], the 
wealthiest farmer of Grand Pre', in 
Acadia, father of Evangeline ("the pride 
of the village "). He was a stalwart man 
of 70, hale as an oak, but his hair was 
white as snow. Colonel Winslow in 
L713 informed the villagers of Grand Pre' 
that the French had formally ceded their 
village to the English, that George II. 
now confiscated all their lands, houses, 
and cattle, and that the people, amounting 
to nearly 2000, were to be " exiled into 
other lands without delay." The people 
assembled on the sea-shore ; old Benedict 
liellefontaine sat to rest himself, and fell 
dead in a fit. The old priest buried him 



in the sand, and the exiles left their 
village homes for ever. — Longfellow, 
Evangeline (1849). 

Benefit-Play. The first actress in- 
dulged with a benefit-play was Mrs. 
Elizabeth Barry (1682-1783). 

Ben'engel'i (Cid Bamet), the hypo- 
thetical Moorish chronicler from whom 
Cervantes pretends he derived the ac- 
count of the adventures of don Quixote. 

The Spanish commentators . . . have discovered that 
cid Bamet ISeiiengeli is after all no more than an Arabic 
version of the name of Cervantes himself. Bamet U 
a Moorish prefix, and Benengeli signifies "son of a stag," 
in Spanish Cervanteno. — Lockbart. 

Bencngeli (Cid Ilamet), Thomas Babing- 
ton lord Macaulay. His signature in his 
Fragment of an Ancient Romance (1826). 
(See Cid, etc.) 

Benev'ohis, in Cooper's Task, is 
John Courtney Throckmorton, of Weston 
Underwood. 

Benjie [Little), or Benjamin Col- 
thred, a spy employed by Cristal Nixon, 
the agent of Redgauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Ben 'net (Brother), a monk at St. 
Mary's convent. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Ben'net (Mrs.), a demure, intriguing 
woman in Amelia, -9 novel by Fielding 
(1751). 

Ben'oiton (Madame), a woman who 
has been the ruin of the family by neglect. 
In the " famille Benoiton " the constant 
question was " Oh est Madame ?" and the 
invariable answer ' ' File est sortie." At the 
denouement the question was asked again, 
and the answer was varied thus, "Madam 
has been at home, but is gone out again." 
— La Famille Benoiton. 

Ben'shee, the domestic spirit or 
demon of certain Irish families. The 
benshee takes an interest in the prosperity 
of the family to which it is attached, and 
intimates to it approaching disaster or 
death by wailings or shrieks. The Scotch 
Bodach Glay or " grey spectre" i^ a simi- 
lar spirit. Same as l!(tnsh<<- (which see). 

How oft has the Benshee cried I 
How oft has death untied 
Blight links that i,'U«r\ wove, 
cJwect bonds entwined by love ! 

T. Moore, Irish .Velodiet, ii. 

Bentick Street (Portman Square, 
London), named after William Bratiek, 
second duke of Portland, who married 
Margaret, only child of Kdward second 
earl of Oxford anu Mortimer. 



BENVOLIO. 



99 



BERENICE. 



Benvo'lio, nephew to Montague, and 
Romeo's friend. A testy, litigious fellow, 
who would quarrel about goat's wool or 
pigeon's milk. Mercutio says to him, 
" Thou hast quarrelled with a man for 
coughing in the street, because he hath 
wakened thy dog that hath lain asleep 
in the sun " (act iii. sc. 1). — Shakespeare, 
Borneo and Juliet (1598). 

Ben'wicke (2 syi.), the kingdom of 
king Ban, father of sir Launcelot. It 
was situate in that extremely shadowy 
locality designated as "beyond seas," but 
whether it was Brittany or Utopia, "non 
nostrum tantas componere lites." 

Probably it was Brittany, because it 
was across the channel, and was in 
France. Ban king of Benwicke was 
brother of Bors king of Gaul. — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 8 
(1470). 

Beowulf, the name of an Anglo- 
Saxon epic poem of the sixth century. It 
received its name from Beowulf, who 
delivered Hrothgar king of Denmark from 
the monster Grendel. This Grendel was 
half monster and half man, and night 
after night stole into the king's palace 
called Heorot, and slew sometimes as 
many as thirty of the sleepers at a time. 
Beowulf put himself at the head of a 
mixed band of warriors, went against the 
monster and slew it. This epic is very 
Ossianic in style, is full of beauties, and 
is most interesting. — Kemble's Translation. 

(A. D. Wackerbarth published in 1849 
a metrical translation of this Anglo- 
Saxon poem, of considerable merit.) 

Beppo. Byron's Beppo is the husband 
of Laura, a Venetian lady. He was taken 
captive in Troy, turned Turk, joined a 
band of pirates, grew rich, and after 
several years returned to his native land. 
He found his wife at a carnival ball with 
a cavaliero, made himself known to her, 
and they lived together again as man and 
wife. (Beppo is a contraction of Guiseppc, 
as Joe is of Joseph, 1820.) 

Beppo, in Fra Diavolo, an opera by 
Auber (1836). 

Beralde (2 syl.), brother of Argan the 
malade imaginaire. He tells Argan that 
his doctors will confess this much, that 
the cure of a patient is a very minor con- 
sideration with them, " toute P excellence 
de leur art consiste en un pompeux gali- 
matias, en un spe'eievx babii, qui vous 
donne des mots pour des raisons, et des 
prowesses pour des effets." Again he says, 



i( presque tous les hommes mcurcnt de leur 
remedes et non pas de leurs maladies." He 
then proves that Argan's wife is a mere 
hypocrite, while his daughter is a true- 
hearted, loving girl ; and he makes the 
invalid join in the dancing and singing 
provided for his cure. — Moliere, L<: Malade 
Imaginaire (1673). 

Berch'ta ( u the white lady "), a fairy of 
southern Germany, answering to 1 In Ida 
("the gracious lady") of northern Ger- 
many. After the introduction of Chris- 
tianity, Berchta lost her first estate and 
lapsed into a bogie. 

Berecynthian Goddess (The). 
Cybt'le is so called from mount Berecyn- 
tus, in Phrygia, where she was held in 

especial adoration. She is represented as 
crowned with turrets, and holding keys 
in her hand. 

Her helmed head 
Rose like the Berecynthian goddess crowned 
With towers. 

Southey, Roderick, etc., il. (1814). 

BerecTii'thian Hero (TJie), Midas 
king of Phrygia, so called from mount 
Berecyn'tus (4 syl.), in Phrygia. 

Berenga'ria, queen - consort of 
Richard Cceur de Lion, introduced in The 
T.ilisinan, a novel bv sir "\Y. Scott 
(1825). Berengaria died 1230. 

Berenger {Sir Raymond), an old 
Norman warrior, living at the castle of 
Garde Doloureuse. 

The lady Eveline Berenger, sir Ray- 
mond's daughter, betrothed to iir Hugo 
de Lacy. Sir Hugo cancels his own 
betrothal in favour of his nephew (sir 
Damian de Lacy), who marries the lady 
Eveline "the betrothed." — Sir W. Scott, 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Berexii'ce (4 syl.), sister-wife of 
Ptolemy III. She vowed to sacrifice her 
hair to the gods if her husband returned 
home the vanquisher of Asia. On his 
return, she suspended her hair in the 
temple of the war-god, but it was stolen 
the first night, and Conon of Samos told 
the king that the winds had carried it to 
heaven, where it still forms the seven 
stars near the tail of Leo, called Coma 
Berenices. 

Pope, in his Rape of the Lock, has 
borrowed this fable to account for the 
lock of hair cut from Belinda's head, the 
restoration of which the young lady 
insisted upon. 

Berenice (4 syl.), a Jewish princess, 
daughter of Agrippa. She married Herod 



BERESINA. 



100 



BERNARDO 



king of Chalcis, then Polemon king of 
Cilicia, and then went to live with 
Agrippa II. her brother. Titus fell in 
love with her and would have married 
her, but the Romans compelled him to 
renounce the idea, and a separation took 
place. Otway (1672) made this the 
subject of a tragedy called Titus and 
Berenice ; and Jean Racine (1670), in his 
tragedy of Berenice, has made her a sort 
of Henriette d'Orle'ans. 

(Henriette d'Orle'ans, daughter of 
Charles I. of England, married Philippe 
due d'Orle'ans, brother of Louis XIV. She 
was brilliant in talent and beautiful in 
person, but being neglected by her hus- 
band, she died suddenly after drinking a 
cup of chocolate, probably poisoned.) 

Beresi'na (4 syl.). Every streamlet 
shall prove a new Beresina (Russian) : 
meaning "every streamlet shall prove 
their destruction and overthrow." The 
allusion is to the disastrous passage of the 
French army in November, 1812, during 
their retreat from Moscow. It is said 
that 12,000 of the fugitives were drowned 
in the stream, and 16,000 were taken 
prisoners by the Russians. 

Ber'il, a kind of crystal, much used.at 
one time by fortune-tellers, who looked 
into the beril and then uttered their pre- 
dictions. 

. . . and, like a prophet, 
losks in a glass that shews what future evils . . . 
Are now to have no successive degree, 
But where they live, to end. 
Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, act I. sc. 2 (1603). 



Beri.ngh.en (The Sieur de), an old 
gourmand, who preferred patties to trea- 
son ; but cardinal Richelieu banished him 
from France, saying : 

Sleep not another night in Paris, 

Or else your precious life may be in danger. 

Lord Lytton, Richelieu (1839). 

Berin'thia, cousin of Amanda ; a 
beautiful young widow attached to colonel 
Townly. In order to win him she plays 
upon his jealousy by coquetting with 
Loveless. — Sheridan, A Trip to Scar- 
borough (1777). 

Berkeley (The Old Woman of), a 
woman whose life had been very wicked. 
On her death-bed she sent for her son who 
was a monk, and for her daughter who 
was a nun, and bade them put her in a 
strong stone coffin, and to fasten the 
coffin to the ground with strong bands of 
iron. Fifty priests and fifty choristers 
were to pray and sing over her for throe 
days, and the bell was to toll without 



ceasing. The first night passed without; 
much disturbance. The second night the 
candles burnt blue and dreadful yells were 
heard outside the church. But the third 
night the devil broke into the church and 
carried off the old woman on his black 
horse. — R. Southey, The Old Woman of 
Berkeley (a ballad from Olaus Magnus). 

Dr. Sayers pointed out to us in conversation a story 
related by Olaus Magnus of a witch whose coffin was con- 
fined by three chains, but nevertheless was carried off by 
demons. Dr. Sayers had made a ballad on the subject ; so 
had I ; but after seeing The Old Woman of Berkeley, we 
awarded it the preference. — W. Taylor. 

Berkeley Square (London), so 
called in compliment to John lord Berke- 
ley of Stratton. 

Berkely (The lady Augusta), plighted 
to sir John de Walton, governor of Doug- 
las Castle. She first appears under the 
name of Augustine, disguised as the son 
of Bertram the minstrel, and the novel 
concludes with her marriage to De Walton, 
to whom Douglas Castle had been sur- 
rendered. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dan- 
gerous (time, Henry I.). 

Berkshire Lady (The), Miss Frances 
Kendrick, daughter of sir William Ken- 
drick, second baronet ; his father was 
created baronet by Charles II. The line, 
" Faint heart never won fair lady," was 
the advice of a friend to Mr. Child, the 
son of a brewer, who sought the hand of 
the lady. — Quarterly Review, cvi. 205- 
245. 

Berme'ja, the Insula de la Torre, 
from which Am'adis of Gaul starts when 
he goes in quest of the enchantress-dam- 
sel, daughter of Finetor the necromancer. 

Bermu'das, a cant name for one of 
the purlieus of the Strand, at one time 
frequented by vagabonds, thieves, and ail 
evil-doers who sought to lie perdu. 

Bernard. Solomon Bernard, engraver 
of Lions (sixteenth century), called Le 
petit Bernard. Claude Bernard of Dijon, 
the philanthropist (1588-1641), is called 
Poor Bernard. Pierre Joseph Bernard, 
the French poet (1710-1775), is called Le 
gentil Bernard. 

Bernard, an ass; in Italian Bernardo. 
In the beast-epic called Reynard the 
Fox, the sheep is called "Bernard," and 
the ass is " Bernard l'archiprgtre " (1493). 

Bernar'do, an officer in Denmark, to 
whom the ghost of the murdered king 
appeared during the night-watch at the 
royal castle. — Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596). 



BERNARDO DEL CARPIO. 



101 



BERTOLDO. 



Bernardo del Carpio, one of 
the most favourite subjects of the old 
Spanish minstrel*. The other two were 
The Cui and Lara's Seven Infants. Ber- 
nardo del Carpio was the person who 
assailed Orlando (or Rowland) at Bonces- 
vallcs, and finding him invulnerable, took 
him up in his arms and squeezed him to 
death, as Hercules did AnUe'os. — Cer- 
vantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 13 (1615). 

*** The only vulnerable part of Or- 
lando was the sole of the foot. 

Bernesque Poetry, like lord By- 
ron's Don Juan, is a mixture of satire, 
tragedy, comedy, serious thought, wit, 
ami ridicule. L. Pulci was the lather of 
this class of rhyme (1432-1487), but 
Francesco Berni of Tuscany (14!»0-lo37) 
so greatly excelled in it, that it is called 
Bernesque, from his name. 

Bernit'ia with Dei'ra constituted 
Northumbria. Bernitia included West- 
moreland, Durham, and part of Cumber- 
land. Deira contained the other part of 
Cumberland, with Yorkshire and Lan- 
cashire. 

Two kingdoms which had been with several thrones en- 

stalled. 
Bernitia bight the one, Dienv [sic] tb' other called. 

Drayton, 1'olyilbiun, xvi. (1618). 

Ber'rathon, an island of Scandinavia. 

Berser'ker, grandson of the eight- 
handed Starka'der and the beautiful 
Althil'de. He was so called because he 
wore "no shirt of mail," but went to 
battle unharnessed. He married the 
daughter of Swaf'urlam, and had twelve 
sons. (Bo?r-syrce, Anglo-Saxon, "bare of 
shirt ; " Scotch, " bare-sark.") 

You say that I am a Berserker, and . . . baresark I go 
to-motTOW to the war, ami bare-sark I win that war or 
die.— Kev. C. Kingsley. J/erewatd the Wake, i. 247. 

Bertha, the supposed daughter of 
Vandunke (2 syl.) burgomaster of Bruges, 
and mistress of Goswin a rich merchant 
of the same city. In reality, Bertha is 
the duke of Brabant's daughter Gertrude, 
and Goswin is Florcz, son of Gerrard king 
of the beggars. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Ber'tha, daughter of Burkhard duke of 
the Alemanni, and wife of Rudolf II. 
king of Burgundy beyond Jura. She is 
represented on monuments of the time as 
sitting on her throne spinning. 

You are the beautiful Bertba the Spinner, the queen of 

Helvetia; . . . 
Who as siie rode on her palfrey o'er valley, and meadow, 

and mountain. 



Ever was spinning her thread from the distaff fixed to he* 

■addta 
She ";i n thrifty and good that her name passed into a 

proverb 

Luugiciiow, Lourcinto of Mil** {Unrwtt** viii. 

Bertha, alicu Agatha, the betrothed of 
He-reward (3 syl.), one of th<» caneror'i 
Varangian guards. The novel concludes 
with Eiereward enlisting under the banner 
of count Robert, and marrying Bertha. — 
Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Rufus). 

Ber'tha, the betrothed of John of Ley- 
den* When lhc went with her mother to 
ask count Oberthal's permission to marry, 
the COnnt resolved to make hit; pretty 
vassal his mistress, and confined her in 
his castle. She made her escape and 
went to Minister, intending to set lire to 
the palace of "the prophet," who, she 
thought, had caused the death of her 
lover. Being seised and brought before 
the prophet, she recognized in him her 
lover, and exclaiming, " I loved thee 
once, but now my love is turned to hate," 
slabbed herself and died. — Meyerbeer, Le 
Prop/lite (an opera, 1849). 

Berthe au Grand-Pied, mother of 
Charlemagne, so called from a club-foot. 

Bertolde (3 eyl.), the hero of a little 
jcu dTesprit in Italian prose by ./. C. Croci 

(2 syl.). He is a comedian by profession, 
whom nothing astonishes. lie is as much 
at his ease with kings and queens as with 
those of his own rank. Hence the phrase 
imperturbable as Bertolde, meaning "never 
taken by surprise," " never thrown off 
one's guard," " never disconcerted." 

Bertoldo (Prince), a knight of Malta, 
and brother of Roberto king of the two 
Sicilies. He is in love with Cami'ola 
" the maid of honour," but could not 
marry without a dispensation from the 
pope. "While matters were at this crii-is, 
Bertoldo laid siege to Sienna, and was 
taken prisoner. Camiola paid his ransom, 
but before he was released the duchess 
Aurelia requested him to be brought 
before her. Immediately the duchess saw 
him, she fell in love with him, and 
offered him marriage, and Bertoldo, for- 
getful of Camioia, accepted the offer. 
The betrothed then presented themselves 
before the king. Here Camiola exposed 
the conduct of the knight ; Roberto is 
indignant ; Aurelia rejects her fiance' with 
scorn ; and Camiola takes the veil. — Mas- 
singer, TJie Maid of Honour (1637). 

Bertol'do, the chief character of a 
comic romance called Vita di Bertoldo, by 



BERTOLDO'S SON. 



102 



BERTRAMO. 



Julio Cesare Croce, who flourished in the 
sixteenth century. It recounts the suc- 
cessful exploits of a clever but ugly 
peasant, and was for two centuries as 
popular in Italy as Robinson Crusoe is in 
England. Same as Bertolde and Bartoldo. 

Bertoldo's Son, Rinaldo. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Bertram {Baron), one of Charle- 
magne's paladins. 

Ber'tram, count of Rousillon. While 
on a visit to the king of France, Hel'ena, 
a physician's daughter, cured the king of 
a disorder which had baffled the court 
physicians. For this service the king 
promised her for husband any one she 
chose to select, and her choice fell on 
Bertram. The haughty count married 
her, it is true, but deserted her at once, 
and left for Florence, where he joined the 
duke's army. It so happened that 
Helena also stopped at Florence while on 
a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Jacques 
le Grand. In Florence she lodged with a 
widow whose daughter Diana was wan- 
tonly loved by Bertram. Helena ob- 
tained permission to receive his visits in 
lieu of Diana, and in one of these visits 
exchanged rings with him. Soon after 
this the count went on a visit to his 
mother, where he saw the king, and the 
king observing on his finger the ring he 
had given to Helena, had him arrested on 
the suspicion of murder. Helena now 
came forward to explain matters, and all 
was well, for all ended well. — Shake- 
speare, All's Well that Ends Well (1598). 

I cannot reconcile my heart to " Bertram," a man noble 
without generosity, and young without truth ; who marries 
Helena as a coward, and leaves her as a profligate. When 
she is dead by his unkindness he sneaks home to a second 
marriage, is accused by a woman whom he has wronged, 
defends himself by falsehood, and is dismissed to happi- 
ness. —Dr. Johnson. 

Bertram (Sir Stephen), an austere mer- 
chant, very just but not generous. Fear- 
ing lest his son should marry the sister of 
his clerk (Charles Ratcliffe), he dismissed 
Ratclilt'e from his service, and being 
then informed that the marriage had been 
already consummated, he disinherited his 
son. Sheva the Jew assured him that the 
lady had £10,000 for her fortune, so he 
relented. At the last all parties were 
satisfied. 

Frederick Bertram, only son of sir 
Stephen ; he marries Miss Kateliffe clan- 
destinely, and incurs thereby his father's 
displeasure, but the noble benevolence of 
Sheva the Jew brings about a reconcilia- 
tion, and opens eir Bertram's eyes to 



" see ten thousand merits," a grace for 
every pound. — Cumberland. Tiic Jew 
(1776). 

Ber'tram (Count), an outlaw, who be- 
comes the leader of a band of robbers. 
Being wrecked on the coast of Sicily, he 
is conveyed to the castle of lady Imogine, 
and in her he recognizes an old sweetheart 
to whom in his prosperous days he was 
greatly attached. Her husband* (St. Aldo- 
brand), who was away at first, returning 
unexpectedly is murdered by Bertram ; 
Imogine goes mad and dies ; and Bertram 
puts an end to his own life. — C. Maturin, 
Bertram (1782-1825). 

Bertram (Mr. Godfrey), the laird of 
EllangoAvan. 

Mrs. Bertram, his wife. 

Marry Bertram, alias captain Van- 
beest Brown, alias Dawson, alias 
Dudley, son of the laird, and heir to 
Ellangcwan. Harry Bertram is in love 
with Julia Mannering, and the novel 
concludes with his taking possession of 
the old house at Ellengowan and marrying 
Julia. 

Lucy Bertram, sister of Harry Bertram. 
She marries Charles Hazlewood, son of 
sir Robert Hazlewood, of Hazlewood. 

Sir Allen Bertram, of Ellangowan, an 
ancestor of Mr. Godfrey Bertram. 

Dennis Bertram, Donohoe Bertram, and 
Lewis Bertram, ancestors of Mr. Godfrey 
Bertram. 

Captain Andrew Bertram, a relative of 
the family. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
nering (time, George II.). 

Bertram, the English minstrel, and 
guide of lady Augusta Berkely, when in 
disguise she calls herself the minstrel's 
son. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous 
(time, Henry I.). 

Ber'tram, one of the conspirators 
against the republic of Venice. Having 
" a hesitating softness, fatal to a great 
enterprise," he betrayed the conspiracy 
to the senate. — Byron, Marino Faliero 
(1819). 

Bertra'mo, the fiend-father of 
Robert le Diable. After alluring his 
son to gamble away all his property, he 
meets him near St. Ire'ne, and Hel'ena 
seduces him to join in "the Dance of 
Love." When at last Bertramo comes to 
claim his victim, he is resisted by Alice 
(the duke's* foster-sister), who reads to 
Robert his mother's will. Beini; thus 
reclaimed, angels celebrate the tiiunph 



BERTRAND. 



103 



BETIQUE. 



of pood over evil. — Meyerbeer, Roberto il 
Jjiiivalu (an opera, 183 1). 

Bertrand, a simpleton and a villain. 
He LB the accomplice of Robert Macaire, 
alihertine of unblushing impudence, who 
sins without compunction. — Daumier, 

L'Auberge des Adrets. 

Bertrand du Gueslin, a romance 
of chivalry, reciting the adventures of 
this connetable de France, in the reign of 
Charles V. 

Bertrand du Gueslin in prison. The 
prince of Wales went to visit his captive 
Bertrand, and asking him how he fared, 
the Frenchman replied, "Sir, I have 
heard the mice and the rats this many a 
day. but it is long since 1 heard the BOng of 
birds," i.e. I have been long a captive 
and have not breathed the fresh air. 

The reply of Bertrand du Gueslin 
calls to mind that of Douglas, called 
"The Good sir James," the companion 
of Robert Bruce, " It is better, I ween, 
to hear the lark sing than the mouse 
cheep," i.e. It is better to keep the open 
tield than to be shut up in a castle. 

Bertulphe (2 syl.), provost of Bruges, 
the son of a serf. By his genius and 
energy he became the richest, most 
honoured, and most powerful man in 
Bruges. His arm was strong in tight, his 
wisdom swayed the council, his step was 
proud, and his eye untamed. He had one 
child, most dearly beloved, the bride of 
sir Bouchard, a knight of noble descent. 
Charles " the Good," earl of Flanders, 
made a law (^1127) that whoever married 
a serf should become a serf, and that serfs 
w r ere serfs till manumission. By these 
absurd decrees Bertulphe the provost, his 
daughter Constance, and his knightly 
son-in-law were all serfs. The result was 
that the provost slew the earl and then 
himself, his daughter went mad and died, 
and Bouchard was slain in right. — S. 
Knowles, The Provost of Bruges (183(5). 

Ber'wine (2 syl.), the favourite 
attendant of lady Er'mengarde (3 syl.) 
of Baldringham, great-aunt of lady 
Eveline "the betrothed." — Sir W. 
Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Ber'yl Mol'ozane (3 syl.), the 
lady-love of George Geith. All beauty, 
love, and sunshine. She has a heart for 
every one, is ready to help every one, and 
is by every one beloved, yet her lot is 
most painfully unhappv, and ends in an 
early death.— F. G. Trafford [J. H. Rid- 
deli], George Geith. 



Beso'nian (A), a scoundrel. From 
the Italian, bisognoso, "a needy person, 
a beggar." 

Proud lords do tumble from the towers of their hi«h 

Mid be trod under (• el "f every Infer) 

nian. — Thonuu Vili, Pierct Petutf/ttut, /»i« Bupplt- 

cutiun, cl>: (1SBS). 

Bess (Good queen), Elizabeth (1533, 
1558-1G03). 

Bess, the daughter of the " blind 
beggar of Bethnal Green," a lady by 
birth, a sylph for beauty, an angel for 
constancy and sweetness. She was loved 
to distraction by Wilford, and it turns 
out that he was the 6on of lord Wood- 
ville, and Bess die daughter of lord 
Woodville's brother; so they were 
cousins. Queen Elizabeth sanctioned 
their nuptials, and took them under her 
own especial conduct. — S. Knowles, The 
Beggar of Bethnal Green (1834). 

Bess o' Bedlam, a female lunatic 
vagrant, the male lunatic vagrant being 
called a Tom o' Bedlam. 

Bessus, governor of Bactria, who 
seized Dari'us (after the battle of Arbe'la) 
and put him to death. Arrian says, Alex- 
ander caused the nostrils of the regicide 
to be slit, and the tips of his ears to be 
cut oft'. The offender being then sent to 
Ecbat'ana in chains, was put to death. 

Lo ! Bessus, he that nrmde with murderer's knyfe 

Aiul liaylrous hurt agaynst his royal king. 
With bluddy hands bereft his master's life . . . 

What Looted him liLs faise usur|H.d ravine . . . 
When like a wretche led in an iron rhuyne. 
He was presented by his chiefest friende 
Unto the foes of him whom he had slayne? 

T. Sack wile, A Mirrour for Magiftraytt* 
(" The Complayut," 1587). 

Bes'sus, a cowardly bragging captain, 
a sort of Bobadil or Vincent de la Rosa. 
Captain Bessus, having received a chal- 
lenge, wrote word back that he could not 
accept the honour for thirteen weeks, as 
he had already 212 duels on hand, but he 
was much grieved he coidd not appoint 
an earlier day. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
King orNo King (1619). 

Rochester I despise for want of wit . . . 
So often does he aim, so seldom hit . . . 
Mean in each action, leud in every' limb. 
Manners themselves are mischievous in him . . . 
[Oh] what a Bessus has he always lived ! 

Dryden, Eisay upon Satire. 

Betique (2 syl.) or Bae'tica (Gra- 
na'da and Andalusia), so called from the 
river Baetis (Guadal quiver). Ado'am de- 
scribes this part of Spain to Telem'achus 
as a veritable Utopia. — Fe'nelon, Aven- 
tures de Te'le'maque, viii. (1700). 



BETTER TO REIGN IN HELL, ETC. 104 



BEVIL. 



Better to Reign in Hell than 
Serve in Heaven.— Milton, Paradise 
Lost, i. 263 (1665). 

Julius Cassar used to say he would 
rather be the first man in a country 
village than the second man at Rome. 

Betty Doxy. Captain Macheath 
says to her, "Do you drink as hard as 
ever ? You had better stick to good 
wholesome beer ; for, in troth, Betty, 
strong waters will in time ruin your 
constitution. You should leave those to 
your betters." — Gay, Hie Beggar's Opera, 
ii. 1 (1727). 

Betty Foy, " the idiot mother of 
an idiot boy." — W. Wordsworth (1770- 
1850). 

Betty [Hint], servant in the family 
of sir 'Pertinax and lady McSycophant. 
She is a sly, prying tale-bearer, who 
hates Constantia (the beloved of Eger- 
ton McSycophant), simply because every 
one else loves her. — C. Macklin, The Man 
of the World (1764). 

BetuTbium, Dumsby or the Cape 
of St. Andrew, in Scotland. 

The north-inflated tempest foams 
O'er Orka's or Betubium's highest peak. 

Thomson, The Seasons ("Autumn," 1730). 

Betula Alba, common birch. The 
Roman lictors made fasces of its branches, 
and also employed it for scourging chil- 
dren, etc. (Latin, batulo, "to beat.") 

The college porter brought in a huge quantity of that 
betulineous tree, a native of Britain, called be-tula alba, 
which furnished rods for the school.— Lord W. P. Lennox, 
Celebrities, etc., i. 43. 

Beulah, that land of rest which a 
Christian enjoys when his faith is so 
strong that he no longer fears or doubts. 
Sunday is sometimes so called. In 
Bunyan's allegory (The Pilgrim'' s Pro- 
m-ess) the pilgrims tarry in the land of 
Beulah after their pilgrimage is over, till 
they are summoned to cross the stream 
of Death and enter into the Celestial 
City. 

After this, I beheld until they came unto the land of 
Beulah, where the sun shineth night and day. Here, 
because they were weary, they betook themselves awhile 
to rest; but a little while soon refreshed them here, for 
the bells did so ring, and the trumpets sounded so melo- 
diously that they could not sleep. ... In this land they 
heard nothing, saw nothing, smelt nothing, tasted 
nothing that was ohensive.— Bunyan, The J'ilyrim's Pro- 
gress, i. (1C78). 

Beuves (1 syL) or Buo'vo of 
Ay'gremont, father of Malagigi, and 
uucle of Rinaldo. Treacherously slain by 
Gano. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Beuves do Hantone, French 



form for Bevis of Southampton (q.t.). 
"Hantone" is a French corruption of 
[South] ampton. 

Bev'an (Mr.), an American physician, 
who befriends Martin Chuzzlewit and 
Mark Tapley in many ways during their 
stay in the New World. — C. Dickens, 

Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Bev'erley, "the gamester," natur- 
ally a good man, but led astray by 
Stukely, till at last he loses everything 
by gambling, and dies a miserable death. 

Mrs. Beverley, the gamester's wife. 
She loves her husband fondly, and clings 
to him in all his troubles. 

Charlotte Beverley, in love with Lewson, 
but Stukely wishes to marry her. She 
loses all her fortune through her brother, 
"the gamester," but Lewson notwith- 
standing marries her. — Edward Moore, 
The Gamester (1712-1757). 

Mr. Young was acting " Beverley " with Mrs. Siddons. 
... In the 4th act " Beverley " swallows poison; and 
when "Bates" comes in and says to the dying man, 
" Jai'vis found you quarrelling with Lawson in the streets 
last night," " Mrs. Beverley" replies, " No, I am sure he 

did not." To this "Jarvis" adds, "And if I did " 

when " Mrs. Beverley" interrupts him with, " 'Tis false, 
old man ; they had no quarrel. . . ." In uttering these 
words, Mrs. Siddons gave such a piercing shriek of 
grief that Young was unable to utter a word from a 
swelling in his throat. — Campbell, Life of Siddons. 

Beverley, brother of Clarissa, and the 
lover of Belinda Blandford. He is ex- 
tremely jealous, and catches at trifles 
light as air to confirm his fears ; but his 
love is most sincere, and his penitence 
most humble when he finds out how 
causeless his suspicions are. Belinda is 
too proud to deny his insinuations, but 
her love is so deep that she repents of 
giving him a moment's pain. — A. Mur- 
phy, All in the Wrong (1761). 

Young's countenance was equally well adapted for the 
expression of pathos or of pride; thus in such parts as 
"Hamlet," "Beverley," "The Stranger" ... he looked 
the men lie represented. — Hew Monthly (1822). 

Bev'il, a model gentleman, in Steele's 
Conscious Lovers. 

Whate'er can deck mankind 
Or charm the heart, in generous Bevil shewed. 
Thomson, The Seasons ("Winter," 1726). 

Bevil (Francis, Harry, and George), 
three brothers — one an M.P., another in 
the law, and the third in the Guards — who, 
unknown to each other, wished to obtain 
in marriage the hand of Miss Grubb, the 
daughter of a rich stock-broker. The 
M.P. paid his court to the father, and 
obtained his consent ; the lawyer paid 
his court to the mother, and obtained her 
consent ; the officer paid his court to the 
young lady, and having obtained her 



BEVTS. 



105 



BICKERTON. 



consent, the other two brothers retired 
from the field. — O'Brien, Cross Purposes, 

Be'vis, the horse of lord Marmion. — 
Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808). 

BSvis (Sir) of Southampton. Having 

reproved his mother, while still a tad, 
for murdering his father, she employed 
Saber to kill him ; bttt Saber only left 
him on a desert land as a waif, and he was 
brought up as a shepherd. Hearing that 
his mother had married Mor'dure (2 syl.), 
the adulterer, he forced his way into the 
marriage hall and struck at Mordure ; but 
Mordure slipped aside, and escaped the 
blow. Bevis was now sent out of the 
country, and being sold to an Armenian, 
■was presented to the king. Jos'ian, the 
king's daughter, fell in love with him ; 
they were duly married, and Bevis was 
knighted. Having slain the boar which 
made holes in the earth as big as that 
into which Curtius leapt, he was ap- 
pointed general of the Armenian forces, 
subdued Brandamond of Damascus, and 
made Damascus tributary to Armenia. 
Being sent, on a future occasion, as am- 
bassador to Damascus, he was thrust into 
a prison, where were two huge serpents ; 
these he slew, and then effected his 
escape. His next encounter was with 
Ascupart the giant, whom he made his 
slave. Lastly, he slew the great dragon 
of Colein, and then returned to England, 
where he was restored to his lands and 
titles. The French call him Beuces de 
Hantone. — M. Drayton, Polyolbivn, ii. 
(1612). 

The Sword of Bevis of Southampton 
was Morglay, and his steed Ar'undel. 
Both w r ere given him by his wife Josian, 
daughter of the king of Armenia. 

Beza'liel, in the satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, is meant for the marquis 
of Worcester, afterwards duke of Beau- 
fort. As Bezaliel, the famous artificer, 
" was filled with the Spirit of God to 
devise excellent works in every kind of 
workmanship," so on the marquis of 
Worcester — 

... so largely Nature heaped her store. 
There scarce remained for arts to give him more. 

Dryden aud Tate, part ii. 

Bezo'nian, a beggar, a rustic. 
(Italian, bisognoso, " necessitous.") 

The ordinary tillers of the earth, such as we call hies- 
bandmen : in France, pesants : in Spaine. besonyans ; 
and generally eloutslioe. — Markham, £nglush Husband- 
man, 4. 

Bian'ca, the younger daughter of 
Baptista of Pad'ua, as gentle and meek 



as her sister Katherine was violent and 
irritable. As it was not likely any one 
would marry Katherine "the shrew," the 
father resolved that Bianca should not 
marry before her sister. 1'etruchio mar- 
ried "the shrew," and then Lueentio 
married Bianca. — Shakespeare, Taming 
of the Shrew (1594). 

Bian'ca. a courtezan, the "almast" 

wife of Cassio. Iago, speaking of the 

lieutenant, says : 

Ami wh;it m be! 
Fonooth, ■ great arithmetician, 
tint Miiluu-1 QuriO, a Florentine, 
A fellow almoct dajon'd in ■ fair wife. 

Bbakapana, ttMetto, act i.K.1 (leil). 

Biau'ra, wife of Fazio. When her 
husband wantons with the marchioness 
Aldabella, Bianca, out of jealousy, ac- 
cuses him to the duke of Florence of 
being privy to the death of Bartol'do, 
an old miser. Fazio being condemned 
to death, Bianca repents of her rashness, 
and tries to save her husband, but not 
succeeding, goes mad and dies. — Dean 
Milman, Fazio (1815). 

Bibbet (Master), secretary to major- 
general Harrison, one of the parliamentary 

commissioners. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock 
(time, Commonwealth). 

Bibbie'na (H), cardinal Bernardo, 
who resided at Bibbiena, in Tuscany. 
He was the author of Calandra, a comedy 
(1470-1520). 

"Bible" Butler, alias Stephen 
Butler, grandfather of Keuben Butler 
the presbyterian minister (married to 
Jcanie Deans). — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George 11.). 

Bib'lis, a woman who fell in love 
with her brother Caunus, and was 
changed into a fountain near Mile'tus. — 
Ovid, Met. ix. G62. 

Not that [fountain] where Bihlis dropt, too fondly light. 
Her tears and self may dare compare with this. 

Phin. Fletcher, Tlte turtle 1 aland, v. (1633). 

Bib'ulus, a colleague of Julius Ca?sar, 
but a mere cipher in office ; hence his 
name became a household word for a 
nonentity. 

Bic'kerstaff (Isaac), a pseudonym 
of dean Swift, assumed in the paper-war 
with Partridge, the almanac-maker, and 
subsequently adopted by Steele in The 
Tatler, which was announced as edited 
by " Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq., astrologer." 

Bickerton (Mrs.), landlady of the 
Seven Stars inn of York, where Jeanie 
Deans stops on her way to London, 



BID ME DISCOURSE. 



106 



BILBILIS. 



whither she is going to plead for her 
sister's pardon. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Bid Me Discourse . . . The words 
of this celebrated song are taken from 
Shakespeare's poem called Venus and 
Adonis, 25. Music by Bishop. 

Bid'denden Maids (The), two 
sisters named Mary and Elizabeth Chulk- 
hurst, born at Biddenden in 1100. They 
were joined together by the shoulders 
and hips, and lived to the age of 34. 
Some say that it was Mary and Eliza- 
beth Chulkhurst who left twenty acres 
of land to the poor of Biddenden. This 
tenement is called " Bread and Cheese 
Land," because the rent derived from 
it is distributed on Easter Sunday in 
doles of bread and cheese. Halstead 
says, in his History of Kent, that it was 
the gift of two maidens named Preston, 
and not of the Biddenden Maids. 

Biddy, servant to Wopsle's great- 
aunt, who kept an " educational institu- 
tion." A good, honest girl, who falls in 
love with Pip, was loved by Dolge 
Orlick, but married Joe Gargery. — C. 
Dickens, Great Expectations (1860). 

Biddy [Bellair] (Miss), "Miss in 
her teens," in love with captain Loveit. 
She was promised in marriage by her 
aunt and guardian to an elderly man 
whom she detested ; and during the 
absence of captain Loveit in the Flanders 
war, she coquetted with Mr. Fribble and 
captain Flash. On the return of her 
" Strephon," she set Fribble and Flash 
together by the cars ; and while they 
stood menacing each other but afraid to 
fight, captain Loveit entered and sent 
them both to the right-about. — D. Gar- 
rick, Miss in Her Teens (1753). 

Bid§ford Postman (The). Edward 
Capern, a poet, at one time a letter- 
carrier in Bideford (3 syL). 

Bide-tlie-Bent (Mr. Peter), minis- 
ter of Wolf's Hope village. — Sir W. 
Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Bid'more (Lord), patron of the Rev. 
Josiah Cargill, minister of St. Ronan's. 

The Hun. Augustus Bidmore, son of 
lord Bidmore, and pupil of the Rev. 
Josiah Cargill. 

Miss Augusta Bidmore, daughter of 
lord Bidmore ; beloved bv the Rev. 
Josiah Cargill.— Sir W. Scott, St. Bo- 
man's Welt (time, George III.). 



Bie'dermaii (Arnold), alias count 
Arnold of Geierstein [Gi'.er.stine], lan- 
damman of Unterwalden. Anne of Geier- 
stein, his brother's daughter, is under his 
charge. 

Bertha Biederman, Arnold's late wife. 

Ru'diger Biederman, Arnold Bieder- 
man's son. 

Ernest Biederman, brother of Rudiger. 

Sigismund Biederman, nicknamed "The 
Simple," another brother. 

Ulrick Biederman, youngest of the 
four brothers. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Bi-forked Letter of the Greeks, 
T (capital U), which resembles a bird 
flying. 

[The birds] flying, write upon the sky 
The bi-forked letter of the Greeks. 

Longfellow, The Wat/side J tin (prelude). 

Bi'frost, the bridge which spans 
heaven and earth. The rainbow is this 
bridge, and its colours are attributed to 
the precious stones which bestud it. — 
Scandinavian Myth. 

Big--en'dians (The), a hypothetical 
religious party of Lilliput, who made it 
a matter of " faith" to break their eggs 
at the " big end." Those who broke 
them at the other end were considered 
heretics, and called Little-endians. — 
Dean Swift, Gulliver's Travels (1726). 

BigTow (Hosea), the feigned author 
of The Biglow Papers (1848), really writ- 
ten by Professor James Russell Lowell 
of Boston, Mass. (1819- ). 

Big-'ot (De), seneschal of prince 
John. — Sir Walter Scott, Ivanhoe (time 
Richard I.). 

Big'ot, in C. Lamb's Essays, is John 
Fenwick, editor of the Albion newspaper. 

Big-Sea-Water, lake Superior, also 
called Gitche Gu'inee. 

Forth upon the Gitche Gumee, 
On the shining Big Sea- Water . . . 
All alone went Hiawatha. 

Longfellow, Hiawatha, viiJ. 

Bi'lander, a boat used in coast navi- 
gation [By-land.er~\. 

Why choose we then like Inlanders to creep 
Along the const, mid land in view to keep. 
When safely we may launch into the deep? 

Dryden, Jiiud <i<>d the Panther. 

Bil'bilis, a river in Spain. The high 
temper of the best Spanish blades is due 
to the extreme coldness of this river, into 
which they are dipped. 

Help me, I pray you. to a Spanish sword. 
The trustiest blade that e'er in Bilbilis 
Was dipt. 

Southey, Iloderick, etc., jucv. (1814X 



BILBO. 



107 BIRD SINGING TO A MONK. 



Bilbo, a Spanish blade noted for its 
flexibility, anil so called from Bilba'o, 
where at one time the best blades were 
made. 

Bilboes (2 syl.), a bar of iron with 
feiters annexed to it, by which mutinous 
Bailors were at one time linked together. 
Some of the bilboes taken from the. 
Spanish Armada arc preserved in the 
British Museum. They are so called not 
because they were first made at Bilba'o, in 
Spain, but from the entanglements of the 
river on which Bilbao stands. These 
" entanglements " are called The E 
Beaumont and Fletcher compare the mar- 
riage knot to bilboes. 

Bil'dai (2 si//.), a seraph and the 
tutelar guardian of Matthew the apostle, 
the son of wealthy parents and brought 
up in great luxury. — Klopstock, The 
Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Billings (Josh.). A. W. Shaw so 
signs His Book of Sayings (1806). 

Billingsgate (3 syl.). Beling was 
a friend of "Brennus" the Gaul, who 
owned a wharf called Beling's-gate. 
Geoffrey of Monmouth derives the word 
from Belin, a mythical king of the 
ancient Britons, who " built a gate there, 
B.C. 400" (1142). 

Billy Barlow, a merry Andrew, so 
called from a semi-idiot, who fancied 
himself "a great potentate." He was 
well known in the east of London, and 
died in Whitechapel workhouse. Some 
of his sayings were really witty, and 
some of his attitudes truly farcical. 

Billy Black, the conundrum-maker. 
— The llandred-pound Note. 

When Keeley was playing "Billy Clack" at Chelms- 
ford, he advanced to the lights at the close of the piece, 
and said, " I've one more, and this is a good un. Why is 
Chelmsford Theatre like a half-moon i D'ye give it up? 
Because it is never fulL "—/lecords of a Stage Veteran. 

Bimater ("tiro-mother"). Bacchus 
was so called because at the death of his 
mother during gestation, Jupiter put the 
foetus into his own thigh for the rest of 
the time, when the infant Bacchus was 
duly brought forth. 

Bimbister (Margery), the old Ean- 
z.elman's spouse. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Pirate (time, William III.). 

"Rimini [Be'.me.nee] , afabulous island, 
said to belong to the Baha'ma group, 
and containing a fountain possessed of 
the power of restoring youth. This 
island was an object of long search by j 



the Spanish navigator Juan Ponce de 
Leon (1460-1521). 

BindToose (John), sheriff's clerk 
and banker at Bfarchthorn. — Sir W. Scott, 
St. Bonan's Well (time, George III.). 

Bingen {Bishop of), generally cal ed 
bishop Hatto. The tale is that during 
a famine, he invited the poor to his barn 
on a certain day, under the plea of dis- 
tributing corn to them ; but when the 
barn was crowded he locked the door 
and set lire to the building; for which 
iniquity he was himself devoured by an 
army of mice or rats. His castle is the 
Mouse-tower on the Rhine. 

Tiny ahnoel devour me with kisses, 

Their arms about me entwine. 
Till 1 think .if the bishop I f I'.ingen, 

In Mi House tower on the (Ul 

!!ow, l;irds vf Passage. 

Binks (Sir Bingo), a fox-hunting 
baronet, and visitor at the Spa. 

Lady Binks, wife of sir Bingo, but 
before marriage Miss Rachael Bonny- 
rigg. Visitor at the Spa with her hus- 
band.— Sir W. Scott, St. Bonan's Well 
(time, George III.), 

Bi'on, the rhetorician, noted for hi3 
acrimonious and sharp sayings. 

Bioiiu sermonibus et sale nigro. 

Horace, KpiU. ii. 2, 60. 

Biondel'lo, one of the servants of 
Lucentio the future husband of Bianca 
(sister of "the shrew"). His fellow- 
servant is Tra'nio. — Shakespeare, Taming 
of the Shrew (1594). 

Birch (Harvey), a prominent cha- 
racter in The Spy, a novel by J. F. 
Cooper. 

Birch'over Lane (London), so 
called from Birchover, the builder, who 
owned the houses there. 

Bird (The Little Green), of the frozen 
regions, which could reveal every secret 
and impart information of events past, 
present, or to come. Prince Chery went 
in search of it, so did his two cousins, 
Brightsun and Felix ; last of all Fairstar, 
who succeeded in obtaining it, and libe- 
rating the princes who had failed in 
their attempts. — Comtesse D'Aunov, 
Fairy Tales ("Princess Chery," 1682). 

This tale is a mere reproduction of 
"The Two Sisters," the last tale of the 
Arabian Nights, in which the bird is 
called " Bulbul-hezar, the talking bird." 

Bird Singing to a Monk. The 
monk was Felix. — Longfellow, Golden 
Legend, ii. 



BIRD TOLD ME. 



108 



EIRON. 



Bird Told Me {A Little). " A bird I 
of the air shall carry the voice, and that 
which hath wings shall tell the matter " 
(Eccles. x. 20). In the old Basque 
legends a "little bird" is introduced 
" which tells the truth.'* The sisters had 
deceived the king by assuring him that 
his first child was a cat, his second a dog, 
and his third a bear; but the "little 
bird " told him the truth — the first two 
were daughters and the third a son. 
Thi? little truth-telling bird appears in 
sundry tales of great antiquity ; it is 
introduced in the tale of "Princess 
Fairstar" (Comtesse D'Aunoy) as a 
" little green bird who tells everything ; " 
also in the Arabian Nights (the last tale, 
called " The Two Sisters"). 

I think I hear a little bird who sings 

The people by-and-by will be the stronger. 

Byron, Don Juan, viii. 50 (1821). 

When Kenelm or Cenhelm was mur- 
dered by the order of his sister Cwen- 
thryth, "at the very same hour a white 
dove flew to Rome, and, lighting on the 
high altar of St. Peter's, deposited there 
a Tetter containing a full account of the 
murder." So the pope sent men to ex- 
amine into the matter, and a chapel was 
built over the dead body, called " St. 
Kenelm's Chapel to this day" (Shrop- 
shire). 

Bire'no, the lover and subsequent 
husband of Olympia queen of Holland. 
He was taken prisoner by Cymosco king 
of Friza, but was released by Orlando. 
Bireno, having forsaken Olympia, was 
put to death by Oberto king of Ireland, 
who married the young widow. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso, iv. v. (1516). 

Bire'no (Duke), heir to the crown of 
Lombardy. It was the king's wish he 
should marry Sophia, his only child, but 
the princess loved Pal'adore (3 syl.), a 
Briton. Bireno had a mistress named 
Alin'da, whom he induced to personate 
the princess, and in Paladore's presence 
she cast down a rope-ladder for the duke 
to climb up by. Bireno has Alinda 
murdered to prevent the deception being 
known, and accuses the princess of in- 
chastity — a crime in Lombardy punished 
by death. As the princess is led to 
execution, Paladore challenges the duke, 
and kills him. The villainy is fully re- 
vealed, and the princess is married to the 
man of her choice, who had twice saved 
her life. — Robert Jephson, The Law of 
Lombardy (1779). 

Birmingham of Belgium, Liege. 



Birmingham of Russia, Tula, 

south of Moscow. 

Birmingham Poet (The), John 
Freeth, the wit, poet, and publican, who 
wrote his own songs, set them to music, 
and sang them (1730-1808). 

Biron. a merry mad-cap young lord, 
in attendance on Ferdinand king of 
Navarre. Biron promised to spend three 
years with the king in study, during which 
time no woman was to approach his 
court ; but no sooner has he signed the 
compact, than he falls in love with 
Rosaline. Rosaline defers his suit for 
twelve months and a day, saying, " If 
you my favour mean to get, for twelve 
months seek the weary beds of people 
sick." 

A merrier man, 
Within the limit of becoming mirth, 
I never spent an hour's talk withal. 
His eye begets occasion for his wit : 
For every object that the one doth catch. 
The other turns to a mirth-moving jest ; 
Which his fair tongue (conceit's expositor) 
Delivers in such apt and gracious words, 
That aged ears play truant at his tales. 
And younger hearings are quite ravished. 
Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act ii. so. 1 (1594). 

Biron (Charles de Gontaut due de), 
greatly beloved by Henri IV. of France. 
He won immortal laurels at the battles of 
Arques and Ivry, and at the sieges of 
Paris and Rouen. The king loaded him 
with honours : he was admiral of France, 
marshal, governor of Bourgoyne, duke 
and peer of France. This too-much 
honour made him forget himself, and he 
entered into a league with Spain and 
Savoy against his country. The plot 
was discovered by Lafin 5 and although 
Henri wished to pardon him, he was 
executed (1602, aged 40). George Chap- 
man has made him the subject of two 
tragedies, entitled Byron's Conspiracy 
and Byron's Tragedy (1557-1634). 

Biron, eldest son of count Baldwin, 
who disinherited him for marrying Isa- 
bella, a nun. Biron now entered the 
army and was sent to the siege of Candy, 
where he fell, and it was supposed died. 
After the lapse of seven years, Isabella, 
reduced to abject poverty, married 
Villcroy (2 syl.), but the day after her 
espousals Biron returned ; whereupon 
Isabella went mad and killed herself. 
— Thomas Southern, Isabella or the Fatal 
Marriage. 

During the absence of Hie elder Maeready, his son tooV. 
the part of " Biron " in Isabella, The father was shocked. 
because he desired his Bon for the Church ; but Mrs. Sia- 
dons remarked to him, "In the Church your boh \. ill 
live and die a curate on .£50 a year, but if successful, iho 
stage will bring him in a thousand." — Donaldson, Kecol* 
lections. 



BIRON. 



109 



BLACK AGNES. 



Biron {Harriet), the object of sir 
Charles Giundison's affections. 

One w.hiM prefer DuktnM del Toba o to III i Biron as 
t*ni its QnnaUon becomea acquainted with tin- amiable, 
il ■ i. ..[<•. rtrtuoiu, unfortunate Clementina.— MftV. of lite 
"uic. t>n tht Story of llaltib and Ooratltil-joue. 

Birth. It was lord Thurlow who 
called high birth "the accident of an 
accident. 

Birtha, the motherless daughter and 
only child of As'tragon the Lombard 
philosopher. In Bpnng she gathered 
blossoms for her lather's still, in autumn 
berries, and in summer Sowers. She EeU 
in love with duke Gondibert, whose 
wounds she assisted her father to heal. 
Birtha, "in love unpractised and unread," 
is the beau-ideal of innocence and purity 
of mind. Gondibert had just plighted 
his love to her when be was summoned to 
court, for king Aribert had proclaimed 
him his successor and future son-in-law. 
Gondibert assured Birtha he would 
remain true to her, and gave her an 
emerald ring which he told her would 
lose its lustre if he proved untrue. Here 
the tale breaks off, and as it was never 
finished the sequel is not known. — Sir 
W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668). 

Bise, a wind prevalent in those 
valleys of Savoy which open to the sea. 
It especially affects the nervous system. 

Biser'ta, formerly called U'tica, in 
Africa. The Saracens passed from 
Biserta to Spain, and Charlemagne in 
800 undertook a Avar against the Spanish 
Saracens. The Spanish historians assert 
that he was routed at Fontarabia (a 
strong town in Biscay) ; but the French 
maintain that he was victorious, although 
they allow that the rear of his army was 
cut to pieces. 

Or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore. 
When CharleutaiB with all his peerage fell 
By Fontamhia. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 585 (1665). 

Bishop. Burnt milk is called by 
Tusser "milk that the bishop doth ban." 
Tyndale says when milk or porridge is 
burnt "We say e the bishope hath put his 
fote in the potte," and explains it thus, 
"the bishopes burn whom they lust." 

Bishops. The seven who refused 
to read the declaration of indulgence 
published by James II. and were by 
him imprisoned for recusancy, were arch- 
bishop Sancroft (Canterbury), bishops 
Llovd (St. Asaph), Turner (Ely), Kew 
(Bath and Wells), White (Peterborough), 
Lake (Chichester), Treiawney (Bristol). 



Being tried, they were all acquitted 
(June, L688). 

Bishop Middleham, who was 

always declaiming against ardent drinks, 
and advocating water as a beverage, 
killed himself by secret, intoxication. 

Bisto'nians, the Thracians, so called 
from Biston (son of Mare), who built 
Bisto'nia on lake Bis'tonis. 

Si Cm I'.i-tmil.m rare, a DuSdaolBg train, 
Exult and revel on Uie Tlirocian plain. 

Pitt 3 flfiUfcH, U. 

Bit'elas (3 syl.), sister of Fairlimb, 
and daughter of Ruki.-n.nw tin- ape, in 
the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
(1498). 

Bi'tinj* Remark (A). Near'chos 
ordered Ze'no the philosopher to be 
pounded to death in a mortar. When be 
had been pounded some time, lie bald 

Nearchos DC had an important com- 
munication to make to him, but as the 
tyrant bent over the mortar to bear what 
he bad to sa\ , Zeno bit off his ear. 
Hence the proverb, A remark more bitinj 
than Zcwfi, 

Bit'tlebrains (Lord), friend of 
sir William Ashton, lord-keeper of Scot- 
land. 

Lady Bittlchrains, wife of the above 
lord. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammer- 
moor (time, William III.). 

Bit'zer, light porter in Bounderby's 
bank at Coketown. lie was educated at 

M'ChoakumchilcTs "practical school," 

and became a general spy and informer. 
Bitzer finds out the robbery of the bank, 
and discovers the perpetrator to be Torn 
Gradgrind (son of Thomas Gradgrind, 
Esq., M.P.), informs against him, and 
gets promoted to his place. — C. Dickens, 
Bard Times (1854). 

Bizarre [Be.zar'~\, the friend of 
Orian'a, for ever coquetting and sparring 
with Duretete [Bure.tait], and placing 
him in awkward predicaments. — G. Far- 
quhar, The Inconstant (1702). 

Mbs Fan-en's last performances were " Bizarre." March 
26, 1797, and "lady Teazle" on the 2Sth.— Memoirs of 
Elizabeth Countess of Derby (1829). 

Black Ag'nes, the countess of 
March, noted for her defence of Dunbar 
during the war which Edward III. main- 
tained in Scotland (1333-1338). 

She kept a stir in tower and trench. 
That brawling, boist'rous Scottish wench, 
Came I early, came I late, 
I found Black Agnes at the gate. 

Sir Walter Scott says : " The countess was called ' BlacU 



BLACK AGNES. 



110 



BLACK PRINCE. 



Agnes ' from her complexion. She was the daughter of 
Thomas Randolph, earl of Murray." — Tales of a Grand- 
father, i. 14. (See Black Pkince. ) 

Black Ag'nes, the favourite palfrey of 
Mary queen of Scots. 

Black Bartholomew, the day 
when 2000 presbyterian pastors were 
ejected. They had no alternative but to 
subscribe to the articles of uniformity or 
renounce their livings. Amongst their 
number were Calamy, Baxter, and Rey- 
nolds, who were offered bishoprics, but 
refused the offer. 

Black Bess, the famous mare of 
Dick Turpin, which carried him from 
London to York. 

Black Charlie, sir Charles Napier 
(1786-1860). 

Black Clergy (The), monks, in 
contradistinction to The White Clergy, or 
parish priests, in Russia. 

Black Colin Campbell, general 
Campbell, in the army of George III., 
introduced by sir W. Scott in Redgauntlet. 

Black Death, fully described by 
Hecker, a German physician. It was a 
putrid typhus, and was called Black 
Death because the bodies turned black 
with rapid putrification. — See Cornhill, 
May, 1865. 

In 1348-9, at least half of the entire 
population of England died. Thus 57,000 
out of 60,000 died in Norwich ; 7000 
out of 10,000 died in Yarmouth ; 17 out 
of 21 of the clergy of York ; 2,500,000 
out of 5,000,000 of the entire population. 

Between 1347 and 1350, one-fourth of 
all the population of the world was 
carried off by this pestilence. Not less 
than 25,000,000 perished in Europe 
alone, while in Asia and Africa the 
mortality was even greater. It came 
from China, where fifteen years pre- 
viously it carried off 5,000,000. In Venice 
the aristocratic, died 100,000; in Florence 
the refined, 60,000 ; in Paris the gav, 
50,000 ; in London the wealthy, 100,000 ; 
in Avignon, a number wholly beyond 
calculation. 

N.B. — This form of pestilence never 
occurred a second time. 

Black Douglas, William Douglas, 
lord of Nithsdale, who died 1390. 

He was tall, strong, and well made, of a swarthy com- 
plexion, wi(h dark hair, from which he was called "The 
Black Douglas."— Sir Walter Scott, Tales of a Grand- 
father, XI. 

Black Dwarf (The), of sir Walter 



Scott, is meant for David Richie, whose 
cottage was and still is on Manor Water, 
in the county of Peebles. 

Black -eyed Susan, one of Dibdin's 

sea-songs. 

Black Flag (A) was displayed by 
Tamerlane when a besieged city refused 
to surrender, meaning that "mercy is 
now past, and the city is devoted to utter 
destruction." 

Black G-eorge, the gamekeeper in 
Fielding's novel, called The History of 
Tom Jones, a Foundling (1750). 

Black George, George Petrowitpch of 
Servia, a brigand ; called by the Turks 
Kara George, from the terror he in- 
spired. 

Black Horse (The), the 7th Dragoon 
Guards (not the 7th Dragoons). So 
called because their facings (or collar and 
cuffs) are black velvet. Their plumes 
are black and white ; and at one time 
their horses were black, or at any rate 
dark. 

Black Jack, a large flagon. 

But oh, oh, oh 1 his nose doth show 
How oft Black Jack to his lips doth go. 

Simon the Cellarer. 

Black Knight of the Black 
Lands (The), sir v Peread. Called by 
Tennyson " Night" or "Nox." Hewasone 
of the four brothers who kept the passages 
of Castle Dangerous, and was overthrown 
by sir Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 126 (1470) ; Tennyson, 
Idylls (" Gareth and Lynette "). 

Black lord Clifford, John ninth 
lord Clifford, son of Thomas lord Clifford. 
Also called " The Butcher" (died 1461). 

Black Prince, Edward prince of 
Wales, son of Edward III. Froissart 
says he was styled black " by terror of his 
arms" (c. 169). Similarly, lord Clifford 
was called " The Black Lord Clifford " for 
I his cruelties (died 1461). George Petro- 
j witsch was called by the Turks " Black 
George " from the terror of his name. 
The countess of March was called " Black 
Agnes" from the terror of her deeds, and 
not (as sir W. Scott says) from her dark 
complexion. Similarly, " TheB'aekSea," 
or Axinus, as the Greeks once called it, 
received its name from the inhospitable 
character of <he Scythians. The " Black 
Wind," or Siierki, is an easterly wind, so 
called by the Kurds, from its being such a 
terrible scourge. 



BLACK RIVKK. 



Ill 



BLADUD. 



Shirley falls into the general error: 

Our great ttiira Rlward . . . and fall bruve ■» . . 



Black River or Atba'ba, of Africa, 
so called from the quantity of Mack earth 
brought down by it during the rains. 
This earth is deposited on the aurface of 

tiie country in the overflow of the Nile, 
and hence the Atbara is regarded as the 
" dark mother of Egypt." 

Black Sea (The), once called by the 
Greeks Axiuus (" inhospitable "), either 
because the Scythians on its coast were 
inhospitable, or because its waters were 
dangerous to navigation. It was after- 
wards called Euxin us ( ' ' hospitable ") when 
the Greeks themselves became masters of 
it. The Turks called it The Black Sea, 
cither a return to the former name 
" Axiuus," or from the abounding black 
rock. 

Black Thursday, the name given 
in the colony of Victoria, Australia, 
to Thursday, February 6, 1851, when 
the most terrible bush fire known in the 
annals of the colony occurred. It raged 
over an immense area. One writer in the 
newspapers of the time said that he rode at 
headlong speed for fifty miles, with fire 
raging on each side of his route. The 
heat was felt far out at sea, and many 
birds fell dead on the decks of coasting 
vessels. The destruction of animal life 
and farming stock in this conflagration 
was enormous. 

Blacks ( TJie), an Italian faction of the 
fourteenth century. The Guelphs of 
Florence were divided into the Blacks 
who wished to open their gates to Charles 
de Valois, and the Whites who opposed 
him. Dante the poet was a "White," 
and as the " Blacks " were the pre- 
dominant party, he was exiled in 1302, 
and during his exile wrote his immortal 
poem, the Divina Commedia, 

Black'acre (Widow), a masculine, 
litigious, pettifogging, headstrong wo- 
man. — Wycherly, The Plain Dealer 
(1677). 

Blackchester {The countess of), 
sister of lord Dalgarno. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Blackfriar's Bridge (London), -was 
once called "Pitt's Bridge." This was 
the bridge built by R. Mylne in 1780, but 
the name never found favour with the 
general public. 



Blackguards (Victor Hugo says), 
soldiers condemned for some offence in 
discipline to wear their red coats (which 
wore lined with black) inside out. The 

French equivalent, he says, a Blaquews. 
—ISHomme qui Hit, 11. iii. 1. 

It is quite impossible to believe this to 

be the true derivation of the word. 

Other suggestions will be found in the 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 

Blackless (Tomalin), a soldier in the 

guard of Richard Ccaur de 1. ion.— sir W. 
cott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 
Blackmantle (Bernard). Charles 
Mollov Westmacott, author of The English 
Spy (1826). 
Black'pool (Stephen), a power-loom 

weaver in l'.oundcrhy's mill at Cokctowii. 
He had a knitted brow and pondering 

expression of face, was a man of the 
strictest integrity, refused to join the 

strike, and was turned out of the mill. 

When Tom Gradgrind robbed the bank of 

£150, he threw suspicion on Stephen 

Blackpool, and while Stephen was hasten- 
ing to Cokebnrn to vindicate himself he 
fell into a shaft, known as *the Hell 
Shaft," and, although rescued, died on 
a litter. Stephen Blackpool loved 
Rachael, one of the hands, but had 
already a drunken, worthless wife. — C. 
Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 

Blacksmith (The Flemish), Quentin 
Matsys, the Dutch painter (1460-1529). 

Blacksmith ( The Learned), Elihu Burritt, 
United States (1811- ). 

Blacksmith's Daughter (The), 
lock and key. 

Place it under ttic care of the blacksmith's daughter.— 
C. Dickens. Tale of Too CitUt (lSoyj. 

Blackwood's Magazine. The 

vignette on the wrapper of this magazine 
is meant for George Buchanan, the Scotch 
historian and poet (1506-1582). He is 
the representative of Scottish literature 
generally. 

The magazine originated in 1817 with 
William Blackwood of Edinburgh, pub- 
lisher. 

Blad'derskate (Lord) and lord 
Kaimes, the two judges in Peter Peeble's 
lawsuit. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Bla'dud, father of king Lear. Geof- 
frey of Monmouth says that Bladud, 
attempting to fly, fell on the temple of 
Apollo, and was dashed to pieces. Hence 



BLAIR. 



112 



BLATANT BEAST. 



when Lear swears "By Apollo" he is 
reminded that Apollo was no friend of 
tne king's (act i. sc. 1). Bladud, says the 
story, built Bath (once called Badon), 
and dedicated to Minerva the medicinal 
spring, which is called " Bladud's Well." 

Blair (Adam), the hero of a novel by 
J. G. Lockhart, entitled Adam Blair, a 
Story of Scottish Life (1794-1854). 

Blair (Father Clement), a Carthusian 
monk, confessor of Catherine Glover, 
"the fair maid of Perth." — Sir W. Scott, 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Blair (Rev. David), sir Richard Philips, 
author of The Universal Preceptor (181(5), 
Mother's Question Book, etc. He issued 
books under a legion of false names. 

Blaise, a hermit, who baptized Merlin 
the euchanter. 

Blaise (St.), patron saint of wool- 
combers, because he was torn to pieces 
with iron combs. 

Blanche (1 syl.), one of the domestics 
of lady Eveline "the betrothed." — Sir 
YV\ Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry 
II.). 

Blanche (La reine), the queen of 
France during the first six weeks of her 
widowhood. During this period of 
mourning she spent her time in a closed 
room, lit only by a wax taper, and was 
dressed wholly in white. Mary, the 
widow of Louis XII., was called La reine 
Blanche during her days of mourning, 
and is sometimes (but erroneously) so 
called afterwards. 

Blanche (Lady) makes a vow with 
lady Anne to die an old maid, and of 
course falls over head and ears in love 
with Thomas Blount, a jeweller's son, who 
enters the army and becomes a colonel. 
She is very handsome, ardent, brilliant, 
and fearless. — S. Knowles, Old Maids 
(1841). 

Blanche'fleur (2 syl.), the heroine 
of Boccaccio's prose romance called // 
Filopoco. Her lover " Flores" is Boccaccio 
himself, and " Blancherleur " was the 
daughter of king Robert. The story of 
Blanchefleur and Flores is substantially 
the same as that of Dor'iycn and Aurelius, 
by Chaucer, and that of " Uiano'ra and 
Ansaldo," in the Decameron. 

Bland' amour (Sir), a man of 

" mickle might," who ii bore great sway 
in arms and chivalry," but was both 
vainglorious and insolent. He attacked 



Brit'omart, but was discomfited by he? 
enchanted spear ; he next attacked sir 
Ferraugh, and having overcome him took 
from him the lady who accompanied him, 
"the False Florimel." — Spenser, Fairy 
Queen, iv. 1 (1596). 

Blande'viHe (Lady Emily), a 
neighbour of the Waverley family, 
afterwards married to colonel Talbot. — 
Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 

Bland'ford, the father of Belin'da, 
who he promised sir William Bellmont 
should marry his son George. But 
Belinda was in love with Beverley, and 
George Bellmont with Clarissa (Beverley's 
sister). Ultimately matters arranged 
themselves, so that the lovers married 
according to their inclinations. — A. 
Murphy, All in the Wrong (1761). 

Blan'diman, the faithful man-servant 
of the fair Bellisant, and her attendant 
after her divorce. — Valentine and Orson. 

Blandi'na, wife of the churlish 
knight Turpin, who refused hospitality 
to sir Calepine and his lady Sere'na 
(canto 3). She had " the art of a suasive 
tongue," and most engaging manners, but 
" her words were only words, and all her 
tears were water " (canto 7). — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, iv. (1596). 

Blandish, a " practised parasite." 
His sister says to him, "May you find 
but half your own vanity in those you 
have to work on ! " (act i. 1). 

Miss Letitia Blandish, sister of the 
above, a fawning timeserver, who sponges 
on the wealthy. She especially toadies 
Miss Alscrip "the heiress," flattering 
her vanity, fostering her conceit, and 
encouraging her vulgar affectations. — 
General Burgoyne, The Heiress (1781). 

Blane (Nidi), town piper and pub- 
lican. 

Jenny Blane, his daughter. — Sir W. 
Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Bla'ney, a wealthy heir, ruined by 
dissipation. — Crabbe, Borough. 

Blarney (Lady), one of the flash 
women introduced by squire Thoruhill to 
the Primrose family. — Goldsmith, Vicar 
of Wakefield (1765). 

Blas'phemous Balfour. Sir James 
Balfour, the Scottish judge, was ao called 
from his apostacy (died 1583). 

Bla'tant Beast (The), the per- 
sonification of sianfier or pullio 



BLATHERS AND DUFF. 



113 



BLIND BEGGAR. 



opinion. The beast had 100 tongues and a 
sting. Sir ArtegaJ muzzled tin- monster, 
and dragged it to Faery-land, but 

it brokt loose and regained its liberty. 
Subsequently sir Cal'idore (3 syl.) went 
in quest of it. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
t. and vi. (1596). 

%* "Mrs. Grundy" is the modern 
name of Spenser's " Blatant Beast." 

Blath'ers and Duff, detectives who 
investigate the burglary in which Bill 
bikes had a hand. Blathers relates the 
tale of Conkey duckweed, who robbed 
himself of 327 guineas. — C. Dickens, 
Otioer Twist (1837). 

Blat'ter growl (The Rev. Jfr.)i 
minister of Troteosey, near Monkbarns. — 
Sir W. Scott, Tlte Antiquary (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Bleeding-heart Yard (London). 
So called because it was the place where 
the devil cast the bleediug heart of lady 
Hatton (wife of the dancing chancellor), 
after he had torn it out of her body with 
his claws. — Dr. Mackay, Extraordinary 
Popular Delusions. 

Blefus'ca, an island inhabited by 
pigmies. It was situated north-east of 
Lilliput, from which it was parted by a 
channel 800 vards wide. — Dean Swift, 
Gulliver's Travels (1720). 

"Blefusca" is Franco, and the inhabitants of the Lillipu- 
tian court, which forced Gulliver to take shelter there 
rather than have his eyes put out. is an indirect reproach 
upon that [sic] ol England, and a vindication of the flight 
of Ormond and Bolingbroke to Paris. — Sir W. Scott. 

Bleise (1 syl.) of Northumberland, 
historian of king Arthur's period. 

Merlin told Bleise how king Arthur had sped at the 
great battle, and how the battle ended, and told him the 
names of every king and knight of worship that was there. 
And Bleise wrote the battle word for word as Merlin told 
him, h.iw it began and by whom, and how it ended, and 
who had the worst. All the battles that were done in 
king Arthur's days, Merlin caused Bleise to write them. 
Also he caused him to write ali the battles that every 
worthy knight did of king Arthur's court.— Sir T. Malory', 
Hittory of Prince Arthur, L 15 (1470). 

Blem'myes (3 syl.), a people of 
Africa, fabled to have no head, but 
having eyes and mouth in the breast. 
(See Gaora.) 

Blemmyis traduntur capita abesse. ore et oculis pectori 
affixis.— Pliny. 

Ctesias speaks of a people of India 
near the Ganges, sine cervice, oculos in 
humeris habentes. Mela also refers to a 
people quibus capita et vultus in pectore 
sunt. 

Blenheim Spaniels. The Oxford 
electors are so called, because for many 
years they obediently supported any candi- 



date which the duke of Marlborough com- 
manded them to return. Lockhait broke 
through this custom bv telling the people 
the fable of the Dog and theWblf. The 
dog, it will be remembered, had on his 
neck the marks of his collar, and the 
wolf said he preferred liberty. 

(The race of the little dog called the 
Blenheim spaniel, has been pr ese rv e d ever 
since Blenheim House was built for the 
duke of Marlborough in 17(J4.) 

Blet'son (.Ulster Joshua), one of the 
three parliamentary commissioners sent 
by Cromwell with a warrant to leave the 
royal lodge to the Lee family.— Sir W. 
Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Bli'fil, a noted character in Fielding's 
novel entitled The History of Tom Junes, 
a Fuundliwj (1750). 

%* Blifil is the original of Sheridan's 
"Joseph Surface," in the School for 
Scandal (1777). 

Bligh (William), captain of the 
Bounty, so well known for the mutinv, 
headed bv Fletcher Christian, the mate 
(1790). 

Blimber (Dr.), head of a school for 
the sons of gentlemen, at Brighton. It 
was a select school for ten pupils onlv ; 
but there was learning enough for ten 
times ten. " Mental green peas were 
produced at Christmas, and intellectual 
asparagus all the year round." The 
doctor was really a ripe scholar, and truly 
kind-hearted ; but his great fault was 
over-tasking his boys, and not seeing 
when the bow was too much stretched. 
Paul Dombey, a delicate lad, succumbed 
to this strong mental pressure. 

Mrs. Blimber, wife of the doctor, not 
learned, but wished to be thought bo. 
Her pride was to see the boys' in the 
largest possible collars and stin'est pos- 
sible cravats, which she deemed highly 
classical. 

Cornelia Blimber, the doctor's daughter, 
a slim young lady, who kept her hair 
short and wore spectacles. Miss Blimber 
"had no nonsense about her," but had 
grown " dry and sandy with working in 
the graves of dead languages." She mar- 
ried Mr. Feeder, B.A., Dr. Blimber's 
usher. — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
(1846). 

Blind Beggar of Betlmal 
Green, Henry, son and heir of sir 
Simon de Montfort. At the battle of 
Evesham the barons were routed, Mont- 



BLIND CHAPEL COURT. 



114 



BLOODS. 



fort slain, and his son Henry left on the 
field for dead. A baron's daughter dis- 
covered the young man, nursed him with 
care, and married him. The fruit of the 
marriage was "pretty Bessee, the beg- 
gar's daughter." Henry de Montforfc 
assumed the garb and semblance of a 
blind beggar, to escape the vigilance of 
king Henry's spies. 

Day produced, in 1659, a drama called 
The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, and 
S. Knowles, in 1834, produced his 
amended drama on the same subject. 
There is [or was], in the Whitechapel 
Koad a public-house sign called the 
Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green. — History 
of Sign-boards. 

Blind Chapel Court (Mark Lane, 
London), is a corruption of Blanch Apple- 
[ton\. In the reign of Richard II. it was 
part of the manor of a knight named 
Appleton. 

Blind Emperor (The), Ludovig 
III. of Germany (880, 890-934). 

Blind Harper (The), John Parry, 
who died 1739. 

John Stanley, musician and composer, 
was blind from his birth (1713-1786). 

Blind Harry, a Scotch minstrel 
of the fifteenth century, blind from in- 
fancj\ His epic of Sir William Wallace 
runs to 11,861 lines. He was minstrel in 
the court of James IV. 

Blind Mechanician (The). John 
Strong, a great mechanical genius, was 
blind from his birth. He died at Carlisle, 
aged 66 (1732-1798). 

Blind Poet (The), Luigi Groto, an 
Italian poet called II Cieco (1541-1585). 
John Milton (1608-1674). 

Homer is called The Blind Old Bard 
(fl. B.C. 960). 

Blind Traveller (Tlie), lieutenant 
James Holman. He became blind at the 
age of 25, but notwithstanding travelled 
round the world, and published an account 
of his travels (1787-1857). 

Blin'kinsop, a smuggler in Hed- 
gauntlet, a novel by sir VV. Scott (time, 
George III.). 

Blister, the apothecary, who says 
" Without physicians, no one could know 
whether he was well or ill." He courts 
Lucy by talking shop to her. — Fielding, 
Xlie Virgin Unmasked. 



Blithe-Heart King (The). David 
is so called by Caedmon. 

Those lovely lyrics written by his hand 
Whom Saxon Caedmon calls " The Blithe-heart King." 
Longfellow, ZVte Poet's Tale (ref. is to Psalm cxlviii. 9). 

Block (Martin), one of the committee 
of the Estates of Burgundy, who refuse 
supplies to Charles the Bold, duke of 
Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Blok (Nikkei), the butcher, one of the 
insurgents at Liege. — Sir W. Scott, 
Quentin Duruoard (time, Edward IV.). 

Blondel de INesle \_Neel~], the 
favourite trouvere or minstrel of Richard 
Coeur de Lion. He chanted the Bloody 
Vest in presence of queen Berengaria, the 
lovely Edith Plantagenet. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Blon'dina, the mother of Fairstar 
and two boys at one birth. She was the 
wife of a king, but the queen-mother 
hated her, and taking away the three 
babes substituted three puppies. Ulti- 
mately her children were restored to her, 
and the queen-mother Avith her accom- 
plices were duly punished. — Comtesse 
D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("Princess Fair- 
star," 1682). 

Blood (Colonel Thomas), emissarv of 
the duke of Buckingham (1628-1680), 
introduced by sir W. Scott in Peveril of 
the Peak, a novel (time, Charles II.). 

Blood-Bath (1520), a massacre of 
the Swedish nobles and leaders, which 
occurred three days after the coronation 
of Christian II. king of Denmark, 
Sweden, and Norway. The victims were 
invited to attend the coronation, and 
were put to the sword, under the plea of 
being enemies of the true Church. In 
this massacre fell both the father and 
brother-in-law of Gustavus Vasa. The 
former was named Eric Johansson, and 
the latter Brahe (2 syl.). 

This massacre reminds us of the 
" Bloody Wedding," or slaughter of 
huguenots during the marriage cere- 
monies of Henri of Navarre and Mar- 
garet of France, in 1572. 

Bloods (The Five): (1) The O'Neils 
of Ulster ; (2) the O'Connors of Con- 
naught ; (3) the O'Briens of Thomond ; 
(4) the O'Lachlans of Meath ; and (5) 
the M'Murroughs of Leinstcr. These are 
the live principal septs or families of 
Ireland, and all not belonging to one of 
these five septs are accounted aliens or 



BLOODY. 



115 



BLOUNT. 



enemies, and could "neither sue nor be 
Med," even down to the reign of Eliza- 
beth. 

William Fitz-Koger, being arraigned 
(4th Edward II.) for the murder of 
Koger ile Cantilon, pleads that he was 
not guilty of felony, because his victim 
was not of "free blood," i.e. one of the 
"five bloods of Ireland." The pica is 
admitted by the jury to be good. 

Roberta de w-.il.-y. triad at VTaterford for slaying John 
IfGUUmony, In the time <>f Edward IL, confessed the 
tact, but pleaded that he oould not thereby have com- 
mitted felony, "because the ileeea-nl was a mere Irish- 
man, and Hot one of the five bloods." — Sir John D»W|Ba 

Bloody {The), Otho II. emperor of 
Germany [956, 973-983). 

Bloody-Bones, a bogie. 

As bad ms Bloody-bonei or Lunatad (i.e. tir Thomas 
Luiisford, governor Of the Tower, the dread of every one). 

— s. Batter, uudibra*. 

Bloody Brother (The), a tragedy 
by Beaumont and Fletcher (1639). The 

" bloody brother" is Rollo duke of Nor- 
mandy, who kills his brother Otto and 
several other persons, but is himself 
killed ultimately by llainond captain of 
the guard. 

Bloody Butcher (The), the duke 
of Cumberland, second son of George 11., 
60 called from his barbarities in the sup- 
pression of the rebellion in favour of 
Charles Edward, the young pretender. 
" Black Clifford " was also called "The 
Butcher" for his cruelties (died 1461). 

Bloody Hand, Cathal, an ancestor 
of the O'Connors of Ireland. 

Bloody Mary, queen Mary of Eng- 
land, daughter of Henry VIII. and elder 
balf-sister of queen Elizabeth. So called 
on account of the sanguinary persecutions 
carried on by her against the protestants. 
It is said that 200 persons were burnt to 
death in her short reign (1510, 1553- 
1558). 

Bloody Wedding {The), that of 
Henri of Navarre with Margaret, sister 
of Charles IX. of France. Catherine de 
Medicis invited all the chief protestant 
nobles to this wedding, but on the eve of 
the festival of St. Bartholomew (August 
24, 1572), a general onslaught was made 
on all the protestants of Paris, and next 
day the same massacre was extended to 
the provinces. The number which fell 
in this wholesale slaughter has been esti- 
mated at between 80,000 and 70,000 per- 
sons of both sexes. 

Bloomfield (Louisa), a young lady 



engaged to lord Totterly the beau of 
tin, but in love irith Charles Danvera the 
embryo barrister.— C. Selby, The Un- 
finished Gentleman, 

Blount (Nicholas), afterwards knight- 
ed ; master of the horse to the earl of 
Sussex. — Sir W. Scott, Kenttvoorth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Btotmt (Sir Frederick), a distant rela- 
tive of sir John Vesey. He had a great 
objection to the Letter r, which he con- 
sidered "wough and wasping." He 
dressed to perfection, and though not 
"wich," prided himself on having the 
" beat opcwa-iiox. the best dogs, thi 
horses, and the best house" of any one. 
He liked Georgins Vesey, and as she had 
£10,000 he thought he should do himself 
no harm by " mawywing the girl." — Lord 
L. Bulwer Lytton, Money (1840). 

Blmtnt (Master), a wealthy jeweller 
of Ludgate Hill, London. An old- 
fashioned tradesman, not ashamed of his 
calling. Ile had two sons, .John and 
Thomas ; the former was his favourite. 

Mistress Blount, his wife. A shrewd, 
discerning woman, who loved her son 
Thomas, and saw in him the elements of 
a rising man. 

John Blount, eldest son of the Ludgate 
jeweller. Being left successor to his 
father, he sold the goods and set up for a 
man of fashion and fortune. His vanity 
and snobbism were most gross. He had 
good-nature, but more cunning than dis- 
cretion, thought himself far-seeing, but 
was most easily duped. "The phaeton 
was built after my design, my lord," he 
says, "mayhap your Lordship has seen it." 
"My taste is driving, my lord, mayhap 
your lordship has seen me handle the 
ribbons." "My horses are all bloods, 
mayhap your lordship has noticed my 
team." " I pride myself on my seat in 
the saddle, mayhap your lordship has 
seen me ride." "If I am superlative in 
anything, 'tis in my wines." " So please 
your ladyship, 'tis dress I most excel in. 
. . . 'tis walking I pride myself in." 
No matter what is mentioned, 'tis the one 
thing he did or had better than any one 
else. This conceited fool was duped into 
believing a parcel of men-servants to be 
lords and dukes, and made love to a 
lady's maid, supposing her to be a 
countess. 

Thomas Blount, John's brother, and one 
of nature's gentlemen. He entered the 
army, became a colonel, and married 



BLOUZELINDA. 



116 



BLUE-GOWNS. 



lady Blanche. He is described as having 
" a lofty forehead for princely thought to 
dwell in, eyes for love or war, a nose of 
Grecian mould with touch of Rome, a 
mouth like Cupid's bow, ambitious chin 
dimpled and knobbed." — S. Knowles, 
Old Maids (1841). 

Blouzelin'da or Blowzelinda, a 
shepherdess in love with Lobbin Clout, 
in The Shepherd's Week. 

My Blouzelinda is the blithest lass, 
Than primrose sweeter, or the clover-grass . . . 
My Blouzelind's than gilliflower more fair. 
Than daisie, marygold, or kingcup rare. 

Gay, Pastoral, i. (1714). 
Sweet is my toil when Blowzelind is near, 
Of her bereft 'tis winter all the year . . . 
Come, Blowzelinda, ease thy swain's desire, 
My summer's shadow, and my winter's fire. 

Ditto. 

Blower (Mrs. Margaret), the ship- 
owner's widow at the Spa. She marries 
Dr. Quackleben, "the man of medicine" 
(one of the managing committee at the 
Spa).— Sir W. Scott, St. Eonan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Blucher was nicknamed " Marshal 
Forwards " for his dash and readiness in 
the campaign of 1813. 

Blue (Bark), Oxford boat crew. (See 
Boat Colours.) 

Blue (Lighty, Cambridge boat crew. 
(See Boat Colours.) 

Blue (True). When it is said that any- 
thing or person is True blue or True as 
Coventry blue, the reference is to a blue 
cloth and blue thread made in Coventry, 
noted for its fast colour. Lincoln was no 
less famous for its green cloth and dye. 

True Blue has also reference to un- 
tainted aristocratic descent. This is de- 
rived from the Spanish notion that the 
really high bred have bluer blood than 
those of meaner race. Hence the French 
phrases, Sang bleu (" aristocratic blood "), 
Sangnoir (" plebeian blood "), etc. 

Blue Beard (La Barbe Blcue), from 
the contes of Charles Perrault (1697). 
The chevalier Raoul is a merciless tyrant, 
with a blue beard. His young wife is 
entrusted with all the keys of the castle, 
with strict injunctions on pain of death 
not to open one special room. During 
the absence of her lord the "forbidden 
fruit" is too tempting to be resisted, the 
door is opened, and the young wife finds 
the floor covered with the dead bodies of 
her husband's former wives. She drops 
the key in her terror, and can by no 
means obliterate from it the stain of 



blood. Blue Beard, on his return, com- 
mands her to prepare for death, but by 
the timely arrival of her brothers her life 
is saved and Blue Beard put to death. 

Dr. C. Taylor thinks Blue Beard is a 
type of the castle-lords in the days of 
knight-errantry. Some say Henry VIII. 
(the noted wife-killer) was the " academy 
figure." Others think it was Giles de 
Retz, marquis de Laval, marshal of 
France in 1429, who (according to Me'ze- 
ray) murdered six of his seven wives, 
and was ultimately strangled in 1440. 

Another solution is that Blue Beard 
was count Conomar', and the young wife 
Triphy'na, daughter of count Guerech. 
Count Conomar was lieutenant of Brit- 
tany in the reign of Childebert. M. 
Hippolyte Violeau assures us that in 1850, 
during the repairs of the chapel of St. 
Nicolas de Bieuzy, some ancient frescoes 
were discovered with scenes from the life 
of St. Triphyna : (1) The marriage ; (2) 
the husband taking leave of his young 
wife and entrusting to her a key ; (3) a 
room with an open door, through which 
are seen the corpses of seven women 
hanging ; (4) the husband threatening his 
wife, while another female [sister Anne'] 
is looking out of a window above ; (5) 
the husband has placed a halter round the 
neck of his victim ^ but the friends, accom- 
panied by St. Gildas, abbot of Rhuys in 
Brittany, arrive just in time to rescue 
the future saint. — Pe'lerinages de Bretagne. 

(Ludwig Tieck brought out a drama in 
Berlin, on the story of Blue Beard. The 
incident about the keys and the doors is 
similar to that mentioned by "The Third 
Calender" in the Arabian Nights. The 
forty princesses were absent for forty 
days, and gave king Ag^b the keys of the 
palace during their absence. He had 
leave to enter every room but one. His 
curiosity led him to open the forbidden 
chamber and mount a horse which he saw 
there. The horse carried him through the 
air far from the palace, and with a whisk 
of its tail knocked out his right eye. 
The same misfortune had befallen ten 
other princes, who warned him of the 
danger before he started.) 

Blue Flag (^l) in the Roman empire 
was warning of danger. Livy speaks of 
it in his Annals. 

Blue-Gowns. King's bedesmen, or 
privileged Scotch mendicants, were so 
called from their dress. On the king's 
birthday each of these bedesmen had 
given to him a cloak of blue cloth, a 



BLUE HEN. 



117 



BOANERGES. 



penny for every year of the king's life, 
,a loaf of bread, and a bottle of ale. No 
new member has been added since 1833. 

Blue Hen, a nickname for the state 
of Delaware, United States. The term 
arose thus : Captain Caldwell, an officer 
of the 1st Delaware Regiment in the 
American War for Independence was very 
fond of game-cocks, but maintained that 
no cock was truly game unless its mother 
was a "blue hen." As he was exceed- 
ingly popular, his regiment was called 
"The Iilue Hens," and the term was 
afterwards transferred to the state and 
its inhabitants. 

Your mother u-as a blue hen, no doubt ; 
a reproof to a braggart, especially to one 
who boasts of his ancestry. 

Blue Knight (The), sir Persaunt 
of India, called by Tennyson "Morning 
Star" or "Phosphorus." He was one 
of the four brothers who kept the pas- 
sages of Castle Perilous, and was over- 
thrown by sir Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 131 (1470) ; 
Tennyson, Idylls (" Gareth and Ly- 
nette "). 

%* It is evidently a blunder in Tenny- 
son to call the Blue Knight " Morning 
Star," and the Green Knight "Evening 
Star." The reverse is correct, and in 
the old romance the combat with the 
Green Knight was at day-break, and 
with the Blue Knight at sunset. 

Blue Moon. Once in a blue moon, 
very rarely indeed. The expression re- 
sembles that of "the Greek Kalends,' 
which means " never," because there were 
no Greek Kalends. 

Blue Roses. — The blue flower of the 
German romantic poets represented the 
ideal and unattainable — what Words- 
worth calls '"the light that never was on 
sea or land" — and Alphonse Karr, fol- 
lowing in the wake of the Germans, gives 
the name of Roses JBlcus to all impos- 
sible wishes and desires. 

Blue-Skin, Joseph Blake, an Eng- 
lish burglar, so called from his complex- 
ion. He was executed in 1723. 

Bluff (Captain Noll), a swaggering 
bully and boaster. He says, "I think 
that fighting for fighting's sake is suffi- 
cient cause for fighting. Fighting, to 
me, is religion and the laws." 

" You must know, sir, I was resident in Flanders the 
last campaign . . . there was scarce anything of moment 
done, but a humble servant of yours . . . had the 
greatest share iii't. . . . Well, would you think it, in all 
this time . . . that rascally Gazette never so much as 
once mentioned me ? Not once, by the wars ! Took no 



more notice of Noll Bluff than if he had not been in the 

and of the living."— Congrcve, The Old liachrlor (IBM). 

Bluff Hal or Bluff Harky, Henry 
VIII. (1491, 1509-1547). 

Ere yet in scorn of Peter's pence, 

A ml numbered bead and .-.iirift. 
Blurt" Mall lie broke Into the spence [a larder]. 

And turned the cowls adrift. 

Tennyson. 

Blunder. The bold but disastrous 
charge of the British Light Brigade at 
Balacla'va is attributed to a blunder ; 
even Tennyson says of it, " Some one 
hath blundered," but Thomas Woolner, 
with less reserve, says : 

A gi'iioral 
May blunder troops to death, yea, and receive 
His senate's vote of thanks. 

My Beautiful Lady. 

Blun'derbore (3 syl.), the giant 
who was drowned because Jack scuttled 
his boat. — Jack the Giant-killer. 

Blunt (Colonel), a brusque royalist, 
who vows " he'd woo no woman," but 
falls in love with Arbella an heiress, 
woos and wins her. T. Knight, who 
has converted this comedy into a farce, 
with the title of Honest Thieves, calls 
colonel Blunt "captain Manlv." — lion, 
sir R. Howard, The Committee (1670). 

Blunt (Major- General), an old cavalry 
officer, rough in speech, but brave, 
honest, and a true patriot. — Shadwell, 
The Volunteers. 

Blushington (Edward), a bashful 

young gentleman of 25, sent as a poor 
scholar to Cambridge, without any 
expectations, but by the death of his 
father and uncle left all at once as " rich 
as a nabob." At college he was called 
"the sensitive plant of Brazenose," be- 
cause he was always blushing. He dines 
by invitation at Friendly Hall, and com- 
mits ceaseless blunders. Next day his 
college chum, Frank Friendly, writes 
word that he and his sister Dinah, with 
sir Thomas and lady Friendly, will dine 
with him. After a few glasses of wine, 
he loses his bashful modesty, makes a 
long speech, and becomes the accepted 
suitor of the prettv Miss Dinah Friendly. 
— W. T. Moncrieff, The Bashful Man. 

Bo or Boh, says Warton, was a fierce 
Gothic chief, whose name was used to 
frighten children. 

Boaner'ges (4 syl.), a declamatory 
pet parson, who anathematizes all except 
his own "elect." "He preaches real 
rousing-up discourses, but sits down 



BOAP. 



118 



BOBAD1L. 



pleasantly to his tea, and makes hisself 
friendly." — Mrs. Oliphant, Salem Chapel. 

A protestant Boanerges, visiting Birmingham, sent an 
invitation to Dr. Newman to dispute publicly with him 
in the Town HalL— E. Yates, Celebrities, xxii. 



the name given by Jesus Christ to James 
and John, because they wanted to call 
down fire from heaven to consume the 
Samaritans. — Luke ix. 54. 

Boar {The), Richard III., so called 
from his cognizance. 

The bristled boar, 
In infant gore, 
Wallows beneath the thorny shade. 

Gray, The Bard (1757). 

In contempt Richard III. is called The 
Hog, hence the popular distich : 

The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the dog, 
Kule all England under the Hog 

("The Cat" is Catesby, and "the Rat" 
Ratcliffe.) 

Boar (The Blue). This public-house 
sign (Westminster) is the badge of the 
Yeres earls of Oxford. 

The Blue Boar Lane (St. Nicholas, 
Leicester) is so named from the cog- 
nizance of Richard III., because he slept 
there the night before the battle of Bos- 
worth Field. 

Boar of Ardennes (The Wild), in 
French Le Sang Her des Ardennes 
(2 si/L), was Guillaume comte de la 
Marck, so called because he was as fierce 
as the wild boar he delighted to hunt. 
The character is introduced by sir W. 
Scott in Quentin Durward, under the 
name of " William count of la Marck." 

Boar's Head (The). This tavern, 
immortalized by Shakespeare, stood in 
Eastcheap (London), on the site of the 
present statue of William IV. It was 
the cognizance of the Gordons, who 
adopted it because one of their progenitors 
slew, in the forest of Huntley, a wild 
boar, the terror of all the Merse (1093). 

Boat Colours. 

The Cambridge Crew: Cains, light 
blue and black ; Catherine's, blue and 
white ; Christ's, common blue ; Clare, 
black and golden yellow ; Corpus, cherry 
colour and white ; Downing, chocolate ; 
Emmar,uel, cherry colour and dark blue ; 
Jesus, red and black ; John's, bright red 
and while; King's, violet; Magdelen, 
indigo and lavender; Pembroke, claret 
and French grey ; Peterhouse, dark blue 
and white; Queen's, green and white; 



Sydney, red and blue ; Trinity, dark 
blue ; Trinity Hall, black and white. 

Oxford Crew : Alban's (St.), blue, 
with arrow-head ; Baliol, pink, white, 
blue, white, pink ; Brazenose, black, and 
gold edges ; Christ C/mrch, blue, with 
red cardinal's hat; Corpus, red, with 
blue stripe ; Edmond's (St.), red, and 
yellow edges ; Exeter, black, and red 
edges ; Jesus, green, and white edges ; 
John's, yellow, black, red ; Lincoln, blue, 
with mitre ; Magdelen, black and white ; 
Mary's (St.), white, black, white ; Merton, 
blue, with white edges and red cross ; 
New College, three pink and two white 
stripes ; Oriel, blue and white ; Pem- 
broke, pink, white, pink ; Queen's, red, 
white, blue, white, blue, white, red ; 
Trinity, blue, with double dragon's head, 
yellow and green, or blue with white 
edges ; University, blue, and yellow 
edges ; Wadham, light blue ; Worcester, 
blue, white, pink, white, blue. 

Boaz and Jachin, two brazen 
pillars set up by Solomon at the entrance 
of the temple built by him. Boaz, 
which means "strength," was on the 
left hand, and Jachin, which means 
"stability," on the right. — 1 Kingsxii. 21. 

(The names of these two pillars are 
adopted in the craft called " Free 
Masonry.") 

Bob'adil, an ignorant, clever, shallow 
bully, thoroughly cowardly, but thought 
by his dupes to be an amazing hero. 
He lodged with Cob (the water-carrier) 
and his wife Tib. Master Stephen was 
greatly struck with his " dainty oaths," 
such as "By the foot of Pharaoh!" 
" Body of Caesar ! " " As I am a gentle- 
man and a soldier ! " His device to save 
the expense of a standing army is in- 
imitable for its conceit and absurdity : 

"I would select 19 more to myself throughout the land ; 
gentlemen they should be, of a good spirit and able con- 
stitution. I would choose them by an instinct, . . . and 
I would teach them the special rules . . . til! they could 
play [fence] very near as well as myself. This oone, say 
the enemy were 40,000 strong, we "JO would . . . chal- 
lenge 20 of the enemy , . . . kill them ; challenge 20 
more, kill them ; 20 more, kill them too ; . . . every 
man his 10 a day. that's 10 score . . . 200 a day ; five days, 
a thousand ; 40,000, 40 times 5, 200 days ; kill them all."— 
Den Jonson, Evert; Man in His Humour, iv. 7 (1598). 

Since his [Henry Woodward, 1717-1777] time the part 
of " Bobaiiil" has never been justly performed. It may 
be said to have died with him. — Dr. Doran. 

The name was probably suggested by 
Bobadilla first governor of Cuba, who 
superseded Columbus sent home in 
chains on a most frivolous charge. 
Similar characters are " Metamore " and 
"Scaramouch" (Moliere) ; " Parollcs " 



BODACH GLAY. 



119 



BOISTERER. 



and " Pistol" (Shakespeare) ; " B< 
(Beaumont aad Fletcher). (See also 
ra8ili8co, borouohoijrp, (attain 
Brazen, Captain Noll Bluff, Sir 

Pbtroncl Flash, Sackipant, Vincknt 
di: i. a ROBK, etc.) 

Bodach Glay or "Grey Spectre," 
9 house demon of the Scotch, similar to 
the Irish banshee. 

Bce'mond, the Christian king of 
Antioch, who tried to teach his subjects 
arts, law, and religion. He is of the 
Norman race, Roge'ro's brother, and son 
of Roberto GuiscarMo. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delioered (1575). 

Boeo'tiail Ears, ears unable to ap- 
preciate music and rhetoric. Bceotia was 
laughed at by the Athenians for the dul- 
ness and stupidity of its inhabitants. 

"This is having taste and sentiment. Well, Mend, I 
assure tliee thou bast nol got Boeotian ears" [bme aute he 

liinlawl 01 tttttn extract! read to him by an author]. — 
Lesage, Gil Mat, vii. 3 (1715). 

Boauf (Front il :), a gigantic ferocious 
follower of prince John. — Sir W. Scott, 
Ivanhoe (time. Richard I.). 

Boffin (Nioodemus), " the golden 
dustman," foreman of old John Harmon, 

dustman and miser. lie was " a broad, 
round-shouldered, one-sided old fellow, 
whose face was of the rhinoceros build, 
with over-lapping ears." A kind, shrewd 
man was Mr. Boffin, devoted to his 
wife, whom he greatly admired. Being 
residuary legatee of John Harmon, dust- 
man, he came in for £100,000. After- 
wards, John Harmon, the son, being 
discovered, Mr. Boffin surrendered the 
property to him, and lived with him. 

Mrs. Boffin, wife of Mr. N. Boffin, and 
daughter of a cat's-meat man. She was 
a fat, smiling, good-tempered creature. 
the servant of old John Harmon, dust- 
man and miser, and very kind to the 
miser's son (young John Harmon). After 
Mr. Boffin came into his fortune she 
became ; 'a high flyer at fashion," wore 
black velvet and sable, but retained her 
kindness of heart and love for her hus- 
band. She was devoted to Bella "Wilfer, 
who ultimately became the wife of young 
John Harmon, alias Eokesmith. — C. 
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

Bo'gio, one of the allies of Charle- 
magne. He promised his wife to return 
within six months, but was slain by 
Dardinello. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Bogle Swindle (T/ie), a gigantic 



swindling scheme, concocted at Paris by 
fourteen sharpen, who expected to 
by it at least a million sterling. This 
swindle was exposed by O'Reilly in the 
Times newspaper, and the corporation of 
London thanked the proprietors of that 
journal for their public services. 

Bo'gUS, sham, forged, fraudulent, as 
bogus curr e nc y, bogus transactions i said 
to be a corruption of Borghese, a swindler, 
who supplied the North American Btates 

with counterfeit bills, bills on fictitious 
banks, and sham mortgages. — Boston 
Daily Courier* 

Some think the word a corruption of 
[HOCUS] PocUSy and say that it refers to 
the German " Hocus Focus lmpt ratus, 
wer nicht sieht i.-t blind." The cor- 
responding French term is Pat 

Bohe'mia, any locality frequented by 
journalists, artiste, actor-, opera-singers, 
spouten, and other similar characters. 

Bohemian (A), a gipsy, from the 
French notion that the lir.-t gipsies came 
from Bohemia. 

A Literary Bohemian, an author of 
desultory works and irregular life. 

Neva? was there .in editor with less about hi in of the 
Dterarj Bohemian. — fortnightly Rid-* {■' Pastou 

Letters'"). 

Bohemian Literature, desultory reading. 

A Bohemian Life, an irregular, wander- 
ing, restless way of living, like that of a 
gipsy. 

Bo'hemond, prince of Antioch, a 
crusader. — Sir W. Scott, Count Jiobert of 
Paris (time, Bufus). 

Bois'gelin (The young countess de), 
introduced in the ball given by king 
Bene at Aix. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstcm (time, Fdward IV.). 

Bois-Guilbert (Sir Brian de), a 
preceptor of the Knights Temp'ars. 
Ivanhoe vanquishes hipi in a tournament. 
He offers insult to Rebecca, and she 
threatens to cast herself from the battle- 
ments if he touches her. "When the castle 
is set on fire by the sibyl, sir Brian 
carries off Rebecca from the flames. The 
Grand-Master of the Knights Templars 
charges Rebecca with sorcery, and she 
demands a trial by combat. Sir Brian de 
Bois-Guilbert is appointed to sustain the 
charge against her, and Ivanhoe is her 
champion. Sir Brian being found dead 
in the lists, Rebecca is declared innocent. 
— Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Boisterer, one of the seven attend- 



BOLD BEAUCHAMP. 



120 



BOMBASTES FURIOSO. 



ants of Fortu'nio. His gift was that he 
could overturn a wind-mill with his 
breath, and even wreck a man-of-war. 

Fortunio asked him what he was doing. " I am blow- 
ing a little, sir," answered he, "to set those mills at 
work." " But," said the knight, "you seem too far off." "On 
the contrary," replied the blower, " I am too near, for if 
I did not restrain my breath I should blow the mills over, 
and i>erhaps the hill too on which they stand."— Comtesse 
D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (*' Fortunio," 1682). 

Bold Beauchamp [Beech'-am], a 
proverbial phrase similar to " an Achilles," 
" a Hector," etc. The reference is to 
Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, 
who, with one squire and six archers, 
overthrew a hundred armed men at 
Hogges, in Normandy, in 1346. 

So had we still of ours, in France that famous were, 

Warwick, of England then high-constable that was, 

... So hardy, great, and strong, 

That after of that name it to an adage grew, 

If any man himself adventurous happed to shew, 

" Bold Beauchamp" men him termed, if none so bold as 



he. 



Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 



Bold Stroke for a Husband, a 
comedy by Mrs. Cowley. There are two 
plots : one a bold stroke to get the man 
of one's choice for a husband, and the 
other a bold stroke to keep a husband. 
Olivia de Zuniga fixed her heart on Julio 
de Messina, and refused or disgusted all 
Buitors till he came forward. Donna 
Victoria, in order to keep a husband, 
disguised herself in man's apparel, as- 
sumed the name of Florio, and made love 
as a man to her husband's mistress. She 
contrived by an artifice to get back an 
estate which don Carlos had made over 
to his mistress, and thus saved her hus- 
band from ruin (1782). 

Bold Stroke for a "Wife. Old 

Lovely at death left his daughter Anne 
£30,000, but with this proviso, that she 
was to forfeit the money if she married 
without the consent of her guardians. 
Now, her guardians were four in number, 
and their characters so widely dif- 
ferent that "they never agreed on any 
one thing." They were sir Philip Mode- 
love, an old beau ; Mr. Periwinkle, a silly 
virtuoso ; Mr. Tradelove, a broker on 
'Change ; and Mr. Obadiah Prim, a hypo- 
critical quakcr. Colonel Feignwell con- 
trived to flatter all the guardians to the 
top of their bent, and won the heiress. 
-r-Mrs. Centlivre (1717). 

Bol'ga, the southern parts of Ireland, 
so called from the Fir-bolg or Belga; of 
Britain who settled there. Bolg means a 
"quiver," and Fir-bolg means "bowmen." 

Tin; chiefs of Bolga crowd round the shield of generous 
Cathmor. — Ossiun, Tcmora, ii. 



Bolster, a. famous Wrath, who com- 
pelled St. Agnes to gather up the boulders 
which infested his territory. She carried 
three apronfuls to the top of a hill, hence 
called St. Agnes' Beacon. (See Wrath's 
Hole.) 

Bol'ton (Stawarth), an English officer 
in The Monastery, a novel by sir W. 
Scott (time, Elizabeth). 

Bolton Ass. This creature is said 
to have chewed tobacco and taken snuff. 
— Dr. Doran. 

Bomba {King), a nickname given to 
Ferdinand II. of Naples, in consequence 
of his cruel bombardment of Messi'na in 
1848. His son, who bombarded Palermo 
in 1860, is called Bombali'no (" Little 
Bomba "). 

A young Sicilian, too, was there . . . 
[Who] being rebellious to his liege, 
After Palermo's fatal siege, 
Across the western seas he fled 
In good king Bomba's happy reign. 

Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude). 

Bombardin'ian, general of the 
forces of king Chrononhotonthologos. 
He invites the king to his tent, and gives 
him hashed pork. The king strikes him, 
and calls him traitor. " Traitor, in thy 
teeth, " replies the general. The}' fight, and 
the king is killed. — H. Carey, Chronon- 
hotonthologos (a burlesque). 

Bombastes Furioso, general of 
Artaxam'inous (king of Utopia). He 
is plighted to Distaffi'na, but Artax- 
aminous promises her " half-a-crown " if 
she will forsake the general for himself. 
"This bright reward of ever-daring 
minds " is irresistible. When Bombastes 
sees himself flouted, he goes mad, and 
hangs his boots on a tree, with this label 
duly displayed : 

Who dares this pair of boots displace. 
Must meet Bombastes face to face. 

The king, coming up, cuts down the boots, 
and Bombastes "kills him." Fusbos, 
seeing the king fallen, " kills " the gene- 
ral ; but at the close of the farce the 
dead men rise one by one, and join the 
dimce, promising, if the audience likes, 
" to die again to-morrow." — W. B. 
Rhodes, Bombastes Furioso. 

* V i his farce is a travesty of Orlando 
Furioso, and " Distaftina" is Angelica, be- 
loved by Orlando, whom she floated for 
Medoro a young Moor. On this Orlando 
wont mad, «uui hung up his armour on a 
tree, with this distich attached thereto: 

Orlando's arms let none displace. 
But such who'll meet Lim face to faos. 



BOMBASTES FURIOSO. 



121 



BONNIVARD, 



In the Rehearsal, by the duke of Buck- 
ingham, Bayes' troops are killed, every 
man of them, by Drawcansir, but revive, 
and " go off on their legs." 

See the translation of Don Quixote, by 
C. H. Wilmot, Esq., ii. 363 (1764). 

Bombastes Furloso (The French), capi- 
taine Fraeasse. — Tho'ophile Gautier. 

Bombas'tus, the family name of 
Paracelsus. He is said to have kept a 
small devil prisoner in the pommel of his 
sword. 

Bombastus kept a devil's bird 
Sliut in the pommel of bis sword, 
That taught Dim all the cunning pranks 
Of past and future mountebank!. 

S. Butler, Hudibrat, II. 3. 

Bo'naparte's Cancer. Napoleon 
suffered from an internal cancer. 

I . . . would much rather have a sound digestion 
Than Buonaparte's cancer. 

Byron. Don Juan, \x. 14 (18J1). 

Bonas'silS, an imaginary wild boast, 
which the Ettrick shepherd encountered. 
(The Ettrick shepherd was James Hogg, 
the Scotch poet.) — Nodes Ambrosiancc 
(No. xlviii., April, 1830). 

Bounaventu're {Father), a disguise 
assumed for the nonce by the chevalier 
Charles Edward, the pretender. — Sir \V. 
Scott, Eedtjauntlet (time, George III.). 

Bondu'ca or Boadice'a, wife of 
Prasu'tagOS king of the Ice'ni. For the 
better security of his family, Pnesutagus 
made the emperor of Home coheir with 
his daughters ; whereupon the Koman 
officers took possession of his palace, 
gave up the princesses to the licentious 
brutality of the Roman soldiers, and 
scourged the queen in public. Bonduca, 
roused to vengeance, assembled an army, 
burnt the Roman colonies of London, 
Colchester [Ca/nalod»num~\, Verulam, etc., 
and slew above 80,000 Romans. Sub- 
sequently, Sueto'nius Paulinus defeated 
the Britons, and Bonduca poisoned herself, 
a.v>. 81. John Fletcher wrote a tragedy 
entitled Bonduca (1647). 

Bone-setter {The), Sarah Mapp 
(died 1736). 

Bo'ney, a familiar contraction of 
Bo'naparte (3 syl.), used by the English 
in the early part of the nineteenth cen- 
tury by way of depreciation. Thus 
Thorn. Moore speaks of "the infidel 
Boney." 

Bonhomme (Jacques), a peasant who 
interferes Avith politics ; hence the peasants' 
rebellion of 1358 was called La Jacquerie. 



The words may be rendered "Jimmy" oi 
"Jhonny Goodfellow." 

Bon'iface (St.), an Anglo-Saxon 
whose name was Winifrid or W'infrith, 
born in Devonshire. He was made arch- 
bishop of Mayenee by pope Gregory Hi., 
and is called "The A post let if the Germans." 
St. Boniface was murdered in Friesland 
bv some peasants, and his dav is June 5 
(680-755). 

... in Friesland first St. Boniface our best, 

Whoot tl -• <>f M.-ntz. while ihcrohe sat possessed, 

At Dockum had his death, by faiihle--i Frisian-, -bin. 
Drayton.' J'oli/olbion, xxiv. (llj-.-j). 

Bon'iface (Father), ex-abbot of Kenna- 
qnhair. He tirst appears under the name 
of Plinkhoodie in the character of gardener 
at Kinross, and afterwards as the old 
gardener at Dundrennan. (Kennaquhair, 
that is, " I know not where.")— Sir W. 
Scott, The Abfjot (time, Elizabeth). 

Bon'iface (The abbot), successor of the 
abbot Ingelram. ;is .Superior of St. Mary's 
Convent. — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Bon'iface, landlord of the inn at Lich- 
field, in league with the highwaymen. 
This sleek, jolly publican is fond of the 
cant phrase, "as the saying is." Thus, 
" Does your master stay in town, as Hie 
saying is? " " So well, as the Baying is 
I could wish we had more of them." 
" I'm old Will Boniface ; pretty well 
known upon this road, as the saying is." 
lie had lived at Lichfield " man and boy 
above eight and fifty years, and not con- 
sumed eight and fifty ounces of meat." 
He says : 

" I have fed purely upon ale. I have er.t my ale. drank 
my ale. and I always -leep upon my :ile." — George Farqu- 
har. The Beaux' Stratagem, i. 1 (17U7). 

Bonne Reine, Claude de France, 
daughter of Louis XII. and wife of 
Francois I. (1499-1524). 

Bonnet (Je parte a tnon), " I am 
talking to myself." 

Bar/mgon. A qui tu parte? 

Dx /'/tee. Je parte a mon bonnet. 

Moliere, L'A vare, i. 3 (1667). 

Bonnet Rouge, a red republican, 
so calied from the red cap of liberty 
which he wore. 

Bonnivard (Francois de), the pris- 
oner of Chillon. In Byron's poem he 
was one of six brothers, five of whom 
died violent deaths. The father and two 
sons died on the battle-field ; one was 
burnt at the stake ; three were imprisoned 
in the dungeon of Chillon, near the lake 
of Geneva. Two of the three died, and 



BONSTETTIN. 



122 



BORAX. 



Francois was set at liberty by Henri the 
Beamais. They were incarcerated by 
the duke-bishop of Savoy for republican 
principles (1496-1570). 

Bonstet'tin (Nicholas), the old 
deputy of SchAvitz, and one of the depu- 
ties of the Swiss confederacy to Charles 
duke of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott, Anne 
of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Bon'temps (Roger), the personi- 
fication of that buoyant spirit which is 
always "inclined to hope rather than 
fear," and in the very midnight of dis- 
tress is ready to exclaim, "There's a good 
time coming, wait a little longer." The 
character is the creation of Be'ranger. 

Vous, pauvres pleins d'envie, 

Vous, riches desireux ; 
Vous, dont !e char devie 

Apres un cours heureux ; 
Vous, qui perdrez peut-etre 

Des titres 6clatans, 
Eh gai ! prenez pour maltre 

he gros Roger Bontemps. 

Bcranger (1314). 

Bon'thron (Anthony), one of Ra- 
morny's followers ; employed to murder 
Smith, the lover of Catherine Glover 
("the fair maid of Perth"), but he mur- 
dered Oliver instead, by mistake. When 
charged with the crime, he demanded a 
trial by combat, and being defeated by 
Smith, confessed his guilt and washanged. 
He was restored to life, but being again 
apprehended was executed. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Bon Ton, a farce by Garrick. Its 
design is to show the evil effects of the 
introduction of foreign morals and foreign 
manners. Lord Minikin neglects his wife, 
and flirts with Miss Tittup. Lady Mini- 
kin hates her husband, and flirts with 
colonel Tivy. Miss Tittup is engaged to 
the colonel." Sir John Trotley, Avho does 
not understand bon ton, thinks this sort 
of flirtation very objectionable. "You'll 
excuse mc, for such old-fashioned notions, 
I am sure" (1760). 

Boo'by (Lad;/), a vulgar upstart, who 
tries to seduce her footman, Joseph 
Andrews. Parson Adams reproves her 
for laughing in church. Lady Booby is 
a caricature of Richardson's "Pamela." 
— Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742). 

Boone (1 syl.), colonel [afterwards 
"general"] Daniel Boone, in the United 
States' service, wa3 one of the earliest 
settlers in Kentucky, where he signalized 
himself by nianv daring exploits against 
the Red Indians (1735-1820). 



Of all men, saying Sylla the man-slayer . . . 

The general Boon, the back-woodsman of Kentucky, 

Was happiest amongst mortals anywhere, etc. 

Byron, Don Juan, via. Gl-455 (1821). 

Booshal'loch (Neil), cowherd to 
Ian Eachin M'lan, chief of the clan 
Quhele. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Boo'tes (3 syl.), Areas son of Jupiter 
and Calisto. One day his mother, in the 
semblance of a bear, met him, and Areas 
was on the point of killing it, when 
Jupiter, to prevent the murder, converted 
him into a constellation, either Bootes or 
Ursa Major. — Pausanias, Itinerary of 
Greece, viii. 4. 

Doth not Orion worthily deserve 

A higher place . . . 

Than frail Booths, who was placed above 

Only because the gods did else foresee 

He should the murderer of his mother be? 

Lord Brooke, Of Nobility. 

Booth, husband of Amelia. Said to 
be a drawing of the author's own character 
and experiences. He has all the vices of 
Tom Jones, with an additional share of 
meanness. — Fielding, Amelia (1751). 

Borach'io, a follower of don John 
of Aragon. He is a great villain, en- 
gaged to Margaret, the waiting-woman of 
Hero. — Shakespeare, Much Ado about 
Nothing (1600). 

Borach'io, a drunkard. (Spanish, bor- 
racho, "drunk ; " borrachuelo, "a tippler.") 

" Why, you stink of wine ! D'ye think my niece will ever 
endure such a borachio ? You're an absolute Borachio." — 
W. Congreve, The Way of the World (1700). 

Borachio (Joseph), landlord of the 
Eagle hotel, in Salamanca. — Jephson, Two 
Strings to your Bow (1792). 

Bor'ak (Al), the animal brought by 
Gabriel to convey Mahomet to the seventh 
heaven. The word means " lightning." 
Al Borak had the face of a man, but the 
cheeks of a horse ; its eyes were like 
jacinths, but brilliant as the stars ; it had 
eagle's wings, glistened all over with 
radiant light, and it spoke with a human 
voice. This was one of the ten animals 
(not of the race of man) received into 
paradise. (See Animals, etc.) 

Borak was a fine-limbed, high-Standing horse, strong in 
frame, and with a coat as gloss} as marble. His colour 
was saffron, with one hair of gold for every three of 
tawny ; his ears were restless and pointed like a reed ; his 
eyes large and full of lire; his nostrils wide and steaming ; 
be had a while slar on his forehead, a neck gracefully 
niched, a mane soft and silky, and a thick tail that swept 
the ground. — Oroquemitaine, ii. !>. 

Borax, JSTosa, or Crapon'dinus, 
a stone extracted from a toad. It is the 
antidote of poison. — Mirror of Stones. 

. . . the toad, ugly and venomous, 
Wear.- vet a jireeiniis jewel in his head. 

Shakespeare, .-is )ou Like it, act II bc j (1(;<h>). 



BOKDER MINSTKEL. 



123 



BORS. 



Border Minstrel {The), sir Walter 
Scott (1771-1832). 

My steps the Border Minstrel lr.l. 

W. Wordsworth, yarrow Revititcd. 

Border States (of North America) : 
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Ken- 
tucky, and Missouri. So called because 
they bordered upon the line of Free 
States and Slave-holding States. The 
term is now an anachronism. 

Bore (1 syl.). a t' ,lil1 wave. The 
largest are those of the Ganges (espe- 
cially the Elooghly branch), Brahmaputra, 
and Indus. In Great Britain, the Severn, 
the Trent, the Wye. the Sol way, the Dee 
in Cheshire, the Clyde, Dornoch Frith, 
and the Lune. That of the Trent is 
called the " heygrc." 

Bo'reas, the north wind. lie lived in 
a cave on mount Ihemus, in Thrace. 

Cease, rude Boreas, blustering railer. 

G. A. Stephens, The Shiftrrrck. 

Bor'gia (Lucrezia di), duchess of Fer- 
ra'ra, wife of don Alfonso. Her natural 
son Gcnna'ro was brought up by a tisher- 
man in Naples, but when he grew to 
manhood a stranger gave him a paper 
from his mother, announcing to him that 
he was of noble blood, but concealing his 
name and family. He saved the life of 
Orsi'ni in the battle of Kim'ini, and they 
became sworn friends. In Venice he was 
introduced to a party of nobles, all of 
whom had some tale to tell against Lu- 
crezia: Orsini told him she had murdered 
her brother ; Vitelli, that she had caused 
his uncle to be slain ; Liverotto, that she 
had poisoned his uncle Appia'no ; Gazella, 
that she had caused one of his relatives 
to be drowned in the Tiber. Indignant at 
these acts of wickedness, Gennaro struck 
off the B from the escutcheon of the duke's 
palace at Ferrara, changing the name 
Borgia into Orgia. Lucrezia prayed the 
duke to put to death the man who had 
thus insulted their noble house, and Gen- 
naro was condemned to death by poison. 
Lucrezia, to save him, gave him an anti- 
dote, and let him out of prison by a secret 
door. Soon after his liberation the princess 
Negroni, a friend of the Borgias, gave a 
grand supper, to which Gennaro and his 
companions were invited. At the close of 
the banquet they were all arrested by 
Lucrezia, after having drunk poisoned 
wine. Gennaro was told he was the son 
of Lucrezia, and died. Lucrezia no sooner 
saw him die than she died also. — Doni- 
zetti, Lucrczia di Borgia (an opera, 1835). 

BorosTrie (3 syl.), a malicious coun- 



sellor of the great-duke of Moscovia. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Loyal 
Subject (1618). 

Borough (Tlic), in ten-syllable verse 
with rhymes, in twentv-four letters, is by 

George Crabbe (1810). 

Bor'oughclifF (Captain), a vulgar 
Yankee, boastful, conceited, and slangy. 
" I guess," "I reckon," "I calculate." 
are used indifferently by him, and he 
perpetually appeals to sergeant Drill to 
confirm his boastful assertions: as, " Tin 
a pretty considerable favourite with the 
Indies; arn't I, sergeant Drill?" "My 
character for valour i> pretty well known ; 
isn't it, sergeant Drill?" "If you once 
saw me in battle, you'd never forget it ; 
would he, sergeant Drill?" "I'm a sort 
of a kind of a nonentity ; arn't I, sergeant 
Drill?" etc. He is made the butt of 
Long Tom Coffin. Colonel Howard 
wishes him to marry his niece Katharine, 
but the young lady has given her heart to 
lieutenant Larnstable, who turns out to 
be the colonel's son, and succeeds at last 
in marrying the lady of his affection. — 
E. Fitzball, The Pilot. 

Borre (1 syl*), natural son of king 
Arthur, and one of the knights of the 
Hound Table. 1 1 is mother was Lyo- 
nors. an earl's daughter, who came to do 
homage to the yOQUg kin::. — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 15 
(1470)'. 

%* Sir Bors de Ganis is quite another 
person, and so is king Bors of Gaul. 

Borrioboo'la Gha, in Africa. (See 
Jxllyby, Mrs.) 

Borro'meo (Charles), cardinal and 
archbishop of Milan. Immortalized by 
his self-devotion in ministering at Mil'an 
to the plague-stricken (1538-1584). 

St. Koche, who died 1327, devoted 
himself in a similar manner to tnose 
stricken with the plague at Piacenza ; and 
Mompesson to the people of Eyam. In 
1720-22 H. Francis Xavier de Belsunce 
was indefatigable in ministering to the 
plague-stricken of Marseilles. 

Borrowing. Who goeth a-borrowing, 
goeth a-sorroiring. — T. Tusser, Five Hun- 
dred Points of Good Husbandry, xv. 8 
and again xlii. 6 (1557). 

Bors (King) of Gaul, brother of king 
Ban of Benwicke [? Brittany]. They 
went to the aid of prince Arthur when 
he was first established on the British 
throne, and Arthur promised in return to 



BORS. 



124 



BOTHWELL. 



aid them against king Claudas, "a mighty 
man of men," who warred against them. 
— Sir T. Malory, History of Frince Arthur 
(1470). 

There are two brethren beyond the sea, and they kings 
both . . . the one bight king Ban of Benwicke, and the 
other hight king Bors of Gaul, that is, France. — Pt. i. 8. 

(Sir Bors was of Ganis, that is, Wales, 
and was a knight of the Round Table. 
So also was Borre (natural son of prince 
Arthur), also called sir Bors sometimes.) 

Bors (Sir), called sir Bors de Ganis, 
brother of sir Lionell and nephew of sir 
Launcelot. ° For all women was he 
a virgin, save for one, the daughter of 
king Brandeg'oris, on whom he had a 
child, hight Elaine ; save for her, sir 
Bors was a clean maid" (ch. iv.). When 
he went to Corbin, and saw Galahad the 
son of sir Launcelot and Elaine (daughter 
of king Pelles), he prayed that the child 
might prove as good a knight as his 
father, and instantly a vision of the holy 
greal was vouchsafed him ; for — 

There came a white dove, bearing a little censer of gold 
in her bill . ■ . and a maiden that bear the Sancgreall, and 
she said, " Wit ye well, sir Bors, that this child . . . shall 
achieve the Sancgreall" . . . then they kneeled down . . . 
and there was such a savour as all the spicery in the world 
had been there. And when the dove took her flight, 
the maiden vanished away with the Sancgreall. — Pt. iii. 4. 

Sir Bors was with sir Galahad and sir 
Percival when the consecrated wafer 
assumed the visible and bodily appearance 
of the Saviour. And this is what is 
meant by achieving the holy greal ; for 
when they partook of the wafer their 
eyes saw the Saviour enter it. — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 
101, 102 (1470). 

N.B. — This sir Bors must not be con- 
founded with sir Borre, a natural son of 
king Arthur and Lyonors (daughter of 
the earl Sanam, pt. i. 15), nor yet with 
king Bors of Gaul, i.e. France (pt. i. 8). 

Bortell, the bull, in the beast-epic 
called Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Bos'can-[Almoga'va], a Spanish 
poet of Barcelona (1500-1543). His 
poems are generally bound up with those 
of Garcilasso. They introduced the Italian 
style into Castilian poetry. 

Sometimes he turned to gaze upon his book, 
Boscau, or Garcilasso. 

Byron, Don Juan, 1. 95 (1819). 

Bosmi'na, daughter of Fingal king 
of Morven (north-west coast of Scotland). 
— Ossian. 

Boss, of Arthurian legend, is Boscastle, 
in Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel. 



Bude is also in Cornwall, on the Bristol 
Channel. 

When the longwave broke 
All down the thundering shores of Bude and Boss. 
Tennyson, Idylls of the King. 

Bossu (Benzie), French scholar aud 
critic (1631-1680). 

And for the epic poem your lordship bade me look at, 
upon taking the length, breadth, height, and depth of 
it, and trying them at home upon an exact scale of 
Bossu's, 'tis out, my lord, in every one of its dimensions. — 
Sterne (1768). 

(I think Sterne means the Abbe' Bossut, 
the mathematician. His critic tried the 
book on its "length, breadth, and depth ;" 
or perhaps he wishes to confound the two 
authors.) 

Bossut {Abbe Charles), a celebrated 
mathematician (1730-1814). 

(Sir Richard Phillips assumed a host 
of popular names, amongst others that of 
M. VAbb€ Bossut in several educational 
works in French.) 

Bosta'na, one of the two daughters 
of the old man who entrapped prince 
Assad in order to offer him in sacrifice 
on "the fiery mountain." His other 
daughter was named Cava'ma. The old 
man enjoined these two daughters to 
scourge the prince daily with the bas- 
tinado and feed him with bread and 
water till the day .of sacrifice arrived. 
After a time, the heart of Bostana soft- 
ened towards her captive, and she re- 
leased him. Whereupon his brother 
Amgiad, out of gratitude, made her his 
wife, and became in time king of the city 
in which he was already vizier. — Arabian 
Nights (" Amgiad and Assad"). 

Bostock, a coxcomb, cracked on the 
point of aristocracy and family birth. 
His one and only inquiry is " How many 
quarterings has a person got ? " Descent 
from the nobility with him covers a 
multitude of sins, and a man is no one, 
whatever his personal merit, who " is 
not a sprig of the nobility " — James 
Shirley, The Ball (1642). 

Bot'any (Father of English), W. 
Turner, M.D. (1520-1568). 

J. P. de Tournefort is called The Father 
of Botany (1656-1708). 

*** Antony de Jussieu lived 1686- 
1758, and his brother Bernard 1699-1777. 

Both well (Sergeant), alias Francis 
Stewart, in the royal army. — Sir W. 
Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Bothwcll (Lady), sister of lady 
Forester. 



BOTTLED BEER. 



125 



BOUNTT. 



Sir Geoffrey BotkweU % the husband of 
lady Bothwell. 

Mrs, Margaret Bothweil, in the intro- 
dnctioa of the story. Aunt Margaret 
proposed to use Mr-;. Margaret's tomb- 

Btone fol her own. — Sir \V. Scott, Aunt 

Margaret'' a Mirror (time, William III.). 

Bottled Beer, Alexander Nowell, 
author of a celebrated Latin catechism 
which first appeared in 1570, under the 
title of Chrt&tiana pietatis prima Ineti- 

tutio, ml itsuiu Bchotarxvn L<itiw Scripta. 
In 1560 he waa promoted to the deanery 
of St. Paul's (1507-1602). — Fuller, 

Worthies of England (" Lancashire"). 

Bottom (Nick), an Athenian weaver. 
a compound of profound ignorance and 

unbounded conceit, not without good 
nature and a fair clash of mother-wit. 
When the play of ISf tW Um and Tkisbe 
is cast. Bottom covets every part ; the 
lion, ThisbS, PyrAmus, all have charms 
for him. In order to punish Titan'ia, the 
fairy-king made her dote on Bottom, on 
whom Puck had placed an ass's head. — 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Nighfs Dream. 

When Goldsmith, jealous of the attention which a 
dancing monkey attracted in a eoflbe-hoase, mM, " I can 

do that as well." ami was about to attempt it. he waa but 
playing " Bottom."— K. G. White. 

Bottomless Pit (The), a ludicrous 
sobriquet of William Pitt, who was re- 
markably thin (1759-1806). 

Boubekir' Muez'in, of Bagdad, 
" a vain, proud, and envious [man, 
who hated the rich because he him- 
self was poor." When prince Zeyn 
Aiasnam came to the city, he told the 
people to beware of him, for probably he 
was "some thief who had made himself 
rich by plunder." The prince's attendant 
called on him, put into his hand a purse 
of gold, and requested the honour of his 
acquaintance. Next day, after morning 
prayers, the inian said to the people, " I 
find, my brethren, that the stranger who 
is come to Bagdad is a young prince 
possessed of a thousand virtues, and 
worthy the love of all men. Let us pro- 
tect him, and rejoice that he has come 
among us." — Arabian Nights (" Prince 
Zeyn Aiasnam "). 

Bouchard {Sir), a knight of Flan- 
ders, of most honourable descent. He 
married Constance, daughter of Bertulphe 
provost of Bruges. In 1127 Charles "the 
Good," earl of Flanders, made a law that 
a serf was always a serf till manumitted, 
and whoever married a serf became 
a serf. Now, Bertulphe's father was 



Than- -mar's serf, and Bertulphe, who had 
raised himself to wealth arid gn at honour, 

was reduced to serfdom because bis father 
was not manumitted. By the same law 
Bouchard, although a knight of roya< 
blood, became Thancmar'a seri because 
he married Constance, the daughter of 
Bertulphe (provosl of Bruges). The 
result of this absurd law was that 
Bertulphe slew the earl and then him. -elf, 
Constance went mad and died. Bouchard 
and Thancmar slew each other in fight, 

and all Bruges was thrown into confusion 
— S. Knowles, The Provost of 1 
(1836). 

Bought Wit is Dear. Wisdom 
gained by experience is dearly bought. — 
&. Uascoigne, Magnum Vectigat, etc, 

(died 1577). 

Bou'illon {Godfrey duke of), a 
crusader (1058-1100), introduced in Count 
Robert of J'aris, a novel by sir \Y. Scott 
(time, Bufus). 

Bounce (Mr. T.), a nickname given 
in is;;? to T. Barnes, editor of the Times 
(or the Tur/ut'mut, as it was called). 

Bound'erby (Jonah), of Coketowu, 

banker and mill-owner, the "Bully of 
Humility,* 1 a big, loud man, with an iron 
stare and metallic laugh. If r. Bounderby 
is the son of Mrs. Pegler. an old woman, 
to whom he pays £30 a year to keep out 
of sight, and in a boasting way he pre- 
tends that "he was dragged up from the 
gutter to become a millionaire." Mr. 
Bounderby marries Louisa, daughter of 
his neighbour and friend, Thomas Grad- 
grind, Esq., H.P. — C. Dickens, Hard 
Ti»u>s (1854). 

Bountiful {Lady), widow of sir 
Charles Bountiful. Her delight was 
curing the parish sick and relieving the 
indigent. 

My Lady Bountiful Is one of the best of women. HVr 
late husband, sir Charles Bountiful, left her with jCIinkJ 
a year j and- I believe she- lays out one-half on't in 
charitable uses for the goorl of her neighbours. In short, 
she has cured more people iif and about Lichfield within 
ten years than the doctors have killed in twenty ; and 
that's a bold word.— George Farquhar, The Beaux' Strata- 
gem, L 1 (17oo). 

Bounty [Mutiny of the), in 1790, 
headed by Fletcher Christian. The 
mutineers finally settled in Pitcairn 
Island (Polynesian Archipelago). In 
1808 all the mutineers were dead except 
one (Alexander Smith), who had changed 
his name to John Adams, and became a 
model patriarch of the colony, which was 
taken under the protection of the British 
Government in 1839. Lord Byron, in 



BOUSTRAPA. 



126 



BOYS. 



The Island, has made the "mutiny of 
the Bounty " the basis of his tale, but the 
facts are greatly distorted. 

Bous'trapa, a nickname given to 
Napoleon III. It is compounded of the 
first syllables of Bou [logne], Stra- 
[sbourg], Pa[ris], and alludes to his 
escapades in 1840, 1836, 1851 (coup d'etat). 

No man ever lived who was dis- 
tinguished by more nicknames than Louis 
Napoleon. Besides the one above men- 
tioned, he was called Badinguet, Man of 
December, Man of Sedan, Ratipol, Ver- 
huel, etc. ; and after his escape from the 
fortress of Ham he went by the pseudonym 
of count Arenenberg. 

Bow Church. (London). Stow gives 
two derivations : (1) He says it was so 
called because it was the first church in 
London built on arches. This is the 
derivation most usually accepted. (2) 
He says also it took its name from certain 
stone arches supporting a lantern on the 
top of the tower. 

Bower of Bliss, a garden belonging 
to the enchantress Armi'da. It abounded 
in everything that could contribute to 
earthly pleasure. Here Rinal'do spent 
some time in love-passages with Armi'da, 
but he ultimately broke from the enchan- 
tress and rejoined the war. — Tasso, Jeru- 
salem Delivered (1575). 

Bower of Bliss, the residence of the 
witch Acras'ia, a beautiful and most 
fascinating woman. This lovely garden 
was situated on a floating island filled 
with everything which could conduce to 
enchant the senses, and "wrap the spirit 
in forgetfulness." — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
ii. 12 (1590). 

Bowkit, in The Son-in-Law. 

In the scene where Cranky declines to accept Bowkit as 
son-in-law on account of his ugliness, John Edwin, who 
was playing " Bowkit" at the Haymarket, ut tered in a tone 
of surprise, " Uyly ! " and then advancing to the lamps, said 
with infinite impertinence, "I submit to the decision of 
the British public which is the ugliest fellow of us three : 
I, old Cranky, or that gentleman there in the front row 
of the balcony box?"— Cornhill Magazine (1867). 

Bowley (Sir Joseph), M.P., who 
facetiously called himself "the poor man's 
friend." His secretary is Fish. — C. 
Dickens, The Chimes (1844). 

Bowling (Lieutenant Tom), an ad- 
mirable naval character in Smollett's 
Roderick Random. Dibdin wrote a naval 
song in memoriam of Tom Bowling, be- 
ginning thus : 

Here u sheer hulk lies poor Tom Bowling, 
Iho darling of the crew . . . 



Bowyer (Master), usher of the black 
rod in the court of queen Elizabeth. — Sir 
W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Bowzybe'us (4 syl.), the drunkard, 
noted for his songs in Gay's pastorals, 
called The Shepherd's Week. He sang 
of " Nature's Laws," of " Fairs and 
Shows," " The Children in the Wood," 
"Chevy Chase," " Taifey Welsh," 
"Rosamond's Bower," " Lilly-bullero,' 
etc. The Gth pastoral is in imitation of 
Virgil's 6th Eel., and Bowzybe'us is a 
vulgarized Silenus. 

That Bowzybeus, who with jocund tongue, 
Ballads, and roundelays, and catches sung. 

Gay, Pastoral, vi. (1714). 

Box and Cox, a dramatic romance, 
by J. M. Morton, the principal characters 
of which "are Box and Cox. 

Boy Bachelor (Tlxe), William Wot- 
ton, D.D., admitted at St. Catherine's 
Hall, Cambridge, before he was ten, and 
to his degree of B.A. when he was twelve 
and a half (1666-1720). 

Boy Bishop (The), St. Nicholas, the 
patron saint of boys (fourth century*). 

(There was also an ancient custom of 
choosing a boy from the cathedral choir 
on St. Nicholas' Day (December 6) as a 
mock bishop. This boy possessed certain 
privileges, and if he died during the year 
was buried in pontificalibus. The custom 
was abolished by Henry VIII. In Salis- 
bury Cathedral visitors are shown a small 
sarcophagus, which the verger says was 
made for a boy bishop.) 

Boy Crucified. It is said that 
some time during the dark ages, a boy 
named Werner was impiously crucified at 
Bacharach on the Rhine, by the Jews. A 
little chapel erected to the memory of this 
boy stands on the Avails of the town, close 
to * the river. Hugh of Lincoln and 
William of Norwich are instances of a 
similar story. 

See how its currents gleam and shine . . . 
As if the grapes were stiined with the blood 
Of the innocent boy who, some years back. 
Was taken and crucified by the Jews 
In that ancient town of Bacharach. 

Longfellow, The Golden Let/end. 

Boys (sea-term) has no reference to 
age, but only to experience ; a boy may 
be 50 or any other age. A crew is 
divided into (1) able seamen or seamen, 
(2) ordinary seamen, (3) boys or green- 
horns. When a person enters himself as 
a boy, he is not required to know anything 
about the practical working of the vessel, 
but able seamen and ordinary seamen 



BOTET. 



127 



BRADWARDINE. 



must possess a certain amount of expe- 
rience. 

There in a sea axiom, -1 H boy n •' 
ship to know anything, that is, when a 
person accepts the oilier of "hoy*' on 
board ship, he does not profess to know 
anything of his duty, not even the names 
of tin- ropes, or the distinction between 
stem and stern. 

Boyet', one of the lords attending on 
the princess of France. — Shakespeare, 
Loves Labour's Lost (1594). 

Boythorn {Laurence), a robust 
gentleman with the voice of a Btentor, 
and a friend of Mr. .Jarndyee. lie would 
utter the most ferocious sentiments, while 
at the same time he fondled a pet canary 
on his finger. Once on a time lie had 
been in love with Miss Parbary, lady 
Dedloek's sister. But " the good old 
times — all times when old are good — were 
gone."— ('. Dickens. Bleak H0U86 (1853). 

("Laurence Boythorn" is a photo- 
graph of W. 8. Landor ; as "Harold 
Skimpole," in the same story, is drawn 
from Leigh Hunt.) 

Boz, Charles Dickens. Tt was the 
nickname of a pet brother dubbed Moai 8, 
in honour of ''Moses Primrose" in the 
Vicar of Wakefield. Children called the 
name oozes, which got shortened into 
Boz (1812-1870). 

Who the dickens " Boa" could be 

Puzzled m:uiy a learned elf ; 
But time revealed the mystery. 

And " Boz " appeared aa Die-kens' self. 

Epigram en the oirthutian. 

Bozzy, .lames Boswell, the gossipy 
biographer of Dr. Johnson (1710-1795). 

Braban'tio, a senator of Venice, 
father of Desdemo'na ; most proud, 
arrogant, and overbearing. He thought 
the "insolence" of Othello in marrying 
hi.s daughter unpardonable, and that 
Desdemona must have been drugged with 
love-potions so to demean herself. — 
Shakespeare, Othello (1G11). 

Brac'eio, commissary of the republic 
of Florence, employed in picking up 
every item of scandal he could find 
against Lu'ria the noble Moor, who com- 
manded the army of Florence against the 
Pisans. The Florentines hoped to find 
sufficient cause of blame to lessen or 
wholly cancel their obligations to the 
Moor, but even P>raceio was obliged to 
confess "This Moor hath borne his 
faculties so meek, hath been so clear in 
his great office, that his virtues would 
plead like angels, trumpet-tongued," 



againsi tin- council which should censure 
him. Robert Biom nin 

Brac'idas and Am'idas, the two 
sons of ofile'sio, tin- former in love with 
the wealthy Philtra. and the lalter with 
the dowerless LaiCV. Their father at 

death left each of his sons an island of 
equal size and value, but the sea daily 

encroached on that of the elder brother 
and added to the island of Ainidas. The 
rich Philtra now forsook Bracidu for the 

richer brother, and l.ucy. seeing herseli 

forsaken, jumped into tie- lea. A floating 

attracted her attention, she clung to 

it, and was drifted to the wasted i>land, 

where Prachlas received her kindly 
Thi' chest was found to contain property 
of great value, ami l.u« y gave it to 
Bracidas, together with herself, "the 
better of them both." Amidas and 
Philtra claimed the chest as their right, 
and the dispute was submitted to sir 

Ax'tegal. Sir Artegal decided that 

whereas Amidas claimed as his own all 

the additions which the sea had given 
to his island, SO Lucy might claim as her 
own the chest which the sea had given 
into her hands. — Spenser, Faery Q 
v. 4(1.- 

Bracy (Sir Maurice tfe), a follower 

of prince John. Heimes the lady Rowen'a 

is brid< . and threatens to kill 

both Cedric and Ivanhoe if she refuses. 

The interview is intercepted, and at the 
close of the novel Rowena marries 
Ivanhoe. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I.). 

Brad'amant, daughter of Amon and 
Be »t rice, sister of Rtnaldo, and niece of 
Charlemagne. She was called the Virgin 
K n lht. Her armour was white, and her 
plume white. She loved Koge'ro the 
Moor, but refused to marry him till he 
was baptized. Her marriage with great 
pomp and Rogero's victory ever 1,'odo- 
mont, form the subject of the last book of 
Orlando Furioso. Bradamant ] ossessed 
an irresistible spear, which unhorsed any 
knight with a touch. Britomart had a 
similar spear. — Pojardo, Orlando Inna- 
morctto (1495) ; Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Brad/bourne (Mistress Lilias), 
waiting-woman of ladv Avenel (2 syl.), 
at Avenel Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Bradwardine (Como Cosmyne), 
baron of Bradwardine and of Tuliy 



BRADY. 



128 



BRAMBLE. 



Veolan. He is very pedantic, but brave 
and gallant. 

Rose Bradwardine, bis daugbter, tbe 
heroine of tbe novel, which concludes 
with her marriage with Waverley, and 
the restoration of the manor-house of 
Tully Veolan. 

Malcolm Bradwardine of Inchgrabbit, a 
relation of the old baron. — Sir W. Scott, 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Brady (Martha), a young " Irish 
widow," 28 years of age, and in love 
with William Whittle. She was the 
daughter of sir Patrick O'Neale. Old 
Thomas Whittle, the uncle, a man of 
63, wanted to oust his nephew in her affec- 
tions, for he thought her " so modest, 
so mild, so tender-hearted, so reserved, 
so domestic. Her voice was so sweet, 
with just a soupcon of the brogue to 
make it enchanting." In order to break 
off this detestable passion of the old man, 
the widow assumed the airs and manners 
of a boisterous, loud, flaunting, extrava- 
gant, low Irishwoman, deeply in debt, 
and abandoned to pleasure. Old Whittle, 
thoroughly frightened, induced his 
nephew to take the widow off his hands, 
and gave him £5000 as a douceur for 
so doing. — Garrick, The Irish Widow 
(1757). 

Brag (Jack), a vulgar boaster, who 
gets into good society, where his vulgarity 
stands out in strong relief. — Theodore 
Hook, Jack Brag (a novel). 

Brag (Sir Jack), general John Burgoyne 
(died 1792). 

Braganza (Tlie), the largest diamond 
in existence, its weight being 1680 carats. 
It is uncut, and its value is £58,350,000. 
It is now among the crown jewels of 
Portugal. 

*** It is thought that this diamond, 
which is the size of a hen's egg, is in reality 
a white topaz. 

Braganza (Juan duke of). In 1580 
Philip II. of Spain claimed the crown of 
Portugal, and governed it by a regent. 
In 1640 Margaret was regent, and Velas- 
quez ber chief minister, a man exceed- 
ingly obnoxious to the Portuguese. Don 
Juan and his wife Louisa of Braganza 
being very popular, a conspiracy was 
formed to shake off the Spanish yoke. 
Velasquez was torn to death by the 
populace, and don Juan of Braganza was 
proclaimed king. 



Louisa duchess of Braganza. He* 
character is thus described : 

Bright Louisa, 
To all the softness of her tender sex, 
Unites the nohlest qualities of man : 
A genius to embrace the amplest schemes . . . 
Judgment most sound, persuasive eloquence . . . 
Pure piety without religious dross. 
And fortitude that shrinks at no disaster. 

Robert Jephson, Braganza, i. 1 (1775). 
Mrs. Bellamy took her leave of the stage May 24, 1785. 
On this occasion Mrs. Yates sustained the part of the 
"duchess of Braganza," and Miss Farren spok« la* 
address.— F. Reynolds. 

Bragela, daughter of Sorglan, and 
wife of Cuthullin (general of- the Irish 
army and regent during the minority of 
king Cormac). — Ossian, Fingal. 

Braggado'chio, personification of 
the intemperance of the tongue. For 
a time his boasting serves him with 
some profit, but being found out he is 
stripped of his borrowed plumes. His 
shield is claimed by Mar'inel ; his horse 
by Guyon ; Talus shaves off his beard ; 
and his lady is shown to be a sham 
Florimel. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 8 
and 10, with v. 3. 

It is thought that Philip of Spain was 
the academy figure of " Braggadochio." 

Braggadochio's Sword, San'glamore 
(3 syl.). 

Bragh [braw]. Go bragh (Irish), 
"forever." N 

One dying wish my bosom can draw ; 
Erin ! an exile bequeaths thee his blessing. 
Land of my forefathers, Erin go bragh ! 

Campbell, Exile of Erin. 

Bragmar'do (Jano'tus de), the 
sophister sent by the Parisians to Gar- 
gantua, to remonstrate with him for 
carrying off the bells of Notre-Dame to 
suspend round the neck of his mare for 
jingles. — Rabelais, Gargantua and Ban- 
tag' rueV, ii. (1533). 

Brain'worm, the servant of Kno'- 
well, a man of infinite shifts, and a 
regular Proteus in his metamorphoses. 
He appears first as Brainworm ; after as 
Fitz-Sword ; then as a reformed soldier 
whom Knowell takes into his service ; 
then as justice Clement's man ; and 
lastly as valet to the courts of law, by 
which devices he plays upon the same 
clique of some half-dozen men of average 
intelligence. — Ben Jonson, Every Man in 
Bis Humour (1598). 

Brakel (Adrian), the gipsy mounte- 
bank, formerly master of Fenella, the 
deaf and dumb girl. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the J'eak (time, Charles II.). 

Bramble (Matthew), an " odd kind of 



BRAMBLE. 



129 



BRANGTONS. 



humourist," "always on the fret," dys- 
peptio, and afflicted with govt, i>ut 
benevolent, generous, and kind-hearted. 
Miss Tubitha Bramble, an old maiden 

sister of Matthew Bramble, of some 45 
years of age, noted Eot her had spel- 
ling. She is starch, vain, prim, and 
ridiculous; soured in temper, proud, 
imperious, prying, mean, malicious, and 
Uncharitable. She contrives at last to 
marry captain Lismaha'go, who is content 
to take " the maiden " for the sake of her 
£4000. 
••she is tall, raw-boned, awkward, Bat-cheated, and 

stooping; tier complexion is sallow ami freckled; her 
eyes are not grey, but greenish, like those of a cat. and 
generally Inflamed , her hair is of ■ nub or rather ol ■ 

dusty hue ; her forehead low ; her nose long, sharp, and 
tow:irds the exlreinity always re<l in cold Weather; her 
lips skinny ; her mouth extensive; her teeth Itraggling 
and loo e, of various colours and Conformation! ; ami her 
long neck shrivelled Into a thousand wrinkle*." — T. 
Smollett, rue CayeditioM "/ Bumpkin OHn kmr 11771). 

%* "Matthew Bramble" is ,l Roderick 
Random "grown old, somewhat cynical by 
experience of the world, but vastly im- 
proved in taste. 

Smollett took some of the incidents of the family tour 
from " Anstey's New Bath Guide."— Chambers, English 
Literature, ii. 

Bramble (Sir Robert), a baronet living 
at Blackberry Hall, Kent. Blunt and 
testy, but kind-hearted ; '"charitable as a 
Christian, and rich as a Jew ; " fond of 
argument and contradiction, but de- 
testing flattery ; very proud, but most 
considerate to his poorer neighbours. In 
his first interview with lieutenant Wor- 
thington "the poor gentleman." the 
lieutenant mistook him for a bailiff come 
to arrest him, but sir Robert nobly paid 
the bill for £500 when it was presented to 
him for signature as sheriff of the county. 

%* " Sir Robert Bramble " is the same 
type of character as Sheridan's " sir An- 
thony Absolute." 

Frederick Bramble, nephew of sir 
Robert, and son of Joseph Bramble a 
Russian merchant. His father having 
failed in business, Frederick was adopted 
by his rich uncle. He is full of life and 
noble instincts, but thoughtless and 
impulsive. Frederick falls in love with 
Emilv Worthinsjton, whom he marries. — 
G. Colman, The Poor Gentleman (1802). 

Bra'mine (2 syl.) and Bra'min 
(The), Mrs. Elizabeth Draper and Laurence 
Sterne. Sterne being a clergyman, and 
Mrs. Draper being born in India, sug- 
gested the names. Ten of Sterne's letters 
to Mrs. Draper are published, and called 
Letters to Eliza. 

Bran, the drg of Lamderg the lover 



of GeldtOSM ((laughter of Tuathal). — 
Ossian, Pin jal. v. 

%* Fingal king of Morven had a dog 
of the same name, and another named 
Luath. ' 

Call White-breasted Bran and the surly strength of 

Lu ith.— Oatfaa, t-mj of, rt 

Brand (-S'i> Ih-ni/s), a county magnate, 
who apes humility. He rides a sorry 
brown nag " not worth £">," but mounts 
his groom 00 a race-horse " twice victor 
for a plate." 

Bran'damond of Damascus, whom 
sir Bevis of Southampton defeated. 

That die.ulfiil battle where witti Brandnmond he fought. 
And with his sword and steed such earthly wonders 

wrought 

As e'en anion* his foeehlm admiration won. 

M. Drayton, I'otyolOiun. iL (1612). 

Bran'dan {Island of flit.) or Island 
of San Bokan'dan, a flying inland, so 
late as 1766 set down in geographical 
charts west of the Canary group. In 
1721 an expedition was sent by Spain in 
quest thereof. The Spaniards say their 
king Rodri'go has retreated there, and 
the Portuguese affirm that it is the retreat 
of their don Sebastian. It was called St. 
Brandan from a navigator of the sixth 
century, who went in search of the 
" Islands of Paradise." 

Its reality was for a long time a matter of firm belief . . . 
the garden of AnnlMa, where (Unaldo was detained. and 
which Taan pteeei In one of the Canary Isles, has been 
identified with Sun Borandan. — W. bring. 

(If there is any truth at all in the 
legend, the island" must be ascribed to 
the Fata Morgana.) 

Bran'deum, plu. Brandea, a piece 
of cloth enclosed in a box with relics, 
which thus acquired the same miraculous 
powers as the relics themselves. 

Pope Leo proved this fact beyond a doubt, for when 
some Greeks ventured to question it, he cut a brandeum 
through with a pair of scissors, and it was instantly 
covered with blood.— J. Brady, Clavis Calendaria, 182. 

Bran'dimart, brother-in-law of 
Orlando, son of Monodantes, and husband 
of For'delis. This " king of the Distant 
Islands" was one of the bravest knights 
in Charlemagne's army, and was slain by 
Gradasso. — Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato 
(1495) ; Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Brandy Nan, queen Anne, who Was 
very fond of brandy (1604-1714). 

Brandy Nan, brandy Nan, left [ill] in the lurch, 

Her face to the gin-shop, her hack to the church. 

Written on the statue of queen Anne in St. Paul's palant. 

Brangtons (The), vulgar, jealous, 
malicious gossips in Evelina, a novel by 
Miss Burney (1778). 



BRANNO. 



BRAZEN HEAD. 



Branno, an Irishman, father of 
Evirallin. Evirallin was the wife of 
Ossian and mother of Oscar. — Ossian. 

Brass, the roguish confederate of 
Dick Amlet, and acting as his servant. 

" I am your valet, 'tis true ; your footman sometimes . . . 
but you have always had the ascendant, I confess. When 
we were school-fellows, you made me carry your books, 
make your exercise, own your rogueries, and sometimes 
take a whipping for you. When we were fellow-'prentices, 
though I was your senior, you made me open the shop, 
clean my master's boots, cut last at dinner, and eat all the 
crusts. In your sins, too, I must own you still kept me 
under ; you soared up to the mistress, while I was content 
with the maid."— Sir John Vanbrugh, The Confederacy, 
iii. \ (1695). 

Brass (Sampson), a knavish, servile 
attorney, affecting great sympathy with 
his clients, but in reality fleecing them 
without mercy. 

Sally Brass, Sampson's sister, and an 
exaggerated edition of her brother. — 
C. Dickens, Old Curiosity Shop (1840). 

Brave {The), Alfonzo IV. of Portu- 
gal (1290-1357). 

The Brave Fleming, John Andrew van 
der Mersch (1734-1792). 

The Bravest of the Brave, Marshal Ney, 
Le Brave des Braves (1769-1815). 

Brawn. One day a little boy came 
into king Arthur's court, and, drawing his 
wand over a boar's head, exclaimed, 
"There's never a cuckold's knife can cut 
this head of brawn ! " and, lo ! no knight 
except sir Cradock was able to carve it. — 
Percy, Beliques, III. iii. 18. 

Bray (Mr.), a selfish, miserly old man, 
who dies suddenly of heart-disease, just 
in time to save his daughter being sacri- 
ficed to Arthur Gride, a rich old miser. 

Madeline Bray, daughter of Mr. Bray, 
a loving, domestic, beautiful girl, who 
marries Nicholas Nickleby. — C. Dickens, 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Bray (Vicar of), supposed by some to 
be Simon Aleyn, who lived (,says Fuller) 
"in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward 
VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. In the first 
two reigns he was aprotestant, in Mary's 
reign a catholic, and in Elizabeth's a 
protestant again." No matter who was 
king, Simon Aleyn resolved to live and 
die " the vicar of 'Bray " (1540-1588). 

Others think the vicar was Simon 
Symonds, who (according to Kay), was 
an independent .in the protectorate, a high 
c'nirchman in the reign of Charles II., a 
papist under James II., and a mock rate 
churchman in the reign of William 111. 

Others again give the cap to one Pen- 
dleton. 

* # * The well-known son}; was written 



by an officer in colonel Fuller's regiment, 
in the reign of George I., and seems to 
refer to some clergyman of no very distant 
date. 

Bray'more (Lady Caroline), daughter 
of lord Fitz-Balaam. She was to have 
married Frank Rochdale, but hearing that 
her " intended " loved Mary Thornberry, 
she married the Hon. Tom Shufrleton. — 
G. Colman, jun., John Bidl (1805). 

Braywick, the town of asses. An 
alderman of Braywick, having lost his 
donkey, went fourteen days in search of 
it ; then meeting a brother alderman, they 
agreed to retire to the two opposite sides 
of a mountain and bray, in hopes that the 
donkey would answer, and thus reveal 
its place of concealment. This led to 
a public scandal, insomuch that the 
people of BrayAvick had to take up arms 
in order to avenge themselves on those 
who jeered at them. — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, II. ii. 7 (1615). 

Brazen (Captain), a kind of Bobadil. 
A boastful, tongue-doughty warrior, who 
pretends to know everybody ; to have a 
liaison with every wealthy, pretty, or 
distinguished woman ; and to have 
achieved in war the most amazing 
prodigies. 

He knows everybody atlirst sight ; his impudence were 
a prodigy, were not his ignorance proportionable. He has 
the most universal acquaintance of :iny man living, for he 
won't be alone, and nobody will keep him company twice. 
Then he's a Caesar among the < 



i. nidi, vici. that's 
all. If he has but talked with the maid, he swears he has 
[corrupted] the mistress ; but the most surprising part of 
his character is his memory, which is the most pmdigious 
and the most trifling in the world.— G. Farquhar, The 
Jiecruiting Officer, iii. 1 (1705). 

Brazen Age, the age of war and 

violence. The age of innocence was the 
golden age ; then followed the silver ago ; 
then the brazen age ; and the present is 
the it on age, or the age of hardware ami 
railroads. 

Brazen Head. The first on record 
is one which Silvester II. (Herbert) pos- 
sessed. It told him he would be pope, 
and not die till he had sung mass at Jeru- 
salem. When pope he was stricken with 
his death-sickness while performing mass 
in a church called Jerusalem (999-1003). 

The next we hear of was made bv 
Rob. Grosseteste (1175-1253). 

The third was the famous brazen head 
of Albertus Magnus, which coat him 
thirty years' labour, and was broken to 
pieces by his disciple Thomas Aqui'nas 
(1193-1260). 

The fourth was that of friar Bacon, 
! which used to say, "'lime is, time was, 



BRAZEN HEAD. 



131 



BRETWALDA. 



Byron refers to it in the 



time coir.es.' 
lines : 

Like friar Bacon's brazen head, I've spoken, 
"Time is. time was, time's past [?]" 

Jk,u Juan, i. 217 (1819). 

Another was made by the marquis of 
VilenaofSpain (1384-1434). And a sixth 
by a Rolander, a disciple of Escotillo an 
Italian. 

Brazen Head {The), a gigantic head 
kept in the castle of the giant Fer'ragus 
of Portugal. It was omniscient, and 
told those who consulted it whatever they 
desin-d to know, past, present, or future. 
— Valentine and Orson. 

Bread Street (London), was the 
bread-market in the time of Edward I. 
Here Milton was born. 

Breaking a Stick is part of the 
marriage ceremony of the American 
Indians, as breaking a glass is still part 
of the marriage ceremony of the Jews. — 
Lady Augusta Hamilton, Jlarriaye Bites, 
etc., 292, 298. 

In one of Raphael's pictures we see an 
unsuccessful suitor of the virgin Man- 
breaking his stick, and this alludes to the 
legend that the several suitors of the 
"virgin " were each to bring an almond 
stick which was to be laid up in the sanc- 
tuary over night, and the owner of the 
stick which budded was to be accounted 
the. suitor God ordained, and thus Joseph 
became her husband. — B. H. Cowper, 
Apocryphal Gospel ("Pseudo-Matthew's 
Gospel," 40, 41). 

In Florence is a picture in which the 
rejected suitors break their sticks on the 
back of Joseph. 

Breathes there a man . . . 

Breathes there a man witn soul so dead, 
Who never to himself hath said, 
" This is my own, my native land " ? 
Sir W. Scott Lay of tlie Last J/iiuUrel, vi. 1 (1805). 

Bree'ail, a mythical king of Wales. 
He had twenty-four daughters by one 
wife. These daughters, for their beauty 
and purity, were changed into rivers, all 
of which flow into the Severn. Breck- 
nockshire, according to fable, is called 
after this king. (See next art.) 

Bream was a prince once fortunate and great 

(Whu dying lent his name to that his nuhie seat), 

With twice" twelve daughters West, by one and only wife. 

They, for their beauties raie and sanctity of life. 

To rivers were transformed ; whose pmeness doth declare 

How excellent they were by being what they are . . . 

. . . [they] to Se>ern shape their course. 

M. Drayton, i'oluoibion, iv. (1612). 

Bree'han (Prince), father of St. I 



C?dock and St. Canock, the former a 
martyr and the latter a confessor. 

Then Cadock, next to whom comes Canock, both which 

were 
Prince Krechan's sons, who gave the name to Brecknock 

shire ; 
The first a martyr made, a confessor the other. 

Drayton, PofjroUion, xxiv. (1622). 

Breck (Alison), an old fishwife, friend 
of the Mucklebackits. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Antiquary (time, George III.).. 

Breck (Angus), a follower of Rob Roy 
M'Gregor, the outlaw.— Sir W. Scott, 
Bob Boy (time, George I.). 

Bren'da[Tuon.\ daughter of Magnus 
Troil and sister of .Minna. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Breng'wain, the confidante of Is'olde 
(2 syl.) wife of sir Mark king of Corn- 
wall. Isolde was criminally attached to 
her nephew sir Tristram, and Brengwain 
assisted the queen in her intrigues. 

Brcni)' u-ain, wife of Gwenwyn prince of 
Powvs-land. — Sir W. Scott, The Be- 
trothed (time, Henry II.). 

Brenta'no (^1), one of inconceivable 
foil}'. The Brentanos, Clemens and his 
sister Bettina, are remarkable in Ger- 
man literary annals for the wild and 
extravagant character of their genius. 
Bettina's work, Gothe'e Correspondence 
with a Child (1835), is a pure fabrication 
of her own. 

At the ;>oint where the folly of others ceases, thai of 
the Brentanos begins, — German Proverb. 

Brentford (The tveo kings of). In 
the dukt- of Buckingham's farce called 
The Rehearsal (1671), the two kings of 
Brentford enter hand-in-hand, dance to- 
gether, sing together, walk arm-in-arm, 
and to heighten the absurdity the actors 
represent them as smelling at the same 
nosegay (act ii. 2). 

Bres'an, a small island upon the very 
point of CornwaU. 

Upon the utmost end 

Of Cornwall's furrowing beak, 

Where Besan from the land 
The tilting waves doth break. 

M. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612). 

Breton. Entete' comme le Breton. 
French proverbial expression. 

Bretwalda, the over-king of the 
Saxon rulers, established in England 
during the heptarchy. In Germany the 
over-king was called emperor. The 
bretwalda had no power in the civil 
affairs of the under-kings, but in times 
of war or danger formed an important 
centre. 



BREWER OF GHENT. 



132 



BRIDGE OF SIGHS. 



Brewer of Ghent [The), Jamea I 
van Artevelde, a great patriot. His son 
Philip fell in the battle of Rosbecq 
(fourteenth century). 

Bria'na, the lady of a castle who 
demanded for toll "the locks of every 
lady and the beard of every knight that 
passed." This toll was established be- 
cause sir Crudor, with whom she was in 
love, refused to marry her till she had 
provided him with human hair sufficient 
to " purfie a mantle" with. Sir Crudor, 
having been overthrown in knightly 
combat by sir Calidore, who refused to 
give "the passage pay," is made to 
release Briana from the condition im- 
posed on her, and Briana swears to dis- 
continue the discourteous toll. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, vi. 1 (1596). 

Bri'anor (Sir), a knight overthrown 
by the " Salvage Knight," whose name 
was sir Artegal. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
iv. 5 (1596). 

Briar 'eos (4 syl.), usually called 
Briareus [Bri'.a.ruce], the giant with a 
hundred hands. Hence Dry den says, 
" And Briareus, with all his hundred 
hands" ( Virgil, vi.) ; but Milton writes 
the name Briareos (Paradise Lost, i. 199). 

Then, called by thee, the monster Titan came, 
Whom gods Briareos, men JEgeon name. 

Pope's Iliad, i. 

Bri'areus (Bold), Handel (1685- 
1757). 

Bri'areus of Languages, cardinal 
Mezzofanti, who was familiar with fifty- 
eight different languages. Byron calls 
him "a walking polyglot" (1774-1849). 

Bribo'ci, inhabitants of Berkshire 
and the adjacent counties. — Ciesar, Com- 
mentaries. 

Brick (Jefferson), a very weak pale 
young man, the war correspondent of 
the New York Howdy Journal, of which 
colonel Diver was editor. — C. Dickens, 

Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Bride-Catching. It is a common 
Asiatic custom for the bridegroom to 
give chase to the bride, either on foot, 
horseback, or in canoes. If the bride- 
groom catches the fugitve, he claims her 
as his bride, otherwise the match is broken 
off. The classical tales of Hippom'enes 
and Atalanta will instantly recur to the 
reader's memory. 

A girl is first mounted, and rides off at full speed. Her 
lover pursues, ami if he overtakes her she becomes his 
wife. No Kalmuck girl is ever cauy'it unless she chooses 
to bo so.— Dr. Clarke 



In Turcomania the maiden carries a lamb and kid, 
which must be taken from her in the chase. In Singa* 
pore the chase is made in canoes.— Cameron. 

Bride of Aby'dos (The), Zulei'ka 
(3 syl.), daughter of Giaffer (2 syl.) 
pacha of Abydos. She is the troth- 
plight bride of Selim ; but Giaffer shoots 
the lover, and Zuleika dies of a broken 
heart.— Byron, Bride of Abydos (1813). 

Bride of Lammermoor, Lucy 
Ashton, in love with Edgar master of 
Ravenswood, but compelled to marry 
Frank Hayston laird of Bucklaw. She 
tries to murder him on the bridal night, 
and dies insane the day following. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

* # * The Bride of Lammermoor is one 
of the most finished of Scott's novels, pre- 
senting a unity of plot and action from 
beginning to end. The old butler, Caleb 
Balderston, is exaggerated and far too 
prominent, but he serves as a foil to the 
tragic scenes. 

In The Bride of Lammermoor we see embodied the 
dark spirit of fatalism — that spirit which breathes on the 
writings of the Greek tragedians when they traced the per- 
secuting vengeance of destiny against the houses of Laius 
and Atreus. From the time that we hear the prophetic 
rhymes the spell begins, and the clouds blacken round 
us, till they close the tale in a night of horror.— Ed. Rev. 

Bride of the Sea, Venice, so called 
from the ancient ceremony of the doge 
marrying the city x to the Adriatic by 
throwing a ring into it, pronouncing these 
words, "We wed thee, sea, in token of 
perpetual domination." 

Bridewell was a king's palace before 
the Conquest. Henry I. gave the stone 
for rebuilding it. Its name is from St. 
Bride (or Bridget), and her holy well. 
The well is now represented by an iron 
pump in Bride Lane. 

Bridge. The imaginary bridge be- 
tween earth and the Mohammedan para- 
dise is called " Al Sirat'." 

The rainbow bridge which spans 
heaven and earth in Scandinavian myth- 
ology is called " Bif 'rost." 

Bridge of G-old. According to 
German tradition, Charlemagne's spirit 
crosses the Rhine on a golden bridge, at 
Bingen, in seasons of plenty, and blesses 
both corn-fields and vineyards. 

Thou standest, liki imperial Charlemagne, 
Upon thy bridge of gold. 

Longfellow, Autumn. 

Bridge of Sighs, the covered pas- 
sage-way which connects the palace of 
the doge in Venice with the State prisons. 
Called " the Bridge of Sighs" because tl)6 
condemned passed over it from the judg- 



BRIDGES OF CANE. 



133 



BRIGANTES. 



mem hall to the place of execution. 
Hood has a poem called The Bridge of 
Sighs, 

Bridges of Cane, in many parts 
of Spanish America, are thrown over 
narrow streams. 

Wild rane arch blgh fliiiu; o'erguU profound. 
Campbell Orrtrude of Wyoming, ii. 16(1809). 

Bridgemore (Mr.), of Fish street 
Hill, London. A dishonest merchant, 
wealthy, vulgar, and purse-proud. He 
is invited to a soiree given by lord Abb'er- 
ville, "and counts the servants, gapes 
at the lustres, and never enters the 
drawing-room at all, but stays below, 
chatting with the travelling tutor." 

Mrs. Bridgemore, wife of Mr. Bridge- 
more, equally vulgar, but with more pre- 
tension to gentility. 

Miss Lucinda Bridgemore, the spiteful, 
purse-proud, malicious daughter of Mr. 
and Mrs. Bridgemore, of Fish Street 
Hill. She was engaged to lord Abber- 
ville, but her money would not out- 
balance her vulgarity and ill-temper, so 
the young "fashionable lover'' made 
his bow and retired. — Cumberland, The 
Fashionable Lover (1780). 

Bridgenorth {Major Ralph), a 
roundhead and conspirator, neighbour of 
sir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak, a staunch 
cavalier. 

Mrs. Bridgenorth, the major's wife. 

Alice Bridgenorth, the major's daughter 
and heroine of the novel. Her marriage 
with Julian Peveril, a cavalier, concludes 
the novel. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Brid'get (Miss), the mother of Tom 
Jones, in Fielding's novel called The 
Jlistory of Tom Jones, a Foundliw/ (1750). 

It has been wondered why Fielding should have chosen 
to leave the stain of ilWiTimacy on the birth of his 
hero . . . but had Miss Bridget been privately married . . . 
there could have been no adequate motive assigned for 
keeping the birth of the child a secret from a man so 
reasonable and compassionate as Allworthy. — Encyc. 
lirit. Art. "Fielding." 

Brid'get (Mrs.), in Sterne's novel called 
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandg, 
Gent. (1759). 

Bridget (Mother), aunt of Catherine 
Sevton, and abbess of St. Catherine. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Bridget (May), the milkwoman at Falk- 
land Castle.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Berth (time, Henry IV.). 

Bridge'ward (Peter), the bridge- 
keeper of Kennaquhair ("I know not 
where").— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, 
Elizabeth). 



Bridgevoard (Peter), warder of the 
bridge near St. Mary's Convent. He 
refuses a passage to lather Philip, who is 
carrying o'ff the Bible of lady Alice. — Sir 
W. Scott, TUe Monastery (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Bridle. John Cower says that Rosi- 
phele princess of Armenia, insensible to 
love, saw in a vision a troop of ladies 
splendidly mounted, but one 01 tliim rode 
a wretched steed, wretchedly accoutred 
except as to the bridle. On asking the 
reason, the princess was informed that 
she was disgraced thus because of her 
cruelty to her lovers, hut that the splendid 
bridle had been recently given, because 
the obdurate ^'irl had for the last month 
shown symptoms of true love. Moral — 
Hence let ladies warning take — 

Of love that they be not idle. 
And bid tlifin think of mi bridle. 
Co>\fe*sio A wuudM" Bpbode vl Bodphele," L3S5-14A), 

Bridlegoose (Judge), a judge who 

decided the causes brought before him 
not by weighing the merits of the case, 
but by the more simple process of throw- 
ing dice. — Rabelais, Fantag'rnel', iii. o'J 
(1545). 

%* Beaumarchais, in his Marriage of 
Figaro (1784), has introduced this judge 
under the name of " Brid'oison." The 
person satirized by Rabelais is the chan- 
cellor Poyet. 

Bri'dlesly (Joe), a horse-dealer at 
Liverpool, of whom Julian Peveril buys 
a horse. — Sir \Y. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Brid'oison [Bree.dwoy.zong'], a stupid 
judge in the Mortage de Figaro, a comedy 
in French, by Beaumarchais (1784). 

Bridoon (Corporal), in lieutenant 
Nosebag's regiment. — Sir W. Scott, 

Waverley (time, George II.). 

Brien'nius (Nicephorus), the Caesar 
of the Grecian empire, and husband of 
Anna Comne'na (daughter of Alexius 
Comnenus, emperor of Greece). — Sir W. 
Scott, Count Bobert of Paris (time, 
Rufus). 

Brigado're (4 syL), sir Guyon's 
horse. The word means "Golden bridle." 
— Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 3 (159G). 

Brigan'tes (3 syl.), called by Drayton 
Brig' ants, the people of Yorkshire, Lan- 
cashire, AYestmoreland, Cumberland, and 
Durham. 

Where in the Britons' rule of yore the Brigants swayed. 
The powerful English established . . . Northumberland 
f Sorthumbria]. 

Drayton, Polyolbion. xtI. (1613). 



BRIGGS. 



134 



BRITANNIA. 



BriggS, one of the ten young gentle- 
men in the school of Dr. Blimber when 
Paul Dombey was a pupil there. Brings 
was nicknamed the "Stoney," because his 
brains were petrified by the constant 
dropping of wisdom upon them. — C. 
Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 

Brigliadoro [Bril'.ye.dor'.ro], Or- 
lando's steed. The word means "Gold 
bridle." — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Sir Guyon's horse, in Spenser's Faery 
Queen, is called by the same name (1596). 

Brilliant (Sir Philip), a great fop, 
but brave soldier, like the famous Murat. 
He would dress with all the finery of a 
vain girl, but would share watching, toil, 
and peril with the meanest soldier. " A 
butterfly in the drawing-room, but a 
Hector on the battle-field." He was a 
" blade of proof ; you might laugh at the 
scabbard, but you wouldn't at the blade." 
He falls in love with lady Anne, reforms 
his vanities, and marries. — S. Knowles, 
Old Maids (1841). 

Brilliant Madman (The), Charles 
XII. of Sweden (1682, 1697-1718). 

Brillianta (The lady), a great wit in 
the ancient romance entitled Tirante le 
Blanc, author unknown. 

Here fin Tirante le. BUnc] we shall find the famous 
knight don Kyrie Elyson of Montalban, his brother 
Thomas, the knight Fonseca, ... the stratagems of the 
wMowTranquil . . . and the witticisms of lady Brillianta. 
This is one of the most amusing books ever written. — 
Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605). 

Bris (// conte di San), governor of the 
Louvre. He is father of Valenti'na and 
leader of the St. Bartholomew massacre. 
— Meyerbeer, Les Huguenots (1836). 

Brisac' (Justice), brother of Mira- 
mont. 

Charles Brisac, a scholar, son of justice 
Brisac. 

Eustace Brisac, a courtier, brother of 
Charles. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Elder Brother (1637). 

Brise'is (3 syl.), whose real name was 
Hippodaml'a, was the daughter of Brises, 
brother of the priest ChrvsOs. She was 
the concubine of Achilles, but when 
A chilli's bullied Agamemnon for not 
giving Chryeg'is to lu-r father, who offered 
a ransom for her, Agamemnon turned 
upon him and said he would let Chryseis 
go, but should take Briseis instead. — 
Homer, Iliad, i. 

Brisk, a good-natured conceited cox- 
comb, with a most voluble tongue. Fond 
of saying "good tilings." and pointing 



them out with such expressions as " There 
I had you, eh ? " " That was pretty well, 
egad, eh ? " "I hit you in the teeth there, 
egad!" His ordinary oath was " Let me 
perish ! " He makes love to lady Froth. — 
W. Congreve, The Double Dealer (1694). 

Bris'kie (2 syl.), disguised under the 
name of Putskie. A captain in the Mus- 
covite army, and brother of general 
Archas "the loyal subject" of the great- 
duke of Moscovia. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). 

Bris'sotin, one of the followers of 
Jean Pierre Brissot, an advanced revolu- 
tionist. The Brissotins were subsequently 
merged in the Girondists, and the word 
dropped out of use. 

Bristol Boy (The), Thomas Chatter- 
ton, the poet, born at Bristol. Also 
called "The Marvellous Boy." Byron 
calls him " The wondrous boy who 
perished in his pride" (1752-1770). 

Bristol Man's G-ift, a present of 
something which the giver pronounces to 
be of no use or no value to himself. 

Britain, according to the British 
triads, was called first "The green water- 
fort" (Clas Merddyn) ; this was before it 
was populated. Its next name was " The 
honey isle" (Y Vel Ynys). But after it 
was brought undergone head by Prydain 
son of Aedd, it was called "Prydain's isle" 
(Ynys Prydain). 

It has also been called " Hyperbo'rea." 
" Atlan'tica," " Cassit'eris," " Roina'na," 
and " Thule." Also " Yr Ynys Wen " 
(" the white island "), and some will have 
that the word Albion is derived from the 
Latin, albus, " white," and that the island 
was so called from " its white cliffs," an. 
etymology only suited to fable. 

Bochart says Baratanic ("country of 
tin"), a Phoenician word, contracted into 
B'ratan\ is the true derivation. 

Britain, in Arthurian romance, 
always means Brittany. England is 
called Logris or Logria. 

Britan'nia. The Romans represented 
the island of Great Britain by the figure 
of a woman seated on a rock, from a 
fanciful resemblance thereto in the general 
outline of the island. The idea is less 
poetically expressed by "An old witch on 
a broomstick." 

The effigy of Britannia on our copper 

coin dates from the reign >>f Charles II. 

i (1679), and was engraved by Roetif-Y 

I from a drawing by Evelyn, It is meant 



BRITANNIA. 



135 



BROBDINGNAG. 



for one of the king's court favourites, 
some say Frances Theresa Stuart, duchess 
of Richmond, and others Barbara Villiers, 
duchess of Cleveland. 

Britannia, the name of the ship under 
the. command of captain Albert, in Fal- 
coner's poem called The Shipwreck. Jt was 
dashed to pieces on the projecting verge of 
cape Colonna, the most southern point 
of Attica (175G). 

British History of Geoffrey of 
Monmouth, is a translation of a Welsh 
Chronicle. It is in nine books, and con- 
tains a " history " of the. Britons and 
Welsh from Brutus, great-grandson of 
Trojan /Eneas to the death of Cadwallo 
or Cadwallader in 688. This Geoffrey 
was first archdeacon of Monmouth, and 
then bishop of St. Asaph. The general 
outline of the work is the same as that 
given by Nennius three centuries pre- 
viously. Geoffrey's Chronicle, published 
about 1143, formed a basis for many 
subsequent historical works. A com- 
pendium by Diceto is published in Gale's 
Chronicles, 

British Lion (The), the spirit or 
pugnacity of the British nation, as op- 
posed to John Bull, which symbolizes the 
substantiality, obstinacy, and solidity of 
the British nation, with all its prejudices 
and national peculiarities. To rouse 
John Bull is to tread on his corns, to 
rouse the British Lion is to blow the war- 
trumpet in his ears. The British Lion also 
means the most popular celebrity of the 
British nation for the time being. 

Our glorious constitution is owing to the h.-ibit which 
the British Lion observes of sitting over his wine after 
dinner. — William Jerdan. 

British Soldiers' Battle (The), 
the battle of Inkerman. November 5, 
1854. 

For stubborn valour, for true old English resolution to 
fight it out to the last, amid every disadvantage and 
against almost overwhelming odds, men will for ages 
point to Inkerman. "the British Soldiers' Battle."— Sir 
Edward Creasy, The Fifteen Decisive Battles (preface). 

Brit'omart, the representative of 
chastity. She was the daughter and 
heiress of king Ryence of Wales, and her 
legend forms the third book of the Faery 
Queen. One day, looking into Venus's 
looking-glass, given by Merlin to her 
father, she saw therein sir Artegal, and fell 
in love with him. Her nurse Glauce 
(2 syi.) tried by charms "to undo her 
love," but " love that is in gentle heart 
begun no idle charm can remove." Find- 
ing her "charms" ineffectual, she took | 
her to Merlin's cave in Carmarthen, and I 



the magician told her she would be the 
mi >t her of a line of kings (the Tudors), 
and after twice 400 years one of her 
Offspring, "a royal virgin," would shake 
the power of Spain, Glauce now sug- 
gested that they should start in quest of 
sir Artegal, and Britoraart donned the 
armour of An'gela (queen of the Angles), 
which she found in her father's armoury, 
and taking a magic spear which " nothing 
could resist," she sallied forth. Her 
adventures allegorize the triumph of 
chastity over impurity : Thus in Castle 
Joyous, Malaeasta (tust). not knowing her 
sex, tried to seduce her, M but she rlees 
youthful lust, which wars against the 
soul." She uext overthrew Harinel, son 
ofCym'oent. Then made her appearance 
as the Squire of Dames. Her last achieve- 
ment was the deliverance of Am'oret 
(wifely love) from the enchanter Busirane. 
Iler marriage is deferred to lik. v. 6, 
when she tilted with sir Artegal, who 
"shares away the ventail of her helmet 
with his sword," and was about to strike 
again when he became so amazed at her 
beauty that he. thought she must be a god- 
dess. She bade the knight remove his 
helmet, at once recognized him, consented 
"to be his love, and to take him for her 
lord." — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. (1690). 

She charmed at once and tamed the heart, 
Incomparable Britomart. 

Sir W.Scott. 

Briton (Colonel), a Scotch officer, 
who sees donna Isabella jump from 
a window in order to escape from a mar- 
riage she dislikes. The colonel catches 
her, and takes her to the house of donna 
Violante, her friend. Here he calls upon 
her, but don Felix, the lover of Violante, 
supposing Violante to be the object of his 
visits, becomes jealous, till at the end the 
mystery is cleared up, and a double 
marriage is the result. — Mrs. Centlivre, 
The Wonder (1714). 

Broadside (A). To constitute a 
broadside, the matter should be printed 
on the entire sheet, on one side of the 
paper only, not in columns, but in one 
measure. It matters not which way of 
the paper the printing is displayed, or 
what the size of type, provided the whole 
is presented to the eye in one view. 
Although the entire matter of a broadside 
must be contained on one side of a sheet 
of paper, an endorsement may be allowed. 

Brob'dingnag, a country of enor- 
mous giants, to whom Gulliver was a tiny 
dwarf. They were as tall "as an or- 



BROCK. 



136 



BROWDIE. 



dinary church steeple," and all their 
surroundings wert in proportion. 

Yon high church steeple, yon gawky stag, 
Your husband must come from Brobdlngnag. 

Kane O'Hara, Midat. 

Brock (Adam), in Charles XII. , an 
historical drama by J. R. Planche'. 

Broken Feather. A broken feather 
in his wing, a scandal connected with 
one's name, a blot on one's 'scutcheon. 

If an angel were to walk about, Mrs. Sam Hurst would 
never rest till she had found out where he came from. 

And pei haps whether he had a broken feather in his 
whig.— Mrs. Oliphant, Phcebe, jun., ii. 6. 

Broken-Girth-Flow (Laird of), 
one of the Jacobite conspirators in The 
Black Dwarf, a novel by sir W. Scott 
(time, Anne). 

Broken Heart (Tlie), a tragedy by 
John Ford (1633). (See Calantha.) 

Broker of the Empire (The). 
Dari'us, son of Hystaspes, was so called 
by the Persians from his great care of 
the financial condition of his empire. 

Bro'mia, wife of Sosia (slave of 
Amphitryon), in the service of Alc- 
me'na. A nagging termagant, who 
keeps her husband in petticoat subjection. 
She is not one of the characters in 
Moiiere's comedy of Amphitryon. — 
Dry den, Amphitryon (1690). 

Bromton's Chronicle (time, Ed- 
ward 111.), that is, " The Chronicle of 
John Bromton " printed among the Decern 
Scriptures, under the titles of " Chronicon 
Johannis Bromton," and " Joralanensis 
Historia a Johanne Bromton," abbot of 
Jerevaux, in Yorkshire. It commences 
with the conversion of the Saxons by St. 
Augustin, and closes with the death of 
Richard I. in 1199. Selden has proved 
that the chronicle was not written by 
Bromton, but was merely brought to 
the abbey while he was abbot. 

Bron'tes (2 syl.), one of the Cyclops, 
hence a blacksmith generally. Called 
Bronteus (2 syl.) by Spenser, Faery 
Queen, iv. 5 (1596). 

Not with such weight, to frame the forky brand. 
The ponderous hammer falls from BronteY hand. 
Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (Hool's translation). 

Bronzely (2 syl.), a mere rake, whose 
vanity was to be thought " a general 
seducer." — Mrs. Inchbald, Wives as they 
Were, and Maids as they Are (1797). 

Bron'zomarte (3 syl.), the sorrel 
■teed of sir Launcelot Greaves. The 
word means a " mettlesome sorrel." — 
Smollett, Sir Launcelot Greaves (176G). 



Brook (Master), the name assumed 
by Ford when sir John Falstaff makes 
love to his wife. Sir John, not knowing 
him, confides to him every item of his 
amour, and tells him how cleverly he has 
duped Ford by being carried out in a 
buck-basket before his very face. — 
Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor 
(1601). 

Brook Street (Grosvenor Square, 
London), is so called from a brook or 
stream which at one time ran down that 
locality. 

Broo'ker, the man who stole the son 
of Ralph Nickleby out of revenge, called 
him " Smike," and put him to school at 
DotheboyS Hall, Yorkshire. His tale is 
told p. 594-5 (original edit.). — C. 
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Brother Jon'athan. When Wash- 
ington was in want of ammunition, he 
called a council of officers ; but no prac- 
tical suggestion being offered, he said, 
" We must consult brother Jonathan," 
meaning his excellency Jonathan Trum- 
bull, the elder governor of the state of 
Connecticut. This was done, and the diffi- 
culty surmounted. "To consult brother 
Jonathan " then became a set phrase, and 
"Brother Jonathan" became the "John 
Bull" of the United States.— J. R. Bart- 
lett, Dictionary of Americanisms. 

Brother Sam, the brother of 
lord Dundrean', the hero of a comedy 
based on a German drama, by John 
Oxenford, with additions and alterations 
by E. A. Sothern and T. B. Buckstone. — 
Supplied by T. B. Buckstone, Esq. 

Brothers (The), a comedy by 
Richard Cumberland (1769). (For the 
plot, see Belfield, Brothers.) 

Brougham's Plaid Trousers. 

The story goes that lord Brougham 
[ Broom] once paid a visit to a great cloth 
factory in the north, and was so pleased 
with one of the patterns that he requested 
to be supplied with " a dozen pieces for his 
own use," meaning, of course, enough for 
a dozen pair of trousers. The clothier 
sent him " a dozen pieces," containing 
several hundred yards, so that his lord- 
ship was not only set up for life in plaid 
for trousers, but had enough to supply 
a whole clan. 

Browdie (John), a brawny, big-made 
Yorkshire corn-factor, bluff, brusque, 
honest, and kind-hearted. He befriends 
poor Smike, and is much attached to 



BROWN. 



137 



BKULGRUDDERY. 



Nicholas Nickleby. John Browdie marries 
Matilda Price, ;i miller's daughter. — C. 
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Brown ( Varibeest), lieutenant of Dirk 
Hatteraick. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
ner my (time, George II.). 

Brown (Jonathan), landlord of the 
Black Bear at Darlington. Here Frank 
Osbaldistone meets Rob Roy at dinner. 
— Sir W. Scott, Rob Hoy (time, George 
I.). 

Frown (Mrs.), the widow of the brother- 
in-law of the Hon. Mrs. Skcwton. She 
had one daughter, Alice Marwood, who 
was first cousin to Edith (Mr. Dombey's 
second wife). Mrs. Brown lived in great 
poverty, her only known vocation being 
" to strip children of their clothes, which 
she sold or pawned." — C. Dickens, Dom- 
bey and Son (1846). 

Brown (Mrs.), a " Mrs. John Bull," 
with all the practical sense, kind- 
heartedness, absence of conventionality, 
and the prejudices of a well-to-do but 
half-educated Englishwoman of the middle 
shop class. She passes her . opinions on 
all current events, and travels about, 
taking with her all her prejudices, and 
despising everything which is not Eng- 
lish. — Arthur Sketchley [Rev. George 
Rose]. 

Brown (Hablot) illustrated some of 
Dickens's novels, and took the pseudonvm 
of "Phiz" (1812- ). 

Brown the Younger ( Thomas), the 
noin de plume of Thomas Moore, in The 
Two-penny Post-bag, a series of witty and 
very popular satires on the prince regent 
(afterwards George IV.), his ministers, 
and his boon companions. Also in The 
Fudge Family in Paris, and in Tlxe Fudges 
in England (1836). 

Brown, Jones, and Robinson, 
three Englishmen who travel together. 
Their adventures, by Richard Doyle, were 
published in Punch. In them is held up 
to ridicule the gaucherie, the contracted 
notions, the vulgarity, the conceit, and 
the general snobbisru of the middle-class 
English abroad. 

Browns. To astonish the Browns, 
to do or say something regardless of the 
annoyance it may cause or the shock it 
may give to Mrs. Grundy. Anne Boleyn 
had a whole clan cf Browns, or " country 
cousins," who were welcomed at court, in 
the reign of Elizabeth. The queen, how- 



ever, was quick to see what was gauche, 
and did m»t scruple to reprove them for 
uncourtly manners. Her plainness of 
speech used quite to " astonish the 
Browns." 

Browne (General) pays a visit to 
lord Woodville. His bedroom for the 
night is the " tapestried chamber," where 
he sees the apparition of "the lady in 
the saeque," and next morning relates his 
adventure. — Sir W. Scott, 'The Tapestried 
Chamber (time, George III.). 

Brownlow, a most benevolent old 
gentleman, who rescues Oliver Twist f nun 
his vile associates. He refuses to believe 
in Oliver's guilt of theft, although ap- 
pearances were certainly against him, and 
he even takes the 1><>v into his service. — 
C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 

Brox'mouth (John), a neighbour of 
Dapper the miller. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Bruce (The), an epic poem by John 
Barbour (1320-1395). 

Bru'el, the name of the goose, in the 
talc of Reynard the Fox. The word 
means the "Little roarer" (1498). 

Bru'in, the name of the bear, in the 
beast-epic called Reynard the Fox. Henc-j 
a bear in general. 

The word means the "brown one" 
(1498). 

Bru'in, one of the leaders arrayed 
against Hudibras. He is meant for one 
Talgol, a Newgate butcher, who obtained 
a captain's commission for valour at 
Naseby. He marched next to Orsin 
[Joshua Gosling, landlord of the bear- 
gardens at Southwark] . — S. Butler, Hudi- 
bras, i. 3. 

Bruin (Mrs. and Mr.), daughter and 
son-in-law to sir Jacob Jollup. Mr. 
Bruin is a huge bear of a fellow, and rules 
his wife with scant courtesy. — S. Foote, 
The Mayor of Garratt (1763). 

Brulgrud/dery (Dennis), landlord 
of the Red Cow, on Muckslush Heath. 
He calls himself " an Irish gintleman 
bred and born." He was "brought up to 
the church," i.e. to be a church beadle, 
but lost his place for snoring at sermon- 
time. He is a sot, with a very kind 
heart, and is honest in great matters, al- 
though in business he will palm off an 
old cock for a young capon. 

Mrs. Brulgmddery, wife of Dennis, and 
widow of Mr. Skinnygauge, former land- 



BRUMO. 



138 



BRUTE. 



lord of the Red Cow. Unprincipled, 
self-willed, ill-tempered, and over-reach- 
ing. Money is the only tiling that moves 
her, and when she has taken a bribe she 
will whittle down the service to the finest 
point. — G. Colman, jun., John Bull (1805). 

Brumo, a place of worship in Craca 
(one of the Shetland Isles). 

Far from his friends they placed him in the horrid 
circle of Brumo, where the ghosts of the dead howl 
round the stone of their fear.— -Ossian. Fingal, vi. 

Brun'cheval "the Bold," a paynirn 
knight, who tilted with sir Satyrane, and 
both were thrown to the ground together 
at the first encounter. — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, iv. 4 (1596). 

Brunel'o, a deformed dwarf, who at 
the siege of Albracca stole Sacripan'te's 
charger from between his legs without his 
knowing it. He also stole Angelica's 
magic ring, by means of which he re- 
leased Roge'ro from the castle in which he 
was imprisoned. Ariosto says that Agra- 
mant gave the dwarf a ring which had 
the power of resisting magic. — Bojardo, 
Orlando Innamorato (1495) ; and Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

"I," says Sancho, "slept so soundly upon Dapple, that 
the thief had time enough to clap four stakes under the 
four corners of my pannel. and to lead away the beast 
from under my legs without waking me." — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, II. i. 4 (1615). 

Brunenburg (Battle of), referred to 
in Tennyson's King Harold, is the victory 
obtained in 938 by king Athelstan over 
the Danes. 

Brunetta, mother of Chery (who 
married his cousin Fairstar). — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Princess Fair- 
star," 1682). 

Brunetta, the rival beauty of Phyllis. 
On one occasion Phyllis procured a most 
marvellous fabric of gold brocade in 
order to eclipse her rival, but Brunetta 
arrayed her train-bearer in a dress of the 
same material and cut in the same fashion. 
Phyllis was so mortified that she went 
home and died. — The Spectator. 

Brunhild, queen of Issland, who 
made a vow that none should win her 
who could not surpass her in three trials 
of skill and strength : (1) hurling a 
spear; (2) throwing a stone; and (o) 
jumping. Giinther king of Burgundy 
undertook the three contests, and by the 
aid of Siegfried succeeded in winning the 
martial queen. First, hurling a spear 
that three men could scarcely lift : the 
queen hurled it towards Giinther, but 
Siegfried, iu his invisible cloak, reversed 



its direction, causing it to strike the queen 
and knock her down. Next, throwing a 
stone so huge that twelve brawny men 
were employed to carry it : Brunhild 
lifted it on high, flung it twelve fathoms, 
and jumped beyond it. Again Siegfried 
helped his friend to throw it further, and 
in leaping beyond the stone. The queen, 
being fairly beaten, exclaimed to-her liege- 
men, "I am no longer your queen and 
mistress ; henceforth are ye the liegemen 
of Giinther" (lied vii.). After marriage 
Brunhild was so obstreperous that the 
king again applied to Siegfried, who suc- 
ceeded in depriving her of her ring and 
girdle, after which she became a very 
submissive wife. — The Niebelungen Lied. 

Bru'no (Bishop), bishop of Herbi- 
polita'num. Sailing one day on the 
Danube with Henry III. emperor of 
Germany, they came to Ben Strudel 
(" the devouring gulf "), near Grinon 
Castle, in Austria. Here the voice of a 
spirit clamoured aloud, "Ho ! ho! Bishop 
Bruno, whither art thou travelling ? But 
go tlxy ways, bishop Bruno, for thou shalt 
travel with me to-night." At night, while 
feasting with the emperor, a rafter fell on 
his head and killed him. South cy has a 
ballad called Bishop Bruno, but it deviates 
from the original legend given by Hey- 
wood in several particulars : It makes 
bishop Bruno hear the voice first on his 
way to the emperor, who had invited him 
to dinner ; next, at the beginning of 
dinner ; and thirdly, when the guests had 
well feasted. At the last warning an ice- 
cold hand touched him, and Bruno fell 
dead in the banquet hall. 

Brush, the impertinent English valet 
of lord Ogleby. If his lordship calls he 
never hears unless he chooses ; if his bell 
rings he never answers it till it suits his 
pleasure. He helps himself freely to all 
his master's things, and makes love to all 
the pretty chambermaids he comes into 
contact with. — Colman and Garrick, The 
Clandestine Marriage (1766). 

Brut (Le), a metrical chronicle of 
Maitre Wace, canon of Caen, in Nor- 
mandy. It contains the earliest history 
of England, and other historical legends 
(twelfth century). 

Brute (1 syl.), the first king of 
Britain (in mythical history). He was 
the son of yEneas Silvius "(grandson of 
Ascanius and great-grandson of iEneas 
of Troy). Prute called London (the 
capital of his adopted country) Troy- 



BRUTE. 



139 



BRUTUS. 



novnnt (New Troy). The legend is this : 
An oracle declared that Unite should be 
the death of both his parents; his mother 
died in child-birth, and at the age of 
15 Unite shot his lather accidentally 
in a deer-hunt. Being driven from Alba 
Longa, he collected a band of old Trojans 
and landed at Totnoss, in Devonshire. 
His wife was lnnogen, daughter of Pan- 
dra'sus king of Greece. His tale is told 
at length in the Chronicles of Geoffrey of 
Monmouth, in the first song of Dray- 
ton's Polyolbion, and in Spenser's Faery 
Queen, ii. 

Brute (Sir John), a coarse, surly, ill- 
mannered brute, whose delight was to 
" provoke" his young wife, who he tells 
us " is a young lady, a tine lady, a witty 
lady, and a virtuous lady, but yet I hate 
her." In a drunken frolic he intercepts a 
tailor taking home a new dress to lady 
Brute ; he insists on arraying himself 
therein, is arrested for a street row, and 
taken before the justice of the peace. 
Being asked his name, he gives it as " lady 
John Brute," and is dismissed. 

Lady Brute, wife of sir John. She is 
subjected to divers indignities, and in- 
sulted morn, noon, and night, by her 
surly, drunken husband. Lady Brute 
intrigues with Constant, a former lover ; 
but her intrigues are more mischievous 
than vicious. — Vanbrugh, The Provoked 
Wife (1697). 

The coarse pot-house valour of ' ' sir John Brute " (Garrick's 
famous i>art) is well contrasted with the fine-lady airs and 
affectation of his wife. [Surely this must bean error. It 
applies to "lady Fanciful," but not to " lady Brute."] — K. 
Chambers, English Literature, i. 5i)S. 

Brute Green-Shield, the successor 
of Ebranc king of Britain. The mythi- 
cal line is: (1) Brute, great-great-grand- 
son of zEneas ; (2) Locrin, his son ; (3) 
Guendolen, the widow of Locrin ; (4) 
Ebranc ; (5) Brute Green-Shield. Then 
follow in order Leil, Hudibras, Bladud, 
Leir [Shakespeare's "Lear"], etc. 

... of her courageous kings, 
Brute Green-Sliield, to whose name we providence impute 
Divinely to revive the kind's first conqueror, Brute. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Brute's City, London, called Trino- 
vant (New Troy). 

The goodly Thames near which Brute's citv stands. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

(Of course Trinovant is so called from 
the Trinovantes or Trinobantes, a Celtic 
tribe settled in Essex and Middlesex 
when Caesar invaded the island.) 

Bru'ton Street (London), so called 
from Bruton, in Somersetshire, the seat of 
John lord Berkeley of Stratton. 



Brutus (Lttciu* Junius), first consul 
of Rome, who condemned his own two 
sons to death for joining a conspiracy to 
restore Tarquin to the throne, from which 

he had lieen banished. This subject, has 
been dramatized by X. Lee (1679) and 
John 11. Payne, under the title of Brutus 
or The Fall of Tarquin (1820). Allien 
has an Italian tragedy on the same sub- 
ject. In French we have the tragedies af 
Arnault (1792) and Ponsard (1843). (See 
LUCBETIA.) 

The elder Kean on one occasion consented to appear at 
the Glaagow Theatre for hu son's benefit, The piny 

Chosen was Payne's Hrutus, in which the father took t he 
part of " Brutus " and Charles Kean that of " Titus." The 
audience sat suffused in tears faring the pathetic inter- 
view, till "Brutus" falls on the neck of "Titus." ex- 
claiming in a burst (if lgony. " Embrace thy wretched 
lather 1 when the arhble house broke forth Into peali of 
approbation. Btunund Keen then whispero 4 In his son 'i 

ear. "Charlie, we are doing the Hick."— W. C. RlBWllI, 
Representative Actors, 476. 

Junius Brutus. So James Lynch Fitz- 
Stephen has been called, because (like the 
first consul of Rome) he condemned his 
own son to death for murder, and to 
prevent a rescue caused him to be exe- 
cuted from the window of his own house 
in Galway (1493). 

The Spanish Brutus, Alfonso Perez de 
Guzman, governor of Tarifa in 1293. 
Here he was besieged by the infant don 
Juan, who had revolted against his 
brother, king Sancho IV., and having 
Guzman's son in his power, threatened to 
kill him unless Tarifa was given up to 
him. Guzman replied, "Sooner than bo. 
guilty of such treason I will lend Juan 
a dagger to slay my son ; " and so 
saying tossed his dagger over the wall. 
Sad to say, Juan took the dagger, and 
assassinated the young man there and 
then (1258-1309). 

Brutus (Marcus), said to be the son of 
Julius Caesar by Servilia. 

Brutus' bastard hand 
Stabb'd Julius Ca?sar. 
Shakespeare, 2 Henry FY. act iv. sc. 1 (1591). 

This Brutus is introduced by Shake- 
speare in his tragedy of Julius Caisar, 
and the poet endows him with every 
quality of a true patriot. He loved. 
Caesar much, but he loved Rome more. 

John P. Kemble seems to me always to play best those 
characters in which there is a predominating tinge of 
some over-mastering passion. . . . The patrician pride of 
"Ooriolanus," the stoicism of "Brutus," the vehemence 
of " Hotspur,'* mark the class of characters I mean.— Sir 
W. Scott. 

In the life of C. M. Young, we are told that Edmund Kean 
in "Harulet," " Coriolanus," "Brutus" . . . never ap- 
proached within any measurable distance of the learned 
and majestic Kemble. 

Bi-utus. Et tu, Bi~ute. Shakespeare, 
on the authority of Suetonius, puts these 



BRUTUS AND CICERO. 



140 



BUCKLAW. 



words into the mouth of Caesar when 
Brutus stabbed him. Shakespeare's drama 
was written in 1607, and probably he had 
seen The True Tragedy of Richard duke 
of York (1600), where these words occur ; 
but even before that date H. Stephens 
had said : 

Jule Cesar, quand il vit que Brutus aussi estoit de ceux 
qui luy tirient des coups d'espee, luy dit, Kai sy tecnon? 
c'est a dire. . . . Et toy raon fils, en es tu aussi.— Deux 
Dial, du Noveau Lang. Franc (1583). 

Brutus and Cicero. Cicero says : 
" Caesare interfecto, statim, cruentum alte 
extollens M. Brutus pugionem Ciceron- 
em nominatim exclamavit, atque ei re- 
cuperatam libertatem est gratulatus." — 
Philipp. ii. 12. 

When Brutus rose, 
Refidgent from the stroke of Caesar's fate, 
. . . [he] called aloud 

On Tully's name, and shook his crimson steel, 
And bade the " father of his country" hail. 

Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. 

Bryce's Day (St.), November 13. 
On St. Bryce's Day, 1002, Ethelred caused 
all the Danes in the kingdom to be 
secretly murdered in one night. 

In one night the throats of all the Danish cut. 

Drayton, PolyolHon, xii. (1613). 

Bry'done (Elspeth) or Glendinning, 
widow of Simon Glendinning, of the 
Tower of Glendearg.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Bubas'tis, the Dian'a of Egyptian 
mythology. She was the daughter of 
Idis and sister of Horus. 

Bubenburg (Sir Adrian de), a veteran 
knight of Berne. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Bucca, goblin of the wind in Celtic 
mythology, and supposed by the ancient 
inhabitants of Cornwall to foretell ship- 
wreck. 

Bucen'taur, the Venetian State 
galley used by the doge when he went 
"to wed the Adriatic." In classic 
mythology the bucentaur was half man 
and half ox. 

Buceph'alos ("bull-headed"), the 
name of Alexander's horse, which cost 
£3500. It knelt down when Alexander 
mounted, and was 30 years old at its 
death. Alexander built a city called 
Bucephala in its memory. 

The Persian Bucephalos, Shibdiz, the 
famous charger of Chosroes Parviz. 

Buck'et (Mr.), a shrewd detective 
officer, who cleverly discovers that Hor- 
tense, the French maid-servant of lady 
Dedlock, was the murderer of Mr. Tul- 



kinghorn, and not lady Dedlock who was 
charged with the deed by Hortense. — C. 
Dickens, Bleak House (1853). 

Bucking-ham (George Villier8, duke 
of). There were two dukes of this name, 
father and son, both notorious for their 
profligacy and political unscrupulous- 
ness. The first (1592-1628) was the fa- 
vorite of James I., nicknamed " Steenie " 
by that monarch from his personal beau- 
ty, " Steenie" being a pet corruption of 
Stephen, whose face at martyrdom was 
"as the face of an angel." He was as- 
sassinated by Fenton. Sir Walter Scott 
introduces him in The Fortunes of Nigel, 
and his son in Peveril of the Peak. The 
son( 1 627-88) also appears under the name 
of "Zimri" (q. v.) in Dryden's Absalom 
and Achitophel. He was the author of 
The Rehearsal, a drama, upon which 
Sheridan founded his Critic, and of 
other works, but is principally remem- 
bered as the profligate favorite of Charles 
II. He was a member of the famous 
" Cabal " (q. v.), and closed a career of 
great splendor and wickedness in the 
most abject poverty. 

Buckingham (Henry de Stafford, duke 
of) was a favorite of Richard III. and a 
participator in his crimes, but revolted 
against him, and was beheaded in 1483. 
This is the duke that Sackville met in 
the realms of Pluto, and whose " com- 
playnt" is given in the induction of A 
Mir row for Magistraytes (1 587). He als j 
appears in Shakespeare's Richard. III. 

Buckingham (Mary duchess of), intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Bucklaw (The laird of), afterwards 
laird of Girnington. His name was 
I Frank Hayston. Lucy Ashton plights 
j her troth to Edgar master of Ravens- 
wood, and they exchange love-tokens at 
the Mermaid's Fountain ; but her father, 
sir William Ashton, from pecuniary views, 
promises her in marriage to the laird of 
Bucklaw, and as she signs the articles 
Edgar suddenly appears at the castle. 
They return to each other their love- 
tokens, and Lucy is married to the laird ; 
but on the wedding night the bridegroom 
is found dangerously wounded in the 
bridal chamber, and the bride hidden in 
the chimney-corner insane. Lucy dies 
in convulsions, but Bucklaw recovers and 
goes abroad. — Sir W. Scott, The Bride of 
Lammermoor (time, William III.). 



BUCKLE. 



141 



BULL-DOG. 



Buckle (Put into), put into pawn at 
the rate of 40 per cent, interest. 

Buckle (To talk), to talk about mar- 
riage. 

I took a girl to dinner who talked buckle to me, nnd 
the girl on the oUicr side talked balls.— Pens, l. r >4. 

Bucklers- bury (London), so called 
from one Buckle, a grocer (Old and New 
London), In the reign of Elizabeth and 
long afterwards Hucklersbury was chierly 
inhabited by druggists, who sold green 
and dried herbs, llence FalstafiE says to 
Mrs. Ford, he could not assume the ways 
of those " lisping hawthorn buds [i.e. 
young fops], who smell like Bucklers- 
bury in simple -time." — Shakespeare, 
Merry Wives of Windsor, act iii. sc. 3 
(1601). 

Bude Light, a light devised by Mr. 
Gurney of Bude, in Cornwall. Intense 
light is obtained by supplying the burner 
with an abundant stream of oxygen. 
The principle of the Argand lamp is also 
a free supply of oxygen. Gurncy's in- 
vention is too expensive to be of general 
service, but an intense light is obtained 
by reflectors and refractors called Bude 
lights, although they wholly differ in 
principle from Gurney's invention. 

Buffoon (The Pulpit). Hugh refers 
is so called by Dugdale (1599-1UU0). 

Bug Jargal, a negro, passionately in 
love with a white woman, but tempering 
the wildest passion with the deepest re- 
spect. — Victor Hugo, Bug Jargal (a 
novel). 

Bulbul, an Oriental name for a night- 
ingale. When, in The Prince** (by 
Tennyson), the prince, disguised as a 
woman, enters with his two friends 
(similarly disguised) into the college to 
which no man was admitted, he sings ; 
and the princess, suspecting the fraud, 
says to him, "Not for thee, bulbul, any 
rose of Gulistan shall burst her veil," i.e. 
" O singer, do not suppose that any woman 
will be taken in by such a flimsy deceit." 
The bulbul loved the rose, and Gulistan 
means the "garden of roses." The prince 
was the bulbul, the college was Gulistan, 
and the princess the rose sought. — Tenny- 
son, The Princess, iv. 

Bulbul-He'zar, the talking bird, 
which was joined in singing by all the 
song-birds in the neighbourhood. (See 
Talking Bird.) — Arabian 27ights ("The 
Two Sisters," the last story). 

Bulis, mother of Egyp'ius of Thessaly. 



Egypius entertained a criminal love for 
Timandra, the mother of Neonh'ron, and 
Neophron was guilty of a similar passion 
for Bulis. Jupiter changed Egypiua and 
Neophron into vultures, Bulis into a duck, 
and Tiinandra into a sparrow-hawk. — 
Classic Mythology, 

Bull (John), the English nation per- 
sonified, and hence any typical English- 
man. 

Boll In the main was an honest, plain-dealing fallow, 

Choleric, bold, and of a very inconstant tcm|>cr. lie 

dreaded not old Lewis [4oti4i .v/i |. either at back-sword, 

Single lalchinn. or cudgel-play ; hut linn In- was very Apt 
to quarrel with his best fri.nds. especially if the) pre- 
tended to govern him. If you Battered him, you might 
lead him ;us ■ child John's temper depended very much 
upon the air; ids spirits rose and fill uith the weather- 
glass. Re was quick, and understood business well ; but 
no man alive was more careless in looking into Ids 
accompts, nor more cheated by partners, apprentices, and 
servant*. . . . No man kept a better house, nor spent his 
money more generously. — Chap. 5. 

(The subject of this History is the 
"Spanish Succession" in the reigns of 
Louis XIV. and queen Anne.) 

Mrs. Bull, queen Anne, " very apt to be 
choleric." On hearing that Philip Baboon 
(Philippe due (TAnjou) was to succeed to 
lord Strutt's estates (i.e. the Spanish 
throne), she said to John Bull : 

"You sot, you loiter about ale-houses and taverns, spend 
your time at hilliards. ninepins, or puppet-shows, never 
minding me nor my numerous family. Don't you bear 
how lord Stmtt [the king of S/-ain^ lias bespoke his 
liveries at Lewis Baboon's shop [/Votieejr . . . Fie upon 
it! Up, man! . . . Ill sell my shift before I'll be so 
used."— Chap. 4. 

John Bull's Mother, the Church of 
England. 

John had a mother, whom he loved and honoured ex- 
tremely ; a discreet, grave, sober, good-conditioned, cleanly 
old gentlewoman as ever lived. She was none of your 
cross-grained, termagant, scolding jades . . . always 
censuring your conduct ... on the contrary', she was of 
a meek spirit . . . and put the best construction ui on 
the words and actions of her neighbours. . . . She neither 
wore a ruff, forehead cloth, nor high-crowned bat. . . . 
She scorned to patch and paint, yet she loved cleanliness. 
. . . She was no less genteel in her behaviour ... in the 
due mean between one of your affected curtsying pieces of 
formality, and your ill-mannered creatures which have no 
regard to the common rules of civdity. — Pt. ii. 1. 

John Bull's Sister Peg, the Scotch, in 
love with Jack (Calvin). 

John had a sister, a poor girl that had been reared . . . 
on oatmeal and water . . . and lodged in a garret exposed 
to the north wind. . . . However, this usage . . . gave 
her a hardy constitution. . . . Peg had, indeed, some odd 
humours and comical antipathies, . . . she would faint at 
the sound of an organ, and yet danc. and frisk at the 
noise of a bagpipe. — Dr. Arbuthnot, History of John 
Bull, ii. 2 (1712). 

Bulls, ludicrous blunders. 

I^erry tales, witty jests, and ridiculous bulls.— Banquet 
of Music (1(588). 

That such a poem should be toothless and affirm to be 
a bull.— Milton, Apology for Smeetymniius (1642). 



Bull-dog, rough iron. 



A man was putting some bull-dog into the rolls, when 
his spade caught between the roils.— Times. 



BULL-DOGS. 



142 



BUNDALINDA. 



Bull-dogs, the two servants of a 

university proctor, who follow him in his 
rounds to assist him in apprehending 
students who are violating the university 
statutes, such as appearing in the streets 
after dinner without cap and gown, etc. 

Bullamy, porter of the " Anglo- 
Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life 
Insurance Company." An imposing 
personage, whose dignity resided chiefly 
in the great expanse of his red waistcoat. 
Kespectability and well-to-doedness were 
expressed in that garment. — C. Dickens, 
Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Bullealf (Peter), of the Green, who 
was pricked for a recruit in the army of 
sir John Falstaff. He promised Bardolph 
" four Harry ten-shillings in French 
crowns" if he would stand his friend, 
and when sir John was informed thereof, 
he said to Bullealf, " I will none of you." 
Justice Shallow remonstrated, but Falstaff 
exclaimed, "Will you tell me, Master 
Shallow, hoAV to choose a man ? Care I 
for the limb, the thews, the stature ? . . . 
Give me the spirit, Master Shallow." — 
Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act iii. ec. 2 
(1598). 

Bullet-head (The Great), George 
Cadoudal, leader of the Chouang (1769- 
1804). 

Bull'segg (Mr.), laird of Killan- 
cureit, a friend of the baron of Bradwar- 
dine. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Bulmer (Valentine), titular earl of 
Etherington, married to Clara Mowbray. 

Mrs. Ann Bulmer, mother of Valen- 
tine, married to the earl of Etherington 
during the life-time of his countess ; 
hence his wife in bigamy. — Sir W. Scott, 
Si. Bonan's Well (time, George III.). 

BumHble, beadle of the workhouse 
where Oliver Twist was born and brought 
up. A stout, consequential, hard- 
hearted, fussy official, with mighty ideas 
of his own importance. This character 
lias given to the language the word 
bumbledom, the officious arrogance and 
bumptious conceit of a parish authority 
or pettj dignitary. After marriage, the 
high and mighty beadle was sadly hen- 
pecked and reduced to a Jerry Sneak. — 
C. Dickens, Olivet Twist (1837). 

Bumbledom, parish-dom, the pride 
of parish dignity, the arrogance of parish 
authority, the mightiness of parish 



officers. From Bumble, the beadle, in 
Dickens's Oliver Twist (1837). 

Bum'kinet, a shepherd. He pro- 
poses to Grub'binol that they should 
repair to a certain hut and sing "Gillian 
of Croydon," "Patient Grissel," "Cast 
away Care," " Over the Hills," and so on ; 
but being told that Blouzelinda was dead, 
he sings a dirge, and Grubbinol joins 
him. 

Thus wailed the louts in melancholy strain, 
Till bonny Susan sped across the plain ; 
They seized the lass in apron clean arrayed, 
And to the ale-house forced the willing maid ; 
In ale and kisses they forgot their cares, 
And Susan Blouzelinda's loss repairs. 

Gay, Pastoral, v. (1714). 

(An imitation of Yirgil's Eel. v. 
" Daphnis.") 

Bumper (Sir Harry), a convivial 
friend of Charles Surface. He sings the 
popular song, beginning — 

Here's to the maiden of bashful fifteen, 
Here's to the widow of fifty, etc. 

Sheridan, School for Scandal (1777). 

Bunce (Jack), alias Frederick Alta- 
mont, a ci-devant actor, one of the crew 
of the pirate vessel. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Pirate (time, William III.). 

Bunch (Mother), an alewife, men- 
tioned by Dekker in his drama called 
Satiromastix (1602). In 1G04 was pub- 
lished PasquiVs Jests, mixed with Mutlier 
Bunch's Merriments. 

There are a series of "Fairy Tales" 
called Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales. 

Bunch (Mother), the supposed pos- 
sessor of a "cabinet broken open" and 
revealing " rare secrets of Art and 
Nature," such as love-spells (1760). 

Bun'cle, messenger to the earl of 
Douglas.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Bun'cle (John), "a prodigious hand at 
matrimony, divinity, a song, and a 
peck." He married seven wives, and 
lost all in the flower of their age. For 
two or three days after the death of a 
wife he was inconsolable, but soon became 
resigned to his loss, which he repaired by 
marrying again. — Thos. Amory, The Life, 
etc., of Julm Buncie, Esq. 

Bundalinda, the beau-ideal of ob- 
scurity. 

Transformed from a princess to a peasant, from beauty 
to ugliness, from polish to rusticity, from light to dark- 
ness, from an angel of light to an imp of hell, from 
fragrance to ill savour, from elegance to rudeness, from 
Aurora in hill brilliancy to Ktindaliuda in deep obscurity. 
— Cervanto, I ton Quixote, II. ii. 13 (1615). 



BUNDLE. 



143 



BURLEIGH. 



Bundle, the gardener, father of 
Wilelmi'na, and friend of Tom Tug the 
waterman. He is a plain, honest man, 
but greatly in awe of his wife, who nags 
at him from morning till night. 

J\frs. Bundle, a vulgar Mrs. Malaprop, 
and a termagant. " Everything must be 
her way or there's no getting any peace." 
She greatly frequented the minor the- 
atres, and acquired notions of sentimental 
romance. She told Wilelmina, if she 
refused to marry Robin : 

" I'll disinherit you from any share in the blood of my 
family, the Grognins, and you may creep through li r e with 
the dirty, pitiful, mean, paltry, low, ill-bred notions 
which you "nave gathered from [your father'*] family, the 
Bundles."— C. Dibdin, The Waterman (1774). 

Bun'gay (Friar), one of the friars in 
a comedy by Robert Green, entitled Friar 
Bacon and Friar Bungay. Both the 
friars are conjurors, and the piece con- 
cludes with one of their pupils bring 
carried off to the infernal regions on the 
back of one of friar Bacon's demons 
(1591). 

Bungen [Bunfj-n], the street in 
Hauielin down which the pied piper 
Bunting led the rats into the river Wescr 
and the children into a cave in the moun- 
tain Koppenberg. No music of any kind 
is permitted to be played in this street. 

Bungey (Friar), personification of 
the charlatan of science in the fifteenth 
century. 

*** In The Last of the Barons, by lord 
Lytton, friar Bungey is an historical 
character, and is said to have "raised 
mists and vapours,'' which befriended 
Edward IV. at the battle of Barnet. 

Buns'by (Captain John or Jack), 
owner of the Cautious Clara. Captain 
Cuttle considered him "a philosopher, 
and quite an oracle." Captain Bunsby 
had one "stationary and one revolving 
eye," a very red face, and was extremely 
taciturn. The captain was entrapped by 
Mrs. McStinger (the termagant landlady 
of his friend captain Cuttle) into marry- 
ing her. — C. Dickens, Domhey and Son 
(1846). 

Bunting, the pied piper of Ham'elin. 
He was so called from his dress. 

To blow the pipe bis lips he wrinkled. 
And green and blue his sharp eyes twinkled . . . 
And ere three notes his pipe had uttered . . . 
Out of the houses rats came tumbling — 
Great rats, small rats, lean rats, brawny rats, 
Brown rats, black rats, grey rats, tawiiy rats, . . . 
And step by sttp they followed him dancing, 
Till they came to the river Weser. 

K. Browning. 

Bur (John), the servant of Job Thorn- 



berry, the brazier of Penzance. Brusque 
in his manners, but most de\otedly 
attached to his master, by whom he was 
taken from the workhouse. John P>ur 
kept his master's "books" for twenty- 
two years with the utmost fidelity. — G. 
Colman, jun., John Bull (1805). 

BurTbon (i.e. Henri IV. of France). 
He is betrothed to Fordflis (Fr 
who has been enticed from him by Gran- 
torto (rebellion). Bein<; assailed on all 
sides by a rabble rout, Fordelis is carried 
off by "hellrake hounds." The rabble 
batter Burbon's shield (protestantism), 
and compel him to throw it away. Sir 
Ar'tegal (right or justice) rescues the 
"recreant knight" from the mob, but 
blames him for his unkni^htly folly in 
throwing away his shield (of faith). 
Talus (the executive) beats off the hell- 
hounds, gets possession of the lady, and 
though she flouts Uurbon, he catches her 
up upon his steed and rides off with her. 
— Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 1 (1596). 

Burchell (Mr.), alias sir William 
Thornhill, about 30 years of ace. 
"When Dr. Primrose, the vicar of Wake- 
field, loses £14U0, Mr. Burchell presents 
himself as a broken-down gentleman, 
and the doctor offers him his purse. 
He turned his back on the two rlash ladies 
who talked of their high-life doings, and 
cried " Fudge ! " after all their boastings 
and remarks. Mr. Burchell twice rescued 
Sophia Primrose, and ultimately married 
her. — Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield 
(17(35). 

Burgundy (Charles the Bold, duke 
of), introduced by sir W. Scott in Quentin 
bun.card and in Anne of Geierstein. The 
latter novel contains the duke's defeat at 
Nancy', and his death (time, Edward IT.). 

Bu'ridan's Ass. A man of inde- 
cision is so called from the hypothetical 
ass of Buridan, the Greek sophist. Bu- 
ridan maintained that "if an ass could 
be placed between two hay -stacks in such 
a way that its choice was evenlv balanced 
between them, it -would starve to death, 
for there would be no motive why he 
should choose the one and reject the 
other." 

Burleigh (William Cecil, lord), lord 
treasurer to queen Elizabeth (1520-159^), 
introduced by sir W. Scott in his his- 
torical novel called Kenilworth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

He is - no of the principal characters 



BURLEIGH. 



144 



BUSQUEUE. 



in The Earl of Essex, a tragedy by Henrv 
Jones (1745). 

Burleigh (Lord), a, parliamentary leader, 
in The Legend of Montrose, a novel bv sir 
W. Scott (time, Charles I.). 

A lord Burleigh shake of the head, a 
great deal meant by a look or movement, 
though little or nothing is said. Puff, 
in his tragedy of the " Spanish Armada," 
introduces lord Burleigh, "who has the 
affairs of the whole nation in his head, 
and has no time to talk ; " but his lord- 
ship comes on the stage and shakes his 
head, by which he means far more than 
words could utter. Puff says : 

Why, by that shake of the head he gave you to 
understand that even though they had more justice iu 
their cause and wisdom in their measures, yet, if there 
was not a greater spirit shown on the part of the people, 
the country would at last fall a sacrifice to the hostile 
ambition of the Spanish monarchy. 

Sneer. Did he mean all that by shaking his head! 

Puff. Every word of it— Sheridan, The Critic, ii. 1 
(1779). 

The original " lord Burleigh " was Irish Moodjr [1728- 
1813J.— Cornhill Magazine (1867). 

Burlesque Poetry (Father of), 
Hippo'nax of Ephesus (sixth century 
rs.c). 

Bur'long, a giant, whose legs sir 
Try'amour cut off. — Romance of Sir Try- 
cmour. 

Burn Daylight (We), we waste 
time (in talk instead of action). — Shake- 
speare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. 
sc. 1 (1601). 

Burnbill, Henry de Londres, arch- 
bishop of Dublin and lord justice of 
Ireland, in the reign of Henry III. It 
is said that he fraudulently burnt all the 
"bills" or instruments by which the 
tenants of the archbishopric held their 
estates. 

Burning Crown. Regicides were 
at one time punished by having a crown 
of red-hot iron placed on their head. 

He was adjudged 
To have his head seared with a burning crown. 
Author unknown, Tragedy of Hoffman (1631). 

Burns of France (The), Jasmin, 
a barber of Gascony. Louis Philippe 
presented to him a gold watch and chain, 
and the duke of Orleans an emerald ring. 

Bur'ris, an honest lord, favourite of 
the great-duke of Moscovia. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). 

Busby (.A), a low conical bearskin 
hat worn by certain British volunteers. 

Busby Wig (.A), a punning syno- 
nym of a " buzzwig," the joke being a 



reference to Dr. Busby of Westminster 
School, who never wore a wig, but only 
a skull-cap. 

Business To-morrow is what 
Archias, one of the Spartan polemarchs 
in Athens, said, when a letter was handed 
to him respecting the insurrection of 
Pelopldas. He was at a banquet at the 
time, and thrust the letter under his 
cushion ; but Pelopidas, with his 400 
insurgents, rushed into the room during 
the feast, and slew both Archias and the 
rest of the Spartan officers. 

Bu'sirane (3 syl.), an enchanter who 
bound Am'oret by the waist to a brazen 
pillar, and, piercing her with a dart, 
wrote magic characters with the dropping 
blood, "all for to make her love him." 
When Brit'omart approached, the en- 
chanter started up, and, running to 
Amoret, was about to plunge a knife 
into her heart ; but Britomart intercepted 
the blow, overpowered the enchanter, 
compelled him to "reverse his charms," 
and then bound him fast with his own 
chain. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 11, 
12 (1590). 

Busi'ris, king of Egypt, was told by 
a foreigner that the long drought of nine 
years would cease when the gods of the 
country were mollified by human sacri- 
fice. "So be it," said the king, and 
ordered the man himself to be offered 
as the victim. — Herod, ii. 59-61. 

'Tis said that Egypt for nine years was dry ; 

Nor Nile did floods nor heaven did rain supply. 

A foreigner at length informed the king 

That slaughtered guests would kindly moisture bring. 

The king replied, " On thee the lot shall fall ; 

Be thou, my guest, the sacrifice for alL " 

Ovid, Art of Love, i. 

Busi'ris, supposed by Milton to be the 
Pharaoh droM r ned in the Red Sea. 

Hath vexed the Red Sea coast, whose waves o'erthrew 
Busiris and his Memphian chivalry. 

Milton, raradise Lost, L 306 (1665). 

Bus'ne (2 syl.). So the gipsies call 
all who do not belong to their race. 

The gold of the BusnS ; give me her gold. 

Longfellow, The Spanish Student. 

Busqueue (Lord), plaintiff in the 
great Pantagruelian lawsuit known as 
" lord Busqueue v. lord Suckfist," in 
which the parties concerned pleaded for 
themselves. Lord Busqueue stated his 
grievance and spoke so learnedly and at 
such length that no one understood one 
word about the matter ; then lord Suckfist 
replied, and the bench declared " We 
| have not understood one iota of the 
I defence." Pantag'ruel, however, gave 



BUSY BODY. 



145 



BYRON AND MARY. 



judgment, and as both plaintiff and 
defendant considered he had got the 
verdict, both were fully satisfied, "a 
thing without parallel in all the annals of 
the court." — Rabelais, Pantayruel, ii. 
(1533). 

Busy Body (Tlie), a comedy by Mrs. 
Centlivre (1709). Sir Francis Gripe 
(guardian of Miranda an heiress, and 
father of Charles), a man G5 years old, 
wishes to marry his ward for the sake 
of her money, but Miranda loves and is 
beloved by sir George Airy, a man of 
24. She pretends to love "Gardy," and 
dupes him into yielding up her money 
and giving his consent to her marriage 
with "the man of her choice," believ- 
ing himself to be the person. Charles 
is in love with Isabinda, daughter of sir 
Jealous Traffick, who has made up his 
mind that she shall marry a Spaniard 
named don Diego Babinetto, expected to 
arrive forthwith. Charles dresses in a 
Spanish costume, passes himself off as 
the expected don, and is married to the 
lady of his choice ; so both the old men 
are duped, and all the young people wed 
according to their wishes. 

But are Ye sure the News is 
True ? This exquisite lyric is generally 
ascribed to William Mickle, but Sarah 
Tyler, in Good Woods, March, 1869, 
ascribes it to Jean Adam of Crawfurd's 
Dyke. She says, " Colin and Jean " are 
Colin and Jean Campbell of Crawfurd's 
Dyke — the Jean being the poetess and 
writer of the poem. 

Butcher (The), Achmet pasha, who 
struck off the heads of seven of his wives 
at once. He defended Acre against Napo- 
leon I. 

John ninth lord Clifford, called "The 
Black Clifford" (died 1461). 

Oliver de Clisson, constable of France 
(1320-1407). 

Butcher (The Bloody), the duke of 
Cumberland, second son of George II. ; so 
called for his great barbarities in sup- 
pressing the rebellion of Charles Edward, 
the young pretender (1726-1765). 

Butcher of England, John Tiptoft, 
earl of Worcester, a man of great learning 
and a patron of learning (died 1470). 

On one occasion in the reign of Edward IV. he ordered 
Clapham (a squire to lord Warwick) and nineteen others, 
all gentlemen, to be impaled. — Stow, Warkworth Chro- 
nicle (" Cont. CroyL"). 

Yet so barbarous was the age, that this same learned man 
Impaled forty Lancastrian prisoners at Southampton, put 
to death the infant children of the Irish chief Desmond, 
and acquired the nickname of " The Butcher of England." 
— Old and New London, ii. 23.. 



Butler (The Rev. Mr.), military 
chaplain at Madras.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Surjeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Butler (Reuben), a presbyterian min- 
ister, married to Jeanie Deaiis. 

Benjamin Butler, father of Reuben. 

Stephen Butler, generally called " Bible 
Butler," grandfather of Reuben and 
father of Benjamin. 

Widow ,/udtth Butler, Reuben's grand- 
mother and Stephen's wife. 

Euphemia or Femie Butler, Reuben's 
daughter. 

/Auk/ and Rev.hcn Butler, Reuben's BODS. 
— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Buttercup (John), a milkman.— W. 
Brough, A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock. 

Buxo'ma, a shepherdess with whom 
Cuddy was in love. 

My brown Boxrtma is the foulest maid 
That e'er at wake delightsome gambol played . . . 
And neither lamb, nor kid, nor (all. nor fray. 
Dance like Buxoma on the lirst of May. 

Gay, Paitoral, i. (1714). 

Buz'fuz (Serjeant), the pleader re- 
tained by Dodson and Fogg for the 
plaintiff in the celebrated case of "Bar- 
dell v. Pickwick." Serjeant Buzfuz is a 
driving, chaffing, masculine bar orator, 
who proved that Mr. Pickwick's note 
about "chops and tomato sauce " was a 
declaration of love ; and that his reminder 
"not to forget the warming-pan" w;is 
only a flimsy cover to express the ardour 
of his affection. Of course the defendant 
was found guilty by the enlightened jury. 
(His junior was Skimpin.) — C. Dickens, 
The Pickwick Tapers (1836). 

Buz'zard (The), in The Hind and the 
Panther, by Dry den (pt. iii.), is meant 
for Dr. Gilbert Burnet, whose figure was 
lusty (1643-1715). 

Bycorn, a fat cow, so fat that its sides 
were nigh to bursting, but this is no 
wonder, for its food was "good and 
enduring husbands," of which there is 
good store. (See Chichi-Vache.) 

Byron (The Polish), Adam Mickie- 
wicz (1798-1855). 

Byron (The Russian), Alexander Ser- 
geivitch Puschkin (1799-1837). 

Byron (Miss Harriet), a beautiful and 
accomplished woman of high rank, de- 
votedly attached to sir Charles Grandison, 
whom ultimately she marries. — Richard' 
son, Sir Charles Grandison (1753). 

Byron and Mary. The ' ' Mary " of 



BYRON AND TERESA GUICCIOLI. 146 



CADWALLON. 



Byron's song is Miss Chaworth. Both 
Miss Chaworth and lord Byron were 
wards of Mr. White. Miss" Chaworth 
married John Musters, and lord Byron 
married Miss Milhanke of Durham; 
both equally unhappy. 

I have a passion for the name of " Mary," 
For once it was a magic name to me. 

Byron, Don Juan, v. 4 (1820). 

Byron and Teresa Guiecioli. 

This lady was the wife of count Guiecioli, 
an old man, but very rich. Moore says 
that Byron " never loved but once, till he 
loved Teresa." 

Byron and the Edinburgh Re- 
view. It was Jeffrey and not Brougham 
who wrote the article which provoked the 
poet's reply. 



C (in Notes and Queries), the Right 
Hon. John Wilson Croker. 

Caa'ba (Al), the shrine of Mecca, 
said by the Arabs to be built by Abra- 
ham on the exact spot of the tabernacle 
let down from heaven at the prayer of 
repentant Adam. Adam had been a 
wanderer for 200 years, and here received 
pardon. 

The black stone, according to one tra- 
dition, was once white, but was turned 
black by the kisses of sinners. It is " a 
petrified angel." 

According to another tradition, this 
stone was given to Ishmael by the angel 
Gabriel, and Abraham assisted his son to 
insert it in the wall of the shrine. 

Cabal, an anagram of a ministry 
formed by Charles II. in 1670, and con- 
sisting of Clifford], A[shley], Buck- 
ingham], Arlington], L[auderdaleJ. 

Cacafo'go, a rich, drunken usurer, 
stumpy and fat, choleric, a coward, and 
a bully. He fancies money will buy 
everything and every one. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher) Rule a Wife and Have a 
Wife (1040). 

Cacur'gus, the fool or domestic 
jester of Misog'onus. Cacurgus is a 
rustic simpleton and cunning mischief- 
maker. — Thomas Rychardes, Misoyonus 
(the third English comedy, L560). 

Ca'eus, a giant who lived in a cave 



on mount Av'entine (3 syl.). When 
Hercules came to Italy with the oxen 
which he had taken from Ger'yon of 
Spain, Cacus stole part of the herd, but 
dragged the animals by their tails into 
his cave, that it might be supposed they 
had come out of it. 

If he falls into slips, it is equally clear they were intro- 
duced by him on purpose to confuse, like Cacus, the 
traces of his retreat. — Encyc. Brit. Art. "Romance." 

Cad, a low-born, vulgar fellow. A 
cadie in Scotland was a carrier of a 
sedan-chair. 

All Edinburgh men and boys know that when sedan- 
chairs were discontinued, the old cadies sank into 
riinous poverty, and became synonymous with roughs. 
The word was brought to London by James Hannay, who 
frequently used it — M. Pringle. 

*** M. Pringle assures us that the 
word came from Turkey. 

Cade'nus (3 syl.), dean Swift. The 
word is simply de-ca-nus ("a dean"), 
with the first two syllables transposed 
(ca-de-nus). "Vanessa" is Miss Esther 
Vanhomrigh, a young lady who fell in 
love with Swift, and proposed marriage. 
The dean's reply is given in the poem 
entitled Cadenus and Vanessa [i.e. Van- 
Esther]. 

Cadu ceus, the wand of Mercury. 
The " post of Mercury" mean3 the office 
of a pimp, and to "bear the caduceus " 
means to exercise the functions of a 
pimp. 

I did not think the post of Mercury-in-chief quite so 
honourable as it was called . . . and I resolved to aban- 
don the Caduceus for ever.— Lesage, Gil Bias, xii. 3, 4 
(1715). 

Cadur'ci, the people of Aquita'nia. 

Cad'wal. Arvir'agus, son of Cym'- 
beline, was so called while he lived in 
the woods with Bela'rius, who called 
himself Morgan, and whom Cadwal sup- 
posed to be his father. — Shakespeare, 
Cymbeline (1605). 

Cadwallader, called by Bede (1 
syl.) Elidwalda, son of Cad walla king 
of Wales. Being compelled by pesti- 
lence and famine to leave Britain, he 
went to Armorica. After the plague 
ceased he went to Rome, where, in C>$9, 
he was baptized, and received the name 
of Peter, but died very soon afterwards. 

Cadwallader that drave [jatfsel] to the Armoric shore. 
Drayton, I'olyolbion, ix. (1612). 

Cadwallader, the misanthrope in Smol- 
lett's Peregrine Pickle (1751). 

Cadwall'on, son of the blinded 
Cyne'tha. Both father and son accom- 
panied prince Madoc to North America 



"O 



CADWALLON. 



141 



OESAR. 



in the twelfth, century. — Southey, Madoc 
(1805). 

Cadwal'lon, the favourite bard of 
prince Gwenwyn. He entered the ser- 
vice of sir Hugo de Lacy, disguised, under 
the assumed name of Renault Vidal. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Cae'cias, the north-west wind. Ar- 
gestes is the north-east, and Bo'reas the 
full north. 

Boreas and Crecias and Argestes loud 
. . rend the woods, and sens upturn. 

Milton. Paradise Lost, x. 699. e'.c. (1GG5). 

Caelesti'na, the bride of sir Walter 
Terill. The king commanded sir Walter 
to bring his bride to court on the night 
of her marriage. Her father, to save 
her honour, gave her a mixture supposed 
to be poison, but in reality it was only a 
sleeping draught. In due time the bride 
recovered, to the amusement of the king 
and delight of her husband. — Th. Dekker, 
Satiro-mastix (1602). 

Cae'neus [Se.nuce] was born of the 
female sex, and was originally called 
Csenis. Vain of her beauty, she rejected 
all lovers, but was one day surprised by 
Neptune, who offered her violence, 
changed her sex, converted her name to 
Ceneus, and gave her (or rather him) the 
gift of being invulnerable. In the wars 
of the Lap'ithae, Ceneus offended Jupiter, 
and was overwhelmed under a pile of 
wood, but came forth converted into a 
yellow bird. iEneas found Ceneus in the 
infernal regions restored to the feminine 
sex. The order is inverted by sir John 
Davies : 

And how was Cseneus made at first a man. 
And then a woman, then a man again. 

Orcliestra, etc. (1615). 

Caesar, said to be a Punic word 
meaning " an elephant," " Quod avus 
ejus in Africa manu propria occldit 
elephantem " (Plin. Hist. viii. 7). There 
are old coins stamped on the one side 
with DIVUS JULIUS, the reverse hav- 
ing S.P.Q.R. with an elephant, in allu- 
sion to the African original. 

In Targum Jonathanis Ceslra extat, notione affine, pro 
scuto vel clypeo ; et fortasse hide est quod, Punica lingua, 
elephas "Ocsar" dicebatur, quasi tutamen et presidium 
legionum. — Casaubon, Animadv. in Tranquill, i. 

Ceesar (Caius Julius). 

Somewhere I've read, but where I forget, he could dic- 
tate 

Seven letters at once, at the same time writing his 
memoirs . . . 

Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian village 

Than be second in Borne, and I think he was "right when 
he said ic 



Twice was he married before he was 20, and many time* 
after ; 

Battles 500 he fought, and a thousand cities he con- 
quered ; 

But was finally stabbed by his friend the orator Brutus. 
Longfellow, Courtship of .Wiles Standtih, ii. 

(Longfellow refers to Pliny, vii. 25, 
where he says that Caesar " could employ, 
at one and the same time, his ears to 
listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, 
and his tongue to dictate." He is said 
to have conquered 300 nations ; to have 
taken 800 cities, to have slain in battle a 
million men, and to have defeated three 
millions. See below, Ceesar s Wars.) 

Cmsar and his Fortune. Plutarch says 
that Caesar told the captain of the vessel 
in which he sailed that no harm could 
come to his ship, for that he had " Caesar 
and his fortune with him." 

Now am 1 like that proud insulting ship. 
Which Caesar and bis fortune bare at once. 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2 (1589). 

Cxsar saves his Commentaries. Once, 
when Julius Caesar was in danger of 
being upset into the sea by the overload- 
ing of a boat, he swam to the nearest 
ship, with his book of Commentaries in 
his hand. — Suetonius. 

Casar's Wars. The carnage occa- 
sioned by the wars of Caesar is usually 
estimated at a million fighting men. He 
won 320 triumphs, and fought 500 bat- 
tles. See above, C^sar (Caius Julius). 

What millions died that Caesar might be great ! 
Campbell, The Pleasures of Hope. ii. (1799). 

C&sar's Famous Despatch, " Veni, vidi, 
vici," written to the senate to announce 
his overthrow of Pharnaces king of 
Pontus. This "hop, skip, and a jump" 
was, however, the work of three days. 

Caesar's Death. Both Chaucer and 
Shakespeare say that Julius Caesar was 
killed in the capitol. Thus Polonius says 
to Hamlet, "I did enact Julius Caesar ; 
I was killed i' the capitol " (Uamlet, act 
iii. sc. 2). And Chaucer says : 

This Julius to the capitolg wente . . . 
And in the capitole anon him henle 
This false Brutus, and his other soon. 
And sticked him with bodekins anon. 
Canterbury Tales (" The Monk's Tale," 1388). 

Plutarch expressly tells us he was 
killed in Pompey's Porch or Piazza ; and 
in Julius C&sar Shakespeare says he fell 
" e'en at the base of Pompey's statue " 
(act iii. sc. 2). 

Cwsar, the Mephistoph'eles of Byron's 
unfinished drama called The Deformed 
Transformed. This Caesar changes Ar- 
nold (the hunchback) into the form of 
Achilles, and assumes himself the de- 
formity and ugliness which Arnold oasts 



CESAR. 



148 



CAIN AND ABEL. 



off. The drama being incomplete, all 
that can be said is that "Caesar," in 
cynicism, effrontery, and snarling bitter- 
ness of spirit, is the exact counterpart of 
his prototype, Mephistopheles (1821). 

Ca;sar (Don), an old man of 63, the 
father of Olivia. In order to induce his 
daughter to marry, he makes love to 
Marcella, a girl of 16. — Mrs. Cowley, A 
Bold Stroke for a Husband (1782). 

Cas'sarism, the absolute rule of man 
over man, with the recognition of no law 
divine or human beyond that of the ruler's 
will. Caesar must be summus pontifex 
as well as imperdtor. — Dr. Manning, On 
Ccesarism (1873). (See Chauvinism.) 

Cael, a Highlander of the western 
coast of Scotland. These Cael had 
colonized, in very remote times, the 
northern parts of Ireland, as the Fir-bolg 
or Belgae of Britain had colonized the 
southern parts. The two colonies had 
each a separate king. When Crothar was 
king of the Fir-bolg (or "lord of Atha"), 
he carried off Conla'ma, daughter of the 
king of Ulster (i.e. "chief of the Cael"), 
and a general war ensued between the 
two races. The Cael, being reduced to the 
last extremity, sent to Trathal (Fingal's 
grandfather) for help, and Trathal sent 
over Con 'ar, who was chosen "king of 
the Cael " immediately he landed in 
Ulster ; and having reduced the Fir-bolg to 
submission, he assumed the title of " king 
of Ireland." The Fir-bolg, though con- 
quered, often rose in rebellion, and made 
many efforts to expel the race of Conar, 
but never succeeded in so doing. — Ossian. 

Caer Ery'ri, Snowdon. (Eryri means 
"an eyrie" or "eagle's nest.") 

. . . once the wondering forester at dawn . . . 
On Caer Eryri's highest found the king. 

Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette. 

Caer Gwent, Venta, that is, Gwent- 
ceaster, Wintan-ceaster (or Winchester). 
The word Gwent is Celtic, and means " a 
fair open region." 

Caer'leon or Caerle'on, on the Usk, 
in Wales, the chief royal residence of 
king Arthur. It was here that he kept at 
Pentecost "his Round Table" in great 
splendour. Occasionally these " courts " 
were held at Camelot. 

Where, as at Caer'leon oft, he kept the Tahle Round, 
Most famous for the sport, at Pentecost 

Drayton. Polyolbion, iii. (1612). 
For Arthur on the Whitsuntide hefore 
Held court at old Cacrle'on-upon-Usk. 

Tennyson, Enid. 

Caerlcon (The Battle of), one of the 
twelve great victories of prince Arthur 



over the Saxons. This battle was not 
fought, as Tennyson saj T s, at Caerleon- 
upon-Usk, in the South of Wales, but at 
Caerleon, now called Carlisle. 

Cages for Men. Alexander the 
Great had the philosopher Callisthenes 
chained for seven months in an iron cage, 
for refusing to pay him divine honours. 

Catherine II. of Russia kept her perru- 
quier for more than three years in an iron 
cage in her bed-chamber, to prevent his 
telling people that she wore a wig. — Mons. 
de Masson, Me'moires Secrets sur la Russie. 

Edward I. confined the countess of 
Buchan in an iron cage, for placing 
the crown of Scotland on the head of 
Bruce. This cage was erected on One 
of the towers of Berwick Castle, where 
the countess was exposed to the rigour of 
the elements and the gaze of passers-by. 
One of the sisters of Bruce was similarly 
dealt with. 

Louis XI. confined cardinal Balue 
(grand-almoner of France) for ten years in 
an iron cage in the castle of Loches[ Losh~\. 

Tamerlane enclosed the sultan Bajazet 
in an iron cage, and made of him a public 
show. So says D'Herbelot. 

An iron cage was made by Tim.our's command, com- 
posed on every side of iron gratings, through which the 
captive sultan [Bajazet] could be seen in any direction. 
He travelled in tliis den slung between two horses. — Leun- 
clarius. x 

Caglios'tro (Count de), the assumed 
name of Joseph Balsamo (1743-1795). 

Ca ira, one of the most popular 
revolutionary songs, composed forthe Fete 
de la Fe'deration, in 1789, to the tune of 
Le Carillon National. Marie Antoinette 
was for ever strumming this air on her 
harpsichord. " Ca ira" was the rallying 
cry borrowed by the Federalists from Dr. 
Franklin, who used to say, in reference to 
the American Revolution, Ah ! ah ! ca 
ira ! ca ira 1 ("It will speed "). 

'Twas all the same to him— Cod save the King, 
Or Ca ira. 

Byron, Bon Juan, iii. 84 (1820). 

Cain and Abel are called in the 
Koran " Kabil and Habil." The tradition 
is that Cain was commanded to marry 
Abel's sister, and Abel to marry Cain's, 
but Cain demurred because his own sister 
was the more beautiful, and so the matter 
was referred to God, and God answered 
" No " by rejecting Cain's sacrifice. 

The Mohammedans also say that Cain 
carried about with him the dead body of 
Abel, till he saw a raven scratch a hole in 
the ground to bury a dead bird. The 
hint was takon, and Abel was buried 
under ground. — Sale's Koran, v. notes. 



CAIN-COLOURED BEARD. 



149 



CALDERON. 



Cain-coloured Beard, Cain and 

Judas in old tapestries and paintings are 
always represented with yellow beards. 

He bath a little wee face, with a little yellow beard ; a 
Cain -coloured beard. — Shakespeare, Merry Wive* of 
Windsor, act i. sc. 4 (1601). 

Cain's Hill. Maundrel tells us that 
" some four miles from Damascus is a 
high hill, reported to be the same on which 
Cain slew his brother Abel." — Travels, 
131. 

In that place where Damascus was founded, Kayn 
sloughe Abel his brother. — Sir John Maundeville, Travels, 
148. 

Caina [Ka.i'.nah'], the place to which 
murderers are doomed. 

Caina waits 
The soul who spills man's life. 

Dante, Hell, v. (1300). 

CairTbarjSon of Borbar-Dutb.nl, "lord 
of Atha" (Connaught), the most potent 
of the race of the Fir-bolg. He rose in 
rebellion against Cormac "king of Ire- 
land," murdered him (Tcmora, i.), and 
usurped the throne ; but Fingal (who was 
distantly related to Cormac) went to Ire- 
land with an army, to restore the ancient 
dynasty. Cairbar invited Oscar (Fingal's 
grandson) to a feast, and Oscar accepted 
the invitation, but Cairbar having pro- 
voked a quarrel with his guest, the two 
fought, and both were slain. 

" Thy heart is a rock. Thy thoughts are dark and bloody. 
Thou art the brother of Cftthmor . . . but my soul is not 
like thine, thou feeble hand in fight The light of my 
bosom is stained by tby deeds." — O&sian, Temora, i. 

Cair'bre (2 syl.), sometimes called 
"Cair'bar," third king of Ireland, of the 
Caledonian line. (There was also a Cair- 
bar, "lord of Atha," a Fir-bolg, quite a 
different person.) 

The Caledonian line ran thus : (1) 
Conar, first "king of Ireland;" (2) Cor- 
mac I., his son; (3) Cairbre, his son; (4) 
Artho, his son ; (5) Cormac II., his son ; 
(6) Ferad-Artho, his cousin. — Ossian. 

Cai'us (2 syl.), the assumed name of 
the earl of Kent when he attended on 
king Lear, after Goneril and Re'gan re- 
fused to entertain their aged father with 
his suite. — Shakespeare, King Lear (1605). 

Cai'us (Dr.), a French physician, 
whose servants are Rugby and Mrs. 
Quickty. — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of 
Windsor (1601). 

The clipped English of Dr. Cains. — Macaulay. 

Cai'us College (Cambridge), origin- 
ally Gonville Hall. In 1557 it was 
erected into a college by Dr. John Key, of 



Norwich, and called after him Caius ot 
Key's College. 

Cakes (Land of). Scotland, famous 
for its oatmeal cakes. 

Calandri'no, a character in the De- 
cameron, whose " misfortunes have made 
all Europe merry for four centuries." 
— Boccaccio, Decameron, viii. 9 (1350). 

Calan'tha, princess of Sparta, loved 
by Ith'ocles. Ithocles induces his sister, 
Penthe'a, to break the matter to the prin- 
cess. This she does ; the princess is won 
to requite his love, and the king consents 
to the union. During a grand court cere- 
mony Calantha is informed of the sudden 
death of her father, another announces to 
her that Penthea had starved herself to 
death from hatred to Bass'anes, and a 
third follows to tell her that Ithocles, her 
betrothed husband, has been murdered. 
Calantha bates no jot of the ceremony, 
but continues the dance even to the bitter 
end. The coronation ensues, but scarcely 
is the ceremony over than she can sup- 
port the strain no longer, and, broken- 
hearted, she falls dead. — John Ford, Tlie 
Broken Heart (1633). 

Calan'the (3 syl.), the betrothed wife 
of Pyth'ias the Syracusian. — J. Banim, 
Damon and Pythias (1825). 

Cala'ya, the third paradise of the 
Hindus. 

Cal'culator (Tlie). Alfragan the 
Arabian astronomer was so called (died 
a.d. 820). Jedediah Buxton, of Elmeton, 
in Derbyshire, was also called "The Cal- 
culator" (1705-1775). George Bidder, 
Zerah Colburn, and a girl named Hey- 
wood (whose father was a Mile End 
weaver), all exhibited their calculating 
powers in public. 

Pascal, in 1642, made a calculating 
machine, which was improved by Leibnitz. 
C. Babbage also invented a calculating 
machine (1790-1871). 

Calcut'ta is Kali-cuttah ("temple of 
the goddess Kali "). 

Cal'deron (Don Pedro), a Spanish 
poet born at Madrid (1600-1681). At 
the age of 52 he became an ecclesiastic, 
and composed religious poetry only. Al- 
together he wrote about 1000 dramatic 
pieces. 

Her memory was a mine. She knew by heart 
All Cal'deron and greater part of Lope. 

Byron, Don Juan, i. 11 (1819). 

*** " Lope " that is Lope de Vega, the 
Spanish poet (1562-1635;. 



CALEB. 



150 



CALEPINE. 



Caleb, the enchantress who carried off 
St. George in infancy. 

Ca'leb, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, is meant for lord Grej r of 
Wark, in Northumberland, an adherent of 
the duke of Monmouth. 

And, therefore, in the name of dulness be 
The well-hung Balaam and cold Caleb free. 

Parti. 

*** "Balaam" is the earl of Hunting- 
don. 

Ca'led, commander-in-chief of the 
Arabs in the siege of Damascus, He is 
brave, fierce, and revengeful. War is his 
delight. When Pho'cyas, the Syrian, 
deserts Eu'menes, Caled asks him to 
point out the governor's tent ; he refuses ; 
they fight, and Caled falls. — John Hughes, 
Siege of Damascus (1720). 

Caledo'nia, Scotland. Also called 
Cal'edon. 

O Caledonia, stern and wild. 
Meet nurse for a poetic child ! 

Sir W. Scott. 
Not thus in ancient days of Caledon 
Was thy voice mute amid the festal crowd. 

Sir W. Scott. 

Caledo'nians, Gauls from France 
who colonized south Britain, whence they 
journeyed to Inverness and Ross. The 
word ie compounded of two Celtic words, 
Cael ("Gaul" or "Celt"), and don or 
dun ("a hill"), so that Cael-don means 
" Celts of the highlands." 

The Highlanders to this day call themselves " Cael," and 
their language " Cae/io" or "Gaelic," and their country 
" Caeldock," which the Romans softened into Caledonia. — 
Dissertation on the I'oems of Ossian. 

Calenders, a class of Mohammedans 
wbo abandoned father and mother, wife 
and children, relations and possessions, 
to wander through the world as religious 
devotees, living on the bounty of those 
whom they made their dupes. — D'Herbe- 
lot, Supplement, 204. 

He diverted himself with the multitude of calenders, 
santons, and dervises, who had travelled from the heart 
of India, and halted on their way with the emir. — W. 
Beckford, Vathuk (1786). 

The Three Calenders, three royal 
princes, disguised as begging dervishes, 
each of whom had lost his right eye. 
Their adventures form three tales in the 
Arabian Nights' Entertainments. 

Tale of the First Calender. No names 
are ^iven. This calender was the son of 
a king, and nephew of another king. 
While on a visit to his uncle his father 
died, and the vizier usurped the throne. 
When the prince returned, he was seized, 
and the usurper pulled out his right eye. 



The uncle died, and the usurping vizier 
made himself master of this kingdom also. 
So the hapless young prince assumed the 
garb of a calender, wandered to Bagdad, 
and being received into the house of " the 
three sisters," told his tale in the hearing 
of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid. — The 
Arabian Nights. 

Tale of the Second Calender. No names 
given. This calender, like the first, was 
the son of a king. On his way to India 
he was attacked by robbers, and though 
he contrived to escape, he lost all hi a 
effects. In his flight he came to a large 
city, where he encountered a tailor, 
who gave him food and lodging. In 
order to earn a living, he turned woodman 
for the nonce, and accidentally discovered 
an under-ground palace, in which lived a 
beautiful lady, confined there bj r an evil 
genius. With a view of liberating her, 
he kicked down the talisman, when the 
genius appeared, killed the lady, and 
turned the prince into an ape. As an ape he 
was taken on board ship, and transported 
to a large commercial city, where his pen- 
manship recommended him to the sultan, 
who made him his vizier. The sultan's 
daughter undertook to disenchant him 
and restore him to his proper form ; but 
to accomplish this she had to fight with 
the malignant genius-. She succeeded in 
killing the genius, and restoring the en- 
chanted prince ; but received such severe 
injuries in the struggle that she died, and 
a spark of fire Avhich flew into the right 
eye of the prince perished it. The sultan 
was so heart-broken at the death of his 
only child, that he insisted on the prince 
quitting the kingdom without delay. So 
he assumed the garb of a calender, and 
being received into the hospitable house 
of " the three sisters," told his tale in the 
hearing of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid. 
— The Arabian Nights. 

Tale of the Third Calender. This tale is 
given on p. 12, under the word Agib. 

" I am called Agib," he says, "and am the son of a king 
whose name was Cassib." — Arabian Xiyhts. 

Calepine (Sir), the knight attached 
to Sere'na (canto 3). Seeing a bear 
carrying off a child, he attacked it, and 
squeezed it to death, then committed the 
babe to the care of Matilde, wife of sir 
Bruin. As Matilde had no child of her 
own, she adopted it (canto 4). — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, vi. (159G). 

**'* Upton says, "the child" in this 
incident is meant for M'Mahon, of Ire- 
land, and that "Mac Mahon " means the 
"son of a bear." He furthermore says 



CALES. 



151 



CALISTA. 



that the M'Mahons were descended from 
the Fitz- Ursulas, a noble English family. 

Ca'les (2 syl.). So gipsies call them- 
selves. 

Beltran Cruzado, count of the Cales. 

Longfellow, The Spanish stint' »t. 

Calf-Skin. Fools and jesters used to 
■wear a calf-skin coat buttoned down the 
hack, and hence Faulconbridge says inso- 
lently to the arch-duke of Austria, who 
had acted very basely towards Kichard 
Li on -heart : 

Thou wear a lion's liide! doff it for shame, 
And hang a calf-skin on those recreant limbs. 

Shakespeare, King John, act iii. so. 1 (159G). 

Cal'ianax, a humorous old lord, 
father of Aspatia the troth-plight wile of 
Amin'tor. Jt is the death of Aspatia 
which gives name to the drama. — lieau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy 
(1610). 

Cal'iban, a savage, deformed slave 
of Frospero (the rightful duke of Milan 
and father of Miranda). Caliban is the 
"freckled whelp " of the witch Syc'orax. 
Mrs. Shelley's " Frankenstein " is a sort 
of Caliban. — Shakespeare, The Tempest 
(1G09). 

"Caliban" . . . is all earth ... he has tha dawnings 
of understanding without reason or the moral sense . . . 
this advance n> the intellectual faculties without the moral 
sense is marked by the appearance ol vice.— Coleridge. 

Cal'iburn, same as Excalibar, the 
famous sword of king Arthur. 

Onward Arthur paced, with hand 
On Caliburn's resistless brand. 
Sir W. Scott. Bridal of Triermatn (1813). 



Arthur . . . drew out his Calibum, and . . . rushed 
forward with great fury into the thickest of the enemy's 
ranks . . . nor did he give over the fury of his assault till 
lie had, with his C'alihurn, killed 470 men.— Geoffrey, 
British History, ix. 4 (1142). 

Cal'idore (Sir), the type of courtesy, 
and the hero of the sixth book of Spenser's 
Faery Queen. The model of this character 
was sir Fhilip Sydney. Sir Calidore 
(o syl.) starts in quest of the Blatant Beast, 
which had escaped from sir Artegal 
(bk. v. 12). He first compels the lady 
Bria'na to discontinue her discourteous 
toll of " the locks of ladies and the beards 
of knights" (canto 1). Sir Calidore falls in 
love with Pastorella, a shepherdess, dresses 
like a shepherd, and assists his lady-love 
in keeping sheep. Pastorella being taken 
captive by brigands, sir Calidore rescues 
her, and leaves her at Belgard Castle to 
be taken care of, while he goes in quest of 
the Blatant Beast. He finds the monster 
after a time, by the havoc it had made 
with religious houses, and after an obsti- 
nate fight succeeds in muzzling it. and 



dragging it in chains after him, but it got 
loose again, as it did before (canto 12). — 

Spender, FoSry Qtuot, vi. (1596). 

sir Gamin waathe "CuHdore'"of the Round Table.— 
Bouthey. 

* # * " Pastorella"is Frances Walsingham 
(daughter of sir Francis), whom Bir Philip 

Sydney married. Alter the death of sir 
Philip she married the earl of Essex. The 
"Blatant Beast" is what we now call 
"Mrs. Grundy." 

Calig'orant, an Egyptian giant and 
cannibal, who used to entrap travellers 
with an invisible net. It was the very 
same net that Yulean made to catch Mars 
and Venus with. Mercury stole it for 
the purpose of entrapping Ghloris, and left 
it in the temple of Anu'bis, whence it was 
stolen by Caligorant. One day Astolpho, 
by a blast of his magic horn, so frightened 
the giant that he got entangled in his own 
net, and being made captive was despoiled 
of it. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Cali'no, a famous French utterer cf 
bulls. 

Caliph means " vicar " or representa- 
tive of Mahomet. Sealiger says, "Calipha 
est vicarius " (Isagog, 8). The dignity of 
sultan is superior to that of caliph, 
although many sultans called themselves 
caliphs. That passage which in our 
version of the New Testament is ren- 
dered "Archelaus reigned in his 6tead " 
(i.e. in the place of Herod), is translated 
in the Syriac version Chealaph Herodes, 
that is, "Archelaus was Herod's caliph " 
or vicar. Similarly, the pope calls him- 
self "St. Peter's vicar." — Selden, Titles 
of Honour, v. 68-9 (1672). 

Calip'olis, in The Battle of Alcazar, 
a drama by George Peele (1582). Pistol 
says to Mistress Quickly : 

Then feed and be fat, my fair Calipolis. —Shakespeare, 
2 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4 (1598). 

Cal'is (The princess), sister of As'- 
torax king of Paphos, in love with Poly- 
dore, brother of general Memnon, but 
loved greatly by Siphax. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Mad Lover (1617). 

Calis'€a, the fierce and haughty 
daughter of Sciol'to (3 syl.), a proud 
Genoese nobleman. She yielded to the 
seduction of Lotha'rio, but engaged to 
marry Al'tamont, a young lord who loved 
her dearly. On the wedding day a letter 
was picked up which proved her guilt, 
and she was subsequently seen by Alta- 
mont conversing with Lothario. A duel 
ensued, in which Lothario fell ; in a street 



CALISTO AND ARCAS. 



152 



CALUMET OF PEACE. 



row Sciolto received his death-wound, 
and Calista stabbed herself. The charac- 
ter of " Calista " was one of the parts of 
Mrs. Siddons, and also of Miss Brunton. 
— N. Rowe, The Fair Penitent (1703). 

Richardson has given a purity and sanctity to the sor- 
rows of his " Clarissa" which leave " Calista " immeasurably 
behind.— R. Chambers, English Literature, i. 590. 

Twelve years after Norris's death, Mrs. Barry was acting 
the character of " Calista." In the last act, where "Calista" 
lays her hand upon a skull, she [Mrs. iiarry)was suddenly 
seized with a shuddering, and fainted. Next day she 
asked whence the skull had been obtained, and was told 
it was "the skull of Mr. Norris, an actor." This Norris 
wr.s her former husband, and so great was the shock that 
she died within six weeks.— Oxberry. 

Calis'to and Ar'cas. Calisto, an 
Arcadian nymph, was changed into a she- 
bear. Her son Areas, supposing the bear 
to be an ordinary beast, was about to shoot 
it, when Jupiter metamorphosed him into 
a he-bear. Both were taken to heaven by 
Jupiter, and became the constellations 
Ursa Minor and Ursa Major. 

Call'aghan O'BraH'aghan (Sir), 
"a wild Irish soldier in the Prussian 
army. His military humour makes one 
fancy he was not only born in a siege, but 
that Bellona had been his nurse, Mars his 
schoolmaster, and the Furies his play- 
fellows" (act i. 1). He is the successful 
suitor of Charlotte Goodchild. — C. Maek- 
lin, Love a-la-mode (1779). 

In the records of the stage, no actor ever approached 
Jack Johnstone in Irish characters: "sir Lucius O Trig- 
ger," "Callaghan O'Brallaghan," "major O'Flaherty," 
"Teague," "Tully" (the Irish gardener), and "Dennis 
Biulgruddery " were portrayed by him in most exquisite 
colours. — New Monthly Magazine (18i'9). 

*.„* " Lucius O'Trigger," in The Rivals 
(Sheridan) ; " major O'Flaherty," in The 
West Indian (Cumberland) ; " Teague," 
in The Committee (Howard); "Dennis 
Brulgruddery," in John Bull (Colman). 

Callet, a fille publique. Brantome 
says a calle or calotte is " a cap," hence the 
phrase, Plattes comme des calles. Ben 
jonson, in his Maynetick Lady, speaks of 
" wearing the callet, the politic hood." 

Des filles du peupleet de la campagne s'appellantci/fc«, 
a cause de la "cale"qui leur servait de coiffure. — Frail- 
pisquo Michel. 

En sa tete avoit un gros bonnet blanc, qui Ton appelle 
une calle, et nous unties appelons calotte, ou bonnette 
blanche de lagne, noueeou bridce pardessoubz le men ton. 
■ — BrantOine, Vies ties Haines Illitstres. 

A beggar in his drink 
Could not have laid such terms upon his callet. 

Shakespeare, Othello, act iv. sc. 2 (1611). 

Callim'achus (The Italian), Filippo 
Buonaccorsi (1437-149G). 

Callir'rhoe (4 syl.), the lady-love of 
Chae'reas, in a Greek romance entitled 
The Loves of Chaireas and Callirrhoe, by 
Char'iton (eighth century). 



Callis'thenes (4: syl.), a philosopher 
who accompanied Alexander the Great on 
his Oriental expedition. He refused to 
pay Alexander divine honours, for which 
he was accused of treason, and being 
mutilated, was chained in a cage for 
seven months like a wild beast. Lysi- 
machus put an end to his tortures by 
poison. 

Oh let me roll in Macedonian rays, 
Or, like Callistbenes, be caged for life, 
Rather than shine in fashions of the East. 

N. Lee. A lexander the Great, iv. 1 (1678). 

Cal'mar, son of Matha, lord of Lara 
(in Connaught). He is represented as 
presumptuous, rash, and overbearing, but 
gallant and generous. The very opposite 
of the temperate Connal, who advises 
caution and forethought. Calmar hurries 
Cuthullin into action, which ends in 
defeat. Connal comforts the general in 
his distress. — Ossian, Fingal, i. 

Cal'pe (2 syl), Gibraltar. The two 
pillars of Hercules are Calpe and Ab'yla. 

She her thundering navy leads 
To Calpe. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads. 

Cal'thon, brother of Col'mar, sons o\ 
Rathmor chief of Clutha (the Clyde). The 
father was murdered in his halls by Dan- 
thalmo lord of Teutha (the Tweed), and 
the two boys were brought up by the 
murderer in his own house, and accom- 
panied him in his wars. As they grew 
in years, Dunthalmo fancied he perceived 
in their looks a something which excited 
his suspicions, so he shut them up in two 
separate dark caves on the banks of the 
Tweed. Colmal, daughter of Dunthalmo, 
dressed as a young warrior, liberated 
Calthon, and fled with him to Morven, to 
crave aid in behalf of the captive Col- 
mar. Accordingly, Fingal sent his son 
Ossian with 300 men to effect his libera- 
tion. When Dunthalmo heard of the 
approach of this army, he put Colmar to 
death. Calthon, mourning for his brother, 
was captured, and bound to an oak ; but 
at daybreak Ossian slew Dunthalmo, cut 
the thongs of Calthon, gave him to Col- 
mal, and they lived happily in the halls 
of Teutha. — Ossian, Calthon and Cohna 1 -. 

Calumet of Peace. The bowl of 
this pipe is made of a soft red stone easily 
hollowed out, the stem of cane or some 
light wood, painted with divers colours, 
and decorated with the headfe, tails, and 
feathers of birds. When Indians enter 
into an alliance or solemn engagement, 
the> smoke the calumet together. When 
war is the subject, the whole pipe and 



CALYDON. 



153 



CAM HALLO. 



all its ornaments are deep red. — Major 
Rogers, Account of Nofih America. (See 
Red Pipe.) 

A-calumetiny, a-courting. In the day- 
time any act of gallantry would be 
deemed "indecorous by the American 
Indians; but after sunset, the young 
lover goes a-ealumeting. He, in fact, 
lights his pipe, and entering the cabin of 
his well-beloved, presents it to her. If 
the lady extinguishes it, she accepts his 
addresses; but if she suffers it to burn on, 
she rejects them, and the gentleman 
retires. — Ashe, Travels. 

Cal'ydon (Prince of), Melea'ger, famed 
for killing the Calydonian boar. — Apullml. 
i. 8. (See Mklkager.) 

As did the fatal brand Althaea burn'd. 
Unto the prince's heart of Calydon. 
Shakespeare, 2 Jlunry »'/. act i. so. 1 (1591). 

Cal'ydon, a town of /Eto'lia, founded 
by Calydon. In Arthurian romance 
Calydon is a forest in the north of our 
island. Probably it is what Richard of 
Cirencester calls the "Caledonian Wood," 
westward of the Yarar or Murray Frith. 

Calydo'nian Hunt. Artemis, to 
punish CEneus [E'.nutr] king of Cal'ydon, 
in vEto'lia, for neglect, sent a monster 
boar to ravage his vineyards. His son 
Melea'ger collected together a large 
company to hunt it. The boar being 
killed, a dispute arose respecting the 
head, and this led to a war between the 
Curetes and Calydo'nians. 

A similar tale Is told of Theseus (2 syl.), 
who vanquished and killed the gigantic 
sow which ravaged the territory of 
Krommyon, near Corinth. (See Kkom- 
myonian Sow.) 

Calyp'so, in Te'le'maqite, a prose-epic 
by Fe'nelon, is meant for Mde. de Mon- 
tespan. In mythology she was queen of 
the island Ogyg'ia, on which Ulysses 
was wrecked, and where he was detained 
for seven years. 

Calypso's Isle, Ogygia, a mythical 
island " in the navel of the sea." Some 
consider it to be Gozo, near Malta. 
Ogygia (not the island) is Bceo'tia, in 
Greece. 

Cama'cho, "richest of men," makes 
grand preparations for his wedding with 
Quite'ria, " fairest of women," but as the 
bridal party are on their way, Basil'ius 
cheats him of his bride, by pretending 
to kill himself. As it is supposed that 
Basilius is dying, Quiteria is married to 
him as a mere matter of form, to soothe 



his last moments ; but when the service is 
over, up jumps Basilius, and shows that 
his "mortal wounds" are a mere 
pretence. — Cervantes, an episode in Don 
Quixote, II. ii. 4 (1615). 

Camalodu'num, Colchester. 

Girt by hall the tribes of Britain, near the colony Cainu- 
lodine. 

Tennyson, Iioad'wa. 

Caman'ches (3 syl.) or Coman'- 
CHKS, an Indian tribe of the Texas 
(United States). 

It is a caravan, whitening the desert where dwell the 
Cainanches. 

Longfellow, To the Driving Cloud. 

Camaral'zaman, prince of " the 
Island of the Children of Khal'edan, 
situate in the open sea, sonic twenty days' 
sail from the coast of Persia." He was 
the only child of Schah'zaman and 
Fatima, king and queen of the island. 
He was very averse to marriage ; but one 
night, by fairy influence, being shown 
Kadou'ra, only child of the king of 
China, he fell in love with her and 
exchanged rings. Next day both in- 
quired what had become of the other, and 
the question was deemed so ridiculous 
that each was thought to be mad. At 
length Marzavan (foster-brother of the 
princess) solved the mystery. He 
induced the prince Camaralzaman to go 
to China, where he was recognized by the 
princess and married her. (The name 
means "the moon of the period. ")—Artibum 
Nights ("Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 

Cam'ballo, the second son of Cam- 
buscan' king of Tartary, brother of 
Al'garsife (3 syl.) and Can'ace (3 syl.). 
He fought with two knights who asked 
the lady Canace to wife, the terms being 
that none should have her till he hail 
succeeded in worsting Camballo in 
combat. Chaucer does not give us the 
sequel of this tale, but Spenser says that 
three brothers, named Priamond, Dia- 
mond, and Triamond were suitors, and 
that Triamond won her. The mother of 
these three (all born at one birth) was 
Ag'ape, who dwelt in Fae'rv-land (bk. 
iv. 2). 

Spenser makes Cambi'na (daughter of 
Agape) the lady-love of Camballo. 
Camballo is also called Camballus and 
Cambel . 

Camballo' s Ring, given him by his 
sister Canace, " had power to stanch all 
wounds that mortally did bleed." 

Well mote ye wonder how that noble knight, 

After he had so often wounded been, 
Could stand on foot now to renew the fight . . . 



CAMBALU. 



154 



CAMBUSCAN. 



All wsj thro' virtue of the ring he wore ; 

The which not only did not from him let 
One drop of blood to fall, but did restore 

His weakened powers, and his dulled spirits whet. 
Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 2 (1596). 

Cam'balu, the royal residence of the 
cham of Cathay (a province of Tartary). 
Milton speaks of " Cambalu, seat of 
Cathavan Can." — Paradise Lost, xi. 388 
(1665). 

Cam'baluc, spoken of by Marco Polo, 
is Pekin. 

Cambel, called by Chaucer Cam'- 
ballo, brother of Can'ace (3 syl.). He 
challenged every suitor to his sister's 
hand, and overthrew them all except 
Tri'amond. The match between Cambel 
and Triamond was so evenly balanced, 
that both would have been killed bad not 
Cambi'na interfered. (See next art.) — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 3 (1596). 

Cambi'na, daughter of the fairy 
Ag'ape (3 syl.). She had been trained 
in magic by her mother, and when 
Cam'ballo, son of Cambuscan', had slain 
two of her brothers and was engaged in 
deadly combat with the third (named 
Tri'amond), she appeared in the lists in 
her chariot drawn by two lions, and 
brought with her a cup of nepenthe, 
which had the power of converting hate 
to love, of producing oblivion of sorrow, 
and of inspiring the mind with celestial joy. 
Cambina touched the combatants with 
her wand and paralyzed them, then giving 
them the cup to drink, dissolved their 
animosity, assuaged their pains, and 
filled them with gladness. The end was 
that Camballo made Cambina his wife, 
and Triamond married Can'ace. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, iv. 3 (1596). 

Cam'bria, Wales. According to 
legend, it is so called from Camber, the son 
of Brute. This legendary king divided 
his dominions at death between his three 
sons : Locrin had the southern part, hence 
called Loegria (England) ; Camber the 
west ( Wales) ; and Albanact the north, 
called Albania (Scotland). 

From Cambria's curse, from Cambria's tears. 

Gray, The Bard (1757). 

Cam'brian, Welsh, pertaining to 
Cambria or Wales. 

Cambridge University, said to 
have been founded by Sebert or Segbert 
king of Essex, the reputed founder of 
St. Peter's, Westminster (601). 
Wi ie Segbert, worthy praise, preparing us the seat 
Of famous Cambridge first, then with endowments great, 
The Muses to maintain, those sisters tliitliti brounlit. 
Drayton, I'ohioibiun, xi. iitiia). 



Cambridge Boat Crew, light 
blue, the Oxford being dark blue. 
Caius, light blue and black ; Catherine's, 
blue and white; Christ's, common blue; 
Clare, black and golden yellow ; Corpus, 
cherry and white ; Downing, chocolate ; Em- 
manuel, cherry and dark blue; Jesus, red 
and black ; John's, bright red and white ; 
King's, violet ; Magdelen, indigo and laven- 
der ; Pembroke, claret and French grey ; 
Peterhouse, dark blue and white; Queen's, 
green and white ; Sydney, red and blue ; 
Trinity, dark blue ; Trinity Hall, black 
and white. 

Cambridge on the Charles, 
contains Harvard University, founded 
1636 at Cambridge on the river Charles 
(Massachusetts), and endowed in 1639 
by the Rev. John Harvard. 

A theologian from the school 

Of Cambridge on the Charles, was there. 

Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude). 

Cambuscan', king of Sarra, in the 
land of Tartary ; the model of all royal 
virtues. His wife was El 'f eta; his two sons 
Al'garsife (3 syl.) and Cam'ballo ; and his 
daughter Can'ace (3 syl.). Chaucer accents 
the last syllable, but Milton erroneously 
throws the accent on the middle syllable. 
Thus Chaucer says : 

And so befell that when this Cambuscan' . . • 

And again : 

This Cambtucan', of which I have you told . . 

Sfjuire's Tale. 

But Milton, in B Penseroso, says: 

Him who left half-told 

The story of Cambus'can bold. 

The accent might be preserved by a 
slight change, thus : 

Him who left of old 

The tale of Cambuscan' half-told. 

Cambuscan had three presents sent him 
by the king of Araby and Ind : (1) 
a horse of brass, which would within a 
single day transport its rider to the most 
distant region of the world ; (2) a tren- 
chant sword, which would cut through the 
stoutest armour, and heal a sword-wound 
by simply striking it with the flat of the 
blade ; (3) a mirror, which would reveal 
conspiracies, tell who were faithful and 
loyal, and in whom trust might be 
confided. He also sent Cambuscan's 
daughter Canace a ring that she might 
know the virtues of all plants, and by 
aid of which she would he able to under- 
stand the language of birds, and even to 
converse with them .—Chaucer, Canterbury 
Tales ("The Squire's Tale," L388). 



CAMBYSES. 



155 



CAM LAN. 



Camby'ses (3 syi.), a pompous, 
ranting character in Preston's tragedy of 
that name. 

I must speak in passion, and I will do it in king Cam- 
byses' vein.— Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV. act ii. SC. 4 (1097). 

Camby'3es and Smerdis. Gam- 

b\s{-s king of Persia killed his brother 
Smerdis from the wild suspicion of a 
mad man, and it is only charity to think 
that he was really rum compos mentis. 

Behold Cambisms and his fatal daye . . . 
While he nis liruther afergtU cast to slave, 
A dreadful thing, his wittes were him bereft. 

T. Sackville, A Mirrmtr for MniUtraytc* 
("The Complayut," 1387). 

Camdeo, the god of love in Hindu 

mythology. 

Camel. The pelican is called the 
"river camel," in French chaineau d'eau, 
and in Arabic jimimel el bahar. 

We saw abundance of camels [i.«. pelicans], but they 
did not come near enough for us to shoot them.— Harden, 
Voyage. 

Cameliard (3 sy/.), the realm of 
Leod'ogran or Leod'ogrance, father of 
Guin'evere (3 syl.) wife of king Arthur. 

Leodngr&n, the king of Cameliard 

H;ul one fair daughter and none other child . . . 

Guinevere, and in her his one delight. 

Tennyson, Coming of Arthur. 

Cam'elot (3 syl.). There are two 
places so called. The place referred to in 
King Lear is in Cornwall, but that of 
Arthurian renown was in Winchester. In 
regard to the first Kent says to Cornwall, 
"Goose, if I had you upon Saruni Plain 
I'd drive ye cackling home to Camelot," 
i.e. to Tintag'il orCamelford, the "home" 
of the duke of Cornwall. But the Came- 
lot of Arthur was in Winchester, where 
visitors are still shown certain large en- 
trenchments once pertaining to " king 
Arthur's palace." 

Sir Balin's sword wns put into marble stone, standing it 
upright as a great millstone, and it swam down the stream 
to the city of Camelot. that is, in English, Winchester.— 
Sir T. Malory'. History of Prince Arthur, I 44 (1470). 

*%* In some places, even in Arthurian 
romance, Camelot seems the city on the 
Camel, in Cornwall. Thus, when sir 
Tristram left Tintagil to go to Ireland, a 
tempest "drove him back to Camelot" 
(pt. ii. 19). 

Camilla, the virgin queen of the 
Yolscians, famous for her fleetness of 
foot. She aided Turnus against xEneas. 

Sot so when swift Camilla scours the plain. 
Flies o'er th' '.uibending corn, or skims along the main. 

Pope. 

Camilla, wife of Anselmo of Florence. 
Anselmo, in order to rejoice in her incor- 
ruptible fidelity, induced his friend Lo- 



thario to try to corrupt her. This he did, 
and Camilla was not trial-proof, but fell. 
Anselmo for a time was kept in the dark, 
but at the end Camilla eloped with Lo- 
thario. Anselmo died of grief, Lothario 
was alain in battle, and Camilla died in a 
convent. — Cervantes, Don Quixote t I. iv. 
5, 6 (" Fatal Curiosity," 1605). 

Camille' (2 s///.), in Corneille's tragedy 
of Let Horaces (1639). When her brother 
meets her and bids her congratulate him 
for his victory over the three curiatii, she 
gives utterance to her grief for the death of 
her lover. Horace says. " What ! can you 
prefer a man to the interests of Rome ? " 
Whereupon Camille denounces Rome, and 
concludes with these words: "Oh that 
it were my lot ! " When Mdlle. Rachel 
first appeared in the character of " Ca- 
mille," she took Paris by storm (1838). 

V>ir le dernier Koniain a son dernier soupir. 
M.'i seule en ttre cause, et mourir de plaisir. 

*** Whitehead has dramatized the sub- 
ject and called it The Hainan Father 

(1741). 

Camillo, a lord in the Sicilian court, 
and a very good man. Being commanded 
by king Leontes to poison Polixenes, 
instead of doing so he gave him warning, 
and fled with him to Bohemia. When 
Polixenes ordered his son Florizel to 
abandon Perdita, Camillo persuaded the 
young lovers to seek refuge in Sicily, 
and induced Leontes, the king thereof, 
to protect them. As soon as PolixerK-s 
discovered that Perdita was Leontes' 
daughter, he readily consented to the union 
which before he had forbidden. — Shake- 
speare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 

Cami'ola, "the maid of honour," a 
lady of great wealth, noble spirit, and 
great beauty. She loved Bertoldo 
(brother of Roberto king ol the two Sici- 
lies), and when Bertoldo was taken 
prisoner at Sienna, paid his ransom. 
Bertoldo before his release was taken 
before Aurelia, the duchess of Sienna. 
Aurelia fell in love with him, and pro- 
posed marriage, an offer which Bertoldo 
accepted. The betrothed then went to 
Palermo to be introduced to the king, 
when Camiola exposed the conduct of the 
base young prince. Roberto was dis- 
gusted at his brother. Aurelia rejected 
him with scorn, and Camiola retired to 
a nunnery. — Massinger, The Maid of 
Honour (1637). 

Camlan (in Cornwall), now the river 
Alan or Camel, a contraction of Cam-alan 



CAMLOTTE. 



156 



CANDAYA. 



("the crooked river"), so called from its 
continuous windings. Here Arthur re- 
ceived his death-wound from the hand of 
his nephew Mordred or Modred, a.d. 542. 

Camel . . . 

Frantic ever since her British Arthur's blood, 

By Mordred's murtherous hand, was mingled with her 

flood. 
For as that river best might boast that conqueror's breath 

[birthl 
So sadly she bemoans his too untimely death. 

M. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612). 

Cam'lotte (2 syl.), shoddy, fustian, 
rubbish, as Cest de la camlotte ce qui vous 
dites-la. 

Cam'omile (3 syl.), says Falstaff, 
"the more it is trodden on the faster it 
grows." — Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV. actii. 
sc.4 (1597). 

Though the camomile, themoreit is trodden and pressed 
downe, the more it spreadeth ; yet the violet, the oftener 
it is handled and touched, the sooner it withereth and 
decayeth. — Lilly, Euphues. 

Campa'nia, the plain country about 
Cap'ua, the terra di Lavo'ro of Italy. 

Caxnpas'pe (3 syl.), mistress of Alex- 
ander. He gave her up to Apelles, who 
had fallen in love with her while painting 
her likeness. — Pliny, Mist. xxxv. 10. 

John Lyly produced, in 1583, a drama 
entitled Cupid and Campaspe, in which is 
the well-known lyric : 

Cupid and my Campaspe' played 
At cards for kisses ; Cupid paid. 

Campbell (Captain), called "Green 
Cftlin Campbell," or Bar'caldine (3 syl.). 
— Sir W. Scott, The Highland Widow 
(time, George II.). 

Campbell (General), called "Black 
Colin Campbell," in the king's service. 
He suffers the papist conspirators to 
depart unpunished. — Sir W. Scott, Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Campbell (Sir Duncan), knight of Ar- 
denvohr, in the marquis of Argyll's 
army. He was sent as ambassador to 
the earl of Montrose. 

Lady Mary Campbell, sir Duncan's 
wife. 

Sir Duncan Campbell of Auchenbreck, 
an officer in the army of the marquis of 
Argyll. 

Murdoch Campbell, a name assumed by 
the marquis of Argyll. Disguised as a 
servant, he visited Dalgetty and M'Eagh 
in the dungeon, but the prisoners over- 
mastered him, hound him fast, locked 
him in the dungeon, and escaped. — Sir 
W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I.). 



Campbell (The lady Mary), daughter of 
the duke of Argyll. 

The lady Caroline Campbell, sister of 
lady Mary.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

Campeador [LTam.pay' '.dor] , the Cid, 
who was called Mio Cid el Campeador 
("my lord the champion "). " Cid " is a 
corruption of said (" lord "). 

Campo-Basso (The count of), an 
officer in the duke of Burgundy's army, 
introduced by sir W. Scott in two 
novels, Quentin Durward and Anne of 
Geierstein, both laid in the time of 
Edward IV. 

Can'a, a kind of grass plentiful in the 
heathy morasses of the north. 

If on the heath she moved, her breast was whiter than 
the down of cana; if on the sea-beat shore, than the foam 
of the rolling ocean.— Ossian, Catli-Loda, ii. 

Can'ace (3 syl.), daughter of Cam- 
buscan', and the paragon of women. 
Chaucer left the tale half-told, but 
Spenser makes a crowd of suitors woo 
her. Her brother Cambel or Cam'ballo 
resolved that none should win his sister 
who did not first overthrow him in fight. 
At length Tri'amond sought her hand, and 
was so nearly matched in fight with Can: - 
ballo, that both would have been killed, 
if Cambi'na, daughter of the fairy Ag'ape 
(3 syl.), had not interfered. Cambina 
gave the wounded combatants nepenthe, 
which had the power of converting enmity 
to love ; so the combatants ceased from 
fight, Camballo took the fair Cambina to 
wife, and Triamond married Canace. — ■ 
Chaucer. Squire's Tale; Spenser, Faiin/ 
Queen, i'v. 3 (1596). 

Canace' s Mirror, a mirror which told 
the inspectors if the persons on whom 
they set their affections would prove true 
or false. 

Canace' s Ring. The king of Araby and 
Ind sent Canace, daughter of Cambus- 
can' (king of Sarra, in Tartary), a ring 
which enabled her to understand the 
language of birds, and to know the 
medical virtues of all herbs.— Chaucer, 
Canterbury Tales ("The Squire's Tale," 
1388). 

Candau'les (3 syl.), king of Lydia, 
who exposed the charms of his wife to 
Gy'ges. The queen Avas so indignant 
that she employed Gyges lo murder her 
husband. She then married the assassin, 
who became king of Lydia, ami reigned 
twenty-eight years (b.C. 716-688). 

Canday'a ('The kingdom of), situate 



CANDID FRIEND. 



157 



CANTON. 



between the great Trapoba'na and the 
South Sea, a couple of leagues beyond 
cape Com'orin. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
II. iii. 4 (1615). 

Candid Friend. 'Save rne, oh, 
save me, from a candid friend ! " (See 
Hater.) 

Give me th' avowed, the erect, the open foe, — 
Him I can meet, perhaps may turn his hlow; 
But of all friends that Heaven in wrath can send, 
Save me, oh, save me, from a candid friend ! 

Canning. 

Candide' (2 syl.), the hero of Vol- 
taire's novel of the same name. All 
conceivable misfortunes are piled on his 
head, but he bears them with cynical 
indifference. 

Voltaire says " No." He tells you that Candide 
Found life most tolerable after meals. 

Byron, Don Juan, v. 31 (1820). 

Candour (Mrs.), the beau-ideal of 
female backbiters. — Sheridan, The School 
for Scandal (1777). 

The name of "Mrs. Candour" has become one of those 
formidable by-words which have more power in putting 
folly and ill-nature out of countenance than whole volumes 
of the wisest remonstrance and reasoning.— T. Moore. 

Since the days of Miss Pope, it may be questioned 
whether " Mrs. Candour " has ever found a more admirable 
representative than Mis. Stirling.— Dramatic Mvmoirt. 

Can'idia, a Neapolitan, beloved by 
the poet Horace. When she deserted 
him, he held her up to contempt as an old 
sorceress who could by a rhomb unsphere 
the moon. — Horace, Epodes v. and xvii. 

Such a charm were right 
Canidian. 
Mrs. Browning, Hector in the Garden, iv. 

Canker of the Brain, mental de- 
lusion. We often say " a person is full of 
maggots," meaning whims and fancies. 
'See Maggots.) 

If any vision should reveal 

Thy likeness, 1 might count it vain, 

As but the canker of the brain. 

Tennyson, In Mcmoriam, xcii. 

Canmore or G keat-Head. Malcolm 
HI. of Scotland (*, 1057-1090).— Sir W. 
Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, i. 4. 

Canning (George), statesman (1770- 
1827). Charles Lamb calls hi in : 

St. Stephen's fool, the zany of debate. 

Sonnet in " Die Champion." 

Cano'pos, Menelaos's pilot, killed 
in the return voyage from Troy by the 
bite of a serpent. The town Canopos 
(Latin, Canopus) was built on the site 
where the pilot was buried. 

Can 'tab, a member of the University 
of Cambridge. The word is a contraction 
of the La. in Can.abrig'ia. 



Canta'brian Surge (The), Bay of 
Biscay. 

She her thundering navy leads 

To Calpe | Uihraltdr) . . . or the rough 

Cautabrian surge. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiad*. 

Cantab'ric Ocean, the sea which 
washes the south of Ireland. — Richard of 
Cirencester, Ancient State of Britain, i. 8. 

Can'tacuzene' (4 syl.), a noble 
Greek family, which has furnished two 
emperors of Constantinople, and several 
princes of Moldavia and Wallachia. The 
family still survives. 

We mean to show that the Cantacuzen«s are not the 
only princely family in the world. — Disraeli, Lothaire. 

There are other members of the Cantacuzeue family 
besides myself. — Ditto. 

Can'tacuzene' (Michael), the grand 
sewer of Alexius Comne'nus, emperor of 
Greece. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Canterbury, according to mythical 
story, was built by Rudhudibras. 

By Rudhudibras Kent's famous town . . . arose. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. v 1612.) 

Canterbury Tales. Eighteen tales 
told by a company of pilgrims going to 
visit the shrine of "St. Thomas a Beckef* 
at Canterbury. The party first assembled 
at the Tabard, an inn in South wark, and 
there agreed to tell one tale each both 
going and returning, and the person who 
told the best tale was to be treated by the 
rest to a supper at the Tabard on the 
homeward journey. The party consisted 
of twenty-nine pilgrims, so that the 
whole budget of tales should have been 
fifty-eight, but only eighteen of the 
number were told, not one being on the 
homeward route. The chief of these tales 
are : " The Knight's Tale " (Pal'amon ard 
Ar'cite, 2 syl.) ; "The Man of Law's 
Tale" (distance, 2 syl.) ; "The Wife of 
Bath's Tale" (Mi'das) ; " The Clerk's Tale" 
(Grisi/dis) ; "The Squire's Tale" (Cam- 
buscan', incomplete); "The Franklin's 
Tale" (Dor'igen and Arvir'agus) ; "The 
Prioress's Tale " (Hugh of Lincoln) ; " The 
Priest's Tale " (Chanticleer and Partelite) ; 
"The Second Nun's Tale" (St. Cecil' ia) ; 
"The Doctor's Tale " (Virginia); "The 
Miller's Tale " ( John the Carpenter and 
Alison); and "The Merchant's Tale" 
(January and May), (1388). 

Canton, the Swiss valet of lord 
Ogleby. He has to skim the morning 
papers and serve out the cream of them 
to his lordship at breakfast, ' ' with good 
emphasis and good discretion." He 
laughs at all his master's jokes, flatters 



CANTRIPS. 



158 



CAPTAIN. 



him to the top of his bent, and speaks 
of him as a mere chicken compared to 
himself, though his lordship is 70 and 
Canton about 50. Lord Ogleby calls 
him his " cephalic snuff, and no bad 
medicine against megrims, vertigoes, and 
profound thinkings." — Colman and Gar- 
rick, The Clandestine Marriage (17G6). 

Can'trips {Mrs.), a quondam friend 
of Nanty Ewart, the smuggler-captain. 

Jessie Cantrips, her daughter. — Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlei (time, George III.). 

Cant'well (Dr.), the hypocrite, the 
English representative of Moliere's "Tar- 
tuffe." He makes religious cant the 
instrument of gain, luxurious living, and 
sensual indulgence. His overreaching 
and dishonourable conduct towards lady 
Lambert and her daughter gets thoroughly 
exposed, and at last he is arrested as a 
swindler. — I. Bickerstaff", The Hypocrite 
(1768). 

Dr. Cantwell . . . the meek and saintly hypocrite. 
L. Hunt. 

Canute' or Cnut and Edmund 
Ironside. William of Malmesbury 
says : When Cnut and Edmund were 
ready for their sixth battle in Gloucester- 
shire, it was arranged between them to 
decide their respective claims by single 
combat. Cnut was a small man, and 
Edmund both tall and strong ; so Cnut 
said to his adversary, "We both lay 
claim to the kingdom in right of our 
fathers; let us, therefore, divide it and 
make peace ; " and they did so. 

Canutus of the two that furthest was from hope . . . 
Cries, " Noble Edmund, hold 1 Let us the land divide." 
. . . and all aloud do cry, 

"Courageous kings, divide! 'Twere pity such should die." 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 

Canute's Bird, the knot, a corruption of 
" K nut," the Cinclus bellonii, of which king 
Canute was extremely fond. 

The knot, that called was Canutus' bird of old, 
V.( that great king of Danes, his name that still doth hold. 
His appetite to piea.se . . . from Denmark hither brought. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. (1622). 

Cau'ynge (Sir William), is re- 
presented in the Rowley Romance as a 
rich, God-fearing merchant, devoting 
much money to the Church, and much 
to literature. He was, in fact, a 
Msece'nas, of princely hospitality, living 
in the Red House. The priest Rowley 
was his " Horace.'' — Chatterton (1752- 
1770). 

Ca'ora, inhabited by men "whose 
heads do grow beneath their shoulders. " 
(See Blemmyks.) 

On that branch which is called CaOrft are [Ho] It nation 
of people whose heades nppearo not above their shoulders, 



They are reported to have their eyes in their shoulders, 
and their moutb.es in the middle of their breasts.— 
Hackluyt, Voyage (1598). 

(Raleigh, in his Description of Guiana 
(1596), also gives an account of men 
whose "heads do grow beneath their 
shoulders.") 

Capability Brown, Launcelot 
Brown, the English landscape gardener 
(1715-1783). 

Cap'aneus (3 syl.), a man of gigantic 
stature, enormous strength, and headlong 
valour. He was impious to the gods, but 
faithful to his friends. Capaneus was 
one of the seven heroes who marched 
against Thebes (1 syl.), and was struck 
dead by a thunderbolt for declaring that 
not Jupiter himself should prevent his 
scaling the city walls. 

*** The "Mezentius" of Virgil and 
"Argante " of Tasso are similar characters ; 
but the Greek Capaneus exceeds Mezen- 
tius in physical daring and Argante in 
impiety. 

Cape of Storms, now called the 
Cape of Good Hope. It was Bartholomew 
Diaz who called it Cabo Tormentoso (148G). 
and king Juan II. who changed the 
name. 

Capitan, a boastful, swaggering 
coward, in several v French farces and 
comedies prior to the time of Moliere. 

Caponsae'elii (Guiseppe), the young 
priest under whose protection Pompilia 
tied from her husband to Rome. The 
husband and his friends said the elope- 
ment was criminal ; but Pompilia, Capon- 
sacchi, and their friends maintained that 
the young canon simply acted the part of 
a chivalrous protector of a j'oung woman 
who was married at 15, and who fled from 
a brutal husband who ill-treated her. — 
R. Browning, The Ring and the Book. 

Capstern (Captain), captain of an 
East Indiaman, at Madras. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter (time, 
George 11.). 

Captain, Manuel Comne'nua of 
Treb'izond (1120, 1113-1180;. 

Captain of Rent. So Jack Cade called 
himself (died 1450). 

The Great Captain (el Gran Capitano), 
Gcnzalvodi Cordova (1453-1515). 

The People's Captain (el Capitano del 
Popolo), Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807- ). 

Captain (A Copper), a poor captain, 
whose swans are all geese, his jewellery 
paste, his guineas counters, his achieve- 



CAPTAIN. 



159 



CARACTACUS. 



merits tongue-doughtiness, and his whole 
man Brummagem. 

To this copper captain was confided the command of the 
troops. — W. Irving. 

Let all the world view here the captain's treasure . . . 
Here's a goodly jewel . . . 

See how it sparkles, like an old lady's eyes, . . . 
And litre's a chain of whitings' eyes for pe:irLs . . . 
Your clothes are parallels to these, all counterfeits. 
Put thess and then' on, you're a man of copper ; 
A kind of candlestick ; a copper, copper captain. 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Kule a Wife and 
Save a Wife (1640). 

Captain (A led), a poor obsequious 
captain, who is led about as a cavalier 
servante by those who find him hospitality 
and pay nunky for him. He is not the 
leader of others, as a captain ought to be, 
but is by others led. 

When you quarrel with the family of Blandish, you only 
leave refined cookery to be fed upon scraps by a poor 
cousin or a led captain. — Burgoyne, The Heiress, v. 3 (1781). 

Captain (The Black), lieutenant-colonel 
Dennis Davidoff, of the Russian army. 
In the French invasion he was called by 
the French Le Capitaine Noir. 

Captain Loys [Lo.is]. Louise Labe 
was so called, because in early life she 
embraced the profession of arms, and 
gave repeated proofs of great valour. 
She was also called La Belle Cordiere. 
Louise Labe' was a poetess, and has left 
several sonnets full of passion, and 
some good elegies (1526-1566). 

Captain Right, a fictitious com- 
mander, the ideal of the rights due to 
Ireland. In the last century the peasants 
of Ireland were sworn to captain Right, 
as chartists were sworn to their articles 
of demand called their charter. Shake- 
speare would have furnished them with 
a good motto, " Use every man after his 
desert, and who shall 'scape whipping ? " 
(Hamlet, act ii. sc. 2). 

Captain Rock, a fictitious name 
assumed by the leader of certain Irish 
insurgents in 1822, etc. All notices, 
summonses, and so on, were signed by 
this name. 

Captain is a Bold Man (The), a 
popular phrase at one time. Peachum 
applies the expression to captain Mac- 
heath. — Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727). 

Capu'cinade (4 syl.). " A capu- 
cinade " is twaddling composition, or 
wishy-washy literature. The term is 
derived from the sermons of the Capu- 
chins, which were notoriously incorrect 
in doctrine and debased in style. 

It was a vague discourse, the rhetoric of an old pro- 
fessor, a mere eapuckiade. — Lesage, Gil Bias, vii 4 
(1715). 



Cap'ulet, head of a noble house of 
Verona, in feudal enmity with the house 
of Mon'tague (3 syl.). Lord Capulet is 
a jovial, testy old man, self-willed, pre- 
judiced, and tyrannical. 

Lady Capulet, wife of lord Capulet 
and mother of Juliet. — Shakespeare, 
Romeo and Juliet (1598). 

Then lady Capulet comes sweeping by with her train 
of velvet, her black hood, her fan, and her rosary', the 
very beau-ideal of a proud Italian matron of the fifteenth 
century, whose offer to poison Romeo in revenge for the 
death of Tybalt Stamps her with one very characteristic 
trait of the age and country. Yet she loves her daughter, 
and there is a touch of remorseful tenderness in her 
lamentation over her. — Mrs. Jameson. 

(Lord Capulet was about 60. He had 
"left off masking" for above thirty 
years (act i. sc. 5), and lady Capulet was 
only 28, as she tells the nurse ; but 
her daughter Juliet was a marriageable 
woman.) 

The Tomb of all the Capulets. Burke, 
in a letter to Matthew Smith, says: "I 
would rather sleep in the corner of a 
little country church-yard than in the 
tomb of all the Capulets." It does not 
occur in Shakespeare. 

Capys, a blind old seer, who pro- 
phesied to Romulus the military triumphs 
of Rome from its foundation to the de- 
struction of Carthage. 

In the hall-gate sat Capys, 
Capys the sightless seer ; 
From head to foot he trembled 

As Bomulus drew near. 
And up stood stiff his thin white hair. 
And his blind eyes flashed fire, 
lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Jicrme ("The Prophecy 
of Capys," xi.). 

Car'abas (Le marquis de), an hypo- 
thetical title to express a fossilized old 
aristocrat, who supposed the whole world 
made for his behoof. The " king owes 
his throne to him;" he can "trace his 
pedigree to Pepin ; " his youngest son is 
" sure of a mitre ; " he is too noble " to 
pay taxes ; " the very priests share their 
tithes with him ; the country was made 
for his "hunting-ground;" and, there- 
fore, as Beranger says : 

Chapeau bas ! chapeau bas ! 
Gioire au marquis de Carabas ! 

The name occurs in Perrault's tale of 
Puss in Boots, but it is Berangers song 
(1816) which has given the word it's 
present meaning. 

Carae'ci of France, Jean Jouve- 
net, who was paralyzed on the right side, 
and painted with "his left hand (1647- 
VQ7). 

Carac'tacus or Caradoe, king oi 
tLe Sil'ures (Monmouthshire, etc.). For 



CARACUL. 



160 



CARDS OF COMPLIMENT. 



nine years he withstood the Roman arms, 
but being defeated by Osto'rius Scap'ula, 
the Roman general, he escaped to Bri- 
gantia (Yorkshire, etc.) to crave the aid 
of Carthisman'dua (or Cartimandua), a 
Roman matron married to Venu'tius, 
chief of those parts. Carthismandua 
betrayed him to the Romans, a.d. 47. — 
Richard of Cirencester, Ancient State of 
Britain, i. 6, 23. 

Caradoc was led captive to Rome, a.d. 
51, and, struck with the grandeur of that 
city, exclaimed, "Is it possible that a 
people so wealthy and luxurious can 
envy me a humble cottage in Britain ? " 
Claudius the emperor was so charmed 
with his manly spirit and bearing that 
he released him and craved his friend- 
ship. 

Drayton says that Caradoc went to 
Rome with body naked, hair to the waist, 
girt with a chain of steel, and his 
" manly breast enchased with sundry 
shapes of beasts. Both his wife and 
children were captives, and walked with 
him." — Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Caracul (i.e. Caracalla), son and 
successor of Severus the Roman em- 
peror. In a.d. 210 he made an expedition 
against the Caledo'nians, but was de- 
feated by Fingal. Aurelius Antoninus 
was called "Caracalla" because he 
adopted the Gaulish caracalla in pre- 
ference to the Roman toga. — Ossian, 
Comala. 

The Caracul of Fingal is no other than Caracalla, who 
(as the son of Severus) the emperor of Rome . . . was 
not without reason called "The Son of the King of the 
World." This was A.D. 210.— Dissertation on the Era of 
Ossian. 

_ Caraculiam'bo, the hypothetical 
giant of the island of Malindra'ma, 
•\vhom don Quixote imagines he may one 
day conquer and make to kneel at the 
foot of his imaginary lady-love. — Cer- 
vantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 1 (1605). 

Car'adoc or Cradock, a knight 
of the Round Table. He was husband 
of the only lady in the queen's train who 
could wear " the mantle of matrimonial 
fidelity." This mantle fitted only chaste 
and virtuous wives ; thus, when queen 
Guenever tried it on — 

One while it was too long, another while too short. 
And wrinkled on her shoulders in most unseemly sort. 
Percy, Heliques ("Boy and the Mantle," III. iii. 18). 

Sir Caradoc and the Boar's Head. The 
boy who brought >, the test mantle of 
Sdelity to king Arthurs court, drew a 
wand three times across a boar's head, 
and said, " There's never a cuckold who 
can carve that head of brawn." Knight 



after knight made the attempt, but only 
sir Cradock could carve the brawn. 

Sir Cradoc and the Drinking-horn. The 
boy furthermore brought forth a drink- 
ing-horn, and said, " No cuckold can 
drink from that horn without spilling the 
liquor." Only Cradock succeeded, and 
"he wan the golden can." — Percv, Reliques 
("Boy and the Mantle," III. iii. 18). 

Caradoc of Men'wygent, the 
younger bard of Gwenwyn prince of 
Powys-land. The elder bard of the 
prince was Cadwallon. — Sir -W. Scott, 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Car'ataeh or CaracHacus, a British 
king brought captive before the emperor 
Claudius in a.d. 52. He had been be- 
trayed by Cartimandua. Claudius set 
him at liberty. 

And Beaumont's pilfered Caratach affords 
A tragedy complete except in words. 
Byron, Enylish Sards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

(Byron alludes to the "spectacle" of 
Caf^actacus produced by Thomas Sheri- 
dan at Drury Lane Theatre. It was 
Beaumont's tragedy uf Bonduca, minus 
the dialogue.) 

Digges [1720-1786] was the very absolute "Caratach." 
The solid bulk of his frame, his action, his voice, all 
marked him with identity. — Boaden, Life of Siddons. 

Car'athis, mother of the caliph 
Vathek. She was x a Greek, and induced 
her son to study necromancy, held in 
abhorrence by all good Mussulmans. 
When her son threatened to put to death 
every one who attempted without success 
to read the inscription of certain sabres, 
Carathis wisely said, " Content yourself, 
my son, with commanding their beards 
to be burnt. Beards are less essential to 
a state than men." She was ultimately 
carried by an afrit to the abyss of Eblis, 
in punishment of her many crimes. — 
W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 

Carau'sius, the first British em- 
peror (237-294). His full name was 
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Carausius, and 
as emperor of Britain he was accepted 
by Diocletian and Maxim'ian ; but after 
a vigorous reign of seven years, he was 
assassinated by Allectus, who succeeded 
him as " emperor of Britain." — See 
Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., ii. 13. 

Cards of Compliment. When 
it was customary to fold down part of 
an address card, the strict rule was this : 
Right hand bottom corner turned down 
meant a Personal call. Right hand top 
corner turned down meant Condolence. 



CARDAN. 



161 



CARKER. 



(Tlie Committee, recast by T. Knight, 
called The Honest Thieves,) 

Careless (Ned), makes love to ladv 
Pliant.— W. Congreve, The Double Dealer 
(1700). 

Careless Husband ( The), a comedy 
by Colley Gibber (1704). The "careless 
husband " is sir Charles Easy, who has 
amours with different persons, but is so 
careless that he leaves his love-letters 
about, and even forgets to lock the door 
when he has made a liaison, so that his 
wife knows all ; yet so sweet is her 
temper, and under such entire control, 
that she never reproaches him, nor shows 
the slightest indication of jealousy. Her 
confidence so wins upon her husband that 
he confesses to her his faults, and reforms 
entirely the evil of his ways. 

Careme (Jean de), chef de cuisine of 
Leo X. This was a name given him by 
the pope for an admirable soupe maigre 
which he invented for Lent. A descendant 
of Jean was chef to the prince regent, at 
a salary of £1000 per annum, but he left 
this situation because the prince had only 
a menage bourgeois, and entered the ser- 
vice of baron Rothschild at Paris (1784- 
1833). 

Carey (Patrick), the poet, brother of 
lord Falkland, introduced by sir W. 
Scott in Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Car'gill (The Rev. Josiah), minister 
of St. Ronan's Well, tutor of the Hon. 
Augustus Bidmore (2 syl.), and the suitor 
of Miss Augusta Bidmore, his pupil's 
sister. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Car'ibee Islands (London), now 
Chandos Street. It was called the 
Caribee Islands from its countless straits 
and intricate thieves' passages. 

Cari'no, father of Zeno'cia the chaste 
troth-plight wife of Arnoldo (the lady 
dishonourably pursued by the governor 
count Clodio). — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Custom of the Country (1647). 

Carter (James), manager in the 
house of Mr. Dombey, merchant. Carker 
was a man of 40, of a florid complexion, 
with very glistening white teeth, which 
showed conspicuously when he spoke. 
His smile was like "the snarl of a cat." 
He was the Alas'tor of the house of 
Dombey, for he not only brought the 
firm to bankruptcy, but be seduced Alice 



Left hand bottom corner turned down 
meant Congratulation. 

Car'dan (Jerome) of Pa'via (1501- 
1576), a great mathematician and astro- 
loger. He professed to have a demon or 
fahiiliar spirit, who revealed to hin the 
secrets of nature. 

What did your Cardan and your Ptolemy tell you ? 
Your Messahalah and your Longomoiitanus [two astro- 
loyersl your harmony of chiromancy wiUi astrology? — W. 
Congreve, Love for Love, iv. (ltWo). 

Carde'nio of Andalusi'a, of opulent 
parents, fell in love with Lucinda, a lady 
of equal family and fortune, to whom he 
was formally engaged. Don Fernando, 
his friend, however, prevailed on Lucin- 
da's father, by artifice, to break off the 
engagement and promise Lucinda to 
himself, "contrary to her wish, and in 
violation of every principle of honour." 
This drove Cardenio mad, and he haunted 
the Sierra Morena or Brown Mountain 
for about six months, as a maniac with 
lucid intervals. On the wedding day 
Lucinda swooned, and a letter informed 
the bridegroom that she was married to 
Cardenio. Next day she privately left 
her father's house, and took refuge in a 
convent ; but being abducted by don 
Fernando, she was carried to an inn, 
where Fernando found Dorothea his wife, 
and Cardenio the husband of Lucinda. 
All parties were now reconciled, and the 
two gentlemen paired respectively with 
their proper wives. — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, I. iv. (1605). 

Car'duel or Kar'tel, Carlisle, the 
place where Merlin prepared the Round 
Table. 

Care, described as a blacksmith, who 
"worked all night and day." His 
bellows, says Spenser, are Pensiveness 
and Sighs.— Faery Queen, iv. 5 (1596). 

Care'less, one of the boon com- 
panions of Charles Surface. — Sheridan, 
School for Scandal (1777). 

Care'less (Colonel), an officer of high 
spirits and mirthful temper, who seeks to 
win Ruth (the daughter of sir Basil 
Thoroughgood) for his wife. — T. Knight, 
The Honest Thieves. 

This farce is a mere rechauffe' of The 
Committee, by the Hon. sir R. Howard. 
The names " colonel Careless " and 
" Ruth " are the same, but " Ruth" says 
her proper Christian name is "Anne." 

Careless, in Tlxe Committee, was the part 
for which Joseph Ashbury (1638-1720) 
was celebrated. — Chetwood, History of 
the Stage. 



is 



CARLEGION. 



162 



CARMILHAN. 



Marwood (cousin of Edith, Dombe} T 's 
second wife) and also induced Edith to 
elope with him. Edith left the wretch at 
Dijon, and Carker, returning to England, 
was run over by a railway train and 
killed. 

John Carker, the elder brother, a junior 
clerk in the same firm. He twice robbed 
it and was forgiven. 

Harriet Carker, a gentle, beautiful 
young woman, who married Mr. Morfin, 
one of the employes in the house of Mr. 
Dombey, merchant. When her elder 
brother John fell into disgrace by robbing 
his employer, Harriet left the house of 
her brother James (the manager) to live 
with and cheer her disgraced brother 
John. — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
(1846). 

Carle'gion (4 syl.) or Cair-Li/gion, 
Chester, or the "fortress upon Dee." 

Fair Chester, called of old 
Carlegion. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xi. (1613). 

Carle'ton {Captain), an officer in the 
Guards. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Carlisle {Frederick Howard, earl of), 
uncle and guardian of lord Byron (1748- 
1826). His tragedies are The Father's 
Revenge and Bellamere. 

The paralytic puling of Carlisle . . . 
Lord, rhymester, petit-miitre. pamphleteer. 
ByTon, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Carlos, elder son of don Antonio, 
and the favourite of his paternal uncle 
Lewis. Carlos is a great bookworm, 
but when he falls in love with Angelina, 
he throws off his diffidence and becomes 
bold, resolute, and manly. His younger 
brother is Clodio, a mere coxcomb. — 
C. Cibber, Love Makes a Man (1694). 

Car'los (under the assumed name of the 
marquis DAntas) married Ogari'ta, but 
as the marriage was affected under a 
false name it was not binding, and 
Ogarita left Carlos to marry Horace de 
Brienne. Carlos was a great villain : He 
murdered a man to steal from him the 
plans of some Californian mines. Then 
embarking in the Urania, he induced the 
crew to rebel in order to obtain mastery 
of the ship. "Gold was the object of his 
desire, and gold he obtained." Ultimately, 
his villainies being discovered, he was 
given up to the hands of justice. — E. 
Stirling, The Orphan of the Frozen Sea 
(1856). 

Carlos (Don), son of Philip II. of 
Portugal ; deformed in peroral, violent 



and vindictive in disposition. Don Carlos 
was to have married Elizabeth of France, 
but his father supplanted him. Sub- 
sequently he expected to marry the arch- 
duchess Anne, daughter of the emperor 
Maximilian, but her father opposed the 
match. In 1564 Philip II. settled the 
succession on Rodolpk and Ernest, his 
nephews, declaring Carlos incapable. 
This drove Carlos into treason, and he 
joined the Netherlanders in a war against 
his father. He was apprehended and 
condemned to death, but was killed in 
prison. This has furnished the subject 
of several tragedies : i.e. Otwav's Don 
Carlos (1672) in English ; those of J. G. de 
Campistron (1683) and M. J. de Che'nier 
(1789) in French ; J. C. F. Schiller (1798) 
in German ; Alfieri in Italian, about the 
same time. 

Car'los {Don), the friend of don Alonzo, 
and the betrothed husband of Leono'ra, 
whom he resigns to Alonzo out of friend- 
ship. After marriage, Zanga induces 
Alonzo to believe that Leonora and don 
Carlos entertain a criminal love for each 
other, whereupon Alonzo out of jealousy 
has Carlos put to death, and Leonora 
kills herself. — Edward Young, The 
Revenge (1721). 

Carlos (Don), N husband of donna 
Victoria. He gave the deeds of his wife's 
estate to donna Laura, a courtezan, and 
Victoria, in order to recover them, assumed 
the disguise of a man, took the name of 
Florio, and made love to her. Having 
secured a footing, Florio introduced 
Caspar as the wealthy uncle of Victoria, 
and Caspar told Laura the deeds in her 
hand were utterly worthless. Laura in a 
fit of temper tore them to atoms, and 
thus Carlos recovered the estate, and was 
rescued from impending ruin. — Mrs. 
Cowley, A Bold Stroke for a Husband 
(1782). 

Carlton (Admiral George), George 

IV., author of The Voyage of in 

search of Loyalty, a poetic epistle 
(1820). 

Car'milhan, the " phantom ship." 
The captain of this ship swore he would 
double the Cape, whether God willed it 
or not, for which impious vow he was 
doomed to abide for ever and ever captain 
in the same vessel, which always appears 
near the Cape, but never doubles it. The 
kobold of the phantom ship is named 
Klabot'crman, a kobold who helps 
sailors at their work, but beats those 



CARO. 



163 



CARPILLONA. 



who are idle. When a vessel is doomed, 
the kobold appears smoking a short pipe, 
dressed in yellow, and wearing a night- 
cap. 

Caro, the Flesh or "natural man" 
personified. Phineas Fletcher says " this 
dam of sin" is a hag of Loathsome shape, 
arrayed in steel, polished externally, but 
rusty within. On her shield is the device 
of a" mermaid, with the motto, " Hear, 
Gaze, and Die."— The Purple Island, vii. j 
(1633). 

Carocium, the banner of the Mi- 
lanese, having for device "St. Ambrose," 
the patron saint of Milan. It was 
mounted on an iron tree witli iron leaves, 
and the summit of the tree was sur- 
mounted by a large cross. The whole 
was raised on a red car, drawn by four 
red bulls with red harness. Mass was 
always said before the car started, and 
Guinefolle tells us, " toute la ceremonie 
e'tait une imitation de l'arche d'alliance 
des Israelites." 

Le carocium des Milanais etait au milieu, entourre de 
300 jeunes gens, qui s'etaieiit unis a la vie a la mart pour 
le defendre. II y avait encore pour sa garde un hataillon 
de la mart, compo-e de iHK) cavaliers. — La lia.tj.ille de 
Ligaaiw, 2i) Mai, 1176. 

Caroline, queen-consort of George II., 
introduced by sir W. Scott in The Heart 
of Midlothian, Jeanie Deans has an 
interview with her in the gardens at Rich- 
mond, and her majesty promises to inter- 
cede with the king for Effie Deans*s 
pardon. 

Caros or Carausius, a Roman 
captain, native of Belgic Gaul. The 
emperor Maximian employed Caros to 
defend the coast of Gaul against the 
Franks and Saxons. He acquired great 
wealth and power, but fearing to excite 
the jealousy of Maximian, he sailed 
for Britain, where (in a.d. "287) he caused 
himself to be proclaimed emperor. Caros 
resisted all attempts of the Romans to 
dislodge him, so that they ultimately 
acknowledged his independence. He 
repaired Agricola's wall to obstruct the 
incursions of the Caledonians, and while he 
was employed on this work was attacked 
by a party commanded by Oscar, son of 
Ossian and grandson of Fingal. " The 
warriors of Caros fled, and Oscar remained 
like a rock left by the ebbing sea." — 
Ossian, The War of Caros. 

The Caros mentioned ... is the . . noted usurper 
Carausius, who assumed the purple in the year 287, and 
seizing on Britain, defeated the emperor Maximinian 
Herculius in several naval engagements, which give pro- 
priety to his being called " The King of Ships." — I/uter- 
tation on the Era of Otsian. 



Car'ove (3 syl.), "a story without 
an end." — Mrs. Austin, Translation. 

I must get on, or my readers will anticipate that my 
story, like Carovc'l more celebrated one, will prove a 
"story without .ill end." — W. J. Thouis, Note* and 
Qu» r,, ,-. March 84, 1877 

Carpathian Wizard (The), Pro- 
teus (2 Sljl.), who lived in the island of 
Car'pSthos, in the Archipelago. He was 

a wizard, who could change his form at 
will. Being the sea-god's shepherd, Le 
carried a crook. 

[By] the Carpathian wizard's hook [crook\ 

Milton, Comut, 87:! (1«M). 

Carpet (Prince Housain's), a magic 
carpet, to till appearances quite worthless, 

but it would transport any one who sat on 
it to any part of the world in a moment. 
This carpet is sometimes called "the 
magic carpet of Tangu," because it came 
from Tangu, in Persia. — Arabian Xiyhts 
(" Prince Ahmed"). 

Carpet (Solornori's). Solomon had a 
green silk carpet, on which his throne was 
set. This carpet was large enough for all 
his court to stand on ; human beings 
stood on the right side of the throne, and 
spirits on the left. When Solomon 
wished to travel he told the wind where 
to set him down, and the carpet with all 
its contents rose into the air and alighted 
at the proper place. In hot weather the 
birds of the air, with outspread wings, 
formed a canopy over the whole party. — 
Sale, Koran, xxvii. notes. 

Carpet Knight (A), a civil, not a 
military knight. 

Carpet Knights are men who are, by the prince's 
grace and favour, made knights at home and in the time 
of peace, by the imposition or laying on of the king's 
sword, having, by some special service done to the com- 
monwealth, deserved this title and dignity. They are 
called "Carpet Knights" because they receive their 
honour in the court, and upon carpets [and not in the 
battle-field].— Francis Markham, liooke of Honour (1625). 

Carpil'lona (Princess), the daughter 
of Subli'mus king of the Peaceable 
Islands. Sublimits, being dethroned by a 
usurper, was with his wife, child, and a 
foundling boy, thrown into a dungeon, 
and kept there for three years. The four 
captives then contrived to escape ; but 
the rope which held the basket in which 
Carpillona was let down, snapped 
asunder, and she fell into the lake. 
Sublimus and the other two lived in 
retirement as a shepherd family, and 
Carpillona, being rescued by a fisherman, 
was brought up by him as his daughter. 
When the "Humpbacked" Prince de- 
throned the usurper of the Peaceable 
Islands, Carpillona was one of the cap- 



CARPIO. 



164 



CARTHAGE. 



tives, and the "Humpbacked" Prince 
wanted to make her his wife ; but she fled 
in disguise, and came to the cottage 
home of Sublimus, where she fell in love 
with his foster-son, who proved to be half- 
brother of the "Humpbacked" Prince. 
Ultimately, Carpillona married the found- 
ling, and each succeeded to a kingdom. — 
Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Prin- 
cess Carpillona," 1682). 

Car'pio (Bernardo del), natural son of 
don Sancho, and dona Ximena, surnamed 
"The Chaste." It was Bernardo del 
Carpio who slew Roland at Roncesvalles 
(4 syl.). In Spanish romance he is a 
very conspicuous figure. 

Carras'co (Samson), son of Bartholo- 
mew Carrasco. He is a licentiate of much 
natural humour, who flatters don Quixote, 
and persuades him to undertake a second 
tour. 

He was about 24 years of age, of a pale complexion, and 
had good talents. His nose was remarkably flat, and his 
mouth remarkably wide.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 
3 (1615). 

He may perhaps boast ... as the bachelor Samson 
Carrasco, of fixing the weather-cock La Giralda of Seville, 
for weeks, months, or years, that is, for as long as the 
wind shall uniformly blow from one quarter.— Sir W. 
Scott. 

(The allusion is to Don Quixote. II. i. 
14.) 

Carric-Thura, in the Orkney Islands, 
the palace of king Cathulla. It is the 
title of one of the Ossian poems, the 
subject being as follows : — 'Fingal, going 
on a visit to Cathulla king of the Ork- 
neys, observes a signal of distress on the 
palace, for Frothal, king of Sora, had 
invested it. Whereupon, Fingal puts to 
flight the besieging army, and overthrows 
Frothal in single combat ; but just as his 
sword was raised to slay the fallen king, 
Utha, disguised in armour, interposed. 
Her shield and helmet "flying wide," 
revealed her sex, and Fingal not only 
spared Frothal, but invited him and 
Utha to the palace, where they passed the 
night in banquet and in song. — Ossian, 
Carrie- Thura. 

Carril, the grey-headed son of Kin- 
fe'na bard of Cuthullin, general of the 
Irish tribes. — Ossian, Fingal. 

Carrillo (Fray) was never to be 
found in his own cell, according to a 
famous Spanish epigram. 

Like Fray Carillo, 
The only place in which one cannot find him 
Is his own cell. 

Longfellow, The Spanish Student, I. 6. 

Car'rol, deputy usher at Kcnihvorth | 



Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Car'stone (Richard), cousin of Ada 
Clare, both being wards in Chancery, 
interested in the great suit of " Jarndyce 
v. Jarndyce." Richard Carstone is a 
" handsome youth, about 19, of ingenuous 
face, and with a most engaging laugh." 
He marries his cousin Ada, and lives in 
hope that the suit will soon terminate 
and make him rich. In the mean time, he 
tries to make two ends meet, first by the 
profession of medicine, then by that of 
law, then by the army ; but the rolling 
stone gathers no moss, and the poor 
fellow dies with the sickness of hope 
deferred.—C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853). 

Cartaph'ilus, the Wandering Jew 
of Jewish story. Tradition says he was 
door-keeper of the judgment hall, in the 
service of Pontius Pilate, and, as he led 
our Lord from the judgment hall, struck 
Him, saying, "Get on! Faster, Jesus!" 
Whereupon the Man of Sorrows replied, 
" I am going fast, Cartaphilus ; but tarry 
thou till I come again." After the cruci- 
fixion, Cartaphilus was baptized by the 
same Anani'as who baptized Paul, and 
received the name of Joseph. At the 
close of every century he falls into a 
trance, and wakes up after a time a 
young man about 30 years of age. — Book 
of the Chronicles of the Abbey of St. 
Albans. 

(This "book" was copied and con- 
tinued by Matthew Paris, and contains 
the earliest account of the Wandering 
Jew, a.d. 1228. In 1242 Philip Mouskes, 
afterwards bishop of Tdurnay, wrote the 
"rhymed chronicle.") 

Carter (Mrs. Deborah), housekeeper 
to Surplus the lawyer. — J. M. Morton, 
A Regular Fix. 

Car'thage (2 syl.). When Dido 
came to Africa she bought of the natives 
" as much land as could be encompassed 
with a bull's hide." The agreement being 
made, Dido cut the hide into thongs, so 
as to enclose a space sufficiently large 
for a citadel, which she called Bursa 
"the hide." (Greek, bursa, "a bull's 
hide.") 

The following is a similar story in 
Russian history : — The Yakutsks granted 
to the Russian explorers as much land as 
they could encompass with a cow's hide ; 
but the Russians, cutting the hide into 
strips, obtained land enough for the town 
and fort which they called Yakutsk. 



CARTHAGE OF THE NORTH. 165 



CASSANDRA. 



Carthage of the Worth. J .a beck 
was so called vrhcn it was the head of the 
Ilanseatic League. 

Car'thoxi, son of Cless'ammor and 
Moina, was born while Clessammor was 
in flight, and his mother died in child- 
birth. When he was three years old, 
Comhal (Fingal's father) took and burnt 
Balclutha (a town belonging to the 
Britons, on the Clyde), but Carthon was 
carried away safely by his nurse. When 
grown to man's estate, Carthon resolved 
to revenge this attack on Balclutha, and 
accordingly invaded Morven, the king- 
dom of Fingal. After overthrowing two 
of Fingal's heroes, Carthon was slain by 
his own father, who knew him not ; but 
when Clessammor learnt that it was his 
own son whom he had slain, he mourned 
for him three days, and on the fourth he 
died. — Ossian, Carthon. 

Car'ton (Sydney), a friend of Charles 
Da may, whom he personally resembled. 
Sydney Carton loved Lucie Manette, but, 
knowing of her attachment to Darnay, 
never attempted to win her. Her friend- 
ship, however, called out his good 
qualities, and he nobly died instead of 
his friend. — C. Dickens, A Tale of Two 
Cities (1859). 

Cartouche, an eighteenth century 
highwayman. He is the French Dick 
Turpin. 

Car'un, a small river of Scotland, now 
called Carron, in the neighbourhood of 
Agricola's wall. The word means "wind- 
ing." 

Ca'rus (Slow), in Garth's Dispensary, 
is Dr. Tyson (1649-1708). 

Caryati'des (5 syl.) or Carya'tes 
(4 syl.), female figures in Greek costume, 
used in architecture to support entabla- 
tures. Ca'rya, in Arcadia, sided with the 
Persians when they invaded Greece, so after 
the battle of Thermopylae, the victorious 
Greeks destroyed the city, slew the men, 
and made the women slaves. Praxit'eles, 
to perpetuate the disgrace, employed 
figures of Caryan women with Persian 
men, for architectural columns. 

Cas'ca, a blunt-witted Roman, and 
one of the conspirators who assassinated 
Julius Caesar. He is called " Honest 
Casca," meaning plain-spoken. — Shake- 
speare, Julius Casar (1607). 

Casch'caseh, a hideous genius, 
"hunchbacked, lame, and blind of one 



eye ; with six horns on his head, and both 
his bands and feet hooked. - ' The fairy 
Maimou'ne (3 syl.) summoned him to de- 
cide which was the more beautiful, " the 
prince Camaral'zaman or the princess 
Badou'ra," but he was unable to deter- 
mine the knotty point. — Arabian Nights 
(" Camaralzaman and Badoura "). 

CaselTa, a musician and friend of 
the poet Dante, introduced in his Pur- 
gatory, ii. On arriving at purgatory, the 
poet sees a vessel freighted with souls 
come to be purged of their sins and made 
fit for paradise ; among them he recognizes 
his friend Casella, whom he " woos to 
sing ; " whereupon, Casella repeats with 
enchanting sweetness the words of 
[Dante's] second canzone. 

Dant£ shall give Fame leave to set thee higher 
Than his Casella, whom he wooed to sing. 
Met in the milder shades uf purgatory. 

Milton, Sonnet, xiii. (To H. Lawes). 

Casket Homer, Alexander's edition 
with Aristotle's notes. So called because 
it was kept in a golden casket, studded 
with jewels, part of the spoil which fell 
into the hands of Alexander after the 
battle of Arbe'la. 

Cas'par, master of the horse to the 
baron of Arnheim. Mentioned in Don- 
nerhugel's narrative. — Sir W. Scott, 
Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Cas'par, a man who sold himself to 
Za'miel the Black Huntsman. The night 
before the expiration of his life-lease, he 
bargained for a respite of three years, on 
condition of bringing Max into the power 
of the fiend. On the day appointed for 
the prize-shooting, Max aimed at a dove 
but killed Caspar, and Zamiel carried off 
his victim to "his own place." — Weber's 
opera, Der Freischiitz (1822). 

Cassan'dra, daughter of Priam, 
gifted with the power of prophecy ; but 
Apollo, whom she had offended, cursed 
her with the ban "that no one should 
ever believe her predictions." — Shake- 
speare, Troilus and Cressida (1602). 

Mrs. Barry in characters of greatness was graceful, 
noble, and dignified ; no violence of passion was beyond 
the reach of her feeling, and in the most melting distress 
and tenderness she was exquisitely affecting. Thus she 
was equally admirable in "Cassandra," "Cleopatra," 
" Roxana," " Mouimia," or " Belvidera."— C. Dibdin, His- 
tory of the Stage. 

*** " Cassandra " (Troilus and Cressida, 
Shakespeare) ; " Cleopatra " (Antony and 
Cleopatra, Shakespeare, or All for Love, 
Dry den) ; " Roxana " (Alexander the 
Great, Lee); "Monimia" (The Orphan, 
Otwav) ; " Belvidera " ( Venice Preserved, 
Otway). 



CASSEL. 



166 



CASSITTS. 



Cassel (Count), an empty-headed,, 
heartless, conceited puppy, who pays 
court to Amelia Wildenhaim, but is too 
insufferable to be endured. He tells her 
he "learnt delicacy in Italy, hauteur in 
Spain, enterprise in France, prudence in 
Russia, sincerity in England, and love 
in the wilds of America," for civilized 
nations have long since substituted in- 
trigue for love. — Inchbald, Lovers' Vows 
(1800), altered from Kotzebue. 

Cassi, the inhabitants of Hertford- 
shire or Cassio. — Caesar, Commentaries. 

Cassib'ellaun or Cassib'elan 
(probably " Caswallon"), brother and 
successor of Lud. He was king of 
Britain when Julius Caesar invaded the 
island. Geoffrey of Monmouth says, in 
his British History, that Cassibellaun 
routed Caesar, and drove him back to 
Gaul (bk. iv. 3, 5). In Caesar's second in- 
vasion, the British again vanquished him 
(ch. 7), and "sacrificed to their gods as 
a thank-offering 40,000 cows, 100,000 
sheep, 30,000 wild beasts, and fowls 
without number " (ch. 8). Androg'eus 
(4 syl.) " duke of Trinovantum," with 
5000 men, having joined the Roman forces, 
Cassibellaun was worsted, and agreed "to 
pay 3000 pounds of silver yearly in 
tribute to Rome." Seven years after this 
Cassibellaun died and was buried at York. 

In Shakespeare's Cymbeline the name is 
called " Cassibelan." 

*** Polyaenus of Macedon tells us 
that Caesar had a huge elephant armed 
with scales of iron, with a tower on its 
back, filled with archers and slingers. 
When this beast entered the sea, Cassi- 
velaunus and the Britons, who had "never 
seen an elephant, were terrified, and their 
horses fled in affright, so that the Romans 
were able to land without molestation. — 
See Drayton's Polyolbion, viii. 

There the hive of Roman liars worship a gluttonous em- 
peror-idiot 
Such is Rome . . . hear it, spirit of Cassivelaun. 

Tennyson, Boadicea. 

Cas'silane (3 syl.), general of Candy 
and father of Annophel. — Laws of Candy 
(1647). 

Cassim, brother of Ali Baba, a 
Persian. He married an heiress and soon 
became one of the richest merchants of 
the place. When he discovered that his 
brother had made himself rich by hoards 
from the robbers' cave, Cassim took ten 
mules charged with panniers to carry away 
part of the same booty. "Open Sesame ! " 
he cried, and the door opened. He filled 



his sacks, but forgot the magic word. 
" Open Barley ! " he cried, but the dooi 
remained closed. Presently the robber 
band returned, and cut him down with 
their sabres. They then hacked the 
carcase into four parts, placed them near 
the door, and left the cave. Ali Baba 
carried off the body and had it decently 
interred. — Arabian Nights ("Ali Baba 
or the Forty Thieves"). 

Cas'sio (Michael), a Florentine, 
lieutenant in the Venetian army under 
the command of Othello. Simple-minded 
but not strong-minded, and therefore 
easily led by others who possessed greater 
power of will. Being overcome with 
wine, he engaged in a street-brawl, for 
which he was suspended by Othello, but 
Desdemona pleaded for his restoration. 
Iago made capital of this intercession to 
rouse the jealousy of the Moor. Cassio's 
" almost" wife was Bianca, his mistress. 
— Shakespeare, Othello (1611). 

"Cassio" is brave, benevolent, and honest, mined only 
by his want of stubbornness to resist an insidious in vita- 
tion. — Dr. Johnson. 

Cassiodo'rus (Marcus Aurelius), a 
great statesman and learned writer of the 
sixth century, who died at the age of 
100, in a.d. 562. He filled many high 
offices under Theod'oric, but ended his 
days in a convents 

Listen awhile to a learned prelection 
On -Marcus Aurelius Cassiodorus. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 

Cassiope'ia, wife of Ce'pheus 
(2 syl.) king of Ethiopia, and mother of 
Androm'eda. She boasted herself to be 
fairer than the sea-nymphs, and Neptune, 
to punish her, sent a huge sea-serpent to 
ravage her husband's kingdom. At death 
she was made a constellation, consisting of 
thirteen stars, the largest of which form 
a " chair" or imperfect W. 

... had you been 
Sphered up with Cassiopeia. 

Tennyson, Die Princess, iv. 

Cassius, instigator of the conspiracy 
against Julius Caesar, and friend of Bru- 
tus.— Shakespeare, Julius Ccesar (1607). 

Unit us. The lust of all r 1 1 1- Romans, fare thee well! 

I; is impossible that ever Rome 

Should breed thy fellow. Friends, I owe more tears 

To this (had man than you shall Bee me pay. 

I shall find time, Cassius, I shall find time. 

Act v. sc. 3. 

Charles Mayne Young trod the boards with freedom. 
His countenance was equal!) well adapted for the ex- 
pression of pathos or of pride : thus in such parts aa 
"Hamlet," "Beverley," "The Stranger," "Pierre," 
"Zanga," and "Cassius," he looked the men he repre- 
sented.— Rev. J. Young, Lift of C. M. J"c»;i<7. 

*** "Hamlet" (Shakespeare); "Bever- 
ley" (The Gamester, Moore); " Th« 



CASTAGNETTE. 



167 



CASTLE IN THE AIR. 



Stranger " (B. Thompson) ; " Pierre " 
(Venice Preserved, Otway); "Zanga" 
(JRevenge, Young). 

Castagnette (Captain), a hero whose 
stomach was replaced by a leather one 
made by Desgenettes [Da'.ge.nef], but 
his career was soon ended by a bomb- 
shell, which blew him into atoms. — 
Manuel, A French Extravaganza. 

Casta'lio, son of lord Acasto, and 
Polydore's twin-brother. Both the 
brothers loved their father's ward, INIo- 
nim'ia "the orphan." The love of Poly- 
dore was dishonourable love, but Castalio 
loved her truly and married her in 
private. On the bridal night Polydore by 
treachery took his brother's place, and 
next day, when Monimia discovered the 
deceit which had been practised on her, 
and Polydore heard that Monimia was 
really married to his brother, the bride 
poisoned herself, the adulterer ran upon 
his brother's sword, and the husband 
Blabbed himself.— Otway, The Orphan 
(1680). 

Mr. WilUs's excellence in comedy was never once (lis- 
pitted, but the best judges extol him for different parts in 
t raced v, as " Hamlet," " Castalio," " Edgar,"" Moncses," 
" Joffier."— Chetwood. 

%* "Hamlet" (Shakespeare)*, "Ed- 
gar" (Kiwi Lear, Shakespeare); " Mo- 
neses " (Tamerlane, Rowe) ; "Jaftier" 
( Venice Preserved, Otway). 

Cas'taly, a fountain of Tarnassos, 
sacred to the Muses. Its waters had the 
virtue of inspiring those who drank 
thereof with the gift of poetry. 

Casta'ra, the lady addressrd by Wm. 
Habington in his poems. She was Lucy 
Herbert (daughter of Wm. Herbert, first 
lord Powis), and became his wife. (Latin, 
casta, "chaste.") 

If then, Castara, I in heaven nor move, 
Nor earth, poi hell, where am I hut in love ? 

W. Habington, To Castara (died 1654). 
The poetry of Habington shows that he possessed . . . 
a real passion for a lady of birth and virtue, the 
" Ca*tara" whom he afterwards married.— Hallam. 

Castle Dangerous, a novel by sir 
W. Scott, after the wreck of bis fortune 
and repeated strokes of paralysis (1831). 
Those who read it must remember they 
are the last notes of a dying swan, and 
forbear to scan its merits too strictly. 

Castle Dangerous or " The Perilous 
Castle of Douglas." So called because 
it was thrice taken from the English 
between 1306 and 1307. 

1. On Palm Sunday, while the English 
soldi ers were at church, Douglas fell on 



them and slew them ; then, entering the 
castle, he put to the sword all he found 
there, and set fire to the castle (March 
19). 

2. The castle being restored was placed 
under the guard of Thirwall, but Douglas 
disguised his soldiers as drovers, and 
Thirwall resolved to "pillage the rogues." 
He set upon them to drive off the herds, 
but the "drovers," being too strong for 
the attacking party, overpowered them, 
and again Douglas made himself master 
of the castle. 

3. Sir John de Walton next volunteered 
to hold the castle for a year and a day, 
but Douglas disguised his soldiers as 
market-men carrying corn and grass to 
Lanark. Sir -John, in an attempt to 
plunder the men, set upon them, but was 
overmastered and slain. This is the 
subject of sir W. Scott's novel called 
Castle Dangerous, but instead of the 
market-men "with corn and grass," the 
novel substitutes lady Augusta, the pri- 
soner of Black Douglas, whom he pro- 
mises to release if the castle is surrendered 
to him. De Walton consents, gives up 
the castle, and marries the lady Augusta. 

Castle Perilous, the habitation of 
lady Liones (called by Tennyson 
Lyonors). Here she was held captive by 
sir Ironside the Red Knight of the Red 
Lands. Sir Gareth overcame the knight, 
and married the lady. — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 120-153. 

%* Tennyson has poetised the tale in 
Gareth and Lynette, but has altered it. 
He has even departed from the old story 
by making sir Gareth marry Lynette, 
and leaving the lady Lyonors in the cold. 
In the old story Gareth marries Liones 
(or Lyonors), and his brother Ga'heris 
marries Linet (or Lynette). 

Tennyson has quite missed the scope of the Arthurian 
allegory, which is a Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. Ly- 
nette represents the people of this world or the inhabit- 
ants of the " City of Destruction." "LioneV' represents 
the " bride," which says to the Christian "Come!" and 
is the bride in heaven of those who fight the fight of 
faith. "Castle Perilous" is the Celestial City, set on a 
hill. Lynette scoffs at Gareth after every conquest, for 
"the carnal mind is enmity against God ;" but Gareth 
" fights the fight," and wins the bride. Tennyson makes 
the Christian leave the City of Destruction, conquer 
Apoilyon and all the giants, stand in sight of the 
Celestial City, see the bride inviting him to heaven, and 
then marry Lynette or the personification of the " w T orid, 
the flesh, and the devil." — See Notes and Queries 
(January 19, February 16, March 16, 1878). 

Castle in the Air or Chateau 
d'Espagne, a splendid thing of fancy 
or hope, but wholly without any real 
existence, called a " castle of Spain," 
because Spain has no castles or chateaux. 
So Greek Kalends means "never," be- 



CASTLE OF ANDALUSIA. 



168 



CAT. 



cause there were no such things as 
"Greek Kalends." 

Ne semez point vos desirs sur le jardin d'autrtty ; 
cultivez seulment bien le vostre ; ne desirez point de 
n'estre pas ce que vous estes, mais desirez d'estre fort 
bien ce que vous estes. . . . De quoy sert-il de bastir des 
chasteaux en Espagne, quisqu'il nous faut habiter en 
France. — St. Francois de Sales (bishop of Geneva), 
Writing to a Lady on the subject of " Contentment," i. 
285 (1567). 

Castle of Andalusia, an opera by 
John O'Keefe. Don Caesar, the son of 
don Scipio, being ill-treated by his 
father, turns robber-chief, but ultimately 
marries Lorenza, and becomes reconciled 
to his father. 

The plot is too complicated to be 
understood in a few lines. Don Caesar, 
Spado, Lorenza, Victoria, Pedrillo, and 
Fernando, all assume characters different 
to their real ones. 

Castle of In'dolence (3 syL), in 
the land of Drowsiness, where every 
sense is enervated by sensual pleasures. 
The owner of the castle is an enchanter, 
who deprives those who enter it of their 
physical energy and freedom of will. — 
Thomson, Castle of Indolence (1748). 

Castle of Maidens, Edinburgh. 

[Ebraucus] also built the . . . town of mount Agned 
[ Edinburgh], called at this time "the Castle of Maidens 
or the Mountain of Sorrow."— Geoffrey, British History, 
ii. 7 (1142). 

Cas'tlewood {Beatrix), the heroine 
of Esmond, a novel by Thackeray, the 
"finest picture of splendid lustrous 
physical beauty ever given to the world." 

Cas'tor (Steph'anos), the wrestler. — 
Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Castor, of classic- fable, is the son of 
Jupiter and Leda, and twin-brother of 
Pollux. The brothers were so attached 
to each other that Jupiter set them among 
the stars, where they form the constella- 
tion Gemini (" the twins "). Castor and 
Pollux are called the Bios' cur i or " sons 
of Dios," i.e. Jove. 

Cas'triot (George), called by the 
Turks " Scanderbeg " (1404 - 1467). 
George Castriot was son of an Albanian 
prince, delivered as a hostage to Amu- 
rath II. He won such favour from the 
sultan that he was put in command of 
, r )000 men, but abandoned the Turks in 
the battle of Mora'va (1443). 

This is the first dark blot 
On thy name, George Castriot. 
Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (an interlude). 

Castruc'cio Castraca'ni's Sword. 
When Victor Emmanuel II. wont to Tus- 



cany, the path from Lucca to Pistoia 
was strewed with roses. At Pistoia the 
orphan heirs of Pucci'ni met him, 
bearing a sword, and said, "This is 
the sword of Castruccio Castracani, the 
great Italian soldier, and head of the 
Ghibelines in the fourteenth century. 
It was committed to our ward and keep- 
ing till some patriot should arise to 
deliver Italy and make it free." Victor 
Emmanuel, seizing the hilt, exclaimed, 
" Questa e per me!" ("This is tut 
me.") — E. B. Browning, The Sword of 
Castruccio Castracani. 

Cas'yapa (3 syL), father of the 
immortals, who dwells in the mountain 
called Hemacu'ta or Himakoot, under 
the Tree of Life. — Southey, Curse of 
Kehama (canto vi. is called " Cas3 r apa," 
1809). 

Cat {The) has been from time im- 
memorial the familiar of witches ; thus 
Galinthia was changed by the Fates into 
a cat (Antoninus Liheralis, Metam. 29). 
Hecate also, when Typhon compelled the 
gods and goddesses to hide themselves in 
animals, assumed the form of a cat 
(Pausanias, Bceotics). Ovid says, "Fele 
soror Phoebi latuit." 

The cat € the adage: that is, Catus 
amat pieces, sed non vult tingere planias 
(" the cat loves fish, but does not like to 
wet her paws "). 

Letting I dare not wait upon I would. 
Like the poor cat i' the adage. 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, act i. sc. 7 (1605). 

Good liquor will make a cat speak. — 
Old Proverb. 

Not room to swing a cat; reference is 
to the sport of swinging a cat to the 
branch of a tree as a mark to be shot at. 
Shakespeare refers to another variety of 
the sport ; the cat being enclosed in a 
leather bottle, was suspended to a tree 
and shot at. " Hang me in a bottle, like a 
cat" (Much Ado about Nothing, act i. sc. 1) ; 
and Steevers tells us of a third variety in 
which the "cat was placed in a soot-bag, 
hung on a line, and the players had to 
beat out the bottom of the bag." He 
who succeeded in thus liberating the cat, 
had the " privilege" of hunting it after- 
wards. 

Kilkenny Cats. A favourite amuse- 
ment of the "good old times" with a 
certain regiment quartered at Kilkenny, 
was to tie two cats together by the tail?, 
swing them over a line, and watch their 
ferocious attacks upon each other in their 
struggles to get free. It was determined 



CATAIAN. 



169 



CATH-LODA. 



to put down this cruel " sport;" and one 
day, just as two unfortunate cats were 
swung, the alarm was given tha f the 
colonel was riding up post haste. An 
officer present cut through their tails 
with his sword and liberated the cats, 
which scampered off before the colonel 
arrived. — From a correspondent, signed, 
R. G. Glenn (4, Rowden Buildings, 
Temple). 

The Kilkenny Cats. The story is that 
two cats fought in a saw-pit so ferociously 
that each swallowed the other, leaving 
only the tails behind to tell of the won- 
derful encounter. — See Dictionary of 
Phrase and Fable, for several other re- 
ferences to cats. 

Catai'an (3 syl.), a native of Catai'a 
or Cathay, the ancient name of China ; a 
boaster, a liar. Page, speaking of Fal- 
staff, says : 

I will not believe such a Cataian, though the priest of 
the town commended him for a true man [i.e. truthful 
man\— Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 1 (1601). 

Cateucla'ni, called Catieuchla'ni by 
Ptolemy, and Cassii by Richard of Ciren- 
cester. "They occupied Buckinghamshire, 
Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire. Dray- 
ton refers to them in his Polyolbion, xvi. 

Catgut (Dr.), a caricature of Dr. 
Arne in The Commissary, by Sam. Foote 
(1765). 

Cath'arine, queen-consort of Charles 
II. ; introduced by sir W. Scott in 
Peveril of the Peak. (See Catherine, 
and also under the letter K.) 

■ Cath'arine (St.) of Alexandria (fourth 
century), patron saint of girls and vir- 
gins generally. Her real name was 
Dorothea ; but St. Jerome says she was 
called Catharine from the Syriac word 
Kethar or Kathar, " a crown," because 
she won the triple crown of martyrdom, 
virginity, and wisdom. She was put to 
death on a wheel, November 25, which is 
her fete day. 

To braid St. Catharine's hair means "to 
live a virgin." 

Thou art too fair to be left to braid St. Catharine's tresses. 
Longfellow, Evangeline (1848). 

Cathay', China or rather Tartary, 
a corruption of the Tartar word Khitai', 
"the country of the Khitai'ans or Khi- 
tans." The capital was Aibracca, ac- 
cording to Ariosto (Orlando Furioso). 

. . the ship 
From Ceylon, Ind, or far Cathay unloads. 

Byron, Don Juan, xii. 9 (1821). 

Cath'ba, son of Torman, beloved by 



Morna, daughter of Cormac king of 
Ireland. He was killed out of jealousy 
by Ducho'mar, and when Duchomar told 
Morna and asked her to marry him she 
replied, "Thou art dark to me, Ducho- 
mar ; cruel is thine arm to Morna. 
Give me that sword, my foe ; " and when 
he gave it, she " pierced his manly 
breast," and he died. 

Cathba, young son of Torman, thou art of the love of 
Morna. Thou art a sunbeam in the day of the gloomy 
storm. — Ossian, Fingal, i, 

Catherine, wife of Malhis, in The 
Polish Jew, by J. R. Ware. 

Catherine (The countess), usually called 
"The Countess," falls in love with Huon, 
a serf, her secretary and tutor. Her 
pride revolts at the match, but her love is 
masterful. When the duke her father is 
told of it, he insists on Huon's marrying 
Catherine, a freed serf, on pain of death. 
Huon refuses to do so till the countess 
herself entreats him to comply. He then 
rushes to the wars, where he greatly 
distinguishes himself, is created prince, 
and learns that his bride is not Catherine 
the quondam serf, but Catherine the 
duke's daughter. — S. Knowles, Love 
(1840). 

Cath'erine of Newport, the wife 
of Julian Avenel (2 syl.). — Sir W. Scott, 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). (See 
Catharine, and under K.) 

Cathleen, one of the attendants on 
Flora M'lvor. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Cathlin of Clu'tha, daughter of 
Cathmol. Duth-Carmor of Cluba had 
slain Cathmol in battle, and carried off 
Cathlin by force, but she contrived to 
make her escape and craved aid of Fingal. 
Ossian and Oscar were selected to espouse 
her cause, and when they reached Rath- 
col (where Duth-Carmor lived), Ossian 
resigned the command of the battle to his 
son Oscar. ' Oscar and Duth-Carmor met 
in combat, and the latter fell. The victor 
carried the mail and helmet of Duth- 
Carmor to Cathlin, and Cathlin said, 
" Take the mail and place it high in 
Selma's hall, that you may remember the 
helpless in a distant land." — Ossian, 
Cathlin of Clutha. 

Cath-Lo'da. The tale is this : Fingal 

in his youth, making a voyage to the 

Orkneys, was driven by stress of weather 

to Denmark. The king Starno invited 

| him to a feast, but Fingal, in distrust, 

1 declined the invitation. Starno then 



CATHMOR. 



170 



CATO. 



proposed t. his son Swaran to surprise 
Fingal in his sleep ; but Swaran replied, 
" I shall not slay in shades. I move 
forth in light ; " and Starno resol\ r ed to 
attack the sleeper by himself. He came 
to the place where Fingal lay, but Fingal, 
hearing the step, started up and succeeded 
in binding Starno to an oak. At day- 
break he discovered it to be the king, and 
loosing him from his bonds he said, "I 
have spared thy life for the sake of thy 
daughter, who once warned me of an 
ambuscade." — Ossian, Cath-Loda (in three 
duans). 

Cath'mor, younger brother of Cair'- 
bar (" lord of Atha "), but totally unlike 
him. Cairbar was treacherous and malig- 
nant ; Cathmor high-minded and hospit- 
able. Cairbar murdered Cormac king of 
Ireland, and having inveigled Oscar (son 
of Ossian) to a feast, vamped up a quarrel, 
in which both fell. Cathmor scorned 
such treachery. Cathmor is the second 
hero of the poem called Tem'ora, and 
falls by the hand of Fingal (bk. viii.). 

Ciithnior, the friend of strangers, the brother of red- 
haired Cairbar. Their souls were not the same. The 
light of heaven was in the bosom of Cathmor. His towers 
rose on the banks of Atha ; seven paths led to his halls ; 
seven chiefs stood on the paths and called strangers to the 
feast. But Cathmor dwelt in the wood, to shun the voice 
of praise.— Ossian, Temora, i. 

Cath'olic {The). 

Alfonso I. of Asturias, called by 
Gregory III. His Catholic Majesty (693, 
739-757). 

Ferdinand II. of Ar'agon, husband of 
Isabella. Also called Ruse', "the wily" 
(1452, 1474-1516). 

Isabella wife of Ferdinand II. of 
Aragon, so called for her zeal in establish- 
ing the Inquisition (1450, 1474-150-1). 

Catholic Majesty (Catholica Ma- 
jestad), the special title of the kings of 
Spain. It was first given to king Recared 
(590) in the third Council of Toledo, for 
his zeal in rooting out the "Arian 
heresy." 

Cui a Deo aeternum meritum nisi vero Cutholico Re- 
caredo regi ? Cui a Deo rcterna corona nisi vero orthodoxo 
Kecaredo regi? — Gregor. Mag., 127 and 128, 

Rut it was not then settled as a fixed 
title to the kings of Spain. In 1500 
Alexander VI. gave the title to Ferdinand 
V. king of Aragon and Castile, and from 
that time it became annexed to the 
Spanish crown. 

Ah AUxandro pontifice Ferdinandus " Catholici " cog- 
nomeirtum arcepit in posterOS cum regno transfiisum 
stahili possessione. Honorum titulos principibusdividere 
pontificibus Komanis datur. — Mariana, Dc Rebut Jlcsp., 
txvl. 13 ; see also vii. 4. 

Ca'thos. cousin of Madelon, brought 



up by her uncle Gor'gibus, a plain citizea 
in the middle rank of life. These two 
silly girls have had their heads turned by 
novels, and thinking their names common- 
place, Cathos calls herself Aminta, and 
her cousin adopts the name of Polix'ena. 
Two gentlemen wish to marry them, but 
the girls consider their manners too 
unaffected and easy to be "good style," 
so the gentlemen send their valets to 
represent the "marquis of Mascarille " 
and the "viscount of Jodelet." The 
girls are delighted with these "dis- 
tinguished noblemen ; " but when the 
gajne has gone far enough, the masters 
enter, and lay bare the trick. The girls 
are taught a useful lesson, without being 
involved in any fatal ill consequences. — 
Moliere, Les Pre'cieuses Ridicules (1659). 

Cathul'la, king of Inistore (the 
Orkneys) and brother of Coma'la (q.v.). 
Fingal, on coming in sight of the palace, 
observed a beacon-flame on its top as 
signal of distress, for Frothal king of 
Sora had besieged it. Fingal attacked 
Frothal, engaged him in single combat, 
defeated him, and made him prisoner. — 
Ossian, Carrick- Tliura. 

Cat'iline (3 syl.), a Roman patrician, 
who headed a conspiracy to overthrow the 
Government, and obtain for himself and 
his followers all places of power and 
trust. The conspiracy was discovered by 
Cicero. Catiline escaped and put himself 
at the head of his army, but fell in the 
battle after fighting with desperate 
daring (b.c. 62). Ben Jonson wrote a 
tragedy called Catiline (1611), and Vol- 
taire, in his Rome Sauve'e, has introduced 
the conspiracy and death of Catiline 
(1752). 

Ca'to, the hero and title of a tragedy 
by J. Addison (1713). Disgusted with 
Coesar, Cato retired to U'tica (in Africa), 
where he had a small republic and 
mimic senate ; but Caesar resolved to 
reduce Utica as he had done the rest of 
Africa, and Cato, finding ret 'stance 
hopeless, fell on his own sword. 

Tho' stem and awful to the foes of Rome, 
He is all goodness, Lucia, always mild, 
Compassionate, and gentle to his friends; 
Killed with domestic tenderness. 

Act v. 1. 
AVhen Barton Booth [1713] first appeared as "Cato," 
Bolingbroke called him into his box and gave him fifty 
guineas for defending the cause of liberty so well against 
a perpetual dictator.— Mft of AiUlison. 

He is a Cato, a man of simple habits, 
severe morals, strict justice, and blunt 
speech, but of undoubted integrity and 



CATULLUS. 



171 



CAVE OF ADULLAM. 



patriotism, like the Roman censor of that 
name, the grandfather of the Cato of 
Utica, who resembled him in character 
and manners. 

Cato and Hortcns'ins. Cato of Utica's 
second wife was Martia daughter of 
Philip. He allowed her to live with his 
friend Hortensius, and after the death of 
Hortensius took her back again. 

[Sultans] don't agree at all with the wise Roman, 

Heroic, stoic C:m. the sententious. 

Who lent his lady to his friend Horlentius. 

Byron, /Am Juan, vi. 7 (1821). 

Catul'lus. Lord Byron calls Thomas 
Moore the " British Catullus,'" referring 
to a volume of amatory poems published 
in 1808, under the pseudonym of 
"Thomas Little." 

Tis Little ! young Catullus of his day, 
As sweet but as Immoral as his lay. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

The Oriental Catullus, Saadi or Sadi, 
a Persian poet. He married a rich 
merchant's daughter, but the marriage 
was an unhappy one. His chief works 
are The Guhstan (or "garden of ro6es"), 
and Tfie Bostan (or "garden of fruits"), 
(1176-1291). 

Cau/dine Forks, a narrow pass in the 
mountains near Capua, now called " the 
Valley of Arpaia." Here a Roman army 
under the consuls T. Vetu'rius Calvi'nus 
and Sp. Postu'mius fell into the hands of 
the Sam'nites (2 syl.), and were made to 
" pass under the yoke." 

Cau'dle {Mrs. Margaret), a curtain 
lecturer, who between eleven o'clock at 
night and seven the next morning, deli- 
vered for thi rty years a curtain lecture to 
her husband Job Caudle, generally a most 
gentle listener ; if he replied, she pro- 
nounced him insufferably rude, and if he 
did not he was insufferably sulky. — 
Douglas Jerrold, Punch ("The Caudle 
Papers"). 

Cau'line (Sir), a knight who served 
the wine to the king of Ireland. He fell 
in love with Christabelle (3 syl.), the 
king's daughter, and she became his 
troth-plight wife, without her father's 
knowledge. When the king knew of it, 
he banished sir Cauline (2 syl.). After a 
time the Soldain asked the lady in 
marriage, but sir Cauline challenged his 
rival and slew him. He himself, however, 
died of the wounds he had received, and 
the lady Christabelle, out of grief, " burst 
her gentle hearte in twayne." — Percy's 
Ueliqucs, I. i. 4. 



Cau'rus, the stormy west-north-west 
wind ; called in Greek, Arges'tes. 

The ground by piercing Caurus seared. 

Thomson, Cattle of Indolence, ii. (1748). 

Caustic, of the Despatch newspaper, 
was the signature of Mr. Serle. 

Christopher Caustic, the pseudonym of 
Thomas Green Fessenden, author of 
Terrible Tractoration, a Hudibrastic poem 
(1771-1837). 

Caustic (Colonel), a fine gentleman of 
the last century, very severe on the 
degeneracy of the present race. — Henry 
Mackenzie, in The Lounger. 

Ca'va or Florida, daughter of St. 
Julian. It was the violation of Cava by 
Roderick that brought about the war 
between the Goths and the Moors, in 
which Roderick was slain (a.d. 711). 

Cavalier (TJte). Eon de Beaumont, 
called bv the French Le Chevalier d'Eon 
(1728-1810). Charles Breydel, the 
Flemish landscape painter (1677-1744). 
Francisco Cairo, the historian, called 
El Chavalierc del Cairo (1598-1674). Jean 
le Clerc, Le Chevalier (1587-1633). J. 
Bapt. Marini, the Italian poet, called 
77 Cavalier -e (1569-1625). Andrew Michael 
Ramsay (1686-1743). 

%* James Francis Edward Stuart, the 
"Old Pretender," was stvled Le Chevalier 
de St. George (1688-1765). Charles 
Edward, the "Young Pretender," was 
stvled The Bonnie Chevalier or The 
Young Cavalier (1720-1788). 

Cavalier Servente, same as the 
Spanish eorte'jo, an Italian epithet for 
a young gentleman who plays the gal- 
lant to a married woman, escorts her 
to places of public amusement, calls her 
coach, hands her to supper, buys her bou- 
quets and opera tickets, etc. 

He may resume his amatory care 
As cavalier servente. 

BjTon, Don Juan, iii. 24 (1820). 

Cavall', " king Arthur's hound of 
deepest mouth." — Tennyson, Idylls of the 
King (" Enid"). 

Cave of Adul'lam, a cave in 
which David took refuge when he fled 
from king Saul ; and thither resorted to 
him " every one that was in distress, and 
every one that was in debt, and every one 
that was discontented" (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2). 
Mr. John Bright called the seceders of 
the reform party Adull'amites (4 syl.), 
and said that Lowe and Hor6man, like 
David in the cave of Adullam, gathered 



CAYE OF MAMMON. 



172 



CELIA. 



together all the discontented, and all 
that were politically distressed. 

Cave of Mammon, the abode of 
the god of wealth. The money-god first 
appears as a miser, then becomes a worker 
of metals, and ultimately the god of all 
the treasures of the world. All men bow 
down to his daughter Ambition. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 7 (1590). 

Cave of Montesi'nos, about sixty 
feet in depth, in the heart of La Mancha. 
So called because Montesinos retired 
thither when he quitted the French court 
on account of some insult offered to him. 
Cervantes makes Don Quixote visit it, 
and it is now often resorted to by shep- 
herds as a shelter from the cold or rain. 

Cav'endish, author of Principles of 
Whist, and numerous guide-books on 
games, as Be'zique, Piquet, Fcarte, 
Billiards, etc. Henry Jones, editor of 
"Pastimes" in The Field and The Queen 
newspapers (1831- ). 

Cavendish Square (London), so 
called from Henrietta Cavendish, wife of 
Edward second earl of Oxford and 
Mortimer (built 1718). 

Cawther (Al), the lake of paradise, 
the waters of which are sweet as honey, 
cold as snow, and clear as crystal. He 
who once tastes thereof shall never 
thirst again. — Al Koran, cviii. 

The righteous having surmounted the difficulties of life, 
and having passed the sharp bridge [al Sirdt], will be 
refreshed by drinking at the pond of their prophet, the 
waters of which are supplied from al Cawthar. . . . This 
is the first taste which the blessed will have of their future 
Lut near-approaching felicity. — Sale, At Kordn ("The 
Preliminary Discourse," iv.). 

Cax'on (Old Jacob), hairdresser of 
Jonathan Oldbuck (" the antiquary ") 
of Monkbarns. 

Jenny Caxon, a milliner ; daughter of 
Old Jacob. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

-, Caxton (Pisistratus), the hero of Bul- 
wer's novel The Caoctons, and the feigned 
author of the sequel to it entitled My 
Novel, as well as of the essays collected 
together under the name of Caxtoniana. 

Ceca to Mecca (From), from pillar 
to post. To saunter or ramble from Ceca 
to Mecca is a Spanish proverb, meaning to 
roam about purposelessly or idly. Ceca 
and Mecca are two places visited by 
Mohammedan pilgrims. 

"Let ns return home," said Sancho, "nor longer ramble 
from Ceca to Mecca."— Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. lii. 4 
(16051. 



Cecil, the hero of a novel so called bv 
Mrs. Gore (1790-1861). 

Cecil's Fast, an Act of Parliament 
by W. Cecil, lord Burleigh, to enjoin the 
eating of fish on certain days. The 
object of this Act was to restore the fish 
trade, which had been almost ruined by 
the Reformation. Papists eat fish on 
fast-days, and at the Reformation the 
eating of fish being looked on as a badge 
of bad faith, no one was willing to lie 
under the suspicion of being a papist, 
and no one would buy fish. 

Cecilia (St.), the patroness of musi- 
cians and "inventor of the organ." The 
legend says that an angel fell in love 
with Cecilia for her musical skill, and 
nightly brought her roses from paradise. 
Her husband saw the angel visitant, who 
gave to both a crown of martyrdom. 

Thou seem'st to me like the angel 
That brought the immortal roses 
To St. Cecilia's bridal chamber. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 

Ce'dric, a thane of Rotherwood, and 
surnamed "the Saxon." — Sir W. Scott, 
Tvanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Cel'adon and Amelia, lovers 
of matchless beauty, and most devoted 
to each other. Being overtaken by a 
thunderstorm, Amelia became alarmed, 
but Celadon, folding his arm about her, 
said, " 'Tis safety to be near thee, sure ; " 
but while he spoke, Amelia was struck 
by lightning and fell dead in his arms. 
— Thomson, The Seasons (" Summer," 
1727). 

(Celadon, like Chloe, Celia, Lesbia, 
Daphne, etc., may be employed to 
signify a lady-love generally.) 

Cele'no or Celae'no, chief of the 
harpies. 

There on a craggy stone 
Celeno hung, and made his direful moan. 
Giles Fletcher, Christ's Triumph [on Earth], (1610). 

Celes'tial City (The). Heaven is 
so called by John Bunyan, in his Pilgrim's 
Progress (1678). 

Celes'tial Empire, China, so 
called because the first emperors were 
all " celestial deities : " as Puon-Ku 
(" highest eternity"), Tien-Hoang ("e&> 
peror of heaven "), Ti-H oang ( • ' emperor of 
earth "),Gine-Hoang(" emperor of men"), 
etc., embracing a period of 300,000 years 
previous to To-hi, whose reign is placed 
B.C. 2953-2838. 

Ce'lia, daughter of Frederick the 
usurping duke, and cousin of Ros'alind, 



CELIA. 



173 



CENTAUR. 



daughter of the banished duke. When Ro- 
salind was driven from her uncle's court, 
Celia determined to go with her to the 
forest of Arden to seek out the banished 
duke, and for security sake, Rosalind 
dressed in boy's clothes and called her- 
self " Gan'imed," while Celia dressed as 
a peasant girl and called herself 
" Aliena." When they reached Arden 
they lodged for a time in a shepherd's 
hut, and Oliver de Boys was sent to tell 
them that his brother Orlando was hurt 
and could not come to the hut as usual. 
Oliver and Celia fell in love with each 
other, and their wedding day was fixed. 
Ganimed resumed the dress of Rosalind, 
and the two brothers married at the same 
time. — Shakespeare, As You Like It 
(1598). 

Ce'lia, a girl of 16, in Whitehead's 
comedy of The School for Lovers. It 
was written expressly for Mrs. Cibber, 
daughter of Dr. Arne. 

Mrs. Cibber was at the time more than 50 years old, but 
the uncommon symmetry and exact proportion in her 
form, with her singular vivacity, enabled her to represent 
the character of " Celia " wiUi all the juvenile appearance 
marked by the author.— Percy, Anecdote*. 

Ce'lia, a poetical name for any lady- 
love : as "Would 3'ou know my Celia's 
charms . . . ? " Not unfrequently 
Streph'on is the wooer when Celia is the 
wooed. Thomas Carew calls his "sweet 
sweeting" Celia; her real name is not 
known. 

Ce'lia (Dame), mother of Faith, Hope, 
and Charity. She lived in the hospice 
called Holiness. (Celia is from the Latin, 
caelum, " heaven.") — Spenser, Fairy 
Queen, i. 10 (1590). 

Cel'idon, the scene of one of Arthur's 
twelve battles, also called " Celidon-the- 
Forest," and said to be Tweeddale. 
Celyddon was a common term for a 
British forest. 

Celimene (3 syl.), a coquette courted 
by Alceste (2 syl.) the "misanthrope" (a 
really good man, both upright and manly, 
but blunt in behaviour, rude in speech, 
and unconventional). Alceste wants Ce'- 
limene to forsake society and live with 
him in seclusion ; this she refuses to do, 
and he replies, as you cannot find, " tout 
en moi, comme moi tout en vous, allezj 
je vous refuse." He then proposes to her 
cousin Eliante (3 syl.), but Elian te tells 
him she is already engaged to his friend 
Philinte (2 syl.), and so the play ends. — 
Moliere, Le Misanthrope (16GG). 

" Celimene" in Moliere's Lcs Pre'cieuscs 



Ridicules is a mere dummy. She is 
brought on the stage occasionally towards 
the end of the play, but never utters one 
word, and seems a supernumerary of no 
importance at all. 

Celin'da, the victim of count Fathom's 
seduction. — Smollett, Cuiiut Fathom 
(1754). 

The count placed an Eolian harp In her bedroom, and 
"the strings no sooner fell the impression yf the wind 
than they beean to pour forth a stream of melody mora 
nvisbinglj delightful than the song of Philomel, the 
warbling brook, and all the concert of Uie wood."— Smol- 
lett, Count Fathom. 

Cel'lide (2 syl.), beloved by Valentine 
and his son Francisco. The lady naturally 
prefers the vounger man. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, Mvns. Thomas (1G19). 

Celt. Tennyson calls the irritability 
of the Irish and Welsh 

The blind hysterics of the Celt 

In Memoriam, clx. 

Celtic and Ibe'rian Fields ( The), 
France and Spain. 

Roving the Celtic and Iberian fields. 

Milton, Comut, 60 (1634). 

Celtic Homer (The), Ossian, said 
to be of the third century. 

If Ossian lived at the introduction of Christianity, as by 
all appearances he did. his epoch will be die latter end of 
the third and beginning of the fourth century. 

The "Caracul" of Kingal, who is no other than Cara- 
calla (son of Seve'rus, emperor of Rome), and the battle 
fought against Caros or Carausius, ... fix the ej>och of 
Fingal to the third century, and Irish historians place his 
death in the year J82. Ossian was Fingals son.— Ara of 
Ossian. 

Cenci. Francesco Cenci was a most 
profligate Roman noble, who had four 
sons and one daughter, all of whom he 
treated with abominable cruelty. It is 
said that he assassinated his two elder 
sons and debauched his daughter Beatrice. 
Beatrice and her two surviving brothers, 
with Lucretia (their mother), conspired 
against Francesco and accomplished his 
death, but all except the youngest brother 
perished on the scaffold", September 11, 
1501. 

It has been doubted whether the fanir 
ous portrait in the Barberini palace at 
Rome is really of Beatrice Cenci, and even 
whether Guido Reni was the painter. 

Percy B. Shelley wrote a tragedy called 
The Cenci (1819). 

Cenimag'ni, the inhabitants of 
Norfolk, Suft'oUi, and Cambridge. — Caesar, 
Commentaries. 

Centaur (The Blue), a human ferm 
from the waist upwards, and a goat 
covered with blue shag from the waist 



CENTURY WHITE. 



174 



CHALYBES. 



downwards. Like the Ogri, he fed on 
human flash. 

" Shepherds," said he, " I am the Blue Centaur. If you 
will give me every third year a young child, I promise to 
bring a hundred of my kinsmen and drive the Otfriaway." 
... Me [the Blue Centaur] used to appear on the top of 
a rock, with his club in one hand . . . and with a terrible 
voice cry out to the shepherds, "Leave me my prey, and 
be off with youl" — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
(" Princess Carpillona," 1682). 

Cen'tury White, John White, the 
nonconformist lawyer. So called from 
his chief work, entitled The First Cen- 
tury of Scandalous, Malignant Priests, 
etc. (1590-1645). 

Ce'plial (Greek, Kephale), the Head 
personified, the "acropolis" of The Purple 
Island, fully described in canto v. of 
that poem, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). 

Ceph'alus (in Greek, Kephalos). 
One day, overcome with heat, Cephalns 
threw himself on the grass, and cried 
aloud, " Come, gentle Aura, and this 
heat allay ! " The words were told to his 
young wife Procris, who, supposing Aura 
to be some rival, became furiously 
jealous. Resolved to discover her rival, 
she stole next day to a covert, and soon 
saw her husband come and throw himself 
on the bank, crying aloud, " Come, gentle 
Zephyr ; come, Aura, come, this heat 
allay ! " Her mistake was evident, and 
she was about to throw herself into the 
arms of her husband, when the young 
man, aroused by the rustling, shot an 
arrow into the covert, supposing some 
wild beast was about to spring on him. 
Procris was shot, told her tale, and died. 
— Ovid, Art of Love, iii. 

(Cephalus loves Procris, i.e. "the sun 
kisses the dew." Procris is killed by 
Cephalus, i.e. "the dew is destroyed by 
the rays of the sun.") 

Ceras'tes (3 syl.), the horned snake. 
(Greek, keras, "a horn.") Milton uses the 
word in Paradise Lost, x. 525 (1665). 

Cerberus, a dog with three heads, 
which keeps guard in hell. Dante places 
it in the third circle. 

Cerberus, erne! monster, fierce and strange, 
Through his wide threefold throat barks as a dog . . . 
His eyes glare crimson, black its unctuous beard, 
Its belly large, and clawed the hands with which 
It tears the spirits, flays them, and their limbs 
Piecemeal disparts. 

Dante, Hell, vi. (1300. Cary's translation). 

Cer'don, the boldest of the rabble 
leaders in the encounter with Hu'dibras 
at the bear-baiting. The original of this 
character was Hewson, a. one-eyed cobbler 
and preacher, who was also a colonel in 
the Rump army. — S. Butler, fludibras, 
i. 2 (1663). 



Ce'res (2 syl.), the Fruits of Harvest 
personified. In classic mythology Ceres 
means " Mother Earth," the protectress of 
agriculture and fruits. 

Ce'res, the planet, is so called because it 
was discovered from the observatory of 
Palermo, and Ceres is the tutelar goddess 
of Sicily. 

Ceret'tiek Shore (T7ie), the Car- 
digan coast. 

. . . the other floods from the Cerettick short 
To the Virginian sea [q.v.], contributing their store. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, vi. (1612). 

Cer'imon, a physician of Ephesus, 
who restored to animation Thaisa, the 
wife of Per'icles prince of Tyre, sup- 
posed to be dead. — Shakespeare, Pericles 
Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Chab'ot {Philippe de), admiral of 
France, governor of Bourgoyne and Nor- 
mandy under Francois I. Montmorency 
and the cardinal de Lorraine, out of 
jealousy, accused him of malversation, 
his faithful servant Allegre was put 
to the rack to force evidence against the 
accused, and Chabot was sent to prison 
because he was unable to pay the fine 
levied upon him. His innocence, how- 
ever, was established by the confession of 
his enemies, and he was released ; but 
disgrace had made so deep an impression 
on his mind that he sickened and died. 
This is the subject of a tragedy entitled 
Hie Tragedy of Philip Chabot, etc., by 
George Chapman and James Shirley. 

ChacPband {The Rev. Mr.), type of 
a canting hypocrite " in the ministry." 
He calls himself "a vessel," is much 
admired by his dupes, and pretends to 
despise the "carnal world," but never- 
theless loves dearly its "good things," 
and is most self-indulgent.— C. Dickens, 
Bleak House (1853). 

Chaffington {Mr, Percy), M.P., a 
stock-broker.— T. M. Morton, If I had a 
Thousand a Year. 

Chalbrook, the giant, the root of 
the race of giants, including Polypheme 
(3 syl.), Goliath, the Titans, Fierabras, 
Gargantua, and closing with Pantag'ruel. 
He was born in the year known for its 
"week of three Thursdays." — Rabelais, 
Pantagruel, ii. (1533). 

Chal'ybes (3 syl.), a people on the 
south shore of the Black Sea, who occu- 
pied themselves in the working of iron. 

On the left hand dwell 
The iron-workers railed the Chalybfis, 
Of whom beware. 

E. B, Browning, Prometheus Bound J1860). 



CHAM. 



175 



CHANTICLEER. 



Cham, the pseudonym of conite 
Aine'de'e do Noe', a peer of France, a great 
wit, and the political caricaturist of 
Charivari (the French Punch). The count 
was one of the founders of the French 
Republic in 1875. As Cham or Ham was 
the necond son and scapegrace of Noah, 
so Ame'de'e was the second son and scape- 
grace of the comte de Noe' [Nuuh]. 

Cham of Literature, the. Great, a nick- 
name given to Dr. Samuel Johnson by 
Smollett in a letter to John Wilkes (1709- 
1784). 

Cham of Tartary, a corruption 
of Chan or Khan, i.e. "lord or prince," 
as Hoccota Chan. "Ulu Chan" means 
"great lord," "ulu" being equal to the 
Latin magnus, and "chan" to dominus or 
imperdtor. Sometimes the word is joined 
to the name, as Chan-balu, Cara-chan, 
etc. The Turks have also had their 
" Sultan Murad chan bin Sultan Selim 
chan," i.e. Sultan Murad prince, son of 
Sultan Selim prince. — Selden, Titles of 
Honour, vi. 6*6 (1G72). 

Cham'berlain (Matthew), a tapster, 
the successor of Old Roger Raine (1 syl.). 
— Sir W. Scott, Peverit of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Chamont, brother of Monimia 
" the orphan," and the troth - plight 
husband of Seri'na (daughter of lord 
Acasto). He is a soldier, so proud and 
susceptible that he is for ever taking 
offence, and setting himself up as censor 
or champion. He fancies his sister 
Monim'ia has lost her honour, and calls 
her to task, but finds he is mistaken. 
He fancies her guardian, old Acasto, has 
not been sufficiently watchful over her, and 
draws upon him in his anger, but sees his 
folly just in time to prevent mischief. He 
fancies Castalio, his sister's husband, has 
ill-treated her, and threatens to kill him, 
but his suspicions are again altogether 
erroneous. In fact, his presence in the 
house was like that of a mad man with 
fire-brands in a stack-yard. — Otwav, The 
Orphan (1680). 

There are characters in which he [C. it. Toung\ is 
unrivalled and almost perfect. His "Pierre" [Venice 
Preserved, Otway] is more soldierly than Kemble's ; 
his "Chamont" is full of brotherly pride, noble im- 
petuosity, and heroic scorn. — New Monthly Magazine 
(1822). 

Champagne (Henry earl of), a 
crusader. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Cham'pernel', a lame old gentle- 
man, the husband of Lami'ra, and son- 



in-law of judge Vertaigne (2 syl.). — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Little French 
Ijawyer (1647). 

Champion and Severall. A 
"champion" is a common, or land in 
allotments without enclosures. A 
" severall " is a private farm, or land 
enclosed for individual use. A "cham- 
pion " also means one who holds an open 
allotment or " champion." 

More profit is quieter found 

(Where pictures in sevenill be) 
Of one seely acre of ground, 

Than champion maketli of three. 
Again what a joy it is known 
When men niAj Ihj I>oM of their own I 

Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
Utubandry, liii. B9L 

Again : 

The cliampion differs from teverall much 
For want of jwirti tion, closier, and such. 

Tusser (intx.), (1557). 

Champion of the Virgin. St. 
Cyril of Alexandria is so called from his 
defence of the " Incarnation" or doctrine 
of the " hypostatic union," in the long 
and stormy dispute with Nesto'rius 
bishop of Constantinople. 

Champneys (Sir Geoff ry), a fossi- 
lized old country gentleman, who believes 
in "blue blood" and the "British peer- 
age." Father of Talbot, and neighbour 
of Perkyn Middlewick, a retired butter - 
man. The sons of these two magnates 
are fast friends, but are turned adrift by 
their fathers for marrying in opposition 
to their wishes. When reduced to abject 
poverty, the old men go to visit their 
sons, relent, and all ends happily. 

Talbot Champneys, a swell with few 
brains and no energy. His name, which 
was his passport into society, would not 
find him in salt in the battle of life. 
He marries Mary Melrose, a girl without 
a penny, but his father wanted him to 
marry Violet the heiross. 

Miss Champneys, sir Geoffry's sister, 
proud and aristocratic, but quite willing 
to sacrifice both on the altar of Mr. 
Perkyn Middlewick, the butterman, if 
the wealthy plebeian would make her 
his wife, and allow her to spend his 
money. — H. J. Byron, Our Boys (1875). 

Chandos House (Cavendish Square, 
London), so called from being the resi- 
dence of James Brydges, duke of Chan- 
dos, generally called " The Princely 
Chandos." 

Chandos Street. (See Caribeb 
Islands.) 

Chan'ticleer (3 syl.), the cock, in 



CHAONIAN BIRD. 



176 



CHARLEMAGNE, ETC. 



the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498), 
and also in "The Nonne Preste's Tale," 
told in The Canterbury Tales, by Chaucer 
(1388). 

Chaon'ian Bird (The), foe dove; 
so called because doves delivered the 
oracles of Dodona or Chaon'ia. 

But the mild swallow none with toils infest, 
And none the soft Chaonian hird molest 

Ovid, Art of Love, ii. 

Chaonian Food, acorns, so called from 
the oak trees of Dodona, which gave out 
the oracles by means of bells hung 
among the branches. Beech mast is so 
called also, because beech trees abounded 
ii. the forest of Dodona. 

Chapelle Aventureuse, the 
place where Launcelot had his second 
vision of the "Beatific Cup." His first 
was during his fit of madness. 

Slumbering, he saw the vision high, 
He might not view with waking eye. 

Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1S08). 

Characters of Vathek's Sabres. 
"Like the characters of Vathek's sabres, 
they never remained two days alike." 
These sabres would deal blows without 
being wielded by man, obedient to his 
wish only.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 

Charalois, son of the marshal of 
Burgundy. When he was 28 years old, 
his father died in prison at Dijon, for 
debts contracted by him for the service 
of the State in the wars. According to 
the law which then prevailed in France, 
the body of the marshal was seized by 
his creditors, and refused burial. The 
son of Charalois redeemed his father's 
body by his own, which Avas shut up in 
prison in lieu of the marshal's. — Philip 
Massinger, The Fatal Dowry (1632). 

(It will be remembered that Milti'ades, 
the Athenian general, died in prison for 
debt, and the creditors claimed the body, 
which they would not suffer to be buried 
till his son Cimon gave up himself as 
a hostage.) 

Char'egite (3 syl.). The Charegite 
assassin, in the disguise of a Turkish 
marabout or enthusiast, comes and dances 
before the tent of Richard Coeur de Lion, 
and suddenly darting forward, is about 
to stab the king, when a Nubian seizes 
his arm, and the kinjj kills the assassin 
on the spot. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Charicle'ia, the fiance'eof Theag'eneu, 
in the Greek romance called The Loves of 



Theagenes and Charicleia, by Heliodo'ros 
bishop of Trikka (fourth century). 

Chari'no, father of Angelina. Charino 
wishes Angelina to marry Clodio, a young 
coxcomb ; but the lady prefers his elder 
brother Carlos", a young bookworm. 
Love changes the character of the diffi- 
dent Carlos, and Charino at last accepts 
him for his son-in-law. Charino is a 
testy, obstinate old man, who wants to 
rule the whole world in his own wav. — • 
C. Cibber, Love Makes the Man (1694). 

Chariva'ri. In the middle ages a 
"charivari" consisted of an assemblage 
of ragamuffins, who, armed with tin pots 
and pans, fire-shovels, and kettles, 
gathered in the dark outside the house of 
any obnoxious person, making the night 
hideous by striking the pots against the 
pans, and howling " Haro! haro !" or (in 
the south) " Hari! hari ! " In 1563, the 
Council of Trent took the matter up, and 
solemnly interdicted " charivaries " undei 
pain of excommunication ; nevertheless, 
the practice continues in France to this 
day, notably in the village of La Rus- 
cade. 

In East Lavant, near Chichester, be- 
tween 1869 and 1872, I have witnessed 
three such visitations made to different 
houses. In two cases the husband had 
bullied his wife, and in one the wife had 
injured her husband with a broomstick. 
The visitation in all cases was made for 
three successive nights, and the villagers 
assured me confidently that the " law had 
no power to suppress these demonstra- 
tions." 

Charlemagne and His Pala- 
dins. This series of romances is of 
French origin ; as the Arthurian is Welsh 
or British. It began with the legendary 
chronicle in verse, called Historia de Vita 
Carola Magni et Rolandi, erroneously at- 
tributed to Turpin archbishop of Rheims 
(a contemporary of Charlemagne), but 
probably written 200 or 300 years 
later. The chief of the series are Hu&n 
of Bordeaux, Guerin de Monglave, Gay- 
len Rhetore (in which Charlemagne and 
his paladins proceed in mufti to the Holj 
Land), Miles and Ames, Jairdain de 
£ laves, Doolin de Mayence, Ogier le 
Danais, and Maw/is the Enchanter. 

Charlemagne' s Stature, We are told 
that Charlemagne was "eight feet high," 
and so strong that he could " straighten 
with his hands alone three horse-shoes 
at once." His diet and his dress were 
both as simple as possible. 



CHARLEMAGNE OF SERVIA. 177 



CHARLES'S WAIN. 



Charlemagne 1 a Nine Wives: (1) Hamil- 
trude, a poor frenchwoman, who bore him 
several children. (2) Desidere'ta, who 

was divorced. (3) Hildegarde. (-1) Fas- 
trade, daughter of count Rodolph the 
Saxon, (o) Luitgarde the German. The 
last three died before him. (6) Malte- 
garde. (7) Gersuinde the Saxon. (8) 
Regina. (9) Adalinda. 

Charlemagne's Sword, La Joyeuse. 

Charlemagne and the Ring, Pasquier 
says that Charles le Grand fell in love 
with a peasant girl [Agatha], in whose 
society he seemed bewitched, insomuch 
that all matters of State were neglected 
by him ; but the girl died, to the great joy 
of all. What, however, was the astonish- 
ment of the court to find that the king 
seemed no less bewitched with the dead 
body than he had been with the living, and 
spent all day and night with it, even when 
its smell was quite offensive. Archbishop 
Turpin felt convinced there was sorcery 
in this strange infatuation, and on ex- 
amining the body, found a ring under 
the tongue, which he removed. Charle- 
magne now lost all regard for the dead 
body ; but followed Turpin, with whom 
he seemed infatuated. The archbishop 
now bethought him of the ring, which he 
threw into a pool at Aix, where Charle- 
magne built a palace and monastery, and 
no spot in the world had such attractions 
for him as Aix-la-Chapelle, where "the 
ring" was buried. — Meeherches de la 
France, vi. 33. 

Charlemagne not dead. According to 
legend, Charlemagne waits crowned and 
armed in Odenberg (Hesse) or Untersberg, 
near Saltzburg, till the time of antichrist, 
when he will wake up and deliver Christen- 
dom. (See Barbarossa.) 

Charlemagne and Years of Plenty. Ac- 
cording to German legend, Charlemagne 
appears in seasons of plenty. He crosses 
the Rhine on a golden bridge, and blesses 
both corn-fields and vineyards. 

Thou standest, like imperial Charlemagne, 
Upon thy bridge of gold. 

Longfellow, Autumn. 

Charlemagne of Servia, Stephen 
Dushan. 

Charles II. of England, introduced 
by sir W. Scott in two novels, viz., 
Peverii of the Peak and Woodstock. In 
this latter he appears first as a gipsy 
woman, and afterwards under the name 
of Louis Kerneguy (Albert Lee's page). 

Charles XII. of Sweden. " Deter- 
mined to brave the seasons, as he had 
done his enemies, Charles XII. ventured 



to make long marches during the cold 
of the memorable winter of 1709. In one 
of these marches 20U0 of his men died 
from the cold. 

Or learn the fate that bleeding thousands bore. 
Marched by their Charle* to Unifier's swampy shore ; 
Faint in his wounds, and shivering in the lil:i-t. 
The Swedish soldier sank, and groaned his last 

Campbell. The Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 

(Planche' has an historical drama, in 
two acts, called Charles XII. ; and the 
Life of Charles XII., by Voltaire, is con- 
sidered to be one of the best-written 
historical works in the French language.) 

Charles "the Bold," duke of Lur- 
gundy, introduced by sir W. Scott in 
two novels, viz., Quentin DuruxXrd and 
Anne of Geicrstein. The latter novel 
contains an account of the battle of 
Nancy, where Charles was slain. 

Charles prince f Wales (called "Babie 
Charles"), son of James I., introduced by 
sir W. Scott in The Fortunes of Nigel, 

<\, tries "the Good," earl of Flanders. 
In 1127 he passed a law that whoever 
married a serf should become a serf : 
thus if a prince married a serf, the 
prince would become a serf. This absurd 
law caused his death, and the death of 
the best blood in Bruges. — S. Knowles, 
The Provost of Bruges (1836). 

Charles Edward [Stuart], called 
" The Chevalier Prince Charles Edward, 
the Young Pretender," introduced by sir 
W. Scott in Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.), first as "father Buonaventura," 
and afterwards as " Pretender to the 
British crown." He is again introduced 
in Waverley (time, George II.). 

Charles Emmanuel, son of Victor 
Amade'us (4 syl.) king of Sardinia. In 
1730 his father abdicated, but somewhat 
later wanted his son to restore the crown 
again. This he refused to do ; and when 
Victor plotted against him, D'Orme'a 
was sent to arrest the old man, and he 
died. Charles was brave, patient, single- 
minded, and truthful. — R. Browning, 
King Victor and King Charles, etc. 

Charles's Wain, the constellation 
called The Great Bear, a corruption of 
the old English ceorles ween (" the churl's 
or farmer's waggon"), sometimes still 
further corrupted into "King Charles's 
wain." 

Heigh ho ! An 't be not four by the day. 111 be hanged. 
Charles' wain is over the new chimney.— Shakespeare, 
I Henry /»'. act ii. sc. 1 (1597). 

Could he not beg the loan of Charles's wain. 

Byron, Don Juan, iii. 99 (1320) 

ar' 



CHARLEY. 



178 



CHASTE. 



Charley (A), an imperial, or tuft of 
hair on the chin. 

A tuft of hair on his chin, termed grandiloquently an 
" imperial," but familiarly a " Charley."— R. M. Jephson, 
The Girl lie Left behind- Him, i. 5. 

Charley, plu. Charlies, an old 
watchman or " night guardian," before 
the introduction of the police force by 
sir Robert Peel, in 1829. So called from 
Charles I., who extended and improved 
the police system. 

Chariot, a messenger from Liege to 
Louis XL — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Bur- 
ward (time, Edward IV.). 

Charlotte, the faithful sweetheart of 
young Wilmot, supposed to have perished 
at sea. — Geo. Lillo, Fatal Curiosity (1736). 

Charlotte, the dumb girl, in love with 
Leander ; but her father, sir Jasper, 
wants her to marry Mr. Dapper. In 
order to avoid this hateful alliance, Char- 
lotte pretends to be dumb, and only 
answers, " Han, hi, han, hon." The 
"mock doctor" employs Leander as his 
apothecary, and the young lady is soon 
cured by " pills matrimoniac." In 
Moliere's Le Me'decin Malgre Lui, Char- 
lotte is called " Lucinde." The jokes in 
act ii. 6 are verbally copied from the 
French. — H, Fielding, The Mock Doctor. 

Charlotte, daughter of sir John Lam- 
bert, in The Hypocrite, bv Is. Bicker- 
staff (1768) ; in love with Darnley. She 
is a giddy girl, fond of tormenting Darn- 
ley ; but being promised in marriage to 
Dr. Cantwell, who is 59, and whom she 
utterly detests, she becomes somewhat 
sobered down, and promises Darnley to 
become his loving wife. Her constant 
exclamation is " Lud ! " In Moliere's 
comedy of Tartuffe, Charlotte is called 
" Mariane," and Darnley is " Valere." 

Charlotte, the pert maid-servant of the 
countess Wintersen. Her father was 
" state coachman." Charlotte is jealous 
of Mrs. Haller, and behaves rudely to 
her (see act ii. 3). — Benjamin Thompson, 
The Stranger (1797). 

Char'lotte, servant to Sowerberry. A 
dishonest, rough servant-girl, who ill- 
treats Oliver Twist, and robs her master. 
— C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 

Charlotte (Lady), the servant of a lady 
so called. She assumes the airs with the 
name and address of her mistress. The 
servants of her own and other households 
address her as " Your ladyship," or 
" lady Charlotte ;" but though so mighty 



grand, she is " noted for a plaguy pair of 
thick legs." — Rev. James Townley, High 
Life Below Stairs (1759). 

Charlotte Elizabeth, whose sur- 
name was Phelan, afterwards Tonna, 
author of numerous books for children, 
tales, etc. (1825-1862). 

Charlotte Groodchild, a merchant'^ 
orphan daughter of large fortune. She 
is pestered by many lovers, and her 
guardian gives out that she has lost all 
her money by the bankruptcy of his house. 
On this all her suitors but one call off, 
and that one is sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan, 
who declares he loves her now as an 
equal, and one whom he can serve, but 
before he loved her "with fear and 
trembling, like a man that loves to be a 
soldier, yet is afraid of a gun." — C. Mack- 
lin, Love a-la-mode (1779). 

Char'mian, a kind-hearted, simple- 
minded attendant on Cleopatra. After 
the queen's death, she applied one of the 
asps to her own arm, and when the Roman 
soldiers entered the room, fell down 
dead. — Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra 
(1608). 

Char'teris {Sir Patrick) of Kin- 
fauns, provost of Perth. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Chartist Clergyman (The), Rev. 
Charles Kingsley (1809-1877). 

Chartre (Le billet qu y a la), the 
promise of a candidate to those he can- 
vasses. The promise of a minister or 
prince, which he makes from politeness, 
and forgets as soon. Ah, le bon billet qu" a 
la Chartre. — Ninon de Lenclos. 

Charyllis, in Spenser's pastoral 
Colin Clout's Coine Home Again, is lady 
Compton. Her name was Anne, and she 
was the fifth of the six daughters of sir 
John Spenser of Althorpe, Lancaster, of 
the noble houses of Spenser and Marl- 
borough. Edmund Spenser dedicated to 
her his satirical fable called Mother 
Hubbard's Tale (1591). She was thrice 
married, her first husband was lord Mont- 
eagle, and her third was Robert lord 
Buckhurst (son of the poet Sackville), 
who succeeded his father in 1608 as earl 
of Dorset. 

No less praiseworthy are the sisters three. 
The honour of the noble family 
Of which I meanest boast myself to be, . . . 
Phyllis, Charyllis ami sweet Amaryllis: 
Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three, 

The next to her is bouutiful Chary-Ilia. 

Ctoi'i Clout's Come Home Again (1534). 

Chaste (The), Alfonso II. of As- 



CHASTITY. 



179 



CHEERYBLE BROTHERS. 



tnrias and Leon (758, 791-835 abdicated, 
died 842). 

Chastity ( Tests of) : Alasnam's 
mirror, Arthur's drinking-horn, the boy's 
mantle, cutting the brawn's head, Flori- 
mel's girdle, the horn of fidelity, la coupe 
enchante'e, the mantle of fidelity, the 
grotto of Ephesus, etc. (See Cakadoc, 
and each article named.) 

Chateau en Espagne. (See 
Castle in the Air.) 

Chatookee, an Indian bird, that 
never drinks at a stream, but catches the 
rain-drops in falling. — Period. Account 
of the Baptist Missionaries, ii. 309. 

Les- pure than thes» is that strange Indian bird. 
Who never dip:, in earthly streams bcr bill. 

Bat, when the sound of coming Bhotrera :> heard, 
Looks up. and from the clouds receives her fill. 

Southey, Curse of Kthama, xxi. 6 11S09). 

Chat'tanach (M- Gillie), chief of the 
clan Chattan. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Chat'terley (Ben. Simon), "the man 
of religion " at the Spa, one of the manag- 
ing committee. — Sir YV. Scott, St. 
Pi'onan's Well (time, George III.). 

Chaubert (Mons.), Master Chif- 
finch's cook. — Sir W. Scott, I'eeeril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Chaucer of France, Clement 
Marot (1484-1544). 

Chau'nus, Arrogance personified in 
The Purple Island, 03' Phineas Fletcher 
(1633). "Fondly himself with praising 
he dispraised." Fully described in canto 
viii. (Greek, chaunos, "vain.") 

Chau'vinism, a blind idolatry of 
Napoleon I. Now it is applied to a blind 
idolatry of France and Frenchmen. A 
chauvin is the person who idolizes. The 
word is taken from "Chauvin" in 
Scribe's Soldat Labourcur, a veteran 
soldier of the first empire, whose admira- 
tion of Napoleon was unbounded, and 
who honoured even "the shadow of his 
shoe-tie." 

Such is the theme on which French chauvinism is 
inexhaustible.— Times, 1871. 

Cheap as the Sardinians 

(Latin). The reference is to the vast 
crowds of Sardinian prisoners and slaves 
brought to Rome by Tiberius Gracchus. 

Cheap Jack means market Jack or 
Jack the chapman. (Anglo-Saxon, chepe, 
" a market," hence Cheap-side.) 

Cheatly (2 syl.), a lewd, imprudent 



debauchee of Alsatia (Whitefriars). He 
dares not leave the "refuge" by reason 
of debt ; but in the precincts he fleeces 
young heirs of entail, helps them to 
money, and becomes bound for them. — 
ShadweU, Squire of Alsatia (1688). 

Che r bar, the tutelar angel of Mary, 
sister of Martha and Lazarus of Bethany. 
— Klopstock, The Messiah, xii. (1771). 

Ched'eraza'de (5 syl.), mother of 
Hem'junah and wife, of Zebene'zer 
sultan of Cassimir'. Her daughter having 
run away to prevent a forced marriage 
with the prince of Georgia, whom she had 
never seen, the sultana pined awav and 
died.— Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of 
the Genii (" Princess of Cassimir," talo 
vii., 1751). 

Chederles (3 syl.), a Moslem hero, 
who, like St. George, saved a virgin 
exposed to the tender mercies of a huge 
dragon. He also drank of the waters of 
immortality, and lives to render aid in 
war to any who invoke it. 

When Chederlis comes 
To aid the Moslem on his deathless horse, 
... as \if] he had newly quaffed 
The hidden waters of eternal youth. 

Southey, Juan of Arc, vi. Mt, etc. (1837). 

Cheeney (Frank), an outspoken 
bachelor. He marries Kate Tyson. — 
Wvbert Reeve, Parted. 

Cheerly' (Mrs.), daughter of colonel 
Woodley. After being married three 
years, she was left a widow, young, hand- 
some, rich, lively, and gay. She came 
to London, and was seen in the opera by 
Frank Heartall, an open-hearted, im- 
pulsive young merchant, who fell in 
love with her, and followed her to her 
lodging. Ferret, the villain of the story, 
misinterpreted all the kind actions of 
Frank, attributing his gifts to hush- 
money ; but his character was amply vin- 
dicated, and " the soldier's daughter " 
became his blooming wife. — Cherrv, 
The Soldier's Daughter (1804). 

Miss O'Xeill, at the age of 19. made her dibut at the 
Theatre Roval, Crow Street, in 1811, as "The Widow 
Cheerly."— W. Donaldson. 

Cheery ble Brothers (The), brother 
Ned and brother Charles, the incarnations 
of all that is warm-hearted, generous, 
benevolent, and kind. They were once 
homeless boys running about the streets 
barefooted, and when they grew to be 
wealthy London merchants, were ever 
ready to stretch forth a helping hand to 
those struggling against the buffets of 
fortune. 



CHEESE. 



180 



CHESTER MYSTERIES. 



Frank Clieeryble, nephew of the brothers 
Cheeryble. He married Kate Nickleby. 
— C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Cheese. The " ten topping guests." 
(See Cisley.) 

Cheese (Dr.), an English translation 
of the Latin Dr. Caseus, that is, Dr. John 
Chase, a noted qnack, who was born in the 
reign of Charles II., and died in that of 
queen Anne. 

Cheese-Cakes. SirW. Scott, allud- 
ing to the story of " Nour'eddin' Ali and 
Bed'reddin' Hassan," in the Arabian Nights' 
Entertainments, makes in four or five 
lines as many blunders. The quotation is 
from The Heart of Midlothian. 

She, i.e. Effle Deans, amused herself with visiting the 
dairy . . . and was near discovering herself to Mary 
Hetley by betraying her acquaintance with the celebrated 
receipt for Dunlop cheese, that she compared herself to 
Bedreddin Hassan, whom the vizier his father-in-law 
discovered by his superlative skill in composing cream- 
tarts with pepper in them. 

(1) It was not "cream-tarts" but 
cheese-cakes. (2) # The charge was that he 
made cheese-cake's without putting pepper 
in them, and not " cream-tarts with 
pepper." (3) It was not " the vizier his 
father-in-law," but the widow of Nour- 
eddin Ali and the mother of Bedreddin, 
who made the discovery. She declared 
that she herself had given the receipt to 
her son, and it was known to no one else. 

Chemistry (The Father of), Arnaud 
de Viileneuve (1238-1314). 

Che'mos (ch - k) , god of the Moabites ; 
also called Baal-Pe'or; the Pria'pus or 
idol of turpitude and obscenity. Solomon 
built a temple to this obscene idol "in 
the hill that is before Jerusalem " 
(1 Kings xi. 7). In the hierachy of hell 
Milton gives Chemos the fourth rank : (1) 
Satan, (2) Beelzebub, (3) Moloch, (4) 
Chemos. 

Next Chemos, the ob'scene dread of Moab's sons . 
Peor his other name. 

Paradise Lost, 406, 412 (1665). 

Cheq'uers. a public-house sign ; the 
arms of Fitz-Warren, the head of which 
house, in the days of the Plantagenets, 
was invested with the power of licensing 
vinters and publicans. 

The Chequers of Abingdon Street, West- 
minster, the bearing of the earls of 
Arundel, at one time empowered to grant 
licences to public-houses. 

Cherone'an ( The) or Thk Chkronk'- 
an Sack (ch — h), Plutarch, who w:is 



born at Chserone'a, in Boeo'tia (a.d. 46- 
120). 

This praise, Cheronean sage, is thine t 

Beattie, Minstrel (1773). 

Cher'ry, the lively daughter of Boni- 
face, landlord of the inn at Lichfield.— 
Geo. Farquhar, The Beaux' Stratagem 
(1705). (See Chery.) 

Chem/ (Andrew), comic actor and dra- 
matist (1762-1812), author of The Soldier's 
Daughter, All for Fame, Two Strings to 
your Bow, The Village, Spanish Dollars, 
etc. He was specially noted for his ex- 
cellent wigs. 

Shall sapient managers new scenes produce 
From Cherry, Skeffington, and Mother Goose t 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Jieviewers (1809). 

* + * Mother Goose is a pantomime by 
C. Dibdin. 

Cher'sett (Anglo-Saxon, chirch-sett, 
or "church-seed," ecclesiw semen), a cer- 
tain quota of wheat annually made to the 
Church on St. Martin's Day. 

All that measure of wheat called chersett — Deed of Gift 
to Uoxgrove Priory (near Chichester). 

Cher'ubim (Don), the "bachelor of 
Salamanca," who is placed in a vast 
number of different situations of life, and 
made to associate with all classes of 
society, that the authors may sprinkle 
his satire and wit in every direction. — 
Lesage, The Bachelor of Salamanca 
(1737). 

Cher'y, the son of Brunetta (who was 
the wife of a king's brother), married 
his cousin Fairstar, daughter of the king. 
He obtained for his cousin the three 
wonderful things : The dancing water, 
which had the power of imparting 
beauty ; the siru/ing apple, which had the 
power of imparting wit ; and the little green 
bird, which had the power of telling 
secrets. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
(" The Princess Fairstar," 1682). 

Ches'ter (Sir John), a plausible, 
foppish villain, the sworn enemy of 
Geoffrey Haredale, by whom he is killed 
in a duel. Sir John is the father of Hugh, 
the gigantic servant at the Maypole inn. 

Ed/card Chester, son of sir John, and 
the lover of Emma Haredale. — C. Dickens, 
Barnaby Rudge (1841). 

Chester Mysteries, certain miracle- 
plays performed at Chester, composed in 
1600, L604, 1607, and printed in 1843 for 
the Shakespeare Society, under the care 
of Thomas Wright. (See Towneley 
Mysteries.) 



CHESTERFIELD. 



181 CHICKENS AND THE AUGURS. 



Chesterfield (Charles), a young 
man of genius, the hero and title of a 
novel by Mrs. Trollope (1841). The object 
of this novel is to satirize the state of 
literature in England, and to hold up to 
censure authors, editors, and publishers, 
as prolligate, selfish, and corrupt. 

Chesterfield House (London), 
built by Isaac Ware for Philip fourth 
earl of Chesterfield, author of Chester- 
field's Letters to His Son (1694-1773). 

Chesterton (Paul), nephew to Mr. 
Percy Chaflington, stock-broker andM.P. 
— T. M. Morton, If I had a Thousand a 
Year (1764-1838). 

Chevalier dTndustrie, a man 
who lives by his wits and calls himself a 
"gentleman." 

Utnicheur de fauvettes, chavalier de l'ordro de ["Indus- 
trie, qui va chercher quelque bon nid, quelque femme qui 
lui fasse sa fortuuv. — (Jongam ou L'homme Prodiyieux 
(1713). 

Chevalier Malfet (Le). So sir 
Launcelot calls himself after he was cured 
of his madness. The meaning of the 
phrase is "The knight who has done ill," 
or "The knight who has trespassed." — 
Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, 
iii. 20 (1470). 

Cheveril (Hans), the ward of Mor- 
dent, just come of age. Impulsive, 
generous, hot-blooded. He resolves to 
be a rake, but scorns to be a villain. 
However, he accidentally meets with 
Joanna "the deserted daughter," and 
falls in love with her. He rescues her 
from the clutches of Mrs. Enfield the 
crimp, and marries her. — Holcroff, The 
Deserted Daughter (altered into The 
Steward). 

The part that placed me [Walter Lacy] in the position 
of a light comedian was "Cheveril," in The pttivard, 
altered from Holcroft's Deserted Daughter.— W. Lacy, 
Letter to W. C. Russell. 

Chevy Chase is not the battle of 
Otterburn, although the two are mixed 
up together in the ballad so called. Chevy 
Chase is the chase of the earl of Douglas 
among "the Chyviat Hyls" after Percy 
of Northumberland, who had vowed "he 
would hunt there three days without 
asking the warden's consent." 

The Pers€ owt of Northombarlande, 

And a vowe to God ruayd he 
That he wolde hunte in the mountayns 

Off Chyviat within dayes thre, 
In mauger of doughte Dogles 

And all that with him be. 

Percy, Reliquet, I. i. 1. 

ChibiaTbos, the Harmony of Nature 



personified ; a musician, the friend of 
Hiawatha, and ruler in the land of spirits. 
When he played on his pipe, the "brooks 
ceased to murmur, the wood-birds to sing, 
the squirrel to chatter, and the rabbit sac 
upright to look and listen." He was 
drowned in lake Superior by the breaking 
of the ice. 

Most beloved by Hiawatha 
Was the gentle Ohibiabos; 
He the best of all musicians. 
He the sweetest of all singers. 

Longfellow, Uiawntltu, vl and xv. 

Chicaneau [She'. ka.no'}, a litigious 
tradesman, in Les Plaideurs, by Racine 
(1668). 

Chich'i-Vache (3 syl.), a monster 
that fed only on good women. The word 
means the " sorry cow." It was all skin 
and bone, because its food was so ex- 
tremely scarce. (See Bycokn.) 

O noble wyv6s, full of heigh prudence. 
Let noon humilitie your tong&s nayle . . . 
I.e.st Chichi-Vache you swolive in her entraile. 
Chaucer, Canterbury Tale* (" Merchant's Tale," 1388). 

Chick (J//'.), brother-in-law of Mr. 
Dombey ; a stout gentleman, with a 
tendency to whistle and hum airs at in- 
opportune moments. Mr. Chick is some- 
what hen-pecked ; but in the matrimonial 
squalls, though apparently beaten, he not 
unfrequently rises up the superior and 
gets his own way. 

Louisa Chick, Mr. Dombey's married 
sister. She is of a snappish temper, but 
dresses in a most juvenile style, and is 
persuaded that anything can be accom- 
plished if persons will only "make an 
effort." — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
(1846). 

Chicken (The), Michael Angelo 
Taylor, barrister, so called because in his 
maiden speech, 1785, he said, " I deliver 
this opinion with great deference, being 
but a chicken in the profession of the 
law." 

Chicken (The Game), a low fellow, to be 
heard of at the bar of the Black Badger. 
Mr. Toots selects this man as his instruc- 
tor in fencing, betting, and self-defence. 
The Chicken has short hair, a low fore- 
head, a broken nose, and "a considerable 
tract of bare and sterile country behind 
each ear." — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
(1846). 

Chickens and the Augurs. 
When the augurs told Publius Claudius 
Pulcher, the Roman consul, who was 
about to engage the Carthaginian fleet, 
that the sacred chickens would not eat, he 



CHICKENSTALKER. 



182 



CHILDREN. 



replied, "Then toss them into the sea, 
that they may drink." 

Chick'enstalker (Mrs.), a stout, 
bonuy, kind-hearted woman, who keeps a 
general shop. Toby Veck, in his dream, 
imagines her married to Tugby, the 
porter of sir Joseph Bowley. — C. Dickens, 
The Chimes (1844). 

Chick' weed (Conkey, i.e. Nosey), 
the man who robbed himself. He was a 
licensed victualler on the point of failing, 
and gave out that he had been robbed of 
327 guineas "by a tall man with a black 
patch over his eye." He was much 
pitied, and numerous subscriptions were 
made on his behalf. A detective was 
sent to examine into the " robbery," and 
Chickweed would cry out, "There he is ! " 
and run after the "hypothetical thief" 
for a considerable distance, and then lose 
sight of him. This occurred over and 
over again, and at last the detective said 
to him, " I've found out who done this 
here robbery." "Have you?" said 
Chickweed. "Yes," says Spyers, "you 
done it yourself." And so he had. — C. 
Dickens, Oliver Twist, xxxi. (1837). 

Chiffinch (Master Thomas), alias 
Will Smith, a friend of Richard Gan- 
lesse (2 syl.). The private emissary of 
Charles II. He was employed by the 
duke of Buckingham to carry off Alice 
Bridgenorth to Whitehall, but the captive 
escaped and married Julian Peveril. 

Kate Chiffinch, mistress of Thomas Chif- 
finch. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II.). 

Chignon \_Shln.ydng], the French 
valet of Miss Alscrip "the heiress." A 
silly, affected, typical French valet-de- 
chambre. — General Burgoyne, The Heiress 
(1718). 

Chi'lax, a merry old soldier, lieu- 
tenant to general Memnon, in Paphos. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Mad Lover 
(1617). 

Child. The notes of this bank bear a 
mariijold, because this flower was the 
trade-mark of "Blanchard and Child." 
The original " marigold " is still to be 
seen in the front office, with the motto 
Ainsi mon ame.~— See First London Direc- 
tory, 1677. 

Child (The), Rettum, daughter of Maxi- 
milianc BrenLano. So called from the 
title of her book, Goethe's Correspondence 
with a Child. 

Child of Nature (The), a play by 



Mrs. Inchbald. Amantis is the " child of 
Nature." She was the daughter of Al- 
berto, banished " by an unjust sentence," 
and during his exile he left his daughter 
under the charge of the marquis Almanza. 
Amantis was brought up in total ignorance 
of the world and the passion-principles 
which sway it, but felt grateful to her 
guardian, and soon discovered that what 
she called "gratitude" the world calls 
" love." Her father returned home rich, 
his sentence cancelled and his innocence 
allowed, just in time to give his daughter 
in marriage to his friend Almanza. 

Child of the Cord. So the defend- 
ant was called by the judges of the 
Vehm-gericht, in Westphalia ; because 
every one condemned by the tribunal was 
hanged to the branch of a tree. 

Child-King. Shakespeare says, 
"Woe to that land that's governed by a 
child ! " (Richard III. act ii. sc. 3). 

Woe to thee, land, when thy king is a child!— 
Eccles. x. 16. 

Childe Harold, a man sated with 
the world, who roams from place to place, 
to kill time and escape from himself. 
The "chiide" is, in fact, lord Byron 
himself, who was only 22 when he began 
the poem, which was completed in seven 
years. In canto i. the "childe" visits 
Portugal and Spain (1809) ; in canto ii. 
Turkey in Europe (1810) ; in canto iii. 
Belgium and Switzerland (1816) ; and in 
canto iv. Venice, Rome, and Florence 
(1817). 

("Childe" is a title of honour, about 
tantamount to " lord," as childe Waters, 
childe Rolande, childe Tristram, childe 
Arthur, childe Childers, etc.) 

Chil'ders (E. W. Ii.), one of the 
riders in Sleary's circus, noted for his 
vaulting and reckless riding in the cha- 
racter of the " Wild Huntsman of the 
Prairies." This compound of groom 
and actor marries Josephine, Sleary's 
daughter. 

Kidderminster Childers, son of the 
above, known in the profession as 
" Cupid." He is a diminutive boy, with 
an old face and facetious manner wholly 
bevond his years. — C. Dickens, hard 
Times (1854). 

Children (The Henncberg). It is said 

that the countess of llenneberg railed al a 
beggar for having twins, and the beggar, 
turning on the countess, who was -12 years 
old, said, " May you have as many 
children as thereare days in a yoar," and 



CHILDREN IN THE WOOD. 



183 



CHIRON. 



6ure enough on Good Friday, 1276, the 
countess brought forth 365 at one birth ; 
all the males were christened John, and 
all the females Elizabeth. They were 
Duried at a village near La Hague, and the 
jug is still shown in which they were 
baptized. 

Children in the Wood, the little 
son (three years old) and younger 
daughter (Jane), left by a Norfolk gentle- 
man on his death-bed to the care of his 
deceased wife's brother. The boy was to 
have £300 a year on coming of age, and 
the girl £500 as a wedding portion ; but 
if the children died in their minority the 
money was to go to the uncle. " The 
uncle, in order to secure the property, 
hired two ruffians to murder the children, 
but one of them relented and killed his 
companion ; then, instead of murdering 
the babes, he left them in Way land Wood, 
where they gathered blackberries, but 
died at night with cold and terror. All 
things went ill with the uncle, who 
perished in gaol, and the ruffian, after a 
lapse of seven years, confessed the whole 
villainy. — Percy, Rcliques, III. ii. 18. 

Children of the Mist, one of the 
branches of the MacGregors, a wild race 
of Scotch Highlanders, who had a skir- 
mish with the soldiers in pursuit of Dal- 
getty and M'Eagh among the rocks 
(ch. 14). — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Chillip {Dr.), a physician who at- 
tended Mrs. Copperfield at the birth of 
David. 

He was the meekest of his set. the mildest of little men. 
— C. Dickens. DavUl Copperfield, i. (1849). 

Chillon' (Prisoner of), Francois de 
Bonnivard, of Lunes, the Genevese pa- 
triot (1496-1571), who opposed the enter- 
prises of Charles III. (the duke-bishop 
of Savoy) against the independence of 
Geneva, and was cast by him into the 
prison of Chillon, where he was confined 
for six years. Lord Byron makes him 
one of six brothers, two of whom died 
on the battle-field; one was burnt at 
the stake, and three were imprisoned 
at Chillon. Two of the prisoners died, 
but Francois was set at liberty by the 
people of Berne. — Byron, Prisoner of 
Chillon (1816). 

Chil'minar', the city of "forty 
pillars," built by the genii for a lurking- 
piace to hide themselves in. Balbec was 
also built by the genii. 



Chimene (La Belle) or Xime'na, 
daughter of count Lozano de Gormaz, 
wife of the Cid. After the Cid's death 
she defended Valentia from the Moors 
with great bravery, but without success. 
Corneille and Guilhem de Cantro have 
introduced her in their tragedies, but the 
role they represent her to have taken is 
wholly imaginary. 

China, a corruption of Tsina, the ter- 
ritory of Tsin. The dynasty of Tsin 
(r.c. 256-202) takes the same position in 
Chinese history as that of the Nomans 
(founded by William the Conqueror) does 
in English history. The founder of the 
Tsin dynasty built the Great Watf, divided 
the empire into thirty-six provinces, and 
made roads or canals in every direction, 
so that virtually the empire begins with 
this dynasty. 

Chinaman (John), a man of China. 

Chindasuin'tho (4 syl.), king of 
Spain, father of Theod'ofred, and grand- 
father of Roderick last of the Gothic 
kings. — Southey, Iloderick, etc. (1814). 

Chinese Philosopher (^1). Oliver 
Goldsmith, in the Citizen of the World, 
calls his book " Letters from a Chinese 
Philosopher residing in London to his 
Friends in the East " (1759). 

Chingachcook, the Indian chief, 
called in French Le Gros Serpent. Feni- 
more Cooper has introduced this chief in 
four of his novels, The Last of the Mo- 
hicans, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, 
and The Pioneer. 

Chintz (Mary), Miss Bloomfield's 
maid, the bespoke of Jem Miller. — C. 
Selby, The Unfinished Gentleman. 

Chi'os (The Man of), Homer, who 
lived at Chios [Ki'.os]. At least Chios 
was one of the seven cities which laid 
claim to the bard, according to the Latin 
hexameter verse : 

Smyrna, Rhodos, Colophon, Salamis, Chios, Argos.Athense. 

Varro. 

Chirn'side (Luckie), poulterer at 
Wolf's Hope village.— Sir W. Scott, 
Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

Chi'ron. a centaur, renowned for his 
skill in hunting, medicine, music, gymnas- 
tics, and prophecy. He numbered among 
his pupils, Achilles, Peleus, Diomede, 
and indeed all the most noted heroes of 
Grecian story. Jupiter took him to 



CHIRRUP. 



184 



CHRIST'S VICTORY, ETC. 



heaven, and made him the constellation 
Sagittarius. 

... as Chiron erst had done 
To that proud bane of Troy, her god-resembling son 
{Athillesl 

Drayton, Ptlyolbion,\. (1612). 

Chirrup {Betsey), the housekeeper of 
Mr. Sovrerberry the misanthrope. — W. 
Brough, A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock. 

Chitling (Tom), one of the associates 
of Fagin the Jew. Tom Chitling was 
always most deferential to the "Artful 
Dodger."— C. Dickens, Oliver Twist 
(1837). 

Chivalry (The Flower of), William 
Douglas, lord of Liddesdale (fourteenth 
century). 

Chlo'e [A7o'.<T|, the shepherdess 
beloved by Daphnis, in the pastoral 
romance called Daphnis and Chloe, by 
LoDgus. St. Pierre's tale of Paul and 
Virginia is based on this pastoral. 

Chio'e or rather Cloe. So Prior calls 
Mrs. Centlivre (1661-1723). 

Chlo'ris, the ancient Greek name of 
Flora. 

Around your haunts 
The laughing Chloriswith profusest hand 
Tlirows wide her blooms and odpurs. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads. 

Choas'pes (3 syl.), a river of Susia'na, 
noted for the excellency of its water. 
The Persian kings used to carry a suffi- 
cient quantity of it with them when 
journeying, so that recourse to other 
water might not be required. 

There Susa, by Choaspes' amber stream, 
The drink of none but kings. 

Milton, Paradise Regained, iii. 288 (1661). 

Chce'reas (ch—k), the lover of Cal- 
lirrhoe, in the Greek romance called The 
Loves of Chcereas and Callirrhoe, by 
Char'iton (eighth century). 

Choke (General), a lank North 
American gentleman, " one of the most 
remarkable men in the century." He 
was editor of The Watertoast Gazette, 
and a member of "The Eden Land 
Corporation." It was general Choke 
who induced Martin Chuzzlewit to stake 
his all in the egregious Eden swindle. — 
C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Cholmondeley [Chum'.ly'], of Vale 
Royal, a friend of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — 
Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Cholula (Pyramid of), the great 
Mexican pyramid, west of Puebla, 
erected in the reign of Montezuma 



emperor of Mexico (1466-1520). Its 
base is 1423 feet each side, or double 
that of the largest Egyptian pyramid, but 
its height does not exceed 164 feet. 

Choppard (Pierre), one of the gang 
of thieves, called "The Ugly Mug." When 
asked a disagreeable question, he always 
answered, " I'll ask my wife, my 
memory's so slippery." — Edward Stirling, 
The Courier of Lyons (1852). 

Choruses. The following are druid- 
ical, and of course Keltic in origin : — 
" Down, down, deny down ! " (for dun ! 
dun 1 daragon, dun !), that is, " To the 
hill ! to the hill ! to the oak, to the hill ! " 
11 Fal, lal, la ! " (for falla la), that is, " The 
circle of day ! " The day or sun has com- 
pleted its circle. " Fal, lero, loo ! " (for 
falla lear lu [aidh~\), that is, " The circle 
of the sun praise ! " "Hey, nonnie, nonnie !" 
that is, "Hail to the noon ! " " High 
trolollie, lollielol" (for ai [or aibhe], trah 
la, " II ail early day ! "trahla, "early day," 
la lee [or la lo\, " bright day ! "). " Lilli 
burlcro " (for Li, li beur, Lear-a ! buille 
na la), that is, " Light, light on the sea, 
bevond the promontorv ! 'Tis the stroke 
of 'day ! "—All the Year Round, 316-320, 
August, 1873. 

Chriemhil'da. (See under K.) 

Chrisom Child (^4), a child that dies 
within a month of its birth. So called 
because it is buried in the white cloth 
anointed with chrism (oil and balm), worn 
at its baptism. 

He's in Arthur's [A braham's] bosom, if ever man went 
to Arthur's bosom. 'A made a finer end, and went away, 
an it had been any christom [chrisom] child. 'A parted 
just ... at turning o' the tide. (Quickly's description of 
the death of Falstan'.)— Shakespeare, Uenry Y. act ii. scS 
(1599). 

Why, Mike's » child to him ... a chrism child. 

Jean Ingelow, Brothers and a Sermon. 

Christ and His Apostles. Dupuis 
maintained that Christ and His apostles, 
like Hercules and his labours, should be 
considered a mere allegory of the sun and 
the twelve signs of the zodiac. 

Christ's Victory and Triumphs, 

a poem in four parts, by Giles Fletcher 
(1610): Part i. "Christ's Victory in 
Heaven," when He reconciled Justice with 
Mercy, by taking on Himself a body of 
human (iesh ; part ii. "Christ's Triumph 
on Earth," when He was led up into the 
wilderness, and was tempted by Pre- 
sumption, Avarice, and Ambition; part 
iii. " Christ's Triumph over Death," when 
He died on the cross ; part iv. "Christ's 
Triumph after Death," in Ilis resurrection 



CHRISTABEL. 



185 



CHRISTIE. 



and ascension. (See Paradise Re- 
gained.) 

Chris'tabel (ch=k), the heroine of 
a fragmentary poem of the same title b}' 
Coleridge. 

Christabel, the heroine of an ancient 
romance entitled Sir Eglamour of Artois. 

Christabelle [Kris'. ta.bel], daughter 
of "a bonnie king of Ireland," beloved 
by sir Cauline (2 syl.). When the king 
knew of their loves, he banished sir 
Cauline from the kingdom. Then as 
Christabelle drooped the king held a 
tournament for her amusement, every 
prize of which was carried off by an 
unknown knight in black. On the 
last day came a giant with two " gog- 
gling eyes, and mouthe from ear to 
ear," called the Soldain, and defied all 
comers. No one would accept his chal- 
lenge save the knight in black, who 
succeeded in killing his adversary, but 
died himself of the wounds he had 
received. "When it was discovered that 
the knight was sir Cauline, the lady 
"fette a sighe, that burst her gentle h carte 
in twavne." — Percy, Rcliques ("Sir Cau- 
line," I. i. 4). 

Christian, the hero of Bunyan's 
allegory called The Pilgrim's Progress. 
He riees from the City of Destruction 
and journeys to the Celestial City. At 
starting he has a heavy pack upon his 
shoulders, which falls off immediately he 
reaches the foot of the cross. (The pack, 
of course, is the bundle of sin, which is 
removed by the blood of the cross. 1678.) 

Christian, a follower of Christ. So 
called first at Antioch. — Acts xi. 2G. 

Christian, captain of the patrol in a 
small German town in which Mathis is 
burgomaster. He marries Annette, the 
burgomaster's daughter. — J. R. Ware, 
The Polish Jew. 

Christian, synonym of " Peasant" in 
Russia. This has arisen from the abund- 
ant legislation under czar Alexis and czar 
Peter the Great to prevent Christian serfs 
from entering the service, of Mohammedan 
masters. No Christian is allowed to belong 
to a Mohammedan master, and no Moham- 
medan master is allowed to employ a 
Christian on his estate. 

Christian II. (or Chrisiiern), king of 
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. "When 
the Dalecarlians rose in rebellion against 
him and chose Gustavus Yasa for their 
leader, a great battle was fought, ha which 



the Swedes were victorious ; but Gustavuo 
allowed the Danes to return to their 
country. Christian then abdicated, and 
Sweden became an independent kingdom. 
— 11. Brooke, Gustavus Vasa (1730j. 

Chris' iian (Edward), a conspirator. 
He has two aliases, " Richard ttanlesse " 
('2 syl.) and "Simon Can'ter." 

Colonel William Christian, Edward's 
brother. Shot for insurrection. 

Fenella alias Zarah Christian, daughter 
of Edward Christian. — Sir \Y. Scott, 
Peceril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Christian (Fletcher), mate of the 
Bounty, under the command of captain 
Bligh, and leader of the mutineers. 
After setting the captain and some others 
adrift, Christian took command of the 
ship, and, according to lord Byron, the 
mutineers took refuge in the island of 
Toobouai (one of the Society Islands). 
Here Torquil, one of the mutineers, mar- 
ried Neuha, a native. After a time, a 
ship was sent to capture the mutineers. 
Torquil and Neuha escaped, and lav 
concealed in a cave ; but Christian, Ben 
Bunting, and Skyscrape were shot. This 
is not according to fact, for Christian 
merely touched at Toobouai, and then, 
with eighteen of the natives and nine 
of the mutineers, sailed for Tahiti, where 
all soon died except Alexander Smith, 
who changed his name to John Adams, 
and became a model patriarch. — Byron, 
The Island. 

Christian Doctor (Most), John 
Charlier de Gerson (1363-1429). 

Christian Eloquence ( The Founder 
of), Louis Bourdaloue (1632-1704). 

Christian King (Most). So the 

kings of France were styled. Pepin le 
Bref was so stvled bv pope Stephen III. 
(714-768). Charles II. le Chauve was 
so stvled bv the Council of Savonnieres 
(823, 840-877). Louis XI. was so stvled 
by Paul II. (1423, 1461-1483). 

Christian'a (ch— k), the wife of 
Christian, who started with her children 
and Mercy from the City of Destruction 
long after her husband's "flight. She was 
under the guidance of Mr. Greatheart, 
and went, therefore, with silver slippers 
along the thorny road. This forms the 
second part of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress (1684). 

Chris'tie (2 syl.) of the Clint Hill, 
one of the retainers of Julian Avenel (2 



CHRISTIE. 



186 CHRONICLES OF CANONGATE. 



syl). — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time. 
Elizabeth). 

Chris' tie {John), ship-chandler at Paul's 
Wharf. 

Dame Nelly Christie, his pretty wife, 
carried off by lord Dalgarno. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Christi'na, daughter of Christian II. 
king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 
She is sought in marriage by prince 
Arvi'da and by Gustavus Vasa ; but the 
prince abandons his claim in favour of 
his friend. After the great battle, in 
which Christian is defeated by Gustavus, 
Christina clings to her father, and pleads 
with Gustavus on his behalf. He is sent 
back to Denmark, with all his men, with- 
out ransom, but abdicates, and Sweden 
is erected into a separate kingdom. — H. 
Brooke, Gustavus Vasa (1730). 

Chris'tine (2 syl.), a pretty, saucy 
young woman in the sen-ice of the 
countess Marie, to whom she is devotedly 
attached. After the recapture of Ernest 
("the prisoner of State"), she goes 
boldly to king Frederick II., from whom 
she obtains his pardon. Being set at 
liberty, Ernest marries the countess. — 
E. Stirling, The Prisoner of State (1847). 

Christmas comes but Once a 
Year. — Tusser, Five Hundred Points of 
Good Husbandry (1557). 

Christmas Day, called "the day 
of new clothes," from an old French 
custom of giving those who belonged to 
the court new cloaks on that day. 

On Christmas Eve, 1245, the king [Louis XT.] bade all 
his court be pre-ent at early morning mass. At the 
chapel door each man received his new cloak, put it on, 
and went in ... As the day rose, each man saw on his 
neighbour's shoulder betokened " the crusading vow." — 
Kitchln, History of France, i. 3-'8. 

Chris'topher (St.), a saint of the 
Roman and Greek Churches, said to have 
lived in the third century. His pagan 
name was OffSrus, his body was twelve 
ells in height, and he lived in the land of 
Canaan. Oit'erus made a vow to serve 
only the mightiest ; so, thinking the 
emperor was "the mightiest," he entered 
his service. But one day the emperor 
crossed himself for fear of the devil, and 
the giant perceived that there was one 
mightier than his present master, so he 
quitted his service for that of the devil. 
After a while, Offerus discovered that 
the devil was afraid of the cross, where- 
upon he enlisted under Christ, em- 
ploying himself in carrying pilgrims 
across a deep stream. One day, a very 



small child was carried across by him, 
but proved so heavy that Otierus, though 
a huge giant, was well-nigh borne down 
by the weight. This child was Jesus, 
who changed the giant's name to Christo- 
ferus, "bearer of Christ." He died three 
days afterwards, and was canonized. 

Like the great giant Christopher, it stands 
Upon the brink of the tempestuous wave. 

Longfellow, The Lighthouse. 

Chronicle (The Saxon), an historical 
prose work in Anglo-Saxon, down to the 
reign of Henry II., a.d. 1154. 

Chroniclers (Anglo-Norman), a 
series of writers on British history in 
verse, of very early date. Geffroy Gai- 
mar wrote his Anglo-Norman chronicle 
before 1146. It is a history in verse of 
the Anglo-Saxon kings. Robert Wace 
wrote the Brut d 1 Angleterre {i.e. Chronicle 
of England] in eight-syllable verse, and 
presented his work to Henry II. It was 
begun in 1160, and finished in 1170. 

Chroniclers (Latin), historical writers 
of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. 

Chroniclers (Rhyming), a series of 
writers on English history, from the 
thirteenth century. The most noted are : 
Layamon (called" The English Ennius") 
bishop of Ernleye-upon-Severn (1216). 
Robert of Gloucester, who wrote a narra- 
tive of British history, from the landing 
of Brute to the close of the reign of 
Henry III. (* to 1272). No date is 
assigned to the coming of Brute, but he 
was the son of Silvius jEne'as (the third 
generation from ^Eneas, who escaped from 
Troy, B.C. 1183), so that the date may be 
assumed to be b.c. 1028, thus giving a 
scope of 2300 years to the chronicle. 
(The verse of this chronicle is eight and 
six syllables displayed together, so as to 
form lines of fourteen syllables each.) 
Robert de Brunne, whose chronicle is in 
two parts. The first ends with the death 
of Cadwallader, and the second with the 
death of Edward I. The earlier parts are 
similar to the Anglo-Norman chronicle of 
Wace. (The verse is octo-syllabic.) 

Chronicles of Canongate, cer- 
tain stories supposed to have been written 
by Mrs. Martha Hethune Baliol, a lady 
of quality and fortune, who lived, when 
in Edinburgh, at Baliol Lodging, in the 
Canongate. These tales were written 
at the request of her cousin, Mr. Croft- 
angry, by whom, at her death, they 
were published. The fir<t scries contains 
The Highland Widou; The Two Drovers, 



CHRONOLOGY. 



187 



CHURCH. 



and The Surgeon's Daughter, [afterwards 
removed from this series]. The second 
series contains The Fair Maid of Perth. — 
Sir W. Scott, "Chronicles of Canongate" 
(introduction to The Highland Widow). 

Chronology (The Father of), J.J. 
Scaliger (1640-1609). 

Chronon-Hoton-Thol'ogos (Kin /). 
He strikes Hombardin'can, general of his 
forces, for giving him hashed pork, and 
Raying, " clings as great as Chronon- 
hotonthologos have made a hearty meal 
on worse." The king calls his general a 
traitor. " Traitor in thy teeth," retorts 
the general. Thev tight, and the king 
dies. — H. Carey, Chrononhotonthologos (a 
burlesque). 

Chrysalde' (2 syl.), friend of Ar- 
nolphe. — Moliere, Ve'colc des Femmcs 
(1662), 

Chrysale (2 syl.), a simple-minded, 
hen-pecked French tradesman, whose wife 
Philaminte (3 syl.) neglects her house for 
the learned languages, women's rights, 
and the aristocracy of mind. He is him- 
self a plain practical man, who has no 
sympathy with the pas blue movement. 
He has two daughters, Armande (2 syl.) 
and Henriette, both of whom love Cli- 
tandre ; but Armande, who is a " blue- 
stocking," loves him platoniely ; while 
Henriette, who is a "thorough woman," 
loves him with woman's love. Chrysale 
sides with his daughter Henriette, and 
when he falls into money difficulties 
through the " learned proclivities " of his 
wife, Clitandre comes forward like a 
man, and obtains the consent of both 
parents to his marriage with Henriette. — 
Moliere, Les Fenunes Sava?ites (1672). 

Chrysa'or (ch = k), the sword of 
sir Ar'tegal, which "exceeded all other 
swords." It once belonged to Jove, and 
was used by him against the Titans, but 
it had been laid aside till Astraea gave 
it to the Knight of Justice. 

Of most perfect metal it was made, 

Tempered with adamant ... no substance was so . . . 

hard 
But it would pierce or cleave whereso it came. 

Spenser, Faiiry Queen, v. (1596). 

*** The poet tells us it was broken to 
pieces by Radigund queen of the Ama- 
zons (bk. v. 7), yet it re-appears whole 
and sound (canto 12), when it is used with 
good service against Grantorto (the spirit 
of rebellion). Spenser says it was called 
Chrysaor because "the "blade was gar- 
nished all with gold." 



Chrysa'or, son of Neptune and Medu'sa. 
He married Callir'rhoe (4 syl.), one of 
the sea-nymphs. 

Chrysaor rising out of the sea. 

Showed thus glortoai and thus emuloui, 

Leaving the arms of Callirrhofi. 

Longfellow, The Evening Star. 

Cliryseis [Kri.see'.iss], daughter of 
ChrysGs priest of Apollo. She was 
famed for her beauty and her embroidery. 
During the Trojan war Chryseis was taken 
captive and allotted to Agamemnon 
king of Argos, but her father came to 
ransom her. The king would not accept 
the offered ransom, and Chryscs prayed 
that a plague might fall on the Grecian 
camp. His prayer was answered, and 
in order to avert the plagae Agamemnon 
sent the lady back to her father not only 
without ransom but with costly gifts.— 
Homer, Iliad, i. 

Chrysostom, a famous scholar, who 
died for love of Marcella, "rich Wil- 
liam's daughter." 

Unrivalled in learning and wit, he was sincere In 
disposition, generous and magnificent without ostentation, 
prudent and sed.ite without affectation, modest and 
complaisant without mewmeat in a word, one of the 
foremost in goodness of heart, and second to none iu 
misfortunes.— Cervantes, Bon Quixote, I. ii. 5 (1605). 

Chucks, the boatswain under captain 
Savage. — Captain Marrvat, Peter Sitnple 
(1833). 

Chuffey, Anthony Chuzzlewitt's old 
clerk, almost in his dotage, but master 
and man love each other with sincerest 
affection. 

Chuffey fell back into a dark corner on one side of the 
fire-place, where he always spent his evenings, and was 
neither seen nor heard . . . save once, when a cup of 
tea was given aim, in which he was seen to soak his 
bread mechanically. . . . He remained, as it were, frozen 
up, if any term expressive "I such a vigorous process can 
be applied to him. — C. Dickens, Martin Ciuuzelwit, xL 
(1S43). 

Chunee (A la), very huge and bulky. 
Chunee was the largest elephant ever 
brought to England. Henry Harris, 
manager of Covent Garden, bought it 
for £900 to appear in the pantomime of 
Harlequin Padnienaba, in 1810. It was 
subsequently sold to Cross, the pro- 
prietor of Exeter 'Change. Chunee at 
length became mad, and was shot by a 
detachment of the Guards, receiving 152 
wounds. The skeleton is preserved in 
the museum of the College of Surgeons. 
It is 12 feet 4 inches high. 

Church. I go to church to hear God 
praised, not the king. This was the wise 
but severe rebuke of George III. to Dr. 
Wilson, of St. Margaret's Church, Lon- 
don. 



CHURCH BUILT BY VOLTAIRE. 188 



CID. 



Church built by Voltaire. 

"Voltaire the atheist built at Ferney a 
Christian church, and had this inscrip- 
tion affixed to it, "Deo erexit Voltaire." 
Campbell, in the life of Cowper (vol. vii. 
358), says "he knows not to whom 
Cowper alludes in these lines : " 

Nor his who for the bane of thousands born, 
Built God a church, and laughed His Word to scorn. 
Cowper, Retirement (1782). 

Church - of- Englandism. This 
word was the coinage of Jeremy Ben- 
tham (1748-1832). 

Chuz'zlewit (Anthony), cousin of 
Martin Chuzzlewit the grandfather. 
Anthony is an avaricious old hunks, 
proud of having brought up his son 
Jonas to be as mean and grasping as 
himself. His two redeeming points are 
his affection for his old servant Chuffey, 
and his forgiveness of Jonas after his 
attempt to poison him. 

The old-established firm of Anthony Chuzzlewit and 
Son, Manchester warehousemen . . . had its place of 
business in a very narrow street somewhere behind the 
Post-Office. ... A dim, dirty, smoky, tumble-down, 
rotten old house it was . . . but here the firm . . . 
transacted their business . . . and neither the young 
man nor the old one had any other residence. — Chap. xi. 

Jonas Chuzzlewit, son of Anthony, of 
the "firm of Anthony Chuzzlewit and 
Son, Manchester warehousemen." A 
consummate villain of mean brutality 
and small tyranny. He attempts to 
poison his old father, and murders Mon- 
tague Tigg, •who knows his secret. Jonas 
marries Mercy Pecksniff, his cousin, and 
leads her a life of utter misery. His 
education had been conducted on money- 
grubbing principles ; the first word he 
was taught to spell was gain, and the 
second money. lie poisons himself to 
save bis neck from the gallows. 

This fine young man had all the inclination of a 
profligate of the first water, and only lacked the one 
good trait in the common catalogue of debauched vices — 
open-handedness — to be a notable vagabond. But there 
his grip?ng and penurious habits stepped in. — Chap. xi. 

Martin Chuzzlewit, sen., grandfather 
to the hero of the same name. A stern 
oid man, whose kind heart has been 
turned to gall by the dire selfishness of 
his relations. Being resolved to expose 
Pecksniff, he goes to live in his house, 
and pretends to be weak in intellect, but 
keeps his ej'es sharp open, and is able to 
expose the canting scoundrel in all his 
deformity. 

Martin Chuzzlewit, jun., the hero of 
the tale called Martin Chuzzlewit, grand- 
son to old Martin. His nature has been 
warped by bad training, and at first he 
is both selfish and exacting : but the 



troubles and hardships he undergoes in 
"Eden" completely transform him, and 
he becomes worthy of Mary Graham, 
Avhom he marries. — C. Dickens, Martin 
Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Chyndo'nax, a chief druid, whose 
tomb (with a Greek inscription) was 
discovered near Dijon, in 1598. 

Ciacco' (2 syl.), a glutton, spoken to 
by Dante, in the third circle of hell, the 
place to which gluttons are consigned to 
endless woe. The word means "a pig," 
and is not a proper name, but only a 
symbolical one.— Dante, Hell, vi. (1300). 

Ciacco, thy dire affliction grieves me much. 

Bell, vt 

Cicero. When the great Roman 
orator was given up by Augustus to the 
revenge of Antony, it was a cobbler who 
conducted the sicarii to, Formhe, whither 
Cicero had fled in a litter, intending to 
put to sea. His bearers would have 
fought, but Cicero forbade them, and 
one Herennius has the unenviable noto- 
riety of being his murderer. 

It was a cobbler that set the murderers on Cicero.— 
Ouida, Ariadne", i. 6. 

Cicero of the British Senate, George 
Canning (1770-1827). 

Cicero of France, Jean Baptiste Mas- 
sillon (1663-1742}. 

Cicero of Germany, John elector of 
Brandenberg (1455, 1486-1499). 

Cicero's Mouth, Philippe Pot, prime 
minister of Louis XI. (1428-1494). 

The British Cicero, William Pitt, earl 
of Chatham (1708-1778). 

The Christian Cicero, Lucius Coelius 
Lactantius (died 330). 

The German Cicero, Johann Sturm, 
printer and scholar (1507-1589). 

Cicle'nius. So Chaucer calls Mer- 
cury. He was named Cylle'nius from 
mount Cylle'ne, in Peloponnesus, where 
he was born. 

Ciclenius riding in his chirachee. 
Chaucer, Compl. of Alan and Venus (1391). 

Cid (The) = Seid or Signior, also 
called Campeador [Cam.pa' .<ior~] or 
" Camp hero." Rodrigue Diaz dc Bivar 
was surnamed "the Cid." The grout 
hero of Castille ; he was born at Burgos 
1030 and died 1099. He signalized him- 
self by his exploits in the reigns of 
Ferdinand, Sancho II., and Alphonso VI. 
of Leon and Castille. In the wars be- 
tween Sancho II. and his brother (Al- 
phonso VI.), he sided with the former; 
and on the assassination of Sancho, was 
disgraced, and quitted the court. Ho 



CID. 



189 



CINQ-MARS. 



then assembled his vassals, and marched 
against the Moors, whom he conquered 
in several battles, so that Alphonso was 
necessitated to recall him. Both Cor- 
neille and Guilhem de Cantro have 
admirable tragedies on the subject; 
Ross Neil has an English drama called 
The Cid; Sanchez, in 1775, wrote a 
long poem of 1128 verses, called Poema 
del Cid Campeador. Southey, in his 
Chronicle of the Cid (1808), has collected 
all that is known of this extraordinary 
hero. 

(It was The Cid (1636) which gained for 
Corneille the title of " Lc Grand Cor- 
neille.") 

The CitVs Father, don Diego Lainez. 

The Cid's Mother, dona Teresa Nunez. 

The CicTs Wife, Xime'na, daughter of 
count Lozano de Gormaz. The French 
call her La Belle Chimene, but the role 
ascribed to her by Corneille is wholly 
imaginary. 

Never more to thine own castle 
Wilt thou turn Rnhleca's rein ; 

Never will thy loved Ximena 
See thee at her side again. 

The Cid. 

The Cid's Children. His two daughters 
were Elvi'ra and Sol ; his son Diego 
Rodriquez died young. 

The CicTs Horse was Babieca [either 
Bab.t.e'.keh or Ba.bee'.keh}. It survived 
its master two years and a half, but no one 
was allowed to mount it. Babieca was 
buried before the monastery gates of 
Valencia, and two elms were planted to 
mark the spot. 

Troth it goodly was and pleasant 
To behold him at their head, 

All in mail on Babieca, 
And to list the words he said. 

The Cid. 

(Here "Babieca" is 4 s;/l., but in the 
verse above it is only 3 syl.) 

The CioVs Swords, Cola'da and Tizo'na 
(" terror of the world "). The latter was 
taken by him from king Bucar. 

Cid (The Portuguese), Nunez Alva'rez 
Perei'ra (1360-1431). 

Cid Hamet Benengeli, the hy- 
pothetical author of Don Quixote. (See 
Benengeli.) 

Spanish commentators have discovered 
this pseudonym to be only an Arabian 
version of Signior Cervantes. Cid, i.e. 
"signior;" Hamet, a Moorish prefix; 
and Ben-en-geli, meaning "son of a stag." 
So cervato ("a young stag ") is the basis 
of the name Cervantes. 

CidTi, the daughter of Jairus, re- 
stored to life by Jesus. She was beloved 



by Sem'ida, the young man of Nain, also 
raised by Jesus from the dead. — Klop- 
stock, T/ie Messiah, iv. (1771). 

Cil'laros, the horse of Castor or 
Pollux, so named from Cylla, in Troas. 

Cimmerian Darkness. Homer 
places the Cimmerians beyond the Ocean us, 
in a land of never-ending gloom ; and 
immediately after Cimmeria, he places 
the empire of Hades. Pliny {Historia 
Naturalis, vi. 14) places Cimmeria near 
the lake Avernus, in Italy, where "the 
sun never penetrates." Cimmeria is now 
called Kcrtch, but the Cossacks call it 
Pmkla (Hell). 

There under el)on shades and iow-browed necks . . . 
In dark Cimmerian deserts ever dwell. 

Milton. L' Allegro (1638). 
Ye spectre-doubts that roll . 

Cimmerian darkness on the parting soul. 

Campbell. Pleasures of Hope. ii. (1799). 

Cincinna'tus of the Americans, 

George Washington (1732-1799). 

Cinderella, the heroine of a fairy 
tale. She was the drudge of the house, "put 
upon" by her two elder sisters. While the 
elder sisters were at a ball, a fairy came, 
and having arrayed the "little cinder- 
girl" in ball costume, sent her in a mag- 
nificent coach to the palace where the boll 
was given. The prince fell in love with 
her, but knew notwho she was. This, how- 
ever, he discovered by means of a "glass 
slipper" which she dropped, and which 
fitted no foot but her own. 

(This tale is substantially the same a3 
that of Phodopis and Psammit'ichus in 
yElian (Var. Hist., xiii. 32). A similar 
one is also told in Strabo (Geog. xvii.).) 

The glass slipper should be the fur 
slipper, pantoufie en vair, not en verre ; our 
version being taken from the Contes de 
Fees of C. Perrault (1697). 

Cinna, a tragedv bv Pierre Corneille 
(1637). Mdlle. Rachel^ in 1838, took the 
chief female character, and produced 
a great sensation in Paris. 

Cinq-Mars (H. Coifficr de Puze, 
marquis de), favourite of Louis XIII. and 
protege' of Richelieu (1620-1642). Irri- 
tated by the cardinal's opposition to his 
marriage with Marie de Gonzague, Cinq- 
Mars tried to overthrow or to assassinate 
him. Gaston, the king's brother, sided with 
the conspirator, but Richelieu discovered 
the plot, and Cinq-Mars, being arrested, 
was condemned to death. Alfred de 
Vigny published, in 1826, a novel (in 
imitation of Scott's historical novels) on 
the subject, under the title of Cinq-Mars, 



CINQUECENTO. 



190 



CITIZEN. 



Cinquecento (3 syl.), the fifteenth 
century of Italian notables. Thev were 
Ariosto (1474-1533), Tasso (1544^1595), 
and Giovanni Rucellai (1475-1526), poets; 
Raphael (1483-1520), Titian (1480-1576), 
and Michael Angelo (1474-1564), painters. 
These, with Machiavelli, Luigi Alamanni, 
Bernardo Baldi, etc., make up what is 
termed the " Cinquecentesti." The word 
means the worthies of the '500 epoch, 
and it will be observed that they all 
flourished between 1500 and the close of 
that century. (See Seicenta.) 

OuidA, writes in winter mornings at a Venetian writing- 
table of cinquecento work that would enrapture the souls 
of the virtuosi who haunt Christie's.— E. Yates, Cele- 
brities, xix. 

Cipan'go or Zipango, a marvel- 
lous island described in the Voyages 
of Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller. 
He described it as lying some 1500 miles 
from land. This island was an object of 
diligent search with Columbus and other 
early navigators, but belongs to that 
wonderful chart which contains the El 
Dorado of sir Walter Raleigh, the Utopia 
of sir Thomas More, the Atlantis of lord 
Bacon, the Laputa of dean Swift, and 
other places better known in story than 
in geography. 

Cipher. The Rev. R. Egerton War- 
burton, being asked for his cipher by 
a lady, in 1845, wrote back : 

A u I thee. 

Oh ! no but me : 

Yet thy my one go, 

Till u d the u so 
A cipher you sigh-for, I sigh-for thee. 
Oh ! sigh-for no cipher, but sigh-for me ; 
Yet thy sigh-tor my cipher one-ci-for-go [on-ce I for-go], 
Till you de-cipher the cipher you sigh-for so. 

(Erroneously ascribed to Dr. Whewell.) 

Circe (2 syl.), a sorceress who meta- 
morphosed the companions of Uh'sses 
into swine. Ulysses resisted the en- 
chantment by means of the herb moly, 
given him by Mercury. 

Who knows not Circe, 
The daughter of the sun, whose charmed cup 
Whoever tasted lost his upright shape, 
And downward fell into a grovelling swine? 

Milton, Comus (1634). 

Circuit {Serjeant), in Foote's farce 
called The Lame Lover. 

Circumlocution Office, a term 
applied by C. Dickens, in Little Dorrit 
(1855), to our public offices, where the 
duty is so divided and subdivided that 
the simplest process has to pass through 
a whole series of officials. The following, 
from baron Stockmar, will illustrate the 
absurdity : — 

In the English palace the lord steward finds the fuel 



and lays the fire, but the lord chamberlain lights it. The 
baron says he was once sent by the queen [ Victoria] to sir 
Frederick Watson (master of the household), to complain 
that the drawing-room was always cold. Sir Frederick 
replied, "You see, it is not my fault, for the lord steward 
only lays the fire, it is the lord chamberlain who lights 
it." 

Again he says : 

The lord chamberlain provides the lamps, but the lord 
steward has to see that they are trimmed and lighted. 

Here, therefore, the duty is reversed. 
Again : 

If a pane of glass or the door ef a cupboard in the 
kitchen needs mending, the process is as follows: (1) A 
requisition must be prepared and signed by the chief cook. 

(2) This must be countersigned by the clerk of the kitchen. 

(3) It is then taken to the master of the household. (4) 
It must next be authorized at the lord chamberlain'somce. 
(5) Being thus authorized, it is laid before the clerk of the 
works under the office of Woods and Forests. So that it 
would take months before the pane of glass oi cupboard 
could be mended. —Memoirs, ii. 121, 122. 

(Some of this foolery has been recently 
abolished.) 

Cirrha, one of the summits of Par- 
nassus, sacred to Apollo. That of Nysa, 
another eminence in the same mountain, 
was dedicated to Bacchus. 

My vows I send, my homage, to the seats 
Of rocky Cirrha. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Cisley or Ciss, any dairy-maid. 
Tusser frequently speaks of the " dairy- 
maid Cisley," and in April Husbandry 
tells Ciss she must carefully keep these 
ten guests from her cheeses : Geha'zi, 
Lot's wife, Argus, Tom Piper, Crispin, 
Lazarus, Esau, Mary Maudlin, Gentiles, 
and bishops. (1) Gehazi, because a 
cheese should never be a dead white, 
like Gehazi the leper. (2) Lot's wife, 
because a cheese should not be too salt, 
like Lot's wife. (3) Argus, because a 
cheese should not be full of eyes, like 
Argus. (4) Tom Piper, because a cheese 
should not be " hoven and puffed," like 
the cheeks of a piper. (5) Crispin, 
because a cheese should not be leathery, 
as if for a cobbler's use. (6) Lazarus, 
because a cheese should not be poor, like 
the beggar Lazarus. (7) Esau, because 
a cheese should not be hairy, like Esau. 
(8) Mary Maudlin, because a cheese 
should not be full of whey, as Mary 
Maudlin was full of tears. (9) Gentiles, 
because a cheese should not be full of 
maggots or gentils. (10) Bishops, be- 
cause a cheese should not be made of 
burnt milk, or milk " banned by a 
bishop."— T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points 
of Good Husbandry (" April," 1557). 

Citizen {The), a farce by Arthur 
Murphy. George Philpot is destined to 
be the husband of Maria Wilding, but as 



CITIZEN" KING. 



191 



CIVIL WARS. 



.Maria Wilding is in love with Beaufort, 
she behaves so sillily to her betrothed 

that he refuses to marry her. whereupon 
sha gives her hand to Beaufort (1757). 

Citizen King ( The), Louis Philippe, 
the first elective king of France (1773, 
1886-1849, abdicated and died 1850). 

City, plu. Cities. 

City of Churches, Brooklyn, New 
Vork, which has an unusual number of 
churches. 

City of David, Jerusalem. — 2 Sam. v. 
7,9, 

Ctij of Destruction, this world, or 
rather the worldly state of the uncon- 
verted. Banyan makes "Christian" flee 
from the City of Destruction and journey 
to the Celestial City, by which he alle- 
gorizes the "walk of a Christian" from 
his conversion to death (1678). 

City of Enchantments, a magical city 
described in the story of " Beder Prince 
of Persia." — Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
ments. 

City of God, the Church or whole body 
of believers. The phrase is used by St. 
Augustine. 

City of Lanterns, an imaginary cloud- 
city somewhere beyond the zodiac. — 
Lucian, Vera Histories. 

City of Legions, Caerleon-on-Usk. New- 
port is the port of this ancient city 
(Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire). 
It was in the City of Legions that Arthur 
held his court. It contained two cathe- 
drals, viz., St. Julius and St. Aaron, built in 
honour of two martyrs who suffered death 
here in the reign of Diocletian. 

City of Masts, London. 

City of Monuments, Baltimore, in Mary- 
land. One of its streets is called Monu- 
ment Street. 

City of Palaces. Three cities are so 
called : (1) Rome from the reign of 
Augustus. Agrippa converted "a city of 
brick huts into a city of marble palaces." 
(2) Calcutta. (3) St. Petersburg is so 
called, from its numerous Imperial and 
Government edifices. 

City of Refuge, Medi'na, in Arabia, 
where Mahomet took refuge when driven 
by conspirators from Mecca. He en- 
tered the city not as a fugitive, but in 
triumph (a.d. 622). 

Cities of Refuge, Bezer, Ramoth, and 
Golan (east of Jordan) ; Hebron, She- 
chein, and Kedesh (west of that river). 
— Deut. iv. 43 ; Josh. xx. 1-8. 

City of the Great King, Jerusalem. — 
Psalm xlviii. 2 : Matt. v. 35. 



Cities of the Plain, Sodom and Go- 
morrah. — Hen. xiii. 12. 

City of the Prophet, Medi'na, in Arabia, 
where Mahomet was protected when he 
fled from Mecca (.July It!, a.d. 622). 

City of the Sun, Balbec, called in 
Greek, J'letiop'olis ("sun-city"). 

*** In Campanula's romance the 
"City of the Sun" is an ideal republic, 
constructed on the model of Plato's 
republic. It is an hypothetical perfect 
society or theocratic communism. Sir 
T. More in his Utopia, and lord Bacon 
in his Atlantis, devised similar cities. 

City of the Tribes, Galway, in Ireland, 
"the residence of thirteen tribes," which 
settled there in 1235. 

City of the West, Clasgow, in Scotland, 
situate on the Clyde, the principal river 
on the west coast. 

The Cleanest City in the World, Broek, 
in Holland, which is "painfully neat 
and clean. - ' 

The Seven Cities, Egypt, Jerusalem, 
Babylon, Athens, Rome, Constantinople, 
and London (for commerce) or Paris (for 
beauty). 

(In the Seven Wonders of the World, 
the last of the wonders is doubtful, some 
giving the Pharos of Egypt, and others 
the Palace of Cyrus; so again in the Seven 
Sages of Greece, the seventh is either 
Periander, My son, or Epimenides.) 

City Madam (The), a comedy by 
Philip Massinger (1033). She was the 
daughter of a fanner named Goodman 
Humble, and married a merchant, sir 
John Frugal, who became immensely 
wealthy, but retired from business, and 
by a deed of gift transferred his wealth 
to his brother Luke, whereby madam and 
her daughter were both dependent on 
him. During her days of wealth the 
extravagance of lady Frugal was un- 
bounded, and her dress costly beyond 
conception ; but Luke reduced her state to 
that of farmers' daughters in general. 
Luke says to her: 

You were served in plate ; 
Stirred not a foot without a coach, and going 
To church, not for devotion, but to show 
Your pomp. 

The City Madam is an extraordinarily spirited picture 
of actual life, idealized into a semi-comic strain of poetry. 
— Professor Spalding. 

Civil Wars of England. 

There Dutton Dutton kills ; a Done doth kill a Done ; 

A Booth a Booth, and Leigh by Leigh is overthrown ; 

A Venables against a Venables doth stand ; 

A Troutbeck hghteth with a Troutbeck hand to hand ; 

There Molineux doth make a Molineux to die, 

And Egerton the strength of Egerton doth try. 

Drayton, Polyclbion, xxiL (1622). 



CLACK-DISH. 



192 



CLARCHEN. 



Clack-Dish, a dish or platter with a 
lid, used at one time by beggars, who 
clacked the lid when persons drew near, to 
arrest attention and thus solicit alms. 

Your beggsx of fifty; and his use was to put a ducat in 
her clack-dish.— Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, act 
iii. sc. 2 (1603). 

Cladpole {Tim), Richard Lower, of 
Chiddingly, author of Tom Cladpole's 
Journey to Lunnun (1831) ; Jan Glad- 
pole's Trip to 'Mcrricur (1844), etc. 

Claimant (The). William Knolls, 
in The Great Banbury Case, claimed the 
baronetcy, but was non-suited. This 
suit lasted 150 years (1660-1811). 

Douglas v. Hamilton, in The Great 
Douglas Case, was settled in favour of the 
claimant, who was at once raised to the 
peerage under the name and title of 
baron Douglas of Douglas Castle, but 
was not restored to the title of duke 
(1767-1769). 

Tom Provis, a schoolmaster of ill 
repute, who had married a servant of sir 
Hugh Smithes of Ashton Hall, near 
Bristol, claimed the baronetcy and estates, 
but was non-suited and condemned to 
imprisonment for twenty-one years 
(1853). 

Arthur Orton, who claimed to be sir 
Roger Tichborne (drowned at sea). He 
was non-suited and sentenced to fourteen 
years' imprisonment for perjury (1871— 
1872). 

Clandestine Marriage (The). 
Fanny Sterling, the younger daughter of 
Mr. Sterling, a rich city merchant, is 
clandestinely married to Mr. Lovewell, 
an apprentice in the house, of good 
family ; and sir John Melvil is engaged 
to Miss Sterling, the elder sister. Lord 
Ogleby is a guest in the merchant's house. 
Sir John prefers Fanny to her elder sister, 
and not knowing of her marriage proposes 
to her, but is rejected. Fanny appeals to 
lord Ogleby, who being a vain old fop, 
fancies she is in love with him, and tells 
Sterling he means to make her a countess. 
Matters being thus involved, Lovewell 
goes to consult with Fanny about de- 
claring their marriage, and the sister, con- 
vinced that sir John is shut up in her 
sister's room, rouses the house with a cry 
of " Thieves ! " Fanny and Lovewell now 
make their appearance. All parties are 
scandalized. But Fanny declares they 
have been married four months, and lord 
Ogleby takes their part. So all ends 
■yell. — G. Colman and I). Garrick (1766). 

This comedy is a rechauffe of The 



False Concord, by Rev. James Townley, 
many of the characters and much of the 
dialogue being preserved. 

Clang of Shields. To strike the 
shield with the blunt end of a spear was 
in Ossianic times an indication of war to 
the death. A bard, when the shield was 
thus struck, raised the mort-song. 

Cairbar rises in his arms. Darkness gathers on hU 
brow. The hundred harps cease at once. The clang of 
shields is heard. Far distant on the heath Olla raised the 
song of woe. — Ossian, Temora, L 

Cla'ra, in Otway's comedy called The 
Cheats of Scapin, an English version of 
Les Fourberies de Scapin, by Moliere, 
represents the French character called 
" Hyacinthe." Her father is called by 
Otway "Gripe," and by Moliere "Ge'- 
ronte" (2 syl.) ; her brother is "Leander," 
in French "Leandre;" and her sweetheart 
" Octavian " son of " Thrifty," in French 
"Octave" son of "Argante." The sum 
of money wrung from Gripe is £200, 
but that squeezed out of Ge'ronte is 1500 
livres. 

Clara [d'Almanza], daughter of 
don Guzman of Seville, beloved by don 
Ferdinand, but destined by her mother 
for a cloister. She loves Ferdinand, but 
repulses him from shyness and modesty, 
quits home, and takes refuge in St. 
Catherine's Convent. Ferdinand discovers 
her retreat, and after a few necessary 
blunders they are married. — Sheridan, 
The Duenna (1773). 

Clara (Donna), the trotn-plignt wife of 
Octavio. Her affianced husband, having 
killed don Felix in a duel, was obliged to 
lie perdu for a time, and Clara, assuming 
her brother's clothes and name, went in 
search of him. Both came to Salamanca, 
both set up at the Eagle, both hired the 
same servant Lazarillo, and ere long they 
met, recognized each other, and became 
man and wife. — Jephson, Two Strings to 
your Bow (1792). 

Clara [Douglas], a lovely girl, of 
artless mind, feeling heart, great modest}-, 
and well accomplished. She loved Alfred 
Evelyn, but refused to marry him because 
they were both too poor to support a 
house. Evelyn was left an immense for- 
tune, and proposed to Georgina Vesey, 
but Georgina gave her hand to sir 
Frederick Blount. Being thus disen- 
tangled, Evelyn again proposed to Clara, 
and was joyfully accepted. — Lord L. 
Bulwer Lytton, Money (1840). 

Clarchen [Klcr'.kri], a female cha- 



CLARE. 



193 



CLAUDINE. 



racter in Goethe's Egmont, noted for her 
constancy and devotion. 

Clare (Ada), cousin of Richard Car- 
stone, both of whom are orphans and 
wards in Chancery. They marry each 
other, but Richard dies young, blighted 
by the law's delay in the great Chancer}' 
suit of "Jarndyce v. Jarndyce." — C. 
Dickens, Bleak House (1853). 

Clarence {George duke of), intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in Anne of Geicr- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Clarence and the Malmsey- 
Butt. According to tradition, George 
duke of Clarence, having joined Warwick 
to replace Henry VI. on the throne, was 
put to death, and the choice being offered 
him, was drowned in a butt of malmsey 
wine (1478). 

'Twere better sure to die so. than be shut 
With maudlin Clarence in his malmsey-butt. 

Byron, Don Juctit, i. lttt (1819). 

Clarendon (The earl of), lord chan- 
cellor to Charles II. Introduced by sir 
W. Scott in Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Claribel (Sir), surnamod "The 
Lewd." One of the six knights who con- 
tended for the false Florimel. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, iv. 9 (1590). 

Clar'ibel, the pseudonym of Mrs. 
Barnard, author of numerous popular 
songs (from 1805 to ). 

Clar'ice (3 syl.), wife of Rinaldo, and 
sister of Huon of Bordeaux. Introduced 
in the romances of Bojardo, Ariosto, 
Tasso, etc. 

Clann or Clarin'da, the con- 
fidential maid of Radigund queen of the 
Am'azons. When the queen had got sir 
Ar'tegal into her power, and made him 
change his armour for an apron, and his 
SAVord for a distaff, she fell in love with 
the captive, and sent Clarin to win him 
over by fair promises and indulgences. 
Clarin performed the appointed mission, 
but fell in love herself with the knight, 
and told the queen that sir Artegal was 
obstinate, and rejected her advances with 
scorn. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 5 
(1596). 

Clarinda, the heroine of Mrs. Cent- 
livre's drama The Beau's Duel (1703). 

Nothing could be more captivating than Mrs. Pritchard 
[1711-1768J in " lad) Macbeth," " The Queen " in Hamlet, 
" Clarinda," " Estitania ; " in short, every species of strong 
nature received from her a polish and perfection than 
which nothing could '*e more truly captivating.— C. Dib- 
din, Biitory of tne Stops. 



\* " Estifania," in Rule a Wife and 
Have a Wife, by Beaumont and Fletcher. 

Clarin'dft, a merry, good-humoured, 
high-spirited lady, in love with Charles 
Frankly. The madcap Ranger is her 
cousin. — Dr. Hoadly, The Suspicious 
Husband (1747). 

Clarinda of Robert Burns, was Mrs. 
Maclehose, who was alive in 1833. 

Clar'ion, the son and heir of Mus- 
carol. He was the fairest and most 
prosperous of all the race of flies. 
Aragnol, the son of Arachne (the spider), 
entertained a deep and secret hatred 
of the young prince, and set himself to 
destroy him ; so, weaving a most curious 
net, Clarion was soon caught, and Aragnol 
gave him his death-wound by piercing 
him under the left wing. — Spenser, 
Muiopjt/nos or The Butterfly's Fate 
(1590). 

Claris'sa, wife of Gripe the 
scrivener. A lazy, lackadaisical, fine 
city lady, who thinks "a woman must 
be of mechanic mould who is either 
troubled or pleased with anything her 
husband can do" (act i. 3). She has "wit 
and bea.uty, with a fool to her husband," 
but though "fool," a hard, grasping, 
mean, old hunks. 

" I have mor« subjects for spleen than one. Is it not a 
most horrible thing that I should bea scriveners wife! . . . 
Don't you think nature designed me for something plat 
eleviel Why, 1 dure abuse nobody. I'm afraid to affront 
people, . . . or to ruin their reputations. ... I dare not 
raise the lie of a man, though he neglects to make love to 
me ; nor report a woman to be a fool, though -he is hand- 
somer than I. In short, I dare not so much as bid my 
footman kick people out of doors, though they come to 
dun me for what I owe them." — Sir John Vanbrugh, The 
Confederacy, L 3 (J6l»5). 

Claris'sa, sister of Beverley, plighted 
to George Bellmont. — A. Murphy, All in 
the Wrong (1761). 

Clarissa Harlowe. (See Har- 
lowe.) 

Clark (The Eev. T), the pseudonym 
of John Gall, the novelist (1779-1839). 

Clarke (The Eev. C. C), one of the 
many pseudonyms of sir Richard Phillips, 
author of The Hundred Wonders of the 
World (1818), Readings in Natural 
Philosophy. 

Cla'tho, the last wife of Fingal and 
mother of Fillan, Fingal's youngest son. 

Clande ( The English), Richard Wilson 
(1714-1782). 

Clau'dine (2 syl.), wife of the porter 
of the hotel Harancour, and old nurse of 
o 



CLAUDIO. 



194 



CLAYPOLE. 



Julio "the deaf and dumb" count. She 
recognizes the lad, who had been rescued 
by De l'Epe'e from the streets of Paris, 
and brought up by him under the name 
of Theodore. Ultimately, the guardian 
Darlemont confesses that he had sent 
him adrift under the hope of getting rid 
of him ; but being proved to be the count, 
he is restored to his rank and property. — 
Th. Holcroft, The Deaf and Dumb (1785). 

Claudio (Lord) of Florence, a friend 
of don Pedro prince of Aragon, and 
engaged to Hero (daughter of Leonato 
governor of Messina). — Shakespeare, 
Much Ado about Nothing (1600). 

Clau'dio, brother of Isabella and the 
suitor of Juliet. He is imprisoned by lord 
Angelo for the seduction of Juliet, and it 
is on the effort made to release him by his 
sister Isabella that the whole plot turns. — 
Shakespeare, Measure/or il/eas?f»-e(1603). 

Clau'drilS, king of Denmark, who 
poisoned his brother, married the widow, 
and usurped the throne. Claudius in- 
duced Laertes to challenge Hamlet to 
play with foils, but persuaded him to 
poison his weapon. In the combat the 
foils got changed, and Hamlet wounded 
Laertes with the poisoned weapon. In 
order still further to secure the death of 
Hamlet, Claudius had a cup of poisoned 
wine prepared, which he intended to give 
Hamlet when he grew thirsty with 
playing. The queen, drinking of this cup, 
died of poison, and Hamlet, rushing on 
Claudius, stabbed him and cried aloud, 
" Here, thou incestuous, murderous Dane, 
. . . Follow mv mother ! " — Shakespeare, 
Hamlet (1596). 

*** In the History of Hamblet, Clau- 
dius is called " Fengon," afar better name 
for a Dane. 

Claudius, the instrument of Appius the 
decemvir for entrapping Virginia. He 
pretended that Virginia was his slave, 
who had been stolen from him and sold 
to Virginius. — J. S. Knowles, Virginhis 
(1820). 

Claudius (Mathias), a German poet born 
at Rheinfeld, and author of the famous 
song called Rlieinv:cinlicd ("Rhenish wine 
song"), sung at all convivial feasts of the 
Germans. 

Claudius, though he sang of flagons, 
And huge tankards tilled with Rhenish, 

From the Bery blood ot dragons 
Never would his own replenish. 

Longfellow, Drinking Song. 

Claus (Peter). (See under K.) 



Claus (Santa), a familiar name for St. 
Nicholas, the patron saint of children. 
On Christmas Eve German children have 
presents stowed away in their socks and 
shoes while they are asleep, and the little 
credulous ones suppose that Santa Claus 
or Klaus placed them there. 

St. Nicholas is said to have supplied three dtstuuto 
maidens with marriage portions by secretly leaving money 
with their widowed mother, and as his day occurs just 
before Christmas, he was selected for the gift-giver on 
Christmas Eve. — Yonge. 

" Claverhouse " or the marquis of 
Argyll, a kinsman of Ravenswood, intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in The Bride of 
Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

Claver'house (3 syl.), John Graham of 
Claverhouse (viscount Dundee), a relent- 
less Jacobite, so rapacious and profane, 
so violent in temper and obdurate of 
heart, that every Scotchman hates the 
name. He hunted the covenanters with 
real vindictiveness, and is almost a by- 
word for barbarity and cruelty (1650- 
1689). 

Clavijo (Don), a cavalier who " could 
touch the guitar to admiration, write 
poetry, dance divinely, and had a fine 
genius for making bird-cages." He 
married the princess Antonomasia of 
Candaya, and was metamorphosed by 
Malambru'no into x a crocodile of some 
unknown metal. Don Quixote disen- 
chanted him " by simply attempting the 
adventure." — Cervantes, Don Quixote^ 
II. iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

Glavilen'o, the wooden horse on 
which don Quixote got astride in order to 
disenchant the infanta Antonoma'sia, her 
husband, and the countess Trifaldi (called 
the " Dolori'da dueha"). It was "the 
very horse on which Peter of Provence 
carried off the fair Magalona, and was 
constructed by Merlin." This horse was 
called Clavileno or Wooden Peg, because 
it was governed by a wooden pin in the 
forehead. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. 
iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

There is one peculiar advantage attending this horse ; 
he neither eats, drinks, sleeps, nor wants fhueing. . . . 
His name is not Pegasus, nor Bucephalus; nor is it 
Brilladoro, the name of the steed of Orlando Furio*) ; 
neither is it Bayarte. which belonged to Keynaldj de 
Montalbon ; nor Bootes nor Peritoa, the hoi.-*.-sof the 
sun ; but his name is Clavileno the Winged.— Chap. 4. 

Claypole (Noah), alias "Morris 
Bolter," an ill-conditioned charity-boy, 
who takes down the shutters of Sower- 
berry's shop and receives broken meats 
from Charlotte (Sowerberry's servant), 
whom he afterwards marries. — C. Dickens, 
Oliver Twist (1837). 



CLEANTE. 



195 



CLEMENTINA. 



Cleante (2 syl.), brother-in-law of 
Orgon. He is distinguished for his 
genuine piety, and is both high-minded 
and compassionate. — Moliere, La Tartuffe 
(1664). 

Cleante (2 syl.), son of Har'pagon the 
miser, in love with Mariane (3 syl.). 
Harpagon, though 60 years old, wished 
to marry the same j'oung lady, but 
Clo'ante solved the difficulty thus: He 
dug up a casket of gold from the garden, 
hidden under a tree by the miser, and 
while Harpagon was raving about the loss 
of his gold, Cleante told him he might take 
his choice between Mariane and the gold. 
The miser preferred the casket, which was 
restored to him, and Cleante married 
Mariane. — Moliere, L'Avare (1667). 

Cltarnte (2 syl.), the lover of Angelique 
daughter of Argan the matade ima/inairc. 
As Argan had promised Angelique in 
marriage to Thomas Diafoirus a young 
Burgeon, Cleante carries on his love as 
a music-master, and though Argan is 
present, the lovers sing to each other their 
plans under the guise of an interlude 
called "Tircis and Philis." Ultimately, 
Argan assents to the marriage of his 
daughter with Cleante. — Moliere, Le 
Maladc Imaginaire (1673). 

Clean'the (2 syl.), sister of Siphax 
of Paphos. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Mad Lover (1617). 

Cleanthe (3 syl.), the lady beloved by 
Ion. — Talfourd, Ion (1835). 

Clean'thes (3 syl.), son of Leon'ides 
and husband of Hippolita, noted for his 
filial piety. The duke of Epire made a 
law that all men who had attained the 
age of 80 should be put to death as use- 
less incumbrances of the commonwealth. 
Simonides, a young libertine, admired the 
law, but Cleanthes looked on it with 
horror, and determined to save his father 
from its operation. Accordingly, he gave 
out that his father was dead, and an 
ostentatious funeral took place ; but 
Cleanthes retired to a wood, where he 
concealed Leon'ides, while he and his wife 
waited on him and administered to his 
wants. — Tlie Old Law (a comedy of 
Philip Massinger, T. Middleton, and W. 
Rowley, 1620). 

Clegg (Holdfast), a puritan mill- 
wright. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

CleishTbotham (Jededi'ah), school- 
master and parish clerk of Gandercleuch, 



who employed his assistant teacher to 
arrange and" edit the talcs told by the 
landlord of the Wallace inn of tue 
same parish. These tales the editor dis- 
posed in three series, called by the general 
title of The Talcs of My Landlord (a. v.). 
(See introduction of 'the Black Dwarf.) 
Of course the real author is sir Walter 
Scott (1771-1832). 

Mrs. Dorothea Clcishbotham, wife of the 
schoolmaster, a perfect Xantippe, and 
" sworn sister of the Eumen'idGs." 

Cle'lia or CloeTia, a Roman maiden, 
one of the hostages given to Por'sena. 
She made her escape from the Etruscan 
camp by swimming across the Tiber. 
Being sent back by the Romans, Porsena 
not ordy set her at liberty for her gallant 
deed, but allowed her to take with her 
a part of the hostages. Mdlle. Scuderi 
has a novel on the subject, entitled 
Cte'lie, Histoire Romaine. 

Our statue*— not of those that men desire- 
Sleek odalisques [ Turkish slaves] . . . hut 
The Carian Artemisia . . . [See Aktkmisi a.] 
Clelia, Cornelia . . . and the Roman brows 
Of Agrippina. 

Tennyson. The Princess, ii. 

Cle'lia, a vain, frivolous female butter- 
fly, with a smattering of everything. In 
youth she was a coquette ; and when youth 
was passed, tried sundry means to earn 
a living, but without success. — Crabbe, 
Borough (1810). 

Clelie (2 syl.), the heroine of a novel 
so called by Mdlle. Scude'ri. (See 
Clelia.) 

Clement, one of the attendants of 
sir Reginal Front de Bceuf (a follower of 
prince John). — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Clem'ent (Justice), a man quite able 
to discern between fun and crime. 
Although he had the weakness "of 
justices' justice," he had not the weak- 
ness of ignorant vulgarity. 

Knowell. They say he will commit a man for taking the 
wall of his horse. 

Wellbred. Ay, or for wearing his cloak on one shoulder, 
or serving God. Anything, indeed, if it comes in the way 
of his humour. — B. Jonson, Every Man in His Humour, 
iii. 2 (lo98). 

Clementi'na (The lady), an amiable, 
delicate, beautiful, accomplished, but un- 
fortunate woman, deeply in love with sir 
Charles Grandison. Sir Charles married 
Harriet Biron. — S. Richardson, The His- 
tory of Sir Charles Grandison (1753). 

Those scenes relating to the history of Clementina 
contain passages of deep pathos. — JSncyc. Brit. Art. 
" Fielding." 

Shakespeare himself has scarcely drawn a more affect- 
ing or harrowing picture of high-souled sufferiug and. 



CLEOFAS. 



196 



CLERKS. 



! lighting calamity than the madness of Clementina. — 
Chambers, English Literature, ii. 161. 

Cle'ofas {Don), the hero of a novel 
by Lesage, entitled Le Diable Boiteux 
(The Devil on Two Sticks). A fiery- 
young Spaniard, proud, high-spirited, 
and revengeful ; noted for gallantry, but 
not without generous sentiments. Asmo- 
de'us (4 syl.) shows hiiri what is going 
on in private families by unroofing the 
bouses (1707). 

Cleom'brotus or Ambracio'ta of 
Ambrac'ia (in Eplrus). Having read 
Plato's book on the soul's immortality 
and happiness in another life, he was so 
ravished with the description that he 
leaped into the sea that he might die 
and enjoy Plato's elysium. 

He who to enjoy 
Plato's elysium leaped into the sea, 
Cleombrotus. 
Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 471, etc (1665). 

Cleom'enes (4 syl.), the hero and 
title of a drama by Dryden (1692). 

As Dryden came out of the theatre a young fop of 
fashion said to him, " If I had been left alone with a 
young beauty, I would not have spent my time like your 
Spartan hero." " Perhaps not," said the poet, " but you 
are not my hero." — W. C. Russell, Representative Actors. 

Cleom'enes (4 syl.). " The Venus of 
Cleomenes" is now called "The Venus 
di Medici." 

Such a mere moist lump was once . . . the Venus of 
Cleomenes.— Ouida, Ariadni, i. 8. 

Cle'on, governor of Tarsus, burnt to 
death with his wife Dionys'ia by the 
enraged citizens, to revenge the supposed 
murder of Mari'na, daughter of Per'icles 
prince of Tvre. — Shakespeare, Pericles 
Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Cle'on, the personification of glory. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen. 

Cleop'atra, queen of Egypt, wife of 
Ptolemy Dionysius her brother. She 
was driven from her throne, but re-estab- 
lished by Julius Caesar, B.C. 47. Antony, 
captivated by her, repudiated his wife, 
Octavia, to live with the fascinating 
Egyptian. After the loss of the battle 
of Actium, Cleopatra killed herself by 
an asp. 

E. Jodelle wrote in French a tragedy 
called Cle'opatre Captive (1550) ; ,kan 
Mairet one called Cle'opatre (163U) ; 
Isaac de Benserade (1670), J. F. Mar- 
montel (1750), and Mde. de Girardin 
(1847) wrote tragedies in French on the 
same subject. S. Daniel (1600) wrote a 
tragedy in English called Cleopatra ; 
Shakespeare one called Antony and Cleo- 
patra (1608) ; and Dryden one on the 



same subject, called All. for Love or The 
World Well Lost (1682). 

V Mrs. Oldfield (1683-1730) and 
Peg [Margaret] Woffingtoji (1718-1760] 
were unrivalled in this character. 

Cleopatra and the Pearl. The tale is 
that Cleopatra made a sumptuous Dan- 
quet, which excited the surprise of 
Antony ; whereupon the queen took a 
pearl ear-drop, dissolved it in a strong 
acid, and drank the liquor to the health 
of the triumvir, saying, "My draught 
to Antony shall exceed in value the 
whole banquet." 

*** When queen Elizabeth visited the 
Exchange, sir Thomas Gresham pledged 
her health in a cup of wine containing a 
precious stone crushed to atoms, and 
worth £15,000. 

Here ^15,000 at one clap goes 
Instead of sugar ; Gresham drinks the pearl 
Unto his queen and mistress. Pledge it ; lore It ! 
Th. Heywood, // you Know not Me, You Know Nobodp. 

Cleopatra in Hades. Cleopatra, says 
Rabelais, is "a crier of onions" in the 
shades below. The Latin for a pearl 
and onion is unto, and the pun refers to 
Cleopatra giving her pearl (or onion) to 
Antony in a draught of wine, or, as some 
say, drinking it herself in toasting her 
lover. — Rabelais, Pantayruely ii. 30 
(1533). 

Cleopat'ra, queen of Syria, daughter 
of Ptolemy Philome'ter king of Egypt. 
She first married Alexander Bala, the 
usurper (b.c. 149) ; next Deme'trius 
Nica'nor. Demetrius, being taken pri- 
soner by the Parthians, married Rodo- 
gune (3 syl.), daughter of Phraa'tes (3 
syl.) the Parthian king, and Cleopatra 
married Antiochus Side'tes, brother of 
Demetrius. She slew her son Seleucus 
(by Demetrius) for treason, and as this 
produced a revolt, abdicated in favour 
of her second son, Anti'ochus VIII., who 
compelled her to drink poison which she 
had prepared for himself. P. Corneille 
has made this the subject of his tragedy 
called Rodogune (1646). 

*** This is not the Cleopatra of Shake- 
speare's and Dry den's tragedies. 

Clere'mont (2 syl.), a merry gentle- 
man, the friend of Dinant'. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Little French Lawyer 
(1647). 

Cler'imond, niece of the Green 
Knight, sister of Fer'ragus the giant, 
and bride of Valentine the brave. — Valen- 
tine and Orson. 

Clerks (St. Nicholas's), thieves, also 



CLESSAMMOR. 



197 



CLINKER. 



railed "St. Nicholas's Clergymen," in 
allusion to the tradition of " St. Nicholas 
and the thieves." Probably a play on 
the words Xich-olas and Old Ntck may 
be designed. — See Shakespeare, 1 Henry 
IV. actii. sc. 1 (1397). 

Cless'ammor, son of Thaddu and 
brother of Morna (Fingal's mother). He 
married Moina, daughter of Reutha'mir 
(the principal man of Balclutha, on the 
Clyde). It so happened that Moina was 
beloved by a Briton named Reuda, who 
came with an army to carry her off. 
Reuda was slain by Clessammor ; but 
Clessammor, being closely pressed by 
the Britons, fled, and never again saw 
his bride. In due time a son was 
born, called Carthon ; but the mother 
died. While Carthon was still an infant, 
Fingal's father attacked Balclutha, and 
slew Reuthama (Carthon's grandfather). 
When the boy grew to manhood, he 
determined on vengeance ; accordingly 
he invaded Morven, the kingdom of 
Fingal, where Clessammor, not knowing 
who he was, engaged him in single 
combat, and slew him. When he dis- 
covered that it was his son, three days he 
mourned for him, and on the fourth ha 
died. — Ossian, Carthon. 

Cleveland {Barbara Villiers, duchess 
of), one of the mistresses of Charles 11., 
introduced by sir W. Scott in Peveril of 
the Peak. 

Cleveland (Captain Clement), alias 
Vaughan [Vawn], "the pirate," son of 
Noma of the Fitful Head. He is in love 
with Minna Troil (daughter of Magnus 
Troil, the udaller of Zetland). —Sir W. 
Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Clever, the man-servant of Hero 
Sutton "the city maiden." When Hero 
assumed the guise of a quaker, Clever 
called himself Obadiah, and pretended to 
be a rigid quaker also. His constant 
exclamation was " Umph ! " — S. Knowles, 
Woman's Wit, etc. (1838). 

Clifford (Sir Thomas), betrothed to 
Julia (daughter of Master Walter " the 
hunchback "). He is wise, honest, truth- 
ful, and well-favoured, kind, valiant, and 
prudent. — S. Knowles, The Hunchback 
(1831). 

Clifford (Mr.), the heir of sir William 
Charlton in right of his mother, and in 
love with lady Emily Gayville. The 
scrivener Alscrip had" fraudulently got 
possession of the deeds of the Charlton 
estates, which he had given to his 



daughter called " the heiress," and which 
amounted to £2000 a year ; but. Rightly, 
the lawyer, discovered the fraud, and 
"the heiress" was compelled to relin- 
quish this part of her fortune. Clifford 
then proposed to lady Emily, and was 
accepted. — General Burgoyne, The Heiress 
(1781). 

Clifford (Paid), a highwayman, re- 
formed by the power of love. — Lord 
Lytton, Paul Clifford (1830). 

Clifford (Posamond), usually called 
" The Fair Rosamond," the favourite 
mistress of Henry II. ; daughter of 
Walter lord Clifford. She is introduced 
by sir W. Scott in two novels, The Talis- 
man and Woodstock. Dryden says : 

Jane Clifford was W mime, as book* aver, 

" Fair Rosamond ' was but her nom de guerre. 

Epilogue to Henry II. 

Clifford (Henry lord), a general in the 
English army. — Sir W. Scott, Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Clifford Street (London), so named 
from Elizabeth Clifford, daughter of the 
last earl of Cumberland, who married 
Richard Boyle, earl of Burlington. (See 
Savilk Row.) 

Clifton (Harry), lieutenant of II. M. 
ship Tiger. A daring, dashing, care-for- 
nobody young English sailor, delighting 
in adventure, and loving a good scrape. 
Ho and his companion Mat Mizen take 
the side of El Hyder, and help to re- 
establish the Chereddin, prince of Delhi, 
who had been dethroned by Hamet Ab- 
dulerim. — Barrymore, El Hyder, Chief of 
the Ghaut Mountains. 

Clim of the Clough. (See Clym.) 

Clink (Jem), the turnkey at New- 
gate. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II.). 

Clinker (Humphry), a poor work- 
house lad, put out by the parish as 
apprentice to a blacksmith, and after- 
wards employed as an ostler's assistant 
and extra postilion. Being dismissed 
from the stables, he enters the service 
of Mr. Bramble, a fretful, grumpy, but 
kind-hearted and generous old gentle- 
man, greatly troubled with gout. Here 
he falls in love with Winifred Jenkins, 
Miss Tabitha Bramble's maid, and turns 
out to be a natural son of Mr. Bramble. — 
T. Smollett, The Expeddion of Humphry 
Clinker (1771). 

(Probably this novel suggested to C. 
Dickens his Adventures of Oliver Twist.) 



CLIO. 



198 



CLORINDA. 



Clio, an anagram of C[helsea], 
Ii[ondon], Islington], 0[fKce], the 
places from which Addison despatched 
his papers for the Spectator The papers 
signed by any of these letters are by 
Addison ; hence called " Clio." 

When panting virtue her last efforts made, 
You brought your Clio to the virgin's aid 

SomerviUe. 

Clip'purse (Lawyer), the lawyer 
employed by sir Everard Waverley to 
make his will. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Ciiquot [Klee'.ko], a nickname given 
by Punch to Frederick William IV. of 
Prussia, from his love of champagne 
of the "Ciiquot brand" (1795, 1840- 
1861). 

Clitandre, a wealthy bourgeois, in 
love with Henriette, " the thorough 
woman," by whom he is beloved with 
fervent affection. Her elder sister Ar- 
mande (2 syl.) also loves him, but her 
love is of the Platonic hue, and Clitandre 
prefers in a wife the warmth of woman's 
love to the marble of philosophic ideality. 
— Moliere, Les Femmes Savantes (1072). 

Cloaci'na, the presiding personifica- 
tion of city sewers. (Latin, cloaca, " a 
sewer.") 

. . . Cloacina, goddess of the tide. 

Whose sable streams beneath the city glide. 

Gay, Trivia, ii. (1712). 

Clod'd^pole (3 syl.), " the wisest 
lout of all the neighbouring plain." Ap- 
pointed to decide the contention between 
Cuddy and Lobbin Clout. 

From Cloddlpole we learn to read the skies, 

To know when hail will fall, or winds arise ; 

He taught us erst the heifer's tail to view, 

When struck aloft that showers would straight ensue. 

He first that useful secret did explain, 

That pricking corns foretell the feathering rain ; 

When swallows fleet soar high and sport in air, 

He told us that the welkin would be clear. 

Gay, Pastoral, i. (1714). 

(Cloddipole is the " Pahemon " of 

Virgil's Eel. iii.) 

Clo'dio (Count), governor. A dis- 
honourable pursuer of Zeno'cia, the 
chaste troth-plight wife of Arnoldo.— 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of the 
Country ( 1*647) . 

Clodio, the younger son of don Antonio, 
a coxcomb and braggart. Always boast- 
ing of his great acquaintances, his con- 
quests, and Ids duels. His snuir'-box he 
thinks more of than his lady-love, he 
interlards his speech with French, and 
exclaims "Split me!" by way of oath. 
Clodio was to have married Angelina, but 
the lady preferred his elder brother 



Carlos, a bookworm, and Clodio engaged 
himself to Elvira of Lisbon. — C. Cibber, 
Love Makes a Man (1694). 

Clo'e, in love with the shepherd 
Thenot, but Thenot rejects her suit out of 
admiration of the constancy of Clorinda 
for her dead lover. She is wanton, 
coarse, and immodesf, the very reverse of 
Clorinda, who is a virtuous, chaste, and 
faithful shepherdess. (" Thenot," the 
final t is sounded.) — John Fletcher, The 
Faithful Shepherdess (1610). (SeeCHUDE.) 

Clo'ra, sister to Fabrit'io the merry 
soldier, and the sprightly companion of 
Frances (sister to Frederick). — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Captain (1613). 

Clorida'no, a humble Moorish youth, 
who joined Medo'ro in seeking the body 
of king Dardinello to bury it. Medoro 
being wounded, Cloridano rushed madly 
into the ranks of the enemy and was 
slain. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Clorin'da, daughter of Sena'pus of 
Ethiopia (a Christian). Being born white, 
her mother changed her for a black child. 
The eunuch Arse'tes (3 syl.) was entrusted 
with the infant Clorinda, and as he was 
g^iug through a forest, saw a tiger, 
dropped the child, and sought safety in 
a tree. The tiger 4ook the babe and 
suckled it, after which the eunuch carried 
the child to Egypt. In the siege of Jeru- 
salem by the crusaders, Clorinda Avas a 
leader of the pagan forces. Tancred fell 
in love with her, but slew her unknow- 
ingly in a night attack. Before she ex- 
pired she received Christian baptism at 
the hands of Tancred, who greatly 
mourned her death. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delivered, xii. (1675). 

(The story of Clorinda is borrowed from 
the Theay'anes and Charicle'a of Helio- 
dorus bishop of Trikka.) 

Clorinda, "the faithful shepherdess," 
called "The Virgin of the Grove," faith- 
ful to her buried love. From this beauti- 
ful character, Milton has drawn his 
" lady " in Comus. Compare the words 
of the "First Brother" about chastity, 
in Milton's Comus, with these lines of 
Clorinda : 

Yet 1 have heard (my mother told it me), 

And now 1 do believe it, if 1 keep 

My virgin flower uncropt, pure, chaste, and fair. 

No goblin, wood-god, fury, elf. or fiend, 

Satyr, or other power that haunts the grovta 

Shall hurt my bo<l>. or b\ vain illusion 

Draw me to wander alter idle fires. 

Or voices calling me in dead of night 

To make me follow, and so tote me on 

Through inire and standing pools, to find Kg ruin. 

. . . Sure there's a i>ower 



CLORIS. 



199 



CLUTHA. 



In that groat name of Virgin tJi.it binds fiwt 

All nub, uncivil I)Io«mIs. . . . Then strong Chastity, 

Be thou inv stri>rij4«v-t guard. 

J. Fletcher. Thu faithful Shepherdeu (lfilO). 

Cloris, tlie damsel beloved by prince 
Prettvman. — Duke of Buckingham, The 
Rehearsal (1071). 

Clotaire (2 syl.). The king of France 
exclaimed on his death-bed, " Oh how 
groat, must be the King of Heaven, if lie 
can kill so mighty a monarch as I am ! " 
— Gregory of lours, iv. 21. 

Cloten or Cloton, king of Corn- 
wall, one of the five kings of Britain 
after the extinction of the line of Brute 
(1 syl.). — Geoffrey, British History, ii. 17 
(1142). 

Clo'tcn, a vindictive lout, son of the 
second wife of Cymbeline by a former 
husband. He is noted for "his unmean- 
ing frown, his shuffling gait, his burst 
of voice, his bustling insignificance, his 
fever-and-ague fits of valour, his frow.ird 
tetchiness, his unprincipled malice, and 
occasional gleams of good sense." Cloten 
is the rejected lover of Imogen (the 
daughter of his father-in-law by his iirst 
wife), and is slain in a duel by Guiderius. 
— Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605). 

Clotha'rius or Cloth aire, leader of 
the Franks after the death of Hugo. He 
is shot with an arrow by Clorinda. — 
Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xi. (1075). 

Cloud. A dark spot on the forehead 
of a horse between the eyes is so called. 
It gives the creature a sour look indicative 
of ill-temper, and is therefore regarded as 
a blemish. 

Agri/jpa. He [Antony] has a cloud in his face. 
Enobarbut. He were the worse for that were he a 
horse. 
Shakespeare, Antony and Cleojxtira, act iiL sc. 2 (1608). 

Cloud (St.), patron saint of nail-smiths. 
A play on the French word clou ("a 
nail "). 

Cloudes'ley ( William of), a famous 
North-country archer, the companion of 
Adam Bell and Gym of the Clough. 
Their feats of robbery were chiefly carried 
on in Englewood Forest, near Carlisle. 
William was taken prisoner at Carlisle, 
and was about to be hanged, but was 
rescued by his two companions. The 
three then went to London to ask pardon 
of the king, which at the queen's inter- 
cession was granted. The king begged 
to see specimens of their skill in archery, 
and was so delighted therewith, that he 
made William a "gentleman of fe," and 
the other two " yemen of his chambre." 



The feat of William was very similar V> 
that of William Tell (q.o.). 1 ercy, 
Reliques, I. ii. 1. 

Clout (Colin), a shepherd loved by 
Marian " the parson's maid," but for 
whom Colin (who loved Cicely) felt no 
affection. (See Coi.in Cum it.) 

Young Colin Clout, a lail of pearleaa meed, 
Pull well couM dance, and deftly tune the reed; 

In every wood Ilia carol* sweet were km. h ii, 
At every wake his nimble feats were shown. 

Gay, I'attoral, ii. (1714). 

Clout (Lobbin), a shepherd, in love with 
Blouzelinda. He challenged Cuddy to a 
contest of song in praise of their respec- 
tive sweethearts, and Cloddipole was 
appointed umpire. Cloddipole was unable 
to award the prize, for each merited "an 
oaken staff for his pains." " Have done, 
however, for the herds are weary of the 
songs, and so am I." — Gay, Pastoral, i. 
(1714). 

(An imitation of Virgil's Eel. iii.) 

Club-Bearer (The), Periphe'tes, the 
robber of Ar'golis, who murdered his 
victims with an iron club. — Greek Fable. 

Clumsey (Sir Tunbelly), father of 
Miss Hoyden. A mean, ill-mannered 
squire and justice of the peace, living 
near Scarborough. Most cringing to the 
aristocracy, whom he toadies and courts. 
Sir Tunbelly promised to give his 
daughter in marriage to lord Foppington, 
but Tom Fashion, his lordship's younger 
brother, pretends to be lord Foppington, 
gains admission to the family, and marries 
her. When the real lord Foppington 
arrives, he is treated as an impostor, but 
Tom confesses the ruse. His lordship 
treats the knight with such ineffable con- 
tempt, that sir Tunbelly's temper is 
aroused, and Tom is received into high 
favour. — Sheridan, A. Trip to Scarborough 
(1777). 

%* This character appears in Van- 
brugh's Relapse, of which comedy the 
Trip to Scarborough is an abridgment 
and adaptation. 

Clumsey, the name of Belgrade's dog. 

Clu'ricaune (3 syl.), an Irish elf of 
evil disposition, especially noted for his 
knowledge of hid treasure. He generally 
assumes the appearance of a wrinkled old 
man. 

Clu'tha, the Clyde. 

I came in my bounding ship to Balclutha's walls of 
towers. The winds had roared behind ni> sails, a:itl 
Ciutha's stream received my dark-lxwouied ship.— Ossian, 
Cartiutn. 



CLUTTERBUCK. 



200 



COATEL 



Clutterbuck (Captain), the hypo- 
thetical editor of some of sir Walter 
Scott's novels, as The Monastery and 
The Fortunes of Nigel. Captain Clutter- 
buck is a retired officer, who employs 
himself in antiquarian researches and 
literary idleness. The Abbot is dedicated 
by the "author of Waverley" tp "cap- 
tain Clutterbuck," late of his majesty's 
infantry regiment. 

Clym of the Clough (" Clement 
of the Cliff'"), a noted outlaw, associated 
with Adam Bell and William of Cloudes- 
ley, in Englewood Forest, near Carlisle. 
When William was taken prisoner at 
Carlisle, and was about to be hanged, 
Adam and Clym shot the. magistrates, 
and rescued their companion. The 
mayor with his posse went out against 
them, but they shot the mayor, as they 
had done the sheriff, and fought their 
way out of the town. They then hastened 
to London to beg pardon of the king, 
which was granted them at the queen's 
intercession. The king, wishing to see a 
specimen of their shooting, was so de- 
lighted at their skill that he made Wil- 
liam a " gentleman of fe," and the other 
two "yemen of his chambre." — Percy, 
Jieliques ("Adam Bell," etc., I. ii. 1). 

Cly'tie, a water-nymph, in love Avith 
Apollo. Meeting with no return, she was 
changed into a sunflower, or rather a 
tour/ejsol, which still turns to the sun, 
following him through his daily course. 

The sunflower does not turn to the sun. 
On the same stem may be seen flowers in 
every direction, and not one of them 
shifts the direction in which it has first 
opened. T. Moore (1814) says : 

The sunflower turns on her god, when he sets, 
Thcsame look which shetumtd when he rose. 

This may do in poetry, but it is not 
correct. The sunflower is so called 
simply because, the flower resembles a 
picture sun. 

Lord Thurlow (1821) adopted Tom 
Moore's error, and enlarged it: 

Behold, my dear, this lofty flower 
That row the gulden sun receives; 

No other deity has power. 
But only Phoebus, on her leaves; 

As he in radiant glory hums. 

From cast to west her visage turns. 

The Sun/lotver. 

CiytUS, an old officer in the army of 
Fhilip of Macedon, and subsequently in 
that of Alexander. ; -Afe-a—bariquet, when 
both were heated with wine, Clytus said 
to Alexander, " Philip fought men, but 
Alexander women," and after some other 
insults, Alexander in his rage stabbed 



the old soldier ; but instant^ repented 
and said : 

What has my vengeance done? 
Who is it thou hast slain ? Clytus? What was ha 
The faithfullest subject, worthiest counsellor, 
The bravest soldier. He who saved my life. 
Fighting bare-headed at the river Grar.ic. 
For a rash word, spoke in the bent of wine. 
The poor, the honest Clytus thou hast slain,— 
Clytus, thy triend, thy guardian, thy preserver ! 

N. Lee, A lexander the Great, iv. 2 (16,"8). 

Cne'us, the Roman officer in com- 
mand of the guard set to watch the tomb 
of Jesus, lest the disciples should steal 
the body, and then declare that it had 
risen from the dead. — Klopstock, The 
Messiah, xiii. (1771). 

Coaches, says Stow, in his Chronicle, 
were introduced by Fitz-Allen, earl of 
Arundel, in 1580. 

Before the costly coach and silken stock came in. 

Drayton, Polyoibion, xvi. (1613). 

Coals. To carry coals, to put up with 
affronts. The boy says in Henry V. 
(act iii. sc. 2), "I knew . . . the men 
would carry coals." So in Borneo and 
Juliet (act i. sc. 1), " Gregory, o' my 
word, we'll not carry coals." Ben Jon- 
son, in Every Man out of His Humour, 
says • "Here comes one that will carry 
coals, ergo, will hold my dog." 

The time hath been when I would 'a scorned to carry 
coals.— E., Troubles of Queene Elizabeth (1639). 

(To carry corn, is to bear wealth, 
to be rich. He does not carry corn well, 
" He does not deport himself well in his 
prosperity.") 

Co'an (The), Hippocrates, the "Father 
of Medicine" (b.c. 460-357). 

... the great Coan, him whom Nature made 
To serve the costliest creature of her tribe [man]. 

Dante, I'urgatory, xxix. 11308). 

Co'anocot/zin (5 syl.), king of the 
Az'tecas. Slain in battle by Madoc. — ■ 
Southey, Madoc (1805). 

Co'atel, daughter of Acul'hua, a priest 
of the Az'tecas, and wife of Lincoya. 
Lincoya, being doomed for sacrifice, 
fled for refuge to Madoc, the Welsh 

Srince, who had recently landed on the 
forth American coast, and was kindly 
entreated by him. This gave Coatel 
a sympathetic interest in the White 
strangers, and she was not backward in 
showing it. Thus, when young Hoel 
was kidnapped, and confined in a cavern 
to starve to death, Coatel visited him and 
took him food. Again, when prince 
Madoc was entrapped, she contrived to 
release him, and assisted the prince to 
carrv oft' young Hoel. After the defeat 



COBB. 



201 



COCKLE. 



of the Az'tecas by the White strangers, 
the chief priest declared that some one 
had proved a traitor, and resolved to dis- 
cover who it was by handing round a cup, 
which he said would be harmless to the 
innocent, but death to the guilty. When 
it was handed to Coatel, she was so 
frightened that she dropped down dead. 
Her father stabbed himself, and "fell 
upon his child," and when Lincoya heard 
thereof, he flung himself down from a steep 
precipice on to the rocks below. — Southev, 
Madoc (1805). 

Cobb (Ephraim), in Cromwell's troop. 
— Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Com- 
monwealth). 

Cobbler-Poet (The), Hans Sachs 
of Nuremberg. (See Twelve Wise 
Masters.) 

Cobham (Eleanor), wife of Hum- 
phrey duke of Gloucester, and aunt of 
king Henry VI., compelled to do penance 
bare-foot in a sheet in London, and after 
that to live in the Isle of Man in banish- 
ment, for " sorcery." In 2 Henry VI., 
Shakespeare makes queen Margaret " box 
her ears," but this could not be, as 
Eleanor was banished three years before 
Margaret came to England. 

Stand forth, dame Eleanor Cobham, Gloster's wife . . . 
You, nudum . . . despoiled of your honour . . . 
Shall, after three d-a>s' open penance done. 
Live in your country here in banishment, 
With sir John Stanley, in the Isle of Man. 

Shakespeare, 2 JJenry VI. act ii. sc. 3 (1581). 

Cocagxie (The Land of), a poem full 
of life and animation, by Hans Sachs, 
the cobbler, called "The prince of meis- 
ter-singers " (1494-1574).— See Cockaigne. 

Cock and Pie. Douce explains thus : 

In the days of chivalry it was the practice to make 
solemn vows for the performance of any considerable 
enterprise. This was usually done at some festival, when 
a roasted peacock, being served up in a dish of cold or 
silver, was presented to the knight, who then made his 
vow with great solemnity. 

Cock of Westminster (The). 
Castell, a shoemaker, was so called from 
his very early hours. He was one of the 
benefactors of Christ's Hospital (London). 

Cockade. 

The Black Cockade. Badge of the 
house of Hanover, worn at first only by 
the servants of the royal household, the 
diplomatic corps, the army, and navy; 
but now worn by the servants of justices, 
deputy-lieutenants, and officers both of 
the militia and volunteers. 

The White Cockade. (1) Badge of the 
Stuarts, and hence of the Jacobites. (2) 
Badge of the Bourbons, and hence of the 
royalists of France. 



The White and Green Cockade. Badge 
worn bv the French in the " Seven Years' 
War" (175(3). 

The Blue and Red Cockade. Badge of 
the city of Paris from 1789. 

The Tricolour was the union of the 
white Bourbon and blue and red of the 
citv of Paris. It was adopted by 
Louis XVI. at the Hotel de Ville, 
July 17, 1789, and has ever since been 
recognized as the national symbol, ex- 
cept during the brief "restoration," when 
the Bourbon white was for the time 
restored. 

Royal Cockades are large and circular, 
half the disc projects above the top of 
the hat. 

Kauai Cockades have no fan-shaped 
appendage, and do not project above the 
top of the hat. 

(All other cockades worn for livery 
are fan-shaped.) 

Cockaigne' ( Tlxe Land of), an imagi- 
nary land of pleasure, wealth, luxury, 
and idleness. London is so called. 
Boileau applies the word to Paris. The 
Land of Cokayne is the subject of a bur- 
lesque, which, Warton says, "was evi- 
dently written ?oon after the Conquest, at 
least before the reign of Henry II." 
— History of English Poetry, i. 12. 

The houses were made of barley-sugar and cakes, the 
streets were paved with pastry, and the shops supplied 
goods without requiring money in payment. — lit* Land 
of Cockaigne (an old French poem, thirteenth century). 

(This satirical poem is printed at 
length bv Ellis, in his Specimens of Early 
English Poets, i. 83-95.) 

Cocker (Edward) published a useful 
treatise on arithmetic in the reign of 
Charles II., which had a prodigious suc- 
cess, and has given rise to the proverb, 
" According to Cocker " (1632-1675). 

Cockle (Sir John), the miller of 
Mansfield, and keeper of Sherwood 
Forest. Hearing a gun fired one night, 
he went into the forest, expecting to find 
poachers, and seized the king (Henry 
VIII.), who had been hunting and had get 
separated from his courtiers. When the 
miller discovered that his captive was not 
a poacher, he offered him a night's lodging. 
Next day the courtiers were brought to 
Cockle's house by under-keepers, to be 
examined as poachers, and it was then 
discovered that the miller's guest was 
the king. The " merry monarch "' 
knighted the miller, and settled on hira 
1000 marks a vear.— K. Dodslev, The 
King and the Miller of Mansfield (1~37). 



COCKLE OF REBELLION. 



202 



COLE. 



Cockle of Rebellion (The), that 
is the weed called the cockle, not the 
crustacean. 

We nourish 'gainst our senate 
The cockle of rebellion. 

Shakespeare, Voriolanus, act iii. sc. 1 (1609). 

Cockney (Nicholas), a rich city 
grocer, brother of Barnacle. Priscilla 
Tomboy, of the West Indies, is placed 
under his charge for her education. 

Walter Cockney, son of the grocer, in 
the shop. A conceited young prig, not 
yet out of the quarrelsome age. He 
makes boj'-love to Priscilla Tomboy and 
Miss La Blond; but says he will "tell 
papa " if they cross him. 

Penelope Cockney, sister of Walter. — 
The Ramp (altered from Bickerstaff's 
Love in the City). 

Cockpit of Europe. Belgium is so 
called because it has been the site of more 
European battles than any other: e.g. 
Oudenarde, Ramillies, Fontenoy, Fleu- 
rus, Jemmapes, Ligny, Quatre Bras, 
Waterloo, etc. 

Cocy'tus, one of the five rivers of 
hell. The word means the " river of 
weeping" (Greek, kokuo, "I lament"), bo- 
cause "into this river fall the tears of the 
wicked." The other four rivers are Styx, 
Ach'eron, Phleg'ethon, and Le'the. (See 
Styx.) 

Cocytus, named of lamentation loud, 
Heard on the rueful oiream. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 579 (1065). 

Coelebs' "Wife, a bachelor's ideal of 
a model wife. Ccelebs is the hero of a 
novel by Mrs. Hannah More, entitled 
Calebs in Search of a Wife (1809). 

In short she was a walking calculation. 

Miss Edgeworth's imvels stepping from their covers, 
Or Mrs. Tr. miner's books on education. 

Or " Ccelebs' wife" set out in quest of lovers. 

Byron, Don Juan, i. 16 (1819). 

Coffin (Long Tom), the best sailor 
character ever drawn. He is introduced 
in The Pilot, a novel by J. Fenimore 
Cooper, of New York. Cooper's novel 
has been dramatized by E. Fitzball, 
under the same name, and Long Tom 
Coffin preserves in the burletta his reck- 
less daring, his unswerving fidelity, his 
simple-minded affection, and his love for 
the sea. 

Cogia Houssain, the captain of 
forty thieves, outwitted by Morgiana, the 
slave. When, in the guise, of a mer- 
chant, he was entertained by Ali Baba, 
and refused to eat any salt, the suspicions 
cf Morgiana were aroused, and she soon 
detected him to be the captain of the forty 
thieves. After supper she amused her 



master and his guest with dancing ; then 
playing with Cogia's dagger for a time, 
she plunged it suddenly into his heart 
and killed him. — Arabian Nights ("Ali 
Baba or the Forty Thieves "). 

Coi'la (2 syl.), Kyle, in Ayrshire. So 
called from Coilus, a Pictish monarch. 
Sometimes all Scotland is so called, 
as: 

Farewell, old Coila's hills and dales. 
Her heathy moors and winding vales. 

Burns. 

Cola'da, the sword taken by the Cid 
from Ramon Ber'enger, count of Barce- 
lona. This sword had two hilts of solid 
gold. 

Col'ax, Flattery personified in The 
Purple Island (1633), by Phineas Flet- 
cher. Colax "all his words with sugar 
spices . . . lets his tongue to sin, and 
takes rent of shame . . . His art \was~] 
to hide and not to heal a sore." Fully 
described in canto viii. (Greek, kdlax, 
" a flatterer or fawner.") 

Colbrand or Colebrond (2 syl.), 
the Danish giant, slain in the presence of 
king Athelstan, by sir Guy of Warwick, 
just returned from a pilgrimage, still 
" in homely russet clad," and in his h md 
" a hermit's staff." The combat is 
described at length^ by Drayton, in his 
Polyolbion, xii. 

One could scarcely bear his axe . . . 

Whose squares were laid with plates, and riveted with 

steel, 
And armgd down along with pikes, whose hardened 

points 
. . . had power to tear the joints 
Of cuirass or of mail. 

Drayton, Polyolbion. xii. (1613). 

Colchos, part of Asiatic Scythia, 
now called Mingrelia. The region to 
which the Argonauts directed their 
course. 

Cold Harbour House, the origi- 
nal Heralds' College, founded by Richard 
II., in Poultney Lane. Henry VII. 
turned the heralds out, and gave the 
house to bishop Tunstal. 

Coldstream (Sir Charles), the chief 
character in Charles Mathew's play called 
Used Up. He is wholly ennuye', sees 
nothing to admire in anything ; but is a 
living personification of mental inanity 
and physical imbecility. 

Cole (1 syl.), a legendary British 
king, described as "a merry old soul," 
fond of his pipe, fond of his glass, and 
fond of his " fiddlers three." There were 
two kings so called — Cole (or Coil I.) was 
the predecessor of Porrex ; but Coil II. 



COLE. 



203 COLLINGBOURNE'S RHYME. 



was succeeded by Lucius, " tin*, first 
British king who embraced the Christian 
religion." Which of these two mythical 
kings the song refers to is not evident. 

Cole (Mrs.). This character is de- 
signed for Mother Douglas, who kept a 
'* gentlemen's magazine of frail beauties" 

in a superbly furnished house at the 
north-east comer of Covent Garden. She 
died 1761. — S. Foote, T1\6 Minor (17G0). 

Colein (2 s///.), the great dragon 
slain by sir Bevis of Southampton, — 

Drayton, I'olyolbion, ii. (1(U2). 

Colemi'ra (3 syl.), a poetical name 
for a cook. The word is compounded of 
coal and mire. 

"Could I," he cried, " express how bright a grace 
Adorns thy morning hands and well-washed fuse, 
Hum wouldst, Colemlra, grant what I implore. 
And yield me love, or wash thy face no more.'' 

SheiLstone, C'uluutira, (an eclogue). 

Cole'pepper (Captain) or Cai*taix 
PEPPKRCULL, the Alsatian bully. — Sir 
W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James L). 

Colin, or in Scotch Cailen, Green 
Colin, the laird of Dunstaffnage, so called 
from the green colour which prevailed in 
his tartan. 

Colin and Rosalinde. In The 
Shephearde's Calendar (1579), by Edm. 

Spenser, Rosalinde is the maiden vainly 
beloved by Colin Clout, as her choice was 
already fixed on the shepherd Menalcas. 
Rosalinde is an anagram of " Rose 
Danil," a lady beloved by Spenser (Colin 
Clout), but Rose Danil had already fixed 
her affections on John Florio the Reso- 
lute, whom she subsequently married. 

And I to thee will be as kind 
As Colin was to Kosalimle, 
Of courtesie the dower. 

M. Drayton, Dowsabcl (1593). 

Colin Clout, the pastoral name as- 
sumed by the poet Spenser, in The Shep- 
hearde's Calendar, The Ruins of Time, 
Daphnaida, and in the pastoral poem called 
Colin Clout's Gome Home Again (from his 
visit to sir Walter Raleigh). Eel. i. and 
xii. are soliloquies of Colin, being lamen- 
tations that Rosalinde will not return his 
love. Eel. vi. is a dialogue between Hob- 
binol and Colin, in which the former tries 
to comfort the disappointed lover. Eel. 
xi. is a dialogue between Thenot and 
Colin. Thenot begs Colin to sing some 
joyous lay ; but Colin pleads grief lv.r 
the death of the shepherdess Dido, and 
then sings a monody on the great shep- 



herdess deceased. In eel. vi. we am told 
that Rosalinde has betrothed herself to 

tlir shepherd Menalcas (lo7!»). 

In tht; last hook of the FaSry Queen, 
we have a reference to "Colin and his 
lassie "(Spenser and his wife) supposed 

to he Elizabeth, and elsewhere called 
" Mirahella." (See Clout, etc.) 

Witness our Colin, whom tho' all the Graces 
And all the Muses aimed . . . 

Yet all 1ms hope* were crossed, all suits denied ; 

Discouraged, scorned, his writing vilified, 

I'oorl). jjoor 111:111, lie lived; poorly, poor nun, he dled. 
1'h. Fletcher, The I'urpic island, i. 1 (1833). 

Colin Clout and his Lassie, referred to 
in the last book of the Faery Queen, are 

Spenser and his wife Kli/.aheth, elsewhere 
called " Mirabella" (159tJ). 

Colin Clout's Come Home Again. 

"Colin Clout" is Spenser, who had been to 
London on a visit to "the Shepherd of the 
Ocean " (sir Walter Raleigh), in 1589 ; on 
his return to lvilcolnian, in Ireland, he 
wrote this poem. " Hobbinol" his friend 
(Gabriel Harvey, LL.D.) tells him how 
all the shepherds had missed him, and 
begs him to relate to him and them his 
adventures while abroad. The pastoral 
contains a eulogy of British contemporary 
poets, and of the court beauties of queen 
Elizabeth (1591). (See Coltw.) 

Colin Tampon, the nickname of a 
Swiss, as John liull means an English- 
man, etc. 

Colkitto ( young), or " Vich Alister 
More," or "Alister M'Donnell," a High- 
land chief in the army of Montrose. — 
Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I.). 

Collean (May), the heroine of a 
Scotch ballad, which relates how " fause 
sir John " carried her to a rock for the 
purpose of throwing her down into the 
sea ; but May outwitted him, and sub- 
jected him to the same fate as he had 
designed for her. 

Colleen', i.e. " girl ; " Colleen bawn 
(" the blond girl ") ; Colleen rhue (" the 
red-haired girl"), etc. 

*j* Dion Boueieault has a drama en- 
titled The Colleen Bawn, founded upon 
Gerald Griffin's novel The Collegians. 

Collier (Jem), a smuggler.— Sir W. 
Scott, Redjauntlet (time, George 111.). 

Collingbourne's Rhyme. The 
rhyme for which Collingbourne was 
executed was : 

A cat. a rat. and Lovel the dog. 
Rule all England under the hog. 



COLLINGWOOD, ETC. 



204 



COLONNA. 



For where I meant the king [Richard J 1 1.] by name of 

bog, 
I only alluded to the badge he bore [a boar] ; 
To Lovel's name 1 added more— our dog — 
Because most dogs have borne that name of yore. 
These metaphors I used with other more, 
As cat and rat, the half-names \_Catesbye, Ratctiffe] of 

the rest. 
To hide the sense that they so wrongly wrest. 

Th. Sackville, A Mirrour for M 'agiitraytes 
(" Complaynt of Collingbourue "). 

Collingwood and the Acorns. 

Coilingwood never saw a vacant place in 
his estate, but he took an acorn out of his 
pocket and popped it in. — Thackerav, 

Vanity Fair (1848). 

Colmal, daughter of Dunthalmo 
lord of Teutha (the Tweed). Her father, 
having murdered Rathnior in his halls, 
brought up the two young sons of the latter, 
Calthon and Colmar, in his own house ; 
but when grown to manhood he thought he 
detected a suspicious look about them, 
and ne shut them up in two separate caves 
on the banks of the Tweed, intending to 
kill them. Colmal, who was in love 
with Calthon, set him free, and the two 
made good their escape to the court of 
Fingal. Fingal sent Ossian with 300 
men to liberate Colmar ; but when Dun- 
thalmo heard thereof, he murdered the 
prisoner. Calthon, being taken captive, 
was bound to an oak, but was liberated 
by Ossian, and joined in marriage to Col- 
mal, with whom he lived lovingly in the 
halls of Teutha. — Ossian, Calthon and 
Colmal. 

Colmar, brother of Calthon. When 
quite young their father was murdered 
by Dunthalmo, who came against him 
by night, and killed him in his banquet 
hall ; but moved by pity, he brought up 
the two boys in his own house. When 
grown to manhood, he thought he ob- 
served mischief in their looks, and 
therefore shut them up in two separate 
cells on the banks of the Tweed. Colmal, 
the daughter of Dunthalmo, who was in 
love with Calthon, liberated him from 
his bonds, and they fled to Fingal to 
crave aid on behalf of Colmar ; but 
before succour could arrive, Dunthalmo 
had Colmar brought before him, " bound 
with a thousand thongs," and slew him 
with his spear. — Ossian, Calthon and 
Colmal. 

Colmes-kill, now called Icolmkill, 
the famous Iona, one of the Western 
islands. It is I-colm T kill ; ll l" — island, 
" eolm "= Columh (St.), and "kill" = 
brer yinij -place ("the burying-ground in 
St. Columb's Isle"). 



Kosse. Where is Duncan's body t 
Macduff. Carried to Colmes-kill ; 

The sacred store-house of his predecessors, 

And guardian of their bones. 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, act ii. sc. 4 (1606). 

Colna-Dona ("love of heroes"), 
daughter of king Car'ul. Fingal sent 
Ossian and Toscar to raise a memorial 
on the banks of the Crona, to perpetuate 
the memory of a victory he had obtained 
there. Carul invited the two young 
men to his hall, and Toscar fell in love 
with Colna-Dona. The passion being 
mutual, the father consented to their 
espousals. — Ossian, Colna-Dona. 

Cologne (The three kings of), the 
three Magi, called Gaspar, Melchior, and 
Baltha'zar. Gaspar means " the white 
one;" Melchior, "king of light;" 
Balthazar, " lord of treasures." Klop- 
stock, in The Messiah, says there were 
six Magi, whom he calls Hadad, Sel'ima, 
Zimri, Mirja, Beled, and Sunith. 

*** The "three" Magi are variously 
named ; thus one tradition gives them 
as Apellius, Amerus, and Damascus ; 
another calls them Magalath, Galgalath, 
and Sarasin ; a third says they were 
Ator, Sator, and Perat'oras. They are 
furthermore said to be descendants of 
Balaam the Mesopotamian prophet. 

Colon, one of v the rabble leaders in 
Hudibras, is meant for Noel Perryan or 
Ned Perry, an ostler. He was a rigid 
puritan "of low morals," and very fond 
of bear-baiting. 

Colonna (The marquis of), a high- 
minded, incorruptible noble of Naples. 
He tells the young king bluntly that his 
oily courtiers are vipers who would suck 
his life's blood, and that Ludov'ico, his 
chief minister and favourite, is a traitor. 
Of course he is not believed, and Ludo- 
vico marks him out for vengeance. His 
scheme is to get Colonna, of his own 
free will, to murder his sister's lover and 
the king. With this view he artfully 
persuades Vicentio, the lover, that 
Evadne (the sister of Colonna) is the 
king's wanton. Vicentio indignantly 
discards Evadne, is challenged to tight 
by Colonna, and is supposed to be killed. 
Colonna, to revenge his wrongs on the 
king, invites him to a banquet with 
intent to murder him, when the whole 
scheme of villainy is exposed : Ludoyico 
is slain, and Vicentio marries Evadn§. — 
Shiel, Evadne or the Statue (1820). 

Colonna, the most southern cape of 
Attica. Falconer makes it the site of bis 



COLOPHON. 



205 



COMEDY OF ERRORS. 



"shipwreck" (canto iii.) ; and Byron 
Bays the isles of Greece, 

. . . seen from far Oolonna's height, 
Mike tiliul the heart that h.uls the sight. 
And lend to loaeltntHH delight. 

B) Ton. The Giaour (1813). 

Col'ophon, the end clause of a book 
containing the names of the printer and 
publisher, and the place where the book 
was printed ; in former times the date 
and the edition were added also. Colo- 
phon was a city of Ioua, the inhabitants 
of which were such excellent horsemen 
that they could turn the scale of battle ; 
hence the Greek proverb to add a colo- 
phon meant to " put a finishing stroke 
to an arr'air." 

Colossos (Latin, Colossus), a gi- 
gantic brazen statue 126 feet high, exe- 
cuted by Chares for the Rhodians. 
Blaise de Vignenere says it was a striding 
figure, but comte de Caylus proves that 
it was not so, and did not even stand at 
the mouth of the Rhodian port. Philo 
tells us that it stood on a hbjck of white 
marble, and Lucius Ampeilius asserts 
that it stood in a car. Tickell makes out 
the statue to be so enormous in size, 
that— 

While at one foot the thronging galleys ride, 

A whole hour's sail scarce reached the further sid« ; 

Betwixt the brazen thighs, in loose array. 

Ten thousand streamers on the billows play. 

Tickell, On die Protect of Peace. 

Col'thred (Benjamin) or " Little 
Benjie," a spy employed by Nixon 
(Edward Kedgauntlet's agent). — Sir \Y. 
Scott, Eedijauntlet (time, George 111.). 

Columb (St.) or St. Colutntxt was 
of the family of the kings of Lister ; 
and with twelve followers founded 
amongst the Picts and Scots 300 Chris- 
tian establishments of presbyterian cha- 
racter ; that in Io'na was founded in 
563. 

The Pictish men by St. Columb taught. 

Campbell, Keullura. 

Columbus. His three ships were 
the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the 
Nina. — Washington Irving, History of 
the Life, etc., of Columbus, 183. 

Colyn Clout ( The Boke of), a rhym- 
ing six-syllable tirade against the clergy, 
by John Skelton, poet-laureate (1460- 
1529). 

Comal and Galbi'na. Comal was 
the son of Albion, "chief of a hundred 
hills." He loved Galbi'na (daughter of 
Conlech), who was beloved by Grumal 
also. One day, tired out by the chase, 
Comal and Gaibina rested in the cave of 



Kon.-m j but ere long a titer appeared, 
and Comal went forth to shoot it. 
During his absence, Gaibina dressed her- 
self in armour "to try his love," and 
"strode from the cave." Comal thought 
it was Grumal, let fly an arrow, and she 
fell. The chief too late discovered hia 
mistake, rushed to battle, and was slain. 
— Ossian, Fimjid, ii. 

Com'ala, daughter of Sarno king of 
Inistore (the Orkneys). She fell in love 
with Fingal at a feast to which Sarno 
had invited him after his return from 
Denmark or Lochlin (Fiw/al, iii.). 
Disguised as a youth, Comala followed 
him, and begged to be employed in his 
wars; but whs detected by Hidallan, son 
of Limor, whose love she had slighted. 
Fingal was about to marry her, when 
he was tailed to oppose Caracul, who had 
invaded Caledonia. Comala witnessed the 
battle from a hill, thought she saw Fingal 
slain, and though he returned victorious, 
the shock on her nerves was so great that 
she died. — Ossian, Comala. 

Coman'ches (3 «//.), an Indian tribe 
of the Texas. (See Ca.manches.) 

Comb (Iici/narcTs Wonderful), said to 
be made of Pan'thera's bone, the per- 
fume of which was so fragrant that no 
one could resist following it ; and the 
wearer of the comb was always of a 
merry heart. This comb existed only in 
the brain of Master Fox. — Heynard the 
Fox, xii. (1498). 

Co'me (St.), a physician, and patron 
saint of medical practitioners. 

"By St Come!" said the surgeon, "here's a pretty 
adventure.'' — Lesage, Oil Mas, vii. 1 (.1735). 

Come and Take Them. The re- 
ply of Leon'idas, king of Sparta, to the 
messengers of Xerxes, when commanded 
by the invader to deliver up his arms. 

Com'edy (The Father of), Aristoph'- 
anes the Athenian (b.c. 444-380). 

Comedy (Prince of Ancient n Aristoph'- 
anes (b.c. 444-380). 

Comedy (Prince of Neve), Menandei 
(b.c 342-291). 

Comedy of Errors, by Shakespeare 
(1593). ^Emilia wife of jEgeon had two 
sons at a birth, and named both of them 
Antipholus. When grown to manhood, 
each of these sons had a slave named 
Dromio, also twin-brothers. The brothers 
Antipholus had been shipwrecked in 



OOMHAL. 



206 



COMUS. 



infancy, and being picked up by different 
vessels, were carried one to Syracuse and 
the other to Ephesus. The play sup- 
poses that Antipholus of Syracuse goes 
in search of his brother, and coining to 
Ephesus with his slave Dromio, a series 
of mistakes arises from the extraordinary 
likeness of the two brothers and their 
two slaves. Andriana, the wife of the 
Ephesian, mistakes the Syracusian for 
her husband ; but he behaves so 
strangely that her jealousy is aroused, 
and when her true husband arrives he is 
arrested as a mad man. Soon after, the 
Syracusian brother being seen, the wife, 
supposing it to be her mad husband 
broken loose, sends to capture him ; but 
he flees into a convent. Andriana now 
lays her complaint before the duke, and 
the lady abbess comes into court. So 
both brothers face each other, the mis- 
takes are explained, and the abbess turns 
out to be ^Emilia the mother of the twin- 
brothers. Now, it so happened that 
JEgeon, searching for his son, also came 
to Ephesus, and was condemned to pay a 
fine or suffer death, because he, a Syra- 
cusian, had set foot in Ephesus. The 
duke, however, hearing the story, par- 
doned him. Thus ^Egeon found his wife 
in the abbess, the parents their twin sons, 
and each son his long-lost brother. 

%* The plot of this comedy is copied 
from the Mencechmi of PlautusI 

Comlial or Combal, son of Tra- 

thal, and father of Fingal. His queen 
was Morna, daughter of Thaddu. Com- 
hal was slain in battle, righting against 
the tribe of Morni, the very day that 
Fingal was born. — Ossian. 

Fingal said to Aldo, " I was born in the midst of 
battle."— Ossian, The Battle of Lora. 

Comines [Cum'. in]. Philip des Co- 
mines, the favourite minister of Charles 
" the Bold," duke of Burgundy, is intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in Quentin Dur- 
ward (time, Edward IV.). 

Coming Events. 

And coming events cast their shadows before. 

Campbell, Lochiel's Warning. 

Com/leach (2 sj/L), a mountain in 
Ulster. The Lubar flows between Com- 
leach and Cromal. — Ossian. 

Commander of the Faithful 
(Emir al Mnmcnin), a title assumed by 
Omar I., and retained by his successors 
in the caliphate (581, 634-644). 



Commandment ( The Eleventh), 
Thou shalt not be found out. 

After all, that Eleventh Commandment is the only on* 
that it is vitally important to keep in these days. — B. H. 
Buxton, Jennie of the Prince's, iii. 314. 

Comminges (2 syl.) (Count de), the 
hero of a novel so called by Mde. de 
Tencin (1681-1749). 

Committee (The), a comedy by the 
Hon. sir R. Howard. Mr. Day, a Crom- 
wellite, is the head of a Committee of 
Sequestration, and is a dishonest, canting 
rascal, under the thumb of his Avife. He 
gets into his hands the deeds of two 
heiresses, Anne and Arbella. The former 
he calls Ruth, and passes her off as his 
own daughter ; the latter he wants to 
marry to his booby son Abel. Ruth falls 
in love with colonel Careless, and Arbella 
with colonel Blunt. Ruth contrives to 
get into her hands the deeds, which she 
delivers over to the two colonels, and 
when Mr. Day arrives, quiets him by 
reminding him that she knows of certain 
deeds which would prove his ruin if 
divulged (1670). 

T. Knight reproduced this comedy as 
a farce under the title of The Honest 
Thieves. 

Common (Dol), an ally of Subtle 
the alchemist. — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist 
(1610). 

Commoner (The Great), sir John 
Barnard, who in 1787 proposed to reduce 
the interest of the national debt from 
4 per cent, to 3 per cent., any creditor 
being at liberty to receive his principal 
in full if he preferred it. William Pitt, 
the statesman, is so called also (1759- 
1806). 

Comne'nus (Alexius), emperor of 
Greece, introduced by sir W. Scott in 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Anna Comne'na, the historian, daugh- 
ter of Alexius Comnenus, emperor of 
Greece. — Same novel. 

Compeyson, a would-be gentleman 
and a forger. He duped Abel Magwitch 
and ruined him, keeping him completely 
under his influence. He also jilted Miss 
Havisham. — C. Dickens, Great Expecta- 
tions (1860). 

Com'rade (2 syl.), the horse given by 
a fairy to Fortunio. 

He has many rare qualities . . . first he eats but once 
in eight days; and then he knows what's past, present, 
and to come [and speaks with the voice of a man J.— 
Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," lGft!). 

Comus, the god of revelry. In 



CONA. 



207 



CONLATII. 



Milton's "masque" so culled, the "lady" 
is lady Alice Egerton, the younger 

brother is Mr. Thomas Egerton, and the 
elder brother is lord viscount Brackley 
(eldest son of John earl of Bridgewater, 
president of Wales). The lady, weary 

with long walking, is left in a wood by 
her two brothers, while they go to gather 
'•cooling fruit" for her. She sings to 
let them know her whereabouts, and 
Comus, coming up, promises to conduct 
her to a cottage till her brothers could 
be found. The brothers, hearing a noise 
of revelry, become alarmod about their 
sister, when her guardian spirit informs 
them that she has fallen into the hands 
of Comus. They run to her rescue, and 
arrive just as the god is offering his cap- 
tive a potion ; the brothers seize the nip 
and dash it on the ground, while the spirit 
invokes Sabri'na, who breaks the spell 
and releases the lady (1G34). 

Co'na or Cok, a river in Scotland, 
falling into Lochleven. It is distin- 
guished for the sublimity of its Bcenery. 
Glen-eoe is the glen held by the McDo- 
nalds (the chief of the clan being called 
Maclan). In " Ossian," the bardOssian 
(son of Fingal) is called "The voice of 
Cona." — Ossian, Sonys of Selma. 

They praised the voice of Coua. first among a thousand 
bards. 

Ossian. Songt of Sehna. 

Ccnach'ar, the Highland apprentice 
of Simon Glover, the old glover of Perth. 
Conacnar is in love with his master's 
daughter, Catharine, called " the fair 
maid of Perth ; " but Catharine loves and 
ultimately marries Henry Smith, the 
armourer. Conachar is at a later period 
Ian Eachin [Hector] M'lan, chief of the 
clan Quhele.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Conar, son of Trenmor, and first 
"king of Ireland." "When the Fir-bolg 
(or Belga? from Britain settled in the 
south of Ireland) had reduced the Cael 
(or colony of Caledonians settled in the 
north of Ireland) to the last extremity 
by war, the Cael sent to Scotland for 
aid. Trathcl (grandfather of Fingal) 
accordingly sent over Conar with an 
army to" their aid ; and Conar, having 
reduced the Fir-bolg to submission, as- 
sumed the title of " king of Ireland." 
Conar was succeeded by his son Cormac 
I. ; Cormac I. by his son Cairbre ; Cair- 
bre by his son Artho ; Artho by his son 
Cormac II. (a minor) ; and Cormac (after 



a slight interregnum) by Ferad-Artho 

(restored by Fingal). — Ossian. 

Con-Cathlin (means " mild beam of 
the wave'), the pole-star. 

While ><-t im bxkl wen' villi*. I nmrkfd Con Cathlln 
on high, from mmu'i mighty wwn. Palm, OiftarJ/orul. 

Confessio Amantis, bv Grower 

(1393), above 80, 000 verses. It is a 
dialogue between a lover and his con- 
fessor, a priest of Venus named Genius. 
As every vice is unamiabie, a lover must 
be free from vice in order to be amiable, 
i.e. beloved ; consequently, Genius ex- 
amines the lover on every vice before he 
will grant him absolution. Tale after tale 
is introduced by the confessor, to show 
the evil effects of particular vices, and 
the lover is taught science, and " the 
Aristotelian philosophy," the better to 
equip him to win the love of his choice. 
The end is very strange : The lover does 
not complain that the lady is obdurate or 
faithless, but that he himself has grown 
old. 

Gower is indebted a good deal to 
Eusebius's Greek romance of Ismene and 
Ismenias, translated by Viterbo. Shake- 
speare drew his Pericles Prince of Tyre 
from the same romance. 

Confession. TheempcrorWenceslas 
ordered John of Nep'omuc to be cast from 
the Moldau bridge, for refusing to reveal 
the confession of the empress. The martyr 
was canonized as St. John Nepomu'cen, 
and his day is May 14 (133U-1383). 

Confusion worse Confounded. 

>Vitii ruin upon ruin, rout on rout, 
Confusion worse confounded. 

Miituii, Paradise Lott. ii. 996 (1663). 

Congreve {The Modern), R. B. 
Sheridan (1751-1816). 

The School for Scandal crowned the reputation of the 
modern Cougreve in 1777. — Craik, Literature and 
Learning in England, v. 7. 

Conkey Chickweed, the man who 
robbed himself of 327 guineas, in order to 
make his fortune by exciting the sym- 
pathy of his neighbours and others. The 
tale is told by detective Blathers. — C. 
Dickens, Oliver Twist (18o7). 

ConTath, youngest son of Morni, and 
brother of the famous Gaul (a man's 
name). Conlath was betrothed to Cu- 
tho'na, daughter of Ruma, but before the 
espousals Toscar came from Ireland to 
Mora, and was hospitably received by 
Morni. Seeing Cuthona out hunting, 
Toscar carried her off in his skiff by 
force, and being overtaken by Conlaih 



CONNAL. 



208 



CONSTANS. 



they both fell in fight. Three days 
afterwards Cuthona died of grief. — 
Ossian, Conlath and Cuthona. 

Connal, son of Colgar petty king of 
Togorma, and intimate friend of Cuthullin 
general of the Irish tribes. He is a kind 
of Ulysses, who counsels and comforts 
Cuthullin in his distress, and is the very 
opposite of the rash, presumptuous, 
though generous Calmar. — Ossian, Fingal. 

Con'nell {Father), an aged catholic 
priest, full of gentle affectionate feelings. 
He is the patron of a poor vagrant boy 
called Neddy Fennel, whose adventures 
furnish the incidents of Banim's novel 
called Father Connell (1842). 

Father Council is not unworthy of association with the 
protcstant Vicar of Wakefield.— R. Chambers, £ngluh 
Literature, ii. <512. 

Coningsby, a novel by B. Dis- 
raeli. The characters are meant for por- 
traits : thus, " Rigby" represents Croker; 
" Menmouth," lord Hertford; " P2sk- 
dale," Lowther; "Ormsby," Irving; 
" Lucretia," Mde. Zichy ; " countess 
Colonna," lady Strachan ; "Sidonia," 
baron A. de Rothschild ; " Henry Sid- 
ney," lord John Manners ; " Belvoir," 
duke of Rutland, second son of Beau- 
manoir. — Lord Palmerston, Notes and 
Queries, March 6, 1875. 

Conqueror (The). Alexander the 
Great, The Conqueror of the World 
(n.c. 356, 336-323). Alfonso of Por- 
tugal (1094, 1137-1185). Aurungzebe 
the Great, called Alemgir (1618, 1659- 
1707). James of Aragon (1206, 1213- 
1276). Othman or Osman I., founder of 
the Turkish empire (1259, 1299-1326). 
Francisco Pizarro, called Conquistador, 
because he conquered Peru (1475-1541). 
William duke of Normandy, who obtained 
England by conquest (1027, 1066-1137). 

Con'rad (Lord), the corsair, after- 
wards called Lara. A proud, ascetic but 
successful pirate. Hearing that the 
sultan Seyd [Seed] was about to attack 
the pirates, he entered the palace in the 
disguise of a dervise, but being found out 
was seized and imprisoned. He was 
released by Gulnare (2 syl.), the sultan's 
favourite concubine, and* fled with her to 
the Pirates' Isle, but finding his 
Medo'ra dead, he left the island with 
Gulnare, returned to his native land, 
headed a rebellion, and was shot. — Lord 
Byron, The Corsair, continued in Lara 
(1814). 



Con'rade (2 syl.), a follower of don 
John (bastard brother of don Pedro 
prince of Aragon). — Shakespeare, Much 
Ado About Nothing (1600). 

Con'rade (2 syl.), marquis of Mont- 
serrat, who with the Grand-Master of the 
Templars conspired against Richard Coeur 
de Lion. He was unhorsed in combat, 
and murdered in his tent by the Templar. 
— Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.). 

Consenting Stars, stars forming 
certain configurations for good or evil. 
Thus we read in the book of Judges v. 20, 
" The stars in their courses fought against 
Sisera," i.e. formed configurations which 
were unlucky or malignant. 

. . . scourge the bad revolving stars, 
That have consented unto Henry's death I 
King Henry the Fifth, too famous to live long! 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 1 (1589). 

Constance, mother of prince Arthur 
and widow of Geoffrey Plantagenet.— 
Shakespeare, King John (1598). 

Mrs. Bartley's " lady Macbeth," "Constance," and 
"queen Katherine " [Henry Vlll.], were powerful em- 
bodiments, and I question if they have ever since been so 
finely portrayed [1785-1850].— J. Adolphus, Recollectiotu. 

Constance, daughter of sir William 
Fondlove, and courted by Wildrake, a 
country squire, fond of field sports. 
"Her beautv rich, richer her grace, her 
mind yet riener still, though richest all." 
She was "the mould express of woman, 
stature, feature, body, limb ; " she danced 
well, sang well, harped well. Wildrake 
was her childhood's playmate, and be- 
came her husband. — S. Knowles, The 
Lave Chase (1837). 

Constance, daughter of Bertulphe pro- 
vost of Bruges, and bride of Bouchard, a 
knight of Flanders. She had " beauty to 
shame young love's most fervent dream, 
virtue to form a saint, with just enough 
of earth to keep her woman." By an 
absurd law of Charles " the Good," earl 
of Flanders, made in 1127, this young 
lady, brought up in the lap of luxury, 
was reduced to serfdom, because her 
grandfather was a serf ; her aristocratic 
husband was also a serf because he 
married her (a serf). She went mad at 
the reverse of fortune, and died.— S. 
Knowles, The Provost of Bruges (1836). 

Constans, a mythical king of Britain. 
He was the eldest of the three sons of 
Constantine, his two brothers being 
Aurelius Ambrosius and llther Pen- 
dragon. Constans was a monk, but at 
the death of his father he laid aside the 



CONSTANT, 



209 



CONTINENCE. 



cowl for the crown. Vortigern caused 
him to be assassinated, and usurped the 
crown. Aureiius Ambrosius succeeded 
Vortigern, and was himself succeeded by 
his younger brother, Uther Pendragon, 
father of king Arthur. Hence it will 
appear that Constans was Arthur's uncle. 

Constant (Ned), the former lover of 
lady Unite, with whom he intrigued after 
her" marriage with the surlv knight. — 
Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife (1097). 

Constant (Sir Ilashfid), a younger 
brother of middle life, who tumbles into 
an estate and title by the death of his 
elder brother. He marries a woman of 
quality, but finding it comme il faut not 
to let "his love be known, treats her with 
indifference and politeness, and though he 
dotes on her, tries to make her believe he 
loves her not. He is very soft, carried 
away by the opinions of others, and is 
an example of the truth of what Dr. 
Young has said, " What is mere good 
nature but a fool ?" 

Lady Constant, wife of sir Bashful, a 
Ionian of spirit, taste, sense, wit, and 
beauty. She loves her husband, and 
repels with scorn an attempt to shake 
her fidelity because he treats her with cold 
indifference.— A. Murphy, The Way to 
keep Him (1760). 

Constan'tia, sister of Petruccio go- 
vernor of Bologna, and mistress of the 
dirke of Ferrara. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Chances (1620). 

Constantia, a protegee of lady McSy- 
cophant. An amiable girl, in love with 
Egerton McSycophant, by whom her 
love is amplv returned. — C. Macklin, The 
Man of the World (1764). 

Con'stantine (3 syl.), a king of 
Scotland, who (in 937) joined Anlaf (a 
Dinish king) against Athelstan. The 
allied kings were defeated at Brunan- 
burh, in Northumberland, and Constan- 
tine was made prisoner. 

Our English Athelstan . . . 
Made all the isle his own . . . 

And Coastantine, the king, a prisoner hither brought. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. 3 (1613). 

Constantinople {Little). Kertch 
was so called by the Genoese from its 
extent and its prosperity. Demosthenes 
calls it "the granary of Athens." 

Consuelo (4 syl.), the impersonation 
of moral purity in the midst of temp- 
tations. Consuelo is the heroine of a 
novel so called by George Sand (i.e. Mde. 
Dudevant), 



Consul Bib'ulus (A), a cipher in 
office, one joined with others in office but 
without the slightest influence. Bibulus 
was joint consul with Julius Caesar, but so 
insignificant that the wits of Rome called 
it the consulship of Julius and Caesar, not 
of Bibulus and Caesar (B.C. 59). 

Contemporaneous Discoverers. 

Goethe and Vicq d'Azyrs discovered at 
the same time the intermaxillary bone. 
Goethe and Von Baer discovered at the 
same time Morphology. Goethe and 
Oken discovered at the same time the 
vertebral system. The Penny Cyclo- 
paedia and ChanJjers's Journal were started 
nearly at the same time. The invention 
of printing is claimed by several contem- 
poraries. The processes called Talbotype 
and Daguerreotype were nearly simul- 
taneous discoveries. Leverrier and Adams 
discovered at the same time the planet 
Neptune. 

%* This list may be extended to a 
very great length. 

Contest (Sir Adam). Having lost 
his first wife by shipwreck, he married 
again after the lapse of some twelve or 
fourteen years. His second wife was a 
girl of 18, to whom he held up his first 
wife as a pattern and the very paragon 
of women. On the wedding day this first 
wife made her appearance. She had been 
saved from the wreck ; but sir Adam 
wished her in heaven most sincerely. 

Lady Contest, the bride of sir Adam, 
" young, extremely lively, and pro- 
digiously beautiful." She had been 
brought up in the country, and treated as 
a child, so her naivete was quite capti- 
vating. When she quitted the bride- 
groom's house, she said, " Good-bye, sir 
Adam, good-bye. I did love you a little, 
upon my word, and should be really un- 
happy if I did not know that your hap- 
piness will be infinitely greater with your 
first wife." 

Mr. Contest, the grown-up son of sir 
Adam, bv his first wife. — Mrs. Inchbald, 
The Wedding Day (1790). 

Continence. 

Alexander the Great having 
gained the battle of Issus (b.c. 333), 
the family of king Darius fell into his 
hands ; but he treated the ladies as 
queens, and observed the greatest deco- 
rum towards them. A eunuch, having 
escaped, told Darius that his wife re- 
mained unspotted, for Alexander had 
shown himself the most continent and 



CONTRACTIONS. 



210 



COPPERFIELD. 



generous of men. — Arrian, Anabasis of 
Alexander, iv. 20. 

Scipio Africaxus, after the conquest 
of Spain, refused to touch a "beautiful 
princess who had fallen into his hands, 
" lest he should be tempted to forget his 
principles." It is, moreover, said that 
he sent her back to her parents with 
presents, that she might marry the man 
to whom she vas betrothed. A silver 
shield, on which this incident was de- 
picted, was found in the river Rhone by 
some fishermen in the seventeenth cen- 
tury. 

E'en Scipio, or a victor yet more cold, 
Might have forgot his virtue at her sight 

N. Rowe, Tamerlane, iii. 3 (1702). 

Anson, when he took the Senhora 
Theresa de Jesus, refused even to see 
the three Spanish ladies who formed 
part of the prize, because he was resolved 
to prevent private scandal. The three 
ladies consisted of a mother and her two 
daughters, the younger of whom was "of 
surpassing beauty." 

Contractions. The following is 
probably the most remarkable: — " Utaca- 
mund " is by the Euglish called Ooty 
(India). " Cholmondeley," contracted, 
into Chumly, is another remarkable 
example. 

Cqnven'tual Friars are those who 
live in convents, contrary to the rule of 
St. Francis, who enjoined absolute 
poverty, without land, books, chapel, or 
house. Those who conform to the rule 
of the founder are called " Observant 
Friars." 

Conversation Sharp, Richard 
Sharp, the critic (1759-1835). 

Cook who Killed Himself (The). 
Vatel killed himself in 1671, because 
the lobster for his turbot sauce did not 
arrive in time to be served up at the 
banquet at Chantilly, given by the prince 
de Conde to the king. 

Cooks ( Wages received by). In Rome 
as much as £800 a year was given to a 
chef de cuisine ; but Careme received 
£1000 a year. 

Cooks of Modern Times. 
Careme, called "The Regenerator of 
Cookery" (1784-1833). Charles Elme 
Francatelli, cook at Crockford's, then 
in ihe Royal Household, and lastly at 
the Reform Club (1805-1876). tide, 
Gouffe', and Alexis Soyer, the last of 
whom died in 1858. 



Cookery (Regenerator of), Careme 
(1784-1833). 

(Ude, Gouffe', and Soyer were also 
regenerators of this art.) 

Cooper (Anthony Ashly), earl of 
Shaftesbury, introduced by sir W. Scott 
in Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Cooper (Do you want u) ? that is, "Do 
you want to taste the wines ? " This ques- 
tion is addressed to those who have an 
order to visit the London docks. The 
"cooper" bores the casks, and gives the 
visitor the wine to taste. 

Cophet'ua or Copet'hua, a mythi- 
cal king of Africa, of great wealth, who 
fell in love with a beggar-girl, and 
married her. Her name was Penel'ophon, 
but Shakespeare writes it Zenel'ophon in 
Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. sc. 1. Tenny- 
son has versified the tale in The Beggar- 
Maid. — Percy, Reliques, I. ii. 6. 

Cop'ley (Sir Thomas), in attendance 
on the earl of Leicester at Woodstock. — 
Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Copper Captain (A), Michael 
Perez, a captain without money, but 
with a plentiful stock of pretence, who 
seeks to make a market of his person and 
commission by marrying an heiress. He 
is caught in his own trap, for he marries 
Estifania, a woman of intrigue, fancying 
her to be the heiress Margaritta. The 
captain gives the lady " pearls," but they 
are only whitings' eyes. His wife says 
to him : 

Here's a goodly jewel . . . 
Did you not win this at Goletta, captain T . . 
See how it sparkles, like an old lady's eyes . . . 
And here's a chain of whitings' eyes for pearls . . 
Your clothes are parallels to these, all counterfeits. 
Put these and them on, you re a man of copper, 
A copper, . . . copper captain. 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Rule a Wife and 
Save a Wife (1640) 

(W. Lewis (1748-1811) was famous in 
this character ; but Robert Wilks (1670- 
1732) was wholly unrivalled.) 

The old stage critics delighted in the "Copper Cap- 
tain ; " it was the test for every comedian. It could be 
worked on like a picture, and new readings given. Here 
it must be admitted that Wilks had no rivaL — Fitzgerald. 

Copperfield (David), the hero of a 
novel so called, by C. Dickens. David 
is Dickens himself, and Micawber i& 
Dickens's father. According to the tale, 
David's mother was nursery governess in 
a family where Mr. Copperfield visited. 
At the death of Mr. Copperfield, the 
widow married Edward Murdstone, a 



COPPERHEADS. 



211 



CORDELIA. 



hard, tyrannical man, who made the 
home of David a dread and terror to 
the boy. When his mother died, Murd- 
stone sent David to lodge with the 
Micawbers, and bound him apprentice to 
Messrs. Murdstone and Grinby, by whom 
he was put into the warehouse, and set to 
[»aste labels upon wine and spirit bottles. 
David soon became tired of this dreary 
work, and ran away to Dover, where he 
was kindly received by his [great] -aunt 
Betsey Trotwood, who clothed him, and 
sent him as day-boy to Dr. Strong, but 
placed him to board with Mr. VVickfield, 
a lawyer, father of Agnes, between whom 
and Dand a mutual attachment sprang 
up. David's first wife was Dora Spen- 
low, bat at the death of this pretty little 
"child-wife," he married Agnes Wick- 
field. — C. Dickens, David Copperjield 
(1849). 

Copperheads, members of a faction 
in the north, during the civil war in the 
United States. The copperhead is a 
poisonous serpent, that gives no warning 
of its approach, and hence is a type of a 
concealed or secret foe. (The Trujono- 
cephalus contort r ix.) 

Coppemose (3 syl.). Henry YIIJ. 
was so called, because he mixed so much 
copper with the silver coin that it showed 
after a little wear in the parts most pro- 
nounced, as the nose. Hence the sobri- 
quets " Coppernosed Harry," "Old 
Coppemose." etc. 

Copple, the hen killed by Reynard, 
in the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
(1498). 

Cora, the gentle, loving wife of 
Alonzo, and the kind friend of Rolla 
general of the Peruvian army. — Sheridan, 
Pizarro (altered from Kotzebue, 1799). 

Co'rah., in Dryden's satire of Absa- 
lom and Achitophel, is meant for Dr. Titus 
Oates. As Corah was the political calum- 
niator of Moses and Aaron, so Titus 
Oates was the political calumniator of the 
pope and English papists. As Corah was 
punished by "going down alive into the 
pit," so Oates w r as "condemned to im- 
prisonment for life," after being publicly 
whipped ard exposed in the pillory. 
North describes Titus Oates as a very short 
man, and says, "if his mouth were taken 
for the centre of a circle, his chin, fore- 
head, and cheekbones would fall in the 
circumference." 

Sunk were his eyes, his voice was harsh and loud. 
Sure sigus he neither choleric was, nor proud ; 



Hi* long chin proved his wit ■ his Mint-like grace, 

A Churvh vermil on, mid a Mu es' t.ic < ; 

His memory mlraculoual) great 

Could plots, exceeding man's l>e!ief. repeat. 

Drvdeu, Abtalomand Achitophef, i. (1881). 

Corbac'cio (Sk/nior), the dupe of 

Mosca the knavish confederate of Vol'- 
pone (2 syl.). lie is an old man, with 
"seeing and hearing faint, and under- 
standing dulled to childishness," yet he 
wishes to live on, and 

Feels not his gout nor palsy ; feigns hini-elf 
Younger by Korea at u-ar.-, \ H itten his age 
Wiih confident belying it ; hopes he may 
With charms, like .Ks«<n, have Lis youth restored. 
Ben Jonson, Volpone or Chi Fox (1W)5). 
Benjamin Johnson 1 1665-1742] . . . Itemed to be 
proud towi-ar the poets double name, nnd was particu- 
larly great in all that author's plays that were usually 
performed, viz , " Wa-p." hi llnrtholomric Fair , " Cor- 
baccio : " '"Morose." in The SUmti Woman; and "Ana- 
nias," in The A Ichemist. — Chetwood. 

C. Dibdin says none who ever saw W. 
Parsons (1736-1795) in "Corbaccio" could 
forget his effective mode of exclaiming 
" Has he made his will? What has he 
given me ? " but Parsons himself says : 
" Ah ! to see ' Corbaccio ' acted to per- 
fection, you should have seen Shuter. 
The public are pleased to think that I act 
tho' part well, but his acting was as far 
superior to mine as mount Vesuvius is to 
a rushlight." 

Cor'bant, the rook, in the beast-epic 
of Reynard the Fox (1498). (French, 
corbcau, "a rook.") 

Corbrech'tan or Corybreehtau, 
a whirlpool on the west coast of Scotland, 
near the isle of .Jura. Its name signifies 
" Whirlpool of the prince of Denmark," 
from the tradition that a Danish prince 
once wagered to cast anchor in it, but 
perished in his foolhardiness. In calm 
weather the sound of the vortex is like 
that of innumerable chariots driven with 
speed. 

The distant isles that hear the loud Corbrechtan roar. 
Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 5 |lSOy). 

Corce'ca (3 syl.), mother of Abessa. 
The word means " blindness of heart," or 
Romanism. Una sought shelter under 
her hut, but Corceca shut the door 
against her ; whereupon the lion which 
accompanied Una broke down the door. 
The "lion" means England, "Corceca" 
popery, " Una " protestantism, and 
" breaking down the door" the Reforr/ia- 
tion. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 3 (1590). 

Cordelia, youngest daughter of king 
Lear. She was disinherited by her royal 
father, because her protestations of love 
were less violent than those of her sisters. 
Cordelia married the king of France, anl 



CORFLAIMBO. 



212 



CORINTHIAN BRASS. 



•when her two elder sisters refused to 
entertain the old king with his suite, she 
brought an army over to dethrone them. 
She was, however, taken captive, thrown 
into prison, and died there. 

Her voice was ever soft, 
Gentle, and low ; an excellent thing in woman. 

Shakespeare. King Lear, act v. sc. 3 (1605). 

Corflamnbo, the personification of 
sensuality, a giant killed by Arthur. 
Corflambo had a daughter named Paea'na, 
who married Placidas, and proved a good 
wife to him. — Spenser, Faery Queen, I v. 8 
(1596). 

Coriat (Thomas), died 1617, author 
of a book called Crudities. 

Besides, 'tis known he could speak Greek, 
As naturally as pigs do squeak. 
Lionel Cranfteld, Panegyric Verses on T. Coriat. 
But if the meaning were as far to seek 
As Coriat's horse was of his master's Greek, 
When in that tongue he made a speech at length, 
To show the beast the greatness of his strength. 

G. Wither, A buses Stript and Whipt (1613). 

Cor'in, "the faithful shepherdess," 
who having lost her true love by death, 
retired from the busy world, remained a 
virgin for the rest of her life, and was 
called " The Virgin of the Grove." The 
shepherd Thenot (final t pronounced) fell 
in love with her for her " fidelity," and 
to cure him of his attachment she pre- 
tended to love him in return. This broke 
the charm, and Thenot no longer felt 
that reverence of love he before enter- 
tained. Corin was skilled " in the dark, 
hidden virtuous use of herbs," and says • 

Of all green wounds I know the remedies 
In men and cattle, be they stung by snakes, 
Or charmed with powerful words of wicked art, 
Or be they love-sick. 
John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 1 (1610). 

Cor'in, Corin' eus (3 syl.), or Corine'us 
(4 syt.), " strongest of mortal men," and 
one' of the suite of Brute (the first 
mythical king of Britain). (See Coiu- 

NTCUS.) 

From Corin came it first? [i.e. the Cornish hug in 
wrestling}. 

M. Drayton, Polyolbion, L (1612). 

Corineus (3 syl.). Southey throws 
the accent on the first syllable, and Spen- 
ser on the second. One of the suite of 
Brute. He overthrew the giant Goem'- 
agot, for which achievement he was 
rewarded with the whole western horn of 
England, hence called Corin'ea, and the 
inhabitants Corin'eans. (See Corin.) 

Corineus challenged the giant to wrestle with him. At 
the beginning ol the encounter, Corineus and the giant 
standing f-ont to front held each other strongly in their 
arms, and panted aloud tor breath ; but Goein.igot pre- 
sently grasping Corineus with all his might broke three 
of his ribs, two on his right side and one on his left. At 
w»ilc v i Corineus, highly enraged, roused up his whole 
stungta. and snatching up the giant, ran with him on 



his shoulders to fhe neighbouring shore, and getting on H 
the top of a liigh rock, hurled the monster into the sea. 
. . . The place wliere lie fell is called Lam Goemagot or 
Gocma^of s Leap to this day.— Geoffrey, British History, 
i. 16 (1142). 

When father Brute and Cor'ineus set foot 

On the White Island first 

Southey, iladoc, vi. (1805). 

Cori'neus had that province utmost west 

To bim assigned 

Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10 (1590). 

Drayton makes the name a word of 
four syllables, and throws the accent on 
the last but one. 

Which to their general then greit Corine'us had. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612). 

Corinria, a Greek poetess of Bceotia, 
who gained a victory over Pindar at the 
public games (fl. u.c. 490). 

. . . they raised 
A tent of satin, elaborately wrought 
With fair Corinna's triumph. 

Tennyson, The Princess, liL 

Corinna, daughter of Gripe the scri- 
vener. She marries Dick Amlet. — Sir 
John Vanbrugh, The Confederacy (1695). 

See lively Pope advance in jig and trip 

" Corinna," "Cherry," "Honeycomb," and "Snip"; 

Not without art, but yet to nature true. 

She charms the town with humour just yet new. 

Churchill, Hosciad (1761). 

Corinne' (2 syl.), the heroine and title 
of a nov^l by Mde. de Stael. Her lover 
proved false, and the maiden gradually 
pined away. 

Corinth. ' Tis not every one who can 
afford to go to Corinth, " 'tis not every one 
who can afford to indulge in very expen- 
sive licentiousness." Aristophanes speaks 
of the unheard-of sums (amounting to 
£200 or more) demanded by the harlots of 
Corinth. — Plutarch, Parallel Lives, i. 2. 

Non cuivis hominum contingit adire Corinthum. 

Horace, Epist., 1. xvii. 36. 

A Corinthian, a rake, a " fast man." 
Prince Henry says (1 Henry IV. act ii. 
sc. 4), " [ They] tell me I am no proud 
Jack, like Falstaff, but a Corinthian, a 
lad of mettle." 

Corinthianism, harlotry. 

To Corinthianise, to live an idle dis- 
sipated life. 

Corinthian ( To act the), to become a 
fille publique. Corinth was called the 
nursery of harlots, in consequence of the 
temple of Venus, which was a vast and 
magnificent brothel. Strabo says (Geog. 
viii.) : " There were no fewer than a thou- 
sand harlots in Corinth." 

Corin'thian Brass, a mixture of 
gold, silver, and brass, which forms the 
be&t of all mixed metals. When Muin- 
mius act fire to Corinth, the heat of the 



CORINTHIAN TOM. 



213 



CORMORAN. 



conflagration was so great that it melted 
the metal, which ran down the streets in 
streams. The three mentioned above ran 
together, and obtained the name of 
" Corinthian brass." 

1 think it may be of "Corinthian brass," 
Which was a mixture of all metals, but 
The brazen uppermost. 

Byron, Don Juan, vi. 56 (1821). 

Corinthian Tom, "a fast man," 
the sporting rake in Pierce Egan's Life in 
London. 

Coriola'nus (Caius Marcius), called 
Coriolanus from his victory at Cori'oli. 
His mother was Vetu'ria (not Volumnia), 
and his wife Volumnia (not VirgiUa). 
Shakespeare has a drama so called. La 
Harpe has also a drama entitled Coriolan, 
produced in 1781. — Livy, Annals, ii. 40. 

I remember her [Mrs. Siddont) coming down the stage 
in the triumphal entry of her son Coriolanus, when tier 
dumb-show drew plaudits that shook the house. She 
came alone, marching and beating time to the music, 
rolling . . . from side to sid«, swelling with the triumph 
of her son. Such was the Intoxication of joy which flashed 
f'om her eye and lit up her whole face, that the effect was 
irresistible. — C. M. Young. 

Corita'ni, the people of Lincolnshire, 
Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicester- 
shire, Rutlandshire, and Northampton- 
shire. Drayton refers to them in his 

Potyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Cork Street (London). So called 
from the Boyles, earls of Burlington and 
Cork. (See Clifford Street.) 

Cormac I., son of Conar, a Cael, who 
succeeded his father as " king of Ireland," 
and reigned many years. In the latter 
part of his reign the Fir-bolg (or Belgae 
settled in the south of Ireland), who had 
been subjugated by Conar, rebelled, and 
Cormac was reduced to such extremities 
that he sent to Fingal for aid. Fingal 
went with a large army, utterly defeated 
Colculla " lord of Atha," and re-estab- 
lished Cormac in the sole possession of 
Ireland. For this service Cormac gave 
Fingal his daughter Roscra'na for wife, 
aud Ossian was their first son. Cormac I. 
was succeeded by his son Cairbre ; Cair- 
bre by his son Artho ; Artho by his son 
Cormac II. (a minor) ; and Cormac II. 
after a short interregnum) by Ferad- 
Artho. — Ossian. 

Corniac II. (a minor), king of Ire- 
land. On his succeeding his father Artho 
on the throne, Swaran king of Lochlin 
[Scandinavia] invaded Ireland, and de- 
feated the army under the command of 
Cuthullin. Fingal's arrival turned the 
tide of events, for next day Swaran was 



routed and returned to Lochlin. In the 
third year of his reign Torlath rebelled, 
but was utterly discomfited at lake Logo 
by Cuthullin, who, however, was himself 
mortally wounded by a random arrow 
during the pursuit. Not long after this 
Cairbar rose in insurrection, murdered 
the young king, and usurped the govern- 
ment. His success, however, was only of 
short duration, for having invited Oscar 
to a feast, he treacherously slew him, and 
was himself slain at the same time. His 
brother Cathmor succeeded for a few 
days, when he also was slain in battle by 
Fingal, and the Conar dynasty restored. 
Conar (first king of Ireland, a Cale- 
donian) was succeeded by his son 
Cormac I.; Cormac I. was succeeded by 
his son Cairbre ; Cairbre by his son 
Artho; Artho by his son Cormac II. ; 
and Cormac II. (after a short inter- 
regnum) by his cousin Ferad-Artho. — ■ 
Ossian, Fingal, Dar-Thula, and Temora. 

Cor'mack {Donald), a Highland 
robber-chief. — Sir \V. Scott, Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Cor'malo, a " chief of ten thousand 
spears," who lived near the wate r s of 
Lano (a Scandinavian lake). He went to 
Inis-Thona (an island of Scandinavia), to 
the court of king Annir, and " sought the 
honour of the spear" (i.e. a tournament). 
Argon, the elder son of Annir, tilted with 
him and overthrew him. This vexed 
Cormalo greatly, and during a hunting 
expedition he drew his bow in secret 
and shot both Argon and his brother 
Ruro. Their father wondered they did 
not return, when their dog Runa came 
bounding into the hall, howling so as to 
attract attention. Annir followed the 
hound, and found his sons both dead. 
In the mean time his daughter was carried 
off by Cormalo. When Oscar, son of 
Ossian, heard thereof , he vowed vengeance, 
went with an army to Lano, encountered 
Cormalo, and slew him. Then rescuing 
the daughter, he took her back to Inis- 
Thona, and delivered her to her father. — ■ 
Ossian, The War of Inis-Thona. 

Cor'moran' {The Giant), a Cornish 
giant slain by Jack the Giant-killer. 
This was his first exploit, accomplished 
when he was a mere boy. Jack dug a 
deep pit, and so artfully filmed it over 
atop, that the giant fell into it, where- 
upop Jack knocked him on the head and 
killed him. 
The Persian trick of "Ameen and the Ghool " recurs 



CORNAVII. 



214 



CORSAIR. 



til th* Scandinavian vi^tof Thor to Loki, which has come 
down to Germany in The Br<ive Little Tailor, and to us 
in Jack the Oiant-ki ler.— Yonge. 

This is the valiant Cornish man 
Who killed the giant Cormoran. 

Jack the Uiant-killer (nursery tale). 

Cornavii, the inhabitants of Che- 
shire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwick- 
shire, and Worcestershire. Drayton 
refers to them in his Folyolbion, xvi. 
(1613). 

Cornelia, wife of Titns Sempronius 
Gracchus, and mother of the two tribunes 
Tiberius and Caius. She was almost 
idolized by the Romans, who erected a 
statue in her honour, with this inscription : 
Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi. 

Clelia, Cornelia, . . . and the Roman brows 
Of Agrippina. 

Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 

Corner (The). So Tattersall's used 
to be called. 

I saw advertised a splendid park hack, and . . . imme- 
diately proceeded to the Corner. — Lord W. Lennox, Cele- 
brities, etc., ii. 15. 

Cornet, a waiting-woman on lady 
Fanciful. She caused great offence 
because she did not flatter her ladyship. 
She actually said to her, "Your lady- 
ship looks very ill this morning," which 
the French waiting-woman contradicted 
by saying, " My opinion be, matam, dat 
your latyship never look so well in all 
your life." Lady Fanciful said to 
Comet, "Get out of the room, I can't 
endure you ; " and then turning to Mdlle. 
she added, "This wench is insufferably 
ugly. . . . Oh, by-the-by, Mdlle., you 
can take these two pair of gloves. The 
Fiench are certainly well-mannered, and 
never flatter." — Vanbrugh, The Provoked 
Wife (1697). 

%* This is of a piece with the arch- 
bishop of Granada and his secretary Gil 
Bias. 

Corney (Mrs.), matron of the work- 
house where Oliver Twist was born. She 
is a well-to-do widow, who marries Bum- 
ble, and reduces the pompous beadle to a 
hen-pecked husband. — C. Dickens, Oliver 
Twist, xxxvii. (1837). 

Cornflower (Henry), a farmer, who 
"beneath a rough outside, possessed a 
heart which would have done honour to 
a prince." 

Mrs. Cornflower (by birth Emma Bel- 
ton), the farmer's wife, abducted by sir 
Charles Courtly. — Dibdin, The Farmer's 
Wift (1780). 

Cornio'le (4 syl.), the cognomen 
given to Giovanni Bernardi, the great 



| cornelian engraver, in the time of Lorenzo 
di Medici. He was called " Giovanni 
delle Corniole" (1495-1555). 

Corn-Law Rhymer (The), Ebe- 
nezer Elliot (1781-1849). 

CornuHbia, Cornwall. The rivers of 
Cornwall are more or less tinged with the 
metals which abound in those parts. 

Then from the largest stream unto the lesser brook . . . 
They curl their ivory fronts, . . . and bred such courage . . . 
As drew down many a nymph [river] from the Cornubian 

shore, 
That paint their goodly breasts [water] with sundry sorts 

of ore. 

M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

CornuTnan Shore (The), Corn- 
wall, famous for its tin mines. Mer- 
chants of ancient Tyre and Sidon used to 
export from Cornwall its tin in large 
quantities. 

. . . from the bleak Cornubian shore. 
Dispense the mineral treasure, which of old 
Sidonian pilots sought. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads. 

Cornwall (Barry), an imperfect 
anagram of Bryan Waller Proctor, author 
of English Songs (1788-1874). 

Corombona ( Vittoria), the White 
Devil, the chief character in a drama by 
John Webster, entitled The White Devil 
or Vittoria Corombona (1612). 

Coro'nis, daughter of Phoroneus 
(3 sul.) king of Pho'cis, metamorphosed 
by Minerva into a crow. 

Corporal (The Little). General 
Bonaparte was so called after the battle 
of Lodi (1796). 

Corrector (Alexander the), Alex- 
ander Cruden, author of the Concordance 
to the Bible, for many years a corrector of 
the press, in London. He believed him- 
self to be divinely inspired to correct the 
morals and manners of the world (1701- 
1770). 

Corriv'reckin, an intermittent 
whirlpool in the Southern Hebrides, so 
called from a Danish prince of that 
name, who perished there. 

Corrouge' (2 syl.), the sword of sir 
Otuel, a presumptuous Saracen, nephew 
of Farracute (3 syl.). Otuel was in the 
end converted to Christianity. 

Corsair (The), lord Conrad, after- 
wards called Lara. Hearing that the 
sultan Seyd [Seed] was about to attack 
the pirates, he assumed the disguise of -a 
dervise and entered the palace, while his 
crew set fire to the sultan's fleet. Conrad 
was apprehended and cast into a dungeon, 



CORSAND. 



215 



COSMOS. 



but being released by Gulnare (queen of 
the harem), he fled with her to the 
Pirates' Isle. Here he found that Mcdo'ra 
(his heart's darling) had died during his 
absence, so he left the island with Gul- 
nare, returned to his native land, headed 
a rebellion, and was shot. — Byron, The 
Corsair, continued in Lara (1814). 

(This tale is based on the adventures of 
Latitte, the notorious buccaneer. Lafitte 
was pardoned by general Jackson for 
services rendered to the States in 1815, 
during the attack of the British on New 
Orleans.) 

Cor'sand, a magistrate at the ex- 
amination of Dirk Hatteraick at Kipple- 
tringan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mdnnering 
(time, George II.). 

Corsican General (The), Napoleon 
I., who was born in Corsica (17(59-1821). 

Cor'sina, wife of the corsair who 
found Fairstar and Chery in the boat as 
it drifted on the sea. Being made very 
rich by her foster-children, Corsina 
brought them up as princes. — Comtesse 
D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("The Princess 
Fairstar," 1682). 

Corte'jo, a cavalier servcnte, wno as 
Byron says in Beppo : 

Coach, servants, gondola, must go to call, 
And carries fan and tippet, gloves and shawl. 
Was it for this that no cortejo ere 
I yet have chosen from the youth of Seville? 

Byron, Don Juan, i. 148 (1819). 

Corti'na (a cauldron). It stood on 
three feet. The tripod of the Pythoness 
was so called, because she sat in a kind 
of basin standing on three feet. When 
not in use, it was covered with a lid, and 
the basin then looked like a large metal 
ball. 

Cor'via or Corvi'na, a valuable 
stone, which will cause the possessor to 
be both rich and honoured. It is obtained 
thus : Take the eggs from a crow's nest, 
and boil them hard, then replace them in 
the nest, and the mother will go in search 
of the stone, in order to revivify her 
eggs. — Mirror of Stones. 

Corvi'no (Siynior), a Venetian mer- 
chant, duped by Mosca into believing 
that he is Vol'pone's heir. — Ben Jonson, 
Volpone or the Fox (1605). 

Coryate's Crudities, a book of 
travels by Thomas Coryate, who called 
himself the "Odcombian Legstretcher." 
He was the son of the rector of Odcombe 
(1577-1617). 



Coryc'ian Cave (The), on mount 
Parnassus, so called from the nymph 
Coryc'ia. Sometimes the Muses are called 
Cor yc' ides (4 syl.). 

The immortal Muse 
To your calm habitations, to the cnve 
Corycian, or the Delphic mount, will guide 
His footsteps. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiad*. 

Corycian Nymphs (The), the 
Muses, so called from the cave of Corycia 
on Lycorea, one of the two chief summits 
of mount Parnassus, in Greece. 

Cor'ydon, a common name for a 
shepherd. It occurs in the Idylls of 
Theocritos ; the Ecloyiws of "Virgil ; 
The Cantata, v., of Hughes, etc. 

Cor'ydon, the shepherd who languished 
for the fair Pastorella (canto 9). Sir 
Calidore, the successful rival, treated him 
most courteously, and when he married 
the fair shepherdess, gave Corydon both 
flocks and herds to mitigate his dis- 
appointment (canto 11). — Spenser, Fairy 
Queen, vi. (1596). 

Cor'ydon, the shoemaker, a citizen. — 
Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Coryphaeus of German Litera- 
ture (Ihe), Goethe. 

Ihe Polish poet called upon . . . the great Coryphfeui 
of German literature.— W. H. Morfcll, Xotvsand queries, 
April 17, 1878. 

Coryphe'us (4 syl.), a model man or 
leader, from the Koruphaios or leader of 
the chorus in the Greek drama. Aris- 
tarchos is called The Corypheus of Gram- 
marians. 

I was in love with honour, and reflected with pleasure 
that I should pass for the Corypheus of all domestics. — 
Lesage, UU Bias, iv. 7 (1724). 

Cosme (St.), patron of surgeons, 
born in Arabia. He practised medicine 
in Cilicia with his brother St. Damien, 
and both suffered martyrdom under Dio- 
cletian in 303 or 310. Their fete day i3 
December 27, In the twelfth century 
there was a medical society called Saint 
Cosme. 

Cos'miel (3 syl.), the genius of the 
world. He gave to Theodidactus a boat 
of asbestos, in which he sailed to the sun 
and planets. — Kircher, Ecstatic Journey 
to Heaven. 

Cosmos, the personification of " the 
world" as the enemy of man. Phineas 
Fletcher calls him "the first son to the 
Dragon red" (the devil). "Mistake," 
he says, "points all his darts;" or, as tne 



COSTARD. 



216 COUNT ROBERT OF PARIS. 



Preacher says, "Vanity, vanity, all is 
vanity." Fully described in The Purple 
Island, viii. (1633). (Greek, kosrnos, "the 
world.") 

Cos'tard, a clown who apes the court 
wits of queen Elizabeth's time. He uses 
the word " honorificabilitudinitatibus," 
and some of his blunders are very ridi- 
culous, as "ad dunghill, at the fingers' 
ends, as they say" (act v. 1). — Shake- 
speare, Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 

Costin (Lord), disguised as a beggar, 
in The Beggar's Bush, a drama by Beau- 
mont and Fletcher (1622). 

Cote Male-taile (Sir), meaning the 
"knight with the villainous coat," the 
nickname given by sir Key (the seneschal 
of king Arthur) to sir Brewnor Ie Noyre, 
a young knight who wore his father's 
coat with all its sword-cuts, to keep him 
in remembrance of the vengeance due to 
his father. His first achievement was 
to kill a lion that "had broken loose 
from a tower, and came hurling after the 
queen." He married a damsel called 
Maledisaunt (3 syl.), who loved him, but 
always chided him. After her marriage 
she was called Beauvinant. — Sir T. 
Malorv, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 42- 
50 (1470). 

Cotyt'to, goddess of the Edoni of 
Thrace. Her orgies resembled those of 
the Thracian Cyb'ele (3 syl.). 

Hail, goddess of nocturnal sport. 
Dark-veiled Cotytto, to whom the secret flame 
Of midnight torches burns. 

Milton, Comus, 139, etc. (1634). 

Cougar, the American tiger. 

Nor foeman then, nor cougar's crouch I feared, 
For I was strong as mountain cataract 

Campbell, Oertrude of Wyoming, hi. 14 (18<>9), 

Coulin, a British giant pursued by 
Debon till he came to a chasm 132 feet 
across which he leaped ; but slipping on 
the opposite side, he fell backwards into 
the pit and was killed. 

And eke that ample pit yet far renowned 
For the great leap which Debon di J compell 

Coulin to make, being eight lugs of grownd, 
Into the which retourning back he fell. 

Spenser, Faery queen, ii. 10 (1590). 

Councils ( (Ecumenical). Of the thirty- 
two only six are recognized by the Church 
of England, viz. : (1) Nice, 325 ; (2) 
Constantinople, 381 ; (3) Ephesus, 431 ; 
(4) Chalce'don, 451 ; (5) Constantinople, 
653 ; (6) ditto, 680. . 

Count not your Chickens before 
they are Hatched. Generally referred 



to Lafontaine's fable of the milkmaid 
Perrette. But the substance of this fable 
is very old. For example : — 

In a.d. 550 Barzfiyeh translated for the 
king of Persia a collection cf Indian 
fables called the Panka Tantra ("five 
books"), and one of the stories is that of 
a Brahmin who collected rice by begging ; 
but it occurred to him there might be a 
famine, in which case he could sell his 
rice for 100 rupees, and buy two goats. 
The goats would multiply, and he would 
then buy cows ; the cows would calve, 
and he would buy a farm ; with the 
savings of his farm he would buy a 
mansion ; then marry some one with a 
rich dowry ; there would be a son in due 
time, who should be named Somo Sala, 
whom he would dandle on his knees. If 
the child ran into danger he would cry 
to the mother, " Take up the baby ! take 
up the baby !" and in his excitement the 
dreamer kicked over his packet of rice. 
The Persians say of a day-dreamer, " He 
is like the father of Somo Sala." 

Another version is given in the history 
of Alnaschar (q. v.) — Arabian Nights' 
Entertainments. 

Rabelais has introduced a similar story, 
" The Shoemaker and a Ha'poth of Milk," 
told by Echepron (q.v.) in Pantagruel. 

But the oldest form of the story is to 
be found in iEsop, in the fable of The 
Milkmaid and her Pail, of which La Fon- 
taine's is only a poetical reproduction. 

Count of Narbonne, a tragedy by 
Robert Jephson (1782). His father, count 
Raymond, having poisoned Alphonso, 
forged a will barring Godfrey's right, 
and naming Raymond as successor. 
Theodore fell in love with Adelaide, the 
count's daughter, but was reduced to this 
dilemma : if he married Adelaide he 
could not challenge the count and obtain 
the possessions he had a right to as 
grandson of Alphonso ; if, on the other 
hand, he obtained his rights and killed 
the count in combat, he could not expect 
that Adelaide would marry him. At the 
end the count killed Adelaide, and then 
himself. This drama is copied from 
Walpole's Castle of Otranto. 

Count Robert of Paris, a novel 
by sir W. Scott, after the wreck of his 
fortune and repeated strokes of paralysis 
(1831). The critic can afford to be 
indulgent, and those who read this story 
must remember that the sun of the great 
wizard was hastening to its set. The 
time of the novel is the reign of Rufus. 



COUNTIES. 



217 



COUTADE. 



Counties. "The clownish blazon of 
each county" (from Drayton's Pvlyolbion, 
xxiii., towards the close). 

Bedfordshire : Malthoraes. 
Berkshire : Lot's tot, and toss the ball. 
Berwick (to the Ouse) : Snaffle, spur, and spear. 

BUCKIHGHAMSIURK ! 

Bnad and beef. 

Where if you l>eat the hush, 'tis odds you start a thief. 
Cambridgeshire : Hold nets, and let us win. 
CHESHIRE: Chief of men. 

Derbyshire : Wool and lead. 
Por.SETSHlRK: Dorsers. 
Essex : Calves and stiles. 
Guhcestershire: Weigh thy wood. 
Hants: Hampshire hogs. 
Herefordshire: Give me woof and warp. 
Herts: 

The club and clouted shoon, 
I'll rise betimes, and sleep again at noon. 
Huntingdonshire : With stilts we'll stalk through thick 

and thin. 
KENT : Long tails and liberty. 
Lancashire: Witches »r Fair maids. 
Leicestershire : Bean-be!lies. 
Lincolnshire: Bags and bagpipes. 
Middlesex : 

Dp to London let us go. 

And when our market's done, let's have a pot or two. 
Norfolk : Many wiles. 

Northants : Love below the girdle, but little else above. 
Nottinghamshire : Ale and bread. 
Oxfordshire: 

The scholars have been here. 

And little though they paid, yet have they had jow* 
cheer. 
Rutlandshire: Raddlemen. 
Shropshire: 

Shin.- be ever sharp ; 

Lay wood upon the fire, reach hither me the harp. 

And whilst the black bowl walks, we merrily will carp. 
Somersetshire : Set the bandog on the bulL 
Staffordshire : 

Stay, and I will beet [sic] the fire. 
And nothing will I ask but goodwill for my hire. 
Suffolk: Maids and mUk. 

Sussex : * Then let ^ lead home logs - 
Warwickshire: I'll bind the sturdy bear. 
Wiltshire: Get home and pay for alL 
Worcestershire : And I wi!l squirt the pear. 
YORKSHIRE : I'se Yorkshire and Stingo. 

Country (Father of his). Cicero was 
so called by the Roman senate (n.c. 
106-43). Julius Caesar was so called 
after quelling the insurrection in Spain 
(B.C. 100-43). Augustus Caesar was 
called Pater atque Princeps (b.c. 63, 31- 
14). Cosmo de Med'ici (1389-1464). G. 
Washington, defender and paternal coun- 
sellor of the American States (1732-1799). 
Andrea Dorea is so called on the base 
of his statue in Gen'oa (1468-1560). 
AndronTcus Palaeol'ogus II. assumed the 
title (1260-1332). See 1 Chron. iv. 14. 

Country Girl (The), a comedy by 
Garrick, altered from Wycherly. The 
"country girl" is Peggy Thrift, the 
orphan daughter of sir Thomas Thrift, 
and ward of Moody, who brings her up 
in the country in perfect seclusion. "When 
Moody is 50 and Peggy is 19, he wants 
to niarry her, but she outwits him and 



marries Belville, a young man of suitable 
age and position. 

Country "Wife {The) t a comedy by 
William Wycherly (1675). 

Pope was proud to receive notice from the author of 
The V-ouutry Hi/c—h. Cluunbers, English literature, 
i. 393. 

Coupee, the dancing-master, who 
says " if it were not for dancing-masters, 
men might as well walk on their heads as 
heels." lie courts Lucy by promising to 
teach her dancing. — Fielding, The Virgin 
Unnuiskcd. 

Cour land "Weather, wintry weather 
with pitiless snow-storms. So called 
from the Russian province of that name. 

Court Holy "Water, flummery; the 
meaningless compliments of politesse, 
called in French Knu benite de cvur. 

To flatter, to claw, to give one court holie-water.— 
Florio, ltali.m Dictionary, Art. " ManteUizare." 

Cour'tain, one of the swords of 
Ogier the Dane, made by Munilican. 
His other sword was Sauvagine. 

But Ogier gazed upon it [the tea] doubtfully 

One moment, and then, sheathing Courtain, said, 

" What tales are these?" 

W. Morris, The Earthly Paradite ("August"). 

Courtall, a fop and consummate 
libertine, for ever boasting of his love- 
conquests over ladies of the haut monde. 
He tries to corrupt lady Frances Touch- 
wood, but is foiled by Saville. — Mrs. 
Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem (1780). 

Courtly (Sir Charles), a young liber- 
tine, who abducted the beautiful wife of 
Farmer Corn-lower. — Dibdin, The Far- 
mer's Wife (17*0). 

Cousin Michel or Michael, the 
nickname of a German, as John Bull is 
of an Englishman, Brother Jonathan of 
an American, Colin Tampon a Swiss, 
John Chinaman a Chinese, etc. 

Couvade' (2 syl.), a man who takes 
the place of his wife when she is in 
child-bed. In these cases the man lies 
a-bed, and the woman does the household 
duties. The people called M Gold Tooth," 
in the confines of Burmah, are couvades. 
M. Francisque Michel tells us the custom 
still exists in Biscay ; and colonel Yule 
assures us that it is common in Yunnan 
and among the Miris in Upper Assam. 
Mr. Tylor has observed the same custom 
among the Caribs of the West Indies, 
the Abipones of Central South America, 
the aborigines of California, in Guiana, 
in West Africa, and in the Indian 
Archipelago. Diodorus speaks of it as 



COVENTRY. 



213 



CRAMP. 



existing at one time in Corsica ; Strabo 
says the custom prevailed in the north of 
Spain ; and Apollonius Rhodius that the 
Tabarenes on the Euxine Sea observed 
the same : 

In the Tabarenian land. 
When some good woman bears her lord a babe, 
'Tis he is swathed, and groaning put to bed ; 
While she arising tends his bath and serves 
Nice possets for her husband in the straw. 

Apollonius Khodius, Argonautic Exp. 

Coventry, a corruption of Cune-tre 
(" the town on the Cune"). 

Cune, whence Coventry her name doth take. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Coventry Mysteries, certain 
miracle-plays acted at Coventry till 
1591. They were published in 1841 for 
the Shakespeare Society, under the care 
of J. O. Halliwell. (See Chester 
Mysteries.) 

Cov'erley (Sir Roger de), a member 
of an hypothetical club, noted for his 
modesty, generosity, hospitality, and 
eccentric whims ; most courteous to his 
neighbours, most affectionate to his 
family, most amiable to his domestics. 
Sir Roger, who figures in thirty papers of 
the Spectator, is the very beau-ideal of 
an amiable country gentleman of queen 
Anne's time. 

What would sir Roger de Coverley be without his 
follies and his charming little brain-cracks? If the good 
knight did not call out to the people sleeping in church, 
and say "Amen" with such delightful pomposity; if he 
did not mistake Mde. Doll Tearsheet for a lady of quality 
in Temple Garden ; if he were wiser than he is ... of 
what worth were he to us ? We love him for his vanities 
as much as for his virtues. — Thackeray. 

Covert-baron, a wife, so called 
because she is under the covert or pro- 
tection of her baron or lord. 

Cow and Calf, Lewesdon Hill and 
Pillesdon Pen, in Dorsetshire. 

Cowards and Bullies. In Shake- 
speare we have Parolles and Pistol ; in 
Ben Jonson, Bob'adil ; in Beaumont and 
Fletcher, Bessus and Mons. Lapet, the 
very prince of cowards ; in the French 
drama, Le Capitan, Metamore, and Scara- 
mouch. (See also Basilisco, Captain 
Noll Bluff, Boroughcliff, Captain 
Brazen, Sir Petronel Flash, Sacri- 
pant, Vincent de la Rose, etc.) 

Cowper, called "Author of The 
Task" from his principal poem (1731- 
1800). 

Coxcomb, an empty-headed, con- 
ceited fop, like an ancient jester, who 
wore on the top of his cup a piece of red 
cloth resembling a cock's comb. 

The Prince of Coxcombs, Charles 
Joseph prince de Ligne (1535-1614). 



Richard II. of England (1366, 1377- 
1400). 

Henri III. of France, Le Mignon (1551, 
1574-1580). 

Coxe (Captain), one of the masques 
at Kenilworth. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Crabshaw (Timothy), the servant of 
sir Launcelot Greaves's squire. — Smollett, 
Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves 
(1760). 

Crab'tree, in Smollett's novel called 
The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751). 

Crab'tree, uncle of sir Harry Bumber, 
in Sheridan's comedy, The School for 
Scandal (1777). 

Crab'tree, a gardener at Fairport. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, George 
III.). 

Crac (M. de), the French baron Mun- 
chausen ; hero of a French operetta. 

Craca, one of the Shetland Isles. — 
Ossian, Fingal. 

Crack'en thorp (Father), a pnblican. 

Dolly Crackenthorp, daughter of the 
publican. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Crackit (Flashy Toby), one of the 
villains in the attempted burglary in 
which Bill Sikes and his associates were 
concerned. — C. Dickens, Oliver Twist 
(1837). 

Cra'dlemont, king of Wales, sub- 
dued by Arthur, fighting for Leod'ogran 
king of Cam'eliard (3 syl.). — Tennyson, 
Coming of Arthur. 

Cradock (Sir), the only knight who 
could carve the boar's head which no 
cuckold could cut ; or drink from a bowl 
which no cuckold could quaff without 
spilling the liquor. His lady was the 
only one in king Arthur's court who 
could wear the mantle of chastity brought 
thither by a boy during Christmas-tide. — 
Percy, Reliqucs, etc., III. iii. 18. 

Craigdal'lie (Adam), the senior 
baillie of Perth.— Sir W. Scott, Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Craig'engelt (Captain), an ad- 
venturer and companion of Bucklaw. — 
Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

Cramp (Corporal), under captain 
Thornton. — Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (lime, 
George I.). 



CRANBOURNE. 



219 



CRAWLEY. 



Cran'bourne (Sir Jasper), a friend 
of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles IL). 

Crane (Dame Alison), mistress of the 
Crane inn, at Marlborough. 

Gaffer Gran*, the dame's husband. — 
Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Eiiza- 
beth). 

Crane (Tchabod), a credulous Yankee 
schoolmaster. He is described as "tall, 
exceedingly lank, and narrow-shouldered ; 
his arms, legs, and neck unusually long ; 
his hands dangle a mile out of his 
sleeves ; his feet might serve for shovels ; 
and his whole frame is very loosely hung 
together." 

The head of Ichabod Crane was small ami flat at top, 
with huge ears, large green glassy eyes, and a long snipe 
nose, so that it looked like a weathercock perched upon 
his spindle neck to tell which way the wind blew. — W. 
Irving, Sketch-Book ("Legend of Sleepy Hollow "). 

Cranes (1 syl.). Milton, referring to 
the wars of the pygmies and the cranes, 
calls the former 

That small infantry 
Warred on by cranes. 

raradite Lost, i. 575 (1665). 

Cranion, queen Mab's charioteer. 

Four nimble gnats the horses were, 
Their harnesses of gossamere. 
Fly Cranion, her charioteer. 

M. Drayton, Aymphidia (1563-1631). 

Crank (Dame), the papist laundress 
at Marlborough. — Sir "NV. Scott, Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Cra'paud. (Johnnie), a Frenchman, as 
John Bull is an Englishman, Cousin 
Michael a German, Colin Tampon a 
Swiss, Brother Jonathan a North Ameri- 
can, etc. Called Crapaud from the device 
of the ancient kings of France, "three 
toads erect, saltant." Nostradamus, in 
the sixteenth century, called the French 
crapauds in the well-known line : 

Les anciens crapauds prendront Sara. 

("Sara" is Aras backwards, a city 
taken from the Spaniards under Louis 
XIV.) 

Cratchit (Bob or Robert), clerk of 
Ebenezer Scrooge, stock-broker. Though 
Bob Cratchit has to maintain nine persons 
on 15s. a week, he has a happier home 
and spends a merrier Christmas than his 
master, with all his wealth and selfish- 
ness. 

Tiny Tim Cratchit, the little lame son 
of Bob Cratchit, the Benjamin of the 
family, the most helpless and most 
oeloved of all. Tim does not die, but 
Ebenezer Scrooge, after his change of 



character, makes him his special care. — 
C. Dickens, A Christmas Carol (in five 
staves, 1843). 

Craw'ford (JJndsay earl of), the 
young earl-marshal of Scotland. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Craw'ford (Lord), captain of the Scot- 
tish guard at Plessis les Tours, in the pay 
of Louis XL — Sir \V. Scott, Quentin 
Dnrvard (time, Edward IV.). 

Crawley (Sir Pitt), of Great Gaunt 
Street, and of Queen's Crawley, Hants. 
A sharp, miserly, litigious, vulgar, ig- 
norant baronet, very rich, desperately 
mean, " a philosopher with a taste for 
low life," and intoxicated every night. 
Becky Sharp was engaged by him to teach 
his two daughters. On the death of his 
second wife, sir Pitt asked her to become 
lad} r Crawley, but Becky had already mar- 
ried his son, captain Rawdon Crawley. 
This "aristocrat" spoke of "brass far- 
dens," and was unable to spell the simplest 
words, as the following specimen will 
show :—" Sir Pitt Crawley begs Miss Sharp 
and baggidge may be hear on Tuseday, 
as 1 leaf . . . to-morrow erly." " The 
whole baronetage, peerage, and common- 
age of England did not contain a more 
cunning, mean, foolish, disreputable old 
rogue than sir Pitt Crawley." He died 
at the age of fourscore, "lamented and 
beloved, regretted and honoured," if we 
can believe his monumental tablet. 

Lady Crawley. Sir Pitt's first wife was 
" a confounded, quarrelsome, high-bred 
jade." So he chose for his second wife 
the daughter of Mr. Dawson, ironmonger, 
of Mud bury, who gave up her sweet- 
heart, Peter Butt, for the gilded vanity 
of Crawleyism. This ironmonger's daugh- 
ter had "pink cheeks and a white skin, 
but no distinctive character, no opinions, 
no occupation, no amusements, no vigour 
of mind, no temper ; she was a mere 
female machine." Being a " blonde, she 
wore draggled sea-green or slatternly 
sky-blue dresses," went about slip-shod 
and in curl-papers all day till dinner- 
time. She died and left sir Pitt for the 
second time a widower, " to-morrow to 
fresh woods and pastures neAv." 

Mr. Pitt Crawley, eldest son of sir Pitt, 
and at the death of his father inheritor of 
the title and estates. Mr. Pitt was a 
most proper gentleman. He would rather 
starve than dine without a dress-coat and 
white neckcloth. The whole house bowed 



CRAWLEY. 



'220 



CRESSWELL. 



down to him ; even sir Pitt himself threw 
off his muddy gaiters in his son's presence. 
Mr. Pitt always addressed his mother-in- 
law with " most powerful respect," and 
strongly impressed her with his high 
aristocratic breeding. At Eton he was 
called " Miss Crawley." His religious 
opinions were offensively aggressive 
and of the "evangelical type." He 
even built a meeting-house close by his 
uncle's church. Mr. Pitt Crawley came 
into the large fortune of his aunt, Miss 
Crawley, married lady Jane Sheepshanks, 
daughter of the countess of Southdown, 
became an M.P., grew money-loving and 
mean, but less and less " evangelical " as 
he grew great and wealthy. 

Captain Eawdon Crawley, younger 
brother of Mr. Pitt Crawley. He was in 
the Dragoon Guards, a " blood about 
town," and an adept in boxing, rat- 
hunting, the fives-court, and four-in- 
hand driving. He was a young dandy, 
six feet high, with a great voice, but few 
brains. He could swear a great deal, 
but could not spell. He ordered about 
the servants, who nevertheless adored 
him ; was generous, but did not pay his 
tradesmen ; a Lothario, free and easy. 
His style of talk was, "Aw, aw ; Jave- 
aw ; Gad-aw ; it's a confounded fine 
segaw-aw — confounded as I ever smoked. 
Gad-aw." This military exquisite was 
the adopted heir of Miss Crawley, but 
as he chose to marry Beeky Sharp, 
was set aside for his brother Pitt. For 
a time Becky enabled him to live in 
splendour " upon nothing a year," but a 
great scandal got wind of gross impro- 
prieties between lord Steyne and Becky, 
so that Rawdon separated from his wife, 
and was given the governorship of Coven- 
try Isle by lord Steyne. "His excellency 
colonel Rawdon Crawley died in his island 
of yellow fever, most deeply beloved and 
deplored," and his son Rawdon inherited 
his uncle's title and the family estates. 

The Rev. Bute Crawley, brother of sir 
Pitt. He was a "tall, stately, jolly, 
shovel-hatted rector." "He pulled stroke- 
oar in the Christ Church boat, and had 
thrashed the best bruisers of the town. 
The Rev. Bute loved boxing-matches, 
races, hunting, coursing, balls, elections, 
regattas, and good dinners ; had a fine 
singing voice, and was very popular." 
1-1 is wife wrote his sermons for him. 

Mrs. Bute Crawley, the rector's wife, 
was a smart little lady, domestic, politic, 
but apt to overdo her " policy." She 
gave her husband full liberty to do as he 



liked ; was prudent and thrifty. — Thacke- 
ray, Vanity Fair (1848). 

Cray 'on {Le Sieur de), one of the 
officers of Charles "the Bold," duke of 
Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Crayon {Geoffrey), Esq., Washington 
Irving, author of The Sketch-Book (1820). 

Crea'kle, a hard, vulgar school- 
master, to whose charge David Copper- 
field was entrusted, and where he first 
made the acquaintance of Steerforth. 

The circumstance about him which impressed me most 
was that he had no voice, but spoke in a whisper. — C. 
Dickens, David Copperfield, vi. (184a). 

Crebillon of Romance {The), A. 
Francois Prevost d'Exiles (1697-1763). 

Credat Judseus Apella, non 
ego (Horace, Sat. I. v. 100). Of 
"Apella" nothing whatever is known. 
In general the name is omitted, and the 
word " Judaeus " stands for any Jew. "A 
disbelieving Jew would give credit to the 
statement sooner than I should." 

Cre'kenpit, a fictitious river near 
Husterloe, according to the hypothetical 
geography of Master Reynard, who calls 
on the hare to attest the fact. — Reynard 
the Fox (1498). 

Crescent City, New Orleans 
\Or.leenz\, in Louisiana, U.S. 

Cres'sida, in Chaucer Cresseide 
(2 syl.), a beautiful, sparkling, and 
accomplished woman, who has become 
a by-word for infidelity. She was the 
daughter of Calchas, a Trojan priest, who 
took part with the Greeks. Cressida is not 
a character of classic story, but a mediaeval 
creation. Pope says her story was the 
invention of Lollius the Lombard, his- 
toriographer of Urbino, in Italy. Cressida 
betroths herself to Troilus, a son of 
Priam, and vows eternal fidelity. Troilus 
gives the maiden a sleeve, and she gives 
her Adonis a glove, as a love-knot. Soon 
after this betrothal an exchange of 
prisoners is made, when Cressida falls to 
the lot of Diomed, to whom she very 
soon yields her love, and even gives him 
the very sleeve which Troilus had given 
her as a love-token. 

As false 
As air, ns water, wind, or sandy earth . . 
Yea, let [nwn] say to stick the heart of falsehood, 
" As false as Cressid." 
Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, act iii. sc. 2 (1602). 

Cresswell {Madame), a woman of 
infamous character, who bequeathed £10 
for a f uncial sermon, in which nothing 



CRETE. 



221 



CROAKER. 



ill should be said of her. The duke of 
Buckingham wrote the sermon, which 
•was as follows : — " All I shall say of her 
is this : she was born well, she married 
well, lived well, and died well ; for she 
was born at Shad-well, married Cress- 
well, lived at Clerken-well, and died in 
Bride-well." 

Crete (Hound of), a blood-hound. — 
See Midsummer Niyht's Bream, act iii. 
sc. 2. 

Coupe le gorge, that's the word ; I thee defy again, 
hound of Crete ! 

Shakespeare, Henry V. act ii. sc. 1 (1599). 

Crete (The Infamy of), the Minotaur. 

[There] lay stretched 
The in rainy of Crete, detested brood 
Of the feigned heifer. 
Dautd, Hell, xii. (1300, Cary's translation). 

Crevecour (2 syl.). The count 
Philip de Crevecour is the envoy sent by 
Charles " the Bold," duke of Burgundy, 
with a defiance to Louis XI. king of 
France. 

The countess of Crevecour, wife of the 
count. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Crib (Tom), Thomas Moore, author 
of Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress 
(1819). 

Crillon. The following story is told 
of this brave but simple-minded officer. 
Henri IV., after the battle of Arques, 
wrote to him thus : 

Prends-toi, brave Crillon, nous avoru vaincu a Arques, 
et tu n'y ctais pas. 

The first and last part of this letter have 
become proverbial in France. 

"When Crillon heard the story of the 
Crucifixion read at church, he grew so 
excited that he cried out in an audible 
voice, Oh e'tais tu, Crillon 1 ("What 
were you about, Crillon, to permit of 
such atrocity?") 

* # * When Clovis was told of the 
Crucifixion, he exclaimed, " Had I and 
my Franks been by, we would have 
avenged the wrong, I warrant." 

Crime — Blunder. Talleyrand said 
of the execution of the due d'Enghien by 
Napoleon I., that it was "not merely 
a crime, it was a blunder." The words 
have been attributed to Fouche also. 

Crimo'ra and Connal. Crimora, 
daughter of Rinval, was in love with 
Connal of the race of Fingal, who was 
defied by Dargo. He begs his " sweet- 
ing " to lend him her father's shield, but 
she says it is ill-fated, for her father fell 
by the spear of Gormar. Connal went 



against his foe, and Crimora, disguised in 
armour, went also, but unknown to him. 
She saw her lover in fight with Dargo, 
and discharged an arrow at the foe, but it 
missed its aim and shot Connal. She ran 
in agony to his succour. It was too late. 
He died, Crimora died also, and both 
were buried in one grave. — Ossian, 
Carrie- 2'hura. 



now called the 



Crim-Tartary, 
Crime'a. 

Crispin (St.). Crisplnos and Cris- 
pianus were two brothers, born at Rome, 
from which place they travelled to 
Soissons, in France (about a.d. 303), to 
propagate the gospel, and worked as shoe- 
makers, that they might not be chargeable 
to any one. The governor of the town 
ordered them to be beheaded the very 
year of their arrival, and they were made 
the tutelary saints of the "gentle craft." 
St. Crispin's Day is October 25. 

This day is called the feast of Crispian . . . 
And Cri.-pin Crispian shall ne'er go by. 
From this day to the ending of the world. 
Cut we in it shall be remembered. 

Shakespeare, Henry V. act iv. sc. 3 (1599). 

Critic (A Bossu), one who criticizes 
the " getting up " of a book more than its 
literary worth; a captious, carping critic. 
Rene le Bossu was a French critic (1631- 
1680). 

The epic poem your lordship bade me look at, upon 
taking the length, breadth, height, rind depth of it. and 
trying them at home upon an exact scale of Bossu's, 'tis 
<Jut, my lord, in every one of its dimensions. Admirable 
connoisseur ! — Sterne. 

(Probably the scale referred to was that 
of Bossut the mathematician, and that 
either Bossu and Bossut have been con- 
founded, or else that a pun is intended.) 

Critic (The), by R. B. Sheridan, sug- 
gested by The Rehearsal (1779). 

%* The Rehearsal is by the duke of 
Buckingham (1671). 

Critics (Tlie Prince of), Aristarchos of 
Byzantium, who compiled, in the second 
century B.C., the rhapsodies of Homer. 

Croaker, guardian to Miss Richfcind. 
Never so happy as when he imagines 
himself a martyr. He loves a funeral 
better than a festival, and delights to 
think that the world is going to rack and 
ruin. His favourite phrase is " May be 
not." 

A poor, fretful soul, that has a new distress for every hour 
of the four and twenty. — Act i. L 

Mrs. Croaker, the very reverse of her 
grumbling, atrabilious husband. She is 



CROCODILE. 



222 



CROMWELL. 



mirthful, light-hearted, and cheerful as a 
lark. 

The very reverse of eaoh other. She all laugh and no 
joke, he always complaining and never sorrowful. — Act 
i. 1. 

Leontine Croaker, son of Mr. Croaker. 
Being sent to Paris to fetch his sister, he 
falls in love with Olivia Woodville, whom 
he brings home instead, introduces her to 
Croaker as his daughter, and ultimately 
marries her. — Goldsmith, The Good- 
natured Man (1768). 

Crocodile {King). The people of Isna, 
in Upper Egypt, affirm that there is a 
king crocodile as there is a queen bee. 
The king crocodile has ears but no tail, 
and has no power of doing harm. South ey 
Bays that though the king crocodile has 
no tail, he has teeth to devour his people 
with. — Browne, Travels. 

Crocodile (Lady Kitty), meant for the 
duchess of Kingston. — Sam. Foote, A 
Trip to Calais. 

Crocodile's Tears, deceitful show 
of grief ; hypocritical sorrow. 

It is written that the crocodile will weep over a man's 
head when he. hath devoured the body, and then he will 
eat up the head too. Wherefore in Latin there is a pro- 
verbe : Orocodili lachrymce (" crocodile's tears "), to sig- 
nify such tears as are fained and spent only with intent 
to deceive or doe harm. — Bullokar, English Expositor 
(1616). 

Caesar will weep, the crocodile will weep. 

Dryden, All for Love (1682). 

Cro'cus, a young man enamoured of 
the nymph Smilax, who did not return,, 
his love. The gods changed him into 
the crocus flower, to signify unrequited 
love. 

Croesus, king of L} r dia, deceived by 
an oracle, was conquered by Cyrus king 
of Persia. Cyrus commanded a huge 
funeral pile to be erected, upon which 
Croesus and fourteen Lydian youths were 
to be chained and burnt alive. When 
this was done, the discrowned king called 
on the name of Solon, and Cyrus asked 
why he did so. "Because be told me to 
call no one happy till death." Cyrus, 
struck with the remark, ordered the lire of 
the pile to be put out, but this could not 
be done. Croesus then called on Apollo, 
who sent a shower which extinguished 
the flames, and he with his Lydians came 
from the pile unharmed. 

%* The resemblance of this legend to 
the Bible account of the Jewish youths 
condemned by Nebuchadnezzar to be cast 
into the fiery furnace, from which they 
came forth uninjured, will recur to the 
reader.- -Daniel iii. 



Croesus's Dream. Croesus dreamt that 
his son Atys would be slain by an iron 
instrument, and used every precaution to 
prevent it, but to no purpose ; for one 
day Atys went to chase the wild boar, and 
Adrastus, his friend, threw a dart at the 
boar to rescue Atys from danger; the dart, 
however, struck the prince and killed him. 
The tale is told by William Morris in his 
Earthly Paradise (" July"). 

Croftangry (Mr. Chrystal), a gentle- 
man fallen to decay, cousin of Mrs. 
Martha Bethune Baliol, to whom, at 
death, he left the MS, of two novels, 
one The Highland Widow, and the other 
The Fair Maid of Perth, called the First 
and Second Series of the "Chronicles of 
Canongate " (q.v.). The history of Mr. 
Chrystal Croftangry is given in the 
introductory chapters of The Highland 
Widow, and continued in the introduction 
of The Fair Maid of Perth. 

Lockhart tells us that Mr. Croftangry 
is meant for sir Walter Scott's father 
and that "the fretful patient at the 
death-bed " is a living picture. 

Crofts (Master), the person killed in 
a duel by sir Geoffrey Hudson, the famous 
dwarf. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II.). 

Croker's Mare: In the proverb As 
coy as Croker's mare. This means "as 
chary as a mare that carries crockery." 

She was to them as koy as a croker's mare. 

J. Heywood. Dialogue, ii. 1 (1566). 

Crokers. Potatoes are so called, 
because they were first planted in Croker's 
field, at Youghal, in Ireland. — J. R. 
Planche', Recollections, etc., ii. 119. 

Croma, Ulster, in Ireland. — Ossian. 

Cromla, a hill in the neighbourhood 
of the castle Tura, in Ulster. — Ossian, 
Fingal. 

Crommal, a mountain in Ulster ; 
the Lubar flows between Crommal and 
Cromleach. — Ossian. 

Crom'well (Oliver), introduced by 
sir W. Scott in Woodstock. 

Cromwell's daughter Elizabcth,\\ r \io mar- 
ried John Claypole. Seeing her father 
greatly agitated by a portrait of Charles I., 
she gently and lovingly led him away 
out of the room. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Cromioell is called by the preacher 
Burroughr "the archangel who did battle 
with the devil." 

Cromwell's Lucky Day. The 3rd Sep- 



CRONA. 



223 



CROSBIE. 



tember was considered by Oliver Crom- 
well to be his red-letter day. On 3rd 
September, 1(150, he won the battle of 
Dunbar; on 3rd September, 1651, he won 
the battle of Worcester ; and on 3rd 
September, 1658, he died. It is not, 
however, true that lie was born on 3rd 
September, as many affirm, for his birth- 
day was 25th April, 1 599. 

Crown-ell's Dead Body Insulted. Crom- 
well's dead body was, by the sanction if 
not by the express order of Charles II., 
taken from its grave, exposed on a 
gibbet, and finally buried under the 
gallows. 

%*Similarly, the tomb of Am'asis king 
of Egypt was broken open by Camby'ses ; 
the body was then scourged and insulted 
in various ways, and finally burnt, which 
was abhorrent to the Egyptians, who 
used even' possible method to preserve 
dead bodies in their integrity. 

The dead body of admiral Coligny 
[Co.ieen.ge] was similarly insulted by 
Charles IX., Catherine de Medicis, and 
all the court of France, who spattered 
blood and dirt on the half-burnt black- 
ened mass. The king had the bad taste 
to say over it : 

Fragrance sweeter than a rose 
Rises from our slaughtered foes. 

It will be remembered that Coligny was 
the guest of Charles, his only crime being 
that he was a huguenot. 

Crona ( ' ' murmur ing ") , a small stream 
running into the Carron. — Ossian. 

Cro'nian Sea ( TJie), the Arctic Ocean. 
Pliny (in his Nat. Hist. iv. 16) says : " A 
Thule unius diei navigatione mare con- 
cretum a nonnullis cronium appellatur." 

As when two polar winds blowing adverse 
Upon the Cronian sea. 

Milton, raradUe Lost, x. 290 (1665). 

Crook-fingered Jack, one of Mac- 
heath's gang of thieves. In eighteen 
months' service he brought to the general 
stock four fine gold watches and seven 
silver ones, sixteen snuff-boxes (five of 
which were gold), six dozen handkerchiefs, 
four silver-hilted swords, six shirts, three 
periwigs, and a " piece " of broadcloth. 
Pea'chum calls him " a mighty clean- 
handed fellow," and adds : 

" Considering these are only the fruits of his leisure 
hours. I don't know a prettier fellow, for no man alive 
hath a more engaging presence of mind upon the road." — 
Gay, The Beggar s Opera, i. 1 (1727). 

Crop (George), an honest, hearty 
farmer, who has married a second wife, 
named Dorothy, between whom there are 
endless quarrels. Two especially are 



noteworthy. Crop tells his wife he hopes 
that better times are coining, and when 
the law-suit is over " we will have roast 
pork for dinner every Sunday." The 
wife replies, "It shall be lamb." " Hut 
1 say it shall be pork." ''I hate pork, I'll 
have lamb." " P.orb, I tell you." " I say 
lamb." " It shan't be lamb, I will have 
pork." The other quarrel arises from 
Crop's having left the door open, which 
he asks his wife civilly to shut. She 
refuses, he commands ; she turns ob- 
stinate, he turns angry ; at length they 
agree that the person who first speaks 
shall shut the door. Dorothy speaks 
first, and Crop gains the victory. — P. 
Hoare, No Song no Supper (1754-1834). 

Cropland (Sir Charles), an ex- 
travagant, heartless libertine and man of 
fashion, who hates the country except 
for hunting, and looks on his estates and 
tenants only as the means of supplying 
money for his personal indulgence. 
Knowing that Emily 'Worthington wa3 
the daughter of a " poor gentleman," he 
offers her " a house in town, the run 
of his estate in the country, a chariot, 
two footmen, and £600 a year ; " but the 
lieutenant's daughter rejects with scorn 
such " splendid infamy." At the end 
sir Charles is n.ade to see his own 
baseness, and offers the most ample 
apologies to all whom he has offended. — 
G. Column, The Poor Gentleman (1802). 

Croquemitaine [ Croak.mit. tain] , 
the bogie raised by fear. Somewhere near 
Saragossa -was a terrible castle called 
Fear Fortress, which appeared quite im- 
pregnable ; but as the bold approached 
it, the difficulties of access gradually 
gave way and even the fortress itself 
vanished into thin air. 

Croquemitaine is a romance in three 
parts : the first part is a tournament 
between the knights of Marsillus, a 
Moorish king, and the paladins of Char- 
lemagne ; the second part is the siege of 
Saragossa by Charlemagne ; and the 
third part is the allegory of Fear Fortress. 
Mitaine is the godchild of Charlemagne, 
who goes in search of Fear Fortress. 

Croquis (Alfred), Daniel Maclise, 
R.A. This pseudonym was attached to 
a series of character-portraits in Frazer's 
Magazine between the years 1830 and 
1838. Maclise was born 1811, and died 
1870. 

Croslrie ( William), provost of Dmx- 



CROSBITE. 



224 



CROTHAR. 



fries, a friend of Mr. Fairford the 
lawyer. 

Mrs. Crosbie, wife of the provost, and a 
cousin of Redgauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

CrosHbite (2 syl.), a barrister. — Sir 
W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Cross. A favourite legend used to 
be that the Cross was made of three 
different trees, and that these trees sprang 
from three seeds taken from the "Tree 
of Life " and planted in Adam's mouth at 
death. They were given to Adam's son 
Seth by the angel who guarded paradise, 
and the angel told Seth that when these 
seeds became trees, Adam would be free 
from the power of death. 

(This is rather an allegory than a 
legend. For other legends and traditions 
see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.) 

Cross-legged Host (JDinina with 
on?*), going without dinner. Lawyers at 
one time gave interviews to their clients 
in the Round Church, famous for its 
effigies of knights lying cross-legged. 

Or walk the Round [Church] with knights o' the posts, 
Ahout the cross-legged knights, their hosts. 

S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 3 (1678). 

Cross Purposes, a farce by 
O'Brien. There are three brothers named 
Bevil — Francis an M.P., Harry a lawyer, 
and George in the Guards. They all, 
unknown to each other, wish to marry 
Emily Grub, the handsome daughter of 
a rich stock-broker. Francis pays court 
to the father, and obtains his consent ; 
Harry to the mother, and obtains her 
consent ; and George to the daughter, 
whose consent he obtains, and the two elder 
brothers retire from the field. The fun 
of the farce is the contention of the 
Grubs about a suitable husband, their joy 
at finding they have all selected Mr. 
Bevil, and their amazement at discovering 
that there are three of the same name. 

Cross Questions and Crooked 
Answers. An Irish recruit about to 
be inspected by Frederick the Great, was 
told he would be asked these questions: 
(1) Howoldareyou V (2) Howlonghave 
you been in the service ? (3) Are you 
content with your pay and rations ? So 
he prepared his answers accordingly. 
But it so happened that the king began 
with the second question : " How long 
have you been in the service ? " Paddy 
glibly replied," Twenty years." "Why," 
said the king, " how old are you?" " Six 
months." " Six months ! " rejoined the 



king; "surely either you or I must be 
mad ! " " Yes, both, your majesty." 

Some Highlanders, coming to England 
for employ, conceived they would be 
asked (1) Who are you? (2) Why do 
you come here ? and that the questioner 
might then say, " No, I don't want your 
service." Scarcely had they crossed" the. 
border than they came to the body of a 
man who had been murdered. They 
stopped to look at it, when a constable 
came up and said, "Who did this?" 
"We three Highlanders," was the pre- 
pared answer. "Why did you do it?" 
said the constable. " For the money and 
the silver," was the answer they had 
prepared. "You scoundrels," said the 
constable, "I shall hang you for this." 
" If you don't, another will," said the 
men, and were preparing to go away, 
when they were marched off to jail. 

Cross'myloof, a lawyer. — Sir W. 

Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 

Crothar, " lord of Atha," in Con- 
naught (then called Alnec'ma). He was 
the first and most powerful chief of the 
Fir-bolg ("bowmen") or Belgae from Bri- 
tain who colonized the southern parts of 
Ireland. Crothar carried off Conla'ma, 
daughter of Cathmin a chief of the Cae'i 
or Caledonians who had colonized the 
northern parts of Ireland and held their 
court in Ulster. As Conlama was be- 
trothed to Turloch a Cael, he made an 
irruption into Connaught, slew Cormul, 
but was himself slain by Crothar, Cormul's 
brother. The feud now became general, 
" Blood poured on blood, and Erin's 
clouds were hung with ghosts." The 
Cael being reduced to the last extremity, 
Trathel (the grandfather of Fingal) sent 
Conar (son of Trenmor) to their relief. 
Conar, on his arrival in Ulster, was 
chosen king, and the Fir-bolg being 
subdued, he called himself "the king of 
Ireland." — Ossian, Temora, ii. 

Crothar, vassal king of Croma (in 
Ireland), held under Artho over-lord of 
all Ireland. Crothar, being blind with 
age, was attacked by Rothmar chief of 
Tromlo, who resolved to annex Croma to 
his own dominion Crothar sent to 
Fingal for aid, and Fingal sent his son 
Ossian with an army ; but before he 
could arrive Fovar-Gormo, a son of 
Crothar, attacked the invader, but was 
defeated and slain. When Ossian 
reached Ulster, he attacked the victorious 



CROTONA'S SAGE. 



225 



CRUCIFIXION. 



Rothmar, and both routed the army and 
slew the chief. — Ossian, Croma. 

Croto'na's Sage, Pythagoras, so 
called because his first and chief school 
of philosophy was established at Cro- 
tona (fl. B.C. 540). 

Crouch/mas, from the invention of 
the Cross to St. Helen's Day, i.e. from 
May 3 to August 18. Halliwell, in his 
Archaic Dictionary, says it means " Christ- 
mas," but this is wholly impossible, as 
Tusser, in his " May Remembrances," 
says: " From bull cow fast, till Crouch- 
minas be past, i.e. St. Helen's Day." 
The word means " Cross-mas." 

Crow. As the crow flies, that is, 
straight from the point of starting to the 
point to be reached, without being turned 
from the path by houses, rivers, hills, or 
other obstacles, which do not divert the 
crow from its flight. The Americans call 
it "The Bee-line." 

Crowde'ro, one of the rabble leaders 
encountered by Hudibras at a bear- 
baiting. The academy figure of this 
character was Jackson or Jephson, a 
milliner in the New Exchange, Strand, 
London. He lost a leg in the service of 
the roundheads, and was reduced to the 
necessity of earning a living by playing 
on the crowd or crouth from ale-house 
to ale-house. — S. Butler, Hudibras, i. 2 
(1664). 

(The crouth was a long box-shaped 
instrument, with six or more strings, sup- 
ported by a bridge. It was played with 
a bow. The last noted performer on this 
instrument was John Morgan, a Welsh- 
man, who died 1720.) 

Crowe (Captain), the attendant of sir 
Launcelot Greaves (1 syl.), in his peregri- 
nations to reform society. Sir Launcelot 
is a modern don Quixote, and captain 
Crowe is his Sancho Panza. 

Captain Crowe had commanded a merchant ship in the 
Mediterranean trade for many jears, and saved some 
money by dint of frugality and traffic. He was an ex- 
cellent seaman, brave, active, friendly in his way, and 
scrupulously honest, but as little acquainted with the 
world as a sucking child ; whimsical, impatient, and so 
impetuous that he could not help breaking in upon the 
conversation, whatever it might be, with repeated inter- 
ruptions. . . . When he himself attempted to speak, he 
never finished his period.— T. Smollett, The Adventures 
of Sir launcelot Greaves (1760). 

Crowfield (Christopher), a pseu- 
donvm of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe 
(1814- ). 

Crown. Godfrey, when made the 
over-lord of Jerusalem, or " Baron of the 
Holy Sepulchre," refused to wear a crown 



of gold where his Saviour had only worn 
a crown of thorns. 

Canute, after the rebuke he gave to his 
flatterers, refused to wear thenceforth any 
symbol of royalty at all. 

Canute (truth worthy to be known) 

From that time forth did for his brows disown 

The ostentatious symbol of a crown. 

Esteeming earthly royalty 

Presumptuous and vain. 

Crown of the East, Antioch, also 
called "Antioch the Beautiful." 

Crown of Ionia, Smyrna, the 
largest city of Asia Minor. 

Crowns. Byron, in Don Juan, says 
the sultan is " master of thirty king- 
doms" (canto vi. 90). The czar of 
Russia is proclaimed as sovereign of 
seventeen crowns. 

%* Of course the sultan is no longer 
master of thirty kingdoms, 1878. 

Crowned after Death.. Inez de 
Castro was exhumed six years after her 
assassination, and crowned queen of 
Portugal by her husband, don Pedr,. 
(See Inez de Castko.) 

Crowquill (Alfred), Alfred Henry 
Forrester, author of Leaves from my 
Memorandum-Book (1859), one of the 
artists of Punch (1805-1872). 

Croye (Isabelle countess of), a ward 
of Charles "the Bold," duke of Burgundy. 
She first appears at the turret window in 
Plessis le's Tours, disguised as Jacqueline ; 
and her marriage with Quentin Durward 
concludes the novel. 

The countess Hameline of Croye, aunt 
to countess Isabelle. First disguised as 
Dame Perotte (2 syl.) at Plessis le's 
Tours ; afterwards married to William dc 
la Marok. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Dur- 
ward (time, Edward IV.). 

Croye (Monseigneur de la), an officer of 
Charles "the Bold," duke of Burgundy. 
— Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Croysa'do (The Great), general lord 
Fairfax (1611-1671).— S. Butler, Hudi- 
bras. 

Crucifixion (T7ie). "When Clovia 
was told the story of the Crucifixion, he 
exclaimed, " Had I and my Franks been 
there, we would soon have avenged the 
wrong." 

When Crillon " the Brave " heard the 
tale, he grew so excited that he could not 
contain himself, and btarting up in tae 



CRUDOR. 



226 



CUCKOO. 



church, he cried aloud, Oil €tais tu, 
Crlllon ? ( " What were you about, Crillon, 
to allow of such deeds as these ? ") 

Cnidor (Sir), the knight who told 
Bria'na he would not marry her till she 
brought him enough hair, consisting of 
ladies' locks and the beards of knights, 
to purfle his cloak with. In order to 
obtain this love-gift, the lady established 
a toll, by which every lady who passed 
her castle had to give the hair of her 
head, and every knight his beard, as 
" passing pay," or else fight for their 
lives. Sir Crudor being overthrown by 
sir Calidore, Briana was compelled to 
abolish this toll. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
v. 1 (1596). 

Cruel (The'), Pedro king of Castile 
(1334, 1350-1369). 

Cruik'shanks (Ebenezer), landlord 
of the Golden Candlestick inn. — Sir W. 
Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 

Crum'mles (Mr. Vincent), the 
eccentric but kind-hearted manager of 
the Portsmouth Theatre. 

It wa3 necessary that the writer should, like Mr. 
Crummies, dramatist, construct his piece in the interest 
of " the pump and washing-tubs."— P. Fitzgerald. 

Mrs. Crummies, wife of Mr. Vincent 
Crummies, a stout, ponderous, tragedy- 
queen sort of a lady. She walks or 
rather stalks like lady Macbeth, and 
always speaks theatrically. Like her 
husband, she is full of kindness, and 
always willing to help the needy. 

Miss Ninetta Crummies, daughter of 
the manager, and called in the play-bills 
"the infant phenomenon." — C. Dickens, 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Crumthormo, one of the Orkney or 
Shetland Islands. — Ossian, Cath-Loda. 

Cruncher (Jerry), an odd-job man 
in Tellson's bank. His wife was con- 
tinually saying her prayers, which Jerry 
termed "Hopping." He was a "resurrec- 
tion man."— C. Dickens, A Tale of Two 
Cities (1859). 

Crupp (Mrs.), a typical humbug, who 
let chambers in Buckingham Street for 
young gentlemen. David Coppcrfield 
lodged with her. — C. Dickens, David 
Coppcrfield (1849). 

Crushed by Ornaments. Tar- 
peia, daughter of the governor of the 
Roman citadel on the Saturnian Hill, was 
tempted by the gold on the Sabine 
bracelets and collars to open a gate of 
the fortress to the besiegers, on condition 



that they would give her the ornaments 
which they wore on their arms. Tarpeia 
opened the gate, and the Sabines as they 
passed threw on her their shields, saying, 
" These are the ornaments worn by the 
Sabines on their arms," and the maid was 
crushed to death. G. Gilfillan, alluding 
to Longfellow, has this erroneous allu- 
sion : 

His ornaments, unlike those of the Sabine [sic] maid, 
have not crushed him. — Introductory Essay to Long- 
fellow. 

Crusoe (Robinson), the hero and title 
of a novel by Daniel Defoe. Robinson 
Crusoe is a shipwrecked sailor, who leads 
a solitary life for many years on a desert 
island, and relieves the tedium of life by 
ingenious contrivances (1719). 

(The story is based on the adventures 
of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor, 
who in 1704 was left by captain Stradding 
on the uninhabited island of Juan Fer- 
nandez. Here he remained for four years 
and four months, when he was rescued 
by captain Woods Rogers and brought to 
England.) 

Was there ever anything written by mere man that 
the reader wished longer except Robinson Crusoe, Don 
Quixote, and Tlie Pilgrim's Progress I — Dr. Johnson. 

Cruth-Loda, the war-god of the 
ancient Gaels. 

On thy top, U-thormo, dwells the misty Loda : the 
house of the spirits of men. „ In the end of his cloudy hall 
bends forward Cruth-Loda of swords. His form is dimly 
seen amid the wavy mists, his right hand is on his shield. 
— Oasian, Cath-Loda. 

Crystalline ( The) . According to the 
theory of Ptolemy, the crystalline sphere 
comes after and beyond the firmament or 
sphere of the fixed stars. It has a shim- 
mering motion, which somewhat inter- 
feres with that of the stars. 

They pass the planets seven, and pass the "fixed," 
And that crystalline sphere whore balance weighs 
The trepidation talked [of], 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. (1665). 

Cuckold King (The), sir Mark of 
Cornwall, whose wife Ysolde [JE.sdld] 
intrigued with sir Tristram (his nephew), 
one of the knights of the Round Table. 

Cuckoo. Pliny (Nat. Hist. x. 9) says : 
"Cuckoos lay always in other birds' 
nests." 

But, since the cuckoo builds not for himself, 
Remain in 't as thou mayst. 
Shakespeare, Antony and Cleojxttra, act ii. sc. 6(1608). 

(The Bohemians say the festivals of 
the Virgin used to be held sacred even by 
dumb animals, and that on these sacred 
days all the birds of the air ceased build- 
ing their nests except the cuckoo, which 
was therefore doomed to wander without 
having a nest of its own.) 



CUDDIE. 



227 



CUMNOR HALL. 



Cud'die or Cdthbert Headrigg, 

a ploughman, in the service of lady 
Bellenden of the. Tower of Tillietudlem. 
—Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, 
Charles II.). 

Cuddy, a herdsman, in Spenser's 
Shephearae's Calendar, in three eclogues 
of which Cuddy is introduced : 

Eel. ii. is a dialogue between Thenot 
and Cuddy, in which Cuddy is a lad 
who cojnplains of the cold, and Thenot 
laments the degeneracy of pastoral life. 
At one time shepherds and herdsmen 
were hardy, frugal, and contented ; but 
nowadays, lie says, "they are effeminate, 
luxurious, and ambitious.' He then tells 
Cuddy the fable of "The Oak and the 
Bramble." (See Thexot.) 

Eel. viii. Cuddy is a full-grown man, 
appointed umpire to decide a contention 
in song between the two shepherds, Willy 
and Perigot. He pronounced each to be 
worthy of the prize, and then sings to 
them the " Lament of Colin for Rosa- 
lind." 

Eel. x. is between Piers and Cuddy, 
the subject being "divine poetry." 
Cuddy declares no poet would be equal to 
Colin if his mind were not unhappily 
unhinged by disappointed love. — Spenser, 
The Shephearde" s Calendar (1579). 

Cuddy, a shepherd, who boasts that the 
charms of his Buxo'ma far exceed those 
of Blouzelinda. Lobbin, who is Blouze- 
linda's swain, repels the boast, and the 
two shepherds agree to sing the praises 
of their respective shepherdesses, and to 
make Clod'dipole arbiter of their con- 
tention. Cloddipole listens to therr 
alternate verses, pronounces that " both 
merit an oaken staff," but, says he, "the 
herds are wearv of the songs, and so am 
I."— Gay, Pastoral, i. (1714). 

(This eclogue is in imitation of Virgil's 
Eel. iii.) 

Cui Bono ? "Of what practical use 
is it? " — See Cicero, Pro Mitone, xii. 32. 

Cato, that great and grave philosopher, did commonly 
demand, when any new project was propounded unto 
him, "Cui bono?" What good would ensue in case the 
same were effected?— Th. Fuller, Worthies [" The Design, 
eu-.,"i.). 

Culdees (i.e. sequestered persons), 
the primitive clergy of presbyterian 
character, established in Io'na or Icolm- 
kill [I-cotu7nb-kill~\ by St. Columb and 
twelve of his followers in 563. They 
also founded similar church establish- 
ments at Abernethy, Dunkeld, Kirk- 
caldy [Kirk-Culdee]', etc., and at Lindes- 



farne, in England. Some say as many as 
300 churches were founded by them. 
Augustine, a bishop of Waterford, began 
against them in 1170 a war of exter- 
mination, when those who could escape 
sought refuge in Iona, the original cradle 
of the sect, and were not driven thence 
till 1203. 

Peace to their shades ! the pure Culdees 
Were Alton's [Scollmdt] earliest priests of God, 
Ere yet Ml island of her seas 
By foot of Saxon monk was trod. 

Campbell, ReuUura. 

Culloch (&vcncy), a pedlar. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George 
III.). 

Cumberland (John of). " The devil 
and John of Cumberland " is a blunder 
for "The devil and John-a-Cumber." 
John-a-Cumber was a famous Scotch 
magician. 

He poste to Scotland for brave John-a-Cumber, 
The only man renownde for magick skill. 
Oft have 1 heard be once beguylde the devill. 
A. Munday, John-a- Kent and John-a-Cumber (1595). 

Cumberland ( William Augustus duke 
of), commander-in-chief of the army of 
George II., whose son he was. The 
duke was especially celebrated for his 
victory of Cullo'den (1740) ; but he was 
called "The Butcher" from the great 
severity with which he stamped out the 
clan system of the Scottish Highlanders. 
He was wounded in the leg at the battle 
of Dettingen (1743). Sir W. Scott has 
introduced him in Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Proud Cumberland prances, insulting the slain. 
And their hoof-beaten bosoms •ire trod to the plain. 
Campbell, LocltieCt Warning. 

Cumberland Poet (The), William 
Wordsworth, born at Cockermouth 
(1770-1850). 

Cum'bria. It included Cumberland, 
Dumbarton, Renfrew, Ayr, Lanark, 
Peebles, Selkirk, Roxburgh, and Dum- 
fries 

Cumnor Hall, a ballad by Mickle, 
the lament of Amy Robsart, who had 
been won and thrown away by the earl 
of Leicester. She says if roses and 
lilies grow in courts, why did he pluck 
the primrose of the field, which some 
country swain might have won and 
valued ? Thus sore and sad the lady 
grieved in Cumnor Hall, and ere dawn 
the death bell rang, and never more was 
that countess seen. 

*** Sir W. Scott took this for the 
groundwork of his Kenilworth, which ha 
called Cumnor Ball, but Constable, his 



CUNEGONDE. 



228 



CURTAIN PAINTED. 



publisher, induced him to change the 
name. 

Cune"gonde [Ku'.na.gond], the 
mistress of Candide (2 syl.), in Voltaire's 
novel called Candide. Sterne spells it 
" Cune'gund." 

Cun'ningham (Archie), one of the 
archers of the Scotch guards at Plessis 
le's Tours, in the pay of Louis XI. — Sir 
W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Ed- 
ward IV.). 

Cu'no, the ranger, father of Agatha. 
—Weber, Der Ereischutz (1822). 

Cuno'beline, a king of the Sil'ures, 
son of Tasciov'anus and father of Carac- 
tacus. Coins still exist bearing the 
name of " Cunobeline," and the word 
" Camalodunum " [Colchester], the 
capital of his kingdom. The Roman 
general between a.d. 43 and 47 was 
Aulus Plautius, but in 47 Ostorius 
Scapula took Caractacus prisoner. 

Some think Cunobeline is Shake- 
speare's " Cymbeline," who reigned from 
Blc. 8 to a.d. 27 ; but Cymbeline's father 
was Tenantius or Tenuantius, his sons 
Guide'rius and Arvir'agus, and the Roman 
general was Caius Lucius. 

. . . the courageous sons of our Cunobelin 
Sank under Plautius' sword. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Cunstance or Constance. (See 

CuSTANCE.) 

Cupar Justice, hang first, and try 
afterwards. (Same as "Jedbury Jus- 
tice.") 

Cupid and Psyche [Si'.ky'], an 
episode in The Golden Ass of Apuleius. 
The allegory represents Cupid in love 
with Psyche. He visited her every 
evening, and left at sunrise, but strictly 
enjoined her not to attempt to discover 
who he was. One night curiosity over- 
came her prudence, and going to look 
upon her lover a drop of hot oil fell on 
his shoulder, awoke him, and he fled. 
Psyche now wandered in search of the 
lost one, but was persecuted by Venus 
with relentless cruelty. Having suffered 
almost to the death, Cupid at length 
married her, and she became immortal. 
Mrs. Tighe has a poem on the subject ; 
Win. Morris has poetized the same in 
his Earthly Paradise (" May ") ; Lafon- 
taine has a poem called Psyche, in imita- 
tion of the episode of Apuleius; and 
Moliere has dramatized the subject. 

*** Woman's ideal of love must not 
be subjected to too strong a light, or it 
will flee away, and the woman will suffer 



long years of torment. At length truth 
will correct her exaggerated notions, and 
love will reside with her for the rest of 
her life. 

Cupid's Jack - o' - Lantern, the 

object of an affair of gallantry. Bob 
Acres says : 

"Sir, 1 have followed Cupid's Jack-o'-lantero, and find 
myself in a quagmire at last."— Sheridan, The Hivals, 
iii. 4 (1775). 

Cu'pidon (Jean). Count d'Orsay 
was so called by lord Byron (1798-1852). 
The count's father was styled Le Beau 
d 1 Or say. 

Cur'an, a courtier in Shakespeare's 
tragedy of King Lear (1605). 

Cure de Meudon, Rabelais, who 
was first a monk, then a leech, then 
prebendary of St. Maur, and lastly cure' 
of Meudon (1483-1553). 

Cu'rio, a gentleman attending on the 
duke of Illyria. — Shakespeare, Twelfth 
Night (1614). 

Curio. So Akenside calls Mr. Pul- 
teney, and styles him " the betrayer of 
his country," alluding to the great states- 
man's change of politics. Curio was a 
young Roman senator, at one time the 
avowed enemy of Caesar, but subsequently 
of Caesar's party, and one of the victims 
of the civil war. 

Is this the man in freedom's cause approved, 
The man so great, so honoured, so beloved . . . 
This Curio, hated now and scorned by all. 
Who fell himself to work his country's fall ? 

Akenside, Epistle to Curio. 

Curious Impertinent (The), a 
tale introduced by Cervantes in his Don 
Quixote. The " impertinent " is an 
Italian gentleman who is silly enough 
to make trial of his wife's fidelity by 
persuading a friend to storm it if he 
can. Of course his friend "takes the 
fort," and the fool is left to bewail his 
own folly.— Pt. I. iv. 5 (1605). 

Currer Bell, the nom de plume of 
Charlotte Bronte, author of Jane Eyre 
[Air] (1816-1855). 

Curtain Painted. Parrhasios 
painted a curtain so wonderfully well 
that even Zeuxis, the rival artist, 
thought it was real, and bade him draw 
his drapery aside and show his picture. 
The painting of Zeuxis was a bunch of 
grapes so true to nature that the birds 
came to peck at the fruit. The " cur- 
tain," however, gained the prize ; for 
though the grapes deceived the birds, 
the curtain deceived Zeuxis. 



CURTANA. 



229 



CUTHULLIN. 



Curta'na, the sword of Edward the 
Con'fessor, which had no point, and was 
therefore the emblem of mercy. Till the 
reign of Henry III. the royal sword of 
England was so called. 

But when Curtana will not do the deed, 
You lay the txiintless clergy-weapon by, 

Ami to the l;iws, your (Word of justice, fly. 
Drydeii, The Hind and the 1'unther. ii. (1687). 

Curta'na or Courtain, the sword 
of Ogier the Dane. 

He [OyierJ draw Courtain his sword out of its sheath. 
W. Morris, EarUly I'aradue, tvVi. 

Curt-Hose (2 s>/l.), Robert II. due 
de Nonnandie (1087-1134). 

Curt-Mantle, Henry II. of Eng- 
land (1133, 1 154-1 18y). So called be- 
cause he wore the Anjou mantle, which 
was shorter than the robe worn by his 
predecessors. 

Curtis, one of Petruchio's sen-ants. 
— Shakespeare, Taminj of the SUrew 
(1594). 

Cur'zon Street (London). So named 
after the ground-landlord, George Au- 
gustus Curzon, third viscount Howe. 

Cushla Machree (Irish), " My 
heart's delight." 

Custanee, daughter of the emperor 
of Rome, affianced to the sultan of Syria, 
who abjured his faith and consented to 
be baptized in order to marry her. His 
mother hated this apostacy, and at the 
wedding breakfast slew all the apostates 
except the bride. Her she embarked in a 
ship, which was set adrift, and in due 
time reached the British shores, where 
Custanee was rescued by the lord-con- 
stable of Northumberland, who took her 
home, and placed her under the care of 
his wife Hermegild. Custanee converted 
both the constable and his wife. A 
young knight wished to marry her, but 
she declined his suit, whereupon he 
murdered Hermegild, and then laid the 
bloody knife beside Custanee, to make her 
suspected of the crime. King Alia ex- 
amined the case, and soon discovered the 
real facts, whereupon the knight was exe- 
cuted, and the king married Custanee. 
The queen-mother highly disapproved of 
the match, and during the absence of her 
son in Scotland embarked Custanee and 
her infant boy in a ship, which was 
turned adrift. After floating about for 
five years, it was taken in tow by a 
Roman fket on its return from Syria, and 
Custanee with her son Maurice became 
the quests of a Roman senator. It so 



happened that Alia at this same time was 
at Rome on a pilgrimage, and encountered 
his wife, who returned with him to 
Northumberland and lived in peace and 
happiness the rest of her life. —Chaucer, 
Canterbury Tales (" The Man of Law's 
Tale," 1388). 

Custanee, a gay and rich widow, whom 
Ralph Roister Doistcr wishes to marry, 
but he is wholly baffled in his scheme."— 
Nicholas Udall, Ralph Roister Doi&ter 
(first English comedy, 1534). 

Cute (Alderman), a " practical philo- 
sopher," resolved to put down everything. 
In his opinion " everything must be put 
down." Starvation must be put down, 
and so must suicide, sick mothers, babies, 
and povertv. — C. Dickens, The Chimes 
(1844). 

Cuthal, same as Uthal, one of the 
Orkneys. 

Cuthbert (St.), a Scotch monk of 
the sixth century. 

St. Cuthtx-rfs Beads, joints of the 
articulated stems of encrinites, used for 
rosaries. So called from the legend that 
St. Cuthbert sits at night on the rock in 
Holy Island, forging these "beads." 
The opposite rock serves him for anvil. 

On a rock of Lindisfam 
St. Cuthbert sits, and t.ils to frame 
The sea-born beads that bear his name. 

Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808). 

St. Cuthberfs Stane, a granite rock 
in Cumberland. 

St. Cuthberfs Well, a spring of water 
close by St. Cuthbert's Stane. 

Cuthbert Bede, the Rev. Edw. 
Bradley, author of Verdant Green (1857). 

Cutho'na, daughter of Rumar, was 
betrothed to Conlath, youngest son of 
Morni, of Mora. Not long before the 
espousals were to be celebrated, Toscar 
came from Ireland, and was hospitably 
entertained by Morni. On the fourth day, 
he saw Cuthona out hunting, and carried 
her off by force. Being pursued by 
Conlath, a fight ensued, in which both 
the young men fell, and Cuthona, after 
languishing for three days, died also. — 
Ossian, Conlath and Cuthona. 

Cuthullin, son of Semo, commander 
of the Irish army, and regent during the 
minority of Cormac. His wile was 
Brag'ela, daughter of Sorglan. In the 
poem called Fmjal, Cuthullin was de- 
feated by Swaran king of Lochlin 
IScandinavia], and being ashamed, to 



CUTLER. 



230 



CYLLAROS. 



meet Fingal, retired from the field gloomy 
and sad. Fingal, having utterly defeated 
Swaran, invited Cuthullin to the ban- 
quet, and partially restored his depressed 
spirits. In the third year of Cormac's 
reign, Torlath, son of Can'tela, rebelled. 
Cuthullin gained a complete victory over 
him at the lake Lego, but was mortally 
wounded in the pursuit by a random 
arrow. Cuthullin was succeeded by 
Nathos, but the young king was soon 
dethroned by the rebel Cairbar, and 
murdered. — Ossian, Fingal and The Death 
of Cuthullin. 

Cutler (Sir John), a royalist, who 
died 1699, reduced to the utmost poverty. 

Cutler saw tenants break, and houses fall, 

For very want he could not build a walL 

His only daughter in a stranger's power. 

For very want he could not pay a dower. 

A few grey hairs his reverend temples crowned, 

'Twas very want that sold them for two pound. . . . 

Cutler and Brutus, dying, both exclaim, 

" Virtue and Wealth, what are ye but a name ? " 

Pope, Moral Essays, iii. (1709). 

Cutpurse (Moll), Mary Frith, the 
heroine of Middleton's comedy called The 
Roaring Girl (1611). She was a woman 
of masculine vigour, who not unfre- 
quently assumed man's attire. This 
notorious cut-purse once attacked general 
Fairfax on Hounslow Heath, but was 
arrested and sent to Newgate ; she es- 
caped, however, by bribing the turnkey, 
and died of dropsy at the age of 75. 
Nathaniel Field introduces her in his 
drama called Amends for Ladies (1618). 

Cuttle (Captain Edward), a great 
friend of Solomon Gills, ship's instru- 
ment maker. Captain Cuttle had been a 
skipper, had a hook instead of a right 
hand, and always wore a very hard, 
glazed hat. He was in the habit of 
quoting, and desiring those to whom he 
spoke "to overhaul the catechism till 
they found it ; " but, he added, " when 
found, make a note on." The kind- 
hearted seaman was very fond of 
Florence Dombey, and of Walter Gay, 
whom he called " Wal'r." When Flo- 
rence left her father's roof, captain 
Cuttle sheltered her at the Wooden 
Midshipman. One of his favourite 
sentiments was " May we never want a 
friend, or a bottle to give him." — C. 
Dickens, Dotnbey and Son (1846). 

(" When found, make a note of " is the 
motto of Notes and Queries.) 

Cyan'ean Rocks, the Symple'- 
g&des (which see), so called from their 
deep greenish-blue colour. 

Here are those hard rocks of trap of a grec:iish-blue 



Cye'lades (3 syl.), some twenty 
islands, so called from the classic legend 
that they circled round Delos when that 
island was rendered stationary by the 
birth of Diana and Apollo. 

Cyc'lic Poets, a series of epic poets, 
who wrote continuations or additions to 
Homer's Iliad and Odyssey ; they were 
called " Cyclic " because they confined 
themselves to the cycle of the Trojan 
war. 

Ag'ias wrote an epic on " the return of 
the Greeks from Troy " (b.c. 740). 

Arcti'nos wrote a continuation of the 
Iliad, describing the taking of Troy by 
the " Wooden Horse," and its conflagra- 
tion. Virgil has copied from this poet 
(B.C. 776). 

Eu'gamon wrote a continuation of the 
Odyssey. It contains the adventures of 
Teleg'onos in search of his father 
Ulysses. When he reached Ith'aca, 
Ulysses and Telemachos went against 
him, and Telegonos killed Ulysses with 
a spear which bis mother Circe had given 
him (b.c. 568). 

Les'ches, author of the Little Iliad, in 
four books, containing the fate of Ajax, 
the exploits of Philoctetes, Neoptol'emos, 
and Ulysses, and 4he final capture of 
Troy (b.c. 708). 

Sxasi'nos, " son-in-law " of Homer. 
He wrote an introduction to the Iliad. 

Cyclops. Their names are Brontes, 
SterOpes, and Arges. (See Sinijbad, 
voy. 3.) 

Cyclops ( The Holy). So Dryden, in the 
Masque of Albion and Albanius, calls 
Richard Rumbold, an Englishman, the 
chief conspirator in the " Ryehouse Plot." 
He had lost one eye, and was executed. 

Cydip'pe (3 syl.), a lady courted by 
Acontius of Cea, but being unable to 
obtain her, he wrote on an apple, ""I 
swear by Diana that Acontius shall be my 
husband." This apple was presented to 
the maiden, and being persuaded that she 
had written the words, though inadver- 
tently, she consented to marry Acontius 
for " the oath's sake." 

Cydippe by a letter was betrayed, 
Writ on an apple to kh' unwary maid. 

Ovid, A rt of Lore, L 

Cyl'laros, the horse of Pollux 
according to Virgil (Geortj. iii. 90), but of 
Castor according to Ovid (Metam. xii. 
408). It was coal-black, with white legs 
and tail. 



CYLLENIUS. 



231 



CYNTHIA. 



Cylle'nius, Mercury ; so called from 
mount Cyllene, in Arcadia, where he was 
born. 

Cjnn'beline (3 sy/.), mythical king 
of Britain for thirty-live years. He 
began to reign in the nineteenth year of 
Augustas Caesar. His father was Tenan- 
tius, who refused to pay the tribute to 
the Romans exacted of Cassibelan after 
his defeat by Julius Caesar. Cymbeline 
married twice. By his first wife he had 
a daughter named Imogen, who married 
Posthumus Leonatus. His second wife 
had a son named Cloten by a former 
husband. — Shakespeare, Cymbeline (IG05). 

Cymochles [Si.mdk'.leez], brother 
of Pyroch'les, son of Aerates, and hus- 
band of Acras'ia the enchantress. He 
sets out against sir Guyon, but being 
ferried over Idle Lake, abandons him- 
self to self-indulgence, and is slain by 
king Arthur (canto 8). — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, ii. 5, etc. (1590). 

Cymod'oce (4 syl.). The mother of 
Marinel is so called in bk. iv. 12 of the 
Faery Queen, but in bk. iii. 4 she is 
spoken of as Cymo'ent " daughter of 
Nereus" (2 syl.) by an earth-born father, 
"the famous Dumarin." 

Cymoent. (See Cymodoce.) 

Cym'ry, the Welsh. 

The Welsh always called themselves "Cymry." the 
literal meaning of which is "aborigines.'' ... It is the 
same word as "Cimbri." . . . They call their bnguage 
"Cymraeg," i.e. " the primitive tongue."— E. Williams. 

Cynaegi'ros, brother of the poet 
iEschylos. "When the Persians, after 
the battle of Marathon, were pushing off 
from shore, Cynaegiros seized one of 
their ships with his right hand, which 
being lopped off, he grasped it with his 
left hand ; this being cut otf, he seized it 
with his teeth, and lost his life. 

Admiral Be.vbow, in an engage- 
ment with the French, near St. Martha, 
in 1701, had his legs and thighs shivered 
into splinters by chain-shot ; but (sup- 
ported on a wooden frame) he remained 
on deck till Du Casse sheered off. 

Almeyoa, the Portuguese governor 
of India, had his legs and thighs shattered 
in a similar way, and caused himself to 
be bound to the ship's mast, that he might 
wave his sword to cheer on the com- 
batants. 

Jaafek, at the battle of Muta, car- 
ried the sacred banner of the prophet. 
One hand being lopped off, he held it 
with the other ; this also being cat off, he 



held it with his two stumps, and when at 
last his head was cut off, he contrived to 
fall dead on the banner, which was thus 
detained till Abdallah had time to rescue 
it and hand it to Khaled. 

Cyne'tha (3 syL), eldest son of Cad- 
wallon (king of North Wales). He was 
an orphan, brought up by his uncle Owen. 
During his minority, Owen and CynOtha 
loved each other dearly ; but when the 
orphan came of age and claimed his in- 
heritance, his uncle burnt his eyes out by 
exposing them to plates of hot brass. 
Cynetha and his son Cadwallon accom- 
panied Madoc to North America, where 
the blind old man died while Madoc was 
in Wales preparing for his second voyage. 
— Southey, Madoc, i. 3 (1805). 

Cadwa!lonis erat prinwvns jure Cynetha : 
Froh pudor ! nunc oculis putruus privarlt Oenus. 
The Pent irehvt. 

Cynic Tub (r/(e),Diog'enes. the Cvnic 
philosopher lived in a tub. and it is to 
this fact that allusion is made in the line: 

[They] fetch their doctrines from the Cynic tub. 

Milton, Coma*. 70S (1634). 

Cy'nosure (3 syl.), the pole-star. 
The word means " the dog's tail," and is 
used to signify a guiding genius, or the 
ob-erved of all observers. Cynosu'ra was 
an Id*an nymph, one of the nurses of 
Zeus (1 syl.). 

Some gentle taper. 
Tho' a rush candle, from the wicker hole 
Of some clay habitatiuii. visit us 
With thy long levelled rule of streaming light, 
And thou shalt be our star of Arcady, 
Or Tyrian cynosure. 

Milton, Coirs* (1634). 
Where perhaps some Beauty lies. 
Tlie cynosure of neighbouring e\es. 

Milton, L Allegro (1638). 

Cyn'thia, the moon or Diana, who 
was born on mount Cynthus, in Dclos. 
Apollo is called " Cynthius." 

. . . watching, in the night. 
Beneath pale Cynthia's melancholy light. 

Falconer, The Snipwreck, iii. 2 (1756). 

Cyn'thia. So Spenser, in Colin Clout's 
Come Home Again, calls queen Elizabeth, 
"whose angel's eye" was his life's sole 
bliss, his heart's eternal treasure. Ph. 
Fletcher, in The Purple Island, iii., 
also calls queen Elizabeth "Cynthia." 

Her words were like a stream of honey fleeting . . . 
Her deeds were like great clusters of ripe grapes . . . 
Her looks were like beams of the morning sun 
Forth looking thro' the windows of the east . . . 
Her thoughts were like the fumes of frankincense 
Which froiu a golden censer forth dolh rise, 

Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1591). 

Cynth'ia, daughter of sir Paul Pliant, 
and daughter-in-law of lady Pliant. She 
is in. love with Meile'font" (2 syl.). Sil 



CYPRIAN. 



DAGONET. 



Paul calls her "Thy."— W. Congreve, 
The Double Dealer (1694). 

Cyp'rian (^1), a woman of loose 
morals ; so called from the island Cyprus, 
a chief seat of the worship of Venus or 
Cyp'ria. 

Cyp'rian (Brother), a Dominican monk 
at the monastery of Holyrood. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Cyrena'ic Shell {The), the lyre 
or strain of Callim'achos, a Greek poet of 
Alexandria, in Egypt. Six of his hymns 
in hexameter verse are still extant. 

For you the Cyrenaic shell 
Behold I touch revering. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads. 

Cyr'ic (St.), the saint to whom 
sailors address themselves. The St. Elmo 
of the Welsh. 

The weary mariners 
Called on St. Cyric's aid. 

Southey. Madoc, i. 4 (1805). 

Cyrus and Tom'yris. Cyrus, 

after subduing the eastern parts of Asia, 
was defeated by Tomyris queen of the 
Massage'tee, in Scythia. Tomyris cut off 
his head, and threw it into a vessel filled 
with human blood, saying, as she did so, 
" There, drink thy fill." Dante refers to 
this incident in his Purgatory, xii. 

Consyder Cyrus . . . 

He whose huge power no man might overthrowe, 

Tomy'ris queen with great despite hath slowe. 

His head dismembered from his mangled corps 

Herself she cast into a vessel fraught 

With clotted bloud of them that felt her force. 

And with these words a just reward she taught — 

•• Drynke now thy fyll of thy desired draught." 

T. Sackville, A Mirrour for Magistraytet 
(" The Complaynt," 1587). 

Cythere'a, Venus ; so called from 
Cythe'ra (now Cerigo), a mountainous 
island of Laco'nia, noted for the worship 
of Aphrodite (or Venus). The tale is 
that Venus and Mars, having formed an 
illicit affection for each other, were 
caught in a delicate net made by Vulcan, 
and exposed to the ridicule of the court 
of Olympus. 

He the fate [may siva] 
Of naked Mais with Cytherea chained. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiad*. 

Cyze'nis, the infamous daughter of 
Diomed, who killed every one that fell 
into her clutches, and compelled fathers 
to eat their own children. 

Czar (Caesar), a title first assumed in 
Russia by Ivan III., who, in 1472, mar- 
ried a princess of the imperial Byzantine 
line. He also introduced the double- 
headed black eagle of Byzantium as the 
national symbol. The official style of 
the Russian autocrat ia Samoderjctz. 



D'Acunha (Teresa), waiting-woman 
to the countess of Glenallan. — Sir W. 
Scott, Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Daffodil. When Perseph'one, the 
daughter of Deme'ter, was a little maiden, 
she wandered about the meadows of 
Enna, in Sicily, to gather white daffodils 
to wreathe into her hair, and being tired 
she fell asleep. Pluto, the god of the 
infernal regions, carried her off to be- 
come his wife, and his touch turned the 
white flowers to a golden yellow. Some 
remained in her tresses till she reached 
the meadows of Acheron, and falling off 
there grew into the asphodel, with which 
the meadows thenceforth abounded. 

She stepped upon Sicilian grass, 
Deineter's daughter, fresh and fair, 

A child of light, a radiant lass, 

And gamesnme as the morning air. 

The daffodils were fair to see, 

They nodded lightly on the lea ; 
Persephone ! Persephond ■ 

Jean Ingelow, Persephone. 

Dagon, sixth in order of thehierarchv 
of hell: (1) Satan, (2) Beelzebub, (3) 
Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Thammuz, (6) 
Dagon. Dagon was half man and half 
fish. He was worshipped in Ashdod, 
Gath, Ascalon, Ekron, and Gaza (the five 
chief cities of the Philistines). When 
the "ark" was placed in his temple, 
Dagon fell, and the palms of his hands 
were broken off. 

Next came . . . 
Dagon . . . sea-monster, upward man 
And downward fish. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 457, etc. (1665). 

Dag'onet (Sir), king Arthur's fool. 
One day sir Dagonet, with two squires, 
came to Cornwall, and as the}' drew near 
a well sir Tristram soused them all three 
in, and dripping wet made them mount 
their horses and ride off, amid the jeers 
of the spectators (pt. ii. 60). 

King Arthur loved sir Dagonet passing well, and made 
him knight with his own hands; and at every tourna- 
ment he made king Arthur laugh. — Sir T. Malorv, L'igtury 
of Prince Arthur, ii. i>7 (1470). 

Justice Shallow brags that he once 
personated sir Dagonet, while he was a 
student at Clement's Inn. — Shakespeare, 
2 Henry J V. act ii. sc. 2 (1598). 

*** Tennyson deviates in this, as he 
does in so many other instances, from the 
old romance. The History says that 
king Arthur made Dagonet knight " with 
his own hands," because he "loved him 



DALDAH. 



233 



passing well ; " but Tennyson says that 
sir Gawain made him " a mock-knight of 
the Round Tabic." — The Last IXrurna- 
ment, 1. 

Dal'dah, Mahomet's favourite white 
mule. 

Dalga, a Lombard harlot, who tries to 
Beduce young Goltho, but Goltho is saved 
by his friend Ulfinore. — Sir W. Da- 
v^enant, Gondibert (died 1668). 

Dalgarno (Lord Malcolm of), a pro- 
fligate young nobleman, son of the earl 
of Hunting! en (an old Scotch noble 
family). Nigel strikes Dalgarno with 
his sword, and is obliged to seek refuge 
in " Alsatia." Lord Dalgarno's villainy 
to the lady Hermlone excites the displea- 
sure of king James, and he would have 
been banished if he had not married her. 
After this, lord Dalgarno carries off the 
wife of John Christie, the ship-owner, 
and is shot by captain Colepepper, the 
Alsatian bully. — Sir W. Scott, Fortune* 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Dalgetty (Dugald), of Drum- 
thwacket, the union of the soldado with 
the pedantic student of Mareschal College. 
As a soldier of fortune, he is retained in 
the service of the earl of Monteith. The 
marquis of Argyll (leader of the parlia- 
mentary army) tried to tamper with him 
in prison, but Dugald seized him, threw 
him down, and then made his escape, 
locking the marquis in the dungeon. 
After the battle, captain Dalgetty was 
knighted. This "Rittmaster" is a pe- 
dant, very conceited, full of vulgar 
assurance, with a good stock of worldly 
knowledge, a student of divinity, and "a 
soldier who lets his sword out to the 
highest bidder. The character is original 
and well drawn. — Sir W. Scott, Legend 
of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

It was an old fortalice, but is now reduced to the 
dimensions of a " sconce" that would have delighted the 
strategic soul of Dugald Dalgetty, of Drumthwacket— 
Yates, Celebrities, etc.. 45. 

* # * The original of this character was 
Munro, who wrote an account of the 
campaigns of that band of Scotch and 
English auxiliaries in the island of 
Swinemunde, in 1630. Munro was himself 
one of the band. Dugald Dalgetty is one 
of the best of Scott's characters. 

Dalton (Mrs.), housekeeper to the 
Rev. Mr. Staunton, of Willingham Rec- 
tory. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Dalton (Reginald), the hero of a novel 
so called, by J. G. Lockhart (1832) 



DAMOCLES. 

Dalzell (General Thomas), in tho 
royal iirinv of Charles II. — Sir W. Scott, 

Old Mortal it;/ (l«Hi). 

Damascus of the North. Bosna- 
Serai, capital of Bosnia, is so called from 
its garden-like aspect, trees being every- 
where mingled with the houses. 

Dame du Lac, Vivienne le Fay. 
The lake was "en la marche de la petito 
Bretaigne ; " "en ce lieu . . . avoit la 
dame moult de belles maisons et moult 
riches." 

Dame du Lac, Sebille (2 syl.). Her 
castle was surrounded by a river on which 
rested so thick a fog that no eye could 
see across it. Alexander the Great 
abode a fortnight with this fay, to be 
cured of his wounds, and king Arthur 
was the result of their amour. (This is 
not in accordance with the general 
legends of this noted hero. See Ar- 
THUR.) — Perceforest, i. 42. 

Dam'ian, a squire attending on the 
Grand-Master of the Knights Templars. 
— Sir W. Scott, Lvanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Damiot'ti (Dr. Baptisti), a Paduan 
quack, who exhibits " the enchanted 
mirror "to lady Forester and lady Both- 
well. They see therein the clandestine 
marriage and infidelity of sir Philip 
Forester. — Sir W. Scott, Aunt Margaret's 
Mirror (time, William 111.). 

Damis [Ddh.me~\, son of Orgon and 
El mire (2 syl.), impetuous and self- 
willed.— Moliere, Tartuffe (1664). 

Damn -with Faint Praise. 

Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer, 
And without sneering teach the rest to sneer. 

Pope, Prologue to the Satires, 201 (1734). 

Damno'nii, the people of Damno'- 
nium, that is, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset- 
shire, and part of Somersetshire. This 
region, says Richard of Cirencester (Hist. 
vi. 18) was much frequented by the 
Phoenician, Greek, and Gallic merchants, 
for the metals with which it abounded, 
and particularly for its tin. 

Wherein our Devonshire now and farthest Cornwal are. 
The old Danmonii [sic] dwelt. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Dam'ocles (3 syl.), a sycophant, in the 
court of Diony s'ius the Elder, of Syracuse. 
After extolling the felicity of princes, 
Dionysius told him he would give him 
experimental proof thereof. Accordingly 
he had the courtier arrayed in royal robes 
and seated at a sumptuous banquet, but 
overhead was a sword suspended by a 



DAMCETAS. 



234 



DANAID. 



single horseliair, and Damocles was afraid 
to stir, lest the hair should break and the 
sword fall on him. Dionysius thus inti- 
mated that the lives of kings are threatened 
every hour of the day. — Cicero. 

Let us who have not our names in the Red Book con- 
sole ourselves by thinking comfortably how miserable our 
betters may be, and that Damocles, who sits on satin 
cushions, and is served on gold plate, has an awful sword 
hanging over his head, in the shape of a bailiff, or heredi- 
tary disease, or family secret.— Thackeray, Vanity Fair, 
xivii. (1848). 

Damce'tas, a herdsman. Theocritos 
and Virgil use the name in their pastorals. 

And old Damcetas loved to hear our song. 

MUton, Lycidas (1638). 

Da'mon, a goat-herd in Virgil's third 
Eclogue. Walsh introduces the same 
name in his Eclogues also. Any rustic, 
swain, or herdsman. 

Damon and De'lia. Damon asks 
Delia why she looks so coldly on him. 
She replies because of his attentions to 
Belvidera. He says he paid these atten- 
tions at her own request, " to hide the 
secret of their mutual love." Delia con- 
fesses that his prudence is commendable, 
but his acting is too earnest. To this he 
rejoins that she alone holds his heart; and 
Delia replies : 

Tho' well I might your truth mistrust, 
My foolish heart believes you just ; 
Reason this faith may disapprove, 
But I believe, because I love. 

Lord Lyttleton. 

Damon and Musido'ra, two 

lovers who misunderstood each other. 
Musidora was coy, and Damon thought 
her shyness indicated indifference ; but 
one day he saw her bathing, and his 
delicacy on the occasion so charmed the 
maiden that she at once accepted his 
proffered love. — Thomson, The Seasons 
(" Summer," 1727). 

Da'mon and Pyth'ias. * Damon, 
a senator of Syracuse, was by nature hot- 
mettled, but was schooled by Pytha- 
gore'an philosophy into a Stoic coldness 
and slowness of speech. He was a fast 
friend of the republic, and when Dio- 
nysius was made "king" by a vote of 
the senate, Damon upbraided the be- 
trayers of his country, and pronounced 
Dionysius a " tyrant." For this he was 
seized, and as he tried to stab Dionysius, 
he was condemned to instant death. 
Damon now craved respite for four hours 
to bid fare well to his wife and child, but 
the request was denied him. On his way 
to execution, his friend Pythias en- 
countered him, and obtained permission 
of Dionvsius to become his surety, and 



to die in his stead, if within four hours 
Damon did not return. Dionysius not 
only accepted the bail, but extended the 
leave to six hours. When Damon reached 
his country villa, Lucullus killed his 
horse to prevent his return ; but Damon, 
seizing the horse of a chance traveller, 
reached Syracuse just as the executioner 
was preparing to put Pythias to death. 
Dionysius so admired this proof of 
friendship, that he forgave Damon, and 
requested to be taken into his friendship. 
"^ This subject was dramatized in 1571 by 
Richard Edwards, and again in 1825 by 
John Banim. 

(The classic name of Pythias is "Phin- 
tias.") 

Damsel or Damoiseau (in Italian, 
donzel ; in Latin, domisellus), one of the 
gallant youths domiciled in the maison da 
roi. These youths were always sons of 
the greater vassals. Louis VII. (le 
Jeune) was called "The Royal Damsel ;" 
and at one time the royal body-guard 
was called " The King's Damsels." 

Damsel of Brittany, Eleanor, 
daughter of Geoffrey (second son of 
Henry II. of England). After the death 
of Arthur, his sister Eleanor was next in 
succession to the crown, but John, who 
had caused Arthur's death, confined 
Eleanor in Bristol Castle, where she re- 
mained till her death, in 1241. 

D'Amville (2 syl.), "the atheist," 
with the assistance of Borachio, murdered 
Montferrers, his brother, for his estates. 
— Cyril Tourneur, The Atheist's Tragedy 
(seventeenth century). 

Dam'yan (3 syl.), the lover of May 
(the youthful bride of January a Lombard 
knight, 60 years of age). — Chaucer, Can- 
terbury Tales ("The Merchant's Tale," 
1388). 

Dan of the Howlet Hirst, the 

dragon of the revels at Kennaquhair 
Abbey.— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot and 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Dan'ae (3 syl.), an Argive princess, 
visited by Zeus [Jupiter] in the form of 
a shower of gold, while she was confined 
in an inaccessible tower. 

Danaid (3 syl.). Dan'aus had fifty 
daughters, called the Danaids or Da- 
na'idcs. These fifty women married the 
fifty sons of jEgyptus, and (with one 
exception) murdered their husbands on 
the night of their espousals. For tin* 



DANAW. 



235 



DANTE AND BEATRICE. 



crime they were doomed in hades to 
pour water everlastingly into sieves. 

Let not your prudence, dearest, drowse or prove 
The Daimid of a leaky vase. 

Tennyson, The Princess, 1L 

%* The one who spared her husband 
was Hypermnestra, whose husband's 
name was Lynceus [Lin'. suae], 

Dan'aw, the German word for the 
Dan'ube, used by Milton in his Paradise 
Lost, i. 353 (1605). 

Dancing Chancellor (The), sir 
Christopher Hatton, who attracted the 
attention of queen Elizabeth by his grace- 
ful dancing at a masque. She took him 
into favour, and made him both chan- 
cellor and knight of the Garter (died 
1591). 

%* Mons. de Lauzun, the favourite of 
Louis XIV., owed his fortune to his 
grace in dancing in the king's quadrille. 

Many more than one nobleman owed the favour he 
enjoyed at court to the way he pointed his toe or moved 
his leg. — A. Dumas, Taking the Hostile. 

Dancing Water (The), from the 
Burning Forest. This water had the 
power of imparting youthful beauty to 
those who used it. Prince Chery, aided 
by a dove, obtained it for Fairstar. 

The dancing water is the eighth wonder of the world. 
It beautifies ladies, makes them young again, and even 
enriches them.— Cointesse D'Auuoy, Fairy Tales [" Prin- 
cess Fairstar." 1632). 

Dandies (The prince of), Beau Brum- 
mel (1778-1840). 

Dandin (George), a rich French 
tradesman, who marries Ang'elique, the 
daughter of Mons. le baron de Sotenville, 
and has the "privilege" of paying oft* 
the family debts, maintaining his wife's 
noble parents, and being snubbed on all 
occasions to his heart's content. He 
constantly said to himself, in self -rebuke, 
Vous Vavez voulu, vous Vavez voulu, George 
Dandin! ("You have no one to blame 
but yourself ! you brought it on yourself, 
George Dandin ! ") 

Vous 1'avez voulu, vous 1'avez voulu, George Dandin ! 
vous 1'avez volu ! . . . voia avez justement ce que vous 
meritez.— Moliere, George Dandin, i. 9 (16G8). 

" Well, tu fas eoulu, George Dandin," she said, with a 
smile, "you were determined on it, and must bear the 
consequences." — Percy Fitzgerald. The Parvenu Family, 
ii. '262. 

* + * There is no such phrase in the 
comedy as Tu Vas voulu. it is always Vous 
Vavez voulu. 

Dan'dolo (Signor), a friend to Fazio 
in prosperity, but who turns from him 
when in disgrace. He says : 

Signor, I am paramount 
In all affairs of boot and spur and hose ; 



In matters of the robe and cap supreme ; 
In ruff disputes, my lord, there's no appeal 
From my irrufragibility. 

Dean Milman, Fazio, ii. 1 (181B). 

Danelagh (2 sgl.), the fifteen 
counties in which the Danes settled in 
England, viz., Essex, Middlesex, Suffolk, 
Norfolk, Herts, Cambs., Hants, Lincoln, 
Notts., Derby, Northampton, Leicester- 
shire, Bucks., Beds., and the vast ter- 
ritory called Northumbria. — liromton 
Chronicle (printed 1G52). 

Dangeau (Jouer a la), to play as 
good a hand at cards as Philippe de 
Courcillon, marquis de Dangeau (1638- 
1720). 

Dan'gerfield (Captain), a hired wit- 
ness in the " Popish Plot." — Sir \V. 
Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

Dangle, a gentleman bitten with the 
theatrical mania, who annoys a manager 
with impertinent flattery and advice. It 
is said that Thomas Vaughan, a play- 
wright of small reputation, was the 
original of this character. — Sheridan, 
The Critic (see act i. 1), (1779). 

The latter portion of the sentence is intelligible . . . 
but the rest reminds us of Mr. Dangle's remark, that the 
interpreter appears the harder to be understood of the 
two.— Encyc. Brit. Art. "Romance." 

Dan'hasch, one of the genii who 
didnot "acknowledge thegreat Solomon." 
"When the princess Badoura in her sleep 
was carried to the bed of prince Camaral'- 
zaman that she might see him, Danhasch 
changed himself into a flea, and bit her 
lip, at which Badoura awoke, saw the 
prince sleeping by her side, and after- 
wards became his wife. — Arabian Nights 
(" Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 

Daniel, son of Widow Lackitt ; a 
wealthy Indian planter. A noodle of the 
softest mould, whom Lucy Weldon mar- 
ries for his money. — Thomas Southern, 
Oroonoko (1696). 

Dan'nischemend, the Persian 
sorcerer, mentioned in Donnerhugel's 
narrative. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geter- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Dante and Beatrice. Some say 
that Beatrice, in Dante's Divina Corn- 
media, merely personifies faith ; others 
think it a real character, and say she was 
the daughter of an illustrious family of 
Portinari, for whom the poet entertained 
a purely platonic affection. She meets 
the poet after he has been dragged 
through the river Lethe (Purgatory , 
xxxi.), and conducts him through para- 



DANTON OF THE CEVENNES. 236 



DARGONET. 



disc Beatrice Portina'ri married Simon 
de Bardi, and died at the age of 24 ; 
Dante was a few months older. 

Some persons say that Dante meant Theology 
By Beatrice, and not a mistress : I . . . 
Deem this a commentator's phantasy. 

Byron, Don Juan, Hi. 11 (1820). 

*** The poet married Gemma, of the 
powerful house of Donati. (See Loves.) 

Dante's Beard. All the pictures of 
Dante which I have seen represent him 
without any beard or hair on his face at 
all ; but in Purgatory, xxxi., Beatrice 
says to him, " Raise thou thy beard, and 
lo ! what sight shall do," i.e. lift up 
your face and look about you ; and he 
adds, " No sooner lifted I mine aspect up 
. . . than mine eyes \encountered\ Bea- 
trice." 

Danton of the Cevennes, 

Pierre Seguier, prophet and preacher of 
Magistavols, in France. He was a leader 
amongst the Camisards. 

Dan vers (Charles), an embryo bar- 
rister of the Middle Temple.— C. Selby, 
The Unfinished Gentleman. 

Daph'ne (2 syl.), daughter of Sileno 
and Mysis, and sister of Nysa. The 
favourite of Apollo while sojourning on 
earth in the character of a shepherd lad 
named " Pol." — Kane O'Hara, Midas (a 
burletta, 1778). 

(In classic mythology Daphne fled 
from the amorous god, and escaped by 
being changed into a laurel.) 

Daph'nis, a beautiful Sicilian shep- 
herd, the inventor of bucolic poetry. He 
was a son of Mercury, and friend both of 
Pan and of Apollo. 

Daph'nis, the modest shepherd. 

This is that modest shepherd, be 
That only dare salute, but r.e er could be 
Brought to kiss any, hold discourse, or sing, 
Whisper, or boldly ask. 
John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 3 (1610). 

Daph'nis and Chlo'e, a prose- 
pastoral love story in Greek, by Longos 
(a Byzantine), not unlike the tale of 
The Gentle Shepherd, by Allan Ramsay. 
Gessner has also imitated the Greek 
romance in his idyll called Daphnis. 
In this love story Longos says he was 
hunting in Lesbos, and saw in a grove 
consecrated to tbe nymphs a beautiful 
picture of children exposed, lovers 
plighting their faith, and the incursions 
of pirates, which he now expresses and 
dedicates to Pan, Cupid, and the nymphs. 
Daphnis, of course, is the lover of Chloe. 

(Probably this Greek pastoral story 



suggested to St. Pierre his story of Paid 
and, Virginia. Gay has a poem entitled 
Daphnis and Chloe.) 

Dapper, a lawyer's clerk, who went 
to Subtle "the alchemist," to be sup- 
plied with "a familiar" to make him 
win in horse-racing, cards, and all games 
of chance. Dapper is told to prepare 
himself for an interview with the fairy 
queen by taking "three drops of vinegar 
in at the nose, two at the mouth, and 
one at either ear," "to cry hum thrice 
and buzz as often." — Ben Jonson, The 
Alchemist (1610). 

Dapple, the donkey ridden by Sancho 
Panza, in Cervantes' romance of Don 
Quixote (1605-1615). 

Darby and Joan. This ballad, 
called The Happy Old Couple, is printed 
in the Gentleman's Magazine, v. 153 
(March, 1735). It is also in Plumptre's 
Collection of Songs, 152 (Camb. 1805), 
with the music. The words are some- 
times attributed to Prior, and the first 
line favours the notion : " Dear Chloe, 
while thus beyond measure ; " only Prior 
always spells Chloe without "h." 

Darby and Joan are an old-fashioned, 
loving couple, wholly averse to change 
of any sort. It is generally said that 
Henry Woodfall was the author of the 
ballad, and that the originals were John 
Darby (printer, of Bartholomew Close, 
who died 1730) and his wife Joan. 
Woodfall served his apprenticeship with 
John Darby. 

"You may be a Darby [Mr. Hardcastle], but I'll be no 
Joan, 1 promise you."— Goldsmith, SheStooix to Conquer, 
i. 1 (1773). 

Dardu-Le'na, the daughter of Fol- 
dath general of the Fir-bolg or Belgae 
settled in the south of Ireland. "When 
Foldath fell in battle, 

His soul rushed to the vale of Mona, to Dardu-Lena 1 * 
dream, by Dalrutho's stream, where she slept, returning 
from the chase of hinds. Her bow is near the maid, 
unstrung. . . . Clothed in the beauty of youth, the love 
of heroes lay. Dark-bending from . . . the wood her 
wounded father seemed to come. He appeared at times, 
then hid himself in mist. Bursting into tears, she arose. 
She knew that the chief was low. . . . Thou wert the 
last of his race, O blue-eyed Dardu-Lena ! — Ossian, 
Temora, v. 

Dare. Humani nihil a me alienum esse 
puto. — Terence. 

I dare do all that may become a man, 
M'ho dares do more is none. 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, act i. sc. 7 (1606). 

Dargo, the spear of Ossian son of 
Fingal. — Ossian, Calthon and Colmal. 

Dar'gonet "the Tall," son of As- 



DARIUS AND HIS HORSE. 



237 



D'ASUMAR. 



tolpho, and brother of Paradine. In the 
fight provoked by Oswald against duke 
Gondibert, which was decided by four 
combatants against four, Dargonet was 
slain by Hugo the Little. Dargonet and 
his brother were rivals for the love of 
Laura. — Sir Wm. Davenant, Gondibert, 
i. (died 1G68). 

Dari'us and His Horse. The 

seven candidates for the throne of Persia 
agreed that he should be king whose 
horse neighed first. As the horse of 
Darius was the first to neigh, Darius was 
proclaimed king. 

That brave Scythian, 
Who found more sweetness in his horse's neighing 
Than all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing. 

Lord Brooke, 

(All the south of Russia and west of 
Asia was called Scythia.) 

Darlemont, guardian and maternal 
uncle of Julio of Harancour ; formerly a 
merchant. He takes possession of the 
inheritance of his ward by foul means, 
but i6 proud as Lucifer, suspicious, ex- 
acting, and tyrannical. Every one fears 
him ; no one loves him. — Thorn. Hol- 
croft, Deaf and Dumb (1785). 

Darling (Grace), daughter of William 
Darling, lighthouse-keeper on Longstone, 
one of the E'arne Islands. On the morn- 
ing of September 7, 1838, Grace and her 
father saved nine of the crew of the 
Forfarshire steamer, wrecked among the 
Fame Islands opposite Bamborough 
Castle (1815-1842). 

Darnay (Charles), the lover and 
afterwards the husband of Lucie Ma- 
nette. He bore a strong likeness to 
Sydney Carton, and was a noble character, 
worthy of Lucie. His real name was 
Evre'monde. — C. Dickens, A Tale of Tuco 
Cities (1859). 

Darnel (Aurelia), a character in 
Smollett's novel entitled The Adventures 
of Sir Launcelot Greaves (1760). 

Darnley, the amant of Charlotte 
[Lambert], in The Hypocrite, by Isaac 
Bickerstaff. In Moliere's comedy of 
Tartuffe, Charlotte is called " Mariane," 
and Darnley is " Valere." 

Dar'-Thula, daughter of Colla, and 
" fairest of Erin's maidens." She fell in 
love with Nathos, one of the three sons 
of Usnoth lord of Etha (in Argyllshire). 
Cairbar, the rebel, was also in love with 
her, but his suit was rejected. Nathos 
was made commander of king Cormac's 



army at the death of Cuthullin, and for 
a time upheld the tottering throne. But 
the rebel grew stronger and stronger, 
and at length found means to murder 
the young king ; whereupon the army 
under Nathos deserted. Nathos was now 
obliged to quit Ireland, and Dar-Thula 
fled with him. A storm drove the vessel 
back to Ulster, where Cairbar was en- 
camped, and Nathos, with his two 
brothers, being overpowered by numbers, 
fell. Dar-Thula was arrayed as a younjc 
warrior ; but when her lover was slain 
" her shield fell from her arm ; her 
breast of snow appeared, but it was 
stained with blood. An arrow was fixed 
in her side," and her dying blood was 
mingled with that of the three brothers. 
— Ossian, Dar-Thula (founded on the 
story of " Deirdri," i. Trans, of the 
Gaelic Soc). 

Dar'tle (Bosa), companion of Mrs. 
Steerforth. She loved Mrs. Steerforth's 
son, but her love was not reciprocated. 
Miss Dartle is a vindictive woman, noted 
for a scar on her lip, which told tales 
when her temper was aroused. This scar 
was from a wound given by young Steer- 
forth, who struck her on the lip when a 
bov. — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
(1849). 

Darwin's Missing Link, the 
link between the monkey and man. 
According to Darwin, the present host 
of animal life began from a few elemental 
forms, which developed, and by natural 
selection propagated certain types of 
animals, while others less suited to the 
battle of life died out. Thus, beginning 
with the larvse of ascidians (a marine 
mollusc), we get by development to fish 
lowly organized (as the lancelet), thence 
to ganoids and other fish, then to amphi- 
bians. From amphibians we get to birds 
and reptiles, and thence to mammals, 
among which comes the monkey, between 
which and man is a Missing Link. 

Dashall (The Hon. Tom), cousin of 
Tally-Jao. The rambles and adventures 
of these two blades are related by Pierce 
Egan (1821-1822). 

D'Asumar (Count), an old Nestor, 
who fancied nothing was so good as when 
he was a young man. 

" Alas I I see no men nowadays comparable to tho=e 
I knew heretofore ; and the tournaments are not per- 
formed with half the magnificenee as when I was a young 
man. . . ." Seeing some fine peaches served up, he 
observed. "In my time, the peaches were much larew 
than they are at present ; nature degenerates every da) ." 



DAUGHTER. 



238 



DAVID. 



"At that rat*." said his companion, smiling, " the 
peaches of Adam's time must have been wonderfully 
Iarge."--Lesage. Git Bias, iv. 7 (1724). 

Daughter (The), a drama by S. 
Knowles (1836). Marian, "daughter" 
of Robert, once a wrecker, was betrothed 
to Edward, a sailor, who went on his last 
voyage, and intended then to many her. 
During his absence a storm at sea arose, 
a body was washed ashore, and Robert 
went down to plunder it. Marian went 
to look for her father and prevent his 
robbing those washed ashore by the 
waves, when she saw in the dusk some 
one stab a wrecked body. It was Black 
Norris, but she thought it was her father. 
Robert being taken up, Marian gave 
witness against him, and he was con- 
demned to death. Norris said he would 
save her father if she would marry him, 
and to this she consented ; but on the 
wedding day Edward returned. Norris 
was taken up for murder, and Marian 
was saved. 

Daughter -with Her Murdered 
Father's Head. Margaret Roper, 
daughter of sir Thomas More, obtained 
privately the head of her father, which 
had been exposed for some days on 
London Bridge, and buried it in St. 
Dunstan's Church, Canterbury (1535). 
Tennyson alludes to this in the following 
lines : — 

Morn broadened on the borders of the dark, 
Ere I saw her who clasped in her last trance 
he: murdered father's head. 

The head of the young earl of Denvent- 
water was exposed on Temple Bar in 
1716. His wife drove in a cart under 
the arch, and a man, hired for the pur- 
pose, threw the young earl's head into 
the cart, that it might be decently buried. 
— Sir Bernard Burke. 

Mdlle. de Sombreuil, daughter of the 
comte de Sombreuil, insisted on sharing 
her father's prison during the "Reign of 
Terror," and in accompanying him to the 
guillotine. 

Dauphin (Le Grand), Louis due de 
Bourgogne, eldest son of Louis XIV., 
for whom was published the Delphine 
Classics (1661-1711). 

Dauphin (Le Petit), son of the "Grand 
Dauphin" (1682-1712). 

Daura, daughter of Armin. She 
was betrothed to Armar, son of Armart, 
Erath a rival lover having been rejected 
by her. One day, disguised as an old 
grey-beard, Erath told Daura that he 
was sent to conduct her to Armar, who 



was waiting for her. Without the 
slightest suspicion, she followed her 
guide, who took her to a rock in the 
midst of the sea, and there left her. 
Her brother Arindal, returning from the 
chase, saw Erath on the shore, and 
bound him to an oak ; then pushing off 
the boat, weut to fetch back his sister. 
At this crisis Armar came up, and dis- 
charged his arrow at Erath ; but the 
arrow struck Arindal, and killed him. 
"The boat broke in twain," and Armar 
plunged into the sea to rescue his be- 
trothed ; but a " sudden blast from the 
hills struck him, and he sank to rise no 
more." Daura was rescued by her father, 
but she haunted the shore all night in a 
drenching rain. Next day "her voice 
grew very feeble ; it died away ; and, 
spent with grief, she expired." — Ossian, 
Songs of Selma. 

Davenant (Lord), a bigamist. One 
wife was Marianne Dormer, whom he 
forsook in three months. It was given 
out that he was dead, and Marianne 
in time married lord Davenant's son. 
His other wife was Louisa Travers, who 
was engaged to captain Dormer, but 
was told that the captain was faithless 
and had married another. When the 
villainy of his lordship could be no longer 
concealed, he destroyed himself. 

Lady Davenant, one of the two wives 
of lord Davenant. She was ''a faultless 
wife," with beauty to attract affection, 
and every womauly grace. 

Charles Davenant, a son of lord Dave- 
nant, who married Marianne Dormer, his 
father's wife. — Cumberland, Vhe Mys- 
terious Husband (1783). 

Davenant (Will), a supposed descend- 
ant from Shakespeare, and Wildrake's 
friend. — Sir W. Scott, Woodst<*;k (time, 
the Commonwealth). 

David, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, is meant for Cbnrles II. 
As David's beloved son Absalom rebelled 
against him, so the duke of Monmouth 
rebelled against his father Charles II. 
As Achitophel was a traitorous counsellor 
to David, so was the earl of Shaftesbury 
to Charles II. As Hushai' outwitted 
Achitophel, so Hyde (duke of Rochester) 
outwitted the earl of Shaftesbury, <etc., 
etc. 

Auspicious prince, 

Thy longing country s darling and desire. 
Their cloudy pillar, and their guardian fire . . . 
The people's prayer, the glad diviner's themo. 
The young men's vision, and the old men's dream. 
Dryden, A lualom and Achitophel, L (KiaH 



DAVID. 



239 



DAWSON. 



David, king of North Wales, eldest 
son of Owen, by his second wife. Owen 
died in 11(59. David married Emma 
Plantagenet, a Saxon princess, lie slew 
his brother Hoel and his half-brother 
Yorwerth (son of Owen by his first wife), 
who had been set aside from the succes- 
sion in consequence of a blemish in the 
face. He also imprisoned his brother 
Rodri, and drove others into exile. 
Madoc, one of his brothers, went to 
America, and established there a Welsh 
colony. — Southey, Maduc (1805). 

David (St.), son of Xantus prince of 
Cereticu (Cardiganshire) and the nun Ma- 
learia. He was the uncle of king Arthur. 
St. David first embraced the ascetic life 
in the Isle of Wight, but subsequently 
removed to Menevia, in Pembrokeshire, 
where he founded twelve convents. In 
577 the archbishop of Caerleon resigned 
his see to him, and St. David removed 
the seat of it to Menevia, which was sub- 
sequently called St. David's, and became 
the metropolis of Wales. He died at the 
age of 14b', in the year 042. The waters 
of Bath "owe their warmth and salutary 
qualities to the benediction of this saint." 
Drayton bays he lived in the valley of 
Ewias (2 syl.), between the hills of 
Hatterill, in Monmouthshire. 

Here, in an aged cell with moss ami ivy grown, 
In which not to this cl:i> the -un h;ith ever shone. 
That reverend British :?aint in zealous ages past, 
To contemplation lived. 

Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

St. David's Day, March 1. The leek 
worn by Welshmen on this day is in 
memory of a complete victory obtained 
by them over the Saxons (March 1, 640). 
This victory is ascribed " to the prayers 
of St. David," and his judicious adoption 
of a leek in the cap, that the Britons 
might readily recognize each other. The 
Saxons, having no badge not unfre- 
quently turned their swords against their 
own supporters. 

David and Jonathan, inseparable 
friends. The allusion is to David the 
psalmist and Jonathan the son of Saul. 
David's lamentation at the death of 
Jonathan was never surpassed in pathos 
and beauty. — 2 Samuel i. 19-27. 

Davie Debet, debt. 

So ofte thy neighbours banquet in thy hall, 

Till Davie Debet in thy parler stand. 

And bid> the[ej welcome to thine own decay. 

G. Gascoigne, Ma'jnum Vcctigai, etc. idied' 1775). 

Davie of Stenhouse, a friend of 
Hobbie Elliott.— Sir W. Scott, The Black 
Dwarf (time, Anne). 



Davies (John), an old fisherman 
employed by Joshua Geddes the quaker. 
— Sir W. Scott, Rcdgauntlct (time, 
George III.). 

Da'vus, a plain, uncouth servitor ; 
a common name for a slave in Greek and 
Roman plays, as in the AmJria of 
Terence. 

His face made of brass. like a vice in a game. 
His gesture like Davus, whom Tercnre doth name. 

T. Tuiser, Hrt JiunUnd J'oiflt of Good 
Mutbaiidry, liv. U557). 

Davits sum, non (E'dipus. I am a 
homely man, and do not understand 
hints, innuendoes, and riddles, like Oedi- 
pus. OZdipus was the Theban who 
expounded the riddle of the Sphinx, that 
puzzled all his countrymen. Davus was 
the stock name of a servant or slave in 
Latin comedies. The proverb is used by 
Terence, Andria, 1, 2, 23. 

Davy, the varlet of justice Shallow, 
who so identities himself with his master 
that he considers himself half host half 
varlet. Thus when he seats Bardolph 
and Page at table, he tells them they 
must take "his"' good will for their 
assurance of welcome. — Shakespeare, 2 
Ihnry IV. (1598). 

Daw (Sir David), a rich, duuder- 
headed baronet of Monmouthshire, with- 
out wit, words, or worth, but believing 
himself somebody, and fancying himself 
a sharp fellow, because his servants laugh 
at his good sayings, and his mother call? 
him a wag. Sir David pays his suit to 
Miss [Emily] Tempest ; but as the affec- 
tions of the young lady are fixed on 
Henry Woodville, the baron goes to the 
wall. — Cumberland, The TVAce/ of For- 
tune (1779). 

Dawfyd, "the one-eved" freebooter 
chief.— Sir W. Scott, "The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

Dawkins (Jack), known by the 
sobriquet of the "Artful Dodger." He 
is one of Fagin's tools. Jack Dawkins is 
a young scamp of unmitigated villainy, 
and full of artifices, but of a cheer}*, 
buovant temper. — C. Dickens, Oliver 
Twist, viii. (18o7). 

Dawson (BuUy), a London sharper, 
bully, and debauchee of the seventeenth 
century. — See Spectator, No. 2. 

Bully Dawson kicked by half the town, and half to* 
town kicked by Bully Dawson. — Charles Lamb. 

Dawson (Jemmy). Captain James Daw- 
son was one of the eight officers belong- 
ing to the Manchester volunteers in the 



DAWSON. 



240 



DAYS RECURRENT, ETC. 



service of Charles Edward, the young 
pretender. He was a very amiable 
young man, engaged to a young lady of 
family and fortune, who went in her 
carriage to witness his execution for 
treason. When the body was drawn, i.e. 
embowelled, and the heart thrown into the 
fire, she exclaimed, "James Dawson!" 
and expired. Shenstone has made this 
the subject of a tragic ballad. 

Young Dawson was a gallant youth, 
A brighter never trod the plain; 

And well he loved one charming maid. 
And dearly was he loved again. 

Shenstone, Jemmy Dawson. 

Dawson, (Phoebe), "the pride of Lam- 
mas Fair," courted by all the smartest 
young men of the village, but caught 
" by the sparkling eyes " and ardent 
words of a tailor. Phoebe had by him a 
child before marriage, and after marriage 
he turned a " captious tyrant and a noisy 
sot." Poor Phoebe drooped, " pinched 
were her looks, as one who pined for 
bread," and in want and sickness she 
sank into an early tomb. 

This sketch is one of the best in Crabbe's 
Parish Register (1807). 

Day (Justice), a pitiable hen-pecked 
husband, who always addresses his wife 
as " duck " or " duckie." 

Mrs. Day, wife of the " justice," full 
of vulgar dignity, overbearing, and loud. 
She was formerly the kitchen-maid of 
her husband's father ; but being raised 
from the kitchen to the parlour, became 
my lady paramount. 

In the comedy from which this farce is 
taken, " Mrs. Day " was the kitchen-maid 
in the family of colonel Careless, and 
went by the name of Gillian. In her 
exalted state she insisted on being ad- 
dressed as " Your honour " or " Your 
ladyship." 

Margaret Woffington [1718-1760], in "Mrs. Day," 
made no scruple to disguise her beautiful face by drawing 
on it the lines of deformity, and to put on the tawdry 
habiliments and vulgar manners of an old hypocritical 
city vixen.— Thomas Davies. 

Abel Day, a puritanical prig, who can 
do nothing without Obadiah. This 
«' downright ass" (act i. 1) aspires to the 
hand of the heiress Arabella. — T. Knight, 
The Honest Thieves. 

This farce is a mere rechauffe* of The 
Committee, a comedy bv the Hon. sir 
R. Howard (1670). The names of " Day," 
"Obadiah," and "Arabella" are the 
same. 

Day (Ferquhard), the absentee from 
the clan Chattan ranks at the conflict. — 



Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Day of the Barricades, May 12, 
1588, when Henri de Guise returned to 
Paris in defiance of the king's order. 
The king sent for his Swiss guards, and 
the Parisians tore up the pavements, 
threw chains across the streets, and piled 
up barrels filled with earth and stones, 
behind which they shot down the Swiss 
as they paraded the streets. The king 
begged the duke to put an end to the con- 
flict, and fled. 

Another Journe'e des Barricades was 
August 27, 1688, the commencement of 
the Fronde war. 

Another was June 27, 1830, the first 
day of the grand semain which drove 
Charles X. from the throne. 

Another was February 24, 1848, when 
Aft're, archbishop of Paris, was shot in 
his attempt to quell the insurrection. 

Another was December 2, 1851, the 
day of the coup d'etat, when Louis 
Napoleon made his appeal to the people 
for re-election to the presidency for ten 
years. 

Day of the Cornsacks (Journe'e 
des Farines), Januar}' 3, 1591, when some 
of the partizans of Henri IV., disguised 
as millers, attempted to get possession of 
the barrier de St. Honore' (Paris), with 
the view of making themselves masters 
of the city. In this they failed. 

Day of the Dupes, November 11, 
1630. The dupes were Marie de Medicis, 
Anne of Austria, and Gaston due d' Or- 
leans, who were outwitted by cardinal 
Richelieu. The plotters had induced 
Louis XIII. to dismiss his obnoxious 
minister, whereupon the cardinal went 
at once to resign the seals of office ; the 
king repented, re-established the cardinal, 
and he became more powerful than ever. 

Days Recurrent in the Lives 
of Great Men. 

Becket. Tuesday was Beckec's day. 
He was born on a Tuesday, and on a 
Tuesday was assassinated. He was 
baptized on a Tuesday, took his flight 
from Northampton on a Tuesday, with- 
drew to France on a Tuesday, had 
his vision of martyrdom on a Tuesday, 
returned to England on a Tuesday, his 
body was removed from the crypt to the 
shrine on a Tuesday, and on Tuesday 
(April 13, 1875) cardinal Manning conse- 
crated the new church dedicated to SL 
Thomas a Becket. 



DAZZLE. 



241 



DEANS. 



Cromwell's day was September 3. 
On September 3, 1(550, he won the battle 
of Dunbar; on September 3, 1(551, he 
won the battle of Worcester ; on Septem- 
ber 3, 1658, he died. 

Harold's day was October 14. It was 
his birthday, and also the day of his 
death. William the Conqueror was born 
on the same day, and, on October 14, 1006, 
won England by conquest. 

Napoleon's day was August 15, his 
lirthday; but his "lucky" day, like 
that of his nephew, Napoleon III., was 
the 2nd of the month, lie was made 
consul for life on August 2, 1802 ; was 
crowned December 2, 1804 ; won his 
greatest battle, that of Austerlitz, for 
which he obtained the title of "Great," 
December 2, 1805 ; married the arch- 
duchess of Austria April 2, 1810 ; etc. 

Napoleon III. The coup d'etat was/ 
December 2, 1851. Louis Napoleon was 
made emperor December 2, 1852 ; he 
opened, at Saarbriick, the Franco-German 
war August 2, 1870 ; and surrendered his 
sword to William of Prussia, September 2, 
1870. 

Dazzle, in London Assurance, by 
D. Boucicault. 

" Dazzle " and " lady Gay Spanker " " act themselves." 
and will never be dropped out of the list of acting plays. 
— Percy Fitzgerald. 

De Bourgo (William), brother of the 
earl of Ulster and commander of the 
English forces that defeated Felim 
O'Connor (1315) at Athunree, in Con- 
naught. 

Why tho' fallen her brothers kerne [Irish infantry] 
Beneath De Bourgo's battle stem. 

Campbell, O'Connor's Child. 

De Courcy, in a romance called 
Women, by the Rev. C. R. Matnrin. An 
Irishman, made up of contradictions and 
improbabilities. He is in love with 
Zaira, a brilliant Italian, and also with 
her unknown daughter, called Eva Went- 
worth, a model of purity. Both women 
are blighted by his inconstanc}*. Eva 
dies, but Zaira lives to see De Courcy 
perish of remorse (1822). 

De G-ard, a noble, staid gentleman, 
newly lighted from his travels ; brother 
of Oria'na, who "chases" Mi'rabel "the 
wild goose," and catches him. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase (1(352). 

De L'Epee(A66e). Seeing a deaf and 
dumb lad abandoned in the streets of 
Paris, he rescues him, and brings him up 
under the name of Theodore. The found- 



ling turns out to be Julio count of Har- 
ancour. 

"In your opinion, who Is the greatest genius that 

France has ever produced ?" •'Science would decide for 

D'Alembert, and Nature [tcouid] say Buffon ; Wit and 
Taste [would] present Voltaire ; and Sentiment plead for 
Rousseau; bat Genlua and Humanity cry out for I>o 

1'F.pce, and him I call the best and greatest of human 
creatures."— Th. Holcroft, The Deaf and Dumb, iii. 3 
(1785). 

De Profundis (" out of the 
depths . . ."), the first two words of 
Psalm exxx. in the Roman Catholic 
Liturgy, sung when the dead are com- 
mitted to the grave. 

At eve, instead of bridal verse. 
The De Profundis filled Uie air. 

Longfellow, The Blind Oirl 

De Valmont (Count), father of 
Florian and uncle of Geraldine. During 
his absence in the wars, he left his kins- 
man, the baron Longueville, guardian of 
his castle ; but under the hope of coming 
into the property, the baron set fire to the 
castle, intending thereby to kill the wife 
and her infant boy. When De Yalmont 
returned and knew his losses, he became 
a way ward recluse, querulous, despondent, 
frantic at times, and at times most melan- 
choly. He adopted an infant " found in a 
forest," who turned out to be his son. His 
wife was ultimately found, and the vil- 
lainy of Longueville was brought to light. 
— W. Dimond, The Foundling of the Forest. 

Many " De Vjilmonts" I have witnessed in fifty-four 
years, but have never seen the equal of Joseph George 
Holman [17t>4-1817 J.— Donaldson. 

Deaf and Dumb (The), a comedy 
by Thomas Holcroft. "The deaf and 
dumb " boy is Julio count of Harancour, 
a ward of M. Darlemont, who, in order to 
get possession of his ward's property, 
abandons him when very young in the 
streets of Paris. Here he is rescued by 
the abbe' De l'Epe'e, who brings him up 
under the name of Theodore. The boy 
being recognized by his old nurse and 
others, Darlemont confesses his crime, 
and Julio is restored to his rank and 
inheritance. — Th. Holcroft, T/ie Deaf and 
Dumb (1785). 

Dean of St. Patrick (TJie), Jona- 
than Swift, who was appointed to the 
deanerv in 1713, and retained it till his 
death (1667-1745). 

Deans (Douce Davie), the cowherd 
at Edinburgh, noted for his religious 
peculiarities, his magnanimity in affec- 
tion, and his eccentricities. 

Mistress Eebecca Deans, Douce Davie's 
second, wife. 

Jeanie Deans, daughter of Douce Davie 
Deans, by his first wife. She marries 

B 






DEATH. 



242 



DEBATABLE LAND 



Reuben Butler, the pvesbyterian minister. 
Jeanie Deans is a model of good souse, 
strong affection, resolution, and dis- 
interestedness. Her journey from Edin- 
burgh to London is as interesting as that 
of Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, or 
of Bunyan's pilgrim. 

Effie [Euphemia] Deans, daughter of 
Douce Davie Deans, by his second wife. 
She is betrayed by George [after- 
wards sir George] Staunton (called 
Gcordie Eobertson), and imprisoned for 
child murder. Jeanie. goes to the queen 
and sues for pardon, which is vouchsafed 
to her, and Staunton does what he can 
to repair the mischief he has done by 
marrying Effie, who thus becomes lady 
Staunton. Soon after this sir George is 
shot by a gipsy boy, who proves to be 
his own son, and Effie retires to a convent 
on the Continent. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

* + * J. E. Millais has a picture of Effie 
Deans keeping tryst with George Staunton. 

%* The prototype of Jeanie Deans 
was Helen Walker, to whose memory 
sir W. Scott erected a tombstone in 
Irongray Churchyard (Kirkcudbright). 

Death or Mors. So Tennyson calls 
-<\x Ironside the Bed Knight of the Red 
Lands, who kept Lyonors (or Lioncs) 
captive in Castle Perilous. The name 
" Mors," which is Latin, is very incon- 
sistent with a purely British tale, and of 
course does not appear in the. original 
story. — Tennyson, Idylls (" Gareth and 
Lynette") ; sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 134-137 (1470). 

Death {The Ferry of). _ The ferry of 
the Irtish, leading tc Siberia, is so called 
because it leads the Russian exile to 
political and almost certain physical 
death. To be "laid on the shelf" is to 
cross the ferry of the Irtish^ 

Death from Strange Causes. 

iEscHYi/us was killed by the fall of a 
tortoise on his head from the claws of an 
eagle in the air. — Pliny, Hist. vii. 7. 

Agath'oclks (4 syl.), tyrant of Sicily, 
was killed by a tooth-pick, at the age of 95. 

Anacreon was choked by a grape- 
Btone. — Pliny, Hist. vii. 7. 

. Bassus (Q. Lecanius) died from the 
prick of a line needle in his left thumb. 

Chalchas, the soothsayer, died of 
laughter at the thought of his having 
outlived the time predicted for his death. 

Charles VIII., conducting his queen 
into a tennis-court, struck nis head against 
tht lintel, and it caused his death. 



Fabius, the Roman praetor, was choked 
by a single goat-hair in the milk which 
he was drinking. — Pliny, Hist. vii. 7. 

Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales, 
died from the blow of a cricket-ball. 

Itadach died of thirst in the harvest- 
field, because (in observance of the rule 
of St. Patrick) he refused to drink a 
drop of anything. 

Louis VI. met with his death from a 
pig running under his horse, and causing 
it to stumble. 

Margutte died of laughter on seeing a 
monkey trying to pull on a pair of his boots. 

Piiilom'enes (4 syl.) died of laughter 
at seeing an ass eating the figs provided 
for his own dessert. — Valerius Maximus. 

Placut (Phillipot) dropped down dead 
while in the act of paying a bill. — Baca- 
berry the elder. 

Quenelault, a Norman physician of 
Montpellier, died from the slight wound 
made in bis hand in the extraction of a 
splinter. 

Saufeius {Spurius) was choked supping 
up the albumen of a soft-boiled egg. 

Zeuxis, the painter, died of laughter 
at sight of a hag which he had just 
depicted. 

Death Proof of Guilt. When 
combats and ordeals were appealed to 
in proof of guilt, in the belief that " God 
would defend the right," the death of the 
combatant was his sentence of guilt also. 

Take hence that traitor from our sight, 
For, by his cteath, we do perceive his guilt. 

Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act ii. sc. 3 (1591). 

Death Ride {The), the charge of 
the Light Brigade at Balaklava, October 
25, 1854. In this action 600 English 
horsemen, under the command of the earl 
of Cardigan, charged a Russian force of 
5000 cavalry and six battalions of in- 
fantry. They galloped through the 
battery of thirty guns, cutting down 
the artillerymen, and through the cavalry, 
but then discovered the battalions, and 
cut their way back again. Of the 670 who 
advanced to this daring charge, not 200 
returned. This reckless exploit was the 
result of some misunderstanding in an 
order from the commander-in-chief. 
Tennyson has a poem on the subject, 
called The Charge of the Light Brigade. 

For chivalrous devotion and daring, " the Death Ride " 
of the Litfht Brigade will not easily he paralleled.— Sir 
Kdw. Creasy, The Fifteen Decisive Battles (preface). 

Debatable Land {The), a tract of 
land between the Esk and the Sark. It 
seems properly to belong to Scotland, but 
having been claimed by both crowns was 



DEBON. 



243 



DEFARGE. 



styled The Debatable Land. Sir Richard 
Graham bought of James I. of England a 
lease of this tract, and got it united to 
the county of Cumberland. As James 
ruled over both kingdoms, he was 
supremely indifferent to which the plot 
was annexed. 

Deb'on, one of the companions of 
Brute. According to British fable, Devon- 
shire is a corruption of " Debon's-share," 
or the share of country assigned to Debon. 

Deborah Debbitch, governante at 
lady Peveril's. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Dec'adi, plu. dec'adis, the holiday 
every tenth day, in substitution of the 
Sunday or sabbath, in the first French 
Revolution. 

All dcc.-itli he labours in the corner of the Augustin 
cloister, and he calls that his holiday. — The Atelier du 
Lyt, ii. 

Decern Scriptores, a collection 
of ten ancient chronicles on English 
history, edited by Twysden and John 
Selden. The names of the chroniclers 
are Simeon of Durham, John of Hexham, 
Richard of Hexham, Ailred of Rieval, 
Ralph de Diceto, John Brompton of 
Jorval, Gervase of Canterbury, Thomas 
Stubbs, William Thorn of Canterbury, 
and Henry Knighton of Leicester. 

De'cius, friend of Antin'ous (4 syl.). 
— Beaumont and Fletcher, Laws of Candy 
(1647). 

Decree of Fontainebleau, an 

edict of Napoleon I., ordering the destruc- 
tion by fire of all English goods (dated 
October 18, 1810, from Fontainebleau). 

Dec'uman Gate, one of the four 
gates in a Roman camp. It was the gate 
opposite the praetorian, and furthest from 
the enemy. Called decuman because the 
tenth legion was always posted near it. 
The other two gates (the porta principalis 
dextra and the porta principalis sinistra) 
were on the other sides of the square. If 
the praetorian gate was at the top of this 
page, the decuman gate would be at the 
bottom, the porta dextra on the right 
handj and the porta sinistra on the left. 

Dedlock. (Sir Leicester), bart., who 
has a general opinion that the world 
might get on without hills, but would 
be "totally done up" without Dedlocks. 
He loves lady Dedlock, and believes in 
her implicitly. Sir Leicester is honour- 
able and truthful, but intensely preju- 
diced, immovably obstinate, and proud 
as " county " can make a man ; but his 



pride has a most dreadful fall when the 
guilt of lady Dedlock becomes known. 

Lady Dedlock, wife of sir Leicester, 
beautiful, cold, and apparently heartless ; 
but she is weighed down with this terrible 
secret, that before marriage she had had 
a daughter by captain Hawdon. This 
daughter's name is Esther [Summerson] 
the heroine of the novel. 

Volumnia Dedlock, cousin of sil 
Leicester. A "young" lady of 60, 
given to rouge, pearl-powder, and cos- 
metics. She has a habit of prying into 
the concerns of others. — C. " Dickens, 
Bleak House (1853). 

Dee's Spec'ulum, a mirror, which 
Dr. John Dee asserted was brought 
to him by the angels Raphael and 
Gabriel. At the death of the doctor it 
passed into the possession of the earl of 
Peterborough, at Drayton ; then to lady 
Betty Germaine, by whom it was given 
to John last duke of Argyll. The duke's 
grandson (lord Frederic Campbell) gave 
it to Horace Walpole ; and in 1842 it was 
sold, at the dispersion of the curiosities 
of Strawberry Hill, and bought by Mr. 
Smythe Pigott. At the sale of Mr. 
Pigott's library, in 1853, it passed into 
the possession of the late lord Londes- 
borough. A writer in Notes and Queries 
(p. 376, November 7, 1874) says, it "has 
now been for many years in the British 
Museum," where he saw it "some 
eighteen years ago." 

This magic speculum is a flat polished 
mineral, like cannel coal, of a circular 
form, fitted with a handle. 

Deerslayer ( The), the title of a novel 
by J. F. Cooper, and the nickname of its 
hero, Natty or Nathaniel Bumppo. He 
is a model uncivilized man, honourable, 
truthful, and brave, pure of heart and 
without reproach. He is introduced in 
five of Cooper's novels : The Deerslayer, 
The Pathfinder, The Last of the Mohicans, 
The Pioneers, and The Prairie. He is 
called " Hawk-eye " in The Last of the 
Mohicans ; "Leather-stocking" in The 
Pioneers; and "The Trapper" in The 
Prairie, in which last book he dies. 

Defarge (Mons.), keeper of a wine 
shop in the Faubourge St. Antoine, in 
Paris. He is a bull-necked, good- 
humoured, but implacable-looking man. 

Mde. Defarge, his wife, a dangerous 
woman, with great force of character \ 
everlastingly knitting. 

Mde. Defarge had a watchful eye, that seldom seemed 
to look at anything.— C. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities 
i.6HS59.. 



DEFENDER OF THE FAITH. 244 



DELLA CRUSCA SCHOOL. 



Defender of the Faith, the title 
first given to Henry VIII. by pope Leo 
X., for a volume against Luther, in 
defence of pardons, the papacy, and the 
seven sacraments. The original volume 
is in the Vatican, and contains this 
inscription in the king's handwriting : 
Anglorum rex Henrlcus, Leoni X. mittit 
hoc opus etfidei testem et amiciti<E; where- 
upon the pope (in the twelfth year of his 
reign) conferred upon Henry, by bull, the 
title " Fidei Defensor," and commanded 
all Christians so to address him. The 
original bull was preserved by sir Robert 
Cotton, and is signed by the pope, four 
bishop-cardinals, fifteen priest-cardinals, 
and eight deacon-cardinals. A complete 
copy of the bull, with its seals and sig- 
natures, may be seen in Selden's Titles of 
Honour, v. 53-57 (1672). 

Defenssetas, Devonshire. 

Defoe writes The History of the 
Plague of London as if he had been a 
personal spectator, but he was only three 
years old at the time (1663-1731). 

Deggial, antichrist. The Moham- 
medan writers say he has but one eye and 
one eyebrow, and on his forehead is 
written cafer ("infidel"). 

Chilled with terror, we concluded that the Deggial, with 
his exterminating angels, had sent forth their plagues on 
the earth. — W. Beckford, Vathetc (1784). 

Degree. " Fine by degrees and beau- 
tifully less." — Prior. 

Deheubarth, South Wales. — Spen- 
ser, Faery Queen, iii. 2 (1590). 

Deird'ri, an ancient Irish story 
similar to the Dar-Thula of Ossian. 
Conor, king of Ulster, puts to death by 
treachery the three sons of Usnach. 
This leads to the desolating war against 
Ulster, which terminates in the total 
destruction of Eman. This is one of the 
three tragic stories of the Irish, which 
are: (1) The death of the children of 
Touran (regarding Tuatha de Danans) ; 
(2) the death of the children of Lear or 
Lir, turned into swans by Aoife ; (3) 
the death of the children of Usnach (a 
" Milesian " story). 

Dei'ri (3 syl.), separated from Ber- 
nicia by Soemil, the sixth in descent from 
Woden. Deiri and Bernicia together 
constituted Northumbria. 

Diera |sic| heareth thro' the spacious Yorkish bounds, 
From Durham down along to the Lancastrian .sounds . . . 
And did the greater part of Cumberland contain. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Dek'abrist, a Decembrist, from 
Dekaber. the Russian for December. It 



denotes those persons who suffered death 
or captivity for the part they took in the 
military conspiracy which broke out in 
St. Petersburg in December, 1825, on the 
accession of czar Nicholas to the throne. 

Dela'da, the tooth of Buddha, pre- 
served in the Malegawa temple at Kandy. 
The natives guard it with the greatest 
jealousy, from a belief that whoever 
possesses it acquires the right to govern 
Ceylon. When the English (in 18 I'd) ob- 
tained possession of this palladium, the 
natives submitted without resistance. 

Delaserre (Captain Philip), a friend 
of Harry Bertram. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Delec'table Mountains, a ra-ige 
of hills from the summits of which the 
Celestial City could be seen. These 
mountains were beautiful with woods, 
vineyards, fruits of all sorts, flowers, 
springs and fountains, etc. 

Now there were on the tops of these mountains shep- 
herds feeding their flocks. The pilgrims, theiefore, went 
to them, and leaning on their staffs . . . they asked, 
" Whose delectable mountains are these, and whose be the 
sheep that feed upon them ? " The shepherds answered, 
"These mountains are Emmanuel's land . . . and the 
sheep are His, and He laid down His life for them."— 
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 

Delia, Diana ; so called from the 
island Delos, where she was born. 
Similarly, Apollo x was called Delius. 
Milton says that Eve, e'en 

Delia's self, 
In gate surpassed and goddess-like deport, 
Though not as she with bow and quiver armed. 

Paradise Lost, ix. 338, etc. (1665). 

De'lia, any female sweetheart. She is 
one of the shepherdesses in Virgil's 
Eclogues. Tibullus, the Roman poet, calls 
his lady-love " Delia," but what her real 
name was is not certain. 

Delia, the lady-love of James Ham- 
mond's elegies, was Miss Dashwood, woo 
died in 1779. She rejected his suit, and 
died unmarried. In one of the elegies 
the poet imagines himself married to her, 
and that they were living happily 
together till death, when pitying maids 
would tell of their wondrous loves. 

Delian King {The). Apollo or the 
sun is so called in the Orphic hymn. 

Oft as the Delian king with Sirius holds 
The central heavens. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Xai<uls (1767). 

Delight of Mankind ( The), Titus 
the Roman emperor (a.d. 40, 79-81). 

T'tus indeed gave one short evening gleam, 
More cordial' felt, as in the midst it spread 
Of storm and horror : "TheDelig I of Men." 

Thomson, liberty, iii. (17:15). 

Delia Crusca School, originally 



DELPHI NE. 



245 



DEMOGORGON. 



applied in 1582 to a society in Florence, 
established to purify the national lan- 
guage and sift from it all its impurities ; 
but applied in England to a brotherhood 
of poets (at the close of the last century) 
under the leadership of Mrs. PiozzL 
This school was conspicuous for affec- 
tation and high-flown panegyrics on each 
other. It was stamped out by Gifford. in 
The Baviad, in 1794, and The Mcemad, in 
17!<(J. Robert Merry, who signed himself 
Delia Crusca, James Cobb a farce-writer, 
James Boswell (biographer of Dr. John- 
son), O'Keefe, Morton, Reynolds, Ilol- 
croft, Sheridan, Colman the younger, 
Mrs. H. Cowley, and Mrs. Robinson were 
its best exponents. 

Del'phine(2s^//.),theheroineandtitle 
of a novel by Mde. de Stael. Delphine is 
a charming character, who has a faithless 
lover, and dies of a broken heart. This 
novel, like Corinne, was written during 
her banishment from France by Napo- 
leon I., when she travelled in Switzerland 
and Italy. It is generally thought that 
" Delphine " was meant for the authoress 
herself (1802). 

Delphine Classics {The), a set of 
Latin classics edited in France for the use 
of the grand dauphin (son of Louis XIV.). 
Ruet was ehief editor, assisted by Mon- 
tausier and Bossuet. They had thirty- 
nine scholars working under them. The 
indexes of these classics are very valu- 
able. 

Delta [A] of Blackwood is D. M. 
Moir (1798-1851). 

Del'ville (2 syl.), one of the guardians 
of Cecilia. He is a man of wealth and 
great ostentation, with a haughty hu- 
mility and condescending pride, especially 
in his intercourse with his social inferiors. 
— Miss Burney, Cecilia (1782). 

Demands. In full of all demands, 
as his lordship says. His "lordship" is 
the marquis of Blandf ord ; and the 
allusion is to Mr. Benson, the jeweller, 
who sent in a claim to the marquis for 
interest to a bill which had run more than 
twelve months. His lordship sent a 
cheque for the bill itself, and wrote on it, 
"In full of all demands." Mr. Benson 
accepted the bill, and sued for the 
interest, but was non-suited (1871). 

Deme'tia, South Wales ; the inhabit- 
ants are called Demetians. 

Denevoir, the seat of the Demetian king. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, v. (1612). 



Deme'trius, a young Athenian, to 
whom Egrus (3 syl.) promised his 
daughter Hermia in marriage. As 
Herinia loved Lysander, she refused to 
marry Demetrius, and tied from Athens 
with Lysander. Demetrius went in quest 
of her, and was followed by Hel'ena, who 
doted on him. All four fell asleep, and 
"dreamed a dream" about the fairies. 
On waking, Demetrius became more 
reasonable. He saw that Hermia dis- 
liked him, but that Helena loved him 
sincerely, so he consented to forego the 
one and take to wife the other. When 
Egeus, the father of Hermia, found out 
how the case stood, he consented to the 
union of his daughter with Lysander. — 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream 
(1592). 

Deme'trius, in The Poetaster, by Ben 
Jonson, is meant for John Marston (died 
1633). 

Deme'trius (4 syl.), son of king Antig'- 
onus, in love with Celia, alias Enan'the. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher, The Humorous 
Lieutenant (1647). 

Deme'trius, a citizen of Greece during 
the reign of Alexius Comnenus. — Sir W. 
Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Rufus). 

Demiurgus, that mysterious agent 
which, according to Plato, made the 
world and all that it contains. The 
Logos or "Word" of St. John's Gospel 
(ch. i. 1) is the demiurgus of platonizing 
Christians. 

Democ'ritos (in Latin Democritus), 
the laughing or scoffing philosopher, the 
friar Bacon of his age. To " dine with 
Democritos " is to go without dinner, the 
same as "dining with duke Humphrey," 
or " dining with the cross-legged 
knights." 

People think that we [authors] often dine with Democ- 
ritos, but there they are mistaken. There is not one of 
the fraternity who is not welcome to some good table. — 
Lesage, Gil Bias, nil. 7 (1735). 

Democritus Junior, Robert Bur- 
ton, author of T/ie Anatomy of Melancholy 
(1576-1640). 

Demod'ocos (in Latin Demodocus), 
bard of Alcin'ous (4 syl.) king of the 
Phasa'cians. 

Such as the wise Demodicos once told 
In solemn songs at king AJcinous'feast, 
While sad Ulysses' soul and all the rest 
Are held, with his melodious harmony. 
In willing chains and sweet captivity. 

Milton, Vacation Exercise (1627). 

Dern'ogor'gon, tyrant of the elvea 



DEMOPHOON. 



246 



DERBY. 



and fays, whose very name inspired terror: 
hence Milton speaks of " the dreaded 
name of Demogorgon " (Paradise Lost, 
ii. 965). Spenser says he "dwells in the 
deep abyss where the three fatal sisters 
dwell " (Faery Queen, iv. 2) ; but Ariosto 
says he inhabited a splendid palace on 
the Himalaya Mountains. Demogorgon 
is mentioned by Statius in the Ihebaid, 
iv. 516. 

He's the first-begotten of Beelzebub, with a face as 
terrible as Demogorgon. — Dryden, The Spanish Fryar, 
V. 2 (1680). 

Demoph/oon (4 syl.) was brought 
up by Demeter, who anointed him with 
ambrosia and plunged him every night 
into the fire. One day, his mother, out 
of curiosity, watched the proceeding, and 
was horror-struck ; whereupon Demeter 
told her that her foolish curiosity had 
robbed her son of immortal youth. 

*** This story is also told of I sis. — 
Plutarch, Be Isid. et Osirid., xvi. 357. 

*** A similar story is told of Achilles. 
His mother Thet'is was taking similar 
precautions to render him immortal, when 
his father Pe'leus (2 syl.) interfered. — 
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautic Exp., iv. 
866. 

Demos'thenes of the Pulpit. 
Dr. Thomas Rennell, dean of West- 
minster, was so called by William Pitt 
(1753-1840). 

Dendin (Peter), an old man, who 
had settled more disputes than all the 
magistrates of Poitiers, though he was no 
judge. His plan was to wait till the 
litigants were thoroughly sick of their 
contention, and longed to end their dis- 
putes ; then would he interpose, and his 
judgment could not fail to be acceptable. 

Tenot Dendin, son of the above, but, 
unlike his father, he always tried to 
crush quarrels in the bud ; consequently, 
he never succeeded in settling a single 
dispute submitted to his judgment. — 
Rabelais, Pantagruel, iii. 41 (1545). 

(Racine has introduced the same name 
in his comedy called Les Plaideurs (1669), 
and Lafontaine in his Fables, 1668.) 

Dennet (Father), an old peasant at 
the Lists of St. George.— Sir W. Scott, 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Dennis the hangman, one of the 
ringleaders of the "No Popery riots;" 
the other two were Hugh servant of the 
Maypole inn, and the half-witted Barnaby 
Rudge. Dennis was cheerful enough 
when he " turned off " others, but when 



he himself ascended the gibbet he shewed 
a most grovelling and craven spirit. — C. 
Dickens, Barnaby Pudge (1841). 

Bennis (John), "the best abused man 
in English literature." Swift lampooned 
him ; Pope assailed him in the Essay on 
Criticism; and finally he was "damned 
to everlasting fame " in the Bunciad. He 
is called "Zo'ilus" (1657-1733). 

Dennison (Jenny), attendant on 
Miss Edith Bellenden. She marries 
Cuddie Headrigg.— Sir W. Scott, Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Dent le Lait (Une), a prejudice. 
After M. Beralde has been running down 
Dr. Purgon as a humbug, Argan replies, 
"C'est que vous avez, mon frere, une 
dent de lait contre lui." — Moliere, Le 
Malade Imaginaire, iii. 3 (1673). 

D'Eon de Beaumont (Le cheva- 
lier), a person notorious for the ambiguity 
of his sex ; said to be the son of an 
advocate. His face was pretty, without 
beard, moustache, or whiskers. Louis 
XV. sent him as a woman to Russia on a 
secret mission, and he presented himself 
to the czarina as a woman (1756). In 
the Seven Years' War he was appointed 
captain of dragoons. In 1777 he assumed 
the dress of a woman again, which he 
maintained till death (1728-1810). 

Derbend (The Iron Gates of), called 
the "Albanicse Portae," or the "Caspian's 
Gate." Iron gates, which closed the defile 
of Derbend. There is still debris of a 
great wall, which once ran from the 
Black Sea to the Caspian. It is said that 
Alexander founded Derbend on the west 
coast of the Caspian, and that Khosru 
the Great fortified it. Haroun-al-Ras- 
chid often resided there. Its ancient 
name was Albana, and hence the pro- 
vince Schirvan was called Albania. 

*** The gates called Albania; Pylue 
were not the "Caspian's Gate," but 
" Trajan's Gate "or " Kopula Derbend." 

Derby (Earl of), third son of the earl 
of Lancaster, and near kinsman of 
Edward III. His name was Henry 
Plantagenet, and he died 1362. Henry 
Plantagenet, earl of Derby, was sent to 
protect Guienne, and was noted for his 
humanity no less than for his bravery. 
He defeated the comte de ITsle at 
Bergerac, reduced Perigord, took the 
castle of Auberoche, in Gascony, over- 
threw 10,000 French with only 1000, 
taking prisoners nine earls and nearly all 



DERBY. 



247 



DESERTER. 



the barons, knights, and squires (1345). 
Next year he took the fortresses of 
Monsegar, Monsepat, Villefranche, Mire- 
mont, Tennins, Damassen, Aiguilon, and 
Reole. 

That n-.ost deserving carl of Derl>y, we prefer 
Henry's third reliant son, the uarl af Lancaster, 
That only Mars of men. 

Drayton. I'olyotbion, xviil (1(513). 

Derby (Countess of), Charlotte de la 
Tremouille, countess of Derby and queen 
of Man. 

Philip carl of Derby, king of Man, son 
of the countess. — Sir W. Scott, Peverii of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Der'rick, hangman in the first half of 
the seventeenth century. The crane for 
hoisting goods is called a derrick, from 
this hangman. 

Derrick (Tom), quarter-master of the 
pirate's vessel. — Sir W. Scott, The Pirate 
(time, William III.). 

Derry-Down Triangle (The), 
lord Castlereagh ; afterwards marquis of 
Londonderry ; so called by William 
Hone. The first word is a pun on the 
title, the second refers to his lordship's 
oratory, a triangle being the most feeble, 
monotonous, and unmusical of all musical 
instruments. Tom Moore compares the 
orator}' of lord Castlereagh to " water 
spouting from a pump." 

Q. Why is a pump like viscount Castlereagh t 
A. Because it is a slender Uiing of wood. 

That up and down its awkward arm doth sway, 
And coolly spout, and spout, and spout away, 
In one weak, washy, everlasUng flood. 

T. Moore. 

Dervise ("a poor man"), & sort of 
religious friar or mendicant among the 
Mohammedans. 

Desborough (Colonel), one of the 
parliamentary commissioners. — Sir W. 
Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Desdemo'na, daughter of Brabantio 
a Venetian senator, in love with Othello 
the Moor (general of the Venetian army). 
The Moor loves her intensely, and marries 
her ; but Iago, by artful villain}', induces 
him to believe that she loves Cassio too 
well. After a violent conflict between 
love and jealousy, Othello smothers her 
with a bolster, and then stabs himself. — 
Shakespeare, Othello (1611). 

The soft simplicity of Desdemona, confident of merit 
and conscious of innocence, her artless perseverance in 
her suit, and her slowness to suspect that she can be sus- 
pected, are proofs of Shakespeare's skill in human nature. 
—Dr. Johnson. 

Desert Fairy (The). This fairy 
was guarded by two lions, which coidd. 



be pacified only by a cake made of 
millet, BUgai candy, and crocodiles' eggs. 
The Desert Fairy said to A 1 Hair, "I sweat 
by my coif you shall marry the Yellow 
Dwarf, or I will burn my crutch." — 
Comtesse D'Aunov, Fain/ Tales ("The 
Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 

Deserted Daughter (Tlie), a 
comedy by Holcroft. Joanna was the 
daughter of Mordent, but her mother 
died, and Mordent married lady Anne. 
In order to do so he ignored his daughter 
and had her brought up by strangers, 
intending to apprentice her to some trade. 
Item, a money-lender, acting on the ad- 
vice of Mordent, lodges the girl with 
Mrs. Enfield, a crimp, where Lennox is 
introduced to her, and obtains Mordent's 
consent to run away with her. In the 
interim Cheveril sees her, falls in love 
with her, and determines to marry her. 
Mordent repents, takes the girl home, 
acknowledges her to be his daughter, and 
she becomes the wife of the gallant 
young Cheveril (1784). 

*** This comedy has been recast, and 
called The Steward. 

Deserted Village (Tlie). Tha 
poet has his eye chiefly on Lissoy, its 
landscapes and characters. Here his 
father was pastor. He calls the village 
Auburn, but tells us it was the seat of 
his youth, every spot of which was dear 
and familiar to him. He describes the 
pastor, the schoolmaster, the ale-house ; 
then tells us that luxury has killed all 
the simple pleasures of village life, but 
asks the friends of truth to judge how 
wide the limits " between a splendid and 
a happy land." Now the man of wealth 
and pride 

Takes up a space that many poor supplied : 
Space for his lake, his parks' extended bounds, 
Space for his horses, equipage, and hounds. 

O. Goldsmith (1770). 

Some think Springfield, Essex, is the 
place referred to. 

A traveller, whom Washington Irving accepts as an 
authority, identified Lissoy '« ale-house, with the sign of the 
Three Pigeons swinging over the door-way, as "that 
house where nutbrown draughts inspired, and where once 
the signpost caught the passing eye."— G. Redway, Notes 
and Queries, October 12, 1878. 

Dr. Goldsmith composed his Deserted Village whilst 
residing at a farm-house nearly opposite the church here 
[i.e. Springfield]. Joseph Strutt, the engraver and 
antiquary, was born here in 1749, and died 1802.— Lewis, 
Topographical Dictionary of England, Art "Spring- 
field "(1831). 

Deserter (The), a musical drama by 
Dibdin (1770). Henry, a soldier, is en- 
gaged to Louisa, but during his absence 
some rumours of gallantry to Lis disad- 



DESMAS. 



248 



DEVIL. 



vantage reach the village, and to test his 
love, Louisa in pretence goes with Sim- 
kin as if to be married. Henry sees the 
procession, is told it is Louisa's wedding 
day, and in a fit of desperation gives 
himself up as a deserter, and is con- 
demned to death. Louisa goes to the 
king, explains the whole affair, and re- 
turns with his pardon as the muffled 
drums begin to beat. 

Desmas. The repentant thief is so 
called in The Story of Joseph of Arima- 
thea ; but Dismas in the apocryphal 
Gospel of Nicodemus. Longfellow, in The 
Golden Legend, calls him Dumachus. 
The impenitent thief is called Gestas, but 
Longfellow calls him Titus. 

Imparibus meritis pendent tria corpora ramis : 
Dismas et Gesmas, media est Divina Fotestas ; 
Alta petit Dismas, infelix inflma Gesmas ; 
Nos et zes nostras conservet Summa Potestas. 

Of differing merits from three trees incline 
Dismas and Gesmas and the Power Divine ; 
Dismas repents, Gesmas no pardon craves, 
The Power Divine by death the sinner saves. 

Desmonds of Kilmalloelc 

(Limerick). The legend is that the las\, 
powerful head of this family, who 
perished in the reign of queen Elizabeth, 
still keeps his state under the waters of 
lough Gur, that every seventh year he 
re-appears fully armed, rides round the 
lake early in the morning, and will 
ultimately return in the flesh to claim his 
own again. (See Barbarossa.) — Sir 
W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel. 

Despair (Giant) lived in Doubting 
Castle. He took Christian and Hopeful 
captives for sleeping on his grounds, and 
locked them in a dark dungeon from 
Wednesday to Saturday, without " one 
bit of bread, or drop of drink, or ray of 
light." By the advice of his wife, Diffi- 
dence, the giant beat them soundly 
" with a crab-tree cudgel." On Saturday 
night Christian remembered he had a key 
in his bosom, called "Promise," which 
would open any lock in Doubting Castle. 
So he opened the dungeon door, and they 
both made their escape with speed. — John 
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 

Deucal'idon, the sea which washes 
the north coast of Scotland. 

Till thro" the sleepy main to Thuly I have gone, 
And seen the frozen isles, the cold Deucalidon. 

M. Drayton, i'olyolbion, i. (1612). 

Deucalidon'ian Ocean, the sea 
which washes the northern side of Ire- 
land. — Richard of Cirencester, Mist., i. 8 
(1762). 

Deuce is in Him (The), a farce by 



George Colman, senior. The person re- 
ferred to is colonel Tamper, under which 
name the plot of the farce is given (1762). 

Deuga'la, says Ossian, "was covered 
with the light of beauty, but her heart 
was the house of pride." 

Deve'ta, plu. Devetas, inferior or 
secondary deities in Hindu mythology. 

Devil (The). Olivier Ledain, the 
tool of Louis XT., and once the king's 
barber, Avas called Le Diable, because he 
was as much feared, was as fond of 
making mischief, and was far more dis- 
liked than the prince of evil. Olivier 
was executed in 1484. 

Devil ( The). The noted public-house so 
called was No. 2, Fleet Street. In 1788, 
it was purchased by the bank firm and 
formed part of "Child's Place." The 
original "Apollo" (of the Apollo Club, 
held here under the presidency of Ben 
Jonson), is still preserved in Child's 
bank. 

When the lawyers in the neighbourhood 
went to dinner, they hung a notice on 
their doors, " Gone to the Devil," that 
those who wanted them might know 
where to find them. 

Dined to-day with Dr. Garth and Mr. Addison at the 
Devil tavern, near Temple Bar, and Garth treated.— 
Swift, Letter to Stella. 

Devil (The French), Jean Bart, an in- 
trepid French sailor, born at Dunkirk 
(1650-1702). 

Devil (The White). George Castriot, 
surnamed " Scanderbeg," was called by 
the Turks "The White Devil of Wal- 
lachia" (1404-1467). 

Devil (The Printer's). Aldus Manu- 
tius, a printer in Venice to the holy 
Church and the doge, employed a negro 
boy to help him in his office. This little 
black boy was believed to be an imp of 
Satan, and went by the name of the 
"printer's devil." In order to protect 
him from persecution, and confute a 
foolish superstition, Manutius made a 
public exhibition of the boy, and an- 
nounced that "any one who doubted him 
to be flesh and blood might come forward 
and pinch him." 

Devil (Robert the), of Normandy ; so 
called because his father was said to have 
been an incubus cr fiend in the disguise 
of a knight (1028-1035). 

*** Robert Francois Damiens is also 
called Robert le Diable, for his attempt to 
assassinate Louis XV. (1714-1757). 



DEVIL 



249 DEVIL'S DYKE, BRIGHTON. 



Devil (Son of the), Ezzeli'no, chief of 
the Gibelins, governor of Vicenza. He 
was so called for his infamous cruelties 
(19M-1260). 

Devil Dick, Richard Porson, the 
critic (1759-18U8). 

Devil on Two Sticks {The), that 
is Le Diahle Boiteux, by Lesage (liU7). 
The plot of this humorous satirical tale 
is borrowed from the Spanish, El Diabolo 
Cojuelo, by Gueva'ra (1685). Asmode'us 
(le dlable boiteux) perches don Cle'ofas 
on the steeple of St. Salva'dor, and 
stretching out his hand the roofs of all 
the houses open, and expose to him what 
is being done privately in every dwelling. 

Devil on Two Sticks (The), a farce by 
S. Foote ; a satire on the medical pro- 
fession. 

Devil to Pay (The), a farce by C. 
Coffey. Sir John Loverule has a terma- 
gant wife, and Zackel Jobson a patient 
grissel. Two spirits named Nadir and 
Ab'ishog transform these two wives for a 
time, so that the termagant is given to 
Jobson, and the patient wife to sir John. 
When my lady tries her tricks on Jobson, 
he takes his strap to her and soon reduces 
her to obedience. After she is well re- 
formed, the two are restored to their 
original husbands, and the shrew becomes 
an obedient, modest wife (died 1745). 

The Devil to Pay was long a favourite, chiefly for the 
character of " Nell " [the cobbler's wire], which made 
the fortunes of several actresses. — Chambers, £wjluh 
Literature, ii 151. 

Devil's Age (The). A wealthy man 
once promised to give a poor gentleman 
and his wife a large sum of money if at 
a given time they could tell him the devil's 
age. When the time came, the gentleman, 
at his wife's suggestion, plunged first 
into a barrel of honey and then into a 
barrel of feathers, and walked on all 
fours. Presently, up came his Satanic 
majesty, and said, " X and x years have I 
lived," naming the exact number, "yet 
never saw I an animal like this." The 
gentleman had heard enough, and was 
able to answer the question without diffi- 
cultv. — Rev. W. Webster, Basque Legends, 
58 (1877). 

Devil's Arrows, three remarkable 
"druidical" stones, near Boroughbridge, 
in Yorkshire. Probably these stones 
simply mark the boundary of some pro- 
perty or jurisdiction. 

Devil's Bridge (The), mentioned by 

Longfellow, in the Golden Legend, is the 



bridge over the falls of the Reuss, in the 
canton of the Uri, in Switzerland. 

Devil's Chalice (The). .A wealthy 
man gave a poor farmer a large sum of 
money on this condition : at the end of a 
twelvemonth be was either to say "of 
what the devil made his chalice," or else 
give his head to the devil. The poor 
farmer, as the time came round, hid 
himself in the cross-roads, and presently 
the. witches assembled from all sides. 
Said one witch to another, "You know 
that Farmer So-and-so has sold his head 
to the devil, for he will never know 
of what the devil makes his chalice. 
In fact, I don't know myself." " Don't 
you?" said the other; "why, of the 
parings of finger-nails trimmed on Sun- 
days." The fanner was overjoyed, and 
when the time came round was quite 
ready with his answer. — Rev. W. Web- 
ster, Basque Legends, 71 (1#77). 

Devil's Current (The). Part of the 
current of the Bosphorus is so called from 
its great rapidity. 

Devil's Den, a cromlech in Pres- 
chute, near Marlborough. 

Devil's Dyke (The), otherwise 
called Grim's Dyke. This dyke ran from 
Newmarket into Lincolnshire, and was 
designed to separate Mercia from the East 
Angles. Part of the southern boundary 
of Mercia (from Hampshire to the mouth 
of the Severn) was called " Woden's 
Dyke," the present Wan's Dyke. 

Because my ile]«th anil breadth so strangely doth exceed 
Men's low and wretched thoughts, they constantly decreed 
That hy the devil's help I needs must raised be. 
Wherefore the "Devil's Ditch " they basely named me 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxi. tltJ-J.'). 

Devil's Dvke, Brighton (The). 
One day, as St. Cuthman was walking over 
the South Downs, and thinking to him- 
self how completely he had rescued the 
whole country from paganism, he was 
accosted by his sable majesty in person. 
" Ha, ha ! " said the prince of darkness ; 
" so you think by these churches and 
convents to put me and mine to your 
ban ; do you ? Poor fool ! why, this very 
night will I swamp the whole land with 
the sea." " Forewarned is forearmed," 
thought St. Cuthman, and hies him to 
sister Cecilia, superior of a convent which 
then stood on the spot of the present 
Dyke House. " Sister," said the saint, 
"i love you well. This night, for the 
grace of God, keep lights burning at the 
convent windows from midnight to day- 



DEVIL'S FRYING-PAN. 



250 



DIAMOND JOUSTS. 



break, and let masses be said by the holy 
sisterhood." At sundown came the devil 
with pickaxe and spade, mattock and 
shovel, and set to work in right good earnest 
to dig a dyke which should let the Avaters of 
the sea into the downs. " Fire and brim- 
stone ! " — he exclaimed, as a sound of 
voices rose and fell in sacred song — " Fire 
and brimstone ! What's the matter with 
me ? " Shoulders, feet, wrists, loins, all 
seemed paralyzed. Down went mattock 
and spade, pickaxe and shovel, and just 
at that moment the lights at the convent 
windows burst forth, and the cock, mis- 
taking the blaze for daybreak, began to 
crow most lustily. Off flew the devil, 
and never again returned to complete his 
work. The small digging he effected 
still remains in witness of the truth of 
this legend of the " Devil's Dyke." 

Devil's Frying-Pan (The\ a 
Cornish mine worked by the ancient 
Romans. According to a very primitive 
notion, precious stones are produced from 
condensed dew hardened by the sun. 
This mine was the frying-pan where dew 
was thus converted and hardened. 

Devil's Parliament (The), the 
parliament assembled by Henry VI. at 
Coventry, in 1459. So called because it 
passed attainders on the duke of York and 
his chief supporters. 

Devil's Throat (The). Cromer Bay 
is so called, because it is so dangerous to 
navigation. 

Devil's Wall (The), the wall sepa- 
rating England from Scotland. So 
called from its great durability. 

Devonshire, according to historic 
fable, is a corruption of "Debon's-share." 
This Debon was one of the companions of 
Brute, the descendant of iEne'as. He 
chased the giant Coulin till he came to a 
pit eight leagues across. Trying to leap 
this chasm, the giant fell backwards and 
Jost his life. 

. . . that ample pit, yet far renowned 
For the great leap which Debon did compel 
Coulin to make, being eight lugs of ground. 
Into the which retourning back he fell . . . 
And De boii's share was that is Devonshire. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10 (1590). 

De'vorgoil (Lady Jane), a friend of 
the Hazelwood family. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Dewlap (Dick), an anecdote teller, 
trbose success depended more upon his 



physiognomy than his wit. His chin and 
his paunch were his most telling points. 

I found that the merit of his wit was founded upon the 
shaking of a fat paunch, and the tossing up of a pair of 
rosy jowls. — Kichard Steele. 

Dhu (Evan), of Lochiel, a Highland 
chief, in the army of Montrose. 

Mhich-Connel Dhu, or M'llduy, a High- 
land chief, in the army of Montrose. — Sir 
W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I.). 

Dhul'dul, the famous horse of Ali, 
son-in-law of Mahomet. 

Dhu'l Karnein ("the two-horned"), 
a true believer according to the Moham- 
medan notion, who built the wall to 
prevent the incursions of Gog and Ma- 
gog. — Al Koran, xviii. 

Commentators say the wall was built in this manner : 
The workmen dug till they found water ; and having laid 
the foundation of stone and melted brass, they built the 
superstructure of large pieces of iron, between which they 
packed wood and coal, till the whole equalled the height 
of the mountains [of Armenia). Then setting fire to the 
combustibles, and by the use of bellows, they made the iron 
red hot, and poured molten brass over to fill up the 
interstices.— Al Beidawi. 

Dhu'lnun, the surname of Jonah ; 
so called because he was swallowed by a 
fish- 

Remember Dhu'lnun, when he departed in wrath, and 
thought that we could not exercise our power over him. — 
A I Koran, xxi. 

Diafoirus (Thomas), son of Dr. Dia- 
foirus. He is a young medical milksop, 
to whom Argan has promised his daughter 
Angelique in marriage. Diafoirus pays his 
compliments in cut-and-dried speeches, 
and on one occasion, being interrupted 
in his remarks, says, " Madame, vous 
m'avez interrompu dans le milieu de ma 
pe'riode, et cela m'a trouble' la me'moire." 
His father says, " Thomas, re'servez cela 
pour une autre fois." Angelique loves 
Cle'ante (2 syl.), and Thomas Diafoirus 
goes to the wall. 

II n'a jamais eu 1'imagination bien vive, ni ce feu 
d'esprit qu'on remarque dans quelques uns, . . . I.orsqu'il 
etnit petit, il n'a jamais cte ce qu'on a)ipelle mievre et 
eVeille ; <m le voyait toujours doux, paisible, et taciturne, 
ne disant jamais mot, et ne jouant jamais a tous ces 
petits jeux que Ton nomnie enfantins. — Moliere, Le 
Malade Imuginaire, ii. 6 (lb73). 

Di'amond, one of three brothers, 
sons of the fairy Agape. Though very 
strong, he was slain in single right by 
Cam'balo. His brothers were Pri'amond 
and Tri'amond. — Spenser, Faery Queen. 
iv. (1596). 

Diamond Jousts, nine jousts insti- 
tuted by Arthur, and so called because a 
diamond was the prize. These nine 
diamonds were all won by sir Launcelot, 
who presented them to the queen, but 



DIAMOND SWORD. 



261 



DIL'UTADES. 



Guinevere, in a tiff, filing them into the 
river which ran by the palace. — Ten- 
nyson, Idylls of tlie King (" Elaine "). 

Diamond Sword, a magic sword 
given by the god Syren to the king of 
the Gold Mines. 

She gave him a sword made of one entire diamond, that 
gave as great lustre as the sun. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 
Talet (•' The Yellow Dwarf." 1682). 

Diamonds. The largest in the world : 

Carat* 

{uncut). Cut. Name. Possrstor. 

1080 * Braganza King of Portugal 

— 367 Rajah of Mattuu 

(Borneo) 

— 254 Star of the South 

— 194 Orloff Czar of Russia 

— 139* Florentine Km p. of Austria 
_ i3xi King of Portugal 

410 136$ Pitt Kit. g ol Prussia 

793J 106,^ Koh-i-noor Queen of England 

— 86 Shah Czar of Russia 

— 82i Pigott Messrs. Rundcll 

and Bridge 

— 78 Nassac Lord Westminster 
112 67* Blue 

— 53 Sancy Czar of Russia 
88± 44t Dudley Earl of Dudley 

— 40 Pacha of Egypt Khedive uf Egypt 

%* For particulars, see each under its 
name. 

Diana, the heroine and title, a pastoral 
of Montemayor, imitated from the Daph- 
nin and Chloe of Longos (fourth century). 

Dian'a, daughter of the widow of Flo- 
rence with whom Hel'ena lodged on her 
way to the shrine of St. Jacques le Grand. 
Count Bertram wantonly loved Diana, 
but the modest girl made this attachment 
the means of bringing about a reconcilia- 
tion between Bertram and his wife Helena. 
— Shakespeare, All's Well that Ends Well 
(1598). 

Dian'a de Lascours, daughter of 
Ralph and Louise de Lascours, and sister 
of Martha, alias Ogari'la. Diana was 
betrothed to Horace de Brienne, whom 
she resigns to Martha. — E. Stirling, The 
Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Dian'a the Inexorable. (1) She 
slew Orion with one of her arrows, for 
daring to make love to her. (2) She 
changed Actaeon into a stag and set her 
own dogs on him to worry him to death, 
because he chanced to look upon her 
while bathing. (3) She shot with her 
arrows the six sons and six daughters of 
Niobe, because the fond mother said she 
was happier than Latona, who had only 
two children. 

Dianae non movenda numina. 

Horace, Epode, wii. 



Diana the Second of Salman- 
tin, a pastoral romance by Gil Polo. 

" We will preserve that book," said the cure, "as care- 
fully as if Apollo himself had been iu author."— Cervantes, 
Von Quixote, I. i. 6 (IGoo). 

Diana (the Temple of), at Ephesus, 
one of the Seven Wonders of antiquity, 
was set on fire by Herostratos to immor- 
talize his name. 

Diana of the Stage, Mrs. Anne 
Bracegirdle (1663-1748). 

Dian'a's Foresters, " minions of 
the moon," " Diana's knights," etc., high- 
waymen. 

Harry, then, sweet wag, when thou art king, let not 
us that are " squires of the night's body " be called 
thieves ... let us be "Diana's forosters," "Gentlemen 
of the shade," " minions of the moon." — Shakespeare, 
1 Benry IV. act i. sc. 2 (1097). 

Diana's Livery {To wear), to be a 
virgin. 

One twelve-moons more she'll wear Diana's livery ; 
This . . . bath she vowed. 
Shakespeare, PerieU* Prince of Tyre, act 1L sc. 5 (1608). 

Diano'ra, wife of Gilberto of Friu'li, 
but amorously loved by Ansaldo. In 
order to rid herself of his importunities, 
she vowed never to yield to his suit till 
he could " make her garden at midwinter 
as gay with flowers as it was in summer " 
(meaning never). Ansaldo, by the aid of 
a magician, accomplished the appointed 
task ; but when the lady told him her 
husband insisted on her keeping her 
promise, Ansaldo, not to be outdone in 
generosity, declined to take advantage 
of his claim, and from that day forth 
was the firm and honourable friend of 
Gilberto. — Boccaccio, Decameron, x. 5. 

The Franklin's Tale of Chaucer is sub- 
stantially the same story. (See Dohi- 

GEN.) 

Diarmaid, noted for his "beauty 
spot," which he covered up with his cap ; 
for if any woman chanced to see it, she 
would instantly fall in love with him. — 
Campbell, Tales of the West Highlands 
(" Diarmaid and Grainne "). 

Diav'olo (Fra), Michele Pezza, in- 
surgent of Calabria (1760-1806).— Auber, 
Fra Diavolo (libretto by Scribe, 1836). 

Dibble (Davie), gardener at Monk- 
barns. — Sir W. Scott, Antiquary (time, 
George III.). 

Dibu'tades (4 syl.), a potter of 
Sicyon, whose daughter traced on the 
wall her lover's shadow, cast there by 
the light of a lamp. This, it is said, is 
the origin of portrait painting*. The 
father applied the same process to his 



DICEA. 



252 



DIEGO. 



pottery, and this, it is said, is the origin 
of sculpture in relief. 

Will the arts ever have a lovelier origin than that fair 
daughter of Dibutades tracing the beloved shadow on the 
wall? — Ouida, Ariadne, L 6. 

Diese'a, daughter of Jove, the "ac- 
cusing angel " of classic mythology. 

Forth stepped the just Dica?a, full of rage. 
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vi. (1633). 

Diccon the Bedlamite, a half- 
mad mendicant, both knave and thief. 
A specimen of the metre will be seen by 
part of Diccon's speech : 

Many a myle have I walked, divers and sundry waies. 
And many a good mini's house have I bin at in my dais : 
Many a goss-'p's cup in my tyme have I tasted, 
And many a broche and spyt have I both turned and 

basted . . . 
When I saw it booted nit, out at doores I hyed mee. 
And caught a slyp of biicon when 1 saw none spyed mee, 
Which I intend not far hence, unless my purpose fayle, 
Shall serve for a suoing home to draw on two pots of ale. 
Diccon the. Bedlamite (1552). 

Dicil'la, one of Logistilla's hand- 
maids, noted for her chastity. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Dick, ostler at the Seven Stars inn, 
York. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Dick, called "The Devil's Dick of 
Elellgarth ; " a falconer and follower of 
the earl of Douglas. — Sir W. Scott, Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Dick (Mr.), an amiable, half-witted 
man, devoted to David's "aunt," Miss 
Betsey Trotwood, who thinks him a pro- 
digious genius. Mr. Dick is especially 
mad on the subject of Charles I. — C. 
Dickens, David Copperfield (1849). 

Dick Amlet, the son of Mrs. Amlet, 
a rich, vulgar tradeswoman. Dick as- 
sumes the airs of a fine gentleman, and 
calls himself colonel Shapely, in which 
character he gets introduced to Corinna, 
the daughter of Gripe, a rich scrivener. 
Just as he is about to elope, his mother 
makes her appearance, and the deceit is 
laid bare ; but Mrs. Amlet promises to 
give her son £10,000, and so the wedding 
is adjusted. Dick is a regular scamp, 
and wholly without principle ; but being 
a dashing young blade, with a handsome 
person, he is admired by the ladies. — Sir 
John Vanbrugh, The Confederacy (1695). 

John Palmer was the " Dick Amlet," and Jchn Ban- 
nister the roguish servant, " Brass."— James SmLh (lTiiO). 

Dick Shakebag, a highwayman in 
the gang of captain Coiepepper (the 
Alsatian bully). — Sir W. Scott, Fvrti-nes 
of Niijel (time, James I.). 



Dickson (Thomas), farmer at Doug- 
lasdale. 

Charles Dickson, son of the above, 
killed in the church. — Sir W. Scott, 
Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Dicta'tor of Letters, Francois 
Marie Arouet. de Voltaire, called the 
" Great Pan " (1694-1778). 

Dictionary (A Living). Wilhelm 
Leibnitz (1646-1716) was so called by 
George I. 

*** Longfnus was called "The Living 
Cyclopedia" (213-273). 

*** Daniel Huet, chief editor of the 
Delphine Classics, was called a Porous 
Literarum for his unlimited knowledge 
(1630-1721). 

Diddler (Jeremy), an artful swindler; 
a clever, seedy vagabond, who borrows 
money or obtains credit by his songs, 
witticisms, or other expedients. — Kenney, 
Raising the Wind. 

Diderick, the German form of Theo- 
dorick, king of the Goths. As Arthur 
is the centre of British romance and 
Charlemagne of French romance, so 
Diderick is the central figure of the 
German minnesingers. 

Didier (Henri), the lover of Julie 
Lesurques (2 syl.).; a gentleman in feel- 
ing and conduct, who remains loyal to 
his fiancee through all her troubles. — Ed. 
Stirling, The Courier of Lyons (1852). 

Die. "Ah, surely nothing dies but 
something mourns ! " — Byron, Don Juan, 
iii. 108 (1820). 

Die Young (Whom the Gods love). — 
Byron, Don Juan, iv. 12 (1824). 

bv o\ Oeoi (piKova-iv aroBvrianei i/eor. 

Menander, Fragment*, 48 (" Meineke"). 
And what excelleth but what dieth young? 

Drummond (1585-1649). 

Die'go, the sexton to Lopez the 
" Spanish curate." — Beaumont and Flet- 
cher, The Spanish Curate (1622). 

Die'go (Don), a man of 60, who saw a 
country maiden named Leonora, whom 
he liked, and intended to marry if her 
temper was as amiable as her face was 
pretty. He obtained leave of her parents 
to bring her home and place her under a 
duenna for three months, and then either 
return her to them spotless, or to make 
her his wife. At the expiration of the 
time, he went to settle the marriage 
contract ; and, to make all things sure, 
locked up the house, giving the keys to 
Ursula, but to the outer door he attached 



DIET OF PERFORMERS. 



253 



DIMANCHE. 



a huge padlock, and put the key in his 
pocket. Leander, being in love with 
Leonora, laughed at locksmiths and 
duennas, and Diego (2 syl.) found them 
about to elope. Being a wise man, he 
not only consented to their union, but 
gave Leonora a handsome marriage por- 
tion. — I. Bickerstarf", The l'udluck. 

Diet of Performers. 

Braiiam sang on bottled porter. 

Cati.ey (Miss) took linseed tea and 
madeira. 

Cooke (G. F.) drank everything. 

Henderson, gum arable and sherry. 

Inclkdon sang on madeira, 

Jordan (Mrs.) drank calves' -foot jelly 
and sherry. 

Kkan (C.) took beef -tea for breakfast, 
and preferred a rump-steak for dinner. 

Kean (Edm.), Emery, and Reeve 
drank cold brandy-and-water. 

Kemrle (John) took opium. 

Lewis, mulled wine and oysters. 

Macready used to eat the lean of 
mutton-chops when he acted, and subse- 
quently lived almost wholly on a vege- 
table diet. 

Oxrerry drank tea. 

Rissell (Henry) took a boiled egg. 

Smith ( IV.) drank coffee. 

"Wood (Mrs.) sang on draught porter. 

Wrench and Harley took no refresh- 
ment during a performance. — W. C. 
Russell, Representative Actors, 272. 

Die'trich (2 syl.). So Theod'oric the 
Great is called by the German minne- 
singers. In the terrible broil stirred up 
by queen Kriemhild in the banquet hall 
of Etzel, Dietrich interfered, and suc- 
ceeded in capturing Hagan and the 
Burgundian king Gunther. These he 
handed over to the queen, praying her to 
set them free ; but she cut off both their 
heads with her own hands. — The Niebe- 
lungen Lied (thirteenth century). 

Dietrich (John), a labourer's son of 
Pomerania. He spent twelve years 
under ground, where he met Elizabeth 
Krabbin, daughter of the minister of his 
own village, Rambin. One day, walking 
together, they heard a cock crow, and 
an irresistible desire came over both of 
them to visit the upper earth. John so 
frightened the elves by a toad, that they 
yielded to his wish, and gave him hoards 
of wealth, with part of which he bought 
half the island of Riigen. He married 
Elizabeth, and became the founder of a 
very powerful. family. — Keightley, Fairy 
Mythology. (See Tanhauser.) 



Dieu et Mon Droit, the parole 
of Richard I. at the battle of Gisora 
(1198). 

Diggery, one of the house-servants 
at Strawberry Hall. Being sta,'e-struck, 
ho inoculati's his fellow-servants (Cymon 
and Wat) with the same taste. In the 
same house is an heiress named Kitty 
Sprightly (a ward of sir Gilbert Pump- 
kin), also stage-struck. Diggery*! fa- 
vourite character was " Alexander the 
Great," the son of "Almon." One day, 
playing Romeo and Juliet, he turned the 
oven into the balcony, but, being rung 
for, the girl acting "Juliet" was nearly 
roasted alive. (See Diggory.) — J. Jack- 
man, All the World's a Stage. 

Digges {Miss Maria), a friend of 
lady Penfeather ; a visitor at the Spa. — 
Sir W. Scott, St. lionans Well (time, 
George III.). 

Diggon [Davie], a shepherd in the 
ShepneardYs Calendar, by Spenser. He 
tells Hobbinol that he drove his sheep 
into foreign lands, hoping to find better 
pasture ; but he was amazed at the 
luxury and profligacy of the shepherds 
whom he saw there, and the wretched 
condition of the flocks. He refers to 
the Roman Catholic clergy, and their 
abandoned mode of life. Diggon also 
tells Hobbinol a long story about Roffin 
(the bishop of Rochester) and his watch- 
ful dog Lauder catching a wolf in sheep's 
clothing in the fold. — Eel. ix. (Septem- 
ber, 1572 or 1578). 

Diggory, a barn labourer, employed 
on state occasions for butler and footman 
by Mr. and Mrs. Hardcastle. He is 
both awkward and familiar, laughs at 
his master's jokes and talks to his 
master's guests while serving. (See 
Diggery.) — Goldsmith, She Stoops to 
Conquer (1773). 

Digqory (Father), one of the monks of 
St. Botolph's Priory.— Sir W. Scott, 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Dill or Ane'thum. The seeds are 
warm, strong-smelling, and aromatic. 

The wonder-working dill he gets . . . 
Which curious women use in manv a nice dL=ease. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Dimanche (Mons.), a dun. Mons. 
Dimanche, a tradesman, applies to don 
Juan for money. Don Juan treats him 
with all imaginable courtesy, but every 
time he attempts to revert to business 
interrupts him with some such question 
as, Comment se porte madame Dimanche? 



DIN. 



254 



DINER-OUT, ETC. 



or Et votre petite file Claudine, comment 
se porie-t-elle 1 or Le petit Colin, fait-il 
toujours bien du bruit avec son tambour ? 
or Et votre petit chien Brusquet, yronde- 
t-il toujours aussi fort . . . ? and, after a 
time, he says he is very sorry, but he 
must say good-bye for the present, and 
he leaves Mons. without his once stating 
the object of his call. (See Shuffle- 
ton.) — Moliere, Don Juan (1665). 

Din ( The), the practical part of Islam, 
containing the ritual and moral laws. 

Dinah [Friendly], daughter of sir 
Thomas Friendly. She loves Edward 
Blushington, " the bashful man," and 
becomes engaged to him. — W. T. Mon- 
crieff, The Bashful Man. 

Dinah, daughter of Sandie Lawson, 
landlord of the Spa hotel.— Sir W. 
Scott, St. Ronarfs Well (time, George 
III.). 

Di'nah (Aunt) leaves Mr. Walter 
Shandy £1000. This sum of money, in 
Walter's eye, will suffice to carry out all 
the wild schemes and extravagant fancies 
that enter into his head. — Sterne, Tris- 
tram Shandy (1759). 

Dinant', a gentleman who once loved 
and still pretends to love Lamira, the 
wife of Champernel. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Little French Lawyer 
(1647). 

Dinarza'de (4 syl.), sister of Sche- 
herazade sultana of Persia. Dinarzade 
was instructed by her sister to wake her 
every morning an hour before daybreak, 
and say, " Sister, relate to me one of 
those delightful stories you know," or 
" Finish before daybreak the story you 
began yesterday." The sultan got in- 
terested in these tales, and revoked the 
cruel determination he had made of 
strangling at daybreak the wife he had 
married the preceding night. (See Sche- 
herazade.) 

Dinas Emrys or " Fort of Am- 
brose" (i.e. Merlin), on the Brith, a 
part of Snowdon. When Vortigern built 
this fort, whatever was constructed 
during the day was swallowed up in the 
earth during the night. Merlin (then 
called Ambrose or Embres-Guletic) dis- 
covered the cause to be " two serpents 
at the bottom of a pool below the foun- 
dation of the works." These serpents 
were incessantly struggling with each 
other ; one was white, and the other red. 
The white serpent at first prevailed, but 



ultimately the red one chased the other 
out of the pool. The red serpent, he 
said, meant the Britons, and the white 
one the Saxons. At first the Saxons 
(or white serpent) prevailed, but in the 
end " our people " (the red serpent) "shall 
chase the Saxon race beyond the sea." — 
Nennius, History of the Britons (842). 

And from the top of Brith, so high and wondrous steep 
Where Dinas Emris stood, showed where the serpents 

fought 
The white that tore the red, for whence the prophet 

taught 
The Britons' sad decay. 

Drayton, PolyolUon, x. (1612). 

Dine -with. Democritos (To), to 
be choused out of your dinner. 

A " Barmecide feast " is no feast at 
all. The allusion is to Barmecide, who 
invited Schacabac to dine with him, and 
set before him only empty plates and 
dishes, pretending that the " viands " 
were most excellent. (See Barmecide.) 

Dine with duke Humphrey 

(To), to have no dinner to go to. The 
duke referred to was the son of Henry 
IV., murdered at St. Edmundsbury, and 
buried at St. Alban's. It was generally 
thought that he was buried in the nave 
of St. Paul's Cathedral ; but the monu- 
ment supposed to be erected to the duke 
was in reality that of John Beauchamp. 
Loungers, who were asked if they were 
not going home to dinner, and those who 
tarried in St. Paul's after the general 
crowd had left, were supposed to be so 
busy looking for the duke's monument 
that they disregarded the dinner hour. 

Dine with Mahomet (2b), to die. 
Similar to the classic phrase, "To sup 
with Pluto." 

Dine (or Sup) with sir Thomas 
G-resham, to have no dinner or supper 
to go to. At one time the Royal Exchange 
was the common lounging-place of idlers 
Stnd vagabonds. 

Tho' little coin thy purse'.ess pockets line. 
Yet with ..Teat company thou'rt taken up ; 

For often with duke Humphrey thou dost dine. 
And of f «;n with sir Thomas Gresham sup. 

Hayman, Epigram on a Loafer (1628). 

Dine with the Cross-Legged 
Knights (To), to have no dinner to go 
to. LaAvyers at one time made appoint- 
ments with their clients at the Round 
Church, and here a host of dinnerless 
vagabonds loitered about all day, in the 
hope of picking up a few pence for little 
services. 

Diner- Out of the First Water 



DINEVAWR 



255 



DIONYSIUS. 



the Rev. Sidney Smith ; so called by the 
Quarterly Review (1769-1845). 

Din'evawr (3 syl.) or Dinas Vawk 
(" great palace"), the residence of the 
king of South Wales, built by Rhodri 
Mawr. 

I was the guest of Rhy's at Dinevawr, 

And there the tidings found me, that our sire 

Was gathered to his fathers. 

Sou they, Modoc, i. 3 (1805). 

Dingle {Old Dick of the), friend of 
llobbie Elliott of the Heugh-foot farm. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, 
Anne). 

Dingwall {Davie), the attorney at 
Wolf's Hope village. — Sir W. Scott, 
Bride of Lammcrmoor (time, William 
III.). 

Dinias and Dercyllis {The Wan- 
derings, Adventures, and Loves of), an 
old Greek novel, the basis of the romance 
of Antonius Diog'enes in twenty-four 
books and entitled Incredible Things 
beyond Thule [ Ta Huper Thoulen Apista] , 
a store-house from which subsequent 
writers have borrowed largely. The 
work is not extant, but Photius gives an 
outline of its contents. 

Dinmont {Dandy, i.e. Andrew), an 
eccentric and humorous store farmer at 
Charlie's Hope. He is called " The Fight- 
ing Dinmont of Liddesdale." 

Ailie Dinmont, wife of Dandy Dinmont. 
— Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

%* This novel has been dramatized by 
Daniel Terry. 

Dinner Bell. Burke was so called 
from his custom of speaking so long as 
to interfere with the dinner of the mem- 
bers (17-29-1797). 

Dinnerless {The) are said to sit at 
a "Barmecide feast;" to "dine with 
duke Humphrey;" "to dine with sir 
Thomas Gresham ; " to "dine with De- 
mocritos." Their hosts are said to be the 
cross-legged knights. 

Diocle'tian, the king and father of 
Erastus, who was placed under the charge 
of the "seven wise masters" {Italian 
version) . 

In the French version, the father is 
called "Dolop'athos." 

Diog'enes (4 syl.), the negro slave 
of the cynic philosopher Michael Age- 
lastes (4* syl.). — Sir W. Scott, Count 
Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Di'omede (3 syl.) fed his horses on 



human flesh, and he was himself eaten by 
his horse, being thrown to it by Her- 
cules. 

Dion {Lord), father of Euphra'sia. 
Euphrasia is in love with Philaster, heir 
to the crown of Mcssi'na. Disguised 
as a page, Euphrasia assumes the name 
of Bellario and enters the service of 
Philaster. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Phi- 
laster or Love Lies a-bleeding (1638). 

(There is considerable resemblance 
between "Euphrasia" and "Viola" in 
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, 1614.) 

Dionae'an Caesar, Julius Caesar, 
who claimed descent from Venus, called 
Dione from her mother. yEneas was 
son of Venus and Anchises. 

Ecce, Dionsei processit Cresaris astrum. 

Virgil, JScloyues, ix. 47. 

Dio'ne (3 syl.), mother of Aphro- 
dite ( Venus), Zeus or Jove being the 
father. Venus herself is sometimes 
called Dione. 

Oh bear . . . thy treasures to the green recess, 
Where young Dione strays , with sweetest airs 
Entice her forth to lend her angel form 
For Beauty*s honoured image, 
Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, 1. (1744). 

Dionys'ia, wife of Cleon governor 
of Tarsus. Pericles prince of Tyre 
commits to her charge his infant daughter 
Mari'na, supposed to be motherless. 
When 14 years old, Dionysia, out of 
jealousy, employs a man to murder her 
foster-child, and the people of Tarsus, 
hearing thereof, set lire to her house, and 
both Dionysia and Cleon are burnt to 
death in the flames. — Shakespeare, Pericles 
Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Dionys'ius, tyrant of Syracuse, de- 
throned Evander, and imprisoned him in 
a dungeon deep in a huge rock, intending 
to starve him to death. But Euphrasia, 
having gained access to him, fed him 
from her own breast. Timoleon invaded 
Syracuse, and Dionysius, seeking safety 
in a tomb, saw there Evander the deposed 
king, and was about to kill him, when 
Euphrasia rushed forward, struck the 
tyrant to the heart, and he fell dead at 
her feet. — A. Murphy, The Grecian 
Daughter (1772). 

*** In this tragedy there are several 
gross historical errors. In act i. the 
author tells us it wa3 Dionysius the 
Elder who was dethroned, and went in 
exile to Corinth ; but the elder Dionysius 
died in Syracuse, at the age of 63, and 
it was the younger Dionysius who was 
dethroned by Timoleon, and went to 



DIONYSIUS. 



256 



DISTAFFINA. 



Corinth. In act v. lie makes Euphrasia 
kill the tyrant in Syracuse, whereas he 
was allowed to leave Sicily, and retired 
to Corinth, where he spent his time in 
riotous living, etc. 

Dionys'ius [the Elder] was appointed 
sole general of the Syracusian army, and 
then king by the voice of the senate. 
Damon " the Pythagore'an " opposed the 
appointment, and even tried to stab " the 
tyrant," but was arrested and condemned 
to death. The incidents whereby he Avas 
saved are to be found under the article 
Da'mon (q.v.). 

Damon and Pythias, a drama by R. 
Edwards (1571), and another by John 
Banim, in 1825. 

Dionys'ius [the Younger], being 
banished from Syracuse, went to Corinth 
and turned schoolmaster. 

Corinth's pedagogue hath now 

Transferred his byword [tyrant] to thy brow. 

Byron, Ode to Napoleon. 

Dionysius the Areopagite was 

one of the judges of the Areopagite 
when St. Paul appeared before this 
tribunal. Certain writings, fabricated by 
the neo-platonicians in the fifth century, 
were falsely ascribed to him. The Iso- 
do'rian Decretals is a somewhat similar 
forgery by Mentz, who lived in the ninth 
century, or three hundred years after 
Isidore. 

The error of those doctrines so vicious 
Of the old Areopagite Dionys'ius. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 

Dionysius's Ear, a cave in a rock, 
72 feet high, 27 feet broad, and 219 feet 
deep, the entrance of which " resembled 
the shape of an ear." It was used as a 
guard-room or prison, and the sentinel 
could hear the slightest whisper of the 
prisoners within. 

Dioscu'ri (sons of Zeus), Castor and 
Pollux. Generally, but incorrectly, ac- 
cented on the second syllable. 

Dioti'ma, the priestess of Mantineia 
in Plato's Symposium, the teacher of 
Soc'rates. Her opinions on life, its 
nature, origin, end, and aim, form the 
nucleus of the dialogue. Socrates died 
of hemlock. 

Beneath an emerald plane 
Sits Diotima, teaching him that died 
Of hemlock. 

Tennyson, The Princess, iii. 

Diplomatists (Prince of), Charles 
Maurice Talleyrand de Pe'ri^-ord (1754- 
1838). 



Dipsas, a serpent, so called because 
those bitten by it suffered from intoler- 
able thirst. (Greek, dipsa, "thirst.") 
Milton refers to it in Paradise Lost, x. 
526 (1665). 

Dipsodes (2 syL), the people of 
Dipsody, ruled over by king Anarchus, 
and subjugated by prince Pantag'ruel (bk. 
ii. 28). Pantagruel afterwards colonized 
their country with nino thousand million 
men from Utopia (or to speak more 
exactly, 9,876,543,210 men), besides 
women, children, workmen, professors, 
and peasant labourers (bk. iii. 1). — Rabe- 
lais, Pantag'ruel (1545). 

Dip'sody, the country of the Dip- 
sodes (2 syl.), q.v. 

Dircae'an Swan, Pindar; so called 
from Dirce, a fountain in the neighbour- 
hood of Thebes, the poet's birthplace 
(b.c. 518-442). 

Dirlos or D'Yrlos (Count), a 
paladin, the embodiment of valour, gene- 
rosity, and truth. He was sent by 
Charlemagne to the East, where he con- 
quered Aliar'de, a Moorish prince. On 
his return, he found his young wife 
betrothed to Celi'nos (another of Charle- 
magne's peers). The matter was put 
right by the king, who gave a grand 
feast on the occasion. 

Dirty Lane, now called Abingdon 
Street, Westminster. 

Dirty Linen. Napoleon I. said, 
" II faut laver sa linge en famille." 

Disastrous Peace (The), the peace 
signed at Cateau-Cambresis, by which 
Henri II. renounced all claim to Gen'oa, 
Naples, Mil'an, and Corsica (1559). 

Dis'mas, the penitent thief ; Gesmas 
the impenitent one. 

Imparibus meritis pendent tria corpora mmis : 
Dismas et Gesmas, media est Divina Potestas; 
Alta petit Dismas, infelix iurima Gesmas ; 
Nos et res nostras conservet Summa Potestas, 
Hos versus dicas, ne tu furto tua perdas. 

A Latin Charm. 

Disney Professor, a chair in the 
University of Cambridge, founded by 
John Disney, Esq., of The Hyde, Ingate- 
stone, for Archaeology (1851). 

Distafn'na, the troth-plight wife of 
general Bombastes ; but Artaxaminous, 
king of Utopia, promised her "half a 
crown " if she would forsake the general 
for himself — a temptation too great to be 
resisted. When the general found him- 
self jilted, he retired from the world, hung 



DISTAFF'S DAY. 



257 



DIVINA COMMEDIA. 



up liis boots on the branch of a tree, and 
dared any one to remove them. The king 
cut the boots down, and the genera] 
cut the king down. Fusbos, coming up 
at this crisis, laid the general prostrate. 
At the close of the burlesque all the 
dead men jump up and join the dance, 
promising "to die again to-morrow," if 
the audience desires it. — W. B. Rhodes, 
Bombastes Furioso (1790). 

Falling on one knee, be put both hands on his heart 
and rolled up hU eyes, mucb after the manner of Bomtxistes 
Furioso making love to Distaflina. — E. Sargent 

Distaffs Day (St.), January 7 ; so 
called because the Christmas festivities 
terminate on "Twelfth Day," and on the 
day following the women used to return 
to their distaffs or daily occupations. 

%* Also called Pock Day, because 
" rock " is another name for a distaff. 

Distance. " 'Tis distance lends en- 
chantment to the view." — Campbell, 
Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

Distressed Mother ( The), a tragedy 
by Ambrose Philips (1712). The "dis- 
tressed mother " is Androm'ache, the 
widow of Hector. At the fall of Troy 
she and her son Asty'anax fell to the lot 
of Pyrrhus king of EpTrus, Pyrrhus fell 
in love with her and wished to marry her, 
but she refused him. At length an em- 
bassy from Greece, headed by Orestes, 
son of Agamemnon, was sent to Eplrus 
to demand the death of Astyanax, lest in 
manhood he might seek to avenge his 
father's death. Pyrrhus told Andro- 
mache he would protect her son, and 
defy all Greece, if she would consent to 
marry him ; and she yielded. "While the 
marriage rites were going on, the Greek 
ambassadors fell on Pyrrhus and mur- 
dered him. As he fell he placed the 
crown on the head of Andromache, 
who thus became queen of Epirus, and 
the Greeks hastened to their ships in 
flight. This play is an English adaptation 
of Racine's Andromaque (1667). 

Ditchley {Gaffer), one of the miners 
employed bv sir Geoffrey Peveril. — Sir 
W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Dithyrambic Poetry (Father of), 
Anon of Lesbos (fl. B.C. 625). 

Ditton (Thomas), footman of the 
Rev. Mr. Staunton, of Willingham Rec- 
tory.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian I 
(time, George II.). 



Divan ('The), the supreme council and I the fixed stars, and the "primum mobile. 



court of justice of the caliphs. The 
abbassidea always sat in person in this 
court to aid in the redress of wrongs. It 
was called " a divan " from the benches 
covered with cushions on which the 
me in beta sat. — DTlerbelot, Bibliotheque 
Orientate, 298. 

Dive [deev], a demon in Persian 
mythology. In the mogul's palace at 
Lahore, there used to be several pictures 
of these dives (1 syl.), with long horns, 
staring eyes, shaggy hair, great fangs, 
ugly paws, long tails, and other horrible 
deformities. I remember seeing them 
exhibited at King's College in one of the 
soirees given there after the Indian 
Mutiny. 

Diver (Colonel), editor of the New 
York Rowdy Journal, in America. His 
air was that of a man oppressed by a 
sense of his own greatness, and his 
physiognomy was a map of cunning and 
conceit. — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit 
(1844). 

Di'ves (2 syl.), the name popularly 
given to the " rich man " in our Lord's 
parable of the rich man and Lazarus ; in 
Latin, Dives et Lazarus. — Luke xvi. 

Divide and Govern, a maxim of 
Machiavelli of Florence (1469-1527). 

Divi'na Comme'dia, the first poem 
of note ever written in the Italian lan- 
guage. It is an epic by Dante' Alighie'ri, 
and is divided into three parts : Hell, 
Purgatory, and Paradise. Dante called 
it a comedy, because the ending is happy ; 
and his countrymen added the word 
divine from admiration of the poem. The 
poet depicts a vision, in which he is 
conducted, first by Yirgil (human reason) 
through hell and purgatory ; and then by 
P>eatrice (revelation) and finally by St. 
Bernard through the several heavens, 
where he beholds the Triune God. 

"Hell" is represented as a funnel- 
shaped hollow, formed of gradually con- 
tracting circles, the lowest and smallest 
of which is the earth's centre. (See In- 
ferno, 1300.) 

"Purgatory" is a mountain rising 
solitarily from the ocean on that side of 
the earth which is opposite to us. It is 
divided into terraces, and its top is the 
terrestrial paradise. (See Pubgatoby, 
1308.) 

From this "top" the poet ascends 
through the seven planetary heavens, 

fTio fivfl.l cforc on/I ■*-!-»£• »'r>ri>-niim mriVkilii * 



DIVINE. 



258 



DOCTOR. 



to the empyre'an or seat of God. (See 
Paradise, 1811.) 

Divine (The), St. John the evangelist, 
called " John the Divine." 

Raphael, the painter, was called II 
Divino (1483-1520). 

Luis Morales, a Spanish painter, was 
called El Divino (1509-1586). 

Ferdinand de Herre'ra, a Spanish poet 
(1516-1595). 

Divine Doctor (The), Jean de 
Ruysbroek, the mystic (1294-1381). 

Divine Speaker (The). Tyr'tamos, 
asually known as Theophrastos ("divine 
speaker"), was so called by Aristotle 
(B.C. 370-287). 

Divine Right of Kings. The 

dogma that Kings can do no wrong is based 
on a dictum of Hincinar archbishop of 
Rheims, viz., that "kings are subject to 
no man so long as they rule by God's 
law." — Hincmar's Works, i. 693. 

Divining Rod, a forked branch of 
hazel, suspended between the balls of the 
thumbs. The inclination of this rod 
indicates the presence of water-springs 
and precious metals. 

Now to rivulets from the mountains 
Point the rods of fortune-tellers. 

Longfellow, Drinking Song. 

*** Jacques Aymar of Crole was the 
most famous of all diviners. He lived in 
the latter half of the seventeenth century 
and the beginning of the eighteenth. His 
marvellous faculty attracted the attention 
of Europe. M. Chauvin, M.D., and 
M. Gamier, M.D., published carefully 
written accounts of his wonderful powers, 
and both were eye-witnesses thereof. — 
See S. Baring-Gould, Myths of the Middle 
Ages. 

Divinity. There are four professors 
of divinity at Cambridge, and three at 
Oxford. Those at Cambridge are the 
Hul'sean, the Margaret, the Norrisian, 
and the Regius. Those at Oxford are 
the Margaret, the Regius, and one for 
Ecclesiastical History. 

Divi'no Lodov'ieo, Ariosto, author 
of Orlando Furioso (1474-1533). 

Dix'ie's Land, the land of milk and 
honey to American niggers. Dixie was 
a slave-holder of Manhattan Island, who 
removed his slaves to the Southern 
States, where they had to work harder 
and fare worse ; so that they were always 
ginning for their old home, which they 



called "Dixie's Laud." Imagination and 
distance soon advanced this island into a 
sort of Delectable Country or land of 
Beulah. 

Dixon, servant to Mr. Richard Vere 
(1 syl.).— Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf 
(time, Anne). 

Dizzy, a nickname of Benjamin Dis- 
raeli, earl of Beaconsfield (1805- ). 

Dja'bal, son of Youssof, a sheikh, 
and saved by Maa'ni in the great massacre 
of the sheikhs by the Knights Hospitallers 
in the Spo'rades. He resolves to avenge 
this massacre, and gives out that he is 
Hakeem', the incarnate god, their founder, 
returned to earth to avenge their wrongs 
and lead them back to Syria. His im- 
posture being discovered, he kills him- 
self,' but Loys [Lo'.iss'] , a young Breton 
count, leads the exiles back to Lebanon. 

Djabal is Hakeem, the incarnate Dread, 
The phantasm khalif, king of Prodigies. 
Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, i. 

Djin'nestan', the realm of the djinn 
or genii of Oriental mythology. 

Dobbin (Captain afterwards Colonel), 
son of sir William Dobbin, a London 
tradesman. Uncouth, aAvkward, and tall, 
with huge feet ; but faithful and loving, 
with a large heart and most delicate ap- 
preciation. He is* a prince of a fellow, 
is proud, fond of captain George Osborne 
from boyhood to death, and adores Amelia, 
George's wife. When she has been a 
widow for some ten years, he marries 
her. — Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1848). 

Dobbins (Humphrey), the confi- 
dential servant of sir Robert Bramble of 
Blackberry Hall, in the county of Kent. 
A blunt old retainer, most devoted to his 
master. Under a rough exterior he con- 
cealed a heart brimful of kindness, and 
so tender that a word would melt it. — 
George Column, The Poor Gentleman 
(1802). 

Dobu'ni, called Bodu'ni by Dio ; the 
people of Gloucestershire and Oxford- 
shire. Drayton refers to them in his 
Polyoibion, xvi. (1613). 

Doctor (The), a romance by Sou- 
ther. The doctor's name is Dove, and 
his horse " Nobbs." 

Doctor (The Admirable), Roger Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

The Angelic Doctor, Thomas Aquinas 
(1224-1274), " fifth doctor of the Church." 

The Authentic Doctor, Gregory of 
Rirrini (*-1857). 



DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH. 259 



PODONA. 






The Divine Doctor, Jean Ruysbroek 
(1294-1381). 

The Dulcijiuous Doctor, Antonio An- 
dreas (*-1320). 

The Ecstatic Doctor, Jean Ruysbroek 
(12D4-1381). 

The Eloquent Doctor, Peter Aureolus, 
archbishop of Aix (fourteenth century). 

The Evangelical Doctor, J. Wyclilfe 
(1324-1384). 

The Illuminated Doctor, Raymond Lully 
(1235-1315), or Most Enlightened Doctor. 

The Inducible Doctor, William Occam 
(1276-1347). 

The Irrefragable Doctor, Alexander 
Hales (*-1245). 

The Mellijiuous Doctor, St. Bernard 
(1091-1153). 

The Most Christian Doctor, Jean de 
Gerson (13(53-1421)). 

Tlie Most Methodical Doctor, John 
Bassol (*-1347). 

The Most Profound Doctor, ^Egidius 
de Columna (*-1316). 

The Most Resolute Doctor, Durand de 
St. Pourcain (1267-1332). 

The Perspicuous Doctor, Walter Bur- 
\cy (fourteenth century). 

The Profound Doctor, Thomas Brad- 
wardine (*-1349). 

The Scholastic Doctor, Anselm of Laon 
(1050-1117). 

The Seraphic Doctor, St. Bonaventura 
(1221-1274). 

The Situjular Doctor, William Occam 
(1276-1347). 

The Solemn Doctor, Henry Goethals 
(1227-1293). 

The Solid Doctor, Richard Middleton 
(*-1304). 

The Subtle Doctor, Duns Scotus (1265- 
1308), or Most Subtle Doctor. 

The Thorough Doctor, William Varro 
(thirteenth century). 

The Universal Doctor, Alain de Lille 
(1114-1203); Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). 

The Venerable Doctor, William de 
Champeaux (*-1126). 

The Well-founded Doctor, iEgidius 
Romanus (*-1316). 

The Wise Doctor, John Herman Wessel 
(1409-1489). 

The Wonderful Doctor, Roger Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

Doctors of the Church. The 
Greek Church recognizes four doctors, 
viz., St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Gregory 
of Nyssa, and St. John Chrysostom. 
The Latin Church recognizes St. Au- 
gustin, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, and 
St. Gregory the Great. 



(For all other doctors, see under the 
proper name or nickname.) 

Doctor's Tale (The), in Chaucer's 
Canterbury Tales, is the Roman story of 
Virginius given by Livv. This story is 
told in French in the Roman de la Rose, 
ii. 74, and by Gower in his Confessio 
Amantis, vii. It has furnished the subject 
of a host of tragedies : tor example, in 
French, Main* (1628); Leclerc (1645); 
Campestron (1683); Chabanon (1769); 
Laharpe(1786) ; LeblancdeGuillet(17x6) ; 
Guiraud (1827) ; Latour St. Ybars (1845). 
In Italian, Allien (1784) ; in German, 
Lessing (1775) ; and in English, Knowles 
(1829). 

Doctor's Wife (The), a novel by 
Miss Braddon, adapted from Madanie 
Bucary, a French novel. 

Dodger (The Artful), the sobriquet 
of Jack Dawkins, an artful, thievish 
young scamp, in the boy crew of Fagin 
the Jew villain. — C. Dickens, Oliver Twist, 
viii. (1837). 

Dodington, whom Thomson in- 
vokes in his Summer, is George Bnbb 
Dodington, lordMelcomb-Regis, a British 
statesman. Churchill and Pope ridiculed 
him, while Hogarth introduced him in 
his picture called the "Orders of Peri- 
wigs." 

Dod'ipoll (Dr.), any man of weak 
intellect, a dotard. Hence the proverb, 
Wise as Dr. Dodipoll, meaning " not wise 
at all." 

Dodman or Doddiman. A snail 
is so called in the eastern counties. 

" I'm a regular dodman, I am," said Mr. Peggotty — by 
which he meant " suail." — C. Dickens, I)a rid Copjjer- 
field, vii. (1S19). 

Doddiman, doddiman, put out your horns. 
For here comes a thief to steal your corns. 

Common Popular Rhyme in Sorfolk. 

Dodon or rather Dodoens (Rem- 
bert), a Dutch botanist (1517-1585), phy- 
sician to the emperors Maximilian II. and 
Rodolph II. His works are Frumentorum 
et Leyuminum Historiu ; Florum Historia ; 
Purgantium Radicum et Herbarum Historia ; 
Stirpium Historia ; all included under 
the general title of "The History of 
Plants." 

Of these most helpful herbs yet tell we but a few. 
To those unnumbered sorts, of simples here that grew, 
Which justiy to setdown e'en Dodon short doth fall. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Dodo'na (in Epiros), famous for the 
most ancient oracle in Greece. The 
responses were made by an old woman 
called a pigeon, because the Greek word 



DODS. 



260 



DOG. 



pellae means either " old women " or 
"pigeons." According to fable, Zeus 
gave his daughter Thebe two black 
pigeons endowed with the gift of human 
speech ; one flew into Libya, and gave the 
responses in the temple of Amnion ; the 
other into Epiros, where it gave the re- 
sponses in Dodona. 

We are told that the priestess of Dodona 
derived her answers from the cooing of 
the sacred doves, the rustling of the 
sacred trees, the bubbling of the sacred 
fountain, and the tinkling of bells or 
pieces of metal suspended among the 
branches of the trees. 

And Dodona's oak swang lonely 
Henceforth to the tempest only. 

Mrs. Browning, Dead Pan, 17. 

Dods {Meg), landlady of the Clachan 
or Mowbery Arms inn at St. Eonan's Old 
Town. The inn was once the manse, 
and Meg Dods reigned there despotically, 
but her wines were good and her cuisine 
excellent. This is one of the best lowcomic 
characters in the whole range of fiction. 

She had hair of a brindled colour, betwixt black and 
grey, which was apt to escape in elf-locks from under her 
mutch when she was 'thrown into violent agitation ; long 
skinny hands terminated by stout talons.'grey eyes, thin 
lips, a robust person, a broad though fat chest, capital 
wind, and a voice that could match a choir of fishwomen. 
—Sir W Scott, St. JioTian's Well, L (time, George III.). 

(So good a housewife was this eccentric 
landlady, that a cookery-book has been 
published bearing her name ; the authoress 
is Mrs. Johnstone, a Scotchwoman.) 

Dodson, a young farmer, called upon 
by Death on his wedding day. Death 
told him he must quit his Susan, and go 
with him. " With you ! " the hapless 
husband cried ; "young as I am, and un- 
prepared?" Death then told him he 
would not disturb him yet, but would 
call again after giving him three warn- 
ings. When he was 80 years of age, Death 
called again. " So soon returned ? " old 
Dodson cried. " You know you promised 
me three warnings." Death then told him 
that as he was "lame and deaf and blind," 
he had received his three warnings. — Mrs. 
Thrale [Piozzi], TJie Three Warnings. 

Dodson and Fogg (Messrs.), two 
unprincipled lawyers, who undertake on 
their own speculation to bring an action 
against Mr. Pickwick for "breach of 
promise," and file accordingly the famous 
suit of "Bardell e. Pickwick." — C. 
Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Doe (John) and Bichard Boe, the fic- 
titious plaintiff and defendant in an ac- 
tion of ejectment. Men of straw. 



Doeg, Saul's herdsman, who told him 
that the priest Abim'elech had supplied 
David with food ; whereupon the king 
sent him to kill Abimelech, and Doeg 
slew priests to the number of four score 
and five (1 Samuel xxii. 18). In pt. ii. 
of the satire called Absalom and Achito- 
phel, Elkaneh Settle is called Doeg, 
because he " fell upon " Dry den with his 
pen, but was only a " herdsman or driver 
of asses." 

Doeg, tho' without knowing how or why, 
Made still a blundering kind of melody . 
Let him rail on . . . 
But if he jumbles to one Hue of sense, 
Indict him of a capital offence. 

Tate, Absalom and Acliitophel, ii. (1682). 

Dog (Agrippa's). Cornelius Agrippa 
had a dog which was generally suspected 
of being a spirit incarnate. 

Arthur's Bog, "Cavall." 

Dog of Belgrade, the camp rfuttler, 
was named " Clumsey." 

Lord Byron's Dog, ' ' Boatswain.' ' It was 
buried in the garden of Newstead Abbey. 

Dog of Catherine de Medicis, "Phoebe," 
a lap-dog. 

Cut hid I in'' s Dog was named " Luath," a 
swift-footed hound. 

Dora's Dog, " Jip."— C. Dickens, David 
Copperfeld. 

Douglas's Dog, "Luffra." — Lady of the 
Lake. 

Erigone's Dog was "Mcera." Erigone 
is the constellation Virgo, and Moera the 
star called Canis. 

Eurytion's Dog (herdsman of Geryon), 
" Orthros." It had two heads. 

Fingal's Dog was named "Bran." 

Geryon" s Dogs. One was "Gargittos" 
and the other "Orthros." The latter was 
brother of Cerberos, but it had only two 
heads. Hercules killed both of Geryon's 
dogs. 

Landseer's Dog, "Brutus." Introduced 
by the great animal painter in his picf'ue 
called "The Invader of the Larder." 

Llewellyn's Dog was named " Gelert j " 
it was a greyhound. (See Gelert.) 

Lord Lurgan's Dog was named "Master 
M'Grath," from an orphan boy who 
reared it. This dog won three Waterloo 
cups, and was presented at court by the 
express desire of queen Victoria, the very 
year it died. It was a sporting grey- 
hound (born 1866, died Christmas Dav, 
1871). 

Maria's Dog, " Silvio." — Sterne, Senti- 
mental Journey. 

Dog of Montargis. This was a dog 
named " Dragon," belonging to Aubri de 
Montdidier, a captain in the French 



DOG. 



261 



DOILEY. 



armv. Aubri was murders! in the forest 
of Bondy by his friend, lieutenant j 
Macaire, in the same regiment. After its 
master's death, the dog showed such a I 
strange aversion to Macaire, that suspicion | 
was aroused against him. Some say he 
was pitted against the dog, and confessed 
the crime. Others say a sash was found 
on him, and the sword-knot was recog- 
nized by Ursulaas her own work and gift 
to Aubri. This Macaire then confessed 
the crime, and his accomplice, lieutenant 
Landry, trying to escape, was seized by 
the dog and bitten to death. This story 
has been dramatized both in French and 
English. 

Orion's Dogs; one was named "Arc- 
toph'onos " and the other " Pto-ophagos." 

Punch's Dog, "Toby." 

Sir W. Scott's Dogs. His deer-hound 
was " Maida." His jet-black greyhound 
was " Hamlet." He had also two Dandy 
Dinmout terriers. 

Dog of the Seven Sleepers, " Katmir." 
It spoke with a human voice. 

In Slcary's circus, the performing dog 
is called " Merryleys." — C. Dickens, 
Hard Times. 

(For Action's fiftv dogs, see Dictionary 
of Phrase and Fable] 234.) 

Dog. The famous mount St. Bernard 
dog which saved forty human beings, was 
named "Barry." The stuffed skin of 
this noble creature is preserved in the 
museum at Berne. 

Dog (The), Diogenes the cynic (b.c. 
412-323). When Alexander encountered 
him, the young Macedonian king intro- 
duced himself with the words, "I am 
Alexander, surnamed ' the Great.' " To 
which the philosopher replied, "And I 
am Diogenes, surnamed 'the Dog.'" The 
Athenians raised to his memory a pillar 
of Parian marble, surmounted with a dog, 
and bearing the following inscription : — 

" Say, dog, what guard you in that tomb? " 
A dig. "His name?" Diogenes. " From far?" 

Siiif>p& " He who made a tub his home? " 
The same ; now dead, among the stars a star. 

Dog (The Thracian), Zo'Tlus the gram- 
marian ; socalledfor his snarling, captious 
criticisms on Homer, Plato, and Iso'crates. 
He was contemporary with Philip of 
Macedon. 

Dog's Nose, gin and beer. 
Cold as a dog's 7wse. 

There sprung a leak in Noah's ark, 
Which made the dog begin to bark ; 
Noah took his no=e to stop the hole. 
And hence his nose is always coid. 

Notes and (^ueriei, February 4, 1871- 



Dogs were supposed by the ancient 
Gaels to be sensible of their masters' 
death, however far they might be sepa- 
rated. 

The mother of Culmin remains in the hall . . . bit 
dogs are howling in their place. ..." Art thou fallen, 
m> fair-haired son, in Erin's dismal warV" — Oseian, 
Temora, T. 

Dogs. The two sisters of Zobei'de (3 
$yl.) were turned into little black dogs 
for casting ZobeidG and "the prince" into 
the sea. (See Zohkidk.) 

Dogs of War, Famine, Sword, and 
Fire. 

Then should the warlike Harry, like himself. 

Assume the port of Mars ; and at lii> heels 

Leashed in like hounds, should Famine, Sword, and Fire 

Crouch for employment. 

Shakespeare, King Henry V. 1 chorus (1599). 

Dog-headed Tribes (of India), 
mentioned in the Italian romance of 
Gueri'no Meschi'no. 

Dog-rose (Greek, kuno-rodon). So 
called because it was supposed to cure the 
bite of mad dogs. 

A morsu vero [i.e. of a mad dog] unicum remedium 
oraculo quodam nuper repertum, rarlix sWrcstris rt>s»B 
qua; |nu»e| cynorrhodos appellatur. — Pliny, hist. Nat., 
viii. 63 ; see also xxv. 6. 

Dogberry and Verges, two ig- 
norant conceited constables, who greatly 
mutilate their words. Dogberry cails 
" assembly " dissembhj ; " treason " ne 
calls perjury ; "calumny" he calls bur- 
glary ; " condemnation," redemption ; 
" respect," suspect. When Conrade says, 
" Away ! you are an ass ;" Dogberry tells 
the town clerk to write him down " an 
ass." "Masters," he says to the officials, 
"remember I am an ass." " Oh that I 
had been writ down an ass ! " (act iv. sc. 2). 
— Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing 
(1600). 

Dogget, wardour at the castle of 
Garde Doloureuse.— Sir W. Scott, T/ie 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Dogget's Coat and Badge, the 

great prize in the Thames rowing-match, 
given on the 1st of August every year. So 
called from Thomas Dogget, an actor of 
Drary Lane, who signalized the accession of 
George I. to the throne by giving annually 
a waterman's coat and badge to the 
winner of the race. The Fishmongers' 
Company add a guinea to the prize. 

Doiley (Abraham), a citizen and re- 
tired slop-seller. He was a charity boy, 
wholly without education, but made 
£80,000 in trade, and is determined to have 
"a lamed skollard for his son-in-law.'* 



DOLL COMMON. 



262 



DOLON AND ULYSSES. 



He speaks of jomtry [geometry] , joklate, 
jogrify, Al Mater, pinny-forty, and anti- 
kary doctors ; talks of Scratchi [Gracchi], 
Horsi [Horatii] , a study of horses, and so 
on. Being resolved to judge between the 
rival scholarship of an Oxford pedant 
and a captain in the army, he gets both 
to speak Greek before him. Gradus, the 
scholar, quotes two lines of Greek, in 
which the word panta occurs four times. 
"Pantry!" cries the old slop-seller; 
" you can't impose upon me. I know 
pantry is not Greek." The captain tries 
English fustian, and when Gradus main- 
tains that the words are English, " Out 
upon you for a jackanapes," cries the 
old man; "as if 1 din't know my own 
mother tongue ! " and gives his verdict in 
favour of the captain. 

Elizabeth Doiley, daughter of the old 
slop-seller, in love with captain Granger. 
She and her cousin Charlotte induce the 
Oxford scholar to dress like a beau to 
please the ladies. By so doing he dis- 
gusts the old man, who exclaims, "Oh 
that I should ever have been such a dolt 
as to take thee for a man of larnen' ! " So 
the captain wins the race at a canter. — 
Mrs. Cowley, Who's the Dupe ? 

Doll Common, a young woman in 
league with Subtle the alchemist and 
Face his ally. — B. Jonson, The Alchemist 
(1610). 

Mrs. Pritchard [1711-1768] could pass from " lady Mac- 
beth "to " Doll Common." — Leigh Hunt 

Doll Tearsheet, a "bona-roba." 
This virago is cast into prison with Dame 
Quickly (hostess of a tavern in East- 
cheap), for the death of a man that they 
and Pistol had beaten. — Shakespeare, 
2 Henry IV. (1598). 

Dollallolla (Queen), wife of king 
Arthur, very fond of stiff punch, but 
scorning "vulgar sips of brandy, gin, 
and rum." She is the enemy of Tom 
Thumb, and opposes his marriage with 
her daughter Huncamunca ; but when 
Noodle announces that the red cow has 
devoured the pigmy giant-queller, she 
kills the messenger for his ill tidings, 
and is herself killed by Frizalctta. Queen 
Dollallolla is jealous of the giantess 
Glundalca, at whom his majesty casts 
" sheep's eyes." — Tom Thumb,by Fielding 
the novelist (1730), altered by O'Hara, 
author of Midas (1778). 

Dolla Murrey, a character in 
Crabbe's Borough, who died playing 
cards. 



" A vole 1 a vole 1 " she cried ; "'tis fairly won." 

This said, she gently with a single sigh 

Died. 

Crabbe, Bm-ough (18J0). 

Dolly of the Chop-house 
(Queen's Head Passage, Paternoster Row 
and Newgate Street, London). Her cele- 
brity arose from the excellency of her 
provisions, attendance, accommodation, 
and service. The name is that of the old 
cook of the establishment. 

The broth reviving, and the bread was fair, 
The small beer grateful and as pepper strong, 
The beaf-steaks tender, and the pot-herbs young. 

Dolly Trull. Captain Macheath 
says she was " so taken up with stealing 
hearts, she left herself no time to steal 
anything else." — Gay, The Beggar's Opera, 
ii. 1 (1727). 

Dolly Varden, daughter of Gabriel 
Varden, locksmith. She was loved to 
distraction by Joe Willet, Hugh of the 
Maypole inn, and Simon Tappertit. 
Dolly dressed in the Watteau style, and 
was lively, pretty, and bewitching. — C. 
Dickens, Barnaby Budge (1841). 

Dolman, a light-blue loose-fitting 
jacket, braided across the front with 
black silk frogs, and embroidered from 
the cuffs almost to the shoulders with 
gold lace of three rows interwoven. It is 
used as the summer jacket of the Al- 
gerian native troops. The winter jacket 
is called a " pelisse." 

Dol'on, "a man of subtle wit and 
wicked mind," father of Guizor (groom 
of Pollente the Saracen, lord of " Par- 
lous Bridge "). Sir Ar'tegal, with scant 
ceremony, knocks the life out of Guizor, 
for demanding of him " passage-penny " 
for crossing the bridge. Soon afterwards, 
Brit'omart and Talus rest in Dolon's 
castle for the night, and Dolon, mistak- 
ing Britomart for sir Artegal, sets upon 
her in the middle of the night, but is 
overmastered. He now runs with his two 
surviving sons to the bridge, to prevent 
the passage of Britomart and Talus ; but 
Britomart runs one of them through with 
her spear, and knocks the other into the 
river. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 6 (1596). 

Dol'on and Ulysses. Dolon under- 
took to enter the Greek camp and bring 
word back to Hector an exact account of 
everything. Accordingly he put on a 
wolf's skin and prowled about the camp 
on all fours. Ulysses saw thromrh the 
disguise, and said to Diomed, "Yonder 
man is from the host . . . we'll let him 
pass a few paces, and then pounce on him 
unexpectedly." They soon caught the 



DOLOPATOS. 



263 



DOMINIE SAMPSON. 



follow, and having "pumped" out of 
him all about the Trojan plans, and the 
arrival of Rhesus, Diomed s.mote him 
with his falchion on the mid-neck and 
slew him. This is the subject of bk. x. 
of the Iliad, and therefore this book is 
called "Dolonia" ("the deeds of 
Dolon") or " DOlophon'ia " ("Dolon's 
murder "). 

Full of cunning, like Ulysses' whistle 
When he allured poor Dolon. 

Byron, Dun Juan, xiii. 105 (18fcl). 

X)olopa'tos, the Sicilian king, who 
placed his son Lucien under the charge 
of " seven wise masters." When grown 
to man's estate, Lucien's step-mother 
made improper advances to him, which 
he repulsed, and she accused him to the 
king of insulting her. By astrology the 
prince discovered that if he could tide over 
seven days his life would be saved ; so 
the wise masters amused the king with 
seven tales, and the king relented. The 
prinoe himself then told a tale which 
embodied his own history; the eyes of the 
king were opened, and the queen was con- 
demned to death. — Sandabar's Parables 
(French version). 

Doinbey {Mr.), a purse-proud, self- 
contained London merchant, living in 
Portland Place, Bryan stone Square, with 
offices in the City. His god was wealth ; 
and his one ambition was to have a son, 
that the firm might be known as " Dom- 
bey and Son." When Paul was born, 
his ambition was attained, his whole 
heart was in the boy, and the loss of the 
mother was but a small matter. The 
boy's death turned his heart to stone, 
and he treated his daughter Florence not 
only with utter indifference, but as an 
actual interloper. Mr. Dombey married 
a second time, but his wife eloped with 
his manager, James Carker, and the proud 
spirit of the merchant was brought low. 

Paul Dombey, son of Mr. Dombey ; a 
delicate, sensitive little boy, quite un- 
equal to the great things expected of him. 
He was sent to Dr. Blimber's school, but 
soon gave way under the strain of school 
discipline. In his short life he won the 
love of all who knew him, and his sister 
Florence was especially attached to him. 
His death is beautifully told. During his 
last days he was haunted by the sea, and 
was always wondering what the wild 
waves were saying. 

Florence Dombey, Mr. Dombey's 
daughter; a pretty, amiable, inother- 
lesc child, who incurred her father's 
hatred because she lived and thrived 



while her younger brothei Paul dwindled 
and died. Florence hungered to be 
loved, but her father had no love to 
bestow on her. She married Walter Gay, 
and when Mr. Dombey was broken in 
spirit by the elopement of his second 
wife, his grandchildren were the solace 
of his old age. — C. Dickens, Dombey and 
Son (1846). 

Dom-Daniel originally meant a 
public school for magic, established at 
Tunis ; but what is generally understood 
by the word is that immense establish- 
ment, near Tunis, under the "roots of 
the ocean," established by Ilal-il-Mau'- 
graby, and completed by his son. There 
were four entrances to it, each of which had 
a staircase of 4000 steps ; and magicians, 
gnomes, and sorcerers of every sort were 
expected to do homage there at least 
once a year to Zatanai [Satan]. Dom- 
Daniel was utterly destroyed by prince 
Habed-il-Rouman, son of the caliph of 
Syria. — Continuation of the Arabian Sights 
(" History of Maugraby "). 

Southey has made the destruction of 
Dom-Daniel the subject of his Thalaba — 
in fact, Thalaba takes the office of 
Habed-il-Roumau ; but the general inci- 
dents of the two tales have no other 
resemblance to each other. 

Domestic Poultry, in Dryden's 
Hind and Panther, mean the Roman 
Catholic clergy ; so called from an estab- 
lishment of priests in the private chapel of 
Whitehall. The nuns are termed "sister 
partlet with the hooded head " (1687). 

Dominiek, the "Spanish fryar," a 
kind of ecclesiastical Falstatf. A most 
immoral, licentious dominican, who for 
money would prostitute even the Church 
and Holy Scriptures. Dominiek helped 
Lorenzo in his amour with Elvi'ra the 
wife of Gomez. 

He is a huge, fat, religious gentleman ... big enough 
to be a pope. His gills are as rosy as a turkey-cock's. His 
big belly walks in state before him, like a harbinger ; and 
his, gouty legs come limping after it. Never was such a 
tun of devotion seen.— Dryden, The Spanish Fryar, ii. 3 
(1680). 

Dom'ine Stekan (corruption of 
Dominus tecum, " the Lord be with thee"). 
A witch, being asked how she contrived to 
kill all the children of a certain family iu 
infancy, replied, "Easily enough. When 
the infant sneezes, nobody says ' Domine 
stekan,' and then I become mistress of 
the child." — Key. W. Webster, Basque 
Legends, 73 (1877). 

Dominie Sampson; his Christian 
name is Abel. He fs the tutor at Elian- 



DOMTNIQUE. 



264 



DONICA. 



gowan House, very poor, very modest, 
and crammed with Latin quotations. His 
constant exclamation is " Prodigious ! " 

Dominie Sampson is a poor, modest, humb'e scholar, 
who had won his way through the classics, but fallen to 
the leeward in the voyage of life.— Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Dom'inique (3 syl.), the gossiping 
old footman of the Franvals, who fancies 
himself quite fit to keep a secret. He is, 
however, a really faithful retainer of the 
family.— Th. Holcroft, The Deaf and 
Dumb (1785). 

Domitian a Marksman. The 
emperor Domitian was so cunning a 
marksman, that if a boy at a good 
distance off held up his hand and 
stretched his fingers abroad, he could 
shoot through the spaces without touch- 
ing the ooy's hand or any one of his 
fingers. (See Tell, for many similar 
marksmen.) — Peacham, Complete Gentle- 
man (1627). 

Domizia, a noble lady of Florence, 
greatly embittered against the republic 
for its base ingratitude to her two brothers, 
Porzio and Berto, whose death she hoped 
to revenge. 

I am a daughter of the Traversari, 

Sister of Porzio and Berto both . . . 

I knew that Florence, that could doubt their faith, 

Must needs mistrust a stranger's ; holding back 

Reward from them, must hold back bis reward. 

Robt Browning, Luria, iii. 

Don Alphonso, son of a rich banker. 
In love with Victoria, the daughter of don 
Scipio ^ but Victoria marries don Fer- 
nando. Lorenza, who went by the name 
of Victoria for a time, and is the person 
don Alphonso meant to marry, espouses 
don Caesar. — O'Keefe, Castle of Andalusia. 

*** For other dons, see under the sur- 
name. 

Donacha dim na Dunaigh, the 
Highland robber near Roseneath. — Sir W. 
Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Donald, the Scotch steward of Mr. 
Mordent. Honest, plain-spoken, faith- 
ful, and unflinching in his duty. — Hol- 
croft, The Deserted Daughter (altered 
into The Steward). 

Donald, an old domestic of MacAulay, 
the Highland chief. — Sir W. Scott, Legend 
of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Donald of the Hammer, son of 
the laird of Invernahyle of the West 
Highlands of Scotland. When Green 
Colin assassinated the laird and his house- 
hold, the infant Donald was saved by his 



foster-nurse, and afterwards brought up 
by her husband, a blacksmith. He be- 
came so strong that he could work for 
hours with two fore-hammers, one in each 
hand, and was therefore called Donuil nan 
Ord. When he was 21 he marched with 
a few adherents against Green Colin, and 
slew him, by which means he recovered 
his paternal inheritance. 

Donald of the smithy, the " son of the hammer," 
Filled the banks of Lochawe with mourning and clamo'ir. 
Quoted by sir Walter Scott in Tales of a Grand- 
father, i. 3«. 

Donar, same as Thor, the god of 
thunder among the ancient Teutons. 

Donation of Pepin. When Pepin 
conquered Ataulf (Adolphus), the ex- 
archate of Ravenna fell into his hands. 
Pepin gave the pope both the ex-archate 
and the republic of Rome ; and this 
munificent gift is the world-famous 
" Donation of Pepin," on which rested 
the whole fabric of' the temporal power of 
the popes (a.d. 755). Victor Emmanuel, 
king of Italy, dispossessed the pope of 
his temporal sovereignty, and added the 
papal states to the united kingdom of 
Italy, over which he reigned (1870). 

Dondasch', an Oriental giant, con- 
temporary with Seth, to whose service he 
was attached. He needed no weapons, 
because he could destroy anything by his 
muscular force. 

Don'egild (3 syl.), the wicked mother 
of Alia king of Northumberland. Hating 
Custance because she was a Christian, 
Donegild set her adrift with her infant 
son. When Alia returned from Scotland, 
and discovered this act of cruelty, he put 
his mother to death ; then going to Rome 
on a pilgrimage, met his wife and child, 
who had been brought there a little time 
previously. — Chaucer, Canterbury Tales 
(" The Man of Law's Tale," 1388). 

Don'et, the first grammar put into 
the hands of scholars. It was that of 
Dona'tus the grammarian, who taught 
in Rome in the fourth century, and was 
the preceptor of St. Jerome. When 
"Graunde Amour" was sent to study 
under lady Gramer, she taught him, as 
he says : 

First my donet, and then my accedence. 
S. Hawes, The Pastime of Pltssure, v. (time, Henry VII.). 

Doni'ca, only child of the lord of 
Ar'kinlow (an elderly man). Young 
Eb'erhard loved her, and the Finnish 
maiden was betrothed to him. Walking 
one evening by the lake, Donica heard 



DONNERHUGEL. 



265 



DORAX. 



the sound of the death-spectre, and foil 
1 i I eless in the arms of her lover. Presentl)' 
the dead maiden received a supernatural 
vitality, but her cheeks were wan, her 
lips livid, her eyes lustreless, and her 
lap-dog howled when it saw her. Eber- 
hiird still resolved to marry her, and to 
church they went ; but when he took 
Donica's hand into his own it was cold 
and clammy, the demon fled from her, 
and the body dropped a corpse at the feet 
of the bridegroom. — R. Southey, Dunica 
(a Finnish ballad). 

Donnerhu'gel (Rudolph), one of the 
Swiss deputies to Charles "the Bold," 
duke of Burgundy. He is cousin of the 
6ons of Arnold Biederman the landam- 
m.in of Unterwalden (alias count Arnold 
of Geierstein). 

Theodore Donncrhugel, uncle of Ru- 
dolph. He was page to the former baron 
of Arnheim [Am.hime]. — Sir W. Scott, 
Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Do'ny, Florimel's dwarf. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, iii. 5 and iv. 2 (1590, 1596). 

Donzel del FeTjo (El), the knight 
of the sun, a Spanish romance in The 
Jlirror of Knighthood. He was "most 
excellently fair," and a "great wanderer ; " 
hence he is alluded to as "that wander- 
ing knight so fair." 

Doo'lin of Mayence (2 syl.), the 
hero and title of an old French romance 
of chivalry. He was ancestor of Ogier 
the Dane. His sword was called Mar- 
veilleuse (" wonderful "). 

Doomsday Sedgwick, William 
Sedgwick, a fanatical "prophet" during 
the Commonwealth. He pretended that 
the time of doomsday had been revealed 
to him in a vision ; and, going into the 
garden of sir Francis Russell, he denounced 
a party of gentlemen playing at bowls, 
and bade them prepare for the day of 
doom, which was at hand. 

Doorm, an earl who tried to make 
Enid his handmaid, and " smote her on 
the cheek " because she would not wel- 
come him. Whereupon her husband, 
count Geraint, started up and slew 
the " russet-bearded earl."' — Tennyson, 
Idylls of the King (" Enid "). 

Door-Opener (The), Crates, the 
Theban ; so called because he used to go 
round Athens early of a morning, and 
rebuke the people for their late rising. 

Dora [Spenlow], a pretty, warm- 



hearted little doll of a woman, with no 
practical views of the duties of life or the 
value of money. She was the "child- 
wife" of David" Copperfield, and loved to 
sit by him and hold his pens while he 
wrote. She died, and David then mar- 
ried Agnes Wickfield. Dora's great pet 
was a dog called ".lip," which died at the 
same time as its mistress. — C. Dickens, 
David Copperfield (1849). 

Dora'do (El), a land of exhanstlcss 
wealth ; a golden illusion. Orella'na, 
lieutenant of Pizarro, asserted that he had 
discovered a " gold country " between the 
Orino'co and the Ain'azon, in South 
America. Sir Walter Raleigh twice visited 
Guia'na as the spot indicated, and pub- 
lished highly coloured accounts of its 
enormous wealth. 

Dorali'ce (4 syl.), a lady beloved by 
Rodomont, but who married Mandri- 
cardo. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Dor'alis, the lady-love of Rodomont 
king of Sarza or Algiers. She eloped 
with Mandricardo king of Tartary. — 
Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato (1495) ;"and 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Dorante (2 syl.), a name introduced 
into three of Moliere's comedies. In Les 
Fdehcux he is a courtier devoted to the 
chase (1661). In La Critique de I'ecole dea 
Fenimes he is a chevalier (1662). InZe 
Bourgeois Gentilhornme he is a count in 
love with the marchioness Dorimbne 
(1670). 

Doras'tus and Faunia, the hero and 
heroine of a popular romance by Robert 
Greene, published in 1588, under" the title 
of Pandosto and the Triumph of Time. 
On this "history" Shakespeare founded 
his Winter's Tale. 

Why, sir William, it is a romance, a novel, a pleasanter 
history by half than the loves of Dorastus and Faunia. — 
Is. Bickerstaff, Love in a Village, iii. L 

Dorax, the assumed name of don 
Alonzo of Alcazar, when he deserted 
Sebastian king of Portugal, turned rene- 
gade, and joined the emperor of Barbary. 
The cause of his desertion was that Sebas- 
tian gave toHenri'quez the lady betrothed 
to Alonzo. Her name was Violante 
(4 syl.). The quarrel between Sebastian 
and Dorax is a masterly copy of the 
quarrel and reconciliation between Brutus 
and Cassius in Shakespeare's Julius C&sar. 

Like " Dorax " in the play, I submitted, " tho' with a 
swelling heart."— Sir W. Scott. 

This quotation is not exact. It occurs 
in the "quarrel." Sebastian says to 



DORCAS. 



266 



DORMER. 



Dorax, " Confess, proud spirit, that 
better he [Ilenriquez] deserved my love 
than thou." To this Dorax replies : 

I must grant. 
Yes, I must grant, but with a swelling foul, 
Henriquez liad jour love with more desert ; 
For you he fought and died ; I fought against you. 
Drayton, Don Sebastian (1690). 

Dorcas, servant to squire Ingoldsby. 
-Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Boreas, an old domestic at Cumnor 
Place. — Kenilworlh (time, Elizabeth). 

Dorcas Society, a society for sup- 
plying the poor with clothing ; so called 
from Dorca6, who " made clothes for the 
poor," mentioned in Acts ix. 89. 

Doria D'Istria, a pseudonym of the 
princess Koltzoff-Massalsky, a Wal- 
lachian authoress (1829- ). 

Doric Land, Greece, of which Doris 
was a part. 

Thro' all the bounds 
Of Doric land. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 519 (16651, 

Doric Reed, pastoral poetry, simple 
and unornamented poetry ; so called because 
everything Doric was remarkable for its 
chaste simplicity. 

Doricourt, the fiance' of Letitia 
Hardy. A man of the world and the 
rage of the London season, he is, how- 
ever, both a gentleman and a man of 
honour. He had made the " grand tour," 
and considered English beauties insipid. 
— Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem 
(1780). 

Montague Talbot [1778-1831]. 
He reigns o'er comedy supreme . . . 
None show for light and airy sport, 
So exquisite a Doricourt. 

Crofton Croker. 

Do'ridon, a lovely swain, nature's 
*■' chiefest work," more beautiful than 
Narcissus, Ganimede, or Adonis. — Wm. 
Browne, Britannia's Pastorals (1613). 

Do'rigen, a lady of high family, who 
married Arvir'agus out of pity for his 
love and meekness. Aurelius sought to 
entice her away, but she said she would 
never listen to his suit till on the British 
coast " there n'is no stone y-seen." Au- 
relius by magic caused all the stones to 
disappear, and when Dorigen went and 
said that her husband insisted on her 
keeping her word, Aurelius, seeing her 
dejection, replied, he would sooner die 
than injure so true a wife and noble a 
gentleman. — Chaucer, Canterbury Talcs 
("The Franklin'o Tale," 1388). 



(This is substantially the same as Boc- 
caccio's tale of Dianora and Gilberto, 
x. 6. See Dianora.) 

Dor'imant, a genteel, witty liDertme. 
The original of this character was the earl 
of Rochester. — G. Etherege, The Man of 
Mode or Sir Fopling Flutter (1676). 

The Dorimants and the lady Touchwoods, in their own 
sphere, do not offend my moral sense ; in fact, they do not 
appeal to it all.— C. Lamb. 

(The "lady Touchwood" in Congreve's 
Double Dealer, not the "lady Francis 
Touchwood " in Mrs. Cowley's Belle's 
Stratagem, which is quite another cha- 
racter.) 

Dor'imene (3 syl.), daughter of Al- 
cantor, beloved by Sganarelle (3 syl.) and 
Lycaste (2 syl.). She loved "le jeu, les 
visites, les assembles, les cadeanx, et les 
promenades, en un mot toutes le choses 
de plaisir," and wished to marry to get 
free from the trammels of her home. She 
says to Sganarelle (a man of 63), whom 
she promises to marry, "Nous n'aurons 
jamais aucun demele ensemble ; et je ne 
vous contraindrai point dans vos actions, 
comme j'espere que vous ne me contrain- 
drez point dans les mienne." — Moliere, 
Le Maria; je Force' (1664). 

(She had been introduced previously as 
the wife of Sganarelle, in the comedy of 
Le Cocu Imaginaire, 1660.) 

Dorimene, the marchioness, in the Bour- 
geois Gentilhomme, by Moliere (1670). 

Dorin'da, the charming daughter of 
lady Bountiful ; in love with Aim well. 
She was sprightly and light-hearted, but 
good and virtuous also. — George Far- 
quhar, The Beaux' Stratagem (1707). 

Dorine' (2 syl.), attendant of Mariane 
(daughter of Orgon). She ridicules the 
folly of the family, but serves it faith- 
fully.— Moliere, Le Tartuffe (1664). 

D'Ornie'o, prime minister of Victor 
Amade'us (4 syl.), and also of his son and 
successor Charles Emmanuel king of Sar- 
dinia. He took his colour from the king 
he served: hence under the tortuous, 
deceitful Victor, his policy was marked 
with crude rascality and duplicity ; but 
under the truthful, single-minded Charles 
Emmanuel, he became straightf orward and 
honest. — R. Browning, King Victor and 
King Charles, etc. 

Dormer (Captain), benevolent, truth- 
ful, and courageous, candid and warm- 
hearted. He was engaged to Louisa 
Travers ; but the lady was told that he 



DORMER. 



2G7 



DORRILLON. 



was false and had married another, so 
she pave her hand to lord Davenant. 

Marianne Dormer, sister of the cap- 
tain. She married lord Davenant, who 
called himself Mr. Brooke; but he forsook 
her in three months, giving out that he 
was dead. Marianne, supposing herself 
to be a widow, married his lordship's son. 
— Cumberland, The Mysterious Husband 
(1783). 

Dormer (Caroline), the orphan daughter 
of a London merchant, who was once very 
wealthy, but became bankrupt and died, 
leaving his daughter £200 a year. This 
annuity, however, she loses through the 
knavery of her man of business. When 
reduced co penury, her old lover, Henry 
Morland (supposed to have perished at 
sea), makes his appearance and marries 
her, by which she becomes the lady 
Duberly. — G. Colman, The Hcir-at-Law 
(1797). 

Dornton (Mr.), a great banker, who 
adores his son Harry. He tries to be 
stern with him when he sees him 
going the road to ruin, but is melted by 
a kind word. 

Joseph Munden [1753-1832] was the original repre- 
sentative of "Old Dornton" and a host of otiier characters. 
—Memoir (1832). 

Harry Dornton, son of the above. A 
noble-hearted fellow, spoilt by over- 
indulgence. He becomes a regular rake, 
loses money at Newmarket, and goes 
post-speed the road to ruin, led on by 
Jack Milford. So great is his extrava- 
gance, that his father becomes a bankrupt ; 
but Sulky (his partner in the bank) comes 
to the rescue. Harry marries Sophia 
Freelove, and both father and son are 
saved from ruin. — Holcroft, The Road to 
Ruin (1792). 

Dorober'nia, Canterbury. 

Dorothe'a, of Andalusi'a, daughter 
of Cleonardo (an opulent vassal of the 
duke Ricardo). She was married to don 
Fernando, the duke's younger son, who 
deserted her for Lucinda (the daughter of 
an opulent gentleman), engaged to Car- 
denio, her equal in rank and fortune. 
When the wedding day arrived, Lucinda 
fell into a swoon, a letter informed the 
bridegroom that she was already married 
to Cardenio, and next day she took 
refuge in a convent. Dorothea also left 
her home, dressed in boy's clothes, and 
concealed herself in the Sierra Morena or 
Brown Mountain. Now, it so happened 
that Dorothea, Cardenio, and don Quixote's 
party happened to be staying at the Cres- 



cent inn, and don Fernando, who had 
abducted Lucinda from the convent, 
halted at the same place. Here he found 
his wife Dorothea, and Lucinda her 
husband Cardenio. All these misfortunes 
thus came to an end, and the parties mated 
with their respective spouses. — Cervantes, 
Don Quixote, I. iv. (1605). 

Dorothe'a, sister of Mons. Thomas. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas 
(1619). 

Dorothe'a, the "virgin martyr," at- 
tended by Angelo, an angel in the 
semblance of a page, first presented to 
Dorothea as a beggar-boy, to whom she 
gave alms. — Philip Massinger, The Virgin 
Martyr (1622). 

Dorothe'a, the heroine of Goethe's poem 
entitled Hermann and Dorothea (1797). 

Dor'otheus (3 syl.), the man who 
spent all his life in endeavouring to eluci- 
date the meaning of one single word in 
Homer. 

Dor'othy (Old), the housekeeper of 
Simon Glover and his daughter " the 
fair maid of Perth." — Sir W. Scott, Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Dor'othy, charwoman of Old Trapbois 
the miser and his daughter Martha. — Sir 
W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

Dorrillon (Sir William), a rich 
Indian merchant and a widower. He had 
one daughter, placed under the care of 
Mr. and Miss Norberry. When this 
daughter (Maria) was grown to woman- 
hood, sir William returned to England, 
and wishing to learn the character of 
Maria, presented himself under the as- 
sumed name of Mr. Mandred. He found 
his daughter a fashionable young lady, 
fond of pleasure, dress, and play, but 
affectionate and good-hearted. He wa§ 
enabled to extricate her from some money 
difficulties, won her heart, revealed him- 
self as her father, and reclaimed her. 

Miss [Maria] Dorrillon, daughter of 
sir William ; gay, fashionable, light- 
hearted, highly accomplished, and very 
beautiful. " Brought up without a 
mother's care or father's caution," she 
had some excuse for her waywardness 
and firivolity. Sir George Evelyn was 
her admirer, whom for a time she teased 
to the very top of her bent ; then she 
married, loved, and reformed. — Mrs. 
Inchbald, Wives as they Were and Maids 
as they Are (1797). 



D'OSBORN. 



268 



DOUGLAS. 



D'Osborn (Count), governor of the 
Giant's Mount Fortress. The countess 
Marie consented to marry him, because he 
promised to obtain the acquittal of Ernest 
de Fridberg ("the State prisoner") ; but 
he never kept his promise. It was by 
this man's treachery that Ernest was a 
prisoner, for he kept back the evidence of 
general Bavois, declaring him innocent. 
He next employed persons to strangle 
him, but his attempt was thwarted. His 
villainy being brought to light, he was 
ordered by the king to execution. — E. 
Stirling, The State Prisoner (1847). 

Do'son, a promise-maker and pro- 
mise-breaker. Antig'onos (grandson of 
Demetrios the besieger) was so called. 

Dot. (See Peerybingle.) 

Dotheboys Hall, a Yorkshire 
school, where boys were taken-in and 
done-for by Mr. Squeers, an arrogant, 
conceited, puffing, overbearing, and 
ignorant schoolmaster, who fleeced, beat, 
and starved the boys, but taught them 
nothing. — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

The original of Dotheboys Hall Is still in existence at 
Bowes, some five miles from Barnard Castle. The King's 
Head inn at Barnard Ca«tle is spoken of in Nicholas 
Nickleby by Newman Noggs. — Notes and Queries, 
April 2, 1875. 

Doto, Nyse, and Neri'ne, the 
three nereids who guarded the fleet of 
Vasco da Gama. When the treacherous 
pilot had run the ship in which Vasco 
was sailing on a sunken rock, these sea- 
nymphs lifted up the prow and turned it 
round. — Camoens, Lusiad, ii. (1569). 

Douban, the physician, cured a 
Greek king of leprosy by some drug con- 
cealed in a racket handle. The king gave 
Douban such great rewards that the env}' - 
of his nobles was excited, and his vizier 
suggested that a man like Douban was 
very dangerous to be near the throne. 
The fears of the weak king being aroused, 
he ordered Douban to be put to death. 
When the physician saw there was no 
remedy, he gave the king a book, saying, 
"On the sixth leaf the king will find 
something affecting his life." The king, 
finding the leaves stick, moistened his 
finger with his mouth, and by so doing 
poisoned himself. " Tyrant ! " exclaimed 
Douban, " those who abuse their power 
morit death." — Arabian Nights ("The 
Greek King and the Physician "). 

Douban, physician of the emperor 
Alexius. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 



Double Dealer {The). "The 
double dealer" is Maskwell, who pre- 
tends love to lady Touchwood and friend- 
ship to Mellefont (2 syl.), in order to 
betray them both. The other characters 
of the comedy also deal doubly : Thus 
lady Froth pretends to love her husband, 
but coquets with Mr. Brisk ; and lady 
Pliant pretends to be chaste as Diana, 
but has a liaison with Careless. On the 
other hand, Brisk pretends to entertain 
friendship for lord Froth, but makes love 
to his wife ; and Ned Careless pretends to 
respect and honour lord Pliant, but bam- 
boozles him in a similar way. — W. Con- 
greve (1700). 

Double-headed Mount (The), 
Parnassus, in Greece ; so called from its 
two chief summits, TithorSo and Lycorea. 

Double Lines (in Lloyd's books), a 
technical word for losses and accidents. 

One morning the subscribers were reading the "double 
lines," and among the losses was the total wreck of this 
identical ship. — Old and New London, i. 513. 

Doublefee (Old Jacob), a money- 
lender, who accommodates the duke of 
Buckingham with loans. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Doubting Castle, the castle of 
giant Despair, into which Christian and 
Hopeful were thrust, but from which 
they escaped by means of the key called 
"Promise." — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, 
i.- (1678). 

Dougal, turnkey at Glasgow Tol- 
booth. He is an adherent of Roy Roy. — 
Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Douglas, divided into The Black 
Douglases and The Red Douglases. 

I. The Black Douglases (or senior 
branch). Each of these is called " The 
Black Douglas." 

The Hardy, William de Douglas, de- 
fender of Berwick (died 1302). 

The Good sir James, eldest son of " The 
Hardy." Friend of Bruce. Killed by the 
Moors in Spain, 1330. 

England's Scourge and Scotland's Bul- 
wark, William Douglas, knight of Liddes- 
dale. Taken at Neville's Cross, and 
killed by William first earl of Douglas, 
in 1353. 

The Flower of Chivalry, William de 
Douglas, natural son of " The Good sir 
James " (died 1384). 

James second earl of Douglas over- 
threw Hotspur. Died at Otterburn, 
1388. This is the Douglas of the old 
ballad of Chevy Chase. 



DOUGLAS. 



269 



DOULOUREUSE GARDE. 



Archibald the Grim, Archibald Douglas, 
natural son of "The Good sir James" 
(died *). 

The Black Douglas, William lord of 
Nithsdale (murdered by the earl of Clif- 
ford, 1390). 

Tineman (the loser), Archibald fourth 
carl, who lost the battles of Homildon, 
Shrewsbury, and Verneuil, in the last of 
which he was killed (1424). 

William Douglas, eighth earl, stabbed 
by James II., and then despatched with a 
battle-axe by sir Patrick Gray, at Stirling, 
February 13, 1452. Sir Walter Scott 
alludes to this in The Lady of the Lake. 

James Douglas, ninth and last earl 
(died 1488). With him the senior branch 
closes. 

II. The Red Douglases, a collateral 
branch. 

Bcll-the-Cat, the great earl of Angus. 
He is introduced by Scott in Marmibn, 
His two sons fell in the battle of Flod- 
den Field. He died in a monastery, 1514. 

Archibald Douglas, sixth earl of 
Angus, an-1 grandson of " Bell-the-Oat." 
James Bothwell, one of the family, forms 
the most interesting part of Scott's Lady 
of the Lake. He was the grandfather of 
Darnlev, husband of Mary queen of 
Scots. " He died 15G0. 

James Douglas, earl of Morton, 
younger brother of the seventh earl of 
Angus. He took part in the murder of 
Rizzio, and was executed by the instru- 
ment called "the maiden" (1530-1581). 

The " Black Douglas," introduced by 
sir W. Scott in Castle Dangerous, is 
" The Gud schyr James." This was also the 
Douglas which was such a terror to the 
English that the women used to frighten 
their unruly children by saying they 
would " make the Black Douglas take 
them." He first appears in Castle Dan- 
gerous as " Knight of the Tomb." The 
following nursery rhyme refers to him : — 

Hush ye, hush ye, little pet ye ; 
Hush >e. lui.sii ye. iio not Bret ve: 
The Black Douglas shall not get thee. 
Sir W. Scott. Tahsofa Grandfather, L 6. 

Douglas, a tragedy by J. Home (1757). 
Young Norval, having saved the life of 
lord Randolph, is given a commission 
in the army. Lady Randolph hears of 
the exploit, and discovers that the youth 
is her own son by her first husband, lord 
Douglas. Glenalvon, who hates the new 
favourite, persuades lord Randolph that 
his wife is too intimate with the young 
upstart, and the two surprise them in 
familiar intercourse in a wood. The 



youth, being attacked, slays Glenalvon ; 
but is in turn slain by lord Randolph, 
who then learns that the young man was 
lady Randolph's son. Lady Randolph, 
in distraction, rushes up a precipice and 
throws herself down headlong, and lord 
Randolph goes to the war then raging 
between Scotland and Denmark. 

Douglas (Archibald earl of), father-in- 
law of prince Robert, eldest son of 
Robert III. of Scotland. 

Margery of Douglas, the earl's daughter, 
and wife of prince Robert duke of Roth- 
say. The duke was betrothed to Eliza- 
beth daughter of the earl of March, but 
the engagement was broken off by in- 
trigue.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth 
(time, Henry IV.). 

Douglas (George), nephew of the re- 
gent Murray of Scotland, and grandson 
of the lady of Lochleven. George Doug- 
las was devoted to Mary queen of Scots. 
— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Douglas and the Bloody Heart. 
The heart of Bruce was entrusted to 
Douglas to carry to Jerusalem. Landing 
in Spain, he stopped to aid the Cas- 
tilians against the Moors, and in the heat 
of battle cast the "heart," enshrined in a 
golden coffer, into the very thickest of 
the foe, saying, "The heart or death!" 
On he dashed, fearless of danger, to 
regain the coffer, but perished in the 
attempt. The family thenceforth adopted 
the " bloody heart " as their armorial 
device. 

Douglas Larder (The). When the 
" Good sir James" Douglas, in 1306, took 
his castle by a coup de main from the 
English, he caused all the barrels con- 
taining flour, meal, wheat, and malt to 
be knocked in pieces and their contents 
to be thrown on the floor ; he then staved 
in all the hogsheads of wine and ale upon 
this mass. To this he flung the dead 
bodies slain and some dead horses. The 
English called this disgusting mess " The 
Douglas Larder." He then set fire to the 
castle and took refuge in the hills, for he 
said " he loved far better to hear the lark 
sing than the mouse cheep." 

%* Wallace's Larder is a similar 
phrase. It is the dungeon of Ardrossan, 
in Ayrshire, where Wallace had the dead 
bodies of the garrison thrown, surprised 
by him in the reign of Edward I. 

Douloureuse Garde (La), a castle 
in Berwick-upon-Tweed, won by sir 



DOUSTERSWIVEL. 



270 



DRAGON. 



Launcelot du Lac, in one of the most 
terrific adventures related in romance. 
In memory of this event, the name of the 
castle was changed into La Joyeuse Garde 
or La Garde Joyeuse. 

Dousterswivel (Herman), a German 
schemer, who obtains money under the 
promise of finding hidden wealth by a 
divining rod. — Sir W. Scott, The Anti- 
quary (time, George III.). 

The incident of looking for treasure in the church is 
copied from one which Lilly mentions, who went with 
David Ramsay to search for hid treasure in Westminster 
Abbey. — See Old and New Lonckm, i. 129. 

Dove (Dr.), the hero of Southey's 
novel called The Doctor (1834). 

Dove (Sir Benjamin), of Cropley 
Castle, Cornwall. A little, peaking, pul- 
ing creature, desperately hen-pecked by a 
second wife; but madam overshot the 
mark, and the knight was roused to assert 
and maintain the mastery. 

That very clever actor Cherry [1769-1812], appeared in 
" sir Benjamin Dove," and showed himself a master of his 
profession. — Boaden. 

Lady Dove, twice married, first to Mr. 
Searcher, king's messenger, and next to 
sir Benjamin Dove. She had a tendresse 
for Mr. Paterson. Lady Dove was a 
terrible termagant, and when scolding 
failed, used to lament for " poor dear dead 

Searcher, who , etc., etc." She pulled 

her bow somewhat too tight, and sir 
Benjamin asserted his independence. 

Sophia Dove, daughter of sir Benjamin. 
She loved Robert Belfield, but was 
engaged to marry the elder brother An- 
drew. When, however, the wedding day 
arrived, Andrew was found to be a mar- 
ried man, and the younger brother became 
the bridegroom. — R. Cumberland, The 
Brothers (1769). 

Dowlas (Daniel), a chandler of 
Gosport, who trades in "coals, cloth, 
herrings, linen, candles, eggs, sugar, 
treacle, tea, and brickdust." This vulgar 
and illiterate petty shopkeeper is raised 
to the peerage under the title of "The 
Right Hon. Daniel Dowlas, baron Du- 
berly." But scarcely has he entered on 
his honours, when the " heir-at-law," 
supposed to have been lost at sea, makes 
his appearance in the person of Henry 
Morland. The "heir" settles on Daniel 
Dowlas an annuity. 

Deborah Dowlas, wife of Daniel, and 
for a short time lady Duberly. She 
assumes quite the airs and ton of gen- 
tility, and tells her husband "as he is a 
pear, he ought to behave as sich." 



Dick Dowlas, the son, apprenticed to an 
attorney at Castleton. A wild young 
scamp, who can "shoot wild ducks, fling 
a bar, play at cricket, make punch, catch 
gudgeons, and dance." His mother says, 
" he is the sweetest-tempered youth when 
he has everything his own way." Dick 
Dowlas falls in love with Cicely Home- 
spun, and marries her. — G. Colinan, Heir- 
at-law (1797). 

Miss Pope asked me about the dress. I answered, " It 
should be black bombazeen ..." I proved to her that not 
only " Deborah Dowlas," but all the rest of the dramatis 
personce ought to be in mourning. . . . The three " Dow- 
lases" as relatives of the deceased lord Duberly ; "Henry 
Morland " as the heir-at-law ; "Dr. PangJoss " as a clergy- 
man, "Caroline Dormer "for the loss of her father, and 
"Kenrick" as a servant of the Dormer family.— James 



Dowlas (Old Dame), housekeeper to 
the duke of Buckingham. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Dowling (Captain), a great drunkard, 
who dies in his cups. — Crabbe, Borough, 
xvi. (1810). . 

Downer (Billy), an occasional porter 
and shoeblack, a diffuser of knowledge, 
a philosopher, a citizen of the world, and 
an " unfinished gentleman." — C. Selby, 
The Unfinished Gentleman. 

Downing Professor, in the Uni- 
versity of Cambridge. So called from 
sir George Downing, bart., who founded 
the law professorship in 1800. 

Dowsabel, daughter of Cassemen 
(3 syl.) a knight of Arden ; a ballad by 
M. Drayton (1593). 

Old Chaucer doth of Topaz tell,' 
Mad Rabelais of Pantagruel, 
A later third of Dowsabel. 

M. Drayton, Ifymphidia. 

Drac, a sort of fairy in human form, 
whose abode is the caverns of rivers. 
Sometimes these dracs will float like 
golden cups along a stream to entice 
bathers, but when the bather attempts to 
catch at them, the drac draws him under 
water. — South of France Mythology . 

Dra'chenfels ("dragon rocks"), so 
called from the dragon killed there by 
Siegfried, the hero of the Niebelungcn 
Lied. 

Dragon (A), the device on the royal 
banner of the old British kings. The 
leader was called the pendragon. Geoffrey 
of Monmouth says: "When Aure'lius 
was king, there appeared a star at 
Winchester of wonderful magnitude and 
brightness, darting forth a ray, at the 
end of Avhich was a flame in form of a 
dragon." Uther ordered two golden 



DRAGON. 



271 



DRAPIER'S LETTERS. 






dragons to bo made, one of which he 
presented to Winchester, and the other he 
carried with him as a royal standard. 
Tennyson says that Arthur's helmet had 
for crest a golden dragon. 

. . . tlicy s;i\v 
The dragon of the v;r,:it pcinlr.-w.insliip. 

That crowned the state pavilion of the king. 

Tennyson, (fulnavere. 

. Dragon (The), one of the masques 
at Kennaquhair Abbey. — Sir \V. Scott, 
The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Draijon (Tlie Red), the personification 
of "the devil," as the enemy of man. 
— Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, 
ix. (1633). 

Dragon of Wantley (i.e. Warn- 
oliff, in Yorkshire), a skit on the old 
metrical romances, especially on the old 
rhyming legend of sir Bevis. The ballad 
describes the dragon, its outrages, the 
flight of the inhabitants, the knight 
choosing his armour, the damsel, the 
tight, and the victory. The hero is called 
"More, of More Hall" (q.v.). — Percy, 
JHelimtes, 111. iii. 13. 

(11. Carey has a burlesque called The 
Dragon of Wantley, and calls the hero 
"Moore, of Moore Hall," 1697-1743.) 

Dragon's Hill (Berkshire). The 
legend says it is here that St. George 
killed the dragon ; but the place as- 
signed for this achievement in the ballad 
given in Percy's Reliques is " Sylene, in 
Libya." Another legend gives Berytus 
(Bey rut) as the place of this encounter. 

(In regard to Dragon Hill, according 
to Saxon annals, it was here that Cedric 
(founder of the West Saxons) slew 
Naud the pendragon, with 5000 men.) 

Dragon's Teeth. The tale of Jason 
and yEetes is a repetition of that of 
Cadmus. 

In the tale of Cadmus, we are told 
the fountain of Arei'a (3 syl.) was 
guarded by a fierce dragon. Cadmus 
killed the dragon, and sowed its teeth in 
the earth. From these teeth sprang up 
armed men called " Sparti," among whom 
he flung stones, and the aru.ed men fell 
foul of each other, till all were slain 
excepting five. 

In the tale of Jason, we are told 
that having slain the dragon which kept 
watch over the golden fleece, he sowed its 
teeth in the ground, and armed men 
sprang up. Jason cast a stone into the 
midst of them, whereupon the men at- 
tacked each other, and were all slain. 



Dragons. 

Ahrimak, the dragon slain by Mithra. 
— Persian Mythology. 

Dahak, the three-headed dragon slain 
by Thraetana-Yacna. — Persian. 

Fa fn ik, the dragon slain by Sigurd. 

(iitKNDKi., the dragon slain by Beo- 
wulf, the Anglo-Saxon hero. 

La GabQOUILLB, the dragon which 
ravaged the Seine, slain by St. Romain 
of Kouen. 

Python, the dragon slain by Apollo. 
— Greek Mythology. 

TARASQUE (2 syl.). the dragon slain at 
Aix-la-Chapelle by St. Martha. 

Zohak, the dragon slain by Feridun 
(Shahnanwh). 

%* Numerous dragons have no special 
name. Many are denoted Red, White, 
Black, Great, etc. 

Drama. The earliest European 
drama since the fall of the Western 
empire appeared in the middle of the 
fifteenth century. It is called La Celes- 
tina, and is divided into twenty-one acts. 
The first act, which runs through fifty 
pages, was composed by Rodrigo Cota; 
the other twenty are ascribed to Fernando 
de Rojas. The whole was published in 
1510. 

The earliest English drama is entitled 
Ralph Roister iJoister, a comedy by 
Nicholas Udal (before 1551, because men- 
tioned by T. Wilson, in his Rule of Reason, 
which appeared in 1551). 

The second English drama was Gammer 
Gurton's Needle, by Mr. S. Master of 
Arts. Warton, in his History of Enjlish 
Poetry (iv. 32), gives 1551 as the date of 
this comedy ; and Wright, in his Mistoria 
Histrionica, says it appeared in the reign 
of Edward VI., who died 1553. It is 
generally ascribed to bishop Still, but he 
was only eight }'ears old in 1551. 

Drama (Father of the French), Etienne 
Jodelle (1532-1573). 

Father of the Greek Drama, Thespis 
(b.c. sixth century). 

Father of the Spanish Drama, Lope de 
Vega (1562-1635). 

Drap, one of queen Mab's maids of 
honour. — Drayton, Nymphidia. 

Dra'pier's Letters, a series of 
letters written by dean Swift, and signed 
"M. D. Drapier," advising the Irish not to 
take the copper money coined by William 
Wood, to whom George I. had given a 
patent. These letters (1724) stamped out 
this infamous job, and caused the patent 



DRAWCANSIR. 



272 



DROP SERENE. 



to be cancelled. The patent was obtained 
by the duchess of Keudal (mistress of 
the king), who was to share the profits. 

Can we the Drapier then forget ? 

Is not our nation in his debt? 

'Twas he that writ the " Drapier's Letters." 

Dean Swift, Verses on his own death. 

Drawcan'sir, a bragging, blustering 
bully, who took part in a battle, and 
killed every one on both sides, " sparing 
neither friend nor foe." — George Yilliers, 
duke of Buckingham, The Rehearsal 
(1671). 

Juan, who was a little superficial, 

And not in literature a great Draweansir. 

Byron, Don Juan, xi. 51 (1824). 

At length my enemy appeared, and I went forward 
some yards like a Draweansir, but found myself seized 
with a panic as Paris was when he presented himself to 
fight with Menelaus.— Lesage, G-il Bias, vii. 1 (1735). 

Dream Authorship. Tt is said 
that Coleridge wrote his Kvhla Khan 
from his recollection of a dream. 

*** Condillac (says Cabanis) con- 
cluded in his dreams the reasonings left 
incomplete at bed-time. 

Dreams. Amongst the ancient Gaels 
the leader of the army was often deter- 
mined by dreams or visions in the night. 
The different candidates retired " each to 
his hill of ghosts, to pass the night, and 
he to whom a vision appeared was ap- 
pointed the leader." 

Seltna's king [Fingal] looked around. In his presence 
we rose in aims. Eut who should lift the shield— for all 
had claimed the war? The night came down. We 
strode in silence, each to his lull of ghosts, that spirits 
might descend in our dreams to mark us for the field. 
We struck the shield of the dead. We raised the hum of 
songs. We called thrice the ghosts of our fathers. We 
laid us down for dreams. — Ossian, Cathlin of Clutka. 

Dreams. The Indians believe all 
dreams to be revelations, sometimes made 
by the familiar genius, and sometimes by 
the "inner or divine soul." An Indian, 
having dreamt that his finger was cut off, 
had it really cut off the next day. — 
Charlevoix, Journal of a Voyage to North 
America. 

Dream'er (The Immortal), John 
Bunyan, whose Pilgrim's Progress is said 
by him to be a dream (1628-1688). 

%* The pretence of a dream was one 
of the most common devices of mediaeval 
romance, as, for example, the Romance of 
the Rose and Piers Plowman, both in the 
fourteenth century. 

Dreary {Wat), alias Brown Will,, 
one of Macheath's gang of thieves. He 
is described by Peachum as " an irregular 
dog, with an underhand way of disposing 
of his goods" (act i. 1). — Gay, The 



Beggar's Opera (1727). 



Drink used by actors, orators, etc. : 

Braham, bottled porter. 

Catley (Miss), linseed tea and madeira, 

Cooke (G. F.), everything drinkable. 

Emery, brandy-and-water (cold). 

Gladstone ( W. E.), an egg beaten up 
in sherry. 

Henderson, gum arabic and sherry. 

Incledon, madeira. 

Jordan (Mrs.), calves'-foot jelly dis- 
solved in warm sherry. 

Kean (Edmund), beef -tea for break- 
fast, cold brandy. 

Lewis, mulled wine (with oysters). 

Oxberry, tea. 

Smith ( William), coffee. 

Wood (Mrs.), draught porter. 

*#* J. Kemble took opium. 

Drink. " / drink the air," says Ariel, 
meaning "I will fly with great speed." 

In Henry IV. we have " devour the 
way," meaning the same thing. 

Dri'ver, clerk to Mr. Pleydell, advo- 
cate, Edinburgh. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Driver of Europe. The due de 

Choiseul, minister of Louis XV., was so 
called by the empress of Russia, because 
he had spies all over Europe, and ruled 
by them all the political cabals. 

Dro'gio, probably Nova Scotia and 
Newfoundland. A Venetian voyager 
named Antonio Zeno (fourteenth century) 
so called a country which he discoverer 1 
It was said to lie south-west of Estotiland 
(Labrador), but neither Estotiland nor 
Drogio are recognized by modern geo- 
graphers, and both are supposed to be 
wholly, or in a great measure, hypo- 
thetical. 

Dro'mio ( The Brothers) , two brothers, 
twins, so much alike that even their 
nearest friends and masters knew not one 
from the other. They were the servants 
of two masters, also twins and the exact 
fac-similes of each other. The masters 
were Antiph'olus of Ephesus and Anti- 
pholus of Svracuse. — Shakespeare, Comedy 
of Errors (1593). 

(The Comedy of Errors is borrowed 
from the Menaschmi of Plautus.) 

Dronsdaughter (Tronda), the old 
serving-woman of the Yellowleys. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

Drop Serene (Gutta Serena). It 
was once thought that this sort of blind- 
ness was an incurable extinction of vision 



DROPPING WELL. 



273 



DRUNKEN PARLIAMENT. 



by a transparent watery humour distilling 
on the optic nerve. It caused total blind- 
ness, but made no visible change in the 
eye. It is now known that tins sort of 
blindness arises from obstruction in the 
capillary nerve-vessels, and in some cases 
at least is curable. Milton, speaking of 
his own blindness, expresses a doubt 
whether it arose from the Gutta Serena or 
the suffusion of a cataract. 

So thick a " drop serene" hath quenched their orbs, 
Or dim "suffusion" railed. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 25 (lGtio). 

Dropping "Well, near the Nyde, 
Yorkshire. 

. . . men " Dropping Well" it call. 
Because out of a rook it still in drops doth fall : 
Near to the foot whereof it ni.ikesa little pon [Ue/iository], 
Which in as litUe space lonveiteth wood to stone. 

Drayton. Polyolbiun, xxviiL (1G22). 

Drudgeit (Peter), clerk to lord 
Bladderskate. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Drugger (Abel), a seller of tobacco ; 
artless and gullible in the extreme. He 
was building a new house, and came to 
Subtle "the alchemist," to know on which 
side to set the shop door, how to dispose 
the shelves so as to ensure most luck, on 
what days he might trust his customers, 
and when it would be unlucky for him so 
to do. — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist (1610). 

Thomas Weston was " Abel Drugger" himself [1727- 
177UJ, but David Garriok was fond of the part also [1716- 
1779 J.— C. Dibdin, Uistory of the Stage. 

(This comedy was cut down into a 
two-act farce, called The Tobacconist, by 
Francis Gentleman.) 

Drugget, a rich London haberdasher, 
who has married one of his daughters to 
sir Charles Racket. Drugget is " very 
fond of his garden," but his taste goes no 
further than a suburban tea-garden, with 
leaden images, cockney fountains, trees 
cut into the shapes of animals, and other 
similar abominations. He is very head- 
strong, very passionate, and very fond of 
Cattery. 

Mrs. Drugget, wife of the above. She 
knows her husband's foibles, and, like a 
wise woman, never rubs the hair the 
wrong way. — A. Murphy, Three Weeks 
after Marriage. 

Druid (The), the nom de plume of 
Henry Dixon, sportsman and sporting 
writer. One of his books, called Steeple- 
chasing, appeared in the Gentleman's 
Magazine. His last work was called 
The Saddle and Surloin. 

*** Collins calls James Thomson 
(author of TJie Seasons) a druid, mean- 



ing a pastoral British poet or " Nature's 
High Priest." 

In yonder grave a Druid lies. 

Collins (1746). 

Druid (Dr.), a man of North Wales, 
(>f> years of age, the travelling tutor of 
lord Abberville, who was only 23. The 
doctor is a pedant and antiquary, choleric 
in temper, and immensely bigoted, wholly 
without any knowledge of the human 
heart, or indeed any practical knowledge 
at all. 

"Money and trade, I scorn 'em botb ; ... I have 
traced the oxus and the Po, traversed the Blptucuu 

Mountains, and pierced into the inmost tesarts of KUillUC 
Tartary. ... 1 have followed the ravages of Kouli Chan 
with rapturous delight. There ia a land of wonder*; 
finely depopulated ; gloriously laid waste; fields without 
a hoof to tread 'em ; fruits without a hand to gather 'em ; 
with such a catalogue of pats, peetles, serpents, scorpions, 
caterpillars, toads, and putterflies! Oh, 'tis a recreating 
contrriiiplation indeed to & philosophic mind !" — Cumber- 
land, The Fashionable Looer (1780). 

Druid Money, a promise to pay on 
the Greek Kalends. Patricius says : 
" Druidae pecuniam mutuo accipiebant in 
posteriore vita reddituri." 

Like money by the Druids borrowed. 
In UY other world to be restored. 

Butler, JJudibras. iii. 1 (1078). 

%* Purchas tells us of certain priests 
of Pekin, "who barter with the people 
upon bills of exchange, to be paid in 
heaven a hundredfold." — Pilgrims, iii. 2. 

Drum (Jack). Jack Drum' s entertain- 
ment is giving a guest the cold shoulder. 
Shakespeare calls it "John Drum's 
entertainment" (AWs Well, etc., act iii. sc. 
6), and Holinshed speaks of "Tom Drum 
his entertaynement, which is to hale a 
man in by the heade, and thrust him out 
by both the shoulders." 

In faith, good gentlemen, I think we shall be forced to 
give you right John Drum's entertainment — Introduction 
to Jack Drums Entertainment (1601). 

Drummle (Bentley) and Startop, 
two young men who read with Mr. 
Pocket. Drummle was a surly, ill- 
conditioned fellow, who married Estella. 
— C. Dickens, Great Expectations (18G0). 

Drunk. The seven phases of drunken- 
ness are: (1) Ape-drunk, when men 
make fools of themselves in their cups ; 
(2) Lion-drunk, when men want to fight 
with every one ; (o) SAvine-drunk, when 
men puke, etc. ; (4) Sleep-drunk, when 
men get heavy and sleepy in their cups ; 
(5) Martin-drunk, when men become 
boastful in their cups ; (6) Goat-drunk, 
when men become amorous; (7) Fox- 
drunk, when men become crafty in their 
cups. 

Drunken Parliament, a Scotch 



DRUON. 



274 



DUBRIC. 



parliament assembled at Edinburgh, 
January 1, 1661. 

It was a mad, warring time, full of extravagance ; and 
no wonder it was so, when the men of affairs were almost 
perpetually drunk. — Burnet, His Own Time (1723-34). 

Druon "the Stern," one of the four 
knights who attacked Britomart and 
sir Scudamore (3 syl.). 

The warlike dame [Britomart] was on her part assaid 

By Ciaribel and Blandamour at one ; 

While Paridel and Druon fiercely laid 

On Scudamore, both his professed tone [foes'], 

Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 9 (1596). 

Dru'ry Lane (London), takes its 
name from the Drury family. Drury 
House stood on the site of the present 
Olympic Theatre. 

Druses. {Return of the). The Druses, 
a semi-Mohammedan sect of Syria, being 
attacked by Osman, take refuge in one of 
the Spor'ades, and place themselves 
under the protection of the knights of 
Rhodes. These knights slay their sheiks 
and oppress the fugitives. In the sheik 
massacre, Dja'bal is saved by Maa'ni, 
and entertains the idea of revenging his 
people and leading them back to Syria. 
To this end he gives out that he is Hakeem, 
the incarnate god, returned to earth, and 
soon becomes the leader of the exiled 
Druses. A plot is formed to murder the 
prefect cf the isle, and to betray the 
island to Venice, if Venice will supply 
a convoy for their return. An'eal (2 syl.'), 
a young woman, stabs the prefect, and 
dies of bitter disappointment when she 
discovers that Djabal is a mere impostor. 
Djabal stabs himself when his imposition 
is made public, but Loys (2 syl.), a 
Breton count, leads the exiles back to 
Lebanon. — Robert Browning, The Return 
of the Druses. 

%* Historically, the Druses, to the 
number of 160,000 or 200,000, settled in 
Syria, between Djebail and Sa'ide, but 
their original seat was Egypt. They 
quitted Egypt from persecution, led by 
Dara'zi or Durzi, from whom the name 
Druse (1 syl.) is derived. The founder 
of the sect was the hakem B'amr-ellah 
(eleventh century) , believed to be incarnate 
deity, and the last prophet who com- 
municated between God and man. From 
this founder the head of the sect was 
called the hakem, his residence being 
Deir-el-Kamar. During the thirteenth 
or fourteenth century the Druses were 
banished from Syria, and lived in exile 
in some of the Sporides. but were led 
back to Syria early in the lii'teenth century 
by couut Loys de Deux, a new convert. 



Since 1588 they have been tributaries of 
the sultan. 

What say you does this wizard style himself — 
Hakeem Biamrallah, the Third Fatimite ? 
What is this jargon ? He the insane prophet, 
Dead near three hundred years 1 

Robert Browning, The Return of the Druse*. 

Dryas or Dryad, a wood-nymph, 
whose life was bound up with that of 
her tree. (Greek, 6 H vd?, a^wador.) 

"The quickening power of the soul," like Martha, "is 
busy about many things," or like " a Dryas living in a 
tree." — Sir John Davies, Immortality of the Soul, xii. 

Dry-as-Dust (The Rev. Doctor), an 
hypothetical person whom sir W. Scott 
makes use of to introduce some of his 
novels by means of prefatory letters. 
The word is a synonym for a dull, prosy, 
plodding historian, with great show of 
learning, but very little attractive grace. 

Dryden of Germany (The), 
Martin Opitz, sometimes called " The 
Father of German Poetry" (1597-1639). 

Dryeesdale (Jasper), the old steward 
at Lochleven Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Dry 'ope (3 syl.), daughter of king 
Dryops, beloved by Apollo. Apollo, 
having changed himself into a tortoise, 
was taken by Dryope into her lap, and 
became the father of Amphis'sos. Ovid 
says that Drvope was changed into a 
lotus (Met., x*. 331). 

Duar'te (3 syl.), the vainglorious 
son of Guiomar. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Custom of the Country (1647). 

Dubosc, the great thief, who robs 
the night-mail from Lyons, and murders 
the courier. He bears such a strong 
likeness to Joseph Lesurques (act i. 1) that 
their identity is mistaken. — Ed. Stirling, 
The Courier of Lyons (1852). 

Dubourg (Mons.), a merchant at 
Bordeaux, and agent there of Osbaldis- 
tone of London. 

Clement Dubourg, son of the Bordeaux 
merchant, one of the clerks of Osbaldis- 
tone, merchant. — Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Dubric (St.) or St. Dubricius, arch- 
bishop of the City of Legions (Caerleon- 
upon-Usk; Newport is the only part left). 
He set the crown on the head of Arthur, 
when only 15 years of age. Geoffrey 
says (British History, ix. 12) : " This pre- 
late, who was primate of Britain, was so 
eminent for his piety, that he could cure 
any sick person by his prayers. St. 
Dubric abdicated and lived a hermit, 



DUCUE3S STREET. 



275 



DUENNA. 



leaving David his successor. Tennyson 
introduces him in his Coming of Arthur, 
J^nid, etc. 

fit. Dubric, whose report old Qorleon yet doth carry. 
Irraytou. Volyolbion. x*iv. [1628). 

To whom arrived, by Dubric the high -aint, 
Chief of the Church in Britain, and before 
The stateliest uf lier altar shrines, the kiug 
That morn was marrieJ. 

Tenuysou. The Coming of Arthur. 

Duchess Street (Portman Square). 

So called from Margaret duchess of Port- 
land. (See Duke Street.) 

Dueho'mar was in love with Morna, 
daughter of Cormac king of Ireland. 
Out of jealousy, he slew Cathba, his more 
successful rival, went to announce his 
death to Morna, and then asked her to 
marry him. She replied she had no love 
for him, and asked him for his sword. 
" He gave the sword to her tears," and 
she stabbed him to the heart. Duchomar 
begged the maiden to pluck the sword 
from his breast that he might die ; and 
when she approached him for the pur- 
pose, "he seized the sword from her, and 
slew her." 

" Duchomar. most gloomy of men ; dark are thy brows 
and terrible ; red are thy rolling eyes ... I love thee 
not." said Morna; "hard is thy heart of rock, and dark 
is thy terrible brow."— Ossian, Fhiyal, i. 

Du.ch.ran {The laird of), a friend of 
baron Bradwardine. — Sir AV. Scott, Wa- 
vcrley (time, George II.). 

Ducking- Pond Row (London), 
now called " Grafton Street." 

Duck Lane (London), a row near 
Smithfield, once famous for second-hand 
books. It has given way to city improve- 
ments. 

Scotists and Thomists now in peace remain, 
Aiuidst their kindred cobwebs in Duck Lane. 

Pope, Ets.ty on LYUicism (1711). 

Du Croisy and his friend La Grange 
are desirous to marry two young ladies 
whose heads are turned by novels. The 
silly girls fancy the manners of these 
gentlemen too unaffected and easy to be 
aristocratic ; so the gentlemen send to 
them their valets, as " the viscount de Jo- 
delet." and "the marquis of Mascarille." 
The girls are delighted with their titled 
visitors ; but when the game has gone 
far enough, the masters enter and unmask 
the trick. By this means the girls are 
taught a useful lesson, without being 
subjected to any fatal consequences. — 
Moliere, Les P?'e'cieuscs Pddicules .(1659). 

Dudley, a young artist ; a disguise 
assumed by Ham' Bertram. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Manneriny (time, George II.). 



Dudley (Captain), a poor English 
officer, of strict honoui, good family, 
and many accomplishments. He has 
served his country for thirty years, but 
can scarcely provide bread lor Ins family. 

Charles Dudley, son of captain Dudley. 
High-minded, virtuous, generous, poor, 
and proud. He falls in love with his 
cousin Charlotte Rusport, but forbears 
proposing to her, because he is poor and 
she is rich. His grandfather's will is in 
time brought to Light, by which he be- 
comes the heir of a noble fortune, and he 
then marries his cousin. 

Luuisa Dudley, daughter of captain 
Dudley. Young, fair, tall, fresh, and 
lovely. She is courted by Belcour the 
rich West Indian, to whom ultimately 
she is married. — Cumberland, The West 
Indian (1771). 

Dudley Diamond {The). In 1868 
a black shepherd named Swartzboy 
brought to his master, Nie Kirk, this 
diamond, and received for it £40U, with 
which he drank himself to death. Nie 
Kirk sold it for £12,000 ; and the earl 
of Dudlev gave Messrs. Hunt and Ros- 
kell £30,000 for it. It weighed in the 
rough 88i- carats, but cut into a heart 
shape it weighs 44| carats. It is tri- 
angular in shape, and of great brilliancy. 

*** This magnificent diamond, that 
called the "Stewart" (q.v.), and the 
"Twin," have all been discovered in 
Africa since 1868. 

Dudu, one of the three beauties of 
the harem, into which Juan, by the 
sultana's order, had been admitted in 
female attire. Next day, the sultana, out 
of jealousy, ordered that both Dudu and 
Juan should be stitched in a sack and 
cast into the sea ; but, by the connivance 
of Baba the chief eunuch, they effected 
their escape. — Byron, Don Juan, vi. 42, 
etc. 

A kind of sleeping Venus seemed Dudu. . . . 
But she was pensive more than melancholy . . . 
The strangest thing was, beauteous, she was holy. 
Unconscious, albeit turned of quick seventeen. 

Canto vi. 42-44 11824). 

Duenna [The), a comic opera by 
R. B. Sheridan (1773). Margaret, the 
duenna, is placed in charge of Louisa, 
the daughter of don Jerome. Louisa is 
in love with don Antonio, a poor noble- 
man of Seville ; but her father resolves 
to give her in marriage to Isaac Men- 
doza, a rich Portuguese Jew. As Louisa 
will not consent to her father's arrange- 
ment, he locks her up in her chamber 



DUESSA. 



276 



DUKE OF MILAN. 



and turns the duenna out of doors, but 
in his impetuous rage he in reality turns 
his daughter out, and locks up the 
duenna. Isaac arrives, is introduced to 
the lady, elopes with her, and is duly 
married". Louisa flees to the convent of 
St. Catharine, and writes to her father 
for his consent to her marriage to the. 
man of her choice ; and don Jerome, 
supposing she means the Jew, gives it 
freely, and she marries Antonio. When 
they meet at breakfast at the old man's 
house, he finds that Isaac has married 
the duenna, Louisa has married Antonio, 
aud his son has married Clara ; but the 
old man is reconciled, and says, " I am 
an obstinate old fellow, when I'm in the 
wrong, but you shall all find me steady 
in the right." 

Duessa (false faith), is the personi- 
fication of the papacy. She meets the 
Red Cross Knight in the society of 
Sansfoy (infidelity), and when the knight 
slays Sansfoy, she turns to flight. Being 
overtaken, she says her name is Fidessa 
(true faith), deceives the knight, and 
conducts him to the palace of Lucif'era, 
where he encounters Sansjoy (canto 2). 
Duessa dresses the wounds of the Red 
Cross Knight, but places Sansjoy under 
the care of Escula'pius in the infernal 
regions (canto 4). The Red Cross Knight 
leaves the palace of Lucifera, and Duessa 
induces him to drink of the " Enervating 
Fountain ; " Orgoglio then attacks him, 
and would have slain him if Duessa had 
not promised to be his bride. Having 
cast the Red Cross Knight into a dun- 
geon, Orgoglio dresses his bride in most 
gorgeous array, puts on her head "a 
triple crown " (the tiara of the pope), 
and sets her on a monster beast with 
" seven heads" (the seven hills of Home). 
Una (truth) sends Arthur (England) to 
rescue, the captive knight, and Arthur 
slays Orgoglio, wounds the beast, re- 
leases the knight, and strips Duessa of 
her finery (the Reformation) ; whereupon 
she flies into the wilderness to conceal 
her shame (canto 7). — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, i. (1590). 

Duessa, in bk. v., allegorizes Mary 
queen of Scots. She is arraigned by 
Zeal before queen Mercilla (Elizabeth), 
and charged with high treason. Zeal 
says he shall pass by for the present 
"her counsels false conspired" with 
Blandamour (earl of Northumberland), and 
Paridel (earl of Westmoreland, leaders of 
the insurrection of 1&69), as that wicked 
plot came to naught, and the false 



Duessa was now "an untitled queen." 
When Zeal had finished, an old sage 
named the Kingdom's Care (lord Bur g hie y) 
spoke, and opinions were divided/ Au- 
thority, Law of Nations, and Religion 
thought Duessa guilty, but Pity, Danger, 
Nobility of Birth, and Grief pleaded in 
her behalf. Zeal then charges the pri- 
soner with murder, sedition, adultery, 
and lewd impiety ; whereupon the sen- 
tence of the court was given against her. 
Queen Mercilla, being called on to pass 
sentence, was so overwhelmed with grief 
that she rose and left the court. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, v. 9 (159G). 

Duff (Jamie), the idiot boy attending 
Mrs. Bertram's funeral. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Duglas, the scene of four Arthurian 
battles. The Duglas is said to fall into 
the estuary of the Ribble. The Paris 
MS. and Henry of Huntingdon says, 
" Duglas qui est in regione Inniis." But 
where is "JnmYs" ? There is a township 
called " Ince," a mile south-west of 
Wigan, and Mr. Whitaker says, "six 
cwt. of horse-shoes were taken up from 
a space of ground near that spot during 
the formation of a canal ; " so that this 
" Ince " is supposed to be the place re- 
ferred to. 

Duke (My lord), a duke's servant, 
who assumes the airs and title of his 
master, and is addressed as " Your 
grace," or "My lord duke." He was 
first a country cowboy, then a wig- 
maker's apprentice, and then a duke's ser- 
vant. He could neither write nor read, 
but was a great coxcomb, and set up for 
a tip-top fine gentleman. — Rev. J. Town- 
ley, High Life Below Stairs (1763). 

Duke (The Iron), the duke of Welling- 
ton, also called "The Great Duke" 
(1769-1852). 

Duke and Duchess, in pt. II. of 

Don Quixote, who play so many sportive 
tricks on " the Knight of the Woeful 
Countenance," were don Carlos de Borja 
count of Ficallo and donna Maria of 
Aragon duchess of Villaher'mora his 
wife, in whose right the count held ex- 
tensive estates on the banks of the Ebro, 
among others a country seat called 
Buena'via, the place referred to by Cer- 
vantes (1615). 

Duke of Mil'an, a tragedy by 
Massinger (1622). A play evidently in 
imitation of Shakespeaic'.. Othello. 



DUKE COMBF. 



277 



DUMA KIN. 



"Sforza" is Othello; "Francesco," 
Iago ; "Marcelia," Desdemona ; and 
" Eugenia," Emilia. Sforza "the More " 
[sic] doted on Marcelia his young 
bride, who amply returned his love, 
Francesco, Sforza's favourite, being left 
lord protector of Milan during a tem- 
porary absence of the duke, tried to 
corrupt Marcelia; but failing in this, 
accused her to Sforza of wantonness. 
The duke, believing his favourite, slew 
his beautiful young bride. The cause of 
Francesco's villainy was that the duke 
had seduced his sister Eugenia. 

%* Shakespeare's play was produced 
1611, about eleven years before Massin- 
ger's tragedy. In act v. 1 we have, 
"Men's injuries we write in brass," 
which brings to mind Shakespeare's line, 
"Men's evil manners live in brass, their 
virtues we write in water." 

(Cumberland reproduced this drama, 
with some alterations, in 1780.) 

Duke Combe, William Combe, 
author of Dr. Syntax, and translator of 
The Devil upon Two Sticks, from Le Diable 
Boiteux of Lesage. He was called duke 
from the splendour of his dress, the pro- 
fusion of his table, and the magnificence 
of his deportment. The last fifteen years 
of his life were spent in the King's Bench 
(1743-1823). 

Duke Street (Portman Square, 
London). So called from William Bentick, 
second duke of Portland. (See Duchess 
Street.) 

Duke Street (Strand, London). So 
named from George Villiers, duke of 
Buckingham. 

(For other dukes, see the surname or 
titular name.) 

Duke's, a fashionable theatre in the 
reign of Charles II. It was in Portugal 
Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. So named 
in compliment to James duke of York 
(James II.), its great patron. 

Dulcama'ra (Dr.), an itinerant 
physician, noted for his pomposity ; very 
boastful, and a thorough charlatan. — 
Donizetti, L'Elisire oVAmore (1832). 

Dulearnon. (See Dhu'l Kaknein.) 

Dulcifluous Doctor, Antony An- 
dreas, a Spanish minorite of the Duns 
Scotus school (*-1320). 

Dulcin'ea del Tobo'so, the lady 
of don Quixote's devotion. She was 
a fresh-coloured country wench, of an I 



adjacent village, with whom the don was 
once in love. Her real name was Al- 
donza Lorenzo. Her father was Lorenzo 
Corchnelo, and her mother Aldonza 
Nogales. Sancho Panza describes her in 

ft. I. ii. 11. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
. i. 1 (1605). 

•' Her Bearing hair," says the knight " is of gold, her f.ire- 

head the Elysian fields, her eyebrows two celestial arches, 
her eyes b pair of glorious urns, her cheeks two in-ds of 
rotes, her lips two coral i>ortais that guard her teeth "f 
Oriental pearl, her neck is nlabaster, her hands are 
polished ivory, and her bosom whiter than the new-fallen 
snow. 

" She is not a descendant of the ancient Caii. Cnrtil, and 
BefptoJ of Home ; nor of the modern CoLonai and Orsini ; 
imr of the Moncadai and Bequeaenes of Catalonia ; nor <>f 
the RebtUasand Vfllanovas ol Valencia; neither is she a 
descendant of the Palafoxee, Newcaa, Booabertls, Corellas, 
I. mi. is. Aiagones, Ure;is, Koyes. and Gnrneai of Araifmi; 
neither iloes the lady Duleinea descend from the Cerdas, 
Muwlquez. Mendoms, and (iu/muns of (a.-tille ; nor from 
the Alencastros, Pallas, and Mciie/.es of Portugal ; but .she 
derives her origin from the faintly of Toboaode la Mancha, 
most illustrious of aU."— Cerrantes, lion Ouixote, L. ii. 6 
(lti05). 

Ask you for whom my tears do flow so? 
"Pis for Duleinea del TobOSO. 

Don Quixote, I iii. 11 (1605). 

Dull, a constable. — Shakespeare, Love's 
Labour's Lost (1594). 

Du'machus. The impenitent thief is 
so called in Longfellow's Golden Legend, 
and the penitent thief is called Titus. 

In the apocryphal Gospel of Nieode- 
mus, the impenitent thief is called Gestas, 
and the penitent one Dysmas. 

In the story of Joseph of Arimathea, the 
impenitent thief is called Gesmas, and the 
penitent one Dismas. 

Alta petit Dismas. infelix infima Gesmas. 

A Monkish Charm to Scare away Thieve*. 

Dismas in paradise would dwell. 
But Gesmas chose bis lot in hell. 

Dumain, a French lord in attendance 
on Ferdinand king of Navarre. Ho 
agreed to spend three years with the king 
in study, during which time no woman 
was to approach the court. Of course, the 
compact was broken as soon as made, and 
Dumain fell in love with Katharine. 
When, however, he proposed marriage, 
Katharine deferred her answer for twelve 
months and a day, hoping by that time 
" his face would be more bearded," for, 
she said, "I'll mark no words that 
smooth-faced wooers say." 

The young Dumain, a well-accomplished youth, 
Of all that virtue love for virtue loved ; 
Most power to do most harm, least knowing ill ; 
For he hath wit to make an ill shape good. 
And shape to win grace, tho' he had no wit. 
Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act ii. sc. 1 (1594). 

Du'rnariii, the husband of Cym'oent, 
and father of Marinel. — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, iii. 4. 



DUMAS. 



278 



DUNCIAD. 



Dumas {Alexandre D.), in 1845, pub- 
lished sixty volumes. 

The most skilful copyist, writing 12 hours a day, can with 
difficulty do 3iW0 letters in an hour, which gives him 
4<i,800 per diem, or 60 pages of a romance. Thus he 
could copy 5 volumes octavo per month and 60 in a year, 
supposing that he did not lose one second of time, but 
worked without ceasing 12 hours every day throughout the 
entire year.— De Mirecourt, Dumas Pere (1867). 

Dumb Ox (The). St. Thomas 
Aqui'nas was so called by his fellow- 
students at Cologne, from his taciturnity 
and dreaminess. Sometimes called "The 
Great Dumb Ox of Sicily." He was large- 
bodied, fat, with a brown complexion, 
and a large head partly bald. 

Of a truth', it almost makes me laugh 

To see men leaving the golden grain, 

To gather in piles the pitiful chaff 

That old Peter Lombard thrashed with his brain, 

To have it caught up and tossed again 

On the horns of the Dumb Ox of Cologne. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 

(Thomas Aquinas was subsequently 
called " The Angelic Doctor," and the 
"Angel of the Schools," 1224-1274.) 

Dumbiedikes {The old laird of), an 
exacting landlord, taciturn and obstinate. 

The laird of Dumbiedikes had hitherto been moderate 
in bis exactions . . . but when a stout, active young 
fellow appeared ... he began to think so broad a pair 
of shoulders might bear an additional burden. He regu- 
lated, indeed, his management of his dependents as 
carters do their horses, never failing to clap an additional 
brace of hundred- weights on a new and willing horse. — 
Chap. 8 (1818). 

The young laird of Dumbiedikes (3 syl.), 
a bashful young laird, in love with Jeanie 
Deans, but Jeanie marries the presby- 
terian minister, Reuben Butler. — Sir W. 
Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Dum'merar (TJie Rev. Dr.), a friend 
of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Dummy or Supernumerary. "Ce- 
limene," in the Pre'cieuses Eidicides, does 
not utter a single word, although she 
enters with other characters on the stage. 

Dumtous'tie (Mr. Daniel), a young 
barrister, and nephew of lord Bladder- 
skate. — Sir W. Scott, Eedijauntlet (time, 
George III.). 

Dun (Squire), the hangman who 
came between Richard Brandon and Jack 
Ketch. 

And presently a halter got, 
Wade of the best string hempen teer, 
And ere a cat could lick his ear, 
Had tied him up with as much art 
As Dun himself could do for"s heart. 

Cotton, Virgil Travestied, iv. (1677). 

Dun Cow (The), slain by sir Guy 
of Warwick on Dunsmore Heath, was the 
cow kept by a giant in Mitchel Fold 



[middle-fold], Shropshire. Its milk was 
inexhaustible. One day an old woman, 
who had tilled her pail, wanted to fill her 
sieve also with its milk, but this so en- 
raged the cow that it broke away, and 
wandered to Dunsmore, where it was 
killed. 

*** A huge tusk, probably an ele- 
phant's, is still shown at Warwick Castle 
as one of the horns of this wonderful 
cow. 

Dunbar and March. (George earl 
of), who deserted to Henry IV. of Eng- 
land, because the betrothal of his daughter 
Elizabeth to the king's eldest son was 
broken off by court intrigue. 

Elizabeth Dunbar, daughter of the earl 
of Dunbar and March, betrothed to prince 
Robert duke of Rothsay, eldest son of 
Robert III. of Scotland. The earl of 
Douglas contrived to set aside this be- 
trothal in favour of his OAvn daughter 
Elizabeth, who married the prince, and 
became duchess of Rothsay. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Duncan "the Meek," king of Scot- 
land, was son of Crynin, and grandson of 
Malcolm II., whom he succeeded on the 
throne. Macbeth was the son of the 
younger sister of Duncan's mother, and 
hence Macbeth and Duncan were first 
cousins. Sueno king of Norway having 
invaded Scotland, the command of the 
army was entrusted to Macbeth and Ban- 
quo, and so great was their success that 
only ten men of the invading army were 
left alive. After the battle, king Duncan 
paid a visit to Macbeth in his castle of 
Inverness, and was there murdered by 
his host. The successor to the throne was 
Duncan's son Malcolm, but Macbeth 
usurped the crown. — Shakespeare, Mac- 
beth (1606). 

Duncan (Captain), of Knockdunder, 
agent at Roseneath to the duke of Buck- 
ingham. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

Duncan (Duroch), a follower of Donald 
Beau Lean. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Dunce, wittily or wilfully derived 
from Duns, surnamed " Scotus." 

In the Gaelic, donas [means] "bad luck," or in con- 
tempt, " a poor ignorant creature." The Lowland Scotch 
has donsie, " unfortunate, stupid." — Xotes ami Queries, 
225, September 21, 1878. 

Dun'ciad ("the dunce-epic") a, satire 
by Alexander Pope — written to revenge 



DUNDAS. 



>79 



DUNS SCOTUS. 



himself upon his literary enemies. The 
plot is this: Eusden the poet-laureate 
being dead, the goddess of Dulness electa 
Colley Gibber as his successor. The in- 
stallation is celebrated by games, the 
most important being the " reading of 
two voluminous works, one in verse and 
the other in prose, without nodding." 
King Cibber is then taken to the temple 
of Dulness, and lulled to sleep on the 
lap of the goddess. In his dream he sees 
the triumphs of the empire. Finally, the 
goddess having established the kingdom 
on a firm basis, Night and Chaos are 
restored, and the poem ends (1728-42). 

Dundas (Starvation), Henry Dundas, 
first lord Melville. So called because he 
introduced into the language the word 
starvation, in a speech on American 
affairs (1775). 

Dunder (Sir David), of Dunder Hall, 
near Dover. An hospitable, conceited, 
whimsical old gentleman, who for ever 
interrupts a speaker with "Yes, yes, I 
know it," or "Be quiet, I know it." He 
raiely finishes a sentence, but runs on in 
this style : " Dover is an odd sort of a — 
eh V" " It is a dingy kind of a — humph ! " 
" The ladies will be happy to — eh ? " He 
is the father of two daughters, Harriet 
and Kitty, whom he accidentally detects 
in the act of eloping with two guests. 
To prevent a scandal, he sanctions the 
marriages, and discovers that the two 
lovers, both in family and fortune, are 
Buitable sons-in-law. 

Lady Dunder, fat, fair, and forty if 
not more. A country lady, more fond of 
making jams, and pastry than doing the 
fine lady. She- prefers cooking to cro- 
quet, and making the kettle sing to sing- 
ing herself. (See Harkikt and Kitty.) 
— G. Colman, Ways and Means (1788). 

William Dowton [17G4-1S51J played " sir Anthony Abso- 
lute," "sir Peter Teazle." "sir David Dunder," and "sir 
John Falstaff." and looked the very characters he repre- 
sented. — W. Donaldson, Recollections. 

*** " Sir Anthony Absolute," in Tlie 
Piivals (Sheridan) ; " sir Peter Teazle," 
in The School for Scandal (Sheridan). 

Dundrear'y (Lord), a good-natured, 
indolent, blundering, empty-headed 
swell ; the chief character in Tom Tay- 
lor's dramatic piece entitled Our Ameri- 
can Cousin. He is greatly characterized 
by his admiration of " Brother Sam," for 
his incapacity to follow out the sequence 
of any train of thought, and for supposing 
all are insane who differ from him. 

(Mr. Sothern of the Haymarket created 



this character by his power of conception 
and the genius of his acting.) 

Duned'in (3 sy!.), Edinburgh. 

On her firm-set rock 
Dunedin's castle felt a MOret shock. 
Byron, EmjlUh. Sards j-nd Scolc/t Hcoiewcri (1809). 

Dunlathmon, the family seat of 
Nuiith, father of Oithona (q.v.). — Ossian, 
Oithona. 

Dunmow Flitch (The), given to 
any married couple who, at the close of 
the first year of their marriage, can take 
their oath they have never once wished 
themselves unmarried again. Dr. Short 
sent a gammon to the princess Charlotte 
and her consort, prince Leopold, while 
they were at Claremont House. 

*** A similar custom is observed at th 
manor of Wichenor, in Staffordshire, 
where corn as well as bacon is given tc 
the " happy pair." 

(For a list of those who have received 
the flitch from its establishment, see 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 261.) 

Dunois (The count de), in sir W. 
Scott's novel of Quentin Durward (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Dunois the Brave, hero of the 
famous French song, set to music by 
queen Hortense, mother of Napoleon III., 
and called Tartant pour Syrie. His 
prayer to the Virgin, when he left for 
Syria, was : 

Que j'aime la plus belle, 
Et sois le plus vaillant. 

He behaved with great valour, and the 
count whom he followed gave him his 
daughter to wife. The guests, on the 
bridal day, all cried aloud : 

Amour a la plus belle 1 
Honneur au plus vaillant ! 

Words by M. de Laborde (1809) 

Dun'over, a poor gentleman intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in the introduction 
of Tlic Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Dunrommath, lord of Uthal, one 
of the Orkneys. He carried off Oith'ona, 
daughter of Nuath (who was engaged to 
be married to Gaul, son of Morni), and 
was slain by Gaul in fight. 

Gaul advanced in hi3 arms. Dunrommath shrunk be- 
hind his people. But the spear of Gaul pierced the 
gloomy chief ; his sword lopped off his head as it bended 
in death. — Ossian, Oithona. 

Duns Scotus, called " The Subtle 
Doctor," said to have been born at Dunse, 
in Berwickshire, orDunstance, in North- 
umberland (1265-1308). 

*** John Scotus, called EriqSna 



i 



DUN-SHUNNER. 



280 



DUROTIGES. 



(" Erin-born"), is quite another per- 
son (*-886). Erigena is sometimes called 
" Scotus the Wise," and lived four cen- 
turies before "The Subtle Doctor." 

Dun-Sh.unner (Augustus), a nam de 
plume of professor William Edmonstoune 
Avtoun, in Blackwood's Magazine (1813- 
1865). 

Dunsmore Cross or High Cross, the 
centre of England. 

Hence, Muse, divert thy course to Dunsmore, by that 

cross 
Where those two mighty ways, the Watling and the Foss, 
Our centre seem to cut. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Dunstable (Downright), plain speak- 
ing ; blunt honesty of speech : calling a 
spade a spade, without euphemism. 
Other similar phases are Plain Dunstable ; 
Dunstable way, etc., in allusion to the 
proverb, "As plain as Dunstable high- 
Avay." — Howell, Epist. Bowel., 2 ; Florio, 
Diet., 17, 85. 

That's flat, sir, as you may say, " downright Dunstable." 
— Mrs. Oiiphant, Phcebe, jun., ii. 3. 

Duns 'tan (St.), patron saint of gold- 
smiths and jewellers. He was a smith, 
and worked up all sorts of metals in his 
cell near Glastonbury Church. It was in 
this cell that, according to legend, Satan 
had a gossip with the saint, and Dunstan 
caught his sable majesty by the nose with 
a pair of red-hot forceps. 

Dunthal'mo, lord of Teutha (the 
Tweed). He went " in his pride against 
Rathmor" chief of Clutha (the Clyde), 
but being overcome, "his rage arose," and 
he went "by night with his warriors" 
and slew Rathmor in his banquet hall. 
Touched with pity for his two young 
sons (Calthon and Colmar), he took them 
to his own house and brought them up. 
" They bent the bow in his presence, and 
went forth to his wars." But observing 
that their countenances fell, Dunthalmo 
began to be suspicious of the young men, 
and shut them up in two separate caves 
on the banks of the Tweed, where neither 
" the sun penetrated by day nor the moon 
by night." Colmal " (the daughter of 
Dunthalmo), disguised as a young war- 
rior, loosed Calthon from his bonds, and 
fled with him to the court of Fingal, to 
crave aid for the liberation of Colmar. 
Fingal sent his son Ossian with 300 men 
to effect this object, but Dunthalmo, 
hearing of their approach, gathered to- 
gether his strength and' slew Colmar. He 
also seized Calthon, mourning for his 
brother, and bound him to an oak. At 
daybreak Ossian moved to the fight, slew 



Dunthalmo, and having released Calthon, 
" gave him to the white-bosomed Col- 
mal." — Ossian, Calthon and Colmal. 

Dupely (Sir Charles), a man who 
prided himself, on his discernment of 
character, and defied any woman to en- 
tangle him in matrimony ; but he mistook 
lady Bab Lardoon, a votary of fashion, 
for an unsophisticated country maiden, 
and proposed marriage to her. 

"I should like to see the woman," he says, "that couid 
entangle me. . . . Show me a woman . . . and at the 
first glance 1 will discover the whole extent of her artifice." 
— Burgoyne, The Maid of the Oaks, i. 1. 

Dupre [Du.pray'], a servant of M. 
Darlemont, who assists his master in 
abandoning Julio count of Harancour 
(his ward) in the streets of Paris, for the 
sake of becoming possessor of his ward's 
propertv. Dupre repents and confesses 
the crime.— Th. Holcxoft, The Deaf and 
Dumb (1785). 

Duran'dal, the sword of Orlando, 
the workmanship of fairies. So admirable 
was its temper that it would "cleave the 
Pyrenees at a blow." — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Durandar'te (4 syl.), a knight who 
fell at Roncesvalles (4 syl.). Durandarte 
loved Belerma, whom he served for seven 
years, and was then slain ; but in dying 
he requested his cousin Montesi'nos to 
take his heart to Belerma. 

Sweet in manners, fair in favour. 
Mild in temper, fierce in fight. 

Lewis. 

Dur'den (Dame), a notable country 
gentlewoman, who kept five men-servants 
"to use the spade and flail," and five 
women-servants "to carry the milken- 
pail." The five men loved the five maids. 
Their names were : 

Moll and Bet, and Doll and Kate, and Dorothy Draggle- 
tail ; 

John and Dick, and Joe and Jack, and Humphrey with 
his flail. 

A Well-known Glee. 

(In Bleak House, by C. Dickens, Esther 
Summerson is playfully called " Dame 
Durden.") 

Duretete (Captain), & rather heavy 
gentleman, who takes lessons of gallantry 
from his friend, young Mirabel. Very 
bashful with ladies, and for ever sparring 
with Bisarre, who teazes him unmerci- 
fully [Dure- ta it, Be-zar'}. — G. Farquhar, 
The Inconstant (1702). 

Durinda'na, Orlando's sword, given 
him by his cousin Malagi'gi. This 
sword and the horn Olifant were buried 
at the feet of the hero. 



DURWAKD. 



281 



DWARF. 



%* Charlemagne's Bword "Joyeuse" 

Wtfl also buried with him, and " Tizo'na" 
was buried with the Cid. 

Duroti'ges (4 syl.). Below the 
lledui (those of Somersetshire) came the 
Dorotigea, Bometimes called Mor'ini. 
Their capital was Du'rlnum (Dorchester), 
and their territory extended to Yindel'ia 
(PortUmd Isle). — Richard of Cirencester, 
Ancient State of Britain, vi. 15. 

The Durutigi-s on the Dorsetian sand. 

Drayton. i'v/yiJbion, xvL (1613). 

Durward (Quentin), hero and title 
cf a novel by sir AY. Scott. Quentin 
Durward is the nephew of Lndovic Leely 
(surnamed Le Balafre). He enrolls him- 
self in the Scottish guard, a company 
of archers in the pay of Louis XI. at 
Plessis lea Tours, and saves the king in 
a boar-hunt. When Liege is assaulted 
by insurgents, Quentin Durward and the 
countess Isabelle de Croye escape on 
horseback. The countess publicly refuses 
to marry the due d'Orle'ans, and ultimately 
marries the young Scotchman. 

Dusronnal, one of the two steeds 
of Cuthullin general of the Irish tribes. 
The other was " Sulin-Sifadda " (q.v.). 

Before the left side of the car is seen the snorting 
horse. The thin-maned, high-headed, strong-hoofed, 
fleet, bounding son of the hill. His name is Du.^ronnal, 
untong the stormy sons of the sword . . . the [riroj ste-ds 
iike » maths of mist fly over the vales. The wildness of 
deer i; in their course, the .--treiigth of eagles descending 
on the I'rey. — Ossiaii, t'ingal, i 

Dutch School of painting, noted 
for its exactness of detail and truthful- 
ness to life : — 

For portraits: Rembrandt, Bol, Flinck, 
Hals, and Yanderhelst. 

For conversation pieces: Gerhard Douw, 
Terburg, Metzu, Mieris, and Netscher. 

For low life : Ostard, Bower, and Jan 
Steen. 

For landscapes : Ruysdael, Hobbema, 
Cuyp, Yanderneer (moonlight scenes), 
Berehem. and A. Both. 

For battle scenes: Wouvermans and 
Hucbtenburg. 

For marine pieces : Vandevelde and 
Bakhuizen. 

For still life and flowers : Kalf , A. van 
Utrecht, Van Huysum, and De Heem. 

Dutton (Mrs. Dolly), dairy-maid to 
the duke of Argyll. — Sir W. Scott, Heart 
of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Dwar£ The following are cele- 
brated dwarfs of real life : — 

Andromeda, 2 feet 4 inches. One. of 
Julia's free maids. 

Aristratos, the poet. "So small," 



s.ivs Athemeos, "that no one could see 
him." 

BebB (2 5///.), 2 feet 9 inches. The 
dwarf of Stanislas king of Poland (died 
1764). 

BOBUWLABKI "'Ot 2 feet 

4 inches. Died aged B8 (1789-1837). 
He had a brother and a sister both 
dwarfs. 

BUCHIKGKB (Matthew), who had no 
arms or legs, but fits from the shoulders. 
He could draw, write, thread needles, 
and play the hautboy, lac-similes of 
his writing are preserved among the 
Hadrian MSS. (born 1674-*). 

Chung, recently exhibited with Chang 
the giant. 

Colo'bbi (Prince), of Sleswig, £5 
inches; weight, 25 lbs. (1851). 

CONOPAS, 2 feet 4 inches. One of the 
dwarfs of Julia, niece of Augustus. 

COPPBBNIB, the dwarf of the princess 
of Wales, mother of George 111. The 
last court-dwarf in England. 

Cbachami (Caroline)) a Sicilian, born 
at Palermo, 20 inches. Her skeleton is 
preserved in Hunter's Museum (1814- 
1824). 

Dkcker or Dicker (John), 2 feet 
6 inches. An Englishman (1610). 

Fakkkl (Owen), 6 feet 9 inches. Born 
at Cavan. He was of enormous strength 
(died 1742). 

Fbrby (Nicholas), usually called Bel>e', 
contemporary with Boruwlaski. He was 
a native of France. Height at death, 
2 feet 9 inches (died 1737). 

Gibson (Richard) and his wife Anne 
Shepherd. Neither of them 4 feet. 
Gibson was a noted portrait painter, and 
a page of the back-stairs in the court of 
Charles I. The king honoured the wed- 
ding with his presence ; and they had 
nine children (1615-1690). 

Design or chance makes others wive. 
But Nature did this match contrive. 

Waller (1C42). 

Hudson (Sir Jeffrey), 18 inches. He 
was born at Oakham, in Rutlandshire 
(1619-1678). 

Lucius, 2 feet : weight, 17 lbs. The 
dwarf of the emperor Augustus. 

Phile'tas, a poet, so small that "he 
wore leaden shoes to prevent being blown 
away by the wind " (died B.C. 280). 

Philips (Calvin) weighed less than 
2 lbs. His thighs were not thicker thaD 
a man's thumb. He was born at Bridge- 
water, Massachusetts, in 1791. 

Ritchie (David), 3 feet 6 inches, 
Native of Tweeddale. 



DWARF. 



282 



DYING SAYINGS. 



Souvray (Therese). 

Stoberin (C. II.) of Nuremberg was 
less than 3 feet at the age of 20. His 
father, mother, brothers, and sisters were 
all under the medium height. 

Thumb (General Tom). His real name 
was Charles S. Stratton ; 25 inches ; 
weight, 25 lbs., at the age of 25. Born 
at Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States, 
in 1832. 

Thumb (Tom), 2 feet 4 inches. A 
Dutch dwarf. 

Xit, the royal dwarf of Edward VI. 

%* Nicephorus Calistus tells us of an 
Egyptian dwarf " not bigger than a 
partridge." 

Dwarf of lady Clerimond was named 
Pac'olet. He had a winged horse, which 
carried off Valentine, Orson, and Cleri- 
mond from the dungeon of Ferragus to 
the palace of king Pepin ; and subse- 
quently carried Valentine to the palace 
of Alexander, his father, emperor of 
Constantinople. — Valentine and Orson 
(fifteenth century). 

Dwarf (The Black), a fairy of malig- 
nant propensities, and considered the 
author of all the mischief of the neigh- 
bourhood. In sir Walter Scott's novel 
so called, this imp is introduced under 
various aliases, as sir Edward Mauley, 
Elshander the recluse, cannie Elshie, and 
the Wise Wight of Micklestane Moor. 

Dwarf Alberich, the guardian of 
the Niebelungen hoard. He is twice van- 
quished by Siegfried, who gets possession 
of his cloak of invisibility, and makes 
himself master of the hoard. — The Niebe- 
lungen Lied (1210). 

Dwarf Peter, an allegorical ro- 
mance by Ludwig Tieck. The dwarf is 
a castle spectre, who advises and aids the 
family, but all his advice turns out evil, 
and all his aid is productive of trouble. 
The dwarf is meant for "the law in our 
members, which wars against the law of 
our minds, and brings us into captivity 
to the law of sin." 

D wining (Henbane), a pottingar or 
apothecarv. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Dying Sayings (real or tradi- 
tional) : 

Addison. See how a Christian dies I or. See in what 
peace a Christian can die ! 

Anaxaooras. Give the boys a holiday. 

I! Arria. My P.utus, it is not painful. 

t Augustus. Vosplaudite. (After asking how he had 
acted his part in life.)— Cicero. 

Bbaufort [Cardinal Henry). I pray you all, pray for 
p"e. 



Berry (Mde. de). Is not this dying with courage and 
true greatness 1 

Bronte (father of the authoresses). While there is 
life there is will. (He died standing.) % 

BYRON. I must sleep now. 

§ Ci-SAR (Julius}. Et tu, Brute 1 (To Brutus, when 
he stabbed him.) 

* Charlemagne. Lord, into Thy hands I commend 
my spirit : 

Charles I. (of England). Remember. (To William 
Juxon, archbishop of Canterbury.) 

Charlks II. (of England). Don't let poor NeUj 
starve ! (Nell Gwynne.) 

Charles V. Ah ! Jesus. 

Charles IX. (of France). Nurse, nurse, what murder ! 
what blood ! Oh ! I have done wrong. God, pardon 
me ! 

Charlotte (The princess). You make me drink. 
Pray, leave me quiet. I find it affects my head. 

Chesterfield. Give Day Rolles a chair. 

* Columbus. Lord, into Thy hands I commend my 
spirit! 

Crome (John). Hobbima, Hobbima, how I do 
love thee ! 

Cromwell My desire is to make what haste I may 
to be gone. 

t Demonax (the philosopher). You may go home, the 
show is over. — Luciau. 

Eld£n (Lord). It matters not where 1 am going, 
whether the weather be cold or hot. 

Fontenelle. I suffer nothing, but feel a sort of 
difficulty in living longer. 

Franklin. A dying man can do nothing easy. 

Gainsborough. We are all going to heaven, and 
Vandyke is of the company. 

George IV. Whatty, what is this? It is death, my 
boy. They have deceived me. (Said to his page, sir 
Wathen Waller.) 

Gibbon. Mon Dieu I mon Dieul 

If Goethe. More light! 

Gregory VII. I have loved justice and hated iniquity, 
therefore I die in exile. 

* Grey (Uuly Jane). Lord, into Thy hands I com- 
mend my spirit ! 

Grotius. Be serious. 

Hadyn. God preserve the emperor 1 

Haller. The artery ceases to beat 

Hazlitt. I have led a happy life. 

Hobbes. Now am I about to take my last voyage— a 
great leap in the dark. 

!l Hunter (Dr. William). If I had strength to hold 
a pen. I would write down how easy and pleasant a thing 
it is to die. 

Irving. If I die, I die unto the Lord. Amen. 

James V. (of Scotland). It came with a lass, and will 
go with a lass (i.e. the Scotch crown). 

Jefferson (of America). I resign my spirit to God, 
my daughter to my country. 

Jesus Christ. It is finished . 

Johnson (Br.). God bless you, my dear I (To; Miss 
Morris ) 

Knox. Now it is come. 

Louis I. Huz! huz! (Bouquet says : " He turned his 
face to the wall, and twice cried, ' Huz ! huzl ' (out, out), 
and then died.") 

Louis IX. I will enter now into the house ot the 
Lord. 

II Louis XIV. Why weep ye? Did you think I should 
live for ever? (Then, after a pause.) I thought dying 
had been harder. 

t Louis XVIII. A king should die standing. 

Mahomet. Allah, be it so 1 Henceforth among the 
glorious host of paradise. 

Margaret (of Scotland, wife of Louis XI. of France). 
Fi de la vie ! qu'on ne men parle plus. 

Marie Antoinette. Farewell, my children, for ever. 
I go to your father, 

§ Massaniello. Ungrateful traitors 1 (Said to the as- 
sassins.) 

MATHEWS (Charles). I am ready. 

Miuabeau. Let me die to the sounds of delicious 
music. 

Moody (the actor) : 

Reason thus with life. 

If I do lose thee, I do lose a thing 

That none but fools would keep. 

Shakespeare. 

Moorb (Sir John). I hope my country will do me 
justice. 



DYOTT STREET. 



283 



EASTWARD HOE. 



Napoleon L MonDieul La nation Franca. m- : FCte 

dan. k v : 

Nakileon III. Were you at Sedan? (To Dr. Con- 
ne;iu.) 

N llson. I thank God I have done my duty. 

M c.h.i>. 4)uaUj urlifcx perco ! 

Palm Kit (the actor). There is another and a better 
country. (This he ^iJ on tl.e stage, it being a line in the 
part he was acting. From The Stranger.) 

Pitt ( William). O my country, how 1 love thee 1 

Plzakko. Jen ! 

POPE. Friendship itself is but a iwirt of virtue. 

t K.XBELAIs. Let down the curtain, the farce is over. 

SAM) \.Ueortje). Laissez la verdure. (Meaning, "Leave 
the tomb green, do not cover it over with bricks or stone." 
George Sand was Mile. DudevanL) 

Schiller. Many things are growing plain and clear 
to my understanding 

SooTT (Sir Mailer). God bless you all! (To his 
family.) 

Sidney (.1 lyernon). I know that my Redeemer 
liveth. I die for the good old cause. 

Sot KATES. Crito, we owe a cock to .Esculapius 

Stakl (Mde. de). I have loved God, my father, and 
liberty. 

1 Talma. The worst is, I cannot see. 

• Tasso. Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit ! 

TiilKLow (Lurd). I'll be shot if 1 don't believe I'm 
dying. 

X Vespasian. A king should die standing. 

William III. (of England). Can this last long? (To 
his physician.) 

William of Nassau. God, have mercy upon me, 
and upon this poor nation ! (This was said as he was shot 
by Balthasar Gerard, 15*1) 

Wolfe (General). What ! do they run already ? Then 
I die happy. 

Wyatt (Thomas). That which I then said I unsay. 
That Which I now say is true. (This to the priest who 
reminded him that he had accused the princess Elizabeth 
of treason to the council, and that he now alleged her to 
be innocent.) 

%* Those names preceded by similar 
pilcrows indicate that the "dying words" 
ascribed to them are identical or nearly 
so. Thus the * before Charlemagne, 
Columbus, lady Jane Grey, and Tasso, 
shows that their words were alike. So 
with the f before Augustus, Demonax, 
and Rabelais ; the % before Louis XVIII. 
and Vespasian ; the § before Caesar and 
Massaniello ; the || before Arria, Hunter, 
and Louis XIV.- ; and the .J before Goethe 
and Talma. 

Dyott Street (Bloomsbury Square, 
London), now called George Street St. 
Giles. The famous song " In my 
Chamber that's next to the Sky" is in 
Bumbastes Furioso, by T. B. Rhodes 
(1790). 

Dys'colus, Moroseness personified in 
The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
(1G33). " He nothing liked or praised." 
Fully described in canto viii. (Greek, 
duskOlos, "fretful.") 

Dysmas, Dismas, or Demas, the 
penitent thief crucified with our Lord. 
The impenitent thief is called Gesmas or 
Gestas. 

Alta petit Dismas, infelix infima Gesmas. 

P-irt of a Ciiarm. 
To paradise thief Dismas went. 
But Gesmas died impenitent. 



E. 



Eadburgh, daughter of Edward the 

Elder, king of England, and Eatlgifu his 
wife. When three yean old, her father 
placed on the child some rings and brace- 
lets, and showed hera chalieeand a book of 
the Gospels, asking which she would have. 
The child chose the chalice and book, and 
Edward was pleased that " the child 
would be a daughter of God." She 
became a nun, and lived and died in 
Winchester. 

Eagle (The), ensign of the Roman 
legion. Before the Cimbrian war, the 
wolf, the horse, and the boar were also 
borne as ensigns, but Marina abolished 
these, and retained the eagle only, hence 
called emphatically " The Roman Bird." 

Eagle (The Theban), Pindar, a native of 
Thebes (b.c. 518-442). 

Eagle of Brittany, Bert rand Du- 
guesclin, constable of France (132U- 
1380). 

Eagle of Divines, Thomas Aqui'- 
nas (1224-1274). 

Eagle of Meaux [Jfb], Jacques 
Benigne Bossuet, bishop of Meaux (1627- 
1704). 

Eagle of the Doctors of France, 
Pierre d'Ailly, a great astrologer, who 
maintained that the stars foretold the 
great flood (1350-1425). 

Earnscliffe (Patrick), the young 
laird of Earnscliff. — Sir W. Scott, Black 
Dtcarf (time, Anne). 

East Saxons or Essex, capital 
Colchester, founded by Erchinwin. 
Sebert began to reign in Essex in 604, 
and, according to tradition, where West- 
minster Abbey now stands was a heathen 
temple to Apollo, which he either con- 
verted into a church called St. Peter's, 
or pulled down and erected a church so 
called on the same site. 

. . . from the loins of Erchinwin (who raised 
Th' East Saxons' kingdom first) brave Sebert may be 

praised, 
[Who] began the goodly church of Westminster to rear. 
Drayton, Polyolbioii, xi. (1613). 

Eastward Hoe, a comedy by Chop- 
man, Marston, and Ben Jonson. For 
this drama the three authors were im- 
prisoned " for disrespect to their sovereign 
lord king James I." (1605). (See West- 
ward Hoe.) 



EASY. 



284 



ECTOR DE MARIS. 



Easy (Sir Charles), a man who 
hates trouble; "so lazy, even in his 
Measures, that he would rather lose the 
woman of his pursuit, than go through 
any trouble in securing or keeping her." 
He says he is resolved in future to " follow 
no pleasure that rises above the degree 
of amusement." "When once a woman 
comes to reproach me with vows, and 
usage, and such stuff, I would as soon 
hear her talk of bills, bonds, and eject- 
ments ; her passion becomes as trouble- 
some as a law-suit, and I would as soon 
converse with my solicitor " (act iii.) . 

Lady Easy, wife of sir Charles, who 
dearly loves him, and knows all his 
"naughty ways," but never shows the 
slightest indication of ill temper or 
jealousy. At last she wholly reclaims 
him. — Colley Cibber, The Careless Hus- 
band (1704). 

Eberson (Earl), the young son of 
William de la Marck " The Wild Boar of 
Ardennes." — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Dur- 
v;ard (time, Edward IV.). 

Eblis, monarch of the spirits of evil. 
Once an angel of light, but, refusing to 
worship Adam, he lost his high estate. 
Before his fall he was called Aza'zel. 
The Koran says: "When We [God] said 
unto the angels, 'Worship Adam,' they 
all worshipped except Eblis, who refused 
. . . and became of the number of un- 
believers " (ch. ii.). 

His person was that of a young man, whose noble and 
regular features seemed to have been tarnished by malig- 
nant vapours. In his large eyes appeared both pride and 
despair. His flowing hair retained some resemblance to 
that of an angel of light. In his hand (which thunder had 
blasted) he swayed the iron sceptre that causes the afrits 
and all the powers of the abyss to tremble.— W. Beckford, 
Vathek (1784). 

Ebon Spear (Knight of the), Brito- 
mart, daughter of king Ryence of Wales. 
— Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. (1590). 

Ebrauc, son of Mempric (son of Guen- 
dolen and Madden) mythical king of Eng- 
land. He built Kaer-brauc [York], about 
the time that David reigned in Judea.— 
Geoffrey, British History, ii. 7 (1142), 

By Ebrauk's powerful hand 
York lifts her towers aloft. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Ebu'dse, the Hebrides. 

Ecclesiastical History (The 
Fathet of), Eusebius of Csesarea (264- 
840). 

*** His Historia Ecclesiastica, in ten 
books, begins with the birth of Christ and 
concludes with the defeat of Licinius by 
Constantino, A.r>. 324. 



Echeph'ron, an old soldier, who 
rebuked the advisers of king Picrochole 
(3 syl.), by relating to them the fable of 
The Man and his Ha'p'orth of Milk. The 
fable is as follows : — 

A shoemaker bought a ha'poth of milk ; with this he 
was going to make butter ; the butter was to buy a cow ; 
the cow was to have a calf ; the calf was to be changed for 
a colt ; and the man was to become a nabob; only he 
cracked his jug, spilt his milk, and went supperless to bed. 
— ltabelais, Pantagruel, i. 33 (1533). 

This fable is told in the Arabian Nights 
(" The Barber's Fifth Brother, Alnas- 
char"). Lafontaine has put it into verse, 
Perrette et le Pot au Lait. Dodsley has the 
same, The Milk-maid and her Pail of Milk. 

Echo, in classic poetry, is a female, 
and in English also ; but in Ossian echo is 
called " the son of the rock." — Songs of 
Selma. 

Eck'hart (The Faithful), a good 
servant, who perishes to save his master's 
children from the mountain fiends. — Louis 
Tieck. 

(Carlyle has translated this tale into 
English.) 

Eclecta, the "Elect" personified in 
The Purple Island, by Phineas Flet- 
cher. She is the daughter of Intellect 
and Voletta (free-will), and ultimately 
becomes the bride of Jesus Christ, "the 
bridegroom " (canto xii., 1633). 

But let the Kentish lad [Phineas Fletcher] 
. . . that sung and crowned 
Eclecta's hymen with ten thousand flowers 
Of choicest praise ... be the sweet pipe. 

Giles Fletcher. Christ's Triumph, etc. (1610). 

Ecne'phia, a hurricane, similar to the 
typhoon. 

The circling Typhon, whirled from point to point. . . . 
And dire Ecncphia reign. 

Thomson, The Seasons (" Summer," 1727). 

Ecole des Pemmes, a comedy of 
Moliere, the plot of which is borrowed 
from the novelletti of Ser Giovanni (1378). 

Ector (Sir), "lord of many parts of 
England and Wales, and foster-father of 
prince Arthur." His son, sir Key or Kay, 
was seneschal or steward of Arthur when 
he became king. — Sir T. Malory, History 
of Prince Arthur, i. 3 (1470). 

*** Sir Ector and sir Ector de Maris 
were two distinct persons. 

Ector de Maris (Sir), brother " of 
sir Launcelot " of Benwick, i.e. Brittany. 

Then sir Ector threw his shield, his sword, and his helm 
from him, and. . . he fell down in a swoon ; and when he 
awaked, it were hard for any tongue to tell ihe doleful 
complaints [lamentations'jthut he made for his brother. 
" Ah, sir Launcelot " said h» " head of all Christian 
knights." . . . etc.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, iii. 17(1(1470). 



EDEN. 



285 



EDTNA. 



Eden (The Garden of). There a a 

region of Bavaria so called, because, like 
Eden, it is watered by four streams, viz., 
the White Maine, the Eger, the Saalle, 
aud the Naabe. 

In the Koran the word Eden means 
"everlasting abode." Thus in ch. ix. we 
read, " God promiseth to true believers 
gardens of perpetual abode," literally 
" gardens of Eden." 

Eden, in America. A dismal swamp, 
the climate of which generally proved 
fatal to the poor dupes who were induced 
to settle there through the swindling 
transactions of general Scadder and 
general Choke. So dismal and dan- 
gerous was the place, that even Mark 
Tapley was satisfied to have found at last 
a place where he could " come out jolly 
with credit." — C. Dickens, Martin Chuz- 
zlewit (1844). 

Eden of Germany (Das Eden 
Deutschlands). Baden is so called on 
account of its mountain scenery, its 
extensive woods, its numerous streams, 
its mild climate, and its fertile soil. 
The valley of Treisam, in the grand- 
duchy, is locally called " Hell Valley" 
(HoUenthall). Between this and the lake 
Constance lies what is called " The 
Kingdom of Heaven." 

Edenhall {The Luck of), an old 
painted goblet, left by the fairies on St. 
Cuthbert's Well in the garden of Eden- 
hall. The superstition is that if ever this 
goblet is lost or broken, there will be no 
more luck in the family. The goblet is 
in the possession of sir Christopher Mus- 
grave, bart., Edenhall, Cumberland. 

*$* Longfellow has a poem on The Luck 
of Edenhall, translated from Uhland. 

Edgar (959-775), "king of all the 
English," was not crowned till he had 
reigned thirteen years (a.d. 973). Then 
the ceremony was performed at Bath. 
After this he" sailed to Chester, and eight 
of his vassal kings came with their fleets 
to pay him homage, and swear fealty to 
him by land and sea. The eight are 
Kenneth {king of Scots), Malcolm (of 
Cumberland), Maccus (of the Isles), and 
five Welsh princes, whose names were 
Dufnal, Siferth, Huwal, Jacob, and 
Juchil. The eight kings rowed Edgar in 
a boat (while he acted as steersman) 
from Chester to St. John's, where they 
offered prayer, aud then returned. 

At Chester, while he [Edgar] lived, at more than kingly 

cliarge. 
Fight tributary kings there rowed him in his barge. 

Oraj ton, Polyolb'on, xii. (1613). 



Edgar, son of Gloucester, and his 
lawful heir. He was disinherited by 
Edmund, natural son of the earl. — Shake- 
speare, King Lear (1606). 

* i * This was one of the characters of 
Robert Wilks (1670-1732), and also of 
Charles Kemble (1774-1851). 

Edgar, master of Ravenswood, son of 
Allan of Ravenswood (a decayed Scotch 
nobleman). Lucy Ashton, being attacked 
by a wild bull, is saved by Edgar, who 
shoots it; and the two, falling in love with 
each other, plight their mutual troth, and 
exchange love-tokens at the "Mermaid's 
Fountain." While Edgar is absent in 
France on State affairs, sir William Ash- 
ton, being deprived of his office as lord 
keeper, is induced to promise his daugh- 
ter Lucy in marriage to Frank Hayston, 
laird of Bucklaw, and they are married ; 
but next morning, Bucklaw is found 
wounded, and the bride hidden in the 
chimney-corner, insane. Lucy dies in 
convulsions, but Bucklaw recovers and 
goes abroad. Edgar is lost in the quick- 
sands at Kelpies How, in accordance with 
an ancient prophecy. — Sir W. Scott, Bride 
of Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

%* In the opera, Edgar is made to stab 
himself. 

Edgar, an attendant on prince Robert 
of Scotland. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Edgardo, master of Ravenswood, in 
love with Lucia di Lammermoor [Lucy 
Ashton]. While absent in France on 
State affairs, the lady is led to believe 
him faithless, and consents to marry the 
laird of Bucklaw ; but she stabs him on 
the bridal night, goes mad, and dies. 
Edgardo also stabs himself. — Donizetti, 
Lucia di Lammermoor (1835). 

%* In the novel called The Bride of 
Lammermoor, by sir W. Scott, Edgar i3 
lost in the quicksands at Kelpies Flow, in 
accordance with an ancient prophecy. 

Edge worth (L'Abbe), who attended 
Louis XYI. to the scaffold, was called 
" Mons. de Firmount," a corruption of 
Fairymount, in Longford (Ireland), where 
the Edgeworths had extensive domains. 

Edging (Mistress), a prying, mischief- 
making waiting-woman, in The Careless 
Husband, by Colley Cibber (1704). 

Edi'na, a poetical form of the word 
Edinburg. It was first employed by 
Buchanan (1506-1582). 

And pule Edina shuddered at the sound. 
Byron, Eiiylieh Bard* and Scotch Reviewers (1808). 



EDINBUEG. 



286 



EDWARD STREET. 



Edinburg, a corruption of Edwins- 
burg, the fort built by Edwin king of 
Northumbria (816-633). 

*** Dun-Edin or Dunedin is a mere 
translation of Edinburg. 

Edith, daughter of Baldwin the 
tutor of Rollo and Otto dukes of Nor- 
mandy. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Bloody Brother (1639). 

E'dith, the "maid of Lorn" (Argyll- 
shire), was on the point of being married 
to lord Ronald, when Robert, Edward, 
and Isabel Bruce sought shelter at the 
castle. Edith's brother recognized Robert 
Bruce, and being in the English interest, 
a quarrel ensued. The abbot refused to 
marry the bridal pair amidst such dis- 
cord. Edith fled, and in the character of 
a page had many adventures, but at the 
restoration of peace, after the battle of 
Bannockburn, was duly married to lord 
Ronald. — Sir W. Scott, Lord of the Isles 
(1815). 

Edith (The lady), mother of Athel- 
stane " the Unready " (thane of Con- 
ingsburgh). — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I.). 

Edith [Granger], daughter of the 
Hon. Mrs. Skewton, married at the age of 
18 to colonel Granger of " Ours," who 
died within two years, when Edith and 
her mother lived as adventuresses. Edith 
became Mr. Dombey's second wife, but 
the marriage was altogether an unhappy 
one, and she eloped with Mr. Carker to 
Dijon, where she left him, having taken 
this foolish step merely to annoy her 
husband for the slights to which he had 
subjected her. On leaving Carker she 
went to live with her cousin Feenix, in the 
south of England. — C. Dickens, Dombey 
and Son (1846). 

Edith. Plantagenet (The lady), 
called " The Fair Maid of Anjou," a 
kinswoman of Richard I., and attendant 
on queen Berenga'ria. She married 
David earl of Huntingdon (prince royal 
of Scotland), and is introduced by sir W. 
Scott in The Talisman (1825). 

Edmund, natural son of the earl 
of Gloucester. Both Goneril and Regan 
(daughters of king Lear) were in love 
with him. Regan, on the death of her 
husband, designed to marry Edmund, 
but Goneril, out of jealousy, poisoned her 
sister Regan. — Shakespeare, King Lear 
(1605). 

Edo'nian Band (The), the priest- 



esses and other ministers of Bacchus, so 
called from Edo'nus, a mountain of 
Thrace, where the rites of the wine-god 
were celebrated. 

Accept the rites your bounty well may claim. 
Nor heed the scoffings of th' Edonian hand. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Xaiads (1767). 

Edrie, a domestic at Hereward's 
barracks. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Edward, brother of Hereward the 
Yarangian guard. He was slain in 
battle. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Edward (Sir). He commits a murder, 
and keeps a narrative of the transaction 
in an iron chest. Wilford, a young man 
who acts as his secretary, was one day 
caught prying into this chest, and sir 
Edward's first impulse was to kill him ; 
but on second thoughts he swore the 
young man to secrecy, and told him the 
story of the murder. Wilford, unable to 
live under the suspicious eye of sir 
Edward, ran away ; but was hunted down 
by Edward, and accused of robbery. The 
whole transaction now became public, and 
Wilford was acquitted. — G. Colman, The 
Iron Chest (1796). 

* + * This drama is based on Goodwin's 
novel of Caleb ^Williams. "Williams" 
is called Wilford in the drama, and 
" Falkland " is called sir Edward. 

Sowerby, whose mind was always in a ferment, was 
wont to commit the most ridiculous mistakes. Thus 
when "sir Edward " says to " Wilford," " You may have 
noticed in my library a chest," he transposed the words 
thus : " You may have noticed in my chest a library," and 
the house was convulsed with laughter. — Russell, Repre- 
sentative Actors (appendix). 

Edward II., a tragedy by C. Mar- 
lowe (1592), imitated by Shakespeare in 
his Richard II. (1597). Probably most 
readers would prefer Marlowe's noble 
tragedy to Shakespeare's. 

Edward IV. of England, intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in his novel entitled 

Anne of Geier stein (1829). 

Edward the Black Prince, a 
tragedy by W. Shirley (1640). The sub- 
ject of this drama is the victory of 
Poitiers. 

Yes, Philip lost the battle [Cresst/l with the odds 
Of three to one. In this | I'oitiers\ . . . 
They have our numbers more than twelve times told, 
If we am trust report. 

Act iii. 2. 

Edward Street (Cavendish Square, 
London), is so called from Edward 
second earl of Oxford and Mortimer. 
(See Henrietta Street.) 



EDWIDGE. 



Ed'widge, wife of William Tell.— 
Rossini, QvgMmo Tell (1829). 

Edwin " the minstrel," a youth living 
in romantic seclusion, with a great thirst 
for knowledge. He lived in Gothic days 
in the north countrie, and fed his flocks 
on Scotia's mountains. 

And vet poor Edwin was no vulgar boy, 

Deep thought oft seemed to fix his infant eye. 

Dalntfta lie heeded not. nor gaude, nor toy, 
Save one sliort pipe of rudest minstrelsy ; 

Silent when glad, affectionate, yet shy ; . . . 

And now he laughed aloud, yet none knew why. 

The neighbours stared and sighed, yet blessed the lad : 

Some deemed him wondrous wise, and some believed 
him mad. 

Beatie, The Minstrel, 1. (1773). 

Edwin and Angeli'na. Angelina 
was the daughter of a wealthy lord, 
"beside the Tyne." Her hand was 
sought in marriage by many suitors, 
amongst whom was Edwin, " who had 
neither wealth nor power, but he had 
both wisdom and worth." Angelina 
loved him, but "trifled with him," and 
Edwin, in despair, left her, and retired 
from the world. One day, Angelina, in 
boy's clothes, asked hospitality at a 
hermit's cell ; she was kindly enter- 
tained, told her tale, and the hermit 
proved to be Edwin. From that hour 
they never parted more. — Goldsmith, The 
Hermit. 

A correspondent accuses me of having taken this 
ballad from The Friar of Orders Gray ... but if there 
is any resemblance between the two, Mr. Percy's ballad 
is taken from mine. I read my ballad to Mr. Percy, and 
he told me afterwards that he had taken my plan to 
form the fragments of Shakespeare into a ballad of his 
own.— Signed, O. Goldsmith. 1767. 

Edwin and Emma. Emma was 
a rustic beauty of Stanemore, who loved 
Edwin "the pride of swains;" but 
Edwin's sister, out of envy, induced his 
father, "a sordid man," to forbid any 
intercourse between Edwin and the 
cottage. Edwin pined away, and being 
on the point of death, requested he might 
be allowed to see Emma. She came and 
said to him, " My Edwin, live for me ;" 
but on her way home she heard the death 
bell toll. She just contrived to reach her 
cottage door, cried to her mother, " He's 
gone!" and fell down dead at her feet. — 
Mallet, Edwin and Emma (a ballad). 

Ed'yrn, son of Nudd. He ousted the 
earl of Yn'iol from his earldom, and tried 
to win E'nid the earl's daughter, but 
failing in this, became the evil genius 
of the gentle earl. Ultimately, being 
sent to the court of king Arthur, he 
became quite a changed man — from a 
malicious " sparrow-hawk " he was con- 



EGEUS. 

verted into a courteous gentleman. — ■ 
Tennyson, Idylls of the Jung (" Enid"). 

Eel. The best in tho world are those 
of Ancum, a river in that division of 
Lincolnshire called Lindsey (the highest 
part). The best pike are from the 
Witham, in the division of Lincolnshire 
called Kesteven (in the west). 

As Kesteven doth boast her Wytham, so have I 
My Ancum . . . whose fame as far doth fly 
For fat and dainty eels, as her's doth for her pike. 
Drayton, Sotyulbion, xxv. (1622). 

Efeso (St.), a saint honoured in Pisa. 
He was a Roman officer [Ephesus) in tho 
service of Diocletian, whose reign was 
marked by a great persecution of the 
Christians. This Efeso or Ephesus was 
appointed to see the decree of the emperor 
against the obnoxious sect carried out in 
the island of Sardinia ; but being warned 
in a dream not to persecute the servants 
of the Lord, both he and his friend Potito 
embraced Christianity, and received a 
standard from Michael the archangel 
himself. On one occasion, being taken 
captive, St. Efeso was cast into a furnace 
of lire, but received no injury ; whereas 
those who cast him in were consumed by 
the flames. Ultimately, both Efeso and 
Potito suffered martyrdom, and were 
buried in the island of Sardinia. When, 
however, that inland was conquered by 
Pisa in the eleventh century, the relics of 
the two martyrs were carried off and 
interred in the duomo of Pisa, and the 
banner of St. Efeso was thenceforth 
adopted as the national ensign of Pisa. 

Egalite (Philippe), the due d'Orle'ans, 
father of Louis Philippe king of France. 
He himself assumed this " title " when 
he joined the revolutionary party, whose 
motto was "Liberty, Fraternity, and 
Egalite " (born 1747, guillotined 1793). 

Ege'ns (3 syl.), father of Her'mia. 
He summoned her before The'seus (2 syl.) 
duke of Athens, because she refused to 
marry Demetrius, to whom he had pro- 
mised her in marriage ; and he requested 
that she might either be compelled to marry 
him or else be dealt with "according to 
the law," i.e. " either to die the death," 
or else to " endure the livery of a nun, 
and live a barren sister all her life." 
Hermia refused to submit to an " un- 
wished yoke," and fled from Athens with 
Lysander. Demetrius, seeing that Hermia 
disliked him but that Hel'ena doted on 
him, consented to abandon the one and 
wed the other. When Egeus was in- 
formed thereof, he withdrew his summons, 



EGIL. 



288 



EINERIAR. 



and gave his consent to the union of his 
daughter with Lysander. — Shakespeare, 
Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 

*** S. Knowles, in The Wife, makes 
the plot turn on a similar " law of 
marriage " (1833). 

E'gil, brother of Weland ; a great 
archer. One day, king Nidung com- 
manded him to shoot at an apple placed 
on the head of his own son. Egil selected 
fcwo arrows, and being asked why he 
wanted two, replied, "One to shoot thee 
with, O tyrant, if I fail." 

(This is one of the many stories similar 
to that of William Tell, q.v.) 

Egilo'na, the wife of Roderick last 
of the Gothic kings of Spain. She was 
very beautiful, but cold-hearted, vain, 
and fond of pomp. After the fall of 
Roderick, Egilona married Abdal-Aziz, 
the Moorish governor of Spain ; and when 
Abdai-Aziz was killed by the Moorish 
rebels, Egilona fell also. 

The popular rage 
Fell on them both ; and they to whom her name 
Had been a mark for mockery and reproach, 
Shuddered with human horror at her fate. 

Southey, Roderick, etc, xxii. (1814). 

Eg'la, a female Moor, servant to 
Amaranta (wife of Bar'tolus, the covetous 
lawyer). — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Spanish Curate (1622). 

Eg'lamour (Sir) or sir Eglamoke 
of Artoys, a knight of Arthurian romance. 
Sir Eglamour and sir Pleindamour have 
no French original, although the names 
themselves are French. 

Eg'lamour, the person who aids Silvia, 
daughter of the duke of Milan, in her 
escape. — Shakespeare, TJie Two Gentlemen 
of Verona (1594). 

Eglantine (3 syl.), daughter of king 
Pepin, and bride of her cousin Valentine 
(brother of Orson). She soon died. — 
Valentine and Orson (fifteenth century). 

Eglantine (Madame), the prioress ; 
good-natured, wholly ignorant of the 
world, vain of her delicacy of manner at 
table, and fond of lap-dogs. Her dainty 
oath was " By Seint Eloy ! "' She " en- 
tuned the service swetely in her nose," 
and spoke French "after the scole of 
Stratford-atte-Bowe." — Chaucer, Canter- 
bury Tales (1388). 

Egypt. The head-gear of the king 
of Upper Egypt was a high conical white 
cap, terminating in a knob at the top. 
That of the king of Lower Egypt was 
red. If a king ruled over both countries, 



he wore both caps, but that of Lower 
Egypt was placed outside. This com- 
posite head-dress was called the psclient. 

Egypt, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophcl, means France. 

Egypt and Tyrus [ Holland] intercept your trade. 

Part L (1681). 

Egyptian Disposition (An), a 
thievish propensity, " gipsy " being a 
contracted form of Egyptian. 

I no sooner saw it was money . . . than my Egyptian 
disposition prevailed, and I was seized with a desire of 
stealing it.— Lesage, Gil Bias, x. 10 (1735). 

Egyptian Thief (The), Thyamis, a 
native of Memphis. Knowing he must 
die, he tried to kill Chariclea, the woman 
he loved. 

Why should I not, had I the heart to do it. 
Like to th' Egyptian thief at point cf death. 
Kill what I love? 
Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, act v. sc. 1 (1614). 

Eighth Wonder (The). When Gil 
Bias reached Pennaflor, a parasite entered 
his room in the inn, hugged him with 
great energy, and called him " the eighth 
wonder." When Gil Bias replied that he 
did not know his name had spread so far, 
the parasite exclaimed, " How ! we keep 
a register of all the celebrated names 
within twenty leagues, and have no doubt 
Spain will one day be as proud of you 
as Greece was of the seven sages." After 
this, Gil Bias could do no less than ask 
the man to sup with him. Omelet after 
omelet was despatched, trout was called 
for, bottle followed bottle, and when the 
parasite was gorged to satiety, he rose 
and said, " Signor Gil Bias, don't believe 
yourself to be the eighth wonder of the 
world because a hungry man would feast 
by flattering yo'-vr vanity." So saying, 
he stalked away with a laugh. — Lesage, 
Gil Bias, i. 2 (1715). 

(This incident is copied from Aleman's 
romance of Guzman d' Alfarache, q. v.) 

Eikon Basil'ike (4 syl.), the por- 
traiture of a king (i.e. Charles I.), once 
attributed to king Charles himself ; but 
now admitted to be the production of Dr. 
John Gauden, who (after the restoration) 
was first created bishop of Exeter, and 
then of Worcester (1605-1662). 

In the Eikon Basilikt a strain of majestic melancholy 
is kept up, but the personated sovereign is rather too 
theatrical for real nature, the language is too rhetorical 
and amplified, the periods too artificially elaborated. — 
Hallam, Literature of Europe, iii. 662. 

(Milton wrote his Eikonoclastcs in 
answer to Dr. Gauden's Eikon Basililx.) 

Einer'iar, the hall of Odin, and 
asylum of warriors sdain in battle, it 



EINION. 



28!) 



ELEAZAR. 



hod 540 gates, each sufficiently wide to 
admit eight men abreast to pass through. 
— Socmdinavian Mythology* 

Einion (Father), chaplain to Cwen- 
wyn prince of Powys-land.— Sir W. 
Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Eivir, a Danish maid, who assumes 
bov's clothing, and waits on Harold "the 
Dauntless," as his page. Subsequently, 
her sex is discovered, and Harold marries 
her.— Sir W. Scott, Harold the Dauntless 
(1817). 

Elain, sister of king Arthur by the 
same mother. She married sir Nentres 
of Carlot, and was by king Arthur the 
mother of Mordred. "(See ELEIN.) — Sir 
T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 
(1470). 

%* In some of the romances there is 
great confusion between Elain (the sister) 
and Morgause (the half-sister) of Arthur. 
Both are called the mother of Mordred, 
and both are also called the wife of Lot. 
This, however, is a mistake. Elain was 
the wife of sir Nentres, and Morgause of 
Lot ; and if Gawain, Agrawain, Gareth, and 
Gahcns were [half] -brothers of Mordred, 
as Ave are told over and over again, then 
Morgause and not Elain was his mother. 
Tennyson makes Bellicent the wife of 
Lot, but this is not in accordance with 
any of the legends collected by sir T. 
Malory. 

Elaine (Dame), daughter of king 
Pelles (2 syl.) " of the foragn country," 
and the unwedded mother of sir Galahad 
by sir Launcelot du Lac. — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, iii. 2 (1470). 

Elaine, daughter of king Brandeg'oris, 
by whom sir Bors de Ganis had a child. 

For all women was sir Bors a virgin, save foi one. the 
daughter of king Brandegoris, on whom he had a child, 
night Elaine; save for her, sir Bors was a clean maid.— 
Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 4 (1470). 

*** It is by no means clear from the 
history whether Elaine was the daughter 
of king Brandegoris, or the daughter of 
sir Bors and granddaughter of king 
Brandegoris. 

Elaine' (2 syl.), the strong contrast of 
Guinevere. Guinevere's love for Lance- 
lot was gross and sensual, Elaine's was 
platonic and pure as that of a child ; but 
both were masterful in their strength. 
Elaine is called "the lily maid of As'- 
tolat" (Guildford), and * knowing that 
Lancelot was pledged to celibacy, she 
pined and died. According to her dying 
request, her dead body was placed on a 



bed in a barge, and was thus conveyed 
by a dumb servitor to the palace of king 
Arthur. A letter was handed to the king, 
telling the tale of Elaine's love, and the 
king ordered the body to bo buried, and 
her story to be blazoned on her tomb. — 
Tennyson, Idylls of the King (" Elaine"). 

El'amites (3 syl.), Persians. So 
called from Elam, son of Shem. 

El'berich, the most famous dwarf 
of German romance. — The Heldenbuch. 

El'bow, a well-meaning but loutish 
constable. — Shakespeare, Measure for 
Measure (1603). 

Elden Hole, in Derbyshire Peak, 
said to be fathomless. 

El Dora'do, the " golden city." So 
the Spaniards called Man'hoa of Guia'na. 

Guiana, whose great city Geryon's sons 
Call "El Dorado." 

Milton, ParadUe Lost. xi. 411 (1665). 

El'eanor, queen-consort of Henry II., 
alluded to by the presbyterian minister 
in Woodstock, x. (1826). 

" Believe me. young man, thy servant was more likely 
to see visions than to dream Idle dreams in that apart- 
ment ; fur I have always beard that, next to Rosamond's 
Bower, in which . . . she played the wanton, and was 
afterwards poisoned by queen Eleanor, Victor Lee's 
chamber was the place . . . peculiarly the haunt of evil 
spirits."— Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time. Commonwealth). 

Eleanor Crosses, twelve or four- 
teen crosses erected by Edward I. in the 
various towns where the body of his queen 
rested, when it was conveyed from Her- 
delie, near Lincoln, to Westminster. The 
three that still remain are Geddington, 
Northampton, and Waltham. 

(In front of the Sorjth-Eastern Railway 
station, Strand, London, is a model of 
the Charing Cross, of the original dimen- 
sions.) 

Eleazar the Moor, insolent, blood- 
thirsty, lustful, and vindictive, like 
"Aaron," in [Shakespeare's?] Titus An- 
dron'icus. The lascivious queen of Spain 
is in love with this monster. — C. Marlowe, 
Lust's Dominion or The Lascivious Queen 
(1588). 

Elea'zar, a famous mathematician, who 
cast out devils by tying to the nose of the 
possessed a mystical ring, Avhich the 
demon no sooner smelled than he aban- 
doned the victim. He performed before 
the emperor Vespasian ; and to prove that 
something came out of the possessed, he 
commanded the demon in making off to 
upset a pitcher of water, which it did. 
I imagine if Eleazar'e ring had been put under their 
U 



ELECTOR. 



290 



ELIDURE. 



noses, we should have seen devils issue with their breath, 
so loud were these disputants.— Lesage, Gil Bias, v. 12 
(1724). 

Elector (The Great), Frederick Wil- 
liam of Brandenburg (1620-1G88). 

Elein, wife of king Ban of Benwick 
(BiHttany), and motherof sirLauncelotand 
sir Lionell. (See Elain.)— Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 60 (1470). 

Eleven Thousand Virgins [The), 
the virgins who followed St. Ur'sula in 
her flight towards Rome. They were all 
massacred at Cologne by a party of Huns, 
and even to the present hour "their 
bones " are exhibited to visitors through 
windows in the wall. 

A calendar in the Freisingen codex 
notices them as " SS. M. XI. VIR- 
GINUM," that is, eleven virgin mar- 
tyrs; but "M" (martyrs) being taken 
for 1000, we get 11,000. It is furthermore 
remarkable that the number of names 
known of these virgins is eleven : (1) 
Ursula, (2) Sencia, (3) Gregoria, (4) Pin- 
nosa, (5) Martha, (6) Saula, (7) Brittola, 
(8) Saturnina, (9) Rabacia or Sabatia, (10) 
Saturia or Saturnia, and (11) Palladia. 

Elfenseigen [el.fn-si.gn]^ (4 syl.) 
or Alpleich, that weird music with which 
Bunting, the pied piper of Hamelin, led 
forth the rats into the river Weser, and 
the children into a cave in the mountain 
Koppenberg. The song of the sirens is 
so called. 

El'feta, wife of Cambuscan' king of 
Tartary. 

El'flida or jEthelfl^eda, daughter 
of king Alfred, and wife of iEtkelred 
chief of that part of Mercia not claimed 
by the Danes. She was a woman of 
enormous energy and masculine mind. 
At the death of her husband, she ruled 
over Mercia, and proceeded to fortify city 
after city, as Bridgenorth, Tamworth, 
Warwick, Hertford, Witham, and so on. 
Then, attacking the Danes, she drove 
them from place to place, and kept them 
from molesting her. 

When Elflida up-grew . . . 
The puissant Danish powers victoriously pursued, 
And resolutely here thro' their thick squadrons hewed 
Her way into the north. 

Drayton, Polyolbton, xii. (1613). 

Elfthrythor^lfthryth, daughter 
of Ordgar, noted for her great beauty. 
King Edgar sent YEthelwald, his friend, 
to ascertain if she were really as beautiful 
as report made her out to be. When 
iEthelwald saw her he fell in love with 



her, and then, returning to the king, said 
she was not handsome enough for the 
king, but was rich enough to make a very 
eligible wife for himself. The king 
assented to the match, and became god- 
father to the first child, who was called 
Edgar. One day the king told his friend 
he intended to pay him a visit, and YEthel- 
wald revealed to his wife the story of his 
deceit, imploring her at the same time to 
conceal her beauty. But Elfthryth, ex- 
tremely indignant, did all she could to 
set forth her beauty. The king fell in 
love with her, slew iEthelwald, and mar- 
ried the widow. 

A similar story is told by Herodotus : 
Prexaspes being the lady's name, and 
Kambyses the king's. 

Elgin Marbles, certain statues and 
bas-reliefs collected by lord Elgin, and 
purchased of him by the British Govern- 
ment for £35,000, to be placed in the 
British Museum. 

(They are chiefly fragments of the 
Parthenon of Athens.) 

El'githa, a female attendant at 
Rotherwood on the lady Rowe'na. — Sir 
W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

E'lia, pseudonym of Charles Lamb, 
author of the Essays of Elia (1823). — 
London Magazine. 

Eli'ab, in the satire of Absalom and 
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is 
Henry Bennet, earl of Arlington. As 
Eliab befriended David (1 Chron. xii. 9), 
so the earl befriended Charles II. 

Hard the task to do Eliab right : 
Long with the royal wanderer he roved, 
And firm in all the turns of fortune proved. 

Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (1682). 

Elian God (The), Bacchus. An 
error for 'Eleuan, i.e. "the god Eleleus" 
(3 syl.). Bacchus was called El'eleus 
from the Bacchic cry, SISleu ! 

As when with crown6d cups unto the Elian god 
Those priests high orgies held. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, vL (1612). 

El'idure (3 syl.), surnamed " the 
Pious," brother of Gorbonian, and one of 
the five sons of Morvi'dus (q.v.). He 
resigned the crown to his brother Arth- 
gallo, who had been deposed. Ten years 
afterwards, Arthgallo died, and Elidure 
was again advanced to the throne, but 
was deposed and imprisoned by his two 
younger brothers. At the death of these 
two brothers, Elidure wa3 taken from 
prison, and mounted the British throne 



ELIJAH FED BY RAVENS. 



291 



ELMO. 



for the third time. — Geoffrey, British 
History, iii. 17, 18 (1470). 

Then Elidure again, crowned with Applausive praise. 
As lie a brother raised, by brothers «;ls deposed 

Ami put Into the Tower . . . hut, the IHO rpeW dead. 
Thrice was the British cr.iwu set mi his reverend head. 
Drayton, I'ulyolbivn, viii. (1612). 

%* Wordsworth has a poem on this 
subject. 

Elijah fed by Ravens. While 
Elijah was at the brook Cherith, in con- 
cealment, ravens brought him food every 
morning and evening. — 1 Kings xvii. 6. 

A strange parallel is recorded of Wyat, 
in the reign of Richard III. The king 
cast him into prison, and when he was 
nearly starved to death, a cat appeared at 
the window-grating, and dropped into his 
hand a pigeon, which the warder cooked 
for him. This was repeated daily. 

ETim, the guardian angel of Lebbeus 
(3 syl.) the apostle. Lebbeus, the softest 
and most tender of the twelve, at the 
death of Jesus "sank under the burden 
of his grief." — Klopstock, The Messiah, 
iii. (1748). 

El'ion, consort of Beruth, and *nther 
of Ghe. — Sanchoniathon. 

Eliot (George), Marian Evans (or 
"Mrs. Marian Lewes "), author of A ilam 
Bcde (1858), Mill on the Floss (1860), 
Silas Manner (1861), etc. 

Elisa, often written Eliza in English, 
Dido queen of Carthage. 

. . . nee me nieminisse pigebit Elisae, 
Dum memor ipse met, dum spiritus hos reset artus. 
Virgil, ^Enehi, iv. XJ5, 336. 
So to Eliza dawned that cruel day 
Which tore -£neas from her sight away, 
That saw him parting, never to return, 
Herself in funeral names decreed to burn. 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 4 (1756). 

Elis'abat, a famous surgeon, who 
attended queen Madasi'ma in all her 
solitary wanderings, and was her sole 
companion. — Amadis de Gaul (fifteenth 
century). 

Elisabeth ou Les Exiles de 
Siberie, a tale bv Madame Cottin 
(1773-1807). The family being exiled 
for some political offence, Elizabeth 
walked all the way from Siberia to 
Russia, to crave pardon of the czar. She 
obtained her prayer, and the family 
returned. 

Elise (2 syf.), the motherless child of 
Harpagon the miser. She was affianced 
to Valere, by whom she had been 
" rescued from the waves." Valere turns 
out to be the son of don Thomas d' Alburci, 



a wealthy nobleman of Naples. — Moliere, 
L'Avarc (1667). 

Elis'sa, step-sister of Medi'na and 
Perissa. They could never agree upon 
anv subject.— Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 
2 (1590). 

"Medina" (the golden mean), "Elissa" 
and "Perissa" (the two extremes). 

Elixir Vitae, a drug which was once 
thought would ensure perpetual life and 
health. 

He that has once the " Flower of the Suit." 

The perfect Kuhy which we call elixir, 

. . . bv its virtue 

Can confer honour, love, respect, long life, 

Give safety, valour, ye» and victory. 

To whom he will. In eight and twenty days 

He'll make an old man of four* ore a chOd. 

Ben Jonson. The A Ichemut, ii. (1610). 

Elizabeth (The queen), haughty, 
imperious, but devoted to her people. 
She loved the earl of Essex, and, when 
she heard that he was married to the 
countess of Rutland, exclaimed that she 
never " knew sorrow before." The queen 
gave Essex a ring after his rebellion, 
saying, " Here, from my finger take this 
ring, a pledge of mercy ; and whensoe'er 
you send it back, I swear that I will 
grant whatever boon you ask." After 
his condemnation, Essex sent the ring to 
the queen by the countess of Nottingham, 
craving that her most gracious majesty 
would spare the life of lord Southampton ; 
but the countess, from jealousy, did not 
give it to the queen. However, the queen 
sent a reprieve for Essex, but Burleigh 
took care that it came too late, and the 
earl was beheaded as a traitor. — Henry 
Jones, The Earl of Essex (1745). 

Elizabeth (Queen), introduced by sir 
W. Scott in his novel called Kenilworth. 

Elizabeth of Hungary (St.), 
patron saint of queens, being herself a 
queen. Her day is July 9 (1207-1231). 

Ellesmere (Mistress), the head 
domestic of lady PeveriL— Sir W. Scott, 
Fever it of the Feak (time, Charles II.). 

Elliott (Bobbie, i.e. Halbert), farmer at 
the Heugh-f oot. His bride-elect is Grace 
Armstrong. 

Mrs. Elliott, Hobbie's grandmother. 

John and Harry, Hobbie's brothers. 

Lilias, Jean, and Arnot, Hobbie's 
sisters.— Sir W. Scott, The Black Dxcarf 
(time, Anne). 

Elmo (St.). The fire of St. Elmo 
(Feu de Saint Elme), a comazant. If 
only one appears on a ship-mast, foul 
weather is at hand ; but if two or more, 



ELOA. 



292 



ELVINO. 



they indicate that stormy weather is 
about to cease. By the Italians these 
comazants are called the " fires of St. 
Peter and St. Nicholas." In Latin the 
single fire is called "Helen," but the 
two "Castor and Pollux." Horace says 
{Odes, I. xii. 27): 

Quorum simul alba nautis stella refulsit, 
Defluit saxis agitatus humor, 
Concidunt venti, fugiuntque nubes, etc. 

But Longfellow makes the stella indi- 
cative of foul weather : 

Last night I saw St. Elmo's stars, 

With their glimmering lanterns all at play . . . 

And I knew we should have foul weather to-day. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 

(St. Elmo is the patron saint of sailors.) 

Elo'a, the first of seraphs. His name 
with God is "The Chosen One," but the 
angels call him Eloa. Eloa and Gabriel 
were angel friends. 

Eloa, fairest spirit of heaven. His thoughts are past 
understanding to the mind of man. His looks more 
lovely than the day-spring, more beaming than the stars 
of heaven when they first flew into being at the voice of 
the Creator.— Klopstock, The Messiah, i. (1748). 

Eloi (St.), that is, St. Louis. The 
kings of France were called Loys up to 
the time of Louis XIII. Probably the 
"delicate oath" of Chaucer's prioress, 
who was a French scholar "after the 
scole of Stratford-atte-Bowe," was St. 
Loy, i.e. St. Louis, and not St. Eloi the 
patron saint of smiths and artists. St. 
Eloi was bishop of Noyon in the reign of 
Dagobert, and a noted craftsman in gold 
and silver. (Query, "Seint Eloy" for 
Seinte Loy ?) 

Ther was also a nonne, a prioresse, 

That of hire smiling was full simp' and coy. 

Hire greatest othe n'as but by Seint Eloy I 

Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (1388). 

El'ops. There was a fish so called, but 
Milton uses the word (Paradise Lost, x. 
525) for the dumb serpent or serpent 
which gives no warning of its approach 
by hissing or otherwise. (Greek, ellops, 
" mute or dumb.") 

Eloquence ( Tlie Four Monarchs of) : 
(1) Demosthenes, the Greek orator (b.c. 
385-322) ; (2) Cicero, the Roman orator 
(b.c. 106-43); (3) Sadi, the Persian 
(1184-1263); (4) Zoroaster (b.c. 589- 
513). 

Eloquent (That Old Man), Isoc'rates, 
the Greek orator. When he heard that 
the battle of Chasrone'a was lost, and that 
Greece was no longer free, he died of 
grief. 

That dishonest victory 
At Chscronea, fatal to liberty. 
Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent. 

Milton, Sonnet, ix. 



(This victory was gained by Philip of 
Macfidon. Called "dishonest" because 
bribery and corruption were employed.) 

Eloquent Doctor (The), Peter 
Aureolus, archbishop of Aix (fourteenth 
century). 

Elpi'nus, Hope personified. He was 
"clad in sky-like blue," and the motto 
of his shield was " I hold by being held." 
He went attended by Pollic'ita (promise). 
Fully described in canto ix. (Greek, 
elpis, "hope.") — Phineas Fletcher, The 
Purple Island (1633). 

Elshender the Recluse, called 
"The Canny Elshie" or the "Wise 
Wight of Mucklestane Moor." This is 
"the black dwarf," or sir Edward 
Mauley, the hero of the novel. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Elsie, the daughter of Gottlieb, a 
cottage farmer of Bavaria. Prince Henry 
of Hoheneck, being struck with leprosy, 
was told he would never be cured till a 
maiden chaste and spotless offered to 
give her life in sacrifice for him. Elsie 
volunteered to die for the prince, and he 
accompanied her to Salerno ; but either 
the exercise, the excitement, or some 
charm, no matter what, had quite cured 
the prince, and when he entered the 
cathedral with Elsie, it was to make her 
lady Alicia, his bride. — Hartmann von 
der Aue, Poor Henry (twelfth century) ; 
Longfellow, Golden Legend. 

*** Alcestis, daughter of Pelias and 
wife of Admetos, died instead of her 
husband, but was brought back by Her- 
cules from the shades below, and restored 
to her husband. 

Elspeth (Auld), the old servant of 
Dandie Dinmont the store-farmer at 
Charlie's Hope.— Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Elspeth (Old) of the Craigbumfoot, 
the mother of Saunders Mucklebacket 
(the old fisherman at Musselcrag), and 
formerly servant to the countess of 
Glenallan. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Elvi'no, a wealthy farmer, in love with 
Ami'na the somnambulist. Amina being 
found in the bedroom of conte Rodolfo the 
day before her Wedding, induces Elvino 
to break off the match and promise 
marriage to Lisa ; but as the truth of the 
matter breaks in upon him, and he is 
convinced of Amina's innocence, he turns 
over Lisa to Alessio, her paramour, and 



ELVIRA. 



293 



EMILE. 



"marries Amina, his first and only love. — 
Bellini's opera, La Sottnambula (1W31). 

Elvi'ra, sister of don Duart, and 
niece of the governor of Lisbon. She 
marries Clodio, the coxcomb son of don 
Antonio. — (J. (Jibber, Love Makes a Man. 

Elvi'ra, the young wife of Gomez, a 
rich old banker. She carries on a liaison 
with colonel Lorenzo, by the aid of her 
father-confessor Dominiek, but is always 
checkmated, and it turns out that Lorenzo 
is her brother. — Dryden, T/ie Spanish 
Fryar (1680). 

Elvi'ra, a noble lady, who gives up 
everything to become the mistress of 
Pizarro. She tries to soften his rude and 
cruel nature, and to lead him into more 
generous ways. Her love being changed 
to hate, she engages Kolla to slay Pizarro 
in his tent; but the noble Peruvian spares 
his enemy, and makes him a friend. 
Ultimately, Pizarro is slain in fight with 
Alonzo, and Elvira retires to a convent. — 
Sheridan, Pizarro (altered from Kotzebue, 
1799). 

Elvi'ra (Donna), a lady deceived by 
don Giovanni, who basely deluded her 
into an amour with his valet Leporello. — 
Mozart's opera, Dun Giovanni (1161). 

Elvi'ra " the puritan," daughter of 
lord Walton, betrothed to Arturo (lord 
Arthur Talbot), a cavalier. On the day of 
espousals the young man aids Enrichetta 
(Henrietta, uuioicof Charles L.) to escape, 
and Elvira, thinking he has eloped with 
a rival, temporarily loses her reason. 
Cromwell's soldiers arrest Arturo for 
treason, but he is subsequently pardoned, 
and marries Elvira. — Bellini's opera, / 
Turdani (1834). 

Elvi'ra, a lady in love with Erna'ni the 
robber-captain and head of a league 
against don Carlos (afterwards Charles V. 
of Spain). Ernani was just on the point of 
marrying Elvira, when he was summoned 
to death by Gomez de Silva, and stabbed 
himself. — Verdi, Ernani (an opera, 1841). 

Elvi'ra, betrothed to Alfonso (son of 
the duke d'Arcos). No sooner is the 
marriage completed than she learns that 
Alfonso has seduced Fenella, a dumb 
girl,, sister of Masaniello the fisher- 
man. Masaniello, to revenge his wrongs, 
heads an insurrection, and Alfonso with 
Elvira run for safety to the fisherman's 
hut, where they jind Fenella, who pro- 
mises to protect them. Masaniello, being 
made chief magistrate of Por'tici, is killed 



by the mob; Fenella throws herself into 
the crater of Vesuvius ; and Alfonso is 
left to live in peace with Elvira. — Auber, 
Masaniello (1*31). 

Elvire (2 syl.), the wife of don Juan, 
whom he abandons. She enters a 
con vtut, and tries to reclaim her pro- 
fligate husband, but without success. — 
Moliere, Don Juan (1GG5;. 

Ely (Bishop of), introduced by sir W. 
Scott in the Talisman (time, Kiciiard I.). 

Elysium (the Elysian fields), the 
land of the blest, to which the favoured 
of the gods passed without dying. They 
lav in one of the "Fortunate Inland;? " 
(Canaries). 

Fancy dreams 
Of sacred fountains, and El/dan grove*, 
And vales of blUs. 
Akenside, PUatare* of Imagination, L (1744). 

Emath'ian Conqueror ( The Great), 
Alexander the Great. Emathia is Mace- 
donia and Thessaly. Emathion, a son of 
Titan and Aurora, reigned in Macedonia. 
Pliny tells us that Alexander, when he 
besieged Thebes, spared the house in 
which Pindar the poet was born, out of 
reverence to his great abilities. 

Lift not thy spear against the Muses" bower. 

The great Kmathian conq cr^r bid ?i.:ire 
The house of Pindarus, when temple and tower 

Went to the ground. 

Milton, Sonnet, vilL 

Embla, the woman Eve of Scandi- 
navian mythology. Eve or Embla was 
made of elm, but Ask or Adam was made 
of ash. 

Em'elie or Emelye, sister-in-law of 
duke Theseus (2 syl.), beloved by both 
Pal'amon and Aycyte (2 syl.), but the 
former had her to wife. 

Emelie that fairer was to scene 
Than is the lilie on hire stalkes grene. 
And fresseher thaa the May with floures newe. 
Chancer, Canterbury Talus (" The Knighfs Tale," 1388) 

Em'erald Isle (The), Ireland; sc 
called first by Dr. W. Drennan, in his 
poem entitled \EW?i (1754-1820). 

Emeral'der, an Irishman, one of the 
Emerald Isle. 

Emer'ita (St.), sister of king Lucius, 
who, when her brother abdicated the 
British crown, accompanied him to Swit- 
zerland, and shared with him there a 
martyr's death. 

Emerita the next king Lucius' sister dear. 
Who in Helvetia with har martyr brother -ied. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1633). 

Emile (2 syl.), the chief character of 
a philosophical romance on education by 



EMILIA. 



294 



ENANTHE. 



Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762). Emile is 
the author's ideal of a young man perfectly 
educated, every bias but that of nature 
having been carefully withheld. 

N.B. — Einile is the French form of 
Emilius. 

His body is inured to fatigue, as Eosseau advises in his 
Emilius. — Continuation of the Arabian Nights, iv. 69. 

Emil'ia, wife of Iago the ancient of 
Othello in the Venetian army. She is 
induced by Iago to purloin a certain 
handkerchief given by Othello to Des- 
demona. Iago then prevails on Othello to 
ask his wife to show him the handker- 
chief, but she cannot find it, and Iago 
tells the Moor she has given it to Cassio 
as a love-token. At the death of Des- 
demona, Emilia (who till then never 
suspected the real state of the case) 
reveals the truth of the matter, and Iago 
rushes on her and kills her. — Shake- 
speare, Othello (1611). 

The virtue of Emilia is such as we often find, worn 
loosely, but not cast off ; easy to commit small crimes, but 
quickened and alarmed at atrocious villainies.— Dr. John- 
son. 

Emil'ia, the lady who attended on 
queen Hermi'one in prison. — Shake- 
speare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 

Emilia, the lady-love of Peregrine 
Pickle, in Smollett's novel called The 
Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751). 

Emily, the fiancee of colonel Tamper. 
Duty called away the colonel to Havan- 
nah, and on his return he pretended to 
have lost one eye and one leg in the war, 
in order to see if Emily would love him 
still. Emily was greatly shocked, and 
Mr. Prattle the medical practitioner was 
sent for. Amongst other gossip, Mr. 
Prattle told his patient he had seen the 
colonel, who looked remarkably well, 
and most certainly was maimed neither 
in his legs nor in his eyes. Emily now 
saw through the trick, and resolved to 
turn the tables on the colonel. For this 
end she induced Mdlle. Florival to appear 
en militaire, under the assumed name of 
captain Johnson, and to make desperate 
love to her. When the colonel had 
been thoroughly roasted and was about 
to quit the house for ever, his friend 
major Belford entered and recognized 
Mdlle. as his fiancee ; the trick was dis- 
covered, and all ended happily. — G. Col- 
man, sen., The Deuce is in Him (1762). 

Emir or Ameer, a title given to 
lieutenants of provinces and other officers 
of the sultan, and occasionally assumed 



by the sultan himself. The sultan is not 
unfrequently called " The Great Ameer," 
and the Ottoman empire is sometimes 
spoken of as " the country of the Great 
Ameer." What Matthew Paris and other 
monks call " ammirals " is the same word. 
Milton speaks of the "mast of some tall 
ammiral " (Paradise Lost, i. 294). 

The difference between xariff or sariff 
and amir is this : the former is given to 
the blood successors of Mahomet, and the 
latter to those who maintain his religious 
faith. — Selden, Titles of Honour, vi. 73-4 
(1672). 

Ern'ly (Little), daughter of Tom, 
the brother-in-law of Dan'el Peggotty a 
Yarmouth fisherman, by whom the orphan 
child was brought up. While engaged 
to Ham Peggotty (Dan'el's nephew), 
Little Em'ly runs away with Steerforth, 
a handsome but unprincipled gentleman. 
Being subsequently reclaimed, she emi- 
grates to Australia with Dan'el Peggotty 
and old Mrs. Gummidge. — C. Dickens, 
David Copperfield (1849). 

Emma "the Saxon" or Emma 
Plantagenet, the beautiful, gentle, and 
loving wife of David king of North 
Wales (twelfth century). — Southey, Ma- 
doc (1805). 

Emped'oeles, one of Pythagoras's 
scholars, who threw himself secretly into 
the crater of Etna, that people might 
suppose the gods had carried him to 
heaven ; but alas ! one of his iron pattens 
was cast out with the larva, and recog- 
nized. 

He who to be deemed 
A god, leaped fondly into Etna flames, 
Empedocles. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 469, etc (1665). 

Emperor of Believers {The), 
Omar I., father-in-law of Mahomet 
(581-644). 

Emperor of the Mountains 

(The), Peter the Calabrian, a famous 
robber-chief (1812). 

Emperor for My People. Ha- 
drian used to say, " I am emperor not 
for myself but for my people " (76, 117- 
138). 

Empson (Master), flageolet player to 
Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of t/ie 
Peak (1823). 

Enan'the (3 syl.), daughter of Seleu- 
cus, and mistress of prince Deme'trius 
(son of king Antig'onus). She appears 
under the name of Celia. — Beaumont 



ENCELADOS. 



295 



ENID. 



and Fletcher, The Humorous Lieutenant 
(1647). 

Encel'ados (Latin, Enceladus), the 
most powerful of all the giants who con- 
spired against Jupiter. lie was struck 
with a thunder-bolt, and covered with 
the heap of earth now called mount Etna. 
The 6moke of the volcano is the breath of 
the buried giant ; and when he shifts his 
side it is an earthquake. 

Fama est, Enceladi semiustum fulmine corpus 
Urgeri mole hoc, Ingentemque Inauper .-Ktnam 

Impositam, ruptU ""»""" expirare caiuiuis ; 

F.t, ressam quotlea mutat labia, Uttremere omneni 
Murmure Trinacriam, et creluni subtexere fuino. 

Virgil, Jtncul. iii. 578-582. 
Where the burning cinders, blown 
From the lips of the o'erthrown 
Enceladus, fill the air. 

Longfellow, Enceladus. 

En'crates (3 syl.), Temperance per- 
sonified, the husband of Agnei'a (wifely 
chastity). "When his wife's sister Par- 
then'ia (maidenly chastity) was wounded in 
the battle of Mansoul, by False Delight, 
he and his wife ran to her assistance, and 
soon routed the foes who were hounding 
her. Continence (her lover) went also, 
and poured a balm into her wounds, which 
healed them. (Gieck,egkratcs, "continent, 
temperate.") 

So have I often seen a purple flower, 

Fainting thro" heat, hang down her drooping head ; 
Hut, soon refreshed with a welcome shower, 

Begins again her lively beauties spread. 
Ami wi h new pride her silken leaves display. 

Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, xi. (1633). 

Endell (Martha), a poor fallen girl, 
to whom Em'ly goes when Steerforth 
deserts her. She emigrates with Dan'el 
Peggot'ty, and marries a young farmer 
in Australia. — C. Dickens, David Copper- 
field (1849). 

Endermay, i.e. Andermatt or Ur- 
seren, a town and valley in the Uri of 
Switzerland. 

Soft as the happy swain's enchanting lay. 
That pipes among the shades of Endermay. 

W. Falconer, The Shifnereck, iii. 3 (1756). 

Endiga, in Charles XII., by J. R. 
Planche (1826). 

Endless, the rascally lawyer in No 
Song No Supper, by P. Hoare (1754- 
1834). 

Endym'ion, a noted astronomer who, 
from mount Latmus, in Caria, discovered 
the course of the moon. Hence it is 
fabled that the moon sleeps with Endy- 
mion. Strictly speaking, Endymion is 
the setting sun. 

6o Latmus by the wise Endymion is renowned ; 
That hill on whose high top he was the first that found 
Pale Phoebe's wandering course ; so skilful in her sphere, 
A» tome stick not to say that he enjoyed her there. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, vi. (1612). 



To sleep like Endymion, to sleep long 
and soundly. Endymion requested of 
Jove permission to sleep as long as he 
felt inclined. Hence the proverb, I'ndy- 
mionis somnwn dormire. Jean Ogier de 
Gombaud wrote in French a romance or 
prose poem called Endymion ( 1 (524), and 
one of the best paintings of A. L. Girodet 
is "Endymion." Cowley, referring to 
Gombaud's romance, says : 

While there is a people or a sun, 
Endymion's story with the moon shall run. 

John Keats, in 1818, published his 
Endymion (a poetic romance), and the 
criticism of the Quarterly Review was 
falsely said to have caused his death. 

Endym r ion. So Wm. Browne calls sir 
Walter Raleigh, who was for a time in 
disgrace with queen Elizabeth, whom he 
calls "Cyn'thia." 

The first note that I heard I soon was wonne 
To think the sighes of faire Endymion, 
The subject of whose iiiouriifull heavy lay, 
Was Ids declining with faire Cynthia. 

iirUannia's /'astvraU, iv. (1613). 

Enfants de Dieu, the Camisards. 

The royal troops outnumbered the Enfants de IHeu, and 
a not inglorious flight took place.— Ed. Gilliat, Asylum 
Christi, iii. 

Enfield (Mrs.), the keeper of a house 
of intrigue, or " gentlemen's magazine " 
of frail beauties. — Holcroft, Tlie Deserted 
Daughter (1784). 

Engaddi (Theodorick, hermit of), an 
enthusiast. He was Aberick of Morte- 
mar, an exiled noble. — Sir W. Scott, 
'The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Engaddi, one of the towns of Judah, 
forty miles from Jerusalem, famous for 
its palm trees. 

Anchorites beneath Engaddi's palms. 
Pacing the Dead Sea beach. 

Longfellow, Hand of the Desert. 

Engel'brecht, one of the Yarangian 
guards. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

En'gelred, 'squire of sir Reginald 
Front de Bceuf (follower of prince John 
of Anjou, the brother of Richard I.). — 
Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

En'guerraud, brother of the mar- 
quis of Montserrat, a crusader. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

E'nid, the personification of spotless 
purity. She was the daughter of Yn'iol, 
and wife of Geraint. The tale of Geraint 
and Enid allegorizes the contagion of 
distrust and jealousy, commencing with 



ENNA. 



296 



EPIDAURUS. 



Guinever's infidelity, and spreading down- 
wards among the Arthurian knights. In 
order to save Enid from this taint, sir 
Geraint removed from the court to Devon ; 
but overhearing part of a sentence uttered 
by Enid, he fancied that she was unfaith- 
ful, and treated her for a time with great 
harshness. In an illness, Enid nursed 
Geraint with such wifely devotion that 
he felt convinced of his error. A perfect 
reconciliation took place, and they 
" crowned a happy life with a fair 
death." — Tennyson," Idylls of the King 
(" Geraint and Enid"). 

Enna, a city of Sicily, remarkable for 
its beautiful plains, fruitful soil, and 
numerous springs. Proserpine was car- 
ried off by Pluto while gathering flowers 
in the adjacent meadow. 

She moved 
Like Proserpine in Enna, gathering flowers. 

Tennyson, Edairin Morris. 

Ennius {The English), Lay'amon, 
who wrote a translation in Saxon of The 
Brut of Wace (thirteenth century). 

Ennius {The French), Jehan de Meung, 
who wrote a continuation of Layamon's 
romance (1260-1320). 

*** Guillaume de Lorris, author of the 
Romance of the Rose, is also called " The 
French Ennius," and with better title 
(1235-1265). 

Ennius {The Spanish), Juan de Mena of 
CordSva (1412-1456). 

Enough is as G-ood as a Feast. 
Geo. Gascoigne says : 

I count enough as good as any feast 

Satis Sufficit (Gascoigne died 1577). 

Enrique' (2 syl.), brother-in-law of 
Chrysalde (2 syl.). He married secretly 
Chryealde's sister Angelique, by whom he 
had a daughter, Agnes, who was left in 
charge of a peasant while Enrique was 
absent in America. Having made his 
fortune in the New World, Enrique re- 
turned and found Agnes in love with 
Horace, the son of his friend Oronte 
(2 syl.). Their union, after the usual 
quota of misunderstanding and cross 
purposes, was consummated to the delight 
of all parties. — Moliere, L'e'cole des Fem- 
mes (1662). 

Entel'echy, the kingdom of queen 
Quintessence. Pantag'ruel' and his com- 
panions went to this kingdom in search of 
the "holy bottle." — Rabelais, Pantag- 
ruel, v. 19 (1545). 

* + * This kingdom of " speculative 



science " gave the hint to Swift for his 
island of Lapu'ta. 

Ephe'sian, a toper, a dissolute sot, 
a jovial companion. When Page (2 
Henry II. act ii. sc. 2) tells prince Henry 
that a company of men were about to 
sup with Falstaff, in Eastcheap, and calls 
them "Ephesians," he probably meant 
soldiers called fe'thas ("foot-soldiers"), 
and hence topers. Malone suggests that 
the word is a pun on pheese ("to chastise 
or pay one tit for tat "), and means 
"quarrelsome fellows." 

Ephe'sian Poet {The), Hippo'nax, 
born at Ephesus (sixth century B.C.). 

Ephe'sus {Letters of), bribes. 
" Ephesiae literae " were magical notes 
or writings, which ensured those who 
employed them success in any under- 
taking they chose to adventure on. 

Silver keys were used in old Rome, where every petty 
officer who knew no other spelling could decipher a 
" letter of Ephesus." Oh for the purity of honest John 
Bull! No "letters of Ephesus" will tempt the integrity 
of our British bumbledom.— CasseU's Magazine, February, 
1877. 

Epic {The Great Puritan), Paradise 
Lost, by Milton (1665). 

Epic Poetry {The Father of), Homer 
(about 950 B.C.). 

Ep'icene (3 syl.) or The Silent 
Woman, one of the three great comedies 
of Ben Jonson (1609). 

The other two are Volpone (2 syl., 
1605), and The Alchemist (1610). 

Epicurus. The aime'e de cceur of 
this philosopher was Leontium. (See 
Lovers.) 

Epicurus of China, Tao-tse, who 
commenced the search for " the elixir of 
perpetual youth and health" (B.C. 540). 

*** Thomas Moore has a prose romance 
entitled The Epicure'an. Lucretius the 
Roman poet, in his De Rerum Natura, is 
an exponent of the Epicurean doctrines. 

Epidaurus {That God in), ^Escula'- 
pius, son of Apollo, who was worshipped 
in Epidaurus, a city of Peloponne'sus. 
Being sent for to Rome during a plague, 
he assumed the form of a serpent. — LivYj 
Nat. Hist., xi. ; Ovid, Metaph., xv. 

Never since of serpent kind 
Lovelier, not those that in Illyria changed 
Herniione and Cadmus, or the god 
In Epidaurus. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, ix. 507 (1665). 

(Cadmus and his wife Harmonia \Her- 
mionc~\ left Thebes and migrated into 
Illyria, where they were changed into 



EPH1ALTES. 



297 



EQUIVOKES. 



serpents because they happened to kill 
one belonging to Mars.) 

Ephial'tes (4 syl.), one of the giants 
who made war upon the gods. He was 
deprived of his left eye by Apollo, and of 
his right eye by Hercules. 

Epig'oni, seven youthful warriors, 
sons of the seven chiefs who laid siege 
to Thebes. All the seven chiefs (except 
Adrastos) perished in the siege ;, but the 
seven sons, ten years later, took the city 
and razed it to the ground. The chiefs 
and sons were: (1) Adrastos, whose son 
was iLgi'aleus (4 syl.) ; (2) Polynikes, 
whose son was Thersan'der ; (3) Am- 
phiar'aos (5 syl.), whose son was Alk- 
DUBon (the chief) ; (4) Ty'deus (2 syl.), 
whose son was Diome'des ; (5) Kap'- 
aneus (3 syl.), whose son was Sthen'elos ; 
(6) Parthenopae'os, whose son was Pro- 
machos ; (7) Mekis'theus (3 syl.), whose 
son was Eury'alos. 

^Eschylos has a tragedy on The Seven 
Chiefs against Thebes. There are also 
two epics, one The Thebaid of Statius, 
and 2/te Epigoni sometimes attributed to 
Homer and sometimes to one of the 
Cyclic poets of Greece. 

Epigon'iad (The), called "the 
Scotch Iliad," by William Wilkie (1721- 
1772). This is the tale of the Epig'oni 
or seven sons of the seven chieftains who 
laid siege to Thebes. The tale is this : 
When (E'dipos abdicated, his two sons 
agreed to reign alternate years ; but at 
the expiration of the first year, the elder 
son (Ete'ecles) refused to give up the 
throne. Whereupon the younger brother 
(Polynikes) interested six Grecian chiefs 
to espouse his cause, and the allied 
armies laid siege to Thebes, without suc- 
cess. Subsequently, the seven sons of the 
old chiefs went against the city to avenge 
the deaths of their fathers, who had fallen 
in the former siege. They succeeded in 
taking the city, and in placing Thersan- 
der on the throne. The names of the 
seven sons are Thersander, ^Egl'aleus, 
Alkmaeon, Diomedes, Sthen'elos, Pro'- 
machos, and Eurj-alos. 

Epimen'ides (5 syl.) of Crete, some- 
times reckoned one of the " seven wise 
men of Greece " in the place of Peri- 
ander. He slept for fifty-seven years in 
a cave, and, on waking, found every- 
thing so changed that he could recognize 
nothing. Epimenides lived 289 years, 
and was adored by the Cretans as one 
of their " Curetes " or priests of Jove. 
H • was contemporary with Solon. 



(Goethe has a poem called Des Epime- 
nides Eruachen. — See Heinrich's Epime- 
nides.) 

Epaneniehufo Drug. A n vm ph who loved 
Epimenides gave him a draught in a 
bull's horn, one single drop of which 
would not only cure any ailment, but 
would also serve for a hearty meal. 

Le Nouveau Epimenede is a man who 
lives in a dream in a kind of " Castle of 
Spain," where he deems himself a king, 
and does not wish to be disillusioned. 
The song is by Jacinthe Leclere, one of 
the members of the " Societe de Momus" 
of Paris. 

Epinogris (Sir), son of the king of 
Northumberland. lie loved an earl's 
daughter, but slew the earl in a knightly 
combat. Next day, a knight challenged 
him to fight, and the lady was to be the 
prize of the victor. Sir Epinogris, being 
overthrown, lost the lady ; but when sir 
Palomides heard the tale, he promised to 
recover her. Accordingly, he challenged 
the victorious knight, who turned out to 
be his brother. The point of dispute was 
then amicably arranged by giving up the 
lady to sir Epinogris. — Sir T. Malorv, 
History of Prince Arthur, ii. 1G9 (1470), 

Eppie, one of the servants of the Rev. 
Josiah Cargill. In the same novel is 
Eppie Anderson, one of the servants at 
the Mowbrav Arms, Old St. Ronan's, 
held by Meg* Dods.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Epps, cook of Saunders Fairford a 
lawyer. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Equity (Father of), Heneage Finch, 
earl of Nottingham (1621-1682). In 
Absalom and Achitophel (by Dryden and 
Tate) he is called " Amri." 

Sincere was Amri, and not only knew. 
But Israel's sanctions into practice drew; 
Our laws, that did a boundless ocean seem. 
Were coasted all, and fathomed all by hiiu . . . 
To him the double blessing doth belong. 
With Moses' inspiration, Aaron's tongue. 

Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (168-'). 

Equivokes. 

1. Hexry IV. was told that "he 
should not die but in Jerusalem," which 
he supposed meant the Holy Land ; but 
he died in the Jerusalem Chamber, Lon- 
don, which is the chapter-house of West- 
minster Abbey. 

2. Pope Sylvester was also told he 
should die at Jerusalem, and he died 
while saying mass in a church so called 
at Rome. 



EQUIVOKES. 



298 



ERCOCO. 



3. Cambysks, son of Cyrus, was told 
that he should die in Ecbat'ana, which 
he supposed meant the capital of Media. 
Being wounded accidentally in Syria, he 
asked the name of the place ; and being 
told it was Ecbatana, he replied, " Here, 
then, I am destined to end my life." 

4. A Messenian seer, being sent to 
consult the Delphic oracle respecting the 
issue of the Messenian war, then raging, 
received for reply : 

When the goat stoops to drink of the Neda, seer, 
From Messenia flee, for its ruin is near ! 

In order to avert this calamity, all 
goats were diligently chased from the 
banks of the Neda. One day, Theoclos 
observed a fig tree growing on the river- 
side, and its branches dipped into the 
stream. The interpretation of the oracle 
flashed across his mind, for he remem- 
bered that goat and fig tree, in the Mes- 
senian dialect, were the same word. 

*** The pun would be clearer to an 
English reader if "a stork "were sub- 
stituted for the goat : ' ' When a stork 
stoops to drink of the Neda ; " and the 
" stalk " of the fig tree dipping into the 
stream. 

5. When the allied Greeks demanded 
of the Delphic oracle what would be 
the issue of the battle of Salamis, they 
received for answer : 

Seed-time and harvest, weeping sires shall tell 
How thousands fought at Salamis and fell ; 

but whether the oracle referred to the 
Greeks or Persians who were to fall by 
" thousands," was not stated. 

6. W r hen Ciuesus demanded what would 
be the issue of the battle against the 
Persians, headed by Cyrus, the answer 
was, he " should behold a mighty empire 
overthrown ; " but whether that empire 
was his own, or that of Cyrus, only the 
actual issue of the fight could determine. 

7. Similarly, when Philip of Macedon 
sent to Delphi to inquire if his Persian 
expedition would prove successful, he 
received for reply, " The ready victim 
crowned for sacrifice stands before the 
altar." Philip took it for grojited that 
the "ready victim" was the king of 
Persia, but it was himself. 

8. Tarquin sent to Delphi to learn the 
fate of his struggle with the Romans for 
the recovery of his throne, and was told, 
" Tarquin will never fall till a dog speaks 
with the voice of a man." The " dog" 
was Junius Brutus, who was called a dog 
by way of contempt. 

9. When the oracle was asked who 
would succeed Tarquin, it replied, "He 



who shall first kiss his mother." Where- 
upon Junius Brutus fell to the earth, and 
exclaimed, " Thus, then, I kiss thee, O 
mother earth ! " 

10. Jourdain, the wizard, told the duke 
of Somerset, if he wished to live, to 
"avoid where castles mounted stand." 
The duke died in an ale-house called 
the Castle, in St. Alban's. — Shakespeare, 
2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 2. 

11. A wizard told king Edward IV. that 
"after him should raign one whose first 
letter of his name should be G." The 
king thought the person meant was his 
brother George, but the duke of Gloucester 
was the person pointed at. — Holinshed, 
Chronicles; Shakespeare, Richard III. 
act i. sc. 1. 

Erac'lius {The emperor) condemned 
a knight to death on the supposition of 
murder ; but the man supposed to be 
murdered making his appearance, the 
condemned man was taken back, under 
the expectation that he would be instantly 
acquitted. But no, Eraclius ordered all 
three to be put to death : the knight, 
because the emperor had ordered it ; the 
man who brought him back, because he 
had not carried out the emperor's order ; 
and the man supposed to be murdered, 
because he was virtually the cause of 
death to the other two. 

This tale is told in the Gesta Roman- 
orum, and Chaucer has put it into the 
mouth of his sumpnor. It is also told 
by Seneca, in his De Ira ; but he ascribes 
it to Cornelius Piso, and not to Eraclius. 

Eraste (2 syL), hero of Les Fdcheux, 
by Moliere. He is in love with Orphisc 
(2 syL), whose tutor is Damis (1661). 

Er'celdoun {Thomas of), also called 
" Thomas the Rhymer," introduced by 
sir W. Scott in his novel called Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

It is said that Thomas of Erceldoun is not dead, but 
that he is sleeping beneath the Eildon Hills, in Scotland. 
One day, he met with a lady of elfin race beneath the 
Eildon tree, and she led him to an under-ground region, 
where he remained for seven years. He then revisited 
the earth, hut bound himself to return when summoned. 
One day, when he was making merry with his friends, ho 
was told that a hart ami hind were parading the street ; 
and he knew it was his summons, so he immediately 
went to the Eildon tree, and has never since been heard 
of.— Sir W. Scott, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. 

*** This tale is substantially the same 
as the German one of Tanhduser {q.v.). 

Erco'co or Erquico, on the Red Sea, 
marks the north-east boundary of the 
negus of Abyssinia. 

The empire of Negus to his utmost port, 
Ercoco. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, \l 397 (1665). 



EKECK. 



299 



EKISICHTHON. 



Ereck, a knight of the Hound Table. 
He marries the beautiful Enite (2 syl.), 
daughter of a poor knight, and falls into 
a state of idleness and effeminacy, till 
Enite rouses him to action. He then 
goes forth on an expedition of adven- 
tures, and after combating with brigands, 
giants, and dwarfs, returns bo the court 
of king Arthur, where he remains till 
the death of his father. He then enters 
on his inheritance, and lives peaceably 
the rest of his life. — llartniann von der 
Aue, Ereck (thirteenth century). 

Ereen'ia (3 syl.), a glendoveer' or 
good spirit, the beloved son of Cas'vapa 
(3 syl.), father of the immortals. Ereenia 
took pity on Kail'yal (2 syl.), daughter 
of Ladur'lad, and carried her to his 
Bower of Bliss in paradise (canto vii.). 
Here Kailyal could not stay, because she 
was still a living daughter of earth. On 
her return to earth, she was chosen for 
the bride of Jagan-naut, and Ar'valan 
came to dishonour her ; but she set fire 
to the pagoda, and Ereenia came to her 
rescue. Ereenia was 6et upon by the 
witch Lor'rimite (3 syl.), and carried to 
the submerged city of Baly, whence he 
was delivered by Ladurlad. The glen- 
doveer now craved Seeva for vengeance, 
but the god sent him to Yamen (i.e. 
Pluto), and Yamen said the measure of 
iniquity was now full, so Arvalan and 
his father Kehama were both made in- 
mates of the city of everlasting woe ; 
while Ereenia carried Kailyal, who had 
quaffed the waters of immortality, to his 
Bower of Bliss, to dwell with him in 
everlasting joy. — Southey, Curse of Ke- 
hama (18U9). 

Eret'rian Bull (The). Menede'mos 
of Eretria, in Euboe'a, was called " Bull " 
from the bull-like breadth and gravity 
of his face. He founded the Eretrian 
school (fourth century B.C.). 

Erie, "Windy-cap,* 1 king of Sweden. 
He could make the wind blow from any 
quarter by simply turning his cap. 
Hence arose the expression, " a capful of 
wind." 

Erichtho [E.rik'.tho~\, the famous 
Thessalian witch consulted by Pompey. 
— Lucan, Fharsalia, vi. 

Erickson (Sweyn), a fisierman at 
Jarlshof.— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate 
(time, William III.). 

Eric'tho, the witch in John Marston's 



tragedy called The Wonder of Women or 
Sophomaba (1605). 

Er'idan, the river Po. in Italy ; so 
called from Eridan (or Phaeton), who 
fell into the stream when he overthrew 
the sun-car. 

80 i!i 'Mil the silver streams of Eridan, 

(tn i-itlier siik- bankt '.w:h ■ lily wall 
Whiter than both, riik-i the triumphant swan. 

Ami sing* his dirt'L-, ami piOllhfflWI his fail. 

Giles Fletcher, CkrUCt Triumph [over beath\ UulO). 

Erig'ena (John Scotus), called "Sco- 
tus the Wise." He must not be con- 
founded with Duns Scotus, "the Subtle 
Doctor," who lived some four centuries 
later. Erigona died in 875, and Duns 
Scotus in lo08. 

Erig'one (4 syl.), the constellation 
Virgo. She was the daughter of [carina, 
an Athenian, who was murdered by some 
drunken peasants. Erigone discovered 
the dead body by the aid of Iter father's 
dog ftloera, who became the star called 
Canis. 

. . . that virgin, frail Erigon*. 
Who by compassion oat l irchcininence f*ic\ 

Lord Brooke, Of Nobility. 

Erill'yab (3 syl.), the widowed and 
deposed queen of the Iloamen (2 syl.), 
an Indian tribe settled on a south branch 
of the Missouri. Her husband was king 
Tepol'loni, and her son Amal'ahta. Madoc, 
when he reached America, espoused her 
cause, and succeeded in restoring her to 
her throne and empire. — Southey, Madoc 
(1805). 

Erin, from ear or iar ("west") and 
i»(" island"), the Western Island, Ireland. 

Eriphyle (4 syl.), the wife of Am- 
phiar;vos. Being bribed by a golden 
necklace, she betrayed to Polynl'ees where 
her husband had concealed himself that 
he might not go to the siege of Thebes, 
where he knew that he should be killed. 
Congreve calls the word Eriph'yle. 

When Eriphyle broke her plighted faith. 
And for a bribe procured her husband's death. 

Ovid, Art of Love, iii. 

Er'iri or Er'eri, Snowdon, in Caer- 
narvonshire. The word means " Eagle 
rocks." 

In this region , Ordovicid] is the stupendous mountain 
Eriri. — Kichard of Cirencester, On the Ancient State of 
Britain, i. 6, 25 (fourteenth century). 

Erisich'thorL (should be Erysich- 
thon), a Thessalian, whose appetite was 
insatiable. Having spent all his estate 
in the purchase of food, nothing was left 
but his daug.hter Metra, and her he sold 
to buy food for his voracious appetite ; 
but Metra had the power of transforming 



EXLAND. 



300 



EROSTRATOS. 



herself into any shape she chose, so as 
often as her father sold her, she changed 
her form and returned to him. After a 
time, Erisichthon was reduced to feed 
upon himself. — Ovid, Metaph., viii. 2 
(740 to end). 

Drayton says when the Wyre saw her 
goodly oak trees sold for firewood, she 
bethought her of Erisichthon's end, who, 
"when nor sea, norland, sufficient were," 
ate his own flesh. — Polyolbion, vii. 

So Erisicthon, once fired (as men say) 

With hungry rage, fed never, ever feeding; 
Ten thousand dishes severed every day, 

Yet in ten thousand thousand dishe3 needing. 
In vain his daughter hundred shapes assumed ; 
A whole camp's meat he in his gorge inhumed ; 
And all consumed, his hunger yet was unconsunied. 
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island (1033). 

Erland, father of Noma " of the 
Fitful Head."— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate 
(time, William III.). 

Erl-King, a spirit of mischief, which 
haunts the Black Forest of Thurirrgia. 

Goethe has a ballad called the Erl- 
konig, and Herder has translated the 
Danish ballad of Sir Olaf and. the Erl- 
kintfs Daughter. 

Ermangarde of Baldringham 

{The Lady), aunt of the lady Eveline 
Berenger " the betrothed." — Sir W. Scott, 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Er'meline (Dame), the wife of Rey- 
nard, in the beast-epic called Reynard the 
Fox (1498). 

Ermin'ia, the heroine of Jerusalem 
Delivered. She fell in love with Tancred, 
and when the Christian army besieged 
Jerusalem, arrayed herself in Clorinda's 
armour to go to him. After certain ad- 
ventures, she found him wounded, and 
nursed him tenderly ; but the poet has 
not told us what was the ultimate lot of 
this fair Syrian. — Tasso, Jerusalem De- 
livered (1575). 

Erna'ni, the robber-captain, duke of 
Segor'bia and Cardo'na, lord of Ar&gon, 
and count of Ernani. He is in love with 
Elvi'ra, the betrothed of don Ruy Gomez 
de Silva, an old Spanish grandee, whom 
she detests. Charles V. falls in love 
with her, and Ruy Gomez joins Ernani 
in a league against their common rival. 
During this league Ernani gives Ruy 
Gomez a horn, saying, " Sound but this 
horn, and at that moment Ernani will 
cease to live." Just as he is about to 
espouse Elvira, the horn is sounded, and 
Ernani stabs himself. — Verdi, Ernani (an 
opera, 1841). 



Ernest {Duke), son-in-law of kaiser 
Konrad II. He murders his feudal lord, 
and goes on a pilgrimage to the Holy 
Land, to expiate his crime. The poem 
so called is a mixture of Homeric 
legends, Oriental myths, and pilgrims' 
tales. We have pygmies and cyclopses, 
genii and enchanters, fairies and dwarfs, 
monks and devotees. After a world of 
hair-breadth escapes, the duke reaches 
the Holy Sepulchre, pays his vows, re- 
turns to Germany, and is pardoned.' — ■ 
Henry von Veldig (minnesinger), Duke 
Ernest (twelfth century). 

Ernest de Fridberg, "the pri- 
soner of State." He was imprisoned in 
the dungeon of the Giant's Mount fortress 
for fifteen years on a false charge of 
treason. Ul'rica (his natural daughter 
by the countess Marie), dressed in the 
clothes of Herman, the deaf and dumb 
jailer-boy, gets access to the dungeon 
and contrives his escape ; but he is re- 
taken, and led back to the dungeon. 
Being subsequently set at liberty, ho 
marries the countess Marie (the mother 
of Ulrica). — E. Stirling, The Prisoner of 
State (1847). 

Eros, the manumitted slave of Antony 
the triumvir. Antony made Eros swear 
that he would kilMiim if commanded by 
him so to do. When in Egypt, Antony 
(after the battle of Actium), fearing lest 
he should fall into the hands of Octavius 
Caesar, ordered Eros to keep his promise. 
Eros drew his sword, but thrust it into his 
own side, and fell dead at the feet of An- 
tony. "O noble Eros," cried Antony, "I 
thank thee for teaching me how to die ! " 
— Plutarch. 

*** Eros is introduced in Shakespeare's 
Antony and Cleopatra, and in Dryden's 
All for Love or the World WeCl Lost. 

(Eros is the Greek name of Cupid, and 
hence amorous poetry is called Erotic.) 

Eros'tratos (in Latin Ekostkatus), 
the incendiary who set fire to the temple 
of Diana of Ephesus, that his name 
might be perpetuated. An edict was 
published, prohibiting any mention of 
the name, but the edict was wholly 
ineffective. 

*** Charles V., wishing to be shown 
over the Pantheon [All Saints] of Rome, 
was taken to the top by a Roman knight. 
At parting, the knight told the emperor 
that he felt an almost irresistible desire 
to push his majesty down from the top 
of the building, "in order to immortalize 



EROTA. 



301 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



his name." Unlike Erostratos, the name 
of this knight has not transpired. 

Ero'ta, a very beautiful but most 
Imperious princess, passionately beloved 
by Philander prince of Cvprus. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Laws of Candy 
(1G47). 

Erra-Pater, an almanac, an alma- 
nac-maker, an astrologer. Samuel Butler 
calls Lilly, the almanac-maker, an Erra- 
Pater, which we are told was the name 
of a famous Jewish astrologer. 

His only ISililo was an Erra-Pater. 
Phiii. Fletcher. The J-urple Island, vii. (1633). 
What's here 1 Em-Pater or a bearded sibyl [the person 
was Foresight]. 

Congreve, Love for Love, iv. (16W5). 

Erragon, king of Lora (in Scandi- 
navia). Aldo, a Caledonian chief, offered 
him his services, and obtained several 
important victories ; but Lorma, the 
king's wife, falling in love with him, the 
guilty pair escaped to Morven. Erragon 
invaded the country, and slew Aldo in 
single combat, but was himself slain in 
battle by Gaul, son of Morni. As for 
Lorma, she died of grief. — Os6ian, The 
Battle of Lora. 

Errant Damsel (The), Una. — Spen- 
ser, Faery Queen, iii. 1 (1590). 

Errol (Crilbert earl of), lord high con- 
stable of Scotland. — Sir W. Scott, Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Error, a monster who lived in a den 
in "Wandering Wood," and with whom 
the Red Cross Knight had his first ad- 
venture. She had a brood of 1000 young 
ones of sundry shapes, and these cubs 
crept into their mother's mouth when 
alarmed, as young kangaroos creep into 
their mother's pouch. The knight was 
nearly killed by the stench which issued 
from the foul fiend, but he succeeded in 
"rafting" her head off, whereupon the 
brood lapped up the blood, and burst 
with satiety. 

Half like a sen>ent horribly displayed. 

But th' other half did woman's shape retain . . . 

And as she lay upon the dirty ground, 

Her huge long tail her den all overspread. 

Yet was in knots and man; bough Ls [folds] upwound, 

Pointed with mortal sting. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, i 1 (1590). 

Errors of Artists. (See Ana- 
chronisms.) 

Axgelo (Michel), in his great picture of 
the "Last Judgment," has introduced 
Charon's bark. 

Brexgheli, the Dutch painter, in a 
picture of the ' ' Wise Men of the East " 
making their offerings to the infant Jesus, 



has represented one of them dressed in a 
large white surplice, booted and spurred, 
offering the model of a Dutch seventy- 
four to the infant. 

Etty has placed by the bedside of 
Holofemes a helmet of the period of the 
seventeenth century. 

Mazzochi (Paulo), in his "Symbolical 
Painting of the Four Elements," repre- 
sents the sea by fishes, the earth by tnoUs, 
fire by a salamander, and air by a camel ! 
Evidently he mistook the camelion (which 
traditionally lives on air) for a camel. 

Tixtorkt, in a picture which represents 
the " Israelites Gathering Manna in the 
Wilderness," has armed the men with 
guns. 

Ykkonf.sk (Paul), in his "Marriage 
Feast of Cana of Galilee," has introduced 
among the guests several Benedictines. 

WEST,^president of the Royal Academy, 
has represented Paris the Phrygian in 
Roman costume. 

Wkstmixstkk Hall is full of ab- 
surdities. Witness the following as 
specimens : — 

Sir Cioudesley Shovel is dressed in a 
Roman cuirass and sandals, but on his 
head is a full-bottomed wig of the 
eighteenth century. 

The duke of Buckingham is arrayed in 
the costume of a Roman emperor, and his 
duchess in the court dress of George I. 
period. 

Errors of Authors. (See Ana- 
chronisms.) 

Akexside. He views the Ganges 
from Alpine heights. — Plcasxires of Liuu/i- 
nation. 

Allison (Sir Archibald) says : " Sir 
Peregrine Pickle was one of "the pall- 
bearers of the duke of Wellington." — Life 
of Lord Castlerewjh. 

In his History of Europe, the phrase 
droit de timbre ("stamp duty") he trans- 
lates "timber duties." 

Articles of War for the Army'. 
It is ordered "that every recruit shall 
have the 40th and 40th "of the articles 
read to him" (art. iii.). 

The 40th article relates wholly to the 
misconduct of chaplains, and has" no sort 
of concern with recruits. Probably the 
41st is meant, which is about mutiny and 
insubordination. 

Browne ( William). Apelles' Curtain. 
W. Browne says : 

If ... 1 set my pencil to Apelles' table [/jointing] 
Or dare to draw his curtain. 

Britannia s Pastoral*, ii. 2 

This curtain was not drawn by Apelles, 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



302 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



hut by Parrhasios. who lived a full cen- 
tury before Apelles. The contest was 
between Zeuxis and Parrhasios. The 
former exhibited a bunch of grapes which 
deceived the birds, and the latter a cur- 
tain which deceived the competitor. 

Bruysskl (E. von) says: "According 
to Homer, Achilles had a vulnerable 
heel." It is a vulgar error to attribute 
this myth to Homer. The blind old bard 
nowhere says a word about it. The 
story of dipping Achilles in the river 
Styx is altogether post-Homeric. 

Byron. Xerxes' Ships. Byron says 
that Xerxes looked on his " ships by 
thousands " off the coast of Sal'amis. 
The entire number of sails was 1200 ; of 
these 400 were wrecked before the battle 
off the coast of Sepias, so that even 
supposing the whole of the rest were en- 
gaged, the number could not exceed 800. 
— Isles of Greece. 

The Isle Teos. In the same poem he 
refers to "Teos" as one of the isles of 
Greece, but Teos is a maritime town on 
the coast of Ionia, in Asia Minor. 

Cervantes. Dorothea's Father. Doro- 
thea represents herself as queen of Mico- 
man, because both her father and mother 
were dead, but don Quixote speaks of him 
to her as alive. — Pt. I. iv. 8. 

Mambrind's Helmet. In pt. I. iii. 8 
we are told that the galley-slaves set 
free by don Quixote assaulted him with 
stones, and "snatching the basin from 
his head, broke it to jneces." In bk. 
iv. 15 we find this basin quite whole 
and sound, the subject of a judicial in- 
quiry, the question being whether it was 
a helmet or a barber's basin. Sancho 
(ch. 11) says, he " picked it up, bruised 
and battered, intending to get it mended ; " 
but he says, " I broke it to pieces," or, 
according to one translator, " broke it 
into a thousand pieces." In bk. iv. 8 we 
are told that don Quixote "came from his 
chamber armed cap-a-pie, with the bar- 
ber's basin on his head." 

Sancho's Ass. We are told (pt. I. iii. 9) 
that Gines de Passamonte "stole Sancho's 
ass." Sancho laments the loss with true 
pathos, and the knight condoles with him. 
Bat soon afterwards Cervantes says: "He 
[Sancho] jogged on leisurely upon his ass 
after his master." 

Sancho's Gcrcat-coat. Sancho Panza, we 
are told, left his wallet behind in the 
Crescent Moon tavern, where he was 
tossed in a blanket, and put the provisions 
left by the priests in his great-coat (ch. 5). 
The galley-slaves robbed him of "his 



great-coat, leaving only his doublet " (ch. 
8), but in the next chapter (9) we find " the 
victuals had not been touched," though 
the rascals "searched diligently for booty." 
Now, if the food was in the great-coat, 
and the great-coat was stolen, how is it 
that the victuals remained in Sancho'3 
possession untouched ? 

Sancho's Wallet. We are told that 
Sancho left his wallet by mistake at the 
tavern where he was blanket-tossed (ch. 5), 
but in ch. 9, when he found the port- 
manteau, " he crammed the gold and 
linen into his wallet." — Pt. 1. iii. 

To make these oversights more striking, 
the author says, when Sancho found the 
portmanteau, "he entirely forgot the loss 
of his wallet, his great-coat, and of his 
faithful companion and servant Dapple " 
(the ass). 

Supper. Cervantes makes the party at 
the Crescent tavern eat two suppers in 
one evening. In ch. 5 the curate orders 
in supper, and " after supper" they read 
the story of Fatal Curiosity. In ch. 12 
we are told "the cloth was laid {again] 
for supper," and the company sat down 
to it, quite forgetting that they had 
already supped. — Pt. I. iv. 

Chambers's Encyclopaedia states that 
"the fame of Beaumarchais rests on his 
two operas, Le Barbier de Seville (1755) 
and Le Mariage de Figaro." Every one 
knows that Mozart composed the opera of 
Figaro (1786), and that Casti wrote the 
libretto. The opera of Le Barbier de 
Seville, or rather // Barbiere di Siviglia, 
was composed by Rossini, in 1816. What 
Beaumarchais wrote was two comedies, 
one in four acts and the other in five acts. 
— Art. " Beaumarchais." 

Chambers's Journal. We are told, 
in a paper entitled " Coincidences," that 
"Thursday has proved a fatal da)' with 
the Tudors, for on that day died Henry 
VIII., Edward VI., queen Mary, and 
queen Elizabeth." If this had been the 
case it would, indeed, have been startling ; 
but what are the facts? Henry "VIII. 
died on Friday, January 28, 1547, and 
Elizabeth died on Monday, March 24, 
1603. — Rymer, Fcedera, xv. 

In the same paper we are told with 
equal inaccuracy that Saturday has been 
fatal to the present dynasty, "for William 
IV. and every one of the Georges died on 
a Saturday." What, however, says history 
proper? William IV. died on Tuesday, 
June 20, 1837 ; George I. died Wednes- 
day, June 11, 1727 ; George III. died 
Monday, January 29, 1820 ; George IV. 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



303 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



died Sunday, June 26, 1830 ; and only 
George II. died on a Saturday, " the day 
[so] fatal to the present dynasty." 

Chaucer says: "The throstle-cock 
sings so sweet a tune that Tubal himself, 
the iirst musician, could not equal it." — 
Hie Court of Love. Of course he means 
Jubal. 

Cibber (Colley), in his Love Makes a 
Man, i., makes Carlos the student say, 
" For the cure of herds [ Virgil's] bucolichs 
are a master-piece; but when his art 
describes the commonwealth of bees . . . 
I'm ravished." He means the Georgws, 
the Bucolics are eclogues, and never touch 
upon either of these subjects. The 
diseases and cures of cattle are in Georgic 
iii., and the habits, etc., of bees, Georgic iv. 

Cid {The). When Alfonso succeeded 
his brother Sancho and banished the Cid, 
Rodrigo is made to say : 

Prithee say where were these gallants 
(Bold enough when far from blows) ? 

Where were they when I. unaided, 
Kebcued thee from thirteen foes? 

The historic fact is, not that Rodrigo 
rescued Alfonso from thirteen foes, but 
that the Cid rescued Sancho from thirteen 
of Alfonso's foes. Eleven he slew, and 
two he put to flight. — The Cid, xvi. 78. 

Colman. Job Thornberry says to 
Peregrine, who offers to assist him in his 
difficulties, "Desist, young man, in time." 
But Peregrine was at least 45 years old 
when so addressed. He was 15 when 
Job first knew him, and had been absent 
thirty years in Calcutta. Job Thornberry 
himself was not above five or six years 
older. 

Cowper calls the rose " the glory of 
April and May," but June is the great 
rose month. In the south of England 
they begin to bloom in the latter half of 
May, and go on to the middle of July. 
April roses would be horticultural cu- 
riosities. 

Critics at fault. The licentiate tells 
don Quixote that some critics found fault 
with him for defective memory, and 
instanced it in this : " We are told that 
Sancho's ass is stolen, but the author has 
forgotten to mention who the thief was." 
This is not the case, as we are distinctly 
informed that it was stolen by Gines de 
Passamonte, one of the galley-slaves. — 
Don Quixote, II. i. 3. 

Dickens, in Edwin Drood, puts " rooks 
and rooks' nests" (instead of daws) "in 
the towers of Cloisterham." 

In Nicholas Nickleby he represents Mr. 
Saucers as setting his boys " to hoe 
turnips " in midwinter. 



In Tlie Tale of Two Cities, iii. 4, he 
says: "The name of the strong '.nan of 
Old Scripture descended to the chief 
functionary who worked the guillotine." 
But the name of this functionary was 
Sanson, not Samson. 

Galen says that man has seven bones 
in the sternum (instead of three) ; and 
Sylvius, in reply to Yesalins, contends 
that " in days of yore the robust chests 
of heroes had more bones than men now 
have." 

Greene (Robert) speaks of Delphos as 
an island ; but Delphos, or rather Delphi, 
was a city of Phocis, and no island. 
" Six noblemen were sent to the isle of 
Delphos." — Donastus and Faunia. Pro- 
bably he confounded the city of Delphi 
with the isle of Delos. 

Halliwell, in his Archaic Dictionary, 
says: " Crouchmas means Christmas," 
and adds that Tusser is his authority. 
But this is altogether a mistake. Tusser, 
in his " May Remembrances," says; 
" From bull cow fast, till Crouchmas be 
past," i.e. St. Helen's Day. Tusser evi- 
dently means from May 3 (the invention 
of the Cross) to August 18 (St. Helen's 
Day or the Cross-mas), not Christ-mas. 

Higgons (Bevil) says: 

The Cyprian queen, drawn by ApellcV hand, 
Of perfect beauty did the i<attern stand ! 
But then bright nymphs from ev«>ry part of Greece 
Did all contribute to adorn the piece. 

To Sir Godfrey KnclJer (178C). 

Tradition says that Apellus' model w^s 
either Phryne, or Campaspe afterwards his 
wife. Campbell has borrowed these lines, 
but ascribes the painting to Protog'encs 
the Rhodian. 

When first the Rhodian's mimic art arrayed 
The Queen of Beauty In her Cyprian shade, 
The happy master mingled in the piece 
Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece. 
Pleasures of Hope, ii. 

Johnson (Dr.) makes Addison speak 
of Steele as " Little Dicky," whereas the 
person so called by Addison was not 
Richard Steele, but a dwarfish actor who 
played " Gomez " in Dry den's Spanish 
Fryar. 

London Newspaper (^1), one of the 
leading journals of the day, has spoken 
three times within two years of " passing 
under the Caudine Forks," evidently sup- 
posing them to be a " yoke " instead of a 
valley or mountain pass. 

Longfellow calls Erig'ena a Scotch- 
man, whereas the very word means an 
Irishman. 

Done into Latin by that Scottish beast, 
Erigena Johannes. 

Golden Legend. 

Without doubt, the poet mistook John 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



304 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



Duns [Scotius], who d 
John Scottus yZrigena], 



died in 1308, for 
who died in 875. 
Erigena translated into Latin St. Diony- 
sius. He was latitudinarian in his views, 
and anything hut "a Scottish beast" or 
Calvinist. 

The Two Angels. Longfellow crowns 
the death-angel with amaranth, with 
which Milton says, " the spirits elect 
bind their resplendent locks ; " and his 
angel of life he crowns with asphodels, 
the flowers of Pluto or the grave. 

Melville ( Whyte) makes a very pro- 
minent part of his story called Holmby 
House turn on the death of a favourite 
hawk named Diamond, which Mary 
Cave tossed off, and saw " fall lifeless at 
the king's feet " (ch. xxix.). In ch. 
xlvi. this very hawk is represented to 
be alive; "proud, beautiful, and cruel, 
like a Venus Victrix it perched on her 
mistress's wrist, unhooded." 

Milton. Colkitto and Macdonnel. In 
Sonnet x. Milton speaks of Colkitto and 
M'Donnel as two distinct families, but 
they are really one and the same. The 
M'Donnels of Antrim were called Col- 
cittok because they were descended from 
the lame Colin. 

In Comus (ver. 880) he makes the siren 
Ligea " sleek her hair with a golden 
comb," as if she were a Scandinavian 
mermaid. 

Moore (Thorn.) says: 

The sunflower turns on her god, when he sets, 
The same look which she turned when he rose. 

Irish Melodies, ii. ("Believe Me. if all those 
Endearing Young Charms "). 

The sunflower does not turn either to 
the rising or setting sun. It receives its 
name solely because it resembles a pic- 
ture sun. It is not a turn-sun or helio- 
trope at all. 

Morris ( W.), in his Atalantd's Race, 
renders the- Greek word saophron " saf - 
ron," and says : 

She the saffron gown will never wear, 

And in no flower-strewn couch shall she be laid ; 

i.e. she will never be a bride. Nonnius 
(bk. xii.) tells us that virtuous women 
wore a girdled gown called saophron 
(" chaste "), to indicate their purity and to 
prevent indecorous liberties. The #own 
was not yellow at all, but it was girded 
with a girdle. 

Murphy, in the Grecian Daughter, 
says (act i. 1) : 

Have you forgot the elder Dionysius, 

Suruamed the Tyrant ? . . . Evander came from Greece, 

And sent the tyrant to his humble rank, 

Once more reduced to roam for vile subsistence, 

A wandering sophist thro' the realms of Greece. 

It wa3 not Dionysius the Elder, but 



Dionysius the Younger, who was the 
" wandering sophist ; " and it was not 
Evander, but Timoleon, who dethroned 
him. The elder Dionysius was not de- 
throned at all, nor ever reduced "to 
humble rank." He reigned thirty-eight 
years without interruption, and died a 
king, in the plenitude of his glory, at the 
age of 63. 

In the same play (act iv. 1) Euphrasia 
says to Dionysius the Younger : 

Think of thy father's fate at Corinth, Dionysius. 

It was not the father but the son 
(Dionysius the Younger) who lived in 
exile at Corinth. 

In the same play he makes Timo'leon 
victorious over the Syracusians (that is 
historically correct) ; and he makes Eu- 
phrasia stab Dionysius the Younger, 
whereas he retreated to Corinth, and 
spent his time in debauchery, but sup- 
ported himself by keeping a school. Of 
his death nothing is known, but certainly 
he was not stabbed to death by Euphrasia. 
— See Plutarch. 

Rymer, in his Fozdera, ascribes to 
Henry I. (who died in 1135) a preaching 
expedition for the restoration of Roches- 
ter Church, injured by fire in 1177 (vol. I. 
i. 9). 

In the previous page Rymer ascribes to 
Henry I. a deed of gift from "Henry 
king of England and lord of Ireland ; " 
but every one knows that Ireland was 
conquered by Henry II., and the deed 
referred to was the act of Henry III. 

On p. 71 of the same vol. Odo is made, 
in 1298, to swear "in no wise to con- 
federate with Richard I. ; " whereas 
Richard I. died in 1199. 

Sabine Maid (The). G. Gilfillan, in 
his introductory essay to Longfellow, 
says : " His ornaments, unlike those of 
the Sabine maid, have not crushed him." 
Tarpeia, who opened the gates of Rome 
to the Sabines, and Avas crushed to death 
by their shields, was not a Sabine maid 
but a Roman. 

Scott (Sir Walter). In the Heart of 
Midlothian we read : 

She [Effie Deans] amused herself with visiting the 
dairy . . . and was near discovering herself to Mary 
Hetley by betraying her acquaintance with the celebrated 
receipt for Dunlop cheese, that she compared herself to 
Bedreddin Hassan, whom the vizier his father-in-law dis- 
covered by his superlative skill in composing cream-tarts 
with pepper in them. 

In these few lines are several gross errors : 

(1) "cream-tarts should be cheese-cakes; 

(2) the charge was " that he made cheese- 
cakes without putting pepper in them," 
and not that he made " cream-tarts with 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



305 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS 



pepper ; " (3) it was not the vizier his 
father-in-law and uncle, but his mother, 
the widow of Noureddin, who made the 
discovery, and why ? for the best of all 
reasons — because she herself had taught 
her son the receipt. The party wore at 
Damascus at the time. — Arabian Nights 
( " Noureddin Ali," etc.). (Sec next page, 
"Thackeray.") 

" What I " said Bedreddin. " was everything in my 
house to be broken ami destroyed . . . only because I 
did not put pepi>er In a cheese-cake J "—Arabian A'ijhu 
("Noureddin Ali," etc.). 

Again, sir Walter Scott speaks of 
I- the philosopher who appealed from 
Philip inflamed with wine to Philip in his 
hours of sobriety " {Antiquary, x.). This 
" philosopher " was a poor old woman. 

Shakkspeake. Althcca and the Fire- 
brand. Shakespeare says (2 Henry IV. 
act ii. sc. 2) that " Althaea dreamt she was 
delivered of a fire-brand." It was not 
Althaea but Hecflba who dreamed, a little 
before Paris was born, that her offspring 
was a brand that consumed the kingdom." 
The tale of Althaea is, that the Fates laid 
a log of wood on a fire, and told her that 
her son would live till that log was con- 
sumed ; whereupon she snatched up the 
log and kept it from the fire, till one day 
her son Melea'ger offended her, when 
she flung the log on the fire, and her son 
died, as the Fates predicted. 

Bohemia's Coast. In the Winter's Tale 
the vessel bearing the infant Perdita is 
" driven by storm on the coast of Bohe- 
mia;" but Bohemia has no sea-board at 
all. 

In Coriolanus Shakespeare makes Vo- 
lumnia the mother, and Virgilia the wife, 
of Coriolanus ; but his wife was Volum- 
nia, and his mother Veturia. 

Delphi an Island. In the same drama 
(act iii. sc. 1) Delphi is spoken of as an 
island ; but Delphi is a city of Phocis, 
containing a temple to Apollo. It is no 
island at all. 

Duncan's Murder. Macbeth did not 
murder Duncan in the castle of Inverness, 
as stated in t^o plav. but at "the smith's 
house," near Elgin (1039), 

Elsinore. Shakespeare speaks of the 
" beetling cliff of Elsinore," whereas 
Elsinore has no cliffs at all. 

What if it [the ghost] tempts you to the flood . . . 
Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff 
That beetles o'er its base into the sea ? 

Hamlet, act i. sc. 4. 

The Ghost, in Hamlet, is evidently a 
Roman Catholic : he talks of purgatory, 
absolution, and other catholic dogmas ; 
but the Danes at the time were pagans. 



St. Louis. Shakespeare, in Henry V. 
act i. 8C 2, calls Louis X. " St. Louis," but 
" St. Louis " was Louis IX. It was Louis 
IX. whose "grandmother was Isabel," 
issue of Charles dc Lorraine, the last of 
the Carlovingians. Louis X. was the son 
of Philippe IV. (le Del), and grandson of 
Philippe III. and " Isabel of Aragon," 
not Isabel "heir of Capet, of the line of 
Charles the duke of Lorain." 

Macbeth was no tyrant, as Shakespeare 
makes him out to be, but a firm and 
equitable prince, whose title to the throne 
was better than that of Duncan. 

Again, Macbeth was not slain by Mac- 
duff at Dunsin'ane, but made his escape 
from the battle, and was slain, in 10.">t>, 
at Lumphanan. — Lardner, Cabinet Cyc, 
17-19. 

In The Winter's Tale, act v. sc. 2, 
one of the gentlemen refers to Julio 
Romano, the Italian artist and architect 
(1492-1546), certainly some 1800 years 
or more before Romano was born. 

In Twelfth Night, the Illyrian clown 
speaks of St. Bennet's Church, London, 
" The triplex, sir, is a good tripping mea- 
sure, or the bells of St. Bennet's sure may 
put you in mind : one, two, three " (act v. 
sc. 1) ; as if the duke was a Londoner. 

Spknsek. Bacchus or Saturn i In 
the Fairy Queen, iii. 11, Britomart saw 
in the castle of Bu'sirane (8 syl.), a pic- 
ture descriptive of the love of Saturn, 
who had changed himself into a centaur 
out of love for Erig'one. It was not 
Saturn but Bacchus who loved Erigone, 
and he was not transformed to a centaur, 
but to a horse. 

Benone or (Enonel In bk. vi. 9 (Faery 
Queen) the lady-love of Paris is called 
Benone, which ought to be (Enone. The 
poet says that Paris was "by Plexippus' 
brook " when the golden apple was 
brought to him ; but no such brook is 
mentioned by any classic author. 

Critias and Socrates. In bk. ii. 7 (Faery 
Queen) Spenser says : " The wise Socra- 
tes .. . poured out his life ... to the 
dear Critias ; his dearest bel-amie." It 
was not Socrates but Theram'enes, one 
of the thirty tyrants, who, in quaffing 
the poison-cup, said smiling, "Thib I 
drink to the health of fair Critias." — 
Cicero, Tusculan Questions. 

Critias or Crito ? In Faery Queen, iv. 
(introduction), Spenser says that Socra- 
tes often discoursed of love to his friend 
Critias ; but it was Crito, or rather Criton, 
that the poet means. 

Cyprus and Faphos. Spenser makes 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



306 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



sir Scud am ore speak of a temple of 
Venus, far more beautiful than "that in 
Paphos or that in Cyprus ; " but Paphos 
was merely a town in the island of Cy- 
prus, and the " two " are but one and the 
same temple. — Faery Queen, iv. 10. 

Hippomanes. Spenser says the golden 
apples of Mammon's garden were better 
than 

Those with which the Eubaean young man won 
Swift Atalanta. 

FaSry Queen, il. 7. 

The young man was Hippom'anes, but 
he was not a " Eubaean " but a native of 
Onchestos, in Boeo'tia. 

Tennyson, in the Last Tournament, 
says (ver. 1), Dagonet was knighted in 
mockery by sir Gaw'ain ; but in the 
History of Prince Arthur we are dis- 
tinctly told that king Arthur knighted 
him with his own hand (pt. ii. 91). 

In Gareth and Lynette the same poet 
says that Gareth was the son of Lot and 
Bellicent ; but we are told a score times 
and more in the History of Prince Arthur, 
that he was the son of Margawse (Arthur's 
sister and Lot's wife, pt. i. 36). 

King Lot . . . wedded Margawse ; Nentres . . . wedded 
Elain.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 2, 
35, 36. 

In the same Idyll Tennyson has changed 
Liones to Lyonors ; but, according to the 
collection of romances edited by sir T. 
Malory, these were quite different persons. 
Liones, daughter of sir Persaunt, and 
sister of Linet of Castle Perilous, married 
sir Gareth (pt. i. 153) ; but Lyonors was 
the daughter of earl Sanam, and was the 
unwed mother of sir Borre by king 
Arthur (pt. i. 15). 

Again, Tennyson makes Gareth marry 
Lynette, and leaves the true heroine, 
Lyonors, in the cold ; but the History 
makes Gareth marry Liones (Lyonors), 
and Gaheris his brother marries Linet. 

Thus endeth the history of sir Gareth, that wedded Dame 
LionSs of the Castle Perilous ; and also of sir Gallons, who 
wedded her sister Dame Linet. — Sir T. Malory, History 
of Prince Arthur (end of pt. i.). 

Again, in Gareth and Lynette, by 
erroneously beginning day with sunrise 
instead of the previous eve, Tennyson 
reverses the order of the knights, and 
makes the fresh green morn represent the 
decline of day, or, as he calls it, " Hes- 
perus " or " Evening Star " ; and the blue 
star of evening he makes " Phosphorus" 
or the " Morning Star." 

Once more, in Gareth and Lynette 
the poet-laureate makes the combat be- 
tween Gareth and Death finished at a 
single blow, but in the History Gareth 
lights from dawn to dewy eve. 



Thus they fought [from sunrise] till it was past noon, 
and would not stint, till at last both lacked wind, and 
then stood they wagging, staggering, panting, blowing, 
and bleeding . . . and when they had rested them awhile, 
they went to battle again, trasing, rasing, and foyning, as 
two boars. . . Thus they endured till evening-song time. 
—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, L 136. 

In the Last Tournament Tennyson 
makes sir Tristram stabbed to death by 
sir Mark in Tintag'il Castle, Cornwall, 
while toying with his aunt, Isolt the Fair , 
but in the History he is in bed in Brit- 
tany, severely wounded, and dies of a 
shock, because his wife tells him the ship 
in which he expected his aunt to come 
was sailing into port with a black sail 
instead of a white one. 

The poet-laureate has deviated so often 
from the collection of tales edited by sir 
Thomas Malory, that it would occupy too 
much space to point out his deviations 
even in the briefest manner. 

Thackeray, in Vanity Fair, has taken 
from sir Walter Scott his allusion to 
Bedreddin, and not from the Arabian 
Nights. He has, therefore, fallen into the 
same error, and added two more. He 
says r " I ought to have remembered the 
pepper which the princess of Persia puts 
into the cream-tarts in India, sir" (ch. 
iii.). The charge was that Bedreddin 
made his cheese-cakes without putting 
pepper into them. But Thackeray has 
committed in this allusion other blunders. 
It was not a " princess " at all, but Bed- 
reddrin Hassan, who for the nonce had 
become a confectioner. He learned the art 
of making cheese-cakes from his mother 
(a widow). Again, it was not a "princess 
of Persia," for Bedreddin's mother was the 
widow of the vizier of Balsora, at that 
time quite independent of Persia. 

Victor Hugo, in Les Travailleurs de 
la Mer, renders "the frith of Forth" 
by the phrase Premier des quatre, mis- 
taking "frith" for first, and "Forth" 
for fourth or four. 

In his Marie Tudor he refers to the 
" History and Annals of Henry VII. par 
Franc Baronum," meaning " Historia, etc., 
Henrici Septimi, per Franciscum Baco- 
num." 

Virgil has placed iEneas in a harbour 
which did not exist at the time. " Por- 
tusque require Velinos " (JEneid, vi. 
366). It was Curius Dentatus who cut a 
gorge through the rocks to let the waters 
of the Velinus into the Nar. Before this 
was done, the Velinus was merely a 
number of stagnant lakes, and the 
blunder is about the same as if a modern 
poet were to make Columbus pass through 
the Suez Canal. 



ERRUA. 



307 



ESCALUS. 



In JEneid, iii. 171, Virgil makes /Eneas 
speak of "Ausonia;" but as Italy was 
s<> called from Auson, son of Ulysses and 
Calypso, of course /Eneas could not have 
known the name. 

Again, in jEncid, ix. 571, he reprc- 
uents Chorinseua as slain by Asy'las ; but 
in bk. xii. 2i>8 he is alive again. Thus : 

Chorinaeum sternit Asylas. 

Bk. ix. 571. 

Then: 

Obvlus anibustum torrem Chorinicus ab ara 

Corrij>it. et venienti Ebuso plagajnque ferenU 
Occupat as fluumiis, etc 

Bk. xiL 298, etc 

Again, in bk. ix. Numa is slain by 
Nisus (ver. 554) ; but in bk. x. 502 Numa 
is alive, and /Eneas kills him. 

Once more, in bk. x. /Eneas slays 
CamertGs (ver. 502) ; but in bk. xii. 224 
Jaturna, the sister of Turnus, assumes 
his shape. But if he was dead, no one 
would have been deluded into supposing 
the figure to be the living man. 

%* Of course, every intelligent reader 
will be able to add to this list ; but no 
more space can be allowed for the subject 
in this dictionary. 

Er'rua ("the mad-cap"), a young 
m?n whose wit defeated the strength of the 
giant Tartaro (a sort of one-eyed Poly- 
pheme). Thus the first competition was in 
throwing a stone. The giant threw his 
stone, but Errua threw a bird, which the 
giant supposed to be a stone, and as it 
flew out of sight, Errua won the wager. 
The next wager was to throwa bar of iron. 
After the giant had thrown, Errua said, 
41 From here to Salamanca ; " whereupon 
the giant bade him not to throw, lest the 
bar of iron should kill his father and 
mother, who lived there ; so the giant lost 
the second wager. The third was to pull 
a tree up by the roots ; and the giant gave 
in because Errua had run a cord round a 
host of trees, and said, "You pull up one, 
but I pull up all these." The next ex- 
ploit was at bed-time : Errua was to 
sleep in a certain Led ; but he placed a 
dead man in the bed, while he himself 
got under it. At midnight Tartaro took 
his club and belaboured the dead body most 
unmercif ully. When Errua stood before 
Tartaro next morning, the giant was 
dumfoundered. He asked Errua how he 
had slept. " Excellently well," said 
Errua, "but somewhat troubled by 
fleas." Other trials were made, but 
always in favour of Errua. At length a 
race was propoeed, and Errua sewed into 
a bag the bowels of a pig. When he- 



started, he cut the bag, strewing the 
bowels on the road. When Tartaro was 
told that his rival had done this to make 
himself more fleet, he cut his belly, and 
of course killed himself. — Rev. W. Web- 
ster, Basque Legends fis77). 

(The reader will readily trace the re- 
semblance between this legend and the 
exploits of Jack the Giant-killer. See 
also Campbell's Pnjju/ar Tales of tlic West 
Highlands, ii. 327, and Grimm's Valiant 
Little Tailor.) 

Erse (1 sijl.), the native language of 
the West Highlanders of Scotland. 
Gaelic is a better word. 

%* Erse is a corruption of Irish, from 
the supposition that these Highlanders 
were a colony from Ireland ; but whether 
the Irish came from Scotland or the 
Scotch from Ireland, is one of those 
knotty points on which the two nations 
will never agree. (See Fik-koi.g.) 

ErsTmie (The Rev. Dr.), minister of 
Greyfriars' Church, Edinburgh. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Manncring (time, George II.). 

Er'tanax, a fish common in the 
Euphrates. The bones of this fish impart 
courage and strength. 

A fish . . . haunteth the flood of Eufrates ... it is 
called anertanax, ami his bones lie of such a manner of 
kind that wlioo handx-th them he shall have so much 
courage that he shall never be weary, and he shall nut 
think on joy nor sorrow that he hath had, but only on 
the thing he behoideih before hini.— Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prime* Arthur, iii. 84 (1470). 

Erudite (Most). Marcus Terentius 
Varro is called "the most erudite of the 
Romans" (b.c. 116-27). 

Erythrse'an Main (The), the Red 
Sea. The " Erythneurn Mare" included 
the whole expanse of sea between Arabia 
and Africa, including the Red Sea and the 
Persian Gulf. 

The ruddy waves he cleft in twain 
Of the Erythraean main. 

Milton, Psalm exxxvi. (1623). 

Er'ytlire, Modesty personified, the 
virgin page of Parthen'ia or maiden 
chastity, in The Purple Island, bv Phineas 
Fletcher (1633). Fully described in 
canto x. (Greek, cruthros, " red," from 
eruthriao, "to blush.") 
Erysiehthon [Erri.sik'. thori] , a grand- 
son of Neptune, who was punished by 
Ceres with insatiable hunger, for cutting 
down some trees in a grove sacred to that 
goddess. (See Erisichthon.) 

Es'calus, an ancient, kind-hearted 
lord in the deputation of the duke of 
Vienna. — Shakespeare, Measure for Mea- 
sure (1603). 



ESCALUS. 



308 



ESTHER HAWDON. 



Es'calus, prince of Vero'na. — Shake- 
speare, Romeo and Juliet (1598). 

Es'eanes (3 syl.), one of the lords of 
Tyre. — Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of 
Tyre (1603). 

Escobar {Mons. Z'), the French name 
for a fox, so called from M. Escobar the 
probabilist, whence also the verb esco- 
barder, "to play the fox," "to play fast 
and loose." 

The French have a capital name for the fox, namely, 
M. L'Escobar, which may be translated the "shuffler," or 
more freely "sly boots."— The Daily A'ews, March 25, 
1878. 

Escotillo (i.e. little Michael Scott), 
considered by the common people as a 
magician, because he possessed more 
knowledge of natural and experimental 
philosophy than hi3 contemporaries. 

Es'dale (Mr.), a surgeon at Madras. 
— Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter 
(time, George II.). 

Ecil or Eisel, vinegar. John Skel- 
ton, referring to the Crucifixion, when the 
soldiers gave Christ "vinegar mingled 
with gall," says : 

Christ by crueltie Was nayled to a tree . . . 
He dranke eisel and gall, To redeme vs withal. 

Colyn Clout (time, Henry VIII.). 

Es'ings, the kings of Kent. So called 
from Eisc, the father of Hengist, as the 
Tuscans receive their name from Tus- 
cus, the Romans from Romulus, the Ce- 
crop'idas from Cecrops, the Britons from 
Brutus, and soon. — Ethelwerd, Chron., ii. 

Esmeralda, a beautiful gipsy-girl, 
who, with tambourine and goat, dances 
in the place before Notre Dame de Paris, 
and is looked on as a witch. Qassimodo 
conceals her for a time in the church, but 
after various adventures sh£ is gibbeted. 
— Victor Hugo, Notre Dame de Paris 

Esmond (Henry), a chivalrous cava- 
lier in the reign of queen Anne ; the 
hero of Thackeray's novel called Esmond 
(1852). 

Esplan'dian, son of Am'adis and 
Oria'na. Montalvo has made him the 
subject of a fifth book to the four original 
books of Amadis of Gaul (1460). 

The description of the most furious battles, carried on 
with all. the bloody mindedness of an Espinndian or a 
Bobadil [Ben Jonscn, Every Man in J/ls Humour], 
— Encyc. Brit., Art. " Itoma;>ce." 

Espriel'la (Manuel Alvarez), the 
apocryphal name . of Robert Southey. 
The poet-laureate pretends that certain 
" letters from England," written by this 
Spaniard, were translated by him from the 
original Spanish (three vols., 1807). 



Essex (The earl of), a tragedy by 
Henry Jones (1745). Lord Burleigh and 
sir Walter Raleigh entertained a mortal 
hatred to the earl of Essex, and accused 
him to the queen of treason. Elizabeth 
disbelieved the charge ; but at this junc- 
ture the earl left Ireland, whither the 
queen had sent him, and presented him- 
self before her. She was very angry, and 
struck him, and Essex rushed into open 
rebellion, was taken, and condemned to 
death. The queen had given him a ring 
before the trial, telling him whatever peti- 
tion he asked should be granted, if he 
sent to her this ring. When the time of 
execution drew nigh, the queen sent the 
countess of Nottingham to the Tower, to 
ask Essex if he had any plea to make, and 
the earl entreated her to present the ring 
to her majesty, and petition her to spare 
the life of his friend Southampton. The 
countess purposely neglected this charge, 
and Essex was executed. The queen, it is 
true, sent a reprieve, but lord Burleigh 
took care it should arrive too late. The 
poet says that Essex had recently married 
the countess of Rutland, that both the 
queen and the countess of Nottingham 
were jealous, and that this jealousy was 
the chief cause of the earl's death. 

The abbe Bpyer, La Calprenede, and 
Th. Corneille have tragedies on the same 
subject. 

Essex (The earl of), lord high con- 
stable of England, introduced by sir W. 
Scott in his novel called Icanhoe (time, 
Richard I.). 

Estel'la, a haughty beauty, adopted 
by Miss Havisham. She was affianced 
by her wish to Pip, but married Bentley 
Drummle.— C. Dickens, Great Expecta- 
tions (1860). 

Esther, housekeeper to Muhldenau, 
minister of Mariendorpt. She loves 
Hans, a servant to the minister, but 
Hans is shy, and Esther has to teach him 
how to woo and Avin her. Esther and 
Hans are similar to Helen and Modus, 
only in a lower social grade. — S. Knowles, 
The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838). 

Esther Hawdon, better known 
through the taie as Esther Summerson, 
natural daughter of captain Hawdon and 
lady Dedlock (before her marriage with 
sir Leicester Dedlock). Esther is a most 
lovable, gentle creature, called by those 
who know her ami love her, " Dame 
Burden" or "Dame Trot." She is the 
heroioe of the tale, and a ward in 



ESTIFANIA. 



309 



ETHIOPIANS. 



Chancery. Eventually she marries Allan 
Woodcourt, a surgeon. — C. Dickens, 
Bleak House (1852). 

Estifa'nia, an intriguing woman, 
servant of donna Margaritta the Spanish 
heiress. She palms herself off on don 
Michael Perez (the copper captain) as an 
heiress, and the mistress of Margaritta's 
mansion. The captain marries her, and 
finds out that all her swans are only 
geese. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Rule a 
Wife and Have a Wife (HMO). 

Mrs. Pritchard was excellent in "The Queen" in 
Hamirt rShakespearel "Clarinda" [The Beaut Duel, 
CentlivreJ, " Estifania," " Doll Common " [Tlie Alchemist, 
B. JonsonJ.— Charles Dibdin. 

Est-il-Possible ? a nickname given 
to George of Denmark (queen Anne's 
husband), because his general remark to 
the most startling announcement was 
Est il possible i With this exclamation he 
exhausted the vials of his wrath. It was 
James II. who gave him the sobriquet. 

Est'mere (2 syl.), king of England. 
He went with his younger brother Adler 
to the court of king Adlands, to crave his 
daughter in marriage ; but king Adlands 
replied that Bremor, the sowdan or sultan 
of Spain, had forestalled him. However, 
the lady, being consulted, gave her voice 
in favour of the king of England. While 
Estmere and his brother went to make 
preparations for the wedding, the " sow- 
dan " arrived, and demanded the lady to 
wife. A messenger was immediately de- 
spatched to inform Estmere, and the two 
brothers returned, disguised as a harper 
and his boy. They gained entrance into 
the palace, and Adler sang, saying, 
" ladye, this is thy owne true love ; 
no harper, but a king ; " and then drawing 
his sword he slew the "sowdan." Est- 
mere at the same time chasing from the 
hall the " kempery men." Being now 
master of the position, Estmere took 
" the ladye faire," made her his wife, and 
brought her home to England. — Percy, 
Reliques, I. i. 5. 

Estot'iland, a vast tract of land in 
the north of America. Said to have been 
discovered by John Scalve, a Pole, in 
1477. 

The snow 
From cold Estotiland. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 685 (1665). 

Estrildis or Elstred, daughter of 
the emperor of Germany. She was taken 
captive in war by Locrin (king of 
Britain), by whom she became the mother 



of Sabrin or Sabre. Gwendolen, the 
wife of Locrin, feeling insulted by this 
liaison, slew her husband, and hud 
Estrildis and her daughter thrown into a 
river, since called the Sabri'na or Severn. 
— Geoffrey, British History, ii. 2, etc. 

Their corses were dissolved into that crystal stream, 
Their curls to curled waves. 

Drayton, Polyolbinn, vi. (1612). 

Ete'ocles and Polyni'ces, the two 
sons of CE'dipos. After the expulsion of 
their father, these two young princes 
agreed to reign alternate years in Thebes. 
Eteoclcs, being the elder, took the first 
turn, but at the close of the year refused 
to resign the sceptre to his brother ; 
whereupon Polvnices, aided by six other 
chiefs, laid siege to the city*. The two 
brothers met in combat, and each was 
slain by the other's hand. 

%* A similar fratricidal struggle is 
told of don Pedro of Castile and his half- 
brother don Henry. When don Pedro 
had estranged the Castilians by his 
cruelty, don Henry invaded Castile with 
a body of French auxiliaries, and took 
his brother prisoner. Don Henry visited 
him in prison, and the two brothers fell 
on each other like lions. Henry wounded 
Pedro in the face, but fell over a bench, 
when Pedro seized him. At that moment 
a Frenchman seized Pedro by the leg, 
tossed him over, and Henry slew him. — 
Menard, History of Du Guesclin. 

(This is the subject of one of Lock- 
hart's Spanish ballads.) 

Eth'elbert, king of Kent, and the 
first of the Anglo-Saxon kings who was 
a Christian. He persuaded Gregory to 
send over Augustine to converc the Eng- 
lish to "the true faith" (596), and built 
St. Paul's, London. — Ethelwerd's Chro- 
nicle, ii. 

Good Ethelbert of Kent, first christened English king, 
To preach the faith of Christ was first did hither bring 
Wise Au'gustine the monk, from holy Gregory sent . . . 
That mighty fane to Paul in London did erect. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xi. (1613). 

Eth'erington {The late earl of), 
father of Tyrrel and Bulmer. 

The titular earl of Ether ington, his suc- 
cessor to the title and estates. 

Marie de Martigny (La comtesse), wife 
of the titular earl of Etherington. — Sir 
W. Scott, St. Ronaris Well (time, 
George III.). 

Ethiopians, the same as Abas- 
sinians. The Arabians call these people 
El-habasen or Al-habasen, whence our 
Abassins, but thev call themselves Ithio- 



ETHIOPIAN WOOD. 



310 



EUCHARIS. 



pians or Ethiopians. — Selden, Titles of 
Honour, vi. 64. 

Where the Abassin kings their issue guard, 
Mount Amara. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 280 (1665). 

Ethio'pian "Wood, ebony. 

The seats were made of Ethiopian wood, 
The polished ebony. 
Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert., ii. 6 (died 1668). 

Ethiop's Queen, referred to by- 
Milton in his 11 Penseroso, was Cassiope'a, 
wife of Ce'pheus (2 syl.) king of Ethio- 
pia. Boasting that she was fairer than 
the sea-nymphs, she offended the Nereids, 
who complained to Neptune. Old father 
Earth-Shaker sent a huge sea-monster to 
ravage her kingdom for her insolence. 
At death Cassiopeawas made a constella- 
tion of thirteen stars. 

. . . that starred Ethiop queen that strove 
To set her beauty's praise above 
The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended. 

Milton, 11 Penseroso, 19 (1638). 

Ethnic Plot. The "Popish Plot" is 
so called in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel. As Dryden calls the 
royalists " Jews," and calls Charles II. 
" David king of the Jews," the papists 
were " Gentiles " (or Ethnoi), whence the 
"Ethnic Plot" means the plot of the 
Ethnoi against the people of God. — Pt. i. 
(1681). 

Etiquette {Madame), the duchesse 
de Noailles, grand-mistress of the cere- 
monies in the court of Marie Antoinette ; 
so called from her rigid enforcement of 
all the formalities and ceremonies of the 
ancien regime. 

Et'na. Zeus buried under this moun- 
tain Enkel'ados, one of the hundred- 
handed giants. 

The whole land weighed him down, as Etna does 
The. giant of mythology. 

Tennyson, The Golden Supper. 

Etteilla, the pseudonym of Alliette 
(spelt backwards), a perruquier and- 
diviner of the eighteenth century. He 
became a professed cabalist, and was 
visited in his studio in the Hotel de 
Crillon (Rue de la Verrerie), by all those 
who desired to unroll the Book of Fate. 
In 1783 he published Maniere de se 
Becre'er avec le Jen de Cartes, nomme'es 
Tarots. In the British Museum are some 
divination cards published in Paris in the 
first half of the nineteenth century, called 
Grand Etteilla and Petit Etteilla, each 
pack being accompanied with a book of 
explication and instruction. 

Ettercap, an ill-tempered person, who 



mars sociability. The ettercap is the 
poison-spider, and should be spelt 
"Attercop." (Anglo-Saxon, atter-cop, 
" poison-spider.") 

O sirs, was sic difference seen 

As 'twixt wee Will and Tam f 
The ane's a perfect etteircap, 

The ither's just a lamb. 

W. Miller, Nursery Songs. 

Ettrick Shepherd (TJie), James 
Hogg, the Scotch poet, who was born in 
the forest of Ettrick, in Selkirkshire, and 
was in early life a shepherd (1772-1835). 

Etty's Nine Pictures, " the 
Combat," the three "Judith" pictures, 
"Benaiah," "Ulysses and the Syrens," 
and the three pictures of " Joan of Arc." 

"My aim," says Etty, "in all my great pictures has 
been to paint some great moral on the heart. 'The 
Combat' represents the beauty of mercy: the three 
' Judith ' pictures, patriotism [1, self-devotion to God ; 
2, self-devotion to man ; 3, self-devotion to country] ; 
' Benaiah, David's chief captain,' represents valour ; 
' Ulysses and the Syrens,' sensual delights or the wages 
of sin is death ; and the three pictures of ' Joan of Arc ' 
depict religion, loyalty, and patriotism. In all, nine in 
number, as it was my desire to paint three times three." 
— William Etty, of York (1787-1849). 

Et'zel or Ez'zel (i.e. Attila), king of 
the Huns, in the songs of the German 
minnesingers. A ruler over three king- 
doms and thirty principalities. His second 
wife was Kriemhild, the widow of Sieg- 
fried. In pt. ii* of the Niebelungen Lied, 
he sees his sons and liegemen struck down 
without making the least effort to save 
them, and is as unlike the Attila of history 
as a "hector" is to the noble Trojan "the 
protector of mankind." 

Eubo'nia, Isle of Man. 

He reigned over Britain and its three islands.— Nennius, 
Eistory of the Britons. 

(The three islands are Isle of Wight, 
Eubonia, and Orkney.) 

Eu'charis, one of the nymphs of 
Calypso, with whom Telemachos was 
deeply smitten. Mentor, knowing his 
love was sensual love, hurried him away 
from the island. He afterwards fell 
in love with Anti'ope, and Mentor ap- 
proved his choice. — Fenelon, Te'lemaque^ 
vii. (1700). 

He [Paul] fancied he had found in Virginia the wisdom 
of AntiopS, with the misfortunes and the tenderness of 
Eucharis. — Bernardin de St. Pierre, Paul and Virginia 
(1788). 

(Eucharis is meant for Mdlle. de Fon- 
tange, maid of honour to Mde. de 
Montespan. For a few months she was 
a favourite with Louis XIV., but losing 
her good looks she was discarded, and 
died at the age of 20. She used to dress 
her hair with streaming ribbons, and 



EUCLIO. 



311 



EUPHRASIA. 



hence this style of head-gear was called 
a la Fontange.) 

Eu'clio, a penurious old hunks. — 
Plautus, Aulularia. 

Now you must explain all this to me, unless you would 
have me use you as ill as Euclio does Staph/Ia.— Sir W. 
Scott. 

En/crates (3 syf.), the miller, and 
one of the archons of Athens. A 
shuffling fellow, always evading his duty 
and breaking his promise ; hence the 
Latin proverb : 

Vias novit, quibus eflugiat Eucrates (" He has more 
shifts than Eucrates"). 

Eudo'cia (4 sylX daughter of 
Eu'menus governor of Damascus. Pho'- 
cya», general of the Syrian forces, being 
in loye with her, asks the consent of 
Eumenes, and is refused. In revenge, he 

?;oes over to the Arabs, who are besieging 
)amascus. Eudocia is taken captive, 
but refuses to wed a traitor. At the end, 
Pho'cyas dies, and Eudocia retires into a 
nunnery. — John Hughes, The Siege of 
Damascus (1720). 

Eudon (Count) of Cantabria. A baron 
favourable to the Moors, "too weak- 
minded to be independent." When the 
Spaniards rose up against the Moors, the 
first order of the Moorish chief was this : 
" Strike oft" count Eudon's head ; the fear 
which brought him to our camp will bring 
him else in arms against us now" (ch. 
xxv.). — Southey, Roderick, etc., xiii. 
(1814). 

Eudox'ia, wife of the emperor 
Valentin'ian. Petro'nius Max'imus "poi- 
soned " the emperor, and the empress 
killed Maximus. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
Valentinian (1617). 

Euge'nia, called " Silence" and the 
11 Unknown." She was wife of count de 
Valmont, and mother of Florian, "the 
foundling of the forest." In order to 
come into the property, baron Longueville 
used every endeavour to kill Eugenia and 
Florian, but all his attempts were abortive, 
and his villainy at length was brought to 
light. — W. Diinond, The Foundling of the 
Forest. 

Eugenio, a young gentleman who 
turned goat-herd, because Leandra jilted 
him and eloped with a heartless adven- 
turer, named Vincent de la Rosa. — Cer- 
vantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 20 (" The 
Goat-herd's Story," 1605). 

Euge'nius, the friend and wise coun- 
sellor of Yorick. John Hall Stevenson 



was the original of this character.— 
Sterne, Tristram Shandy (1759). 

Euhe'meros, a Sicilian Greek, who 
wrote a Sacred History to explain the 
historical or allegorical character of the 
Greek and Latin mythologies. 

One could wish EuhcmCrus had never been born. It 
was he who spoilt [the old myth*] first — Ouida, Ariadni, 
i. 1. 

Eulenspiegel (Tyll), i.e. "Tyll 
Owlglass," of Brunswick. A man who 
runs through the world as charlatan, fool, 
lansquenet, domestic servant, artist, and 
Jack-of-ali-trades. He undertakes any- 
thing, but rejoices in cheating those who 
employ him ; he parodies proverbs, re- 
joices in mischief, and is brimful of 
pranks and drolleries. Whether Eulen- 
spiegel was a real character or not is a 
matter of dispute, but by many the au- 
thorship of the book recording his jokes 
is attributed to the famous German sat- 
irist, Thomas Murner. 

In the English versions of the story ho 
is called Howie-glass. 

To few mortals has it been granted to earn such a place 
in universal history as Tyll Bulensplegel, Now, after five 
centuries, his native village is pointed out with pride to 
the traveller. — Carlyle. 

Eumaeos (in Latin, Fumorus), the 
slave and swine-herd of Ulysses, hence 
any swine-herd. 

Eu'menes (3 syl.), governor of 
Damascus, and father of Eudo'cia. — 
John Hughes, Siege of Damascus (1720). 

Eumnes'tes, Memory personified. 
Spenser says he is an old man, decrepit 
and half blind. He was waited on by a boy 
named Anamnestes. (Greek, eumnestis, 
"good memory," anamnestis, "research.") 
— Faery Queen, ii. 9 (1590). 

He {Fancy} straight commits them to his treasury 
Which old Eumnestes keeps, father of memory — 
Eumnestes old, who in his living screen 
(His living breast) the rolls and records bears 
Of all the deeds and men which he hath seen, 
And keeps locked up in faithful registers. 

Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vL (1633/. 

Eu'noe (3 syl.), a river of purgatory, 
a draught of which makes the mind recall 
all the good deeds and good offices of 
life. It is a little beyond Lethe or the 
river of f orgetf ulness. 

Lo 1 where Eunoe flows, 
Lead thither ; and, as thou art wont, revive 
His fainting virtue. 

Dante, Purgatory, xxxiii. (1308;. 

Euphrasia, daughter of lord Dion t 
a character resembling "Viola" in Shake- 
speare's Twelfth Night. Being in love 
with prince Philaster, she assumes boy's 
attire, calls herself " Bellario," and enters 



EUPHRASIA, 



312 



EURYDICE. 



the prince's service. Philaster transfers 
Bellario to the princess Arethusa. and 
then grows jealous of the lady's love for 
her tender page. The sex of Bellario 
being discovered, shows the groundless- 
ness of this jealousy. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, Philaster or Love Lies a-bleeding 
(1608). 

Euphra'sia, " the Grecian daughter," 
was daughter of Evander, the old king of 
Syracuse (dethroned by Dionysius. and 
kept prisoner in a dungeon on the summit 
of a rock). She was the wife of Phocion, 
who had fled from Syracuse to save their 
infant son. Euphrasia, having gained 
admission to the dungeon where her aged 
father was dying from starvation, 
" fostered him at her breast by the milk 
designed for her own babe, and thus the 
father found a parent in the child." 
When Timoleon took Syracuse, Dionysius 
was about to stab Evander, but Eu- 
phrasia, rushing forward, struck the 
tyrant dead upon the spot. — A. Murphy, 
The Grecian Daughter (1772). 

%* The same tale is told of Xantippe, 
who preserved the life of her father 
Cimo'nos in prison. The guard, astonished 
that the old man held out so long, set a 
watch and discovered the secret. 

There is a dungeon, in whose dim drear light 

What do I gaze on i . 

An old man, and a female young and fair, 

Fresh as a nursing mother, in whose veins 

The blood is nectar . . . 

Here youth offers to old age the food. 

The milk of his own gift. ... It is her sire. 

To whom she renders back the debt of blood. 

Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 148 (1817). 

Eu'phrasy, the herb eye-bright ; so 
called because it was once supposed to be 
efficacious in clearing the organs of sight. 
Hence the archangel Michael purged the 
eyes of Adam with it, to enable him to see 
into the distant future. — See Milton, 
Paradise Lost, xi. 414-421 (1665). 

Eu'plmes (3 syl.), the chief cha- 
racter in John Lilly's Euphues or The 
Anatomy of Wit, and Euphues and his 
England. He is an Athenian gentle- 
man, distinguished for his elegance, wit, 
love-making, and roving habits. Shake- 
speare borrowed his "government of the 
bees " {Henry V. act i. sc. 2) from Lilly. 
Euphues was designed to exhibit the 
style affected by the gallants of England 
in the reign of queen Elizabeth. Thomas 
Lodge wrote a novel in a similar style, 
called Euphues 1 Golden Legacy (1590). 

" The commonwealth of your bees," replied Euphues, 
" did so delight me that I was not a little sorry that either 
Hieii estates liavo not been longer, or your leisure more ; 
tor, in my simple judgment, there was such an orderly 



government that men may not be ashamed to imitate 
it."— J. Lilly, Euphues (1581). 

(The romances of Calprene'de and 
Scude'ri bear the same relation to the 
jargon of Louis XIV., as the Euphues of 
Lilly to that of queen Elizabeth.) 

Eure'ka ! or rather Heure'ka ! (" I 
have discovered it ! ") The exclamation of 
Archime'des, the Syracusian philosopher, 
when he found out how to test the purity 
of Hi'ero's crown. 

The tale is, that Hiero suspected that 
a craftsman to whom he had given a 
certain weight of gold to make into a 
crown had alloyed the metal, and he 
asked Archimedes to ascertain if his sus- 
picion was well founded. The philosopher, 
getting into his bath, observed that the 
water ran over, and it flashed into his 
mind that his body displaced its own 
bulk of water. Now, suppose Hiero gave 
the goldsmith 1 lb. of gold, and the 
crown weighed 1 lb., it is manifest that if 
the crown was pure gold, both ought 
to displace the same quantity of water; 
but they did not do so, and therefore the 
gold had been tampered with. Archi- 
medes next immersed in water 1 lb. of 
silver, and the difference of water dis- 
placed soon gave the clue to the amount of 
alloy introduced, by the artificer. 

Vitruvius says: " When the idea occurred to the philo- 
sopher, he jumped out of his bath, and without waiting to 
put on his clothes, he ran home, exclaiming, ' Heurtka I 

heureka t ' " 

Euro'pa. The Fight at Dame Europa's 
School, written by the Rev. H. W. Pullen, 
minor canon of Salisbury Cathedral. A 
skit on the Franco-Prussian war (1870- 
1871). 

Europe's Liberator. So Welling- 
ton was called after the overthrow of 
Bonaparte (1769-1852). 

Oh Wellington . . . called " Saviour of the Nations "... 
And *' Europe's Liberator." 

Byron, Don Juan, ix. 5 (1834). 

Eu'rus, the east wind ; Zephyr, the 
west wind ; No'tus, the south wind ; 
Bo'reas, the north wind. Eurus, in Ita- 
lian, is called the Lev'ant ("rising of 
the sun"), and Zephyr is called Po'nent 
(" setting of the sun "). 

Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds— 
Eurus and Zephyr. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 705 (1665). 

Euryd'ice (4 syl.), the wife of 
Orpheus, killed Jby a serpent on -her 
wedding night. Orpheus went down to 
hades to crave for her restoration to life, 
and Pluto said she should follow him to 
earth provided he did not look back. When 



EURYTION. 



313 



EVADNE. 



the poet was Btepping on the confines of 
our earth, he turned to see if Eurydice 
was following, and just caught a glance 
of her as she was snatcned back into the 
6hades below. 

(Pope tells the tale in his Pindaric 
poem, called Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, 
1709.) 

Euryt'ion, the herdsman of Ger'yon. 
He never slept day nor night, but walked 
unceasingly among his herds with his 
two-headed dog Orthros. " Hercules 
them all did overcome." — Spenser, Fairy 
Queen, v. 10 (159G). 

Eus'tace, one of the attendants of 
sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (a follower 
of prince John). — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Eustace (Father), or "father Eusta- 
tius," the superior and afterwards abbot 
of St. Mary's. He was formerly William 
Allan, and the friend of Henry Warden 
(afterwards the protestant preacher). — 
Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Eustace (Charles), a pupil of Ignatius 
Polyglot. He has been clandestinely 
married for four years, and has a little 
son named Frederick. Charles Eustace 
confides his scrape to Polyglot, and 
conceals his young wife in the tutor's 
private room. Polyglot is thought to be 
a libertine, but the truth comes out, and 
all parties are reconciled. — J. Poole, The 
Scapegoat. 

Eus'tace (Jack), the lover of Lucinda, 
and "a very worthy young fellow," of 
good character and family. As justice 
Woodcock was averse to the marriage, 
Jack introduced himself as a music- 
master, and sir William Meadows, who 
recognized him, persuaded the justice to 
consent to the marriage of the young 
couple. This he was the more ready to 
do as his sister Deborah said positively he 
"should not do it." — Is. Bickerstaff, Love 
in a Village. 

Euthana'sia, an easy, happy death. 
The word occurs in the Dwiciad, and 
Byron has a poem so entitled. Eutha- 
nasia generally means a harbour of rest 
and peace after the storms of life : " Inveni 
portum ; spes et fortuna valete," i.e. " I 
have found my Euthanasia, farewell to 
the battle of life." (Greek, eu thanatos, 
" a happy death.") 

To whom does not that modest demesne at Lirias, with 
its mansion-house of four little pavilions, its garden 
bordered with orange trees . . . not to mention the 
olla podridas of Master Joachim, rise up before the mind's j 



eye as the very ideal of a happy rural retreat . . . the 
Euthanasia of :i life of earefulnea ami toil I — Bnoyo, Uric, 
Art. " Romance." (The reference is to Oil libit.) 

E'va, daughter of Torquil of the Oak. 
She is betrothed to Fcrpihard Day. — 
Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Fcrth (time. 
Henry IV.). 

Evad'ne (3 syl.), wife of'Kap'aneun 
(3 syl.). She threw herself on the funeral 
pile of her husband, and was consumed 
with him. 

Evad'ne (3 syl.), sister of Mclantius. 
Amintor was compelled by the king to 
marry her, although he was betrothed to 
Aspasia (the " maid" whose death forms 
the tragical event of the drama). — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy 
(1610). 

The purity of female virtue in Aspasia is well contrasted 
with the guilty boldness of Evadne, and the rough soldier- 
like bearing and manly feeling of Melautius render the 
selfish sensuality of the king more hatef;:l and disgusting. 
— K. Chambers, Ewjlith Literature, i. '.'04. 

Evad'ne or the Statue, a drama by 
Sheil (1820). Ludov'ico, the chief minister 
of Naples, heads a conspiracy to murder 
the king and seize the crown ; his great 
stumbling-block is the marquis of Co- 
lonna, a high-minded nobleman, who 
cannot be corrupted. The sister of 
the marquis is Evadne (3 syl.), plighted 
to Vicentio. Ludovico's scheme is to 
get Colonna to murder Vicentio and the 
king, and then to debauch Evadne. 
With this in view, he persuades Vicentio 
that Evadne is the king's fille d'amour, 
and that she marries him merely as a 
flimsy cloak, but he adds "Never mind, 
it will make your fortune." The proud 
Neapolitan is disgusted, and flings off 
Evadne as a viper. Her brother is 
indignant, challenges the troth-plight 
lover to a duel, and Vicentio falls. 
Ludovico now irritates Colonna by talk- 
ing of the king's amour, and induces 
him to invite the king to a banquet and 
then murder him. The king goes to 
the banquet, and Evadne shows him the 
statues of the Colonna family, and 
amongst them one of her own father, 
who at the battle of Milan had saved 
the king's life by his own. The king is 
struck with remorse, but at this moment 
Ludovico enters, and the king conceals 
himself behind the statue. Colonna tells 
the traitor minister the deed is done, and 
Ludovico orders his instant arrest, gibes 
him as his dupe, and exclaims, "Now I 
am king indeed ! " At this moment the 
king comes forward, releases Colonna, 
and orders Ludovico to be arrested. The 
traitor draws his sword, and Colonna 



EYAN DHU OF LOCHIEL 



314 



EVELYN. 



kills him. Viceutio now euters, tells how 
his ear has been abused, and marries 
Evadne. 

Evan Dim of Ijochiel, a Highland 
chief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 
I.). 

EvanDhu M'Combich,the foster- 
brother of M 'Ivor. — Sir W. Scott, Waver- 
ley ^time, George II.). 

Evandale (The JRijht ITon. W. Max- 
well, lord), in the royal army under the 
duke of Monmouth. He is a suitor of 
Edith Bellenden, the granddaughter of 
lady Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower 
of Tillietudlem.— Sir W. Scott, Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Evan'der, the "good old king of 
Syracuse," dethroned by Dionysius the 
Younger. Evander had dethroned the 
elder Dionysius "and sent him for vile 
subsistence, a wandering sophist through 
the realms of Greece." He was the 
father of Euphrasia, and was kept in a 
dungeon on the top of a rock, where he 
would have been starved to death, if 
Euphrasia had not nourished him with 
" the milk designed for her own babe." 
When Syracuse was taken by Timoleon, 
Dionysius by accident came upon Evan- 
der, and would have killed him, but 
Euphrasia rushed forward and scabbed 
the tyrant to the heart. — A. Murphy, The 
Grecian Daughter (1772). (See Erkors 
of Authors, " Dionysius," p. 304.) 

Mr. Bentley, May 6, 1796, took leave of the stage in the 
character of " Evander."— W. C. Russell, Representative 
Actors, 426. 

Evangelic Doctor (The), John 
Wy cliff e, "the Morning Star of the Re- 
formation" (1324-1 384J. 

Evangeline, the heroine and title 
of a tale in hexameter verse by Long- 
fellow, in two parts. Evangeline was the 
daughter of Benedict Bellefontaine, the 
richest farmer of Acadia (now Nova Scotia). 
At the age of 17 she was legally betrothed 
by the notary-public to Gabriel son of 
Basil the blacksmith, but next day all 
the colony was exiled by the order of 
George II., and their houses, cattle, and 
lands were confiscated. Gabriel and 
Evangeline were parted, and now began 
the troubles of her life. She wandered 
from place to place to find her betrothed. 
Basil had settled at Louisiana, but when 
Evangeline reached the place Gabriel had 
just left ; she then went to the prairies, to 
Michigan, and so on, but at every place 
she was just too late to catch him. At 



length, grown old in this hopeless search, 
she went to Philadelphia and became a 
sister of mercy. The plague broke out 
in the city, and as she visited the alms- 
house she saw an old man smitten down 
with the pestilence. It was Gabriel. 
He tried to whisper her name, but death 
closed his lips. He was buried, and 
Evangeline lies beside him in the grave. 

(Longfellow's Evangeline (1849) has 
many points of close similitude with 
Campbell's tale of Gertrude of Wyoming, 
1809.) 

Evans (Sir Hugh), a pedantic "Welsh 
parson and schoolmaster of extraordinary 
simplicity and native shrewdness. — 
Shakespeare, The Merry Wives of Wind- 
sor (1601). 

The reader may cry out with honest sir Hugh Evans, 
" I like not when a 'ooman has a great peard." — Macaulay. 

Henderson says : " I have seen John Edwin, in ' sir 
Hugh Evans,' when preparing for the duel, keep ;he house 
in an ecstasy of merriment for many minutes together 
without speaking a word " (1750-1790). 

Evans ( William), the giant porter of 
Charles I. He carried sir Geoffrey Hud- 
son about in his pocket. Evans was 
eight feet in height, and Hudson only 
eighteen inches. Fuller mentions this 
giant amongst his Worthies. — Sir W. 
Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 

Evan'the (3 syl.), sister of Sora'no, 
the wicked instrument of Frederick duke 
of Naples, and the chaste wife of Valerio. 
The duke tried to seduce her, but failing 
in this scandalous attempt, offered to 
give her to any one "for a month," at 
the end of which time the libertine was 
to suffer death. No one would accept 
the offer, and ultimately Evanthe was 
restored to her husband. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1624). 

Eve (1 syl.) or Havah, the "mother 
of all living" (Gen. iii. 20). Before the 
expulsion from paradise her name was 
Ishah, because she was taken out of ish, 
i.e. "man" (Gen. ii. 23). 

Eve was of such gigantic stature that when she laid her 
head on one hill near Mecca, her knees rested on two 
other liills in the plain, about two gun-shots asunder. 
Adam was as tall as a palm tree. — Moncony, Voyage, i. 
372, etc. 

Ev'eli'na (4 syl.), the heroine of a 
novel so called by Miss Burney (after- 
wards Mde. D'Arblay). Evelina marries 
lord Orville (1778). 

Evelyn (Alfred), the secretary and 
relative of sir John Vesey. He made 
sir John's speeches, wrote his pamphlets, 
got together his facts, mended his pens, 
and received no salary. Evelyn loved 



EVELYN. 



315 



EWART. 



Clara Douglas, a dependent of lady Frank- 
lin's, but she was poor also, and declined 
to marry him. Scarcely had she refused 
him. when he was left an immense fortune 
and proposed to Georgina Vesey. What 
little heart Georgina had was given to 
sir Frederick Blount, but the great fortune 
of Evelyn made her waver ; however, 
being told that Evelyn's property was in- 
secure, she married Frederick, and left 
Evelyn free to marry Clara. — Lord L. 
Bulwer Lytton, Money (1840). 

Evelyn (Sir George), a man of for- 
tune, family, and character, in love with 
Dorrillon, whom he marries. — Mrs. Inch- 
bald, Wives as they Were and Maids as 
they Are (1795). 

Even Numbers are reckoned un- 
lucky. 

The . . . crow . . . cried twice : this even, sir, is no 
good number. — R. S., The 1/onett Lawyer (1(516). 

Among the Chinese, heaven is odd. and earth even. 
The numbers 1. 3. 5. 7. 9, belong to yang or heaven ; but 
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, belong to yin or earth.— Bar. Mr. Edkins. 

*** Shakespeare says. "there is divinity 
in odd numbers " (Merry Wives of Wind- 
sor, act v. sc. 1, 1596). 

Everard (Colonel Markham), of the 
Commonwealth party. 

Master Everard, the colonel's father. — 
Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Ev'erett (Master), a hired witness of 
the "Popish Plot."— Sir W. Scott, Pczcril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II. ,. 

Every Man in His Humour, a 

comedy by Ben Jonson (1598). The 
original play was altered by David 
Garrick. The persons to whom the title 
of the drama apply are: "captain 
Bobadil," whose humour is bragging of 
his brave deeds and military courage — 
he is thrashed as a coward by Down- 
right ; "Kitely," whose humour is jea- 
lousy of his wife — he is befooled and 
cured by a trick played on him by Brain- 
worm ; "Stephen," whose humour is 
verdant stupidity — he is played on by 
every one; " Kno'well," whose humour 
is suspicion of his son Edward, which 
turns out to be all moonshine; "Dame 
Kitely," whose humour is jealousy of her 
husband, but she (like her husband) is 
cured by a trick devised by Brainworm. 
Every man in his humour is liable to be 
duped, thereby, for his humour is the 
" Achilles' heel " of his character. 

Every Man out of His Hu- 
mour, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1599). 



Every One has His Fault, a 
comedy by Mrs. Inchbald (1794). By 
the fault of rigid pride, lord Norland 
discarded his daughter, lady Eleanor, 
because she married against his consent. 
By the fault of gallantry and defect of due 
courtesy to his wife, sir Robert Ramble 
drove lady Ramble into a divorce. By 
the fault of irresolution, " Shall I marry or 
shall I not?" Solus remained a miserable 
bachelor, pining for a wife and domestic 
joys. By the fault of deficient spirit and 
manliness, Mr. Placid was a hen-pecked 
husband. By the fault of marrying with- 
out the consent of his wife's friends, Mr. 
Irwin was reduced to poverty and even 
crime. Harmony healed these faults : 
lord Norland received his daughter into 
favour; sir Robert Ramble took back his 
wife ; Solus married Miss Spinster ; Mr. 
Placid assumed the rights of the head 
of the family ; and Mr. Irwin, being 
accepted as the son-in-law of lord N fir- 
land, was raised from indigence to do- 
mestic comfort. 

Evil May-Day, May 1, 1517, when 
the apprentices committed great excesses, 
especially against foreigners ; and the 
constable of the Tower discharged his 
cannons on the populace. The tumult 
began in Cheapside (time, Henry VIII.). 

Eviot, page to sir John Ramorny 
(master of the horse to prince Robert 
of Scotland).— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Evir- Allen, the white-armed daugh- 
ter of Branno an Irishman. "A thousand 
heroes sought the maid ; she refused her 
love to a thousand. The sons of the 
sword were despised, for graceful in her 
eyes was Ossian." This Evir-Allen was 
the mother of Oscar, Fingal's grandson ; 
but she was not alive when Fingal went 
to Ireland to assist Cormac against the 
invading Norsemen, which forms the 
subject of the poem called Fingal, in six 
books. — Ossian, Fingal, iv. 

Ew'ain (Sir), son of king Vrience 
and Morgan le Fay (Arthur's half-sister). 
— Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 72 (1470). 

Ewan of Brigglands, a horse- 
soldier in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
Scott, Bob Roy (time, George I.). 

Ewart (Nanty, i.e. Anthony), cap- 
tain of the smuggler's brig.— Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Excal'ibur, king Arthur's famous 



EXCALIBUR. 



316 



EYED. 



swords. There seems to have been two of 
his swords so called. One was the sword 
sheathed in stone, which no one could 
draw thence, save he who was to be king 
of the land. Above 200 knights tried to 
release it, but failed ; Arthur alone could 
draw it with ease, and thus proved his 
right of succession (pt. i. 3). In 
ch. 7 this sword is called Excalibur, and 
is said to have been so bright "that it 
gave light like thirty torches." After his 
tight with Pellinore, the king said to 
Merlin he had no sword, and Merlin took 
him to a lake, and Arthur saw an arm 
" clothed in white samite, that held a fair 
sword in the hand." Presently the Lady 
of the Lake appeared, and Arthur begged 
that he might have the sword, and the 
lady told him to go and fetch it. When 
he came to it he took it, " and the arm 
and hand went under the water again." 
This is the sword generally called Excali- 
bur. When about to die, king Arthur 
sent an attendant to cast the sword back 
again into the lake, and again the hand 
" clothed in white samite " appeared, 
caught it, and disappeared (ch. 23). — Sir 
T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, 
i. 3, 23 (1470). 

King Arthur's sword, Excalibur, 
Wrought by the lonely maiden of the lake ; 
Nine years she wrought it, sitting in the deeps, 
Upon the hidden bases of the hills. 

Tennyson, Morte d' Arthur. 

Excalibur 's Sheath. " Sir," said Mer- 
lin, " look that ye keep well the scabbard 
of Excalibur, for ye shall lose no blood 
as long as ye have the scabbard upon 
you, though ye have never so many 
wounds." — Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 36 (1470). 

Executioner (No). When Francis 
viscount d'Aspremont, governor of Ba- 
yonne, was commanded by Charles IX. of 
France to massacre the huguenots, he 
replied, " Sire, there are many under my 
government devoted to your majesty, but 
not a single executioner." 

Exhausted Worlds ... Dr. 

Johnson, in the prologue spoken by 
Garrick at the opening of Drury Lane, in 
1747, says of Shakespeare : 

Each change of many-coloured life he drew, 
Exhausted worlds, and then imagined new. 

Exterminator (The), Montbars, 
chief of a set of filibusters in the seven- 
teenth century. He was a native of 
Languedoc, and conceived an intense 
hatred against the Spaniards on reading 
of their cruelties in the New World. 
Embarking at Havre, in 1667, Montbars 



attacked the Spaniards in the Antilles 
and in Honduras, took from them Vera 
Cruz and Carthagena, and slew them 
most mercilessly wherever he encoun- 
tered them (1645-1707). 

Extra (That's). Thafs Extra, as 
the woman said when she saw Kerton 
(a Devonshire saying), that is, "I thought 
my work was done, but there are more 
last words." "The office closes at four 
(but that's only Kerton), there is much 
work still to do before the day's work is 
done (or before we reach Extra)." 
" Extra " is a popular pronunciation of 
Exeter, and " Kerton " is Crediton. The 
woman was walking to Exeter for the 
first time, and when she reached the 
grand old church of Kerton or Crediton, 
supposed it to be Exeter Cathedral. 
" That's Exeter Cathedral," she said, 
"and the end of my journey." But it 
was only Kerton Church, and she had 
still eight more miles to walk before she 
got to Exeter. 

Eye. Terrible as the eye of Vathek. 
One of the eyes of this caliph was so 
terrible in anger that those died who 
ventured to look thereon, and had he 
given way to his wrath, he would have 
depopulated his whole dominion.— W. 
Beckford, Vathek (1784). 

Eye-bright or Euphrasia ("joy- 
giving ") . So called from its reputed power 
in restoring impaired vision. 

\The hermit] fumitory gets and eye-bright for the eye. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Eye of the Baltic (The), Gottland 
or Gothland, an island in the Baltic. 

Eye of Greece (The), Athens. 

Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts 
And eloquence, native to famous wits. 

Milton. 

%* Sometimes Sparta is called " The 
Eye of Greece " also. 

Eyes (Grey). With the Arabs, grey 
eyes are synonymous with sin and enmity. 
Hence in the Koran, xx., we read : " On 
that day the trumpet shall be sounded, 
and we will gather the wicked together, 
even those having grey eyes." Al Beidawi 
explains this as referring to the Greeks, 
whom the Arabs detest, and he calls 
"red whiskers and grey eyes" an idio- 
matic phrase for "a foe." 

Eyed (One-) people. The Arimas- 
pians of Scythia were a one-eyed people. 

The Cyclops were giants with only one 
eye, and" that in the middle of the fore- 
head. 



EYRE. 



317 



FADLADEEN. 



Tartaro, in Basque legends, was a one- 
eyed giant. Sindbad the sailor, in his ' 
third voyage, was cast on an island in- 
habited by one-eyed giants. 

Eyre (Jans), a governess, who stoutly 
coi>es with adverse circumstances, and 
ultimately marries a used-up man of 
fortune, in whom the germs of good 
feeling and sound sense were only ex- 
hausted and not destroyed.— Charlotte 
Bronte*, Jane Eyre (1847). 

Ez'zelin (Sir), the gentleman who 
recognizes Lara at the table of lord Otho, 
and charges him with being Conrad the 
corsair. A duel ensues, and Ezzelin is 
never heard of more. A serf used to say 
that he saw a huntsman one evening 
cast a dead body into the river which 
divided the lands of Otho and Lara, and 
that there was a star of knighthood on 
the breast of the corpse. — Byron, Lara 
(1814;. 



Faa (Gabriel), nephew of Meg 
Merrilies. One of the huntsmen at 
Liddesdale. — Sir W. Scott, Gruy Manncr- 
ing (time, George II.). 

Fab'ila, a king devoted to the chase. 
One day he encountered a wild boar, and 
commanded those who rode with him not 
to interfere, but the boar overthrew him 
and gored him to death. — Chronica An- 
tiqua de Espaila, 121. 

Fa'bius (The American), George 
Washington <17o2-1799). 

Fa'bius (The French), Anne due de 
Montmorency, grand-constable of France 
(1493-1567). 

Fabricius [Fa.brish'.e.us] , an old 
Roman, like Cincinnatus and Curius 
Dentatus, a type of the rigid purity, 
frugality, and honest}' of the "good old 
times." Pyrrhos used every effort to 
corrupt him by bribes, or to terrify 
him, but in vain. " Excellent Fabricius," 
cried the Greek, " one might hopfe to 
turn the sun from its course as soon as 
turn Fabricius from the path of duty." 

Fabric'ius, an author, whose composition 
was so obscure that Gil Bias could not 
comprehend the meaning of a single line 
of his writings. His poetry was verbose 



fustian, and his prose a maze of far- 
fetched expressions and perplexed 
phrases. 

"If not intellijrible." said Fabricius, "so much the 
bettor. The natural and simple wont do for sonnets, 
odea, and tin- sublime. The merit of thane li their 
obscurity, and it is <)mte sufficient if the author himself 
think- he understand! them. . . . There are five or six 
of us who have undertaken to Introduce ■ thorough 
ehaoge, and an will do an, la spite of Lop4 di 
Cerrantes, anil all the line irmUime who oivd at us." — 
liaise, Ml Ma*, v. U (1794). 

Fabrit'io, a merry soldier, the friend 
of captain Jac'omo the woman-hater. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Captain 
(1613). 

Face (1 s.y/.), alia* "Jeremy," house- 
servant of Lovewit. During the absence 
of his master, Face leagues with Subtle 
(the alchemist) and l)<d Common to turn 
a p>enny by alchemy, fortune-telling, and 
magic/ Subtle (a beggar who knew 
something about alchemy) was discovered 
by Face near Pye Corner. Assuming the 
philosopher's garb and wand, he called 
himself "doctor;" Face, arrogating the 
title of "captain," touted for dupes; 
while Dol Common kept the house, and 
aided the other two in their general 
scheme of deception. On the unexpected 
return of Lovewit, the whole thing blew 
up, but Face was forgiven, and continued 
in his place as house-servant. — Ben 
Jonson, The Alchemist (1010). 

Face Index of the Mind. 

Fair on the face [God] wrote the index of the mind. 
Phineas Fletcher. The Purple Island, v. (1G33). 

Facto'tum (Johannes), one employed 
to do all sorts of work for another ; one 
in whom another confides for all the odds 
and ends of his household management or 
business. 

He is an absolute Johannes Factotum, at least in his owu 
conceit.— ^Greene, Groat't-worth of Wit (15ir2). 

Faddle (William), a "fellow made 
up of knavery and noise, with scandal for 
wit and impudence for raillery. He was 
so needy that the very devil might have 
bought him for a guinea." Sir Charles 
Baymond says to him : 

" Thy life is a disgrace to humanity. A foolish prodigality 
makes thee needy ; need makes thee vicious ; and lioth 
make thee contemptible. Thy wit is prostituted to slander 
and buffoonery' ; and thyjiKkinent, if thou hast any, to 
meanness and villainy. Thy betters, that laugh with 
thee, laugh at thee ; and all the varieties of thy life are 
but pitiful rewards and painful abuses." — Ed. Moore, The 
Foundling, if. 2 (1748). 

Fa'dha (Al\ Mahomet's silver 
cuirass. 

Fad'ladeen, the great nazir' or 
chamberlain of Aurungze'be's harem. 
He criticizes the tales told to Lalla Rookh 
by a young poet on her way to Delhi, and 



FADLADINIDA. 



318 



FAIR PENITENT. 



great was his mortification to find that the 
poet was the young king his master. 

Fadladeen was a judge of everything, from the pencilling 
of a Circassian's eyelids to the deepest questions of science 
and literature; from the mixture of a conserve of rose 
leaves to the composition of ail epic poem.— T. Moore, 
Lalla KooJch (181?). 

Fadladin'ida, wife of king Chronon- 
hotonthologos. While the king is alive 
she falls in love with the captive king of 
the Antip'odes, and at the death of the 
king, when two suitors arise, she says, 
" Well, gentlemen, to make matters easy, 
I'll take you both." — H. Carey, Chronon- 
hotonthologos (a burlesque). 

Faery Queen, a metrical romance, in 
six books, of twelve cantos each, by 
Edmund Spenser (incomplete). 

Book I. The Red Cross Knight, 
the spirit of Christianity, or the victory of 
holiness over sin (1590). 

II. The Legend of Sir Guyon, the 
golden mean (1590). 

III. The Legend of Britomartis, 
chaste love. Britomartis is Diana or 
queen Elizabeth (1590). 

IV. Cambel and Triamond, fidelity 
(1596). 

V. The Legend of Sir Ar'tegal, 
justice (1596). 

VI. The Legend of Sir Calidore, 
courtesy (1596). 

*** Sometimes bk. vii., called Muta- 
bility, is added ; but only fragments of this 
book exist. 

Fafhis, the dragon with which Sigurd 
fights. — Sigurd the Horny (a German 
romance based on a Norse legend). 

Fag, the lying servant of captain 
Absolute. He " wears his master's wit, 
as he does his lace, at second hand." — 
Sheridan, The Rivals (1775). 

Faggot (Nicholas), clerk to Matthew 
Foxley, the magistrate who examined 
Darsie Latimer (i.e. sir Arthur Darsie 
Redgauntlet) after he had been attacked 
by rioters. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Faggots and Faggots (By a fagots 
et fagots), all things of the same sort are not 
equal in quality. In Moliere's Le Me'de- 
oin Malgre Lui, Sganarelle wants to show 
that his faggots are better than those of 
other persons, and cries out "Ayi but 
those faggots are not equal to mine." 

11 est vrai, messieurs, que je suis le premier homme du 
monde pour fain; des fagots . . . Je n'y epargne aucune 
ehose, et les fais d'une facon qu'il n'y a rien a dire. . . . 
II y a fagots et fagots.— Act i. 6 (166G). 

Fagin, an old Jew, who ornploys a 



gang of thieves, chiefly boys. These boys 
he teaches to pick pockets and pilfer 
adroitly. Fagin assumes a most suave 
and fawning manner, but is malicious, 
grasping, and full of cruelty. — C. Dickens, 
Oliver Twist (1837). 

Fainall, cousin by marriage to sir 
Wilful Witwould. He married a young, 
wealthy, and handsome widow, h\t the 
two were cat and dog to each other. The 
great aim of Fainall was to get into his 
possession the estates of his wife (settled 
on herself "in trust to Edward Mirabell "), 
but in this he failed. In outward sem- 
blance, Fainall was plausible enough, 
but he was a goodly apple rotten at the 
core, false to his friends, faithless to 
his wife, overreaching, and deceitful. 

Mrs. Fainall. Her first husband was 
Languish, son of lady Wishfort. Her 
second husband she both despised and 
detested. — W. Congreve, The Way of the 
World (1700). 

Thomas Davies [1710-1785J after a silence of fifteen 
years, performed the part of " Fainall." His expression 
was Garrick's, with all its fire quenched.— Bo aden. 

Fainasolis, daughter of Craca's 
king (the Shetland Isles). When Fingal 
was quite a young man, she fled to him 
for protection against Sora, but scarcely 
had he promised to take up her cause, 
when Sora landed, drew the bow, and she 
fell. Fingal said to Sora, "Unerring is 
thy hand, O Sora, but feeble was the 
foe." He then attacked the invader, and 
Sora fell.— Ossian, Fingal, iii. 

Faint Heart never Won Fair 
Lady, a line in a ballad written to the 
" Berkshire Lady," a Miss Frances Ken- 
drick, daughter of sir William Kendrick, 
second baronet. Sir William's father was 
created baronet by Charles II. The wooer 
was a Mr. Child, son of a brewer at 
Abingdon, to whom the lady sent a chal- 
lenge. 

Having read this strange relation, 
He was in a consternation ; 
But, advising with a friend, 
He persuades him to attend : 
" Be of courage and make ready, 
Faint heart never won fair lady." 

quarterly Reuiew, cvi. 205-245. 

Faint Heart never Won Fair Lady, 
name of a petit come'die brought out by 
Mde. Vestris at the Olympic. Mde. 
Vestris herself performed the part of the 
" fair lady." 

Fair Penitent (The), a tragedy by 
Rowe (1703). Cahsta was daughter of 
lord Sciol'to (3 syl.), and bride of lord 
Al'tamont. It was discovered on the 



FA114BK0TUEK. 



319 



FAKENIIAM GHOST. 



wedding day that she had been seduced 
by Lotha'rio. This led to a duel between 
the bridegroom and the libertine, in which 
Lothario was killed ; a 6treet riot ensued, 
in which Sciolto received his death- 
wound ; and Calista, "the fair penitent," 
stabbed herself. This drama is a mere 
r€chauff€oi Massinger's Fatal Dowry, 

%* For Fair Maids and Fair , see 

the proper name or titular name. 

Fairbrother (Mr.), counsel of Effie 
Deans at the trial.— Sir W. Scott, Heart 

of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Fairfax (Thomas lord), father of 
the duchess of Buckingham. — Sir W. 
Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

Fairfield, the miller, and father of 
Patty "the maid of the mill." An 
honest, straightforward man, grateful 
and modest. — Bickerstaff, The Maid of 
the Mill (1647). 

Fairford (Mr. Alexander or Saun- 
ders), a lawyer. 

Allan Fairford, a young barrister, son 
of Saunders, and a friend of Darsie 
Latimer. He marries Lilias Redgauntlet, 
sister of sir Arthur Darsie Kedgauntlet, 
called " Darsie Latimer." 

Peter Fairford, Allan's cousin. — Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Fairleigh (Frank), the pseudonym 
of F. E. Smedley, editor of Sharpe's 
London Magazine (1848, 1849). It was 
in this magazine that Smedley's two 
novels, Frank Fairleigh and Levels Arun- 
del, were first published. 

Fairlimb, sister of Bitelas, and 
daughter of Rukenaw the ape, in the 
beast-epic called Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Fair'scrieve (2 syL), clerk of Mr. 
James Middleburgh, a magistrate of 
Edinburgh. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

Fairserviee (Mr.), a magistrate's 
clerk.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

Fairserviee (Andrew), the humorous 
Scotch gardener of sir Hildebrand Os- 
baldistone, of Osbaldistone Hall. — Sir 
W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

O eerflowing with a humour as peculiar in its way as the 
humours of Andrew Fairserviee. — London Athenceum. 

Fair star (Princess), daughter of 
queen Blon'dina (who had at one birth 
two boys and a girl, all "with stars 
on their foreheads, and a chain of go7d 
about their necks"). On the same day, 



Blondina's sister Brunetta (wife of the 
king's brother) had a son, afterwards 
called ( liery. The <|iieen-iiiot her, wishing 
to destroy these four children, ordered 
Fein'tisa to strangle them, hut Feintisa 
sent them adrift in a boat, and told the 
queen-mother they were gone. It sc 
happened that the boal was seen by a 
corsair, who brought the children to his 
wife Cor'sina to bring up. The corsair 
60on grew immensely rich, because every 
time the hair of these children was 
combed, jewels fell from their heads. 
When grown up, these castaways went 
to the land of their royal father and his 
brother, but Chery was for a while em- 
ployed in getting for Fairstar (1) The 
dancing water, which had the gift of 
imparting beauty ; (2) The singing apple, 
which had the gift of imparting wit; 
and (3) The green bird, which could 
reveal all secrets. By this bird the story 
of their birth was made known, and 
Fairstar married her cousin Chery. — Com- 
tesse D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("Princess 
Fairstar," 1682). 

*** This tale is borrowed from the 
fairy tales of Straparola, the Milanese 
(1550). 

Faithful, a companion of Christian 
in his walk to the Celestial City. Both 
were seized at Vanity Fair, and Faithful, 
being burnt to death, was taken to heaven, 
in a chariot of fire. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's 
Progress, i. (1G78). 

Faithful (Jacob), the title and hero of a 
sea tale, by Captain Marry at (1835). 

Faithful (Father of the), Abraham 
— Rom. iv. ; Gal. iii. 6-9. 

Faithful Shepherdess (The), a 
pastoral drama by John Fletcher (1610). 
The "faithful shepherdess" is Cor'in, 
whose lover was dead. Faithful to his 
memory, Corin retired from the busy 
world, employing her time in works of 
humanity, such as healing the sick, exor- 
cizing the bewitched, and comforting the 
atfiicted. 

(A part of Milton's Comus is almost a 
verbal transcript of this pastoral.) 

Fakar (Dhul), Mahomet's scimitar. 

Fakenham Ghost (The). An old 
woman, walking to Fakenham, had to 
cross the churchyard after night-fall. 
She heard a short, quick step behind, and 
looking round saw what she fancied to 
be a four-footed monster. On she ran, 
faster and faster, and on came the patter- 



FAKREDDIN'S VALLEY. 



320 



FALSTAFF. 



ing footfalls behind. She gained the 
churchyard gate and pushed it open, but, 
ah! "the monster" also passed through. 
Every moment she expected it would 
leap 'upon her back. She reached her 
cottage door and fainted. Out came her 
husband with a lantern, saw the " sprite," 
which was no other than the foal of a 
donkey that had strayed into the park 
and followed the ancient dame to her 
cottage door. 

And many a laugh went through the vale, 

And some conviction, too ; 
Each thought some other goblin tale 

Perhaps was just as true. 

R. Bloomfield, The Fakenham Ghost (a fact). 

Fakreddin's Valley. Over the 
several portals of bronze were these in- 
scriptions : (1) The Asylum of Pil- 
grims ; (2) The Traveller's Refuge ; 
(3) The Depository of the Secrets 
of all the world. 

Falcon. Wm. Morris tells us that 
whoso watched a certain falcon for seven 
days and seven nights without sleeping, 
should have his first wish granted by a 
fay. A certain king accomplished the 
watching, and wished to have the fay's 
love. His wish was granted, but it 
proved his ruin. — The Earthly Paradise 
("July"). 

Falconer {Mr.), laird of Balma- 
whapple, a friend of the old baron of 
Bradwardine. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Falconer (Major), brother of lady 
Bothwell. — Sir W. Scott, Aunt Margaret's 
Mirror (time, William III.). 

Falconer (Edmund), the nom de plume of 
Edmund O'Rourke, author of Extremes 
or Men of the Day (a comedy, 1859). 

Faler'num or Falernus Ager, a 
district in the north of Campania, extend- 
ing from the Massic Hills to the river 
Vultur'nus (in Italy). This district was 
noted for its wines, called "Massic" or 
" Falernian," the best of which was 
"Faustianum." 

Then with water fill the pitcher 
Wreathed about with classic fable3 ; 

Ne'er Falernian threw a richer 
Light upon Lucullus' tables. 

Longfellow, Drinking Song. 

Falie'ro (Marino), the doge of 
Venice, an old man who married a young 
wife named Angioli'na (3 syl.). At a 
banquet, Michel Steno, a young patrician, 
grossly insulted some of the ladies, and 
was, by the order of the doge, turned out 
of the house. In revenge, Steno pla- 
carded the doge's chair with some scurri- 



lous verses upon the young dogaressa, 
and Faliero referred the matter to "the 
Forty." The council sentenced Steno to 
two months' imprisonment, and the doge 
deemed this punishment so inadequate to 
the offence, that he looked upon it as a 
personal insult, and headed a conspiracy 
to cut off, root and branch, the whofe 
Venetian nobility. The project being 
discovered, Faliero was put to death 
(1355), at the age of 76, and his picture 
removed from the gallery of his brother 
doges. — Byron, Marino Faliero. 

Falkland, an aristocratic gentleman, 
of a noble, loving nature, but the victim 
of false honour and morbid refinement of 
feeling. Under great provocation, he 
was goaded on to commit murder, but 
being tried was honourably acquitted, and 
another person was executed for the 
crime. Caleb Williams, a lad in Falk- 
land's service, accidentally became ac- 
quainted with these secret facts, but, 
unable to live in the house under the 
suspicious eyes of Falkland, he ran away. 
Falkland tracked him from place to place, 
like a blood-hound, and at length arrested 
him for robbery. The true statement 
now came out, and Falkland died of 
shame and a broken spirit. — W. Godwin, 
Caleb Williams (1794). (See Faulk- 

LAND.) 

*** This tale has been dramatized by 
G. Colman, under the title of The Iron 
Chest, in which Falkland is called " sir 
Edward Mortimer," and Caleb Williams 
is called "Wilford." 

False One (The), a tragedy bv 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1619). The 
subject is the amours of Julius Caesar and 
Cleopat'ra. 

Falsetto (Skjnor), a man who fawns 
on Fazio in prosperity, and turns his back 
on him when fallen into disgrace. — Dean 
Milman, Fazio (1815). 

FalstafF (Sir John), in The Merry 
Wives of Windsor, and in the two parts 
of Henry IV., by Shakespeare. In 
Henry V., his death is described by Mrs. 
Quickly, hostess of an inn in Easteheap. 
In the comedy, sir John is represented as 
making love to Mrs. Page, who "fools 
him to the top of her bent." In the 
historic plays, he is represented as a 
soldier and a wit, the boon companion of 
"Mad-cap Hal" (the prince of Wales). 
In both cases, he is a mountain of fat, 
sensual, mendacious, boastful, and fond of 
practical jokea 



FAMOUS. 



321 



FARINATA. 



In the king's army, "sir John" was 
captain, " Peto " lieutenant, " Pistol " 
ancient [ensign], and "Bardolph" cor- 
poral. 

0. R. Leslie says.: r ' Quin's ■ Falstaff' must have been 
glorious. Since (Jarrtck's time there have been more thun 
one ' Uichard,' ■ Hamlet,' ' Borneo.' ' Macbeth," and 
•Lear;' but since Quin [lii!tt-17tidj only one 'Falstair,' 
John llcuderuui [1747-1780J." 

(Robert William Elliston (1774-1831) 
was the best of all " Falstaff s." His was 
a wonderful combination of wit, humour, 
sensuality, and philosophy, but he was 
always the gentleman.) 

FalstafT, uniinitated, inimitable Falstaff, how shall 
1 describe thee? Thou compound of sense and vice : of 
sense which may be admired, but not esteemed ; of vice 
which may be despised, but hardly detested. " Fabtail" " 
is a character loaded with faults, and with Uiose fault* 
Which naturally produce contempt. He is a thief and a 
glutton, a coward and a boaster, always ready to cheat 
the weak and prey upon the poor, to terrify the timorous 
and insult the defenceless. At once obsequious and malig- 
nant, yet the man thus corrupt, thus despicable, makes 
himself necessary to the prince by perpetual gaiety, and 
by unfailing power of exciting laughter. — Dr. Johnson. 

Famous. " I woke one morning and 
found myself famous." So said Byron, 
after the publication of cantos i. and ii. 
of his Ckilde Harold (1812). 

Fanciful {Lady), a vain, conceited 
beauty, who calls herself "nice, strangely 
nice," and says she was formed " to make 
the whole creation uneasy." She loves 
Heartfree, a railer against woman, and 
when he proposes marriage to Belinda, a 
rival beauty, spreads a most impudent 
scandal, which, however, reflects only on 
herself. Heartfree, who at one time was 
partly in love with her, says to her : 

*' Nature made you handsome, gave you beauty to a 
miracle, a shape without a fault, wit enough to make 
them relish . . . but art has made you become the pity of 
our sex, and the jest of your own. There's not a feature 
in your face but you have found the way to teach it some 
affected convulsion. Your feet, your hands, your very 
finger-ends, are directed never to move without some 
ridiculous air, and your language is a suitable trumpet to 
draw people's eyes upon the raree-show " (act ii. 1).— Van- 
brugh. The Provoked Wife (1697). 

Fan-Fan, alias Phelin O'Tug, "a 
lolly-pop maker, and manufacturer of 
maids of honour to the court." This 
merry, shy, and blundering elf, concealed 
in a bear-skin, makes love to Christine, 
the faithful attendant on the countess 
Marie. Phelin O'Tug says his mother 
was too bashful ever to let him know her, 
and his father always kept in the back- 
ground. — E. Stirling, The Prisoner of 
State (1847). 

Fang, a bullying, insolent magistrate, 
who would have sent Oliver Twist to 
prison, on suspicion of theft, if Mr. 
Brownlow had not interposed on the 



bov's behalf.— C. Dickens, Oliver Twist, 
(1837). 

The original of this ill-tempered, bullying magistrate 
was Mr. Laing, of Hatte-u Garden, removed from the 
bench by the home secretary.— John Foster. Life of 
J)icke>u, iii. 4. 



two sheriff's 
Henry IV. 



Fang and Snare, 
officers. — Shakespeare, 2 

(151)8). 

Fanny (Lord). So John lord Her- 
vey was usually called by the wits of the 
time, in consequence of his effeminate 
habits. His appearand; was that of a 
"half wit, half foul, half man, half beau." 
He used rouge, drank ass's milk, and took 
Scotch pills (1G94-1743). 

Consult lord Fanny, and confide in Curll [publisher). 
Byron, Enylish Hards and Scotch lUviewers (130S). 

Fanny (Miss), younger daughter oi 
Mr. Sterling, a rich City merchant. She 
was clandestinely married to Lovewell. 
"Gentle-looking, soft-speaking, sweet- 
smiling, and affable," wanting "nothing 
but a crook in her hand and a lamb under 
her arm to be a perfect picture of inno- 
cence and simplicity." Every one loved 
her, and as her marriage was a secret, sir 
John Melvil and lord Ogleby both pro- 
posed to her. Her marriage with Love- 
well being ultimately made known, her 
dilemma was removed. — Column and 
Garrick, Tlie Clandestine Marriage (176G). 

Fan'teries (3 syl.), foot-soldiers, 
infantry. 

Five other bandes of English fanteries. 
G. Gascoigne, The Fruites of Warre, 15:! (died 1557). 

Faquir', a religious anchorite, whose 
life is spent in the severest austerities and 
mortification. 

He diverted himself, however . . . especially with the 
Brahmins, faquirs, and other enthusiasts who had tra- 
velled from the heart of India, and halted on their way 
with the emir.— W. Beckford, Vathek ^1786). 

Farceur (The), Angelo Beolco, the 
Italian 'farce-writer. Called Ruzzante in 
Italian, from ruzzare, "to play the fool" 
(1502-1542). 

Farina'ta [Degli Uberti], a noble 
Florentine, leader of the Ghibelline fac- 
tion, and driven from his country in 1250 
by the Guelfes (1 syl.). Some ten years 
later, by the aid of Mainfroi of Naples, 
he beat the Guelfes, and took all the 
towns of Tuscany and Florence. Dant§ 
conversed with him in the city of Dis, 
and represents him as lying in a fiery 
tomb yet open, and not to be closed till 
the last judgment day. When the council 
agreed to raze Florence to the ground, 



FARM-HOUSE. 



322 



FASTRADA. 



Farinata opposed the measure, and saved 
the city. Dante" refers to this : 

Lo ! Farinata ... his brow 
Somewhat uplifted, cried . . . 
" In that affray [i.e. at Montaperto, near the river 

Arbia] 
I stood not singly . . . 
But singly there I stood, when by consent 
Of all, Florence had to the ground been razed, — 
(The one who openly forbade the deed." 

Dantd, Inferno, x. (1300). 

Like Farinata from his fiery tomb. 

Longfellow, Dante. 

Farm-house {The). Modely and 
Heartwell, two gentlemen of fashion, 
come into the country and receive hospi- 
tality from old Farmer Freehold. Here 
they make love to his daughter Aura and 
his niece Flora. The girls, being high- 
principled, convert the flirtation of the 
two guests into love, and Heartwell 
marries the niece, while Modely proposes 
to Aura, who accepts him, provided he 
will wait two months and remain con- 
stant to her. — John Philip Kemble. 

Farmer G-eorge, George III. ; so 
called because he was like a farmer in 
dress, manners, and tastes (1738-1820). 

Farmer's Wife {The), a musical 
drama by C. Dibdin (1780). Cornflower, 
a benevolent, high-minded farmer, having 
saved Emma Belton from the flames of a 
house on fire, married her, and they lived 
together in love and peaco till sir Charles 
Courtly took a fancy to Mrs. Cornflower, 
and abducted her. She was soon tracked, 
and as it was evident that she was no 
particeps criminis, she was restored to her 
husband, and sir Charles gave his sister 
to Mrs. Cornflower's brother in marriage 
as a peace offering. 

Farnese Bull [Far. nay'. ze], a colos- 
sal group of sculpture, attributed to 
Apollonius and Tauriscus of Tralles, in 
Asia Minor. The group represents Dirce 
bound by Zethus and Amphi'on to the 
horns of a bull, for ill-using her mother. 
It was restored by Bianchi, in 1546, and 
placed in the Farnese palace, in Italy. 

Farnese Her'cules [Far.nay' .ze~\, 
a name given to Glykon's copy of the 
famous statue by Lysippos (a Greek sculp- 
tor in the time of Alexander "the Great"). 
It represents Hercules leaning on his 
club, with one hand on his back. The 
Farnese family became extinct in 1731. 

Fashion (Sir Brilliant), a man of the 
world, who "dresses fashionably, lives 
fashionably, wins your money fashion- 
ably, loses his own fashionably, and 
does everything fashionably." His fa- 



shionable asseverations are, "Let me 
perish, if . . . ! " " May fortune eter- 
nally frown on me, if . . . ! " " May I 
never hold four by honours, if . . . ! " 
" May the first woman I meet strike me 
with a supercilious eyebrow, if . . . ! " 
and so on. — A. Murphv, The Way to 
Keep Him (1760). 

Fashion (Tom) or "Young Fashion," 
younger brother of lord Foppington. As 
his elder brother did not behave well to 
him, Tom resolved to outwit him, and to 
this end introduced himself to sir Tun- 
belly Clumsy and his daughter, Miss 
Hoyden, as lord Foppington, between 
whom and the knight a negotiation of 
marriage had been carried on. Being 
established in the house, Tom married 
the heiress, and when the veritable lord 
appeared, he was treated as an impostor. 
Tom, however, explained his ruse, and as 
his lordship treated the knight with great 
contempt and quitted the house, a recon- 
ciliation was easily effected. — Sheridan, 
A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 

Fashionable lio-vev (The). LordAb- 
berville, a young man of 23 years of age, 
promises marriage to LucindaBridgemore, 
the vulgar, spiteful, purse-proud daughter 
of a London merchant, living in Fish Street 
Hill. At the house of this merchant lord 
Abberville sees a Miss Aubrey, a hand- 
some, modest, lady-like girl, with whom 
he is greatly smitten. He first tries to 
corrupt her, and then promises marriage ; 
biit Miss Aubrey is already engaged to a 
Mr. Tyrrel. The vulgarity and ill-nature 
of Lucinda being quite insurmountable, 
"the fashionable lover" abandons her. 
The chief object of the drama is to root 
out the prejudice which Englishmen at 
one time entertained against the Scotch, 
and the chief character is in reality Colin 
or Cawdie Macleod, a Scotch servant of 
lord Abberville.— R. Cumberland (1780). 

Fastolfe (Sir John), in 1 Henry VI. 
This is not the "sir John Falstaff" of 
huge proportions and facetious wit, but 
the lieutenant-general of the duke of 
Bedford, and a knight of the Garter. 

Here had the conquest fully been sealed up 

If sir John Fastolfe had not played the coward ; 

He being in the van ward . . . 

Cowardly tied, not having struck one stroke. 

Shakespeare, 1 Ilenry VI. act i. sc. 1 (15S9) 

From this hattell [of Pataie, in France] departed 
without anie stroke striken, sir John Fastolfe. . . . The 
duke of Bedford tooke from him the image of St George 
and his garter. — Holinshed, ii. 601. 

Fastra'da or Fastrade, daughter of 



FAT. 



323 



FATES. 



count Rodolph and Luitgarde. She was 
one of the nine wives of Charlemagne. 

Those same soft bells at even-tiile 
Kant; in the ears of Charlemagne, 

As sen to I by Fast ra. la's side. 

At [ngeUheim, In all his pride. 

He heard their sound with secret pain. 

Longfellow, Golden Legend, vL 

Fat (The). Alfonzo II. of Portugal 
(1185, 1212-1223). Charles II. (le Gros) 

of France (832-882). Louis VI. (le Gros) 
of France (1078, 1108-1137). 

Edward Bright of Essex weighed 44 
stone (G16 lbs.) at death (1720-1750). 
David Lambert of Leicester weighed 
above 52 stone (739 lbs.) at death (1770- 
1809). 

Fat Boy (The), Joseph or Joe, a lad 
of astounding obesity, whose employment 
consisted of alternate eating and sleeping. 
Joe was in the service of Mr. Wardle. 
He was once known to " burst into a 
horse laugh," and was once known to 
defer eating to say to Mary, " How nice 
you do look ! " 

This was said in an admiring manner, and was so far 
gratifying; but still there was enough of the cannibal in 
the young gentleman's eves to render the compliment 
doubtfuL— C. Dickens, Pickwick Papers, liv. (1836). 

Fata Alci'na, sister of Fata Morga'- 
na. She carried off Astolfo on the back 
of a whale to her isle, but turned him 
into a myrtle tree when she tired of him. 
■ — Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato (1495) ; 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Fata Ar'gea ("la reina della Fata"), 
protectress of Floridante. 

Fata Falsire'na, an enchantress in 
the Adone of Marini (1623). 

Fata della Fonti, an enchantress, 
from whom Mandricardo obtained the 
arms of Hector. — Bojardo, Orlando In- 
namorato (1495). 

Fata Morga'na, sister of Arthur 
and pupil of Merlin. She lived at the 
bottom of a lake, and dispensed her 
treasures to whom she willed. This fairy 
is introduced by Bojardo in his Orlando 
Innamorato, first as "lady Fortune," but 
subsequently as an enchantress. In Tasso 
her three daughters (Morganetta, Nivetta, 
and Carvilia) are introduced. 

*** "Fata Morgana" is the name 
given to a sort of mirage occasionally 
seen in the Straits of Messi'na. 

Fata ETera and Fata Bianca, 

protectresses of Guido'ne and Aquilante. 
— Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato (1495). 

Fata Silvanella, an enchantress in 
Orlando Innamorato, by Bojardo (1495). 



Fatal Curiosity, an epilogue in 
Don Quixote (pt. I. iv. 5, 6). The sub- 
ject of this tale is the trial of a wife'a 
fidelity. Anselmo, a Florentine gentle- 
man, had married Camilla, and wishing 
to rejoice over her incorruptible fidelity, 
induced his friend Lothario to put it to 
the test. The lady was not trial-proof, 
but eloped with Lothario. The end was 
that Anselmo died of grief, Lothario was 
slain in battle, and Camilla died in a 
convent (1605). 

Fatal Curiosit;/, by George Lillo. 
Young Wilmot, supposed to have perished 
at sea, goes to India, and having made 
his fortune, returns to England. He 
instantly visits Charlotte, whom he finds 
still faithful and devotedly attached to 
him, and then in disguise visits his 
parents, with whom he deposits a casket. 
Agnes Wilmot, out of curiosity, opens 
the casket, and when she discovers that 
it contains jewels, she and her husband 
resolve to murder the owner, and secure 
the contents of the casket. Scarcely have 
they committed the fatal deed," when 
Charlotte enters, and tells them it is their 
own son whom they Ffave killed, where- 
upon old Wilmot first* stabs his wife and 
then himself. Thus, was the. " curiosity " 
of Agnes fatal to herself, her husband, 
and her son (1736). 

Fatal Dowry ( The), a tragedy by 
Philip Massinger (1632). Bowe has" bor- 
rowed much of his Fair Penitent from 
this drama. 

Fatal Marriage (The), a tragedy 
by Thomas Southerne (1659-1746). Isa- 
bella a nun marries Biron eldest son of 
count Baldwin. The count disinherits 
his son for this marriage, and Biron, 
entering the army, is sent to the siege of 
Candy, where he is seen to fall, and is 
reported dead. Isabella, reduced, to the 
utmost poverty, after seven years of 
"widowhood," prays count Baldwin to 
help her and do something for her child, 
but he turns her out of doors. Villeroy 
(2 syl.) proposes marriage to her, and 
her acceptance of him was "the fatal 
marriage," for the very next day Biron 
returns, and is set upon by ruffians in the 
pay of his brother Carlos, who assassinate 
him. Carlos accuses Villeroy of the 
murder, but one of the ruffians impeaches, 
and Carlos is apprehended. As for Isa- 
bella, she stabs herself and dies. 

Fates. The three Fatal Sisters were 
Clo'tho, Lachesis \Lak'.e.sis~\, and At'- 



FATHER— SON. 



324 



FATIMA. 



ropos. They dwelt in the deep abyss of 
Demogorgon, "with unwearied fingers 
drawing out the threads of life." Clotho 
held the spindle or distaff ; Lachesis 
drew out the thread ; and Atropos cut it 
off. 

Sad Clotho held the rock, the whiles the thread 
By grisly Lachesis was spun with pain, 

That cruel Atropos eftsoon undid. 

With cursed knife cutting the twist in twain. 

Spenser, Faiiry Queen, iv. 2 (1596). 

Father — Son. It is a common ob- 
servation that a father above the common 
rate of men has usually a son below it. 
Witness king John son of Henry II. ; 
Edward II. son of Edward I. ; Richard II. 
son of the Black Prince ; Henry VI. son 
of Henry V. ; Lord Chesterfield's son, 
etc. So in French history : Louis VIII. 
was the son of Philippe Auguste ; Charles 
the Idiot was the son of Charles le Sage ; 
Henri II. of Francois I. Again, in Ger- 
man history : Heinrich VI. was the son 
of Barbarossa ; Albrecht I. of Rudolf ; 
and bo on, in all directions. Herownfilii 
noxce is a Latin proverb. 

My trust, 
Like a good parent, did beget of him 
A falsehood, in its contrary as great 
As my trust was. 
Shakespeare, The Tempest, act i. sc. 2 (1609). 

Father Suckled by His own 
Daughter. Euphrasia, called "The 
Grecian Daughter," thus preserved the 
life of her father Evander in prison. 
(See Euphrasia.) 

Xantippe thus preserved the life of her 
father Cimonos in prison. 

Father's Head Kursed by a 
Daughter after Death. Margaret 
Roper "clasped in her last trance her mur- 
dered father's head." (See Daughter.) 

Father of His Country. 

Cicero, who broke up the Catiline 
conspiracy (b.c. 106-48). 

*** The Romans offered the same title 
to Marius after his annihilation of the 
Teutones and Cimbri, but he would not 
accept it. 

Julius Caesar, after he had quelled 
the Spanish insurrection (b.c. 100-44). 

Augustus, Pater atque Princeps (b.c. 
63-31 to a.d. 14). 

Cosmo de Medici (1389-1464). 

Andria Dorea ; called so on his 
statue at Genoa (1468-1560). 

Androni'cus Pal^scl'ogus assumed 
the title (1260-1332). 

Geo roe Wash i ngton, ' ' Defender and 
Paternal Counseller of the American 
States" (1732-1799). 



Father of the People. 

Louis XII. of France (1462, 1498- 
1515). 

Henri IV. of France, "The Father 
and Friend of the People " (1553, 1589- 
1610). 

Louis XVIII. of France (1755, 1814- 
1824). 

Gabriel du Pineau, a French lawyer 
(1573-1644). 

Christian III. of Denmark (1502, 
1534-1559). 

*** For other " Fathers," see under 
the specific name or vocation, as Botany, 
Literature, and so on. 

Fathers (Last of the), St. Bernard 
(1091-1153). 

*** The "Fathers of the Church" 
were followed by " the Schoolmen." 

Fatherless. Merlin never had a 
father; his mother was a nun, the 
daughter of the king of Dimetia. 

Fathom (Ferdinand count), a villain 
who robs his benefactors, pillages any 
one, and finally dies in misery and 
despair. — T. Smollett, The Adventures of 
Ferdinand count Fathom (1754). 

(The gang being absent, an old bel- 
dame conveys the count to a rude apart- 
ment to sleep in. Here he found the 
dead body of a man lately stabbed and 
concealed in some straw ; and the account 
of his sensations during the night, the 
horrid device by which he saved his life 
(by lifting the corpse into his own bed), 
and his escape guided by the hag, is ter- 
rifically tragic.) 

The robber-scene in the old woman's hut, in Count 
Fatkom, though often imitated since, still remains one of 
the most impressive and agitating night-pieces of its kind. 
— Fncyc. Brit., Art. "Romance." 

Fatima, daughter of Mahomet, and 
one of t>he four perfect women. The 
other three are Khadijah, the prophet's 
first wife ; Mary, daughter of Imran ; 
and Asia, wife of that Pharaoh who was 
drowned in the Red Sea. 

Fat'ima, a holy woman of China, 
who lived a hermit's life. There was 
"no one affected with headache whom 
she did not cure by simply laying her 
hands on them." An African magician 
induced this devotee to lend him her 
clothes and stick, and to make hiin the 
fae-simile of herself. He then murdered 
her, and got introduced into the palace of 
Aladdin. Aladdin, being informed of the 
trick, pretended to have a bad headache, 
and when the false Fatima approached 
under the pretence of curing it, ha 



FATIMA. 



FAZIO. 



plunged a dagger into the heart of the 
magician and killed him. — Arabian Night* 
(" Aladdin or the Wonderful Lamp"). 

Fat'ima, the mother of prince Camaral'- 
xaman. Her husband was Schah'zaman 
6ultan of the " Isle of the Children of 
Khal'edan, some twenty days' sail from 
the coast of Persia, in the open sea." — 
Arabian Aiights (" Camarakaman and 
Badoura"). 

Fat'ima, the last of Bluebeard's wives. 
She was saved from death by the timely 
arrival of her brothers with a party of 
friends. — C. Perrault, Cuntes de Fees 
(1697). 

Fat'imite (3 syl.). Ttie Third Fatimite, 
the caliph Hakem B'amr-ellah, who 
professed to be incarnate deity, and the 
last prophet who had communication 
between God and man. He was the 
founder of the Druses (q.v.). 

What say you does this wizard style himself— 
Hakeem Biamrallah, the Third Fatimite! 

Eobt. Browning, The Return of the J>rutet. Y. 

Faulconbridge (Philip), called "the 
Bastard," natural son of king Richard I. 
and lady Robert Faulconbridge. An 
admirable admixture of greatness and 
levity, daring and recklessness. He was 
generous and open-hearted, but hated 
foreigners like a true-born islander. — 
Shakespeare, King John (1596). 

Faulkland, the over-anxious lover 
of Julia [Melville'], always fretting and 
tormenting himself about her whims, 
spirit, health, life. Every feature in the 
sky, every shift of the wind was a source 
of anxiety to him. If she was gay, he 
fretted that she should care so little for 
his absence ; if she was low-spirited, he 
feared she was going to die ; if she 
danced with another, he was jealous ; if 
she didn't, she was out of sorts. — Sheri- 
dan, The Hivals (1775). 

Fault. "Faultily faultless, icily 
regular, splendidly null." Tennyson so 
describes his " Maud." 

Fault-bag. A fable says that every 
man has a bag hanging before him in 
which he puts his neighbours' faults, and 
another behind him in which he stows 
his own. 

Oh that you could turn your eye? towards the napes cf 
your necks, and make but an interior survey of your good 
selves! — Shakespeare, CorioLuittt act i.L.sc 1 (1609). 

Faultless Painter (The), Andrea 
del Sarto (1488-1530).— R. Browning, 
Andrea del Sarto. 



Faun. Tennyson uses this sylvan 
deity of the classics as the symbo* of a 
drunkard. 

Arise and fly 
The reeling Faun, the sensual feast 

In Mcmoriam, atviii 

Faust, a famous magician of the six- 
teenth century, a native of Suabia. A 
rich uncle having left him a fortune, 
Faust ran to every excess, and when his 
fortune was exhausted, made a pact with 
the devil (wlio assumed the name of 
Mephistoph'elGs, and the appearance of a 
little grey monk) that if he might in- 
dulge his propensities freely for twenty- 
four years, he would at the end of that 
period consign to the devil both body and 
soul. The compact terminated in 1550, 
when Faust disappeared. His sweetheart 
was Margheri'ta [Jlan/aret], whom he 
seduced, and his faithful servant was 
Wagner. 

Goethe has a noble tragedy entitled 
Faust (179K) ; Gounod an opera called 
Faust eMargherita (1859). (See Faustus.) 

Faustus (Dr.), the same as Faust; 
but Marlowe, in his admirable tragedy, 
makes the doctor sell himself to Luciier 
and Mephistophilis. 

When Faustus stands on the brink of everlasting ruin, 
waiting for tue fatal moment . . . a scene of enchanting 
Interest, fervid passion, and overwhelming pathos, carrier 
captive the sternest heart, and proclaims the tirst triumph 
of the tragic poet.— K. Chambers, Eiujlitli Literature, i. 
171. 

\* W. Bayle Bernard, of Boston, 
U.S. America, has a tragedy on the same 
subject. 

Favori'ta (La), Leonora de Guzman, 
" favourite " of Alfonzo XI. of Castile. 
Ferdinando fell in love with her ; and the 
king, to save himself from excommunica- 
tion, sanctioned the marriage. But when 
Ferdinando learned that Leonora was the 
king's mistress, he rejected the alliance 
with indignation, and became a monk. 
Leonora also became a novice in the same 
monastery, saw Ferdinando, obtained his 
forgiveness, and died. — Donizetti, La. 
Favor ita (an opera, 1842). 

Faw (Tibbie), the ostler's wife, in 
Wandering Willie's tale. — Sir W. Scott, 
Eedgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Faw'nia, the lady beloved by Doras- 
tus. — R. Greene, Fandosto, the "Triumph 
of Time (1588). 

*** Skakespeare founded his Winter's 
Tale on Greene's romance. 

Fazio, a Florentine, who first tried to 
make a fortune by alchemy, but being 



FEA. 



326 



FEINAIGLE. 



present when Bartoldo died, lie buried 
the body secretly, and stole the miser's 
money-bags. Being now rich, he passed 
his time with the marchioness Aldabella 
in licentious pleasure, and his wife 
Bianca, out of jealousy, accused him to 
the duke of being privy to Bartoldo's 
death. For this offence Fazio was con- 
demned to die ; and Bianca, having tried 
in vain to save him, went mad with grief, 
and died of a broken heart. — Dean Mil- 
man, Fazio (1815). 

Fea (Euphane), the old housekeeper 
of the old udaller at Burgh- Westra. (A 
"udaller" is one who holds land by 
allodial tenure.)— Sir W. Scott, The 
Pirate (time, William III.). 

Fear Portress, nearSaragossa. An 
allegorical bogie fort, conjured np by 
fear, which vanishes as it is courageously 
approached and boldly besieged. 

If a ehild disappeared, or any cattle were carried off, 
the frightened peasants said, " The lord of Fear Fortress 
has taken them." If a fire broke out anywhere, it was 
the lord of Fear Fortress who must have lit it. The origin 
of all accidents, mishaps, and disasters, was traced to the 
mysterious owner of this invisible castle. — L'Epine, 
Croquemitaine, iii. 1. 

Fearless {The), Jean due de Bour- 
goigne, called Sans Peur (1371-1419). 

Feast of Reason, etc. 

There St. John mingles with the friendly bowl, 
The feast of reason and the flow of soul. 
Pope, Sat., i. ( "Imitations of Horace "), 127-8 (1734). 

Feast— Death. "Let us eat and 
drink, for to-morrow we die " (1 Cor. xv. 
32), in allusion to the words spoken in 
certain Egyptian feasts, when a mummy 
or the semblance of a dead body was 
drawn in a litter round the room before 
the assembled guests, while a herald cried 
aloud, "Gaze here, and drink, and be 
merry ; for when you die, such will you 
be." (See Remember You are 
Mortal.) 

*** E. Long (Academician) exhibited 
a painting (12 feet by 6 feet) of this 
custom, in the Royal Academy exhibi- 
tion, 1877. 

Featherhead (John), Esq., an op- 
ponent of sir Thomas Kittlecoiirt, M.P. — 
Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Fee and Fairy. Fee is the more 
general term, including the latter. The 
Arabian Nights are not all fairy tales, 
but they are all fee tales or contes des fe'es. 
So again, the Ossianic tales, Campbell's 
Tales of the West Highlands, ttie my- 
thological tales of the Basques, Irish, 



Scandinavians, Germans, French, etc., 
may all be ranged under fee tales. 

Feeble (Francis), a woman's tailor, 
and one of the recruits of sir John Fal- 
staff. Although a thin, starveling yard- 
wand of a man, he expresses great 
willingness to be drawn. Sir John com- 
pliments him as " courageous Feeble," 
and says to him, " Thou wilt be as 
valiant as the wrathful dove, or most 
magnanimous mouse . . . most forcible 
Feeble." — Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act 
iii. sc. 2 (1598). 

Feeder (Mr.), B.A., usher in the 
school of Dr. Blimber of Brighton. He 
was ' ' a kind of human barrel-organ, which 
played only one tune." He was in the 
habit of shaving his head to keep it cool. 
Mr. Feeder married Miss Blimber, the 
doctor's daughter, and succeeded to the 
school. — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son 
(1846). 

Feenix, nephew of the Hon. Mrs. 
Skewton (mother of Edith, Mr. Dombey's 
second wife). Feenix was a very old 
gentleman, patched up to look as much 
like a young fop as possible. 

Cousin Feenix was a man about town forty years ago ; 
but he is still so juvenile in figure and manner that 
strangers are amazed when they discover latent wrinkles 
in his lordship's face, and crows' feet in his eyes. But 
cousin Feenix getting up at half-past seven, is quite 
another thing from cousin Feenix got up.— C. Dickens. 
Dombey and Son, xxxi. (1846). 

Feet like Mice. 

Her feet beneath her petticoat. 
Like little mice stole in and out, 
As if they feared the light. 
Sir John Suckling, The Wedding (died 1641). 

Feignwell (Colonel), the suitor of 
Anne Lovely, an heiress. Anne Lovely 
had to obtain the consent of her four 
guardians before she could marry. One 
was an old beau, another a virtuoso, a 
third a broker on 'Change, and the fourth 
a canting quaker. The colonel made him- 
self agreeable to all, and carried off his 
prize. — Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold Stroke for 
a Wife (1717). 

Andrew Cherry [1769-1812J His first character was 
" colonel Feignwell," an arduous task for a boy of 17 ; but he 
obtained great applause, and the manager of the sharing 
company, after passing many encomiums on his exertions, 
presented him vrith tenpence halfpenny, as his dividend 
of the profits of the night's performance.— Percy, Anec- 
dote*. 

Feinai'gle (Gregory de), a German 
mnemonist (1765-1820). He obtained 
some success by his aids to memory, but 
in Paris he was an object of ridicule. 

Her memory was a mine . . . 

For her Feinaigio's was a useless art. 

Byron, Don Juan, i. 11 (1819. 



FELICE. 



327 



FENELLA. 



Felice, wife of sir Guy of Warwick, 
6aid to have " the same high forehead as 
Venus." 

Felic'ian {Father), the catholic priest 
and schoolmaster of Grand Pre, in Acadia 
(now called Nova Scotia). He accom- 
panied Evangeline in part of her wander- 
ings to find Gabriel her affianced husband. 
— Longfellow, Evangeline (1849). 

Felicians {The), the happy nation. 
The Felicians live under a free sovereignty, 
where the laws are absolute. Felicia 
is the French "Utopia." — Mercier de la 
Riviere, VHeureuse Nation (1767). 

Feliciano de Sylva, don Quixote's 
favourite author. The two following 
extracts were in his opinion unsurpassed 
and unsurpassable : — 

The reason, most adored one, of your unreasonable 
unreasonableness hath so unreasonably unseated my 
reason, that I have no reasonable reason for reasoning 
against such unreasonableness. 

The bright heaven of your divinity that lifts you to the 
stars, most celestial of women, renders you deserving 
of every desert which your charms so deservedly deserve. 
—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 8 (1605). 

Felix, a monk who listened to the 
singing of a milk-white bird for a hundred 
years ; which length of time seemed to 
him "but a single hour," so enchanted 
was he with the song. — Longfellow, The 
Golden Legend. (See also Hildesheim.) 

Felix {Don), son of don Lopez. He 
was a Portuguese nobleman, in love with 
Violante ; but Violante's father, don Pedro, 
intended to make her a nun. Donna 
Isabella, having fled from home to avoid 
a marriage disagreeable to her, took 
refuge with Violante ; and when colonel 
Briton called at the house to see donna 
Isabella, her brother don Felix was 
jealous, believing that Violante was the 
object of his visits. Violante kept " her 
friend's secret," even at the risk of losing 
her lover ; but ultimately the mystery 
was cleared up, and a double marriage 
took place. — Mrs. Centlivre, The Wonder 
(1714). 

Felix {M. Minucius), a Roman lawyer, 
who flourished a.d. 230 ; he wrote a 
dialogue entitled Octavius, which occupies 
a conspicuous place among the early 
Apologies of Christianity. 

Like Menucius Felix, she believed that evil demons hid 
themselves in the marbles [statues]- — Ouida, Ariadne, 
1.9. 

Felix {St.), of Burgundy, who converted 
Sigbert (Sigebert or Sabert) king of the 



East Saxons (a.d. 604). — Ethelwerd, 
Chronicles, v. 

So Burgundy to us three men most reverend bare . . . 
Of which was Felix first, who in tli' East Saxon reign 
Converted to the faith kin- Sigbert Him again 
Ensueth Aiiselm . . . and Hugh . . . [bishop of Lincoln^ 
Drayton, I'olyolbion, xxiv. (1G22). 

FeTixmar'te (4 syl.) of Hyrcania, 
son of Flo'risan and Martedi'na, the hero 
of a Spanish romance of chivalry. The 
curate in Don Quixote condemned this 
work to the flames. — Melchior de Orteza, 
Caballero de UMda (1566). 

Fell {Dr.). Tom Brown, being in dis- 

grace, was set by Dr. Fell, dean of Christ 
hurch (1625-1686), to translate the 
thirty-third epigram of Martial. 

Non omo te, Zabtdi, nee possum dicere quare ; 
Hoc tantum possur^ dicere, non anio te. 

Which he rendered thus : 

I do not like thee, Dr. Fell— 
The reason why I cannot tell ; 
But this I know, and know full well, 
I do not like thee, Dr Fell. 

Feltham {Black), a highwayman 
with captain Colepepper or Peppercull 
(the Alsatian bully). — Sir W. Scott, 
Fo?-tunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Penuries Savantes {Lcs), women 
who go in for women's rights, science, 
and philosophy, to the neglect of 
domestic duties and wifely amenities. 
The " blue-stockings "are (1) Philaminte 
(3 syl.) the mother of Henriette, who 
discharges one of her servants because she 
speaks bad grammar ; (2) Armande(2s#/.) 
sister of Henriette, who advocates platonic 
love and science ; and (3) Be'lise sister 
of Philaminte, who sides with her in aU 
things, but imagines that every one is in 
love with her. Henriette, who has no 
sympathy with these "lofty flights," is 
in love with Clitandre, but Philaminte 
wants her to marry Trissotin, a bel esprit. 
However, the father loses his property 
through the "savant" proclivities of his 
wife, Trissotin retires, and Clitandre 
marries Henriette the "perfect" or 
thorough woman. — Moliere, Les Femrnes 
Savantes (1672). 

Fenella, alias Zarah (daughter of 
Edward Christian), a pretended deaf and 
dumb fairy-like attendant on the countess 
of Derby. The character seems to have 
been suggested by that of Mignon, the 
Italian girl in Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's 
Apprenticeship. — SirW. Scott, Fever il of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Let it be tableaux vivants, and I will appear as ' ' Fenella. " 
— Percy Fitzgerald, farvenu Family, iU. 224. 



FENELLA. 



328 



FERGUS. 



Fenella, a deaf and dumb girl, sister 
of Masaniello the fisherman. She was 
seduced by Alfonso, son of the duke of 
Arcos ; and Masaniello resolved to kill 
him. He accordingly headed an insur- 
rection, and met with such great success 
that the mob made him chief magistrate 
of Portici, but afterwards shot him. 
Fenella, on hearing of her brother's death, 
threw herself into the crater of Vesuvius. 
— Auber, Masaniello (an opera, 1831) . 

Fenrir, the demon wolf of Niflheim. 
When he gapes one jaw touches the earth 
and the other heaven. This monster will 
swallow up Odin at the day of doom. 
(Often but incorrectly written Fenris.) — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Fenton, the lover of Anne Page, 
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Page, gentle- 
folks living at Windsor. Fenton is of 
good birth, and seeks to marry a fortune 
to "heal his poverty." In " sweet Anne 
Page" he soon discovers that which 
makes him love her for herself more than 
for her money — Shakespeare, Merry 
Wives of Windsor, act iii. sc. 4 (1601). 

Ferad-Artho, son of Cairbre, and 
only surviving descendant of the line of 
Conar (the first king of Ireland). On 
the death of Cathmor (brother of the 
rebel Cairbar) in battle, Ferad-Artho was 
placed by Fingal on the throne as " king 
of Ireland." The race was thus : (1) 
Conar (a Caledonian) ; (2) CormacL, his 
son ; (3) Cairbre, his son ; (4) Artho, his 
son ; (5) Cormac II., his son (a minor) ; 
(6) Ferad-Artho, his cousin. — Ossian, 
Temora, vii. 

Fer'amorz, the young Cashmerian 
poet who relates poetical tales to Lalla 
Rookh on her journey from Delhi to 
Lesser Buchana. Lalla is going to be 
married to the young sultan, but falls in 
love with the poet. On the wedding 
morn she is led to her bridegroom, and 
finds with unspeakable joy that the poet 
is the sultan himself. — T. Moore, Lalla 
Rookh (1817). 

Ferda, son of Damman, chief of a 
hundred hills in Albion. Ferda was the 
friend of Cuthullin general of the Irish 
forces in the time of king Cormac I. 
Deuga'la (spouse of Cairbar) loved the 
youth, and told her husband if he would 
not divide the herd she would no longer 
livewithhim. Cuthullin, being appointed 
to make the division, enraged the lady by 
assigning a snow-white bull to the 
husband, whereupon Deugala induced 



her lover to challenge Cuthullin to mortal 
combat. Most unwillingly the two 
friends fought, and Ferda fell. "The 
sunbeam of battle fell — the first of 
Cuthullin's friends. Unhappy \unlucky~\ 
is the hand of Cuthullin since the hero 
fell." — Ossian, Fingal, ii. 

Ferdinand, king of Navarre. He 
agreed with three young lords to spend 
three years in severe study, during which 
time no woman was to approach his 
court ; but no sooner was the agreement 
made than he fell in love with the 
princess of France. In consequence of 
the death of her father, the lady deferred 
the marriage for twelve months and a 
day. 

... the sole inheritor 
Of all perfections that a man may owe [pvm\ 
Matchless Navarre. 

Shakespeare, Love'* Labour's Lost (1594). 

Fer'dinand, son of Alonso king of 
Naples. He falls in love with Miranda, 
daughter of Prospero the exiled duke 
of Milan. — Shakespeare, The Tempest 
(1609). 

Haply so 
Mirander's hope had pictured Ferdinand 
.long ere the gaunt wave tossed him on the shore. 
LowelL 

Ferdinand, a fiery young Spaniard, in 
love with Leonora.— Jephson, Two Strings 
to your Bow (1792). 

Ferdinand (Don), the son of don 
Jerome of Seville, in love with Clara 
d'Almanza, daughter of don Guzman. — 
Sheridan, The Duenna (1773). 

Ferdinan'do, a brave soldier who, 
having won the battle of Tari'fa, in 1340, 
was created count of Zamo'ra and marquis 
of Montreal. . The king, Alfonzo XL, 
knowing his love for Leonora de Guzman, 
gave him the bride in marriage ; but no 
sooner was this done than Ferdinando 
discovered that she was the king's 
mistress, so he at once repudiated her, 
restored his ranks and honours to the 
king, and retired to the monastery of St. 
James de Compostella. Leonora entered 
the same monastery as a novice, obtained 
the pardon of Ferdinando, and died. — 
Donizetti, La Favor i'ta (1842). 

Fergus, fourth son of Fingai, and 
the only one that had issue at the death of 
his father. Ossian, the eldest brother, had 
a son named Oscar, but Oscar was slain at 
a feast by Cairbar " lord of Atha ; " and 
of the other two brothers, Fillan was slain 
before he had married, and Ryno, though 
married, died without issue t 



FERGUS. 



FERRARDO. 



According to tradition, Fergus (son of 
Fingal) wad the father of Congal ; Congal 

of Arcath; and Arcath of Fergus II., 
•with whom begins the real history of the 
Scots. — Ossian. 

Fergus, son of Rossa, a brave hero in 
the army of Cuthullin general of the 
Irish tribes. 

Fergus, first in our joy .it the feast ; son of Rossa ; arm 
of death. — Ossian, fingal, i. 

Fer'gus is another form of Ferr&gus or 
Ferracute, the Portuguese giant. (See 
Fehracute.) 

Fern (Fanny), the pseudonym of Sarah 
Payson Willis, afterwards Eldredge, 
afterwards Farmington, afterwards Par- 
ton, sister of N. P. Willis, an American 
(1811-1872). 

Fern (Will), a poor fellow who, being 
found asleep in a shed, is brought before 
alderman Cute. He says emphatically 
"he must be put down." The poor 
fellow takes charge of his brother's child, 
and is both honest and kind, but, alas ! 
he dared to fall asleep in a shed, an 
offence which must be "put down." — C. 
Dickens, The Chimes, third quarter 
(1844). 

Fernan Cabal lero, the pseudonym 
of Cecilia Bohl de Faber, a Spanish 
novelist (1797-1877). 

Fernando, son of John of Procida, 
and husband of Isoline (3 st/l.) daughter 
of the French governor of Messina. The 
butchery of the Sicilian Vespers occurred 
the night after their espousals. Fernando 
was among the slain, and Isoline died of 
a broken heart. — S. Knowles, John of 
Procida (1840). 

Fernando (Don), youngest son of the 
duke Ricardo. Gay, handsome, generous, 
and polite ; but faithless to his friend Car- 
denio, for, contrary to the lady's inclina- 
tion, and in violation of every principle 
of honour, he prevailed on Lucinda's 
father to break off the betrothal between 
his daughter and Cardenio, and to hestow 
the lady on himself. On the wedding 
day Lucinda was in a swoon, and a letter 
informed, the bridegroom that she was 
married already to Cardenio ; she then left 
the house privately, and retired to a con- j 
vent. Don Fernando, having entered the 
convent, carried her off, but stopping at 
an inn, found there Dorothea his wife, 
with Cardenio the husband of Lucinda, and 
the two parties paired off with their re- 



spective spouses. — Cervantes, DonQuixote* 
I. iv. (1005). 

Fernan'do, a Venetian captain, servant 
to Annophel (daughter of the governor of 
Candy).— Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
La>cs of Candy (1G47). 

-Fcrnrtn'c/o[Fi.ouKSTAN], a State prisoner 
of Seville, married to Leonora, who (in 
boy's attire and under the name of Fidelio) 
became the servant of Rocco the jailer. 
Pizarro, governor of the jail, conceived a 
hatred to the State prisoner, and resolved 
to murder him, so Rocco and Leonora 
were sent to dig his grave. The arrival 
of the minister of state put an end to the 
infamous design, and Fernando was set 
at liberty. — Beethoven, Fidelio (1791). 

Femey (The Patriarch of), Voltaire ; 
so called because he lived in retirement 
at Ferney, near Geneva (1G94-1778). 

Ferquhard Day, the absentee from 
the clan Chattan at the combat. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). J 

Fer'racute, a giant who had the 
strength of forty men, and was thirty-six 
feet high. He was slain by Orlando, 
who wounded him in the navel, his only 
vulnerable part. — Turpin, Chronicle of 
Charlemagne. 

%* Ferracute is the prototype of 
Pulci's "Morgante," in his heroi-comic 
poem entitled Morgante Maggiore (1494). 

Fer'ragus, the Portuguese giant, who 
took Bellisaat under his care after her 
divorce from Alexander emperor of Con- 
stantinople. — Valentine and Orson (fif- 
teenth century). 

My sire's tall form might grace the part 
Of Ferragus or Ascapart. 

Sir W. Scott 

Fer'ramond (Sir), a knight, whose 
lady-love was Luclda. 

Ferrand de Vaudemont (Count), 
due de Lorraine, son of Rene king of 
Provence. He first appears disguised as 
Laurence Neipperg. — Sir W. Scott. Anne 
of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Ferrardo [Gonzaga], reigning duke 
of Mantua in the absence of his cousin 
Leonardo. He was a villain, and tried to 
prove Mariana (the bride of Leonardo) 
guilty of adultery. His scheme was this : 
He made Julian St. Pierre drunk with 
drugged wine, and in his sleep conveyed 
him to the duke's bed, throwing his scarf 
under the bed of the duchess, which was 
in an adjoining chamber. He then re- 



FEKRAU. 



330 



FIDELIO. 



vealed these proofs of guilt to his cousin 
Leonardo, but Leonardo refused to believe 
in his wife's guilt, and Julian St. Pierre 
exposed the whole scheme of villainy, 
amply vindicating the innocence of 
Mariana, who turned out to be Julian's 
sister.— S. Knowles, The Wife (1833). 

Ferrau, a Saracen, son of Landfu'sa. 
Having dropped his helmet in a river, he 
vowed never to wear another till he won 
that worn by Orlando. Orlando slew him 
by a wound in the navel, his only vul- 
nerable part. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Ferraugh (Sir), introduced in bk. iii. 
8, but without a name, as carrying off 
the false Florimel from Braggadoccio. 
In bk. iv. 2, the name is given. He 
is there overthrown by sir Blanda- 
mour, who takes away with him the false 
Florimel, the lady of snow and wax. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen (1590, 1596). 

Ferret, an avaricious, mean-spirited 
slanderer, who blasts by innuendoes, and 
blights by hints and cautions. He hates 
young Heartall, and misinterprets all his 
generous acts, attributing his benevolence 
to hush-money. The rascal is at last 
found out and foiled. — Cherry, The 
Soldier's Daughter (1804). 

Ferrex, eldest son of Gorboduc a 
legendary king of Britain. Being driven 
by. his brother Porrex from the kingdom, 
he returned with a large army, but was 
defeated and slain by Porrex. — Gorboduc, 
a tragedy by Thorn. Norton and Thorn. 
Sackville (1561). 

Fetnab (" tormentor of hearts"), the 
favouriteof the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid. 
While the caliph was absent in his wars, 
Zobeide (3 syl.), the caliph's wife, out of 
jealousy, ordered Fetnab to be buried alive. 
Ganem happened accidentally to see the 
interment, rescued her, and took her 
home to his own private lodgings in 
Bagdad. The caliph, on his return, 
mourned for Fetnab as dead ; but receiving 
from her a letter of explanation, he became 
jealous of Ganem, and ordered him to be 
put to death. Ganem, however, contrived 
to escape. When the 'fit of jealousy was 
over, the caliph heard the facts plainly 
stated, whereupon he released Fetnab, 
gave her in marriage to Ganem, and 
appointed the young, man to a very lucra- 
tive post about the court. — Arabian Nights 
(" Ganem, the Slave of Love "). 

Fe'zon, daughter of Savary duke of 



Aquitaine. The Green Knight, Avho was 
a pagan, demanded her in marriage, but 
Orson (brother of Valentine), called "The 
Wild Man of the Forest," overthrew 
the pagan and married Fezon. — Valentine 
and Orson (fifteenth century). 

Fiammetta, a lady beloved by Boc- 
caccio, supposed to be Maria, daughter of 
Robert king of Naples. (See Lovers.) 
(Italian, fiamma, " a little flame.") 

Fib, an attendant on queen Mab. — 
Drayton, Nymphidia. 

Fiction. Father of Modern Prose 
Fiction, Daniel Defoe (1663-1731). 

Fiddler (Oliver's). Sir Roger l'Es- 
trange was so called, because at one time 
he was playing a fiddle or viole in the 
house of John Hingston, where Crom- 
well was one of the guests (1616-1704). 

Fiddler Joss, Mr. Joseph Poole, a 
reformed drunkard, who subsequently 
turned preacher in London, but retained 
his former sobriquet. 

Fiddler's Green, the Elysium or. 
sailors ; a land flowing with rum and 
lime juice ; a land of perpetual music, 
mirth, dancing, drinking, and tobacco ; a 
sort of Dixie's Land or land of the leal. 

Fide'le (3 syl.), the name assumed by 
Imogen, when, attired in boy's clothes, she 
started for Milford Haven to meet her 
husband Posthiimus. — Shakespeare, Cym- 
beline (1605). 

* + * Collins has a beautiful elegy on 
" Fidele." 

Fidelia, "the foundling." She is 
in reality Harriet, the daughter of sir 
Charles Raymond, but her mother dying 
in childbirth, she was committed to the 
charge of a governante. The governante 
sold the child, at the age of 12, to one 
Villiard, and then wrote to sir Charles 
to say that she was dead. One night, 
Charles Belmont, passing by, heard cries 
of distress, and going to the rescue took 
the girl home as a companion to his 
sister. He fell in love with her ; the 
governante, on her death-bed, told the 
story of her infamy ; and Charles married 
the foundling. — Ed. Moore, The Foundling 
(1748). 

Fidelio, Leono'ra, wife of Fernando 
Florestan. She assumed the name of 
Fidelio, and dressed in male attire when 
her husband was a State prisoner, that she 
might enter the service of Rocco the 



FIDES. 



331 



FIELDING'S PROVERBS. 



jailer, and hold intercourse with her 
husband. — Beethoven, Fidelia (1791). 

Fides (2 syl.), mother of John of 
Leydeu. Believing that the prophet- 
ruler of Westphalia had caused her son's 
death, she went to Minister to curse him. 
Seeing the ruler pass, she recognized in 
him her own son ; but the son pretended 
not to know his mother, and Fides, to 
save him annoyance, professed to have 
made a mistake. She was put into a 
dungeon, where John visited her, and when 
he set fire to his palace, Fides rushed into 
the flames, and both perished together. — 
Meyerbeer, Le Prophete (1649). 

Fidessa, the companion of Sansfoy ; 
but when the Red Cross Knight slew that 
"faithless Saracen," Fidessa told him she 
was the only daughter of an emperor of 
Italy; that she was betrothed to a rich 
and wise king ; and that her betrothed 
being slain, she had set forth to find the 
body, in order that she might decently 
inter it. She said that in her wander- 
ings Sansfoy had met her and com- 
pelled her to be his companion ; but she 
thanked the knight for having come to 
her rescue. The Red Cross Knight, 
wholly deluded by this plausible tale, 
assured Fidessa of his sympathy and pro- 
tection ; but she turned out to be Duessa, 
the daughter of Falsehood and Shame. 
The sequel must be sought under the 
word Duessa. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
i. 2 (1590). 

Fi'do, Faith personified, the foster-son 
of Ac5e (" hearing," Bum. x. 17) ; his 
foster-sister is Meditation. Fully de- 
scribed in canto ix. of The Purple Island 
(1*533), by Phineas Fletcher. (Latin, 
fides, " faith.") 

Field of Blood, Aceldama, the 
plot of land purchased by the thirty 
pieces of silver which Judas had received 
of the high priest, and which he threw 
down in the Temple when he saw that 
Jesus was condemned to death. — Matt. 
xxvii. 5. 

Field of Blood, the battle-field of 
Cannae, where Hannibal, b.c. 216, de- 
feated the Romans with very great 
slaughter. 

Field- of Mourning, a battle-field 
near the city of Aragon. The battle was 
fought July 17, 1134, between the 
Christians and the Moors. 

Field of Peterloo, the site of an 
attack made by the military upon a reform 



meeting held in St. Peter's Field, Man- 
chester, August 16, 1819. As many as 
6u,UU0 persons were wounded in this 
absurd attack. The word is a burlesque 
on Waterloo. 

Battles lad i'l OuHm '1. Beptambai nia'<Acres, bridges of 
Lodi, ratraati i>i Hcncd* • • rtoos, ten -pound 

rMllltliin tar-barrels, and guillotines.— Curdle. 

Field of the Cloth of Gold, a 
large plain between Ardres and (Juisnes 
[GneenU where Francois I. interviewed 
Henry VIII. in 1620. 

They differ, as a May-day procession of chimney- 
sweepers differs from The Field of Uie Cloth of Gold— 
Macaulay. 

Field of the Forty Footsteps, 
at the back of the British Museum, once 
called Southampton Fields. The tra- 
dition is that two brothers, in the Mon- 
mouth rebellion, took different sides, and 
engaged each other in fight. Both were 
killed, and forty impressions of their feet 
were traceable in the field for years 
afterwards. 

%* The Misses Porter wrote a novel 
called The Field of the Forty Footsteps, 
and the Messrs. Mayhew took the same 
subject for a melodrama. 

Fielding (Mrs.), a little querulous 
old lady with a peevish face, who, in con- 
sequence of having once been better off, 
or of labouring under the impression that 
she might have been if something in the 
indigo trade had happened differently, 
was very genteel and patronizing indeed. 
When she dressed for a party, she wore 
gloves, and a cap of state " almost as 
tall and quite as stiff as a mitre." 

May Fielding, her daughter, very pretty 
and innocent. She was engaged to 
Edward Plummer, but heard that he had 
died in South America, and consented 
to marry Tackleton the toy merchant. A 
few days before the day fixed for the 
wedding, Edward Plummer returned, and 
they were married. Tackleton gave them 
as a present the cake he had ordered 
for his own wedding feast. — C. Dickens, 
T/ie Cricket on the Hearth (1845). 

Fielding of the Drama, George 
Farquhar, author of The Beaux' Stratagem, 
etc. (1678-1707). 

Fielding's Proverbs. These were 
in reality compiled by W. Henry Ireland, 
the Shakespeare impostor, who published 
Miscellaneous Papers and Instruments, 
under the hand and seal of William 
Shakespeare, including the tragedy of King 
Lear and a small fragment of Hamlet, 



FIERABRAS. 



332 



FILIO-QUE. 



from the original, 1796, folio, £4 4s. The 
whole a barefaced forgery, 

Fierabras (Sir) [Fe.d'.ra.brah], a 
Saracen of Spain, who made himself 
master of Rome, and canied away the 
crown of thorns and the balsam with 
which the Lord had been embalmed. His 
chief exploit was to slay the giant who 
guarded the bridge of Mantible, which 
had thirty arches, all of black marble. 
Bal'and of Spain assumed the name of sir 
Fierabras. 

Balsam of Fierabras, the balsam used 
in embalming the body of Christ, stolen 
by sir Fierabras. It possessed such vir- 
tues that one single drop, taken inter- 
nally, sufficed to heal the most malignant 
wound. 

Fierabras of Alexandria, the 

greatest giant that ever walked the earth. 
He possessed all Babylon, even to the 
Red Sea, was seigneur of Russia, lord of 
Cologne, master of Jerusalem, and of the 
Holy Sepulchre. This huge giant ended 
his days in the odour of sanctity, " meek 
as a lamb, and humble as he was meek." 

Fierce (The), Alexander I. of Scot- 
land. So called from the impetuosity of 
his temper (*, 1107-1124). 

Fiesco, the chief character of Schiller's 
tragedy so called. The poet makes Fiesco 
killed by the hand of Verri'na the repub- 
lican ; but history says his death was the 
result of a stumble from a plank (1783). 

Fig Sunday, Palm Sunday. So 
eallea from the custom of eating figs on 
this day, as snapdragons on Christmas 
Eve, plum-pudding on Christmas Day, 
oranges and barley sugar on St. Valen- 
tine's Eve, pancakes on Shrove Tuesday, 
salt cod-fish on Ash Wednesday, fru- 
menty on Mothering Sunday (Mid-lent), 
cross-buns on Good Friday, gooseberry 
tart on Whit Sunday, goose on Michael- 
mas Day, nuts on All-Hallows, and so on. 

Figs of Holvan. Holvan is a 
stream of Persia, and the Persians say 
its figs are not be equalled in the whole 
world. 

Luscious as the figs of Holvan. 

Saadi, Uulistan (thirteenth century). 

Fig'aro, a barber of extraordinary 
cunning, dexterity, and intrigue. — Beau- 
marchais, Barbier de Seville (1775). 

Fig'aro, a valet, who outwits everv one 
by his dexterity and cunning. — Beau- 
marchajs, Mariage de Figaro (1784). 

*** Several operas have been founded 



on these two comedies : e.g. Mozart's 
Nozze di Figaro (1786) ; Paisiello's 11 
Barbiere di Siviglia (1810) ; Rossini's 77 
Barbiere di Siviglia (1816). 

Fig'aro, the sweetheart of Susan 
(favourite waiting-woman of the countess 
Almaviva). Figaro is never so happy as 
when he has two or three plots in hand. — 
T. Holcroft, The Follies of a Bay (1745- 
1809). 

Fights and Runs Away (He 

that). 

He that fights and runs away 
May live to fight another day ; 
But he that, is in battle slain 
Can never rise to fight again. 
Sir John Mennis, Musarum Delicice (1656). 

*** Demosthenes, being reproached for 
running away from the battle of Chae- 
ronea, replied, uvh,p 6 $evyo>v nal -rrdXtv juo- 
xn^erat ("a man who runs away may fight 
again "). 

Those that fly may fight again, 
Which he can never do that's slain. 

S. Butler. ITudibras, hi. 3 (167S). 

Fighting Prelate (TJie), Henry 
Spencer, bishop of Norwich. He opposed 
the rebels under Wat Tyler with the tem- 
poral sword, absolved them, and then sent 
them to the gibbet. In 1383 he went to 
assist the burghers of Ghent in their con- 
test with the count of Flanders. 

The bishop of Norwich, the famous "Fighting Pre- 
late," had led an army into Flanders.— Lord Campbell. 

Filch, a lad brought up as a pick- 
pocket. Mrs. Peachum says, "He hath 
as fine a hand at picking a pocket as a 
woman, and is as nimble-fingered as a 
juggler. If an unlucky session does not 
cut the rope of thy life, I pronounce, boy, 
thou wilt be a great man in history"" 
(act i. 1). — Gay, The Beggar's Opera 
(1727). 

Filer, a lean, churlish man, who 
takes poor Toby Veck's tripe, and delivers 
him a homily on the sinfulness of luxury 
and self-indulgence. — C. Dickens, The 
Chimes (1844). 

Filia ^ Doloro'sa, the duchesse 
d'Angouleme, daughter of Louis XVI. 
Also called "The Modern Antig'one " 
(1778-1851). 

Filio-que, the following knotty 
point of theological controversy between 
the Eastern and Western Churches : — Does 
the Holy Ghost proceed from the Father 
and the Son (filio-que), or from the Father 
only. Of course, in the Nicene Creed in 
the Book of Common Prayer, the question 



FILLAN. 



FINGAL. 



is settled so far as the Church of England 
is concerned. 

Fillan, son of Fingal and Clatho, the 
most highly finished character in the 
poem of Tem'ora. Fillan was younger 
than his nephew Oscar, and does not appear 
on the scene till after Oscar's death. He 
is rash and fiery, eager for military glory, 
and brave as a lion. When Fingal ap- 
pointed Gaul to command for the day, 
Fillan had hoped his father's choice 
might have fallen to his own lot. " On 
his spear stood the son of Clatho . . . 
thrice he raised his eyes to Fingal ; his 
voice thrice failed him as he spoke . . . 
He strode away ; bent over a distant 
stream . . . the tear hung in his eye. 
He struck at times the thistle's head with 
his inverted spear." Yet showed he no 
jealousy, for when Gaul was in danger, 
he risked his own life to save him. Next 
day was Fillan's turn to lead, and his 
deeds were unrivalled in dash and bril- 
liancy. He slew Foldath, the general of 
the opposing army, but when Cathmor 
"lord of Atha," the commander-in-chief, 
came against him, Fillan fell. His 
modesty was then as prominent as his 
bravery. "Lay me," he said to Ossian, 
"in that hollow rock. Raise no stone 
above me ... I am fallen in the first 
of my fields, fallen without renown." 
Every incident of Fillan's life is beautiful 
in the extreme. — Ossian, Temora, v. 

Fillpot (Tab;/), a thirsty old soul, 
who "among jolly topers bore off the 
bell." It chanced as in dog-days he sat 
boosing in his arbour, that he died "full 
as big as a Dorchester butt." His body 
turned to clay, and out of the clay a 
brown jug was made, sacred to friend- 
ship, mirth, and mild ale. 

His body, when long in the ground it had lain, 

And tinie into clay had resolved it again, 

A potter found out in its covert so snug, 

And with part of fat Toby he formed this brown jug, 

Now sacred to friendship, to mirth, and mild ale. 

So here's to my lovely sweet. Nan of the vale. 

Rev. Francis Fawkes (1721-1777). 

*** The two best drinking songs in the 
language were both by clergymen. The 
other is, / Cannot Eat but Little Meat, 
bv John Still, bishop of Bath and Wells 
(1543-1607). 

Filonie'na (Santa). At Pisa the 
church of San Francisco contains a chapel 
lately dedicated to Santa Filomena. Over 
the altar is a picture by Sabatelli, which 
represents Filomena as a nymph-like 
figure floating down from heaven, at- 
tended by two angels bearing the lily, 



the palm, and a javelin. In the fore- 
ground are the sick and maimed, healed 
by her intercession. 

Nor ever shall bo wanting here 
The palm, the lily, and the spear: 

The symbols that of yore 

St. Filomena bore 

LongfelloT, 8ta. Filomena. 



* Longfellow calls Florence Nightin- 
; St. Filomena " (born at Florence, 



gale 
1820) 

Finality John, lord John Russell 
(afterwards "earl Russell"), who main- 
tained that the Reform Bill of 1832 was a 
finality (1792-1878). 

Finch (Margaret), queen of the 
gipsies, who died aged 109, a.d. 1740. 
She was born at Sutton, in Kent, and was 
buried atBeckenham, in the same county. 

Fine-ear, one of the seven attend- 
ants of Fortunio. He could hear the 
grass grow, and even the wool on a 
sheep's back. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 
Tales (" Fortunio," 1682). 

*** In Grimm's Goblins is the same 
fairy tale (" Fortunio ")» 

Fin'etor, a necromancer, father of 
the Enchantress Damsel. — Vasco de Lo- 
beira, Amadis de Gaul (thirteenth cen- 
tury). 

Finetta, "the cinder girl," a fairy 
tale by the comtesse D'Aunoy (1682). 
This is merely the old tale of Cinderella 
slightly altered. Finetta was the youngest 
of three princesses, despised by them, and 
put to all sorts of menial work. The two 
sisters went to balls, and left Finetta at 
home in charge of the house. One day 
she found a gold key, which opened a 
wardrobe full of most excellent dresses ; 
so, arraying herself in one, she followed 
her sisters to the ball, but she was so fine 
that they knew her not, and she ran 
home before them. This occurred two 
or three times, but at last, in running 
home, she lost one of her slippers. The 
young prince resolved to marry her alone 
whose foot fitted the slipper, and Finetta 
became his wife. Finetta was also called 
Auricula or " Fine-ear." 

Fingal (or Fion na Gael). 

His father was Comhal or Combal, and 
his mother Morna. 

(Comhal was the son of Trathal king 
of Morven, and Morna was the daughter 
of Thaddu.) 

His first wife was Roscrana, moihfcr of 
Ossian. His second was Clatho, mother 
of Fillan, etc. 



FINGAL. 



334 



FIR-BOLG. 



(Roscrana was the daughter of Cormac 
I. third king of Ireland.) 

His daughter was Bosmi'na, and his 
sons Ossian, Fillan, Ryno, and Fergus, 
(The son of Ossian was Oscar.) 

(Fillan was younger than his nephew 
Oscar, and hoth, together with Rj r no, 
were slain in battle before Fingal died.) 

His bard and herald was Ullin. His 
sword Luno, so called from its maker, 
Luno of Lochlin (Denmark). 

His kingdom was Morven (the north- 
west coast of Scotland) ; his capital Semo ; 
his subjects were Caledonians or Gaels. 

After the restoration of Ferad-Artho to 
the throne of Ireland, Fingal "resigned 
his spear to Ossian," and he died a.d. 
283. 

Fingal, an epic in six books, by 
Ossian. The subject is the invasion of 
Ireland by Swaran king of Lochlin (Ben- 
mark) during the reign of Cormac II. 
(a minor), and its deliverance by the aid 
of Fingal king of Morven (north-west 
coast of Scotland). The poem opens with 
the overthrow of Cuthullin general of the 
Irish forces, and concludes with the 
return of Swaran to his own land. 

Finger. "Little finger tell me 
true." When M. Argan wishes to pump 
his little daughter Louison, respecting a 
young gentleman who pays attentions to 
her elder sister, he says to the child, 
" Prenez-y bien garde au moins ; car 
voila un petit doigt, qui sait tout, qui me 
dira si vous mentez." When the child 
has told him all she knows, he puts his 
little finger to his ear and says, " Voila 
mon petit doigt pourtant qui gronde 
quelque chose. Attendez. He'! Ah, 
ah ! Oui ? Oh, oh ! voila mon petit doigt, 
qui me dit quelque chose que vous avez 
vu et que vous ne m'avez pas dit." 
To which the child replies, "Ah! mon 
papa, votre petit doigt est un menteur." 
— Moliere, Le Malade Imaginaire, ii. 11 
(1673). 

Fingers. In chiromancy we give the 
thumb to Venus, the fore-finger to Jove, 
the middle finger to Saturn, tbe ring 
finger to Sol, and the little finger to Mer- 
curv. — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist, i. 2 
(1610). 

Finis Poloniae. These words are at- 
tributed (but without .sufficient authority) 
to Koscziusko the Pole, when he lay- 
wounded by the balls of Suwaroff's 
troops on the field of Maciejowieze 
(October 10, 1794). 



Perce i 
Polonise. 



coups, Koscziusko s'ecria en tombant ' 
-Michaud. Biographic UnivcrscUK. 



Finlayson (Luckie), landlady of the 
lodgings in the Canongate of Edin- 
burgh. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

Fin'niston (Duncan), a tenant of the 
laird of Gudgeonford. 

Luckie Finniston, wife of Duncan. — Sir 
W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George 
II.). 

Fion (son of Comnal), an enormou3 
giant, who could place one foot on mount 
Cromleach, in Ulster, and the other on 
mount Crommal close by, and then dip 
his hand in the river Lubar, which ran 
between. 

With one foot on the Crommal set and one on mount 

Cromleach, 
The waters of the Lubar stream his giant hana could 

reach. 

Translation of the Gaelic. 

Fiona, a series of traditionary old 
Irish poems on the subject of Fion 
M'Comnal and the heroes connected with 
him. 

Fionnua'la, daughter of Lir. Being 
transformed into a swan, she was doomed 
to wander over the lakes and rivers of 
Ireland till the Irish became Christians, 
but the sound of the first mass bell in the 
island was to be the signal of her release. 

Silent, O Moyle, be the roar of thy water [County 

Tyrone] . . . 
While murmuring mournfully Lir's lonely daughter 

Tells to the night-star her tale of woes. 
When shall the " Swan, 7 " her death-note singing, 

Sleep with wings in darkness furled ? 
When will heaven, its sweet "bell" ringing, 
Call my spirit from this stormy world ? 
T. Moore, Irish Melodies, iv. ("The Song of Fionnuaia"). 

Fips (Mr.), a sedate, mysterious per- 
sonage, living in an office in Austin Friar* 
(London). He is employed by some un- 
known benefactor (either John Westloek 
or old Martin Chuzzlewit) to engage Tom 
Pinch at a weekly salary as librarian to 
the Temple Library. — C. Dickens, Martin 
Chuzzlewit (1844)." 

Fir-bolg (i.e. bowmen, from bolg, " a 
quiver"), a colony of Belgajfrom Britain, 
led by Larthon to Ireland and settled in 
the southern parts of the island. Their 
chief was called "lord of Atha" (a 
country of Connaught), and thence Ire- 
land was caKed Bolga. Somewhat later 
a colony of Caledonians from the western 
coast of Scotland settled in the northern 
parts of Ireland, and made Ulster their 
head-quarters. When Crotha was " lord 
of Atha " he carried off Conlama 
(daughter of the Cael chief) by force* 



FIRE A GOOD SERVANT, ETC. 335 



FISH. 



and a general war between the two races 
ensued. The Gael were reduced to the 
last extremity, and sent to Trathal (grand- 
father of Fingal) for aid. Trathal ac- 
cordingly sent over Conar with an army, 
and on his reaching Ulster he was made 
"king of the Cael" by acclamation, lie 
utterly subdued the Fir-bolg, and assumed 
the title of " king of Ireland ; " but the 
Fir-bolg often rose in insurrection, ami 
made many attempts to expel the race of 
Conar. — Ossian. 

Fire a Good Servant, but Bad 
Master. 

For fire and people doe In this agree. 
They both good servants, both ill masters he. 
Lord Brooke. Inquisition upon fame, etc. (1534-1628). 

Fire-Brand of France (The), 
John duke of Bedford, regent of France 
(1389-1485). 

John duke of Bedford, stvled " The Fire-brand of France." 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 

Fire-drake, a fire which flies in 
the night, like a dragon. Metaphorically 
it means a spitfire, an irritable, passionate 
person. 

Common people think the fire-drake to be a spirit that 
kecpeth some hid treasure, but philosophers affirm it to 
be a great unequal exhalation Inflamed between two 
clouds, the one hot and the other cold, which la the reason 
that it smoketh. The middle part . . . being greater 
than the rest, ni.iketh it seeme like a bellie, and the two 
ends are like unto a head and taile.— Bullokar, Expositor 
(1616). 

Fire-new, i.e. bran-new (brennan, 
"to burn," brcne, "shining"). 

Your fire-new stamp of honour is scarce current. 

Shakespeare, liicluird III. act i. sc. 3 (1597). 

Firouz Schah, son and heir of the 
king of Persia. One New Year's Day an 
Indian brought to the king an enchanted 
horse, which would convey the rider 
almost instantaneously anywhere he 
might wish to go to ; and asked, as the 
price thereof, the king's daughter for his 
wife. Prince Firouz, mounting the horse 
to try it, was carried to Bengal, and there 
fell in love with the princess, who accom- 
panied him back to Persia on the horse. 
AVhen the king saw his son arrive safe 
and sound, he dismissed the Indian dis- 
courteously ; but the Indian caught up 
tfre princess, and, mounting the horse, 
conveyed her to Cashmere. She was 
rescued by the sultan of Cashmere, who 
cut off the Indian's head, and proposed 
marriage himself to the princess. To 
avoid this alliance, the princess pretended 
to be mad. The sultan sent for his physi- 
cians, but they could suggest no cure. 
At length came one who promised to cure 
the lady ; it was prince Firouz in disguise. 



He told the sultan that the princess had 
contracted enchantment from the horse, 
and must be set on it to disenchant her. 
Accordingly, she was set on the horse, 
and while Firouz caused a thick cloud of 
smoke to arise, he mounted with the lady 
through the air, saying as he did so, 
"Sultan of Cashmere, when \ mi would 
espouse a princess who craves your pro 
tection, first learn to obtain her consenl 
— Arabuin Nights ("The Enchanted 
Horse "). 

First Gentleman of Europe, 
George IV. (1762, 1K2O-1830). 

Louis d'Artois of France was so called 
also. 

The "First Gentleman of Europe " had not yet quite lost 
his once elegant figure. — K. Yatea, CvUbritin, xvii. 

First Grenadier of France. 
Latour d'Auverge was so called by Na- 
poleon (1743-1800). 

First Love, a comedy by Richard 
Cumberland (179(3). Frederick Mowbray's 
first love, being dowerless, marries the 
wealthy lord Ruby, who soon dies, leaving 
all his fortune to his widow. In the mean 
time, Frederick goes abroad, and at Padua 
falls in with Sabina Rosny, who nursed 
him through a severe sickness, for which 
he thinks he is bound in honour to marry 
her. She comes with him to England, 
and is placed under the charge of lady 
Ruby. Sabina tells lady Kuby she can- 
not marry Frederick, because she is mar- 
ried already to lord Sensitive, and even 
if it were not so, she could not marry 
him, for all his affections are with lady 
Kuby ; this she discovered in the delirium 
of the young man, when his whole talk 
was about her ladyship. In the end, lord 
Sensitive avows himself the husband of 
Sabina, and Frederick marries his first 
love. 

Fish [One-eyed), in the mere of Snow- 
donia or the Snowdon group. 

Snowdon ... his proper mere did note . . . 
That pool in which ... the one-eyed fish are found. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 

Fish. AlVs fish that cometh to my net. 

All's fish they get, that cometh to net 

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Goad 
Husbandry, xxxiy. (1557). 
Al is fishe that cometh to the net 
G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

He eats no fish, that is, "he is no 
papist," "he is an honest man, or one to 
be trusted." In the reign of queen Eliza- 
beth papists were the enemies of the 
Government, and hence one who did not 
eat fish, like a papist, on fast days was 






FISH AND THE RING. 



336 



FIVE WITS. 



considered a protestant, and friend to the 
Government. 

I do profess ... to serre him truly that will put me in 
trust . . . and to eat no fish. — Shakespeare, King Lear, 
act i. sc. i (1605). 

Fish, and the Ring. 

1. Polycrates, being too fortunate, was 
advised to cast away something he most 
highly prized, and threw into the sea an 
engraved gem of great value. A few 
days afterwards a fish came to his table, 
and in it was this very gem. — Herodotus, 
iii. 40. 

2. A certain queen, having formed an 
illicit attachment to a soldier, gave him a 
ring which had been the present of her 
husband. The king, being apprized there- 
of, got possession of the ring while, the 
soldier was asleep, threw it into the sea, 
and then asked his queen to bring it him. 
In great alarm, she went to St. Kentigern 
and told him everything. The saint went 
to the Clyde, caught a salmon with the 
ring in its mouth, and gave it to the 
queen, who thus saved her character and 
her husband. This legend is told about 
the Glasgow arms. 

3. The arms of dame Rebecca Berry, 
wife of sir Thomas Elton, Stratford-le- 
Bow, to be seen at St. Dunstan's Church, 
Stepney. The tale is that a knight, hear- 
ing the cries of a woman in labour, knew 
that the infant was destined to become 
his wife. He tried to elude his destiny, 
and, when the infant had grown to woman- 
hood, threw a ring into the sea, command- 
ing the damsel never to see his face again 
till she could produce the ring which he 
had cast away. In a few days a cod-fish 
was caught, and the ring was found in its 
mouth. The young woman producing the 
ring, the marriage was duly consummated. 
— Romance of London. 

Fisher {Ralph), assistant of Roland 
Graeme, at Avenel Castle. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Fitz-Boc/dle {George), a pseudonym 
assumed by Thackeray in Fraser's Maga- 
zine (1811-1863). 

Fitz-Fulke {Hebe duchess of), a 
" gracious, graceful, graceless grace " 
(canto xvi. 49), staying with lord and 
lady Amundeville (4 syL), while don 
Juan "the Russian envoy" was their 
guest. Don Juan fancied he saw in the 
night the apparition of a monk, which 
produced such an effect on his looks and 
behaviour as to excite attention. When 
the cause of his perturbation was known, 
lady Adeline sang to him a tale purport- 



ing to explain the apparition ; but "her 
froric grace" at night personated the 
ghost to carry on the joke. She was, 
however, discovered by don Juan, who 
was resolved to penetrate the mystery. 
With this discovery the sixteenth and 
last book of Don Juan ends. — Byron, Don 
Juan (1824). 

Fitzurse {Lord Waldemar), a baron 
in the suite of prince John of Anjou 
(brother of Richard Cceur de Lion). — Sir 
W. Scott, Lvanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Five, says Pythagoras, "has peculiar 
force in expiations. It is everything. 
It stops the power of poisons, and is re- 
doubted by evil spirits. Unity or the 
monad is deity, or the first cause of all 
things — the good principle. Two or the 
dyad is the symbol of diversity — the evil 
principle. Three or the triad contains 
the mystery of mysteries, for everything 
is composed of three substances. It re- 
presents God, the soul of the world, and 
the spirit of man. Five is 2 + 3, or the 
combination of the first of the equals 
and the first of the unequals, hence also 
the combination of the good and evil 
powers of nature." — Pythagoras, On the 
Pentad. 

Five Kings of France, the five 
directors (1795). 

The five kings of France sit in their curule chairs with 
their flesh-coloured breeches and regal mantles. — Atalier 
du Lys, ii. 

Five Points of Doctrine {The): 

(1) Predestination or particular election ; 

(2) Irresistible grace ; (3) Original sin or 
the total depravity of the natural man ; 
(4) Particular redemption ; and (5) The 
final perseverance of the saints. The Cal- 
vinists believe the affirmative of all these 
five points. 

Five-pound Note. De Quincy 
tried in vain to raise the loan of half a 
crown on the security of a five-pound 
note. 

Five Wits {The) : common wit, 
imagination, fantasy, estimation, and 
memory. 

1. Common wit is that inward sense 
which judges what the five senses simply 
discern : thus the eye sees, the nose 
smells, the ear hears, and so on, but it 
is "common wit " that informs the brain 
and passes judgment on the goodness or 
badness of these external matters. 

2. Imagination works on the mind, 
causing it to roalize what has been pre- 
sented to it. 



FLACCUS. 



337 



FLATTERER. 



8. Fantasy energizes the mind to act in 
accordance with the judgment thus pro- 
nounced. 

4. Estimation decides on all matters 
pertaining to time, space, locality, re- 
lation, and so on. 

o. Memory enables the mind to retain 
the recollection of what has been imparted. 

These are the five witts removing inwardly — 
First "Oonimon Witu.' and Bran " Ymngfn«Him," 

" Fantasy " ami " Estimation " truely. 
And " Memory." 
Stephen H?wes, The Paststyme of Picture, xxiv. (1015). 

Flaccus, Horace the Roman poet, 
whose full name was Quintus Horatius 
Flaccus (h.c. 65-8). 

Pladdock (General), a friend of the 
Norrifl family in America, and, like them, 
devoted to titles and aristocracy. — C. 
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Fla^s. 

Bankers of saints and images are 
smaller than standards, and not slit at the 
extremity. 

Royal Banners contain the royal coat 
of arms. 

Bannerols, banners of great width ; 
they represent alliances and descent. 

Pennons, smaller than standards. 
They are rounded at the extremity and 
charged with arms. 

Pensils, small flags shaped like the 
vanes which surmount pinnacles. 

Standards, much larger and longei 
than banners. 

The Royal British Standard has three 
red and one blue quarter. The rirst and 
third quarters contain three leoparded 
lions, the second quarter the thistle of 
Scotland, and the fourth the harp of 
Ireland. 

*** The Union Jack is a blue flag with 
three united crosses extending to the ex- 
treme edges: (1) St. George's cross (red 
on white) for England ; (2) St. Andrew's 
cross (white on blue) for Scotland ; (3) St. 
Patrick's cross (red on white) for Ireland. 
In all other flags containing the "Union 
Jack," the Jack is confined to the first 
quarter or a part thereof. 

FlamT^erge (2 syl.), the sword which 
Mangis took from Anthe'nor the Saracen 
admiral, when he attacked the castle of 
Oriande la Fee. The sword was made 
by Weyland, the Scandinavian Vulcan. — 
Romance of Maugis d'Aygremont et de 
Vivian son Frere. 

Flainborougk (Solomon), farmer. 
A talkative neighbour of Dr. Primrose, 
dear of Wakefield. Moses Primrose 
narries one of his daughters. 



The Misses Flamborough, daughters of 
the farmer. Their homeliness contrasts 
well with the flashy pretenders to fashion 
introduced by squire Thornhill. — Gold- 
smith, Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 

Flame (Lord), Johnson the jester 
and dramatist, author of Hurlo-Thrumbo, 
an extravaganza (1729). 

Flammer (The Hon. Mr. Frisk), a 
Cantab, nephew to lord Totterly. He is 
a young gentleman with a vivid imagina- 
tion, small income, and large debts. — C. 
Selby, The Unfinished Gentleman. 

Flammock ( Wilkin), a Flemish 
soldier and burgess at the castle of Garde 
Doloureuse. 

L'nse or Roschen Flammock, daughter of 
Wilkin Flammock, and attendant on lady 
Eveline.— Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

Flanders (Moll), a woman of extra- 
ordinary beauty, born in Old Bailey. 
She was twelve years a harlot, five years 
a wife, twelve years a thief, and eight 
years a convict in Virginia ; but ulti- 
mately she became rich, lived honestly, 
and died a penitent in the reign of Charles 
1 1 . — Defoe, The Fort uncs of Moll Flanders. 

Flash( Captain), a blustering, cowardly 
braggart, " always talking of fighting 
and wars." In the Flanders war he pre- 
tended to be shot, sneaked off into a 
ditch, and thence to England. When 
captain Loveit met him paying court to 
Miss Biddy Bellaw, he commanded the 
blustering coward to "deliver up his 
sword," and added : 

" Leave tliis house, change the colour of your clothes and 
fierceness of your looks ; appear from top to toe the 
wretch, the very wretch thou art I " — D. Garrlck, Mint in 
Her Teem U753). 

Henry Woodward [1717-1777] was the best "Copper 
Captain," •'captain Flash," and "Bobadil" of his day. — 
C. Leslie, Life of Reynold*. 

*** " Copper Captain" in Rule a Wife 
and Have a Wife (Beaumont and Flet- 
cher) ; " Bobadil " in Every Man in His 
Humour (B. Jonson). 

Flat Simplicity. " The fiat sim- 
plicitv of that reply was admirable." — 
Collev Cibber, The Crooked Husband, i. 1 
(1728"). 

Flatterer. The Romans called a 
flatterer "a Vitellius," from Vitellius 
president of Syria, who worshipped 
Jehovah in Jerusalem, and Calig'ula in 
Rome. - Tacitus says of him : " Exemplar 
apud posteros adulatorii habetur " (Annals, 
vi. 32). 

Id;-m [ t'icelHus] miri in adulando ingenii ; primus C 
Orcsircm ado/ari ut deum mstituit.— Suetonius, VtteU, N . 

Z 



FLAYIUS. 



FLIBBERTIGIBBET. 



Fla'viuSj the faithful, honest steward 
of Timon the man-hater. — Shakespeare, 
Timon of Athens (1600). 

Fle'ance (2 syl.), son of Banquo. 
After the assassination of his father he 
escaped to Wales, where he married the 
daughter of the reigning prince, and had 
a son named Walter. This Walter after- 
wards hecame lord high steward of Scot- 
land, and called himself Walter the 
Steward. From him proceeded in a direct 
line the Stuarts of Scotland, a royal line 
which gave James VI. of Scotland and 
I. of England. — Shakespeare, Macbeth 
(1606). 

(Of course, this must not be looked on 
as history. Historically, there was no 
such person as Banquo, and therefore this 
descent from Fleance is mere fable.) 

Flecknoe (Richard), poet-laureate to 
Charles II., author of dramas, poems, and 
other works. As a poet, his name stands 
on a level with Bavius and Msevius. 
Dryden says of him : 

... he reigned without dispute 
Thro' all the realms of nonsense absolute. 

Dryden, M'Fltcnoe (1682). 

(It was not Flecknoe but Shadwell that 
Dryden wished to castigate in this satire. 
The offence was that Dryden was re- 
moved from the post of laureate, and 
Shadwell appointed in his place. The 
angry ex-laureate says, with more point 
than truth, that " Shadwell never deviates 
into sense.") 

FledgeTby (2 syl.), an over-reaching, 
cowardly sneak, who conceals his dirty 
bill-broking under the trade-name of 
Pubsey and Co. He is soundly thrashed 
by Alfred Lammle, and quietly pockets 
tbe affront. — C. Dickens, Our Mutual 
Friend (1864). 

Fleece of G-old {Order of the), in- 
stituted in 1430, by Philippe de Bour- 
gogne, surnamed Le Bon, 

Stately dames, like queens attended, knights who bore the 
Fleece of Gold. 

Longfellow, Belfry of Bruges. 

Fleecebum'pkin (3 syl.), bailiff 
of Mr. Ireby, the country squire. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Two Drovers (time, George 
III.). 

Fleece'em (Mrs.), meant for Mrs. 
Rudd, a smuggler, thief, milliner, match- 
maker, and procuress. — Sam. Foote, The 
Cozeners. 

Fleetwood or The New Man of 
Feeling, the hero of a novel so named by 
W. Godwin (1805). 



Flem'ing (Archdeacon), the clergy- 
man to whom old Meg Murdockson made 
her confession. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Fleming (Sir Malcolm), a former 
suitor of lady Margaret de Hautlieu. — 
Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, 
Henry I.). 

Fleming (Lady Mary), one of the 
maids of honour to Mary queen of Scots. 
— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Fleming (Rose), niece of Mrs. May lie, 
Rose marries her cousin Harry Maylie. 

She was past 17. Cast in so slight and exquisite a 
mould, so mild and gentle, so pure and beautiful, that 
earth seemed not her element, not its rough creatures her 
fit companions. The very intelligence that shone in her 
de«p blue eye . . . seemed scarcely ... of the world, and 
yet the changing expression of sweetness and good-humour, 
the thousand lights that played about the face . . . above 
all the smile, the cheerful, happy smile, were made for 
home and fireside peace and happiness. — C. Dickens, 
Oliver Twist, xxix. (1837). 

Flemish School (The), a school 
of painting commencing in the fifteenth 
century, with the brothers Van Eyck. 
The chief early masters were Memling, 
Weyden, Matsys, Mabus, and More. 
The chief of the second period were 
Rubens, Vandyck, Snyders, Jordaens, 
Gaspar de Crayer, and the younger 
Teniers. 

Fleshly School ( The), a class of Brit- 
ish poets of which Swinburne, Rossetti, 
Morris, etc., are exponents ; so called 
from the sensuous character of their 
poetry. 

*** It was Thomas Maitland [i.e. R. 
W. Buchanan] who first gave them this 
appellation in the Contemporary Review. 

Fletcher (Dick), one of the crew of 
the pirate vessel. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Pirate (time, William III.). 

Fleur de Marie, the betrothed of 
captain Phoebus. — Victor Hugo, Notre 
Dame de Paris (1831). 

Fleurant, an apothecary. He flies 
into a rage because Beralde (2 syl.) says 
to his brother, " Remettez cela a une fois, 
et demeurez un peu en repos." The 
apothecary flares out, "De quoi vous 
melez vous de vous opposer aux ordon- 
nances de la me'decine . . . je vais dire a 
Monsieur Purgon comme on m'a em- 
peche d'executer ses ordres . . . Vous 
verrez, vous verrez." — Moliere, Le Malade 
Imaginaire (1673). 

Flib'bertigibTbet, the fiend that 



FLIBBERTIGIBBET. 



339 



FLORA. 



gives man the squint e3 r e and harelip, 
sends mildews and blight, etc. 

This is the foul fiend Flibbertigibbet ... he gives tho 
web and tho ion [dunase* <\/ the eyr), squints \<>f\ (he eye, 
and make* the hartvlip ; [he] mildews tlie white wheat, 
and hurts the poor creature of earth.— King Lear, act 
iii. sc. 4 (1605). 

%* Shakespeare got this name from 
bishop Harsnett's Declaration of Popish 
Jtnpostures, where Flibberdigibet is one 
of the fiends which the Jesuits cast out of 
Mr. Edmund Peckham. 

Flib'bertigib'bet or "Dickie Sludge," 
the dwarf grandson of Gammer Sludge 
(landlady of Erasmus Holiday, the 
schoolmaster in the vale of Whitehorse). 
In the entertainment given by the earl 
of Leicester to queen Elizabeth, Dickon 
Sludge acts the part of an imp. — Sir W. 
Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Flint (Lord), chief minister of state 
to one of the sultans of India. He had 
the enviable faculty of a very short 
memory when he did not choose to recol- 
lect. "My people know, no doubt, but 
1 cannot recollect," was his stock phrase. 
— Mrs. Inchbald, Such Things Are (1786). 

Flint, jailer in The Deserter, a musical 
drama by Dibdin (1770). 

Flint (Sir Clement), a very kind-hearted, 
generous old bachelor, who " trusts no 
one," and though he professes his un- 
doubted belief to be "that self is the 
predominant principle of the human 
mind," is never so happy as when doing 
an unselfish and generous act. He settles 
£2000 a year on the young lord Gayville, 
his nephew, that he ( may marry Miss 
Alton, the lady of mis* choice ; and says, 
"To reward the deserving, and make 
those we love happy, is self-interest in 
the extreme." — General Burgoyne, The 
Heiress (1781). 

Flint Jack, Edward Simpson, who 
used to tramp the kingdom, vending 
spurious flint arrow-heads, celts, and 
other imitation antiquities. In 1867 he 
was imprisoned for theft. 

Flippan'ta, an intriguing lady's- 
maid. Daughter of Mrs. Cloggit. She 
is in the service of Clarissa, and aids her 
in all her follies. — Sir John Vanbrugh, 
The Confederacy (1695). 

1 saw Miss Pope for the second time in the year 1790, in 
the cliaracter of " Flippanta."— James Smith. 

Flite (Miss), a poor crazed, good- 
hearted woman, who has lost her wits 
through the " law's delay." She is 
always haunting the Courts of Chancery 



with "her documents," hoping against 
hope that she will receive a judgment. 
— C. Dickens, Bleak House, iv. (1852). 

Flock'hart ( Widow), landlady of the 
lodgings in the Canongate where Waver- 
ley and M'lvor dine with the baron of 
Bradwardine (3 syl.).— Sir W. Scott, 
Wavcrley (time, George II.). 

Flogged by Deputy. The marquis 
de Leganez forbade the tutor of his son to 
use rigour or corporal punishment of any 
kind, so the tutor hit upon this device to 
intimidate the boy : he flogged a lad 
named Raphael, brought up with young 
Leganez as a playmate, whenever that 
young nobleman deserved punishment. 
This produced an excellent effect ; but 
Raphael did not see its justice, and ran 
away. — Lcsage, Gil Bias, v. i. (1724). 

Flollo or Flollio, a Roman tribune, 
who held the province of Gaul under the 
emperor Leo. When king Arthur invaded 
Gaul, the tribune fled to Paris, which 
Arthur besieged, and Flollo proposed to 
decide the quarrel by single combat. To 
this Arthur agreed, and cleft with his 
sword Caliburn both the helmet and head 
of his adversary. Having made himself 
master of all Gaul, king Arthur held his 
court at Paris. — Geoffrey, British His- 
tory, ix. 11 (1142). 

And after these . . . 

At Paris, in the lisU [Arthur] with Flollio fought; 
The emperor Leon's power to raise his siege that brought. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (16r_>). 

Flor and Blaneheflor, the title 
of a minnesong by Conrad Fleck, at one 
time immensely popular. It is the story 
of two children who fall in love with each 
other. There is a good deal of grace and 
tenderness in the tale, with an abund- 
ance of trash. Flor, the son of Feinix, 
a pagan king, is brought up with 
Blaneheflor (an enfant vole'). The two 
children love each other, but Feinix sells 
Blaneheflor to some Eastern merchants. 
Flor goes in quest of Blaneheflor, whom 
he finds in Babylon, in the palace of the 
sultan, who is a sorcerer. He gains 
access to the palace, hidden in a basket 
of roses ; but the sultan discovers him, 
and is about to cast both into the flames, 
when, touched with human gentleness and 
love, he sets them free. They then return 
to Spain, find Feinix dead, and many 
(fourteenth century). 

Flo'ra, goddess of flowers. In natural 
history all the flowers and vegetable prr 
ductions of a country or locality are called 



FLORA. 



340 



FLORESKI. 



its flora, and all its animal productions 
its fauna. 

Flora, the waiting-woman ot donna 
Yiolante. In love with Lissado, the valet 
of don Felix. — Mrs. Centlivre, The 
Wonder (1714). 

Mrs. Mattocks's was the most affecting theatrical leave- 
taking we ever witnessed. The part she chose was 
"Flora," to Cook's "don Felix," which she played with 
all the freshness and spirit of a woman in her prime. — 
The New Monthly (1826). 

Flora, the niece of old Farmer Freehold. 
She is a great beauty, and captivates 
Heartwell, who marries her. The two 
are so well assorted that their " best love 
is after their espousals." — John Philip 
Kemble, The Farm-house. 

Floranthe (Donna), a lady beloved 
by Octavian. Octavian goes mad because 
he fancies Floranthe is untrue to him, 
but Roque, a blunt, kind-hearted servitor, 
assures him he is mistaken, and per- 
suades him to return home. — G. Colman, 
Octavian (1824). 

Flor'delice (3 syl.), the mistress of 
Bran'dimart (king of the Distant Islands). 
— Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Flordespi'na, daughter of Mar- 
siglio. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Florence, Mrs. Spencer Smith, 
daughter of baron Herbert the Austrian 
ambassador in England. She was born 
at Constantinople, during her father's 
residence in that city. Byron made her 
acquaintance in Malta, but Thomas Moore 
thinks his devotion was more imaginary 
than real. In a letter to his mother, his 
lordship says he " finds her ^Florence] 
very pretty, very accomplished, and ex- 
tremely eccentric." 

Thou mayst find a new Calypso there. 
Sweet Florence, could another ever share 
This wayward, loveless heart, it would be thine. 

Byron, Childe Harold, ii. 30 (1810). 

Florence (The German), Dresden, also 
called " The Florence of the North." 

Florent or Florentius, a knight who 
promised to marry a deformed and ugly 
bag, who taught him the solution of a 
riddle. — Gower, Confessio Amantis. i. 
(1393). 

" The Wife of Bath's Tale," in Chau- 
cer's Canterbury Tales, is the same story. 
The ugly old hag becomes converted 
into a beautiful young princess, and 
"Florent" is called "one of Arthur's 
knights" (1388). 

Florentine Diamond (The), the 
fourth largest cut diamond in the world. 



It weighs 139| carats, and was the largest 
diamond belonging to Charles "the 
Bold," duke of Burgundy. It was picked 
up by a Swiss peasant, who sold it to a 
priest for half a crown. The priest sold 
it for £200, to Bartholomew May of Berne. 
It subsequently came into the hands of 
pope Julius II., and the pope gave it to 
the emperor of Austria. (See Diamonds.) 

Flores or Isle of Flowers, one of 
the Azores (2 syl.). It was discovered in 
1439 by Yanderberg, and is especially 
celebrated because it was near this isle that 
sir Richard Grenville, in the reign of queen 
Elizabeth, fought his famous sea-fight. 
He had only one ship with a hundred 
men, and was opposed by the Spanish fleet 
of fifty-three men-of-war. For some hours 
victory was doubtful, and when sir 
Richard was severely wounded, he 
wanted to sink the ship ; but the Spaniards 
boarded it, complimented him on his 
heroic conduct, and he died. As the ship 
(The Revenge) was on its way to Spain, 
it was wrecked, and went to the bottom, 
so it never reached Spain after all. 
Tennyson has a poem on the subject 
(1878). 

Flo' res (2 syl.), the lover of Blanchefleur. 
— Boccaccio, 77 Filocopo (1340). 

*** Boccaccio has repeated the tale in 
his Decameron, x. 5 (1352), in which 
Flores is called " Ansaldo," and Blanche- 
fleur "Diano'ra." Flores and Blanche- 
fleur, before Boccaccio's time, were noted 
lovers, and are mentioned as early as 
1288 by Matfres Eymengau de Bezers, in 
his Breviari oVAmor. 

Chaucer has taken the same story as 
the basis of the Frankelein's Tale, and 
Bojardo has introduced it as an episode in 
his Orlando Innamorato, where the lover 
is " Prasildo " and the lady "Tisbina." 
(See Prasildo.) 

The chroniclers of Charlemagne, 
Of Merlin, and the Mort dArthure, 
Mingled together in his brain. 
With tales of Flores and Blanchefleur. 



FloresTsi (Count), a Pole, in love 
with princess Lodois'ka (4 syl.). At the 
opening of the play he is travelling with 
his servant Varbel to discover where the 
princess has been placed by her father 
during the war. He falls in with the 
Tartar chief Kera Khan, whom he over- 
powers in fight, but spares his life, and 
thus makes him his friend. Floreski 
finds the princess in the castle of baron 
Lovinski, who keeps her a virtual prisoner, 
but the castle being stormed by the Tar- 



FLOREZ. 



341 



FLORINDA. 



tars, the baron is slain, and the princess 
marries the count. — J. P. Kemble. Lo- 
doiska. 

Flo'rez, son of Gerrard king of the 
beggars. lie assumes the name of Gos- 
win, and becomes, in Bruges, a wealthy 
merchant. Mis mistress is Bertha, the 
supposed daughter of Vandunke the 
burgomaster. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Beg jars Bush (1622). 

Flor'ian, " the foundling of the 
forest," discovered in infancy by the 
count De Valmont, and adopted as his 
own son. Florian is light-hearted and 
volatile, but with deep affection, very 
brave, and the delight of all who know 
him. He is betrothed to his cousin, lady 
Geraldine, a ward of count De Val- 
mont. — W. Dimond, The Foundling of the 
Forest. 

Flor'imel "the Fair," courted by 
sir Sat'yrane, sir Per'idure, and sir Cal'i- 
dore (each 3 syt.), but she herself "loved 
none but Mar'inel," who cared not for her. 
When Marinel was overthrown by Brito- 
mart and was reported to be dead, Flori- 
mel resolved to search into the truth of 
this rumour. In her wanderings, she 
came weary to the hut of a hag, but when 
she left the hut the hag sent a savage 
monster to bring her back. Florimel, 
howe%'er, jumped into a boat and escaped, 
but fell into the hands of Proteus (2 syl.), 
who kept her in a dungeon "deep in the 
bottom of a huge great rock." One day, 
Marinel and his mother went to a banquet 
given by Proteus to the sea-gods ; and 
as Marinel was loitering about, he heard 
the captive bemoaning her hard fate, and 
all "for love of Marinel." His heart 
was touched ; he resolved to release the 
prisoner, and obtained from his mother 
a warrant of release, signed by Neptune 
himself. Proteus did not dare to dis- 
obey ; the lady was released, and became 
the happy bride of her liberator. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, iii. 4. 8, and iv. 11, 12 (1590, 
1596). 

*** The name Florimel means "honey- 
flower." 

Florimel {The False), made by a witch 
of Riphae'an snow and virgin wax, with 
an infusion of vermilion. Two burning 
lamps in silver sockets served for eyes, 
fine gold wire for locks, and for souf "a 
sprite that had fallen from heaven." 
Braggadoccio, seeing this false Florimel, 
carried "her" off as the veritable Flori- 
mel; but when he was stripped of his 



boric wed plumes, this waxen Florimel 
vanished into thin air, leaving nothing 
behind except the "golden girdle that 
was about her waist." — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, iii. 8, and v. 3 (1590, 1596). 

Florimel's Girdle, a girdle which 
gave to those who wore it, " the virtue of 
chaste love and wifehood true ; " if any 
woman not chaste or faithful put it on, 
it immediately "loosed or tore asunder." 
It was once the cestus of Venus, but 
when that queen of beauty wantoned with 
Mara, it fell off and was left on the " Aci- 
dalian mount." — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
iv. 2 (1596). 

One day, sir Cambel, sir Triamond, sir 
Paridel, sir Blandamour, and sir Ferra- 
mont agreed to give Florimel's girdle to 
the most beautiful lady ; when the pre- 
vious question was moved, " Who was the 
most beautiful?" Of course, each knight, 
as in duty bound, adjudged his own lady 
to be the paragon of women, till the 
witch's image of snow and wax, made to 
represent Florimel, was produced, when 
all agreed that it was without a peer, 
and so the girdle was handed to "the 
false Florimel." On trying it on, however, 
it would in no wise fit her ; and when by 
dint of pains it was at length fastened, it 
instantly loosened and fell to the ground. 
It would fit Amoret exactly, and of course 
Florimel, but not the witch's thing of 
snow and wax. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
iv. 5 (1596). 

%* Morgan la Fe'e sent king Arthur 
a horn, out of which no lady could drink 
"who was not to herself or to her husband 
true." Ariosto's enchanted cup possessed 
a similar spell. 

A boy showed king Arthur a mantle 
which no wife not leal could wear. If 
any unchaste wife or maiden put it on, 
it would either go to shreds or refuse to 
drape decorously. 

At Ephesus was a grotto containing a 
statue of Diana. If a chaste wife or 
maiden entered, a reed there (presented by 
Pan) gave forth most melodious sounds ; 
but if the unfaithful or unchaste entered, 
its sounds were harsh and discordant. 

Alasnam's mirror remained unsullied 
when it reflected the unsullied, but be- 
came dull when the unchaste stood before 
it. (See Caradoc, p. 160.) 

Florin/da, daughter of count Julian 
one of the high lords in the Gothic court 
of Spain. She was violated by king 
Roderick ; and the count, in his indigna 
tion, renouncea the Christian religion and 



FLORIPES. 



342 



FLOWERS. 



called over the Moors, who came to Spain 
in large numbers and drove Roderick 
from the throne. Orpas, the renegade 
archbishop of Sev'ille, asked Florinda to 
become his bride, but she shuddered at 
the thought. Roderick, in the guise of a 
priest, reclaimed count Julian as he was 
dying, and as Florinda rose from the 
'dead body : 

■ Her cheek was flushed, and in her eyes there beamed 
A wilder brightness. On the Goth [Roderick] she gazed. 
While underneath the emotions of that hour 
Exhausted life gave way. . . . Round his neck she threw 
Her arms, and cried, " My Roderick ; mine in heaven 1 " 
Groaning : he claspt her close, and in that act 
And agony her happy spirit fled. 

Southey, Roderick, etc., xxiv. (1814). 

Flo'ripes (3 syl.), sister of sir Fiera- 
bras [Fe.d' .ra.bra'fi], daughter of Laban, 
and wife of Guy the nephew of Charle- 
magne. 

Florisan'do (The Exploits and Ad- 
ventures of), part of the series of Le 
Roman des Romans, or those pertaining to 
Am'adis of Gaul. This part (from 
bk. vi. to xiv.) was added by Paez de 
Ribera. 

Florise (The lady), attendant on 
queen Berengaria. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Flor'isel of Nice'a (The Exploits 
and Adventures of), part of the, series 
called Le Roman des Romans, pertaining 
to Am'adis of Gaul. This part was added 
by Feliciano de Silva. 

Flor'ismart, one of Charlemagne's 
paladins, and the bosom friend of Roland. 

Florival (Mdlle.), daughter of a 
French physician in Belleisle. She fell 
in love with major Belford, while nursing 
him in her father's house during a period 
of sickness. Her marriage, however, was 
deferred, from the great aversion of the 
major's father to the French, and he 
went to Havannah. In due time he re- 
turned to England and colonel Tamper 
with him. Now, colonel Tamper was in 
love with Emily, and, wishing to try the 
strength of her affection, pretended to be 
severely mutilated in the wars. Florival 
was a guest of Emily at the time, and, 
being apprised of the trick, resolved to 
turn the tables on the colonel, so when 
he entered the room as a maimed soldier, 
he found there Florival, dressed as an 
officer, and, under the name of captain 
Johnson, flirting most desperately with 
Emily. The colonel was mad with 
jealousy, but in the very whirlwind of 
his rage, major Belford recognized Mdllo. 
Fiorival, saw through the trick, and after 



a hearty good laugh at the colonel, ail 
ended happilv. — Colman, sen., The Deuce 
is in Him (17 '62). 

Flor'izel, son of Pdiixenes king of 
Bohemia. In a hunting expedition, he 
saw Perdita (the supposed daughter of a 
shepherd), fell in love with her, and 
courted her under the assumed name of 
Dor'icles. The king tracked his son to 
the shepherd's house, and told Perdita that 
if she gave countenance to this foolery 
he would order her and the shepherd to 
be put to death. Florizel and Perdita then 
fled from Bohemia, and took refuge in 
Sicily. Being brought to the court of 
king Leontes, it soon became manifest 
that Perdita was the king's daughter. 
Polixenes, in the mean time, had tracked 
his son to Sicily, but when he was in- 
formed that Perdita was the king's daugh- 
ter, his objection to the marriage ceased, 
and Perdita became the happy bride of 
prince Florizel. — Shakespeare, The Win- 
ter's Tale (1604). 

Florizel, the name assumed by George 
IV. in his correspondence with Mrs. 
Robinson (actress and poetess), generally 
known as Per'dita, that being the cha- 
racter in which she first attracted his 
attention when prince of Wales. 

*** George IV V was generally nick- 
named "prince Florizel." 

Flower of Chivalry, sir William 
Douglas, knight of Liddesdale (*-1353). 
Sir Philip Sidney, statesman, poet, and 
soldier, was also called " The Flower of 
Chivalry" (1554-1586). So was the 
Chevalier de Bayard, le Chevalier sans 
Peur et sans Reproche (1476-1524). 

Flower of Kings. Arthur is so 
called by John of Exeter (sixth century). 

Flower of Poets, Geoffrey Chaucer 
(1328-1400). 

Flower of the Levant'. Zante is 
so called from its great beauty and fer- 
tility. 

Zante ! Zante ! flor di Levantl. 

Flower of Yarrow (The), Mary 
Scott, daughter of sir William Scott of 
Harden. 

Flowers (Lovers') are stated by Spen- 
ser, in his Shephearde's Calendar, to be 
"the purple columbine, gilli flowers, car- 
nations, and sops in wine" ("April"). 

In the " language of flowers," colum- 
bine signifies " folly," yiUiflowcrs "bonds 
of love," carnations "pure lovo," and 



FLOWER SERMON. 



343 



FOLAIR. 



sops of wine (one of the carnation family) 
"woman's love." 

Bring hither the pinke, and purple collumbine. 

With gillillowers; 
Bring CoronatlOM, and sops in wine. 

Worm: of paramours. 
Spenser. The Shepkaarctfi Calendar ("April," 1579). 

Flower Sermon, a sermon preached 
every Whit Monday in St. Cathcr: >c 
Cree. On this occasion each of the con- 
gregation carries a bunch of flowers, and 
a bunch of flowers is also laid on the 
pulpit cushion. The Flower Sermon is 
not now limited to St. Catherine Cree, 
other churches have adopted the custom. 

Flowerdale (Sir John), father of 
Clarissa, and the neighbour of colonel 
Oldboy. — Bickerstaff , Lionel and Clarissa. 

Flowered Robes. In ancient Greece 
to say "a woman wore flowered robes" 
was the same as to say she was a fillc 
pnbliqiie. Solon made it a law that 
virtuous women should appear in simple 
and modest apparel, but that harlots 
should always dress in gay and flowered 
robes. 

As fugitive slaves are known by their stigmata, so 
flowered garments indicate one of the demi-monde 
[fU04X«^«<3"]- — Clemens of Alexandria. 

Flowery Kingdom (The), China. 
The Chinese call their kingdom Hiva 
Kicoh, which means "The Flowery King- 
dom," i.e. the flower of kingdoms. 

Fluel'len, a Welsh captain and great 
pedant, who, amongst other learned quid- 
dities, drewthis parallel between Henry V. 
and Alexander the Great: "One was born 
in Monmouth and the other in Macedon, 
both which places begin with M, and in 
both a river flowed." — Shakespeare, Henry 
V. act iv. sc. 7 (1599). 

Flur, the bride of Cassivelaun, " for 
whose love the Roman Cassar first invaded 
Britain." — Tennyson, Idylls of the King 
("Enid"). 

Flute (TJie Magic), a flute which has 
the power of inspiring love. When given 
by the powers of darkness, the love it in- 
spires is sensual love ; but when bestowed 
by the powers of light, it becomes sub- 
servient to the very holiest ends. In the 
opera called Die Zauberflote, Tami'no and 
Pami'na are guided by it through all 
worldly dangers to the knowledge of 
divine truth (or the mysteries of Isis). — 
Mozart, Die Zauberflote (1791). 

Flutter, a gossip, fond of telling a 
good story, but, unhappily, unable to do 
60 without a blunder. "A good-natured, 



insignificant creature, admitted every- 
where, but cared for nowhere" (act i. 3). 
— Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem 
(1780). 

Fly-gods, Beelzebub, a god of the 
Philistines, supposed to ward off flies. 
Achor was worshipped by the CyrSneans 
for a similar object. Zeus Apomy'ios was 
the fly-god of the Greeks. 

On the east side of your shop, aloft. 
Write Mmhlai. Tarinacl, and liirab'orat ; 
Upon the north part. Rael. Velel, Thiel. 
They are the names of those ni'Tcurial sprites 
That do fright flies from boxes. 

B. Johnson, The AlchemUt, L (1610). 

Flying Dutchman (The), a phan- 
tom ship, seen in stormy weather off the 
Cape of Good Hope, and thought to fore- 
bode ill luck. The legend is that it was 
a vessel laden with precious metal, but a 
horrible murder having been committed 
on board, the plague broke out among 
the crew, and no port would allow the 
ship to enter, so it was doomed to float 
about like a ghost, and never to enjoy 
rest.— Sir W. Scott. 

* + * Another legend is that a Dutch 
captain, homeward bound, met with long- 
continued head winds off the Cape, but 
swore he would double the Cape and not 
put back, if he strove till the day of doom. 
He was taken at his word, and there he 
still beats, but never succeeds in rounding 
the point. 

(Captain Marryat has a novel founded 
on this legend, called The Phantom SJiip, 
183G.) 

Flying Highwayman, William 
Harrow, who leaped his horse over turn- 
pike gates as if it had been furnished 
with wings. He was executed in 1763. 

Flyter (Mrs.), landlady of the lodg- 
ings occupied by Frank Osbaldistone in 
Glasgow. — Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy (time, 
George I.). 

Foible, the intriguing lady's-maid of 
lady Wishfort, and married to Waitwefl. 
(lackey of Edward Mirabell). She inter- 
lards her remarks with "says he," "he 
says says he," " she says says she," 
etc. — W. Congreve, Tlie Way of ike 
World (1700). 

Foi'gard (Father), one of a gang 
of thieves. He pretends to be a French 
priest, but " his French shows him to be 
English, and his English shows him to 
be Irish." — Farquhar, The Beaux 1 Strata- 
gem (1705). 

Folair' (2 syl.), a pantomiinist at the 
Portsmouth Theatre, under the manage- 



FOLDATH. 



ment of Mr. Vincent Crummies. — C, 
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Foldath, general of the Fir-bolg or 
Belgas in the south of Ireland. In the 
epic called Tem'ora, Cathmor is the "lord 
of Atha," and Foldath is his general. 
He is a good specimen of the savage 
chieftain : bold and daring, but pre- 
sumptuous, overbearing, and cruel. "His 
stride is haugWy, and his red eye rolls in 
wrath." He looks with scorn on Hidalla, 
a humane and gentle officer in the same 
army, for his delight is strife, and he 
exults over the fallen. In counsel Fol- 
dath is imperious, and contemptuous to 
those who differ from him. Unrelenting 
in revenge ; and even when he falls with 
his death-wound, dealt by Fillan the son 
of Fingal, he feels a sort of pleasure that 
his ghost would hover in the blast, and 
exult over the graves of his enemies. 
Foldath had one child, a daughter, the 
blue-eyed Dardu-Le'na, the last of the 
race. — Ossian, Temora. 

Follies of a Day, a comedy by 
Holcroft (1745-1809). 

Fon'dlewife, an uxorious banker. — 
Congreve, The Old Bachelor (1693). 

When Mrs. Jefferson [1733-1776] was asked in what 
characters she excelled the most, she innocently replied, 
" In old men, like ' Fondlewife ' and ' sir Jealous Traffic' " 
— T. Davies. 

*** "Sir Jealous Traffic" is in The 
Busy Body, by Mrs. Centlivre. 

Fondlove (Sir William), a vain old 
baronet of 60, who fancies himself a 
schoolboy, capable of playing boyish 
games, dancing, or doing anything that 
young men do. "How marvellously I 
wear ! What signs of age have I ? I'm 
certainly a wonder for my age. I walk 
as well as ever. Do I stoop? Observe 
the hollow of my back. As now I stand, 
so stood I when a child, a rosy, chubby 
boy. My arm is firm as 'twas at 20. 
Oak, oak, isn't it ? Think you my leg 
is shrunk? — not in the calf a little? 
When others waste, 'tis growing-time 
with me. Vigour, sir, vigour, in every 
joint. Could run, could leap. Why 
shouldn't I marry ? " So thought sir 
William of sir William, and he married 
the Widow Green, a buxom dame of 40 
summers. — S. Knowles, The Love-Chase 
(1837). 

Fontainebleau (Decree of), an edict 
passed by Napoleon I., ordering all 
English goods wherever found to be 
ruthlessly burnt (October 18, 1810). 



344 FOOLS, JESTERS, ETC. 

Fontara'bia,now called Fuenter&bia 

(in Latin Fons rapidus), near the gulf of 
Gascony. Here Charlemagne and all his 
chivalry fell by the sword of the " Span- 
ish Saracens." — Mariana. 

*** Mezeray says that the rear of the 
king's army being cut off, Charlemagne 
returned and obtained a brilliant revenge. 

Fool. James I. of Great Britain was 
called by Henri IV. of France, "The 
Wisest Fool in Christendom" (1566- 
1625). 

Fool ( The), in the ancient morris-dance, 
represented the court jester. He carried 
in his hand a yellow bauble, and wore on 
his head a hood with ass's ears, the top 
of the hood rising into the form of a 
cock's neck and head, with a belt at the 
extreme end. The hood was blue edged 
with yellow and scalloped, the doublet 
red edged with yellow, the girdle yellow, 
the hose of one leg yellow and of the 
other blue, shoes red. (See Morris- 
Dance.) 

Fools. Pays de Fous. Gheel, in 
Belgium, is so called, because it bas 
been for many years the Bedlam of 
Belgium. 

Battersea is also a pays de fous, from 
a pun. Simples N used to be grown there 
largely for the London apothecaries, and 
hence the expression, You must go to 
Battersea to get your simples cut. 

*%* Bceotia was considered by the 
Athenians the pays de fous of Greece. 
Arcadia was also a folly-land ; hence 
Arcades ambo ("both noodles alike"). 

Fools, Jesters, and Mirthmen. 

Those in italics were mirthmen, but not 
licensed fools or jesters. 

Adelsburn (BurkardKaspar), jester to 
George I. He was not only a fun- maker, 
but also a ghostly adviser of the Hano- 
verian. 

Ak.sak.off, the fool of czarma Eliza- 
beth of Russia (mother of Peter II.), 
He was a stolid brute, fond of practical 
jokes. 

Angely (L.), jester to Louis XIV., and 
last of the licensed fools of France. He 
is mentioned by Boileau in Satires i. and 
viii. 

Aopi (Monsignore), who succeeded 
Soglia as the merry man of pope Gregory 
XVI. 

Armstrong (Archie), jester in tne 
courts of James I. and Charles I. One 
of the characters in Scott's novel The 
Fortunes of Nigel, Being condemned to 



FOOLS, JESTERS, ETC. 



345 



FOOLS, JESTERS, ETC. 



death by king James for sheep-stealing, 
Archie implored that he might live till 
he had read his Bible through for his 
soul's weal. This was granted, and Archie 
rejoined, with a sly look, "Then de'il tak' 
me 'gin I ever read a word on't ! " 

Bkrdic, '' joeulator " to William the 
Conqueror. Three towns and rive cara- 
cutes in Gloucestershire were given him 
by the king. 

" Bluet d'Abbbus (seventeenth cen- 
tury), fool to the duke of Mantua. 
1 taring a pestilence, he conceived the idea 
of offering his life as a ransom for his 
countrymen, and actually starved himself 
to death to stay the plague. 

Bonny (Patrick), jester to .the regent 
Morton. 

jiorde (Andreic), usually called 
u Merry Andrew," physician to Henry 
VIII. (1500-1549). 

Brusquet. Of this court fool Bran- 
tome says : " He never had his equal in 
repartee" (1512-1503). 

Caillet (Guillaume), who flourished about 
1490. His likeness is given in the 
frontispiece of the Ship of Fools (1497). 

Chicot, jester of Henri III. and Henri 
IV. Alexandre Dumas has a novel 
called Chicot the Jester (1553-1591). 

Colqliioi'n {Jemmy), predecessor of 
James Geddes, jester in the court of 
Mary queen of Scots. 

Coryat, " prince of non-official jesters 
and coxcombs." Kept by prince Henry, 
brother of Charles I. 

Coulon, doctor and jester to Louis 
XVIII. He was the very prince of 
mimics. He sat for the portraits of 
Thiers, Mole', and comte Joseph deVillele 
(died 1858). 

Da'gonet (Sir), jester to king Arthur. 
He was knighted by the king himself. 

Derrie, a court jester to James I. 
Contemporary with Thorn. 

Dueresnoy, poet, playwright, actor, 
gardener, glass-manufacturer, spend- 
thrift, wit, and honorary fool to Louis 
XIV. His jests are the "Joe Millers" 
of France. 

Geddes (James), jester in the court of 
Mary queen of Scots. He was daft, and 
follo'wed Jemmy Colquhoun in the motley. 

Glorieux (Le), jester of Charles le 
Hardi of Burgundy. 

Gonella, domestic jester of the duke 
of Ferrara. His jests are in print. 
Gonella used to ride a horse all skin 
and bone, which is spoken of in Don 
Qui.Tote. 

Hafod (Jack), a retainer in the house 



of Mr. Bartlett, of Castlemorton, Worces- 
tershire. He died at the close of the 
eighteenth century, and has given birth 
to the expression " As l>iu' a fool as -lack 
Hafod." He was the uitimus dcwrrarum 
in Great Britain. 

HSTWOOD (John), author of numerous 
dramatic works (1492-1666). 

Jean (Seigni), or "Old John;" so 
called to distinguish him from .lean or 
Johan, called /.-■ Foi de Madame (tl. 1380). 

.Ion an, Le FiA de Jl'iil'ime, mentioned 
by Marot in his epitaphs. 

Johnson (S.), familiarly known as 
"lord Flame," the character he played 
in his own extravaganza of JJurlo- 
Thrumbv (17-.'!i). 

Kgmm [General), a Saxon general, 
famous for his broad jests. 

Killigrkw (Thomas), called "king 
Charles's jester " (1611-1682). 

Longely, jester to Louis XIII. 

N.vKii {Klaus), jester to Frederick 
"the Wise," elector of Prussia. 

Pace. 

Patch, court fool of Elizabeth wife 
of Henry VII. 

Patch e, cardinal Wolsey's jester. 
The cardinal made Henry YIII. a pre- 
sent of this "wise fool," and the king 
returned word that " the gift was a most 
acceptable one." 

Patison, licensed jester to sir Thomas 
More. He is introduced by Hans Hol- 
bein in his famous picture of the lord 
chancellor. 

Paul (Jacob), baron Gundling. This 
merrvman was laden with titles in ridi- 
cule by Frederick William I. of Prussia. 

Pearce (Dickie), fool of the earl of 
Suffolk. Dean Swift wrote an epitaph 
on him. 

Rayere, court jester to Henry I. of 
England. 

Rosen (Kunz von der), private jester 
to the emperor Maximilian I. 

Scogan, court jester to Edward IV. 

Soglia (Cardinal), the fun-maker of 
pope Gregory XVI. He was succeeded 
by Aopi. 

"Somers (Will), court jester to Henry 
VIII. The effigy of this jester is at 
Hampton Court. And in Old Fish Street 
was once a public-house called Will 
Somers's tavern (1490-1560). 

Stehlin (Professor), in the household 
of czarina Elizabeth of Russia. He was 
teacher of mathematics and history to 
the grand-duke (Peter II.), and was 'also 
his licensed buffoon. 

Tarleton (Bichard), the famous clown 



FOOLS' PARADISE. 



346 



FOPPINGTON. 



and jester in the reign of queen Elizabeth, 
but not attached either to the court or to 
any nobleman (1530-1588). 

Thom, one of the court jesters of 
James I. Contemporary with Derrie. 

Triboulet, court jester to Louis XII. 
and Francois I. (1487-1536). Licinio, 
the rival of Titian, took his likeness, 
which is still extant. 
' Wallett ( W. F.), court jester to 
queen Victoria. He styles himself "the 
queen's jester," but doubtlessly has no 
warrant for the title from the lord cham- 
berlain. 

Walter, jester to queen Elizabeth. 

Will, " my lord of Leicester's jesting 
player;" but who this "Will" was is 
not known. It might be Will Johnson, 
Will Sly, Will Kimpe, or even Will 
Shakespeare. 

Yorick, jester in the court of Den- 
mark. Referred to by Shakespeare in 
his Hamlet, act v. sc. 1. 

(Dr. Doran published The History of 
Court Fools, in 1858.) 

Fools' Paradise, unlawful plea- 
sure ; illicit love ; vain hopes ; the 
limbus fatuorum or paradise of idiots 
and fools. 



If ye should lead her into a fool's paradise, it were a 
gross . . . behaviour.— Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, 
act iL sc. 4 (1597). 

Foot. The foot of the Arab is noted 
for its arch, and hence Tennyson speaks 
of the " delicate Arab arch of [Maud's'] 
feet." — Maud, xvi. 1. 

Foot-breadth, the sword of Thoralf 
Skolinson "the Strong" of Norway. 

Quern-biter of Hakon the Good, 
Wherewith at a stroke he hewed 

The millstone thro' and thro' ; 
And Foot-breadth of Thoralf " the Strong : "— 
Were not so broad, nor yet so long, 

Nor was their edge so true. 

Longfellow. 

Fopling Flutter (Sir), "the man 
of mode," and chief character of a 
comedy by sir George Etherege, entitled 
The Man of Mode or Sir Fopling Flutter 
(1676). 

Foppery. Vespasian the Roman 
emperor had a contempt for foppery. 
When certain young noblemen came to 
him smelling of perfumes, he said to 
them, "You would have pleased me 
more if you had smelt of garlic." 

Charlemagne had a similar contempt 
of foppery. One day, when he was 
hunting, the rain poured down in tor- 
rents, and the fine furs and silks of his 
suite were utterly spoilt. The king took 



this occasion to rebuke the court beaux 
for their vanity in dress, and advised 
them in future to adopt garments more 
simple and more serviceable. 

Foppington (Lord), an empty- 
headed coxcomb, intent only on dress 
and fashion. His favourite oaths, which 
he brings out with a drawl, are : " Strike 
me dumb ! " " Split my windpipe ! " and 
so on. When he loses his mistress, he 
consoles himself with this reflection : 
" Now, for my part, I think the wisest 
thing a man can do with an aching heart 
is to put on a serene countenance ; for a 
philosophical air is the most becoming 
thing in the world to the face of a person 
of quality." — Sir John Vanbrugh, The 
Relapse (1697). 

The shoemaker in The Relapse tells lord Fopping- 
ton that his lordship is mistaken in supposing that his 
shoe pinches. — Macaulay. 

Foppington (Lord), a young married 
man about town, most intent upon dress 
and fashion, whose whole life is con- 
sumed in the follies of play and seduc- 
tion. His favourite oaths are: "Sun, 
burn me ! " " Curse, catch me ! " " Stap 
my breath ! " " Let me blood ! " " Run 
me through!" "Strike me stupid!" 
" Knock me down ! " He is reckoned 
the king of all court fops. — Colley Cib- 
ber, The Careless ^Husband (1704). 

Macklin says: "Nature formed Colley Cibber for a 
coxcomb . . . and his predominant tendency was to be 
considered among men as a leader of fashion, and 
among women as a beau gargon. Hence ... his ' lord 
Foppington' was a model for dress, and that hauteur 
and nonchalance which distinguished the superior cox- 
combs of that day." — Percy, Anecdotes. 

Foppington (Lord), elder brother of 
Tom Fashion. A selfish coxcomb, en- 
gaged to be married to Miss Hoyden, 
daughter of sir Tunbelly Clumsy, to 
whom he is personally unknown. His 
brother Tom, to whom he did not behave 
well, resolved to outwit him ; and pass- 
ing himself off as lord Foppington, got 
introduced to the family, and married 
the heiress. When his lordship appeared, 
he was treated as an impostor, till Tom 
explained his ruse ; and sir Tunbelly, 
being snubbed by the coxcomb, was soon 
brought to acquiesce in the change, and 
gave his hand to his new son-in-law with 
cordiality. The favourite oaths of lord 
Foppington are: "Strike me dumb!" 
" Strike me ugly ! " " Stap my vitals ! " 
"Split my windpipe!" "Rat me!" 
etc. ; and, in speaking, his affectation is 
to change the vowel "o" into a, as rat, 
naw, resalve, waurld, ardered, inauth, 
paund, maunth, lang, philasapher, torture^ 



FORD. 



347 



FORGERIES 



and so on. — Sheridan, A Trip to Scar- 
borow/h (1777). 

%* This comedy is The Relapse, 
slightly altered and curtailed. 

Ford, a gentleman of fortune living 
at Windsor. He assumes the Dame of 
Brook, and being introduced to sir John 
Falstatf, the knight informs him " of 
his whole course of wooing," and how at 
one time he eluded Mrs. Ford's jealous 
husband by being carried out before his 
eyes in a buck-basket of dirty linen. — 
Act iii. sc. 5. 

Mrs. Ford, wife of Mr. Ford. Sir 
John Falstaff pays court to her, and she 
pretends to accept his protestations of 
love, in order to expose and punish him. 
Her husband assumes for the nonce the 
name of Brook, and sir John tells him 
from time to time the progress of his 
suit, and how he succeeds in duping her 
fool of a husband. — Shakespeare, Merry 
Wives of Windsor (15%). 

Forde'lis (3 syl.), wife of Bran'di- 
mart (Orlando's intimate friend). When 
Brandimart was slain, Fordelis dwelt for 
a time in his sepulchre in Sicily, and 
died broken-hearted. (See Fouudelis.) — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (151G). 

Forehead. A high forehead was at 
one time deemed a mark of beauty in 
women; hence Felice, the wife of Guy of 
Warwick, is described as having " the 
6ame high forehead as Venus." — History 
of Guy of Warwick. 

Fore'sight (2 syl.), a mad, super- 
stitious old man, who "consulted the 
stars, and believed in omens, portents, 
and predictions." He referred " man's 
goatish disposition to the charge of a 
star," and says he himself was "born 
when the Crab was ascending, so that all 
his affairs in life have gone backwards." 

I know the signs, and the planets, and their houses ; 
can judge of motions, direct ami retrograde, of sextiles, 
quadrates, trines, and oppositions, fiery trigons and 
aquatic trigons. Know whether life shall be long or 
short, happy or unhappy ; whether diseases are curable or 
incujable; if journeys shall be prosperous, undertakings 
successful, or gtolen goods recovered.— H. Congreve, Love 
for Love, ii. (1695). 

Forester (Sir Philip), a libertine 
knight. He goes in disguise to lady 
Bothwell's ball on his return from the 
Continent, but, being recognized, decamps. 

Lady Jemima Forester, wife of sir 
Philip, who goes with her sister lady 
Bothwell to consult "the enchanted 
mirror," in which they discover the clan- 
destine marriage and infidelity of sir 
Philip. — Sir W. Scott, Aunt Margaret's 
Mirror (time, William III.). 



Forgeries (Literary). 

Bertram (C. Julius), professor of 
English at Copenhagen, professed to have 
discovered, in 1 717, the De Situ Britannia 
of Richardofl Corinensis, in the library of 
that city; and in 17o7 he published it 
with two other treatises, calling the whole 
The Three Writers on tin- Ancient History 
of the British Nations (better known as 
acriptores Tres). His forgery was ex- 
posed by J. K. Mayor, in his preface 
to Ricardi de Girenoestria Speculum His- 
toriale. 

Chattertox (TJiomas), in 1777, pub- 
lished certain poems, which he affirmed 
were written in the fifteenth century by 
Thomas Rowley, a monk. The poets 
Gray and Mason detected the forgery. 

His other literary forgeries were: (1) 
The Pedigree of Burgum (a Bristol pew- 
terer), professed to have been discovered 
in the muniment-room of St. Mary's 
Church, Redcliffe. He accordingly 
printed a history of the " De Bergham " 
family, with a poem called The Po- 
rn v in t of the Cnyghte, by John de 
Bergham (fourteenth century). (2; A 
forged account of the opening of the old 
bridge, signed " Dunhelmus Bristoliensis," 
and professing to have been copied from 
an old MS. (3) An Account of Bristol, 
by Turgotus, "translated out of Saxon 
into English, by T. Rowley." Thi3 
forgery was made for the use of Mr. 
Catcott, who was writing a history of 
Bristol. 

Ireland (S. W. H.) published, in 
folio, 1796, Miscellaneous Papers and 
Instruments, under the hand and seal of 
William Shakespeare, including the tragedy 
of King Lear and a small fragment of 
Hamlet, from the original, price £4 As. 
He actually produced MSS. which he 
had forged, and which he pretended were 
original. 

On April 2, 1796, the play of Yorti- 
gern and Poicena, "from the pen of 
Shakespeare," was announced for repre- 
sentation. It drew a most crowded 
house ; but the fraud was detected, and 
Ireland made a public declaration of his 
impositions, from beginning to end. 

Mextz, who lived in the ninth century, 
published fifty-nine decretals, which he 
asserted were by Isidore of Seville, who 
lived three centuries previously. The 
object of these forged letters was to exalt 
the papacy and to corroborate certain 
dogmas. 

At Bremen, in 1837, were printed nine 
books of Sanchoni'athox, and it was said 



FORGET-ME-NOTS. 



348 



FORTUNIO. 



that the MSS. had been discovered in the 
convent of St. Maria de Merinhao, by a 
colonel Pereira in the Portuguese army ; 
but it was ascertained that there was no 
such convent, nor any such colonel, and 
that the paper of this "ancient" MS. 
bore the water-mark of Osnabruck paper- 
mills. 

Forget-me-nots of the Angels. 

So Longfellow calls the stars. 

Silently, one by one, in the infinite meadows of heaven, 
Blossomed the lovely stars, the "forget-me-nots" of the 
angels. 

Longfellow, Evangeline (1849). 

Forgive, Blest Shade . . . This 
celebrated epitaph in Brading Church- 
yard, Isle of Wight, is an altered version, 
by the Rev. John Gill (curate of New- 
church), of one originally composed by 
Mrs. Anne Steele, daughter of a baptist 
minister at Bristol. 

Forgiveness. 

Forgiveness to the injured doth belong ; 

But they ne'er pardon who have done the wrong. 

Dryden, The Conquest of Oranada. 

Forks, the gallows. (Latin, furca.) 
Cicero (De Div., i. 26) says: " Ferens 
furcam ductus est" ("he was led forth, 
bearing his gallows"). " Furcifer " was a 
slave made to carry a furca for punish- 
ment. 

Fornari'na (La), so called because 
she was the daughter of a baker (For- 
najo), is the name under which Raphael's 
mistress is known. Her real name is said 
to have been Margherita. Raphael paint- 
ed several portraits of this woman, the 
most famous being in the Uffizi Gallery 
at Florence, and her face appears to have 
suggested many of his most beautiful 
faces in other works. 

Forrest (George), Esq., M.A., the 
nom de plume of the Rev. J. G. Wood, 
author of Every Boy's Book (1855), etc. 

For'tinbras, prince of Norway. — 
Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596). 

Fortuna'tus, a man on the brink of 
starvation, on whom Fortune offers to 
bestow either wisdom, strength, riches, 
health, beauty, or long life. He chooses 
riches, and she gives him an inexhaustible 
purse. Subsequently, the sultan gives 
him a wishing-cap, which as soon as he 
puts on his head, will transport him to 
any spot he likes. • These gifts prove the 
ruin of Fortunatus and his sons. 

*£* This is one of the Italian tales called 
Nights, by Straparo'la. There is a German 



version, and a French one, as far back as 
1535. The story was dramatized in 1553 
by Hans Sachs ; and in 1600 by Thomas 
Dekker, under the title of The Pleasant 
Comedie of Old Fortunatus. Ludwig 
Tieck also has a drama upon the same 
subject. 

The purse of Fortunatus could not supply you.— Hol- 
croft, The Road to Ruin, i. 3. 

Fortunatus" 1 s Purse, a purse which was 
inexhaustible. It was given to Fortu- 
natus by Fortune herself. 

Fortunatus's Wishing-cap, a cap given 
by the sultan to Fortunatus. He had 
only to put it on his head and wish, when 
he would find himself transported to any 
spot he liked. 

Fortune of Love, in ten oooss, Dy 
Antonio Lofrasco, a Sardinian poet. 

" By my holy office," cried the cure, " since Apollo wai 
Apollo, and the Muses were the offspring of Jove, there 
never was a better or more delightful volume. He who 
has never read it, has missed a fund of entertainment. 
Give it me, Mr. Nicholas ; 1 would rather have that book 
than a cassock of the very best Florence silk." — Cervantes, 
Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605* 

Fortune's Frolic, a farce by 
Allingham. Lord Lack wit died suddenly, 
and the heir of his title and estates was 
Robin Roughhead, a poor labourer, en- 
gaged to Dolly, a cottager's daughter. 
The object of the farce is to show the 
pleasure of dofng good, and the blessings 
which a little liberality can dispense. 
Robin was not spoilt by his good fortune, 
but married Dolly, and became the good 
genius of the cottage tenantry. 

Fortunes of Nigel, a novel by sir 
W. Scott (1822). This story gives an 
excellent picture of the times of James I., 
and the account of Alsatia is wholly 
unrivalled. The character of king James, 
poor, proud, and pedantic, is a masterly 
historic sketch. 

Fortunio, one of the three daughters 
of an old lord, who at the age of four 
score was called out to join the army 
levied against the emperor of Matapa'. 
Fortunio put on military costume, and 
went in place of her father. On her way, 
a fairy gave her a horse named Com- 
rade, not only of incredible swiftness, 
but all-knowing, and endowed with 
human speech ; she also gave her an in- 
exhaustible Turkey-leather trunk, full of 
money, jewels, and fine clothes. By the 
advice of Comrade, she hired seven gifted 
servants, named Strongback, Lightfoot, 
Marksman, Fine-ear, Boisterer, Trinquet, 
and Grugeon. After performing several 
marvellous feats by the aid of her horse 



FORTY THIEVES. 



349 



FOSTER. 



and servants, Fortunio married Alfurite 
(3 »yl.) the king of her country. — Coin- 
tesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (1682). 

*** The talc is reproduced in Grimm's 
GMins. 

Fortuniu's Horse, Comrade, which net 
only possessed incredible speed, but knew 
all things, and was {rifted with human 
speech. 

Fortunio' s Attendants. 

Triuquet drank up the bikes and ponds, and thus aught 
for his matter [«ic]most delicate nh. Ughtfoot bunted 

down venison, and caught li;ire-; liv the tn A> far 
Marksman, he nave neither partridge nor pheasant any 
quarter; and whatever amount of OHM Mark- man shot, 
Stronghack would carry without Inconvenience. — Oom- 
IHM D'Aunoy, Fairy Tale4 (" Fortunio," ltWJ). 

Fortunio' s Sisters. Whatever gifts 
Fortunio sent her sisters, their touch 
rendered them immediately worthless. 
Thus the coffers of jewels and gold, "be- 
came only cut glass and false pistoles" 
the moment the jealous sisters touched 
them. 

Furtunio's Turliey-leather Trunk, full 
of suits of all sorts, swords, jewels, and 
gold. The fairy told Fortunio " she 
needed but to stamp with her foot, and 
call for the Turkey-leather trunk, and it 
would always come to her, full of money 
and jewels, fine linen and laces." — Com- 
tesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (1682). 

Forty Thieves, also called the tale 
of " All Baba." These thieves lived in a 
vast cave, the door of which opened and 
shut at the words, " Open, Sesame ! " 
"Shut, Sesame!" One day, Ali Baba, 
a wood-monger, accidentally discovered 
the secret, and made himself rich by 
carrying off gold from the stolen hoards. 
The captain tried several schemes to dis- 
cover the thief, but was always outwitted 
by Morgia'na, the wood-cutter's female 
slave, who, with boiling oil, killed the 
whole band, and at length stabbed the 
captain himself with his own dagger. — 
Arabian Nights (" Ali Baba or the Forty 
Thieves"). 

Forty -five {No. 45), the celebrated 
number of Wilkes's North Britain, in 
which the ministers were accused of 
" putting a lie into the king's mouth." 

Forwards (Marshal). Blucher is so 
called for his dash and readiness to attack 
in the campaign of 1813 (1742-1819). 

Fosca'ri (Francis), doge of Venice 
for thirty-five years. He saw three of his 
sons die, and the fourth, named Jac'opo, 
was banished by the Council of Ten for 
taking bribes from his country's enemies. 
The old doge also wa3 deposed, at the age 



of 84. As he was descending the " Giant 
Staircase " to take leave of his 8on, he 
hoard the bell announce the election of 
his successor, and he dropped down dead. 

Jacfopo Foecari. the fourth and only 
surviving son of Francis Foscari the doge 
of Venice. He was banished for taking 
bribes of fon-ign princes. Jacopo had 
been several times tortured, and died BOOH 
after Ids banishment to Candia. — Byron, 
The Two Foscari (1830). 

%* Verdi has taken this subject for an 
opera. 

FOSS (Corporal), a disabled soldier, 
who served many years under lieutenant 
Worthington, and remained his ordinary 
when the lieutenant retired from the ser- 
vice. Corporal Foss loved his master and 
Miss Emily the lieutenant's daughter, 
and he gloried in his profession. Though 
brusque in manner, he was tender-hearted 
as a child. — G. Colman, The Four Gentle- 
man (1802). 

%* Corporal Foss is modelled from 
" corporal Trim," in Sterne's Tristram 
Shandy (1759). 

Foss-way, the longest of the Roman 
roads, from Mt. Michael, in Cornwall, to 
Caithness (the furthest north of Scotland). 
Drayton says the Foss-way, Walling 
Street, and Iknield Street were con- 
structed by Mulmutius, son of Cloten 
king of Cornwall, who gained the sceptre 
of Britain after the period of anarchy 
which followed the murder of Porrex by 
his mother (about B.C. 700). 

The Foss exceeds me [ Watling Street] many a mile. 
That holds from shore to shore the length of all the isle. 
From where rich Cornwall points to the Iberian seas, 
Till colder Caithness tells the scattered Orcades. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Foster (Captain), on guard at Tully 
Veolan ruin. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Foster, the English champion. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Laird's Jock (time, Elizabeth). 

Foster (Anthony) or " Tony-fire-the- 
Faggot," agent of the earl of Leicester at 
Cumnor Place. — Sir W. Scott, Kenil- 
icorth (time, Elizabeth). 

Foster (Sir John), the English warden. 
— Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Foster (Dr. James), a dissecting 
minister, who preached on Sunday even- 
ings for above twentv years, from If 28- 
1749, in Old Jewry (died 1753). 

Let modest Foster, if he will, excel 
Ten metropolitans in preaching well. 

Pope, 



FOUL-WEATHER JACK. 



350 



FOURTEEN. 



Foul-weather Jack, commodore 
Byron (1723-1786). 

Foundling (The). Harriet Ray- 
mond, whose mother died in childbirth, 
was committed to the charge of a 
gouvernante, who announced to her father 
(sir Charles Raymond) that the child was 
dead. This, however, was not true, for 
the gouvernante changed the child's 
name to Fidelia, and sold her at the age 
of 12 to one Villiard. One night, Charles 
Belmont, passing Villiard's house, heard 
the cries of a girl for help ; he rescued her 
and took her to his own home, where he 
gave her in charge to his sister Rosetta. 
The two girls became companions and 
friends, and Charles fell in love with the 
" foundling." The gouvernante, on her 
death-bed, revealed the secret to sir Charles 
Raymond, the mystery was cleared up, 
and Fidelia became the wife of Charles 
Belmont. Rosetta gave her hand to 
Fidelia's brother, colonel Raymond. — 
Edward Moore, The Foundling (1748). 

Fountain, Bellamore, ard 
Hare'brain, suitors to lady Hartwell, 
a widow. They are the chums of Valen- 
tine the gallant, who would not be per- 
suaded to keep his estate. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, Wit without Money (1639). 

Fountain of Life, Alexander Hales 
"the Irrefragible Doctor" (*-1245). 

Fountain of Youth, a marvellous 
fountain in the island of Bim'ini (one of 
the Baha'ma group). It had the virtue 
of restoring the aged to youth again. In 
the middle ages it was really believed to 
exist, and Juan Ponce de Leon, among 
other Spanish navigators, went in serious 
quest of this fountain. 

Four Kings (The) of a pack of 
cards are Charlemagne (the Franco- 
German king), David (the Jewish king), 
Alexander (the Macedonian king), and 
Caesar (the Roman king). These four 
kings are representatives of the four great 
monarchies. 

Four Masters (The). (1) Michael 
O'Clerighe; (2) Cucoirighe O'Clerighe ; 
(3) Maurice Conry ; (4) Fearfeafa Conry. 
These four masters were the authors of 
the Annals of Donegal. 

*** O'Clerighe is sometimes Anglicized 
into Clerkson, and Cucoirighe into Pere- 
grine. 

Four Stones marked the extent of 
a tumulus. With the body of a hero was 
buried his sword and the heads of twelve 



arrows ; while on the surface of the 
tumulus was placed the horn of a deer. 

Four stones rise on the grave of Cathba, . . . Cathba, 
son of Torman, thou wert a sunbeam in Erin. — Ossian, 
f'iitgal, i. 

Fourberies de Scapin (Les), by 
Moliere (1671). Scapin is the valet of 
Le'andre, son of seignior Ge'ronte (2 syl.), 
who falls in love with Zerbinette, sup- 
posed to be a gipsy, but in reality the 
daughter of seignior Argante (2 syl.), 
stolen by the gipsies in early childhood. 
Her brother Octave (2 syl.) falls in love 
with Hyacinthe, whom he supposes to be 
Hyacinthe Pandolphe of Tarentum, but 
who turns out to be Hyacinthe Ge'ronte, 
the sister of Le'andre. Now, the gipsies 
demand £1500 as the ransom of Zer- 
binette, and Octave requires £80 for his 
marriage with Hyacinthe. Scapin ob- 
tains both these sums from the fathers 
under false pretences, and at the end of 
the comedy is brought in on a litter, with 
his head bound as if on the point of death. 
He begs forgiveness, which he readily 
obtains; whereupon the "sick man" 
jumps from the litter to join the ban- 
queters. (See Scapin.) 

Fourde'lis, personification of France, 
called the true love of Burbon (Henri IV.), 
but enticed away from him by Grantorto 
(rebellion). Talus (power or might) rescues 
her, but when Burbon catches her by her 
"ragged weeds," she starts back in dis- 
dain. However, the knight lifts her on his 
steed, and rides off Avith her. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, v. 2 (1596). 

Fou'rierism, a communistic system; 
so called from Charles Fourier of Besaneon 
(1772-1837). 

Fourolle (2 syl.), a Will-o'-the-wisp, 
supposed to have the power of charming 
sinful human beings into the same form. 
The charm lasted for a term of years 
only, unless it chanced that some good 
catholic, wishing to extinguish the 
wandering flame, made to it the sign of 
the cross, in which case the sinful creature 
became a fourolle every night, by way of 
penance. 

She does not know the way ; she is not honest, Mons. 
Do you not know — 1 am afraid lo say it aii ud . . . she is 
—a fourolle ?— Temple liar (" Beside the Kiile," i.). 

Fourteen, the name of a young 
man who could do the work of fourteen 
men, but had also the appetite of four- 
teen men. Like Christoph'erus, he carried 
our Lord across a stream, for which ser- 
vice the Saviour gave him a sack, saying, 
" Whatever vou wish for will come into 



FOURTEEN. 



351 



FRANCESCA. 



this sack, if you only say 'Artchila mart- 
chila!'" (i.e. "come (or go) into my 
sack"). Fourteen' s List achievement was 
this : He went to paradise, and being re- 
fused admission, poked his sack through 
the keyhole of the door ; then crying out 
"Artchila murtchila ! " ("get into the 
sack"), he found himself on the other side 
of the door, and, of course, in paradise. — 
Rev. W. Webster, Basque Legends, 195 
(1877). 

Fourteen. This number plays a very 
conspicuous part in French history, 
especially in the reigns of Henri IV. and 
Louis XIV. For example: 

14th May. 1029. the first Henri was consecrated, and 
14th May. 1610, the last Henri was assassinated. 

14 letters compose the name of Henri de Bourbon, the 
14th king of France and Navarre. 

14th December, 1553 (14 cetUaries, 14 decodes, and 14 
yearn from the birth of Chritt). Henri IV. was born, and 
1553 added together = 14. 

14th May, 1554, Henri II. ordered the enlargement of 
the Rue de la Ferronnerie. This order was carried out, 
and 4 times 14 years later Henri IV. was assassinated 
there. 

14th May. 1552, was the birth of Margaret de Valois, first 
wife of Henri IV. 

14th May, 158S. the Parisians revolted against Henri III., 
under the leadership of Henri de Guise. 

14th March, 1590. Henri IV. gained the battle of Ivry. 

14th May, 1590, Henri IV. was repulsed from the fau- 
bourgs of Paris. 

14th November, 1590, " The Sixteen " took oath to die 
rather than serve the huguenot king, Henri IV. 

14th November, 159-J, the Paris parlement registered 
the papal bull which excluded Henri IV. from reigning. 

14th December, 1599, the duke of Savoy was reconciled 
to Henri IV. 

14th September, 1606, the dauphin (Louis XIII.), son of 
Henri IV., was haptized. 

14th May. 1610, Ravaillac murdered Henri IV. in the 
Rue de la Ferroniujrie. Henri IV. lived 4 times 14 years 
14 weeks, and 4 times 14 davs, i.e. 56 years and 5 months. 

14th May, 1643, died Louis XIII.. son of Henri IV. (the 
same day and month as bis father). And 1643 added to- 
gether = 14 ; just as 1553 [the birth of Henri /I'.) = 14. 

Louis XIV. mounted the throne 1643, which added to- 
gether =14. 

Louis XIV. died 1715, which added together=14 

Louis XIV. lived 77 years, which added together=14. 

Louis XV. mounted the throne 1715, which added to- 
gether =14. 

Louis XV. died 1774 (the two extremes are 14, and the 
two means 77=14. 

Louis XVI. published the edict for the convocation of 
the states-general in the 14th year of his reign (September 
27, 1788). 

Louis XVIII. was restored to the throne, Napoleon 
abdicated, the " Peace of Paris " was signed, and the 
"Congress of Vienna" met in 1814; and these figures 
added together=14. 

In 183"J= 14, was the death of the due de Reichstadt (only 
son of Napoleon I.). 

In 1841=14, the law was passed for the fortification of 
Paris. 

In 1850=14, Louis Philippe died. 

Fourteen Hundred! the cry on 

'Change when a stranger enters the sacred 
precincts. The question is then asked, 
" Will you purchase my new navy five 
per cents., sir?" after which the stranger 
is hustled out without mercy. 

Fox (That), Herod Antipas (b.c. 4 to 
a.d. 89). 

cast out devils.— 



Fox (T/te Old), marshal Soult (1769- 
1851). 

Foxley (Squire Matthew), a magis- 
trate who examines Darsie Latimer [i.e. 
sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet], after he 
had been attacked by the rioters. — Sir 
W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Fracasse (Capitaine), the French 
Bombastes Furioso. — Theophile Gautier. 

Fra Diavolo, the sobriquet of 
Michel Pozza, a Calabrian insurgent and 
brigand chief. In 1799 cardinal Ruffo 
made him a colonel in the Neapolitan 
army, but in 1806 he was captured by the 
French, and hanged at Naples. Auber 
has a comic-opera so entitled, the libretto 
of which was written by Scribe, but 
nothing of the true character of the 
brigand chief appears in the opera. 

Fradu'bio [i.e. brother Doubt]. In 
his youth he loved Fraelissa, but riding 
with her one day they encountered a 
knight accompanied by Duessa (false 
faith), and fought to decide which lady 
was the fairer. The stranger knight fell, 
and both ladies being saddled on the 
victor, Duessa changed her rival into a 
tree. One day Fradubio saw Duessa 
bathing, and was so shocked at her de- 
formity that he determined to abandon 
her, but the witch anointed him during 
sleep with herbs to produce insensibility, 
and then planted him as a tree beside 
Fraelissa. The Red Cross Knight plucked 
a bough from this tree, and seeing with 
horror that blood dripped from the rift, 
was told this tale of the metamorphosis. 
— Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 2 (1590). 

Frail (Jlrs.), a demirep. Scandal says 
she is a mixture of "pride, folly, affec- 
tation, wantonness, inconstancy, covetous- 
ness, dissimulation, malice, and ignorance, 
but a celebrated beauty " (act i.). She is 
entrapped into marriage with Tattle. — W. 
Congreve, Love for Love (1695). 

Francatelli, a chef de cuisine at 
Windsor Castle, Crockford's, and at the 
Freemasons' Tavern. He succeeded Ude 
at Crockford's. 

Frances, daughter of Vandunke 
(2 syl.) burgomaster of Bruges. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Beqqars 1 Busk 
(1622). 

Francesca, daughter of Guido da 
Polenta (lord of Ravenna) . She was given 
by her father in marriage to Lanciotto, 



FRANCESCA. 



352 



FRANKFORD. 



son of Malatesta lord of Rimini, who was 
deformed. His brother Paolo, who was 
a handsome man, won the affections of 
Francesca ; but being caught in adultery, 
both of them were put to death by Lan- 
ciotto. Francesca told Dante that the 
tale of Lancelot and Guinever caused her 
fall. The tale forms the close of Dante's 
Hell, v., and is alluded to by Petrarch in 
his Triumph of Love, iii. 

\* Leigh Hunt has a poem on the 
subject, and Silvio Pellico has made it 
the subject of a tragedy. 

Francesca, a Venetian maiden, daughter 
of old Minotti governor of Corinth. Alp, 
the Venetian commander of the Turkish 
army in the siege of Corinth, loved her ; 
but she refused to marry a renegade. 
Alp was shot in the siege, and Francesca 
died of a broken heart. — Byron, Siege of 
Corinth (1816). 

Medora, Neuha, Leila. Francesca, and Theresa, it has 
been alleged, are but children of one family, with dif- 
ferences resulting from climate and circumstances. — 
Finden, Byron Beauties. 

*%* "Medora," in The Corsair ; " Neu- 
ha," in The Island; "Leila," in The 
Giaour ; and "Theresa," in Mazeppa. 

Francesco, the " Iago " of Mas- 
singer's Duke of Milan ; the duke Sforza 
"the More" being "Othello;" and the 
cause of hatred being that Sforza bad se- 
duced "Eugenia," Francesco's sister. As 
Iago was Othello's favourite and ancient, 
so Francesco was Sforza's favourite and 
chief minister. During Sforza's absence 
with the camp, Francesco tried to corrupt 
the duke's beautiful young bride Marcelia, 
and being repulsed, accused her to the 
duke of wishing to play the wanton with 
him. The duke believed his favourite 
minister, and in his mad jealousy ran 
upon Marcelia and slew her. He was 
then poisoned by Eugenia, whom he had 
seduced. — Massinger, The Duke of Milan 
(1622). (See Francisco.) 

Francis, the faithful, devoted servant 
of "the stranger." Quite impenetrable 
to all idle curiosity. — Benj. Thompson, 
The Stranger (1797). 

Francis (Father), a Dominican monk, 
the confessor of Simon Glover. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Francis (Father), a monk of the con- 
vent at Namur. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

^ Franciscans. So called from St. 
Francis of Assisi, their founder, in 1208. 



Called "Min'orites" (or Inferiors), from 
their professed humilty ; " Gray Friars," 
from the colour of their coarse clothing ; 
" Mendicants," because they obtained 
their daily food by begging ; " Obser- 
vants," because they observed the rule 
of poverty. Those who lived in convents 
were called "Conventual Friars." 

Franciscan Sisters were called 
"Clares," "Poor Clares," "Minoresses,' ; 
" Mendicants," and " Urbanites " (3 syl.). 

Francis'co, the son of Valentine. 
Both father and son are in love with 
Cellide (2 syl.), but the lady naturally 
prefers the son. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
Mons. Thomas (1619). 

Francis'co, a musician, Antonio's boy 
in The Chances, a comedy by Beaumont 
and Fletcher (1620). 

Francisco, younger brother of Valen- 
tine (the gentleman who will not be 
persuaded to keep his estate). (See Fran- 
cesco.) — Beaumont and Fletcher, Wit 
Without Money (1639). 

Franguestan, famous for enamel. 

Of complexion more fair than the enamel of Fran- 
guestan.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 

Frank, sister to Frederick ; passion- 
ately in love with captain Jac'omo the 
woman-hater.— Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Captain (1613). 

Frankenstein (3 syl.), a student, 
who constructed, out of the fragments of 
bodies picked from churchyards and 
dissecting-rooms, a human form without 
a soul. The monster had muscular 
strength, animal passions, and active life, 
but "no breath of divinity." It longed 
for animal love and animal sympathy, but 
was shunned by all. It was most power- 
ful for evil, and being fully conscious of 
its own defects and deformities, sought 
with persistency to inflict retribution on 
the young student who had called it 
into being. — Mrs. Shelley, Frankenstein 
(1817). 

In the summer of 1816, lord Byron and Mr. and Mrs. 
Sh I ley resided on the banks of the lake of Geneva . . . 
and the Shelleys often passed their evenings with Byron, 
atbis house at Diodati. During a week of rain, having 
amused themselves with reading German ghost stories, 
they agreed to write something in imitation of them. 
" You and I," said lord Byron to Mrs. Shelley, "will 
publish ours together." He then he-an his tale of the 
Vampire . . . but the most memorable part of this story, 
telling compact was Mrs. Shelley's wild nnd roverful 
romance of Frankenstein. — T. Moore, Life of Byron. 

Frankford (Mr. and Mrs.). Mrs. 
Frankford proved unfaithful to her mar- 
riage vow, and Mr. Frankford sent her 
to reside on one of his estates. She died 



FRANK M.S'. 



353 



FREDERICK THE GREAT. 



of grrcf ; but on her death-bed her bus- 
band went to 6ee her, and forgave her. — 
John Heywood, A Woman Killed by 
Kindness (1676-1045). 

Franklin (Lady), the half-sister of 
sir John Vesey, sod a young widow. 
Lady Franklin had an angelic temper, 
which nothing disturbed, and ahe really 
believed that "whatever is is beat." She 
could bear with unruffled feathers even 
the failure of a new cap or the disappoint- 
ment of a new gown. This paragon of 
women loved and married Mr. Graves, 
a dolorous widower, for ever sigbing over 
the superlative excellences of his "sainted 
Maria," his first wife. — Lord L. Bulwer 
Lytton, Money (1840). 

Frank' lin ( The Polish), Thaddeus Czacki 
(1766-1813). 

Franklin's Tale (The), in Chaucer's 
Canterbury Tales, is that of "Dorigen and 
Arvir'agus." Dorigen, a lady of rank, 
married Arviragus, out of pity for his 
love and meekness. One Aurelius tried 
to corrupt her, but she said she would 
never listen to his suit till " on these 
coasts there n'is no stone y-seen." Aure- 
lius contrived by magic to clear the coast 
of stones, and Arviragus insisted that 
Dorigen should keep touch with him. 
"When Aurelius heard thereof, and saw 
the deep grief of the lady, he said he 
would rather die than injure so true a 
wife and so noble a gentleman. 

%* This tale is taken from The De- 
cameron, x. 5. (See Dianoka, p. 251.) 
There is also a very similar one in Boc- 
caccio's Philocopo. 

Frankly (Charles), a light-hearted, 
joyous, enthusiastic young man, in love 
with Clarinda, whom he marries. — Dr. 
Hoadly, The Suspicious Husband (1747). 

Franval (Madame), born of a noble 
family, is proud as the proudest of the 
old French noblesse. Captain St. Alme, 
the son of a merchant, loves her daughter ; 
but the haughty aristocrat looks with 
disdain on such an alliance. However, 
L her daughter Marianne is of another way 
of thinking, and loves the merchant's 
son. Her brother intercedes in her behalf, 
•and madame makes a virtue of necessity, 
with as much grace as possible. — Th. 
.Holcroft, Tiui Deaf and DuinJj (1785). 

Fra'teret'to, a fiend, who told Edgar 
that Nero was an angler in the Lake of 
Darkness. — Shakespeare, King Lear 
(1605). 



Fraud, seen by Dante between the 
sixth and seventh circles of the Inferno. 

His head ami ujjpcr port Hpoead on ):uid. 
But laid not on the shore his bestial train. 
His tare th,- aerobian Ca of a just man's wore 
(So kind and gracious was its outward clie.-r). 
The rest w.i- Wrpanl all. !»,) lhaffij claws 

Reached to the armplU, and tin- bai k and breMt 
And either (Ida were painted o'er aritfa 

And orbits. 

Dante. Hell, xvii. (1900). 

Freckles Cured. " The entrails of 
crocodiles," says Ovid, " art- excellent to 
take freckles or spots from the face and 
to whiten the skin." As Pharos, an island 
in the mouth of the Nile, abounded in 
crocodiles, the poet advises these who are 
swarthy and freckled to use the Pharian 
wash. 

If swarthy, to the Pharian varnish fly. 

Ovid. Art of Love, iii. (B.C. 2). 

Fred or Frederick Lewis prince of 
Wales, father of George III., was struck 
by a cricket-ball in front of Cliefden 
House, in the autumn of 1750, and died 
the following spring. It was of this 
prince that it was written, by way of 
epitaph : 

He was alive, and is dead ; 
And as it is only Fred, 
Why, there's no more to be said. 

Frederick, the usurping duke, fathc 
of Celia and uncle of Kosalind. He was 
about to make war upon his banished 
brother, when a hermit encountered him, 
and so completely changed him that he 
not only restored his brother to his duke- 
dom, but he retired to a religious house, 
and passed the rest of his life in penitence 
and acts of devotion. — Shakespeare, As 
You Like It (1598). 

Fred'erick, the unnatural and licentious 
brother of Alphonso king of Naples, 
whose kingdom he usurped. He tried 
to seduce Evanthe (3 syl.), the chaste 
wife of Yalerio, but not succeeding in his 
infamous design, he offered her as a con- 
cubine for one month to any one who, at 
the end of that period, would yield his 
head to the block. As no one wouid 
accept the terms, Evanthe was restored 
to her husband. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
A Wife for a Month (1(324). 

Frederick (Don), a, Portuguese merchant, 
the friend of don Felix. — Mrs. Centlivre, 
The Wonder (1714). 

Frederick the Great in Flight. 
In 1741 was the battle of Molwitz, in 
which the Prussians carried the day, and 
the Austrians fled ; but Frederick, who 
commanded the cavalry, was put to flight 
2 A 



FREEBORN JOHN. 



354 



FRIARS. 



early in the action, and thinking that all 
was" lost, fled with his staff many miles 
from the scene of action. 

Frederick the Great from Molwitz deigned to run. 
Byron, Don Juan, viii. 22 (1824). 

Freeborn John, John Lilbume, the 
republican (1613-1657). 

Freehold, a grumpy, rusty, but 
soft-hearted old gentleman farmer, who 
hates all new-fangled notions, and de- 
tests " men of fashion." He lives in his 
farm-house with his niece and daughter. 

Aura Freehold, daughter of Freehold. 
A pretty, courageous, high-spirited lass, 
who wins the heart of Modely, a man of 
the world and a libertine. — John Philip 
Kemble, The Farm-house. 

Freelove (Lady), aunt to Harriot 
[Russet], A woman of the world, "as 
mischievous as a monkey, and as cunning 
too " (act i. 1). — George Colman, The 
Jealous Wife (1761). 

Freeman (Charles), the friend of 
Lovel, whom he assists in exposing the 
extravagance of his servants. — Rev. J. 
Townley, High Life Below Stairs (1763)- 

Free'man (Sir Charles), brother of Mrs. 
Sullen and friend of Aimwell. — George 
Farquhar, The Beaux' Stratagem (1705)., 

Free' man (Mrs.), a name assumed by 
the duchess of Marlborough in her cor- 
respondence with queen Anne, who 
called herself "Mrs. Morley." 

Freemason (The lady), the Hon. 
Miss Elizabeth St. Leger (afterwards 
Mrs. Aldworth), daughter of Arthur lord 
Doneraile. In order to witness the pro- 
ceedings of a lodge held in her father's 
house, she hid herself in an empty clock- 
case ; but, being discovered, she was 
compelled to become a member of the 
craft. 

Freemasons' Buildings. St. 
Paul's Cathedral, London, in 604, and 
St. Peter's, Westminster, in 605, were 
both built by freemasons. Gundulph 
bishop of Rochester, who built White 
Tcwer, was a grand - master ; so was 
Peter of Colechurch, architect of Old 
London Bridge. Henry VII. 's Chapel, 
Westminster, is the work of a master 
mason. Sir Thomas Gresham, who 
planned the Royal Exchange, was also a 
master mason ; so were Inigo Jones and 
sir Christopher Wren. Covent Garden 
Theatre was founded, in 1808, by the 
prince of Wales, in his capacity of grand- 
master. 



Free'port (Sir Andrew), a London 
merchant, industrious, generous, and of 
sound good sense. He was one of the 
members of the hypothetical club under 
whose auspices the Spectator was enter- 
prised. 

Freiherr von Guttingen, having 
collected the poor of his neighbourhood 
in a great barn, burnt them to death, and 
mocked their cries of agony. Being 
invaded by a swarm of mice, he shut 
himself up in his castle of Guttingen, in 
the lake of Constance ; but the vermin 
pursued him, and devoured him alive. 
The castle then sank in the lake, and 
may still be seen there. (See Hatto.) 

Freischiitz (Der), a legendary 
German archer, in league with the devil. 
The devil gave him seven balls, six of 
which were to hit with certainty any 
mark he aimed at ; but the seventh was 
to be directed according to the will of 
the giver. — Weber, Der Freischiitz (an 
opera, 1822). 

V The libretto is by F. Kind, taken 
from Apel's Gespensterbuch (or ghost 
book). A translation of Apel's story 
may be found in De Quincey's works. 

Freron (Jean), the person bitten by 
a mad dog, referred to by Goldsmith in 
the lines : 

The man recovered of the bite 
The dog it was that died. 

Elegy on a Mad Dog. 
Un serpent mordit Jean Freron, eh bien? 
le serpent en mourut. 
Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., vii. 4 (Milman's notes). 

Freston, an enchanter, introduced in 
the romance of Don Belia'nis of Greece. 

Freston, the enchanter, who bore don 
Quixote especial ill-will. When the 
knight's library was destroyed, he wus 
told that some enchanter had carried off 
the books and the cupboard which con- 
tained them. The niece thought the en- 
chanter's name was Munaton ; but the 
don corrected her, and said, "You mean 
Freston." " Yes, yes," said the niece, 
" I know the name ended in ton." 

"That Freston," said the knight, "is doing me all the 
mischief his malevolence can invent ; but I regard him 
not."— Ch. 7. 

"That cursed Freston," said the knight, "who stole 
my closet and books, has transformed the giants into 
windmills" (ch. 8).— Cervantes, Don Quixote,.!. L (1605). 

Friars. The four great religious 
orders were Dominicans, Franciscans, 
Augustines, and Car'melites (3 syl.). 
Dominicans are called black friars, Fran- 
ciscans gray friars, and the other two 
tohite friars. A fifth order was the 
Trinitarians or Crutched friars, a later 



FRIARS TALE. 



355 



FROG. 



foundation. The Dominicans were fur- 
thermore called Fratrea Majorea, and the 
Franciscans Fratres Minores. 

(For friars famed in fable or story, see 
under each respective name or pseu- 
donym.) 

Friar's Tale (Tlie), by Chaucer, in 
The Canterbury Tales (1388). An arch- 
deacon employed a sumfnour as his 
secret spy to find out offenders, with the 
view of exacting fines from them. In 
order to accomplish this more effectually, 
the sumpnour entered into a compact 
with the devil, disguised as a yeoman. 
Those who imprecated the devil were to 
be dealt with by the yeoman-devil, and 
those who imprecated God were to be 
the sumpnour's share. They came in 
time to an old woman "of whom they 
knew no wrong," and demanded twelve 
peace "for cursing." She pleaded 
poverty, when the sumpnour exclaimed, 
"The "foul fiend fetch me if I excuse 
thee ! " and immediately the foul fiend 
at his side did seize him, and made off 
with him too. 

Fribble, a contemptible molly- 
coddle, troubled with weak nerves. He 
" speaks like a lady for all the world, and 
never swears. . . . He wears nice white 
gloves, and tells his lady-love what 
ribbons become her complexion, where 
to stick her patches, who is the best 
milliner, where they sell the best tea, 
what is the best wash for the face, and 
the best paste for the hands. He is 
always playing with his lady's fan, and 
showing his teeth." He says when he is 
married : 

"All the domestic business will be taken from my wife's 
hands. I shall make the tea, comb the dogs, and dress 
the children myself." — D. Garrick, Miss in Her Teens ii. 
(1758). 

Friday (My man), a young Indian, 
whom Robinson Crusoe saved from death 
on a Friday, and kept as his servant and 
companion on the desert island. — Defoe, 
Bobinson Crusoe (1709). 

Friday Street (London). So called 
because it was the street of fishmongers, 
who served the Friday markets. — Stow. 

Friday Tree (A), a trial, mis- 
fortune, or cross ; so called from the 
"accursed tree" on which the Saviour 
was crucified on a Friday. 

Friend (The Poor Man's), Nell 
Gwynne (1642-1691). 

Friend of Man (The), the marquis 
de Mirabeau : eo called from one of his 



books, entitled L'Ami des Homines (1716- 
1789). 

Friends. 

Frenchmen : Montaigne and Etiennc de 
la Boetie. 

Germans: Goethe and Schiller. 

Greeks: Achillea and Patroclos; 
Diomedes and Sthen'aloa : Epaminondaa 
and Pelop'idas ; Harmo'dias and Aristo- 
gi'ton ; Hercules and Iola'os ; Idomeneus 
(4 syl.) and Merion ; Pyl'adefl and Ores'- 
tes ; Septim'ios and Alcander ; Theseus 
(2 syl.) and Pirith'oos. 

Jeics : David and Jonatnan ; Christ 
and the beloved disciple. 

Syracusians : Damon and Pythias; 
Sacharissa and Amoret. 

Trojans: Kisus and Eury'alus. 

Of Feudal 11 tutor y : Amys and Amy- 
lion. 

Friends Falling out. 

Faint friends, when they fall out, most cruel foemen be. 
Spenser, faery Queen, iv. 9 (15y6). 

Friendly (Sir Thomas), a gouty 
baronet living at Friendly Hall. 

Lady Friendly, wife of sir Thomas. 

Frank Friendly, son of sir Thomas 
and fellow-collegian with Ned Blushing- 
ton. 

Dinah Friendly, daughter of sir 
Thomas. She marries Edward Blushing- 
ton "the bashful man." — W. T. Mon- 
crieff, The Bashful Man. 

Frithiof [Frit.yof], a hero of Ice- 
landic story. He married Ingeborg 
[In.ye.boy'e], daughter of a petty Norwe- 
gian king, and the widow of Hring. His 
adventures are recorded in an ancient 
Icelandic saga of the thirteenth century. 

%* Bishop Tegner has made this 
story the groundwork of his poem en- 
titled Frithjofs Saga. 

Frithiof s bicord, Angurva'del. 

*.,.* Frithiof means " peace-maker," 
and Angurvaael means " stream of an- 
guish." 

Fritz (Old), Frederick II. "the 
Great," king of Prussia (1712, 1740- 
1786). 

Fritz, a gardener, passionately fond of 
flowers, the only subject he can talk 
about. — E. Stirling, The Prisoner of 
State (1847). 

Frog (Nic), the linen-draper. The 
Dutch are so called in Arbuthnot's History 
of John Bull. 

Nic. Frog was a cunning, sly rogue, quite the reverse of 
John [Bull] in many part Iculars ; covetous, frugal ; minded 
domestic affairs ; would pinch hia belly to gave his pocket ; 



FROLLO. 



356 



FUDGE FAMILY. 



never lost a farthing by careless servants or bad debts. 
He did not care much for any sort of diversions, except 
tricks of high German artists and legerdemain ; no man 
exceeded Nic. in these. Yet it must be owned that Nic. 
was a fair dealer, and in th at way acquired immense riches. 
—Dr. Arbuthnot, History of John Bull, v. (1712). 

*** "Frogs" are called Dutch night- 
ingales. 

Frollo (Claude), an archdeacon, ab- 
sorbed by a search after the philosophers' 
stone. He has a great reputation for 
sanctity, but entertains a base passion 
for Esmeralda, the beautiful gipsy girl. 
Quasimodo flings him into the air from 
the top of Notre Dame, and dashes him to 
death. — Victor Hugo, Notre Dame de 
Paris (1831). 

Fronde War (The), a political 
squabble during the ministry of Maz'- 
arin in the minority of Louis XIV. (1648- 
1653). 

Frondeur, a " Mrs. Candour," a 
backbiter, a railer, a scandal-monger ; any 
one who flings stones at another. (French, 
frondeur, "a slinger," fronde, "a sling.") 

"And what about Diebitsch?" began another frondeur. 
—Y&ra, 200. 

Frondeurs, the malcontents in the 
Fronde war. 

They were like schoolboys who sling stones about the 
streets. When no eye is upon them they are bold as 
bullies; but the moment a "policeman" approaches, off 
they scamper to any ditch for concealment. — Montglat. 

Front de Boeuf (Sir Reginald), a 
follower of prince John of Anjou, and 
one of the knight's challengers. — Sir W. 
Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Frontaletto, the name of Sa'cri- 
pant'3 horse. The word means "Little 
head." — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Fronti'no, the horse of Brada- 
man'te (4 syl.). Roge'ro's horse bore the 
same name. The word means " Little 
head." — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

The renowned Frontino, which Bradamante purchased 
at so high a price, could never be thought thy equal [i.e. 
Rosinantffs equal].— Cervantes, Don Quixote (Ki05). 

Frost (Jack), Frost personified. 

Jack Frost looked forth one still, clear night, 
And he said, " Now I shall be out of sight, 
So over the valley and over the height 
In silence I'll take my way." 

Miss Gould. 

Froth. (Master), a foolish gentleman. 
Too shallow for great crime and too light 
for virtue. — Shakespeare, Measure for 
Measure ^1603). 

Froth (Lord), a good boon companion ; 
but he vows that " he laughs at nobody's 
jests but his own or a lady's." He says, 
" Nothing is more unbecoming a man of 



quality than a laugh ; 'tis such a vulgar 
expression of the passion ; every one can 
laugh." To lady Froth he is most gallant 
and obsequious, though her fidelity to her 
liege lord is by no means immaculate. 

Lady Froth, a lady of letters, who writes 
songs, elegies, satires, lampoons, plays, 
and so °n. She thinks her lord the 
most polished of all men, and his bow 
the pattern of grace and elegance. She 
writes an heroic poem called The Syl- 
labub, the subject of which is lord 
Froth's love to herself. In this poem 
she calls her lord "Spumoso" (Froth), 
and herself "Biddy" (her own name). 
Her conduct with Mr. Brisk is most blam- 
able. — W. Congreve, The Double Dealer 
(1700). 

Frothal, king of Sora, and son of 
Annir. Being driven by tempest to 
Sarno, one of the Orkney Islands, he was 
hospitably entertained by the king, and 
fell in love with Coma'la, daughter of 
Starno king of Inistore or the Orkneys. 
He would have carried her off by violence, 
but her brother Cathulla interfered, bound 
Frothal, and, after keeping him in bondi 
for three days, sent him out of the island. 
When Starno was gathered to his fathers, 
Frothal returned and laid siege to the 
palace of Cathulla ; but Fingal, happen- 
ing to arrive at the island, met Frothal 
in single combat, overthrew him, and 
would have slain him, if Utha his be- 
trothed (disguised in armour) had not 
interposed. When Fingal knew that 
Utha was Frothal's sweetheart, he not 
only spared the foe, but invited both to 
the palace, where they passed the night in 
banquet and song. — Ossian, Carrie- Thura. 

Fruit at a Call. In the tale of 
" The White Cat," one of the fairies, in 
order to supply a certain queen with ripe 
fruit, put her fingers in her mouth, blew 
three times, and then cried : 

" Apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums, cherries, pears, 
melons, grapes, apples, oranges, citrons, gooseberries, 
currants, strawberries, raspberries, and all sorts of fruit ; 
come at my call ! " . . . And they came rolling in without 
injury. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The White 
Cat," 1683). 

Fuar'fed (3 syl.), an island of Scan- 
dinavia. 

Fudge Family (The), a family 
supposed by T. Moore to be visiting 
Paris after the peace. It consists of Phil 
Fudge, Esq., his son Robert, his daughter 
Biddy, and a poor relation named Phelim 
Connor (an ardent Bonapartist and Irish 
patriot) acting as bear-leader to Bob. 
These four write letters to their friends 



FULGENTIO. 



357 



FUROR. 



in England. The skit is meant to sa- 
tirize the parvenu English abroad. 

Phil Fudge, Esq., father of Bob and 
Biddy Fudge ; a hack writer devoted 
to legitimacy and the limirbons. He 
is a secret agent of lord Castlereagh 
[h'ar.'xl.ra //] , to whom he addresses letters 
11. and ix., and points out to his lordship 
that Robert Fudge will be very glad to 
receive a snug Government appointment, 
and hopes that his lordship will not fail 
to bear him in mind. Letter vi. he ad- 
dresses to his brother, showing how the 
Fudge family is prospering, and ending 
thus : 

8hould we but still enjoy the sway 

Of Sidmouth an. I of Castlereagh, 

1 hops ore 1* • i »n to see the day 

When England*! wises) statesmen, judges. 

Lawyers, pu s iB , will all Ik:— r VDGES. 

3fiss Biddy Fudge, a sentimental girl 
of 18, in love with " romances, high bon- 
nets, and Mde. le Roy." She writes 
letters i., v., x., and xii., describing to 
her friend Dolly or Dorothy the sights 
of Paris, and especially how she be- 
comes acquainted with a gentleman 
whom she believes to be the king of 
Prussia in disguise, but afterwards she 
discovers that her disguised king calls 
himself "colonel Calicot." Going with 
her brother to buy some handkerchiefs, 
her visions of glory are sadly dashed 
when " the hero she fondly had fancied 
a king " turns out to be a common 
linen-draper. " There stood the vile trea- 
cherous thing, with the yard-measure in 
his hand." " One tear of compassion for 
your poor heart-broken friend. P.S. — 
You will be delighted to know we are 
going to hear Brunei to-night, and have 
obtained the governor's box ; we shall all 
enjoy a hearty good laugh, I am sure." 

Bob cr Robert Fudge, son of Phil 
Fudge, Esq., a young exquisite of the 
first water, writes letters iii. and viii. to 
his friend Richard. These letters describe 
how French dandies dress, eat, and kill 
time.— T. Moore (1818). 

%* A sequel, called The Fudge Family 
in England, was published. 

Fulgentio, a kinsman of Roberto 
(king of the two Sicilies). He was the 
most rising and most insolent man in 
the court. Cami'ola calls him "a suit- 
broker," and says he had the worst report 
among all good men for bribery and ex- 
tortion. This canker obtained the king's 
leave for his marriage with Camiola, and 
he pleaded his suit as a right, not a favour ; 
but the lady rejected him with scorn, and 
Adoni killed the arrogant "sprig of no- 



bility "in a duel. — Massinger, The Maid 
of Honour (1637). 

Fulmer, a man with many shifts, 
none of which succeeded. He nyi : 

" I have beat through even quarter of the compam . . . 
I have blustered fur prerogative ; I have bellowed for 
freedom ; I have offered to serve my country ; I have 
engaged to betray it ... I have talked treason, writ 
treason . . . And here I set up as a bookseller, but man 
leave off reading ; and if I were to turn butcher, I believe 
. . . they'd leave off eating."— Act ii. 1. 

Patty Fulmer, an unprincipled, flashy 
woman, living with Palmer, with the 
brevet rank of wife. She is a swindler, 
a scandal-monger, anything, in short, to 
turn a penny by ; but her villainy brings 
her to grief. — Cumberland, The Wat 
Indian (1771). 

Fum, George IV. The Chinese fum 
is a mixture of goose, stag, and snake, 
with the beak of a cock ; a combination 
of folly, cowardice, malice, and conceit. 

And where is Fum the Fourth, our royal bird? 

Byron, Don Juan, XL 78 (1824). 

Furn-Hoam, the mandarin who re- 
stored Malek-al-Salem king of Georgia 
to his throne, and related to the king's 
daughter Gulchenraz [Gundogdi] his 
numerous metamorphoses : He was first 
Piurash, who murdered Siamek the 
usurper ; then a flea ; then a little dog ; 
then an Indian maiden named Massouma ; 
then a bee ; then a cricket ; then a mouse ; 
then Abzenderoud the imaum'; then the 
daughter of a rich Indian merchant, the 
Jezdad of lolcos, the greatest beauty of 
Greece ; then a foundling found by a 
dyer in a box ; then Dugme queen of 
Persia ; then a young woman named 
Hengu ; then an ape ; then a midwife's 
daughter of Tartan.- ; then the only son 
of the sultan of Agra ; then an Arabian 
physician ; then a wild man named Kolao ; 
then a slave ; then the son of a cadi of 
Erzeriim ; then a dervise ; then an Indian 
prince ; and lastly Fum-Hoam. — T. S. 
Gueulette, Chinese Tales (1723). 

Fum-Hoam, first president of the cere- 
monial academv of Pekin. — Goldsmith, 
Citizen of the World (1764). 

Fumitory ("earth-smoke"), once 
thought to be beneficial for dimness of 
sight. 

[The hermit] fumitory gets and eye-bright for the ere. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiiL (1613). 

Fungo'so, a character in Ben Jon- 
son's drama, Every Man in His Humour 
(1598). 

Unlucky as Fungoso in the plav. 

Pope, Essay on Criticism, 328 (1711). 

Furor (intemperate anger), a mad man 



FUSBERTA. 



358 GABRIEL LAJEUNNESSE. 



of great strength, the son of Occasion. 
Sir Guyon, the "Knight of Temperance," 
overcomes both Furor and his mother, 
and rescues Phaon from their clutches. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 4 (1590). 

Fusber'ta, the sword of Rinaldo. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Fus'bos, minister of state to Artax- 
am'inous king of Uto'pia. When the 
king cuts down the boots which Bombastes 
has hung defiantly on a tree, the general 
engages the king in single combat, and 
slays him. Fusbos, then coming up, 
kills Bombastes, " who conquered all but 
Fusbos, Fusbos him." At the close of 
the farce, the slain ones rise one after 
the other and join the dance, promising 
"to die again to-morrow," if the audience 
desires it. — W. B. Rhodes, Bombastes 
Furioso. 

Fus'bos, a nom de plume of Henry Plun- 
kett, one of the first contributors to Punch. 

Fy'rapel (Sir), the leopard, the 
nearest kinsman of king Lion, in the 
beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 



G. 



Gabble Retchet, a cry like that of 
hounds, heard at night, foreboding trouble. 
Said to be the souls of unbaptized chil- 
dren wandering through the air till the 
day of judgment. 

Gabor, a Hungarian who aided 
Ulric in saving count Stral'enheim from 
the Oder, and was unjustly suspected of 
being his murderer. — Byron, Werner 
(1822). 

Ga'briel (2 or 3 syl.), according to 
Milton, is called "chief of the angelic 
guards " {Paradise Lost, iv. 549) ; but in 
bk. vi. 44, etc., Michael is said to be " of 
celestial armies prince," and Gabriel "in 
military prowess next." 

Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince : 
And thou in military prowess next, 
Gabriel ; lead forth to battle these my sons 
invincible. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 44, etc. (1665). 

*** Gabriel is also called " The Mes- 
senger of the Messiah," because he was 
sent by the Messiah to execute his orders 
on the earth. He is referred to in 



Daniel viii. 16, ix. 21 ; and in Luke i. 

19, 26. 

Gabriel (according to the Koran and 
Sale's notes) : 

1. It is from this angel that Ma- 
homet professes to have received the 
Koran ; and he acts the part of the Holy 
Ghost in causing believers to receive the 
divine revelation. — Ch. ii. 

2. It was the angel Gabriel that won 
the battle of Bedr. Mahomet's forces 
were 319, and the enemy's a thousand: 
but Gabriel (1) told Mahomet to throw 
a handful of dust in the air, and on so 
doing the eyes of the enemy were " con- 
founded ; " " (2) he caused the army of 
Mahomet to appear twice as many as 
the army opposed to it ; (3) he brought 
from heaven 3000 angels, and, mounted 
on his horse Haizum, led them against 
the foe. — Ch. iii. 

3. Gabriel appeared twice to Ma- 
homet in his angelic form: first "in 
the highest part of the horizon," and 
next "by the lote tree" on the right 
hand of the throne of God. — Ch. liv. 

4. Gabriel's horse is called Haizum, 
and when the golden calf was made, a 
little of the dust from under this horse's 
feet being thrown into its mouth, the calf 
began to low, and received life. — Ch. ii. 

Gabriel (according to other legends) : 

The Persians call Gabriel "the angel 
of revelations," because he is so fre- 
quently employed by God to carry His 
messages to man. 

The Jews call Gabriel their enemy, 
and the messenger of wrath ; but Michael 
they call their friend, and the messenger 
of all good tidings. 

In mediaeval romance, Gabriel is the 
second of the seven spirits which stand 
before the throne of God, and he is 
frequently employed to carry the prayers 
of man to heaven, or bring the messages 
of God to man. 

Longfellow, in the Golden Legend, 
makes Gabriel " the angel of the moon," 
and says that he " brings to man the gift 
of hope." 

Gabriel Lajeunnesse, son of 
Basil the blacksmith of Grand Pre', in 
Acadia (now Nova Scotia). He was 
legally plighted to Evangeline, daughter 
of Benedict Bellefontaine (the richest 
farmer of the village) ; but next day all 
the inhabitants were exiled by order of 
George II., and their property confiscated. 
Gabriel was parted from his troth-pJight 
wife, and Evangeline spent her w'lole 



GABRIELLE. 



859 



GALAHAD. 



life in trying to find him. After many 
wanderings, she went to Philadelphia, 
and became a sister of mercy. The 
plague visited this city, and in the alms- 
house the sister saw an old man stricken 
down by the pestilence. It was Gabriel. 
He tried to whisper her name, but died 
in the attempt. He was buried, and 
Evangeline lies beside him in the grave. 
— Longfellow, Evangeline (1849). 

GabrieUe (Ckarmante), or La Belle 
Gabrielle, daughter of Antoine d'Estre'es 
(grand-master of artillery and governor 
of the lie de France). Henri IV. (1590) 
happened to stay for the night at the 
chateau de Cceuvres, and fell in love with 
(Jabrielle, then 19 years old. To throw 
a veil over his intrigue, he gave her in 
marriage to Damerval de Liancourt, 
created her duchess of Beaufort, and 
took her to live with him at court. 

The song beginning " Charmante 
Gabrielle . . ." is ascribed to Henri IV. 

Gabri'na, wife of Arge'o baron of 
Servia, tried to seduce Philander, a 
Dutch knight ; but Philander fled from 
the house, where he was a guest. She 
then accused him to her husband of a 
wanton insult, and Argeo, having appre- 
hended him, confined him in a dungeon. 
One day, Gabrina visited him there, and 
implored him to save her from a knight 
who sought to dishonour her. Philander 
willingly espoused her cause, and slew 
the knight, who proved to be her hus- 
band. Gabrina then told her champion 
that if he refused to marry her, she would 
accuse him of murder to the magistrates. 
On this threat he married her, but ere 
long was killed by poison. Gabrina now 
wandered about the country as an old 
hag, and being fastened on Odori'co, was 
hung by him to the branch of an elm. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Gabriolet'ta, governess of Brittany, 
rescued by Am'adis de Gaul from the 
hands of Balan ("the bravest and 
strongest of all giants"). — Vasco de 
Lobeira, Amadis de Gaul, iv. 129 (four- 
teenth century). 

Gadshill, a companion of sir John 
Falstaff. This thief receives his name 
from a place called Gadshill, on the 
Kentish road, notorious for the many 
robberies committed there. — Shake- 
speare, 1 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4 (1597). 

Ga'heris (Sir), son of Lot (king of 
Orkney) and Morgause (king Arthur's 
•ister). Being taken captive by sir 



Turquine, he was liberated by sir 
Launcelot du Lac. One night, sir Gaheris 
caught his mother in adultery with sir 
Lamorake, and, holding her by the hair, 
struck off her head. 

" Alas ! " said sir Lamorake, " why have you slain your 
own mother? With more rixht should ye have shiiu me." 
. . . And when it was known that sir Gaherll had slain 
his mother, king Arthur was passing wroth, and com- 
manded him to leave his court.— Sir T. Malory, UUtory 
Of Prince Arthur, ii. 109 (1470). 

Gaiour [Djow.W], emperor of China, 
and father of Badour'a (the "most beau- 
tiful woman ever seen upon earth"). 
Badoura married Camaral'zaman, the most 
beautiful of men. — Arabian Nights ("Ca- 
maralzaman and Badoura"). (See 
Giaour.) 

Gal'ahad (Sir), the chaste son of sir 
Launcelot and the fair Elaine (king 
PeUes'8 daughter, pt. iii. 2), and thus was 
fulfilled a prophecy that she should be- 
come the mother of the noblest knight 
that was ever born. Queen Guenever 
says that sir Launcelot "came of the 
eighth degree from our Saviour, and sir 
Galahad is of the ninth . . . and, therefore, 
be they the greatest gentlemen of all the 
world " (pt. iii. 35). His sword was 
that which sir Balin released from the 
maiden's scabbard (see Balin), and his 
sh'eld belonged to king Euelake [Eve- 
l( t lie'], who received it from Joseph of 
Arimathy. It was a snow-white shield, 
on which Joseph had made a cross with 
his blood (pt. iii. 39). After divers 
adventures, sir Galahad came to Sarras, 
where he was made king, was shown the 
sangraal by Joseph of Arimathy, and 
even "took the Lord's body between his 
hands," and died. Then suddenly "a 
great multitude of angels bear his soul 
up to heaven," and " sithence was never 
no man that could say he had seen the 
sangreal" (pt. iii. 103). 

Sir Galahad was the only knight who 
could sit in the " Siege Perilous, a seat 
in the Round Table reserved for the 
knight destined to achieve the quest of 
the holy graal, and no other person 
could sit in it without peril of his life 
(pt. iii. 32). He also drew from the 
iron and marble rock the sword which 
no other knight could release (pt. iii. 33). 
His great achievement was that of the 
holy graal. Whatever other persons 
may say of this mysterious subject, it 
is quite certain that the Arthurian 
legends mean that sir Galahad saw with 
his bodily eyes and touched with hifl 
hands " the incarnate Saviour," repro- 
duced by the consecration of the elements 



GALAHALT. 



360 



GALERANA. 



of bread and wine. Other persons see 
the transformation by the eye of faith 
only, but sir Galahad saw it bodily with 
his eyes. 

Then the bishop took a wafer, which was made in the 
likeness of bread, and at the lifting up [the elevation of 
the host] there came a figure in the likeness of a child, 
and the visage was as red and as bright as fire ; and he 
smote himself into that bread ; so they saw that the bread 
was formed of a fleshly man, and then he put it into the 
holy vessel again . . . then [the bishop] took the holy 
vessel and came to sir Galahad as he kneeled down, and 
there he received his Saviour . . . then went he and 
kissed sir Bors . . . and kneeled at the table and made 
his prayers ; and suddenly his soul departed . . . and a 
great multitude of angels bear his soul to heaven. — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 101-103 (1470). 

*** Sir Galahalt, the son of sir Brew- 
nor, must not be confounded with sir 
Galahad, the son of sir Launcelot. 

G-alahalt (Sir), called "The Haut 
Prince," son of sir Brewnor. He was one 
of the knights of the Round Table. 

*** This knight must not be con- 
founded with sir Galahad, the son of sir 
Launcelot and Elaine (daughter of king 
Pelles). 

Gal'antyse (3 syl.), the steed given 
to Graunde Amoure by king Melyzyus. 

And I myselfe shall give you a worthy stede, 

Called Galantyse, to helpe you in your nede. 

Stephen Hawes, The Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxviii. (1515). 

Ga'laor (Don), brother of Am'adis de 
Gaul. A desultor amoris, who, as don 
Quixote says, " made love to every 
pretty girl he met." His adventures 
form a strong contrast to those of his 
more serious brother. — Aniadis de Gaul 
(fourteenth century). 

A barber in the village insisted that none equalled 
"Tho Knight of the Sun" [i.e. Amadis], except don 
Gala^r his brother. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i 1 
(1605). 

Gal'apas, a giant of " marvellous 
height" in the army of Lucius king of 
Rome. He was slain by king Arthur. 

[King Arthur] slew a great giant named Galapas. . . . 
He shortened him by smiting off both his legs at the 
knees, saying, " Now art thou better of a size to deal 
with than thou wert." And after, he smote off his head. 
—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 115 
(1470). 

Galaph/ron or Gali.aphrone (3 
syl.), a king of Cathay, father of An- 
gelica. — Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato 
(1495) ; Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

When Agrican . . . besieged Albracca . . . 
The city of Gallaphrone, whence to win 
The fairest of her sex, Angelica. 

Milton, Paradise Regained, iii. (1671). 

Galasp, or rather George Gillespie, 
mentioned by Milton in Sonnet, x., was 
a Scottish writer against the indepen- 
dents, and one of the "Assemblv of 
Divines" (1583-1648). 

Galate'a, a sea-nymph, beloved by 



Polypheme (3 syl.). She herself had a 
heartache for Acis. The jealous giant, 
crushed his rival under a huge rock, and 
Galatea, inconsolable at the loss of her 
lover, was changed into a fountain. The 
word Galatea is used poetically for any 
rustic maiden. 

*** Handel has an opera called Acis 
and Galatea (1710). 

Galate'a, a wise ana modest lady at- 
tending on the princess in the drama of 
Philaster or Love Lies a-bleeding, by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1608). 

Gal'atine (3 syl.), the .sword of sir 
Gaw'ain, king Arthur's nephew. — Sir 
T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 
93 (1470). 

Galbraith (Major Duncan), of Gars- 
chattachin, a militia officer. — Sir W. 
Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Galen, an apothecary, a medical man 
(in disparagement). Galen was the most 
celebrated physician of ancient Greece, 
and had a greater influence on medical 
science than any other man before or 
since (a.d. 130-200). 

Unawed, young Galen bears the hostile brunt. 
Pills in his rear, and Cullen in his front. 

Wm. Falconer, The Midshipman. 

(Dr. William Cullen, of Hamilton, 
Lanarkshire, author of Nosoloay, 1712- 
1790.) 

Galen'ical Medicines, herbs and 
drugs in general, in contradistinction to 
minerals recommended by Paracel'sus. 

Gal'enist, a herb doctor 

The GalSnist and Paracelsian. 

S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 3 (1678). 

Galeotti Martivalle (Martius), 
astrologer of Louis XL Being asked by 
the superstitious king if he knew the day 
of his own death, the crafty astrologer 
replied that he could not name the exact 
day, but he had learnt thus much by his 
art— that it would occur just twenty-four 
hours before the decease of his majesty 
(ch. xxix.). — SirW. Scott, QuentinDur- 
vcard (time, Edward IV.). 

%* Thrasullus the soothsayer made 
precisely the same answer to Tibe'rius 
emperor of Rome. 

Galera'na is called by Ariosto the 
wife of Charlemagne ; but the nine wives 
of that emperor are usually given as 
Hamiltrude (3 syl.), Desidera'ta, Hil'de- 
garde (3 syl.), Fastrade (2 syl.), Luit- 
garde, Maltegarde, Gersuinde, Regi'na. 



GALERE. 



301 



GALLO-MANIA. 



and Adalin'da. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, 
xxi. (1616). 

Galere (2 s;/L). Que dlable allait-il 
fairc dans cette galere i Scapin wants to 
get from Gc'ronte (a miserly old hunks) 
£1500, to help Leandre, the old man s son, 
out of a money difficulty. So Scapin 
vamps up a cock-and-bull story about 
Leandre being invited by a Turk on board 
bis galley, where he was treated to a most 
sumptuous repast; but when the young 
man was about to quit the galley, the 
Turk told him he was a prisoner, and 
demanded £lo00 for his ransom within 
two hours' time. When Gc'ronte hears 
tiiis, he exclaims, "Que diable allait-il 
faire dans cette galere?" and he swears 
lie. will arrest the Turk for extortion. 
Being shewn the impossibility of so doing, 
he again exclaims, "Que diable allait-il 
faire dans cette galore?" and it flashes 
into his mind that Scapin should give him- 
self up as surety for the payment of the 
ransom. This, of course, Scapin objects 
to. The old man again exclaims, "Que 
diable allait-il faire dans cette galere ? " 
and commands Scapin to go and tell 
the Turk that £1500 is not to be picked 
off a hedge. Scapin says the Turk does 
not care a straw about that, and insists 
on the ransom. " Mais, que diable allait- 
il faire dans cette galere ? " cries the old 
hunks ; and tells Scapin to go and pawn 
certain goods. Scapin replies there is no 
time, the two hours are nearly exhausted. 
" Que diable," cries the old man again, 
"allait-il faire dans cette galere?" and 
when at last he gives the money, he 
repeats the same words, " Mais, que 
diabie allait-il faire dans cette galere?" 
— Moliere, Les Fourberies do Scapin, ii. 11 
(1671). 

%* Vogue la galere means "come what 
may," " let what will happen." 

Gale'sian 'Wool, the best and finest 
■wool, taken from sheep pastured on the 
meadows of Galesus. 

Dulce pellitis ovibus Galsesi flnmen. 

Horace, Carm., ii. 6, 10. 

G-al'gacus, chief of the Caledonians, 
who resisted AgricSla with great valour. 
In a.p. 84 he was defeated, and died on 
the field. Tacitus puts into his mouth a 
noble speech, made to his army before 
the battle. 

Galgacus, their guide, 
Amongst his murthered troops there resolutely died. 
Drayton, PolyoJbion, viii. (1612). 

Galia'na, a Moorish princess, daughter 
of Gadaife king of Toledo. Her father 



built for her a palace en the Tagus, so 
splendid that "a palace of Galiana" lias 
become a proverb in Spain. 

Galien Restored, a mediaeval 
romance of chivalry. (Jalien was the 
son of Jaqueline (daughter of Hugh king 
of Constantinople). I lis father was count 
Oliver of Vienne. Two fairies interested 
themselves in Jacueline'fl infant son: one, 
named Galienne, had the child named after 
her, Galien ; and the other insisted that 
he should be called "Restored," for that 

the boy would restore the chivalry of 
Charlemagne. — Autiior unknown. 

Galile'o [Galilei], bom at Fisa. 
but lived chiefly in Florence. In If).'). - } lie 
published his work on the Copernican 
system, showing that "the earth moved 
and the sun stood still." For this he was 
denounced by the Inquisition of Home, 
and accused of contradicting the Bible. 
At the age of 70 he was obliged to abjure 
his system, in order to gain his liberty. 
After pronouncing his abjuration, he said, 
in a stage whisper, E pur si rnuove (" It 
does move, though "). This is said to be 
a romance (1564-1642). 

Galillthia, daughter of Pnetus king 
of Argos. She was changed by the Fate.* 
into a cat, and in that shape was made by 
Hecate her high priestess. — Antonius Li- 
beralis, Metam., xxix. 

G-alis, in Arthurian romance, means 
" Wales," as sir Lamorake de Galis, i.e, 
sir Lamorake the Welshman. 

G-allegos \Gal'.lc.gozc~\, the people of 
Galicia (once a province of Spain). 

Gal'lia, France. " Gauls," the in- 
habitants of Gallia. 

Gallice'nae, priestesses of Gallic my- 
thology, who had power over the winds 
and waves. There were nine of them, all 
virgins. 

G-alligan'frus, the giant who lived 
with Hocus-Pocus the conjuror. When 
Jack the Giant-killer blew the magic 
horn, both the giant and conjuror were 
overthrown. — Jack the Giant-killer 

Gallo-Bel'gicus, an annual register 
in Latin, first published in 1598 

It is believed . . . 
As if 'twere writ in Gal'o-Belgicus. 

T. May, The Heir (1615). 

Galio-ma'nia, a furor for every- 
thing French. Generally applied to that 
vile imitation of French literature and 
customs which prevailed in Germany in 
the time of Frederick II. of Prussia. It 



GALLOPING DICK. 



362 GAMMER GURTON'S NEEDLE. 



is very conspicuous in the writings of 
Wieland (1738-1813). 

Galloping Dick, Richard Ferguson 
the highwayman, executed in 1800. 

Galloway (A), a small nag of the 
breed which originally came from Gal- 
loway, in Scotland. 

Galloway (The Fair Maid of), Margaret, 
only daughter of Archibald fifth earl of 
Douglas. She married her cousin Wil- 
liam, to whom the earldom passed in 
1443. After the death of her first hus- 
band, she married his brother James (the 
last earl of Douglas). 

G-al'lowglasses, heavy-armed Irish 
foot-soldiers ; their chief weapon was the 
pole-axe. They were "grim of counten- 
ance, tali of stature, big of limb, lusty 
of body, and strongly built." The light- 
armed foot-soldiers were called " Kerns " 
or "Kernes" (1 syl.). 

The multiplying villainies of nature » 

Do swarm upon him ; from the western isles 

Of Kernes and Gallowglasses [he's] supplied. 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, act i. sc. 2 (1606). 

Gallu'ra's Bird, the cock, which 
was the cognizance of Gallura. 

For her so fair a burial will not make 

The viper [the Milanese, whose ensigri was a viper] 

As had been made by shrill Gallura's bird. 

Dante, Purgatory, viii. (130'). 

Gal'way Jury, an independent jury, 
neither to be brow-beaten nor led by the 
nose. In 1635, certain trials were held in 
Ireland, respecting the right of the Crown 
to the counties of Ireland. Leitrim, Ros- 
common, Sligo, and Mayo gave judgment 
in favour of the CroAvn, but Galway stood 
out, whereupon each of the jury was 
fined £4000. 

Ga'ma (Vasco da), the hero of Ca- 
moens's Lusiad. Sagacious, intrepid, 
tender-hearted, pious, and patriotic. He 
was the first European navigator who 
doubled the Cape of Good Hope (1497). 

Gama, captain of the venturous band, 
Of bold emprise, and born for high command, 
Whose martial fires, with prudence close allied, 
Ensured the smiles of fortune on his side. 

Camoe'ns, Lmiad, i. (J1569). 

*** Gama is also the hero of Meyer- 
beer's posthumous opera called L 'Afri- 
cans (1865). 

G-ain'elyn (3 syl.), youngest of the 
three sons of sir Johan di Boundys, who, 
on bis death-bed, left "five plowes of 
land" to each of his two elder sons, 
and the residue of his property to the 
youngest. The eldest son took charge 
of Gamelyn, but entreated him shame- 
fully. On one occasion he said to him, 



" Stand still, gadelyng, and hold thy 
peace." To which the proud boy retorted, 
"I am no gadelyng, but the lawful son 
of a lady and true knight." On this, the 
elder brother sent his servants to chastise 
him, but he drove them off "with a 
pestel." At a wrestling match young 
Gamelyn threw the champion, and carried 
off the prize ram ; but on reaching home 
found the door closed against him. He 
at once kicked the door down, and threw 
the porter into a well. The elder brother 
now bound the young madcap to a tree, 
and left him two days without food ; but 
Adam, the spencer, unloosed him ; and 
Gamelyn fell upon a party of ecclesiastics, 
who had come to dine with his brother, 
and " sprinkled holy water on them with 
a stout oaken cudgel." The sheriff sent 
to apprehend the young spitfire, but 
he fled with Adam into the woods, and 
came upon a party of foresters sitting at 
meat. The captain gave him welcome, 
and Gamelyn in time became " king of 
the outlaws." His brother, being sheriff, 
would have put him to death, but Game- 
lyn hanged his brother on a forest tree. 
After this the king appointed him chief 
ranger, and he married. — Coke, Tale of 
Gamelyn. 

*** Lodge has made this tale the basis 
of his romance entitled Rosalynd or 
Eupheus 1 Golden Legacye (1590) ; and 
from Lodge's novel Shakespeare has bor- 
rowed the plot, with some of the charac- 
ters and dialogue, of As You Like It. 

Gamelyn de Guar'dover {Sir), 
an ancestor of sir Arthur Wardour. — Sir 
W. Scott, Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Gamester {The), a tragedy by Ed. 
Moore (1753). The name of the gamester 
is Beverley, and the object of the play is 
to show the great evils of gambling end- 
ing in despair and suicide. 

Gamester {The), by Mrs. Centlivre 
(1705). The hero is Valere, to whom 
Angelica gives a picture, which she en- 
joins him not to lose on pain of forfeiting 
her hand. Valere loses it in play, and 
Angelica, in disguise, is the winner. After 
much tribulation, Valere is cured of his 
vice, the picture is restored, and the two 
are happily united in marriage. 

Gammer Gurton's Needle, by 
Mr. S. Master of Arts. It was in 
existence, says Warton, in 1551 {English 
Poetry, iv. 32). Sir Walter Scott says: 
" It was the supposed composition of 
John Still, M.A., afterwards bishop of 



GAMP. 



3G3 



GANGE8. 



Bath and Wells;" but in L551 John Still 
was a boy Dot nine years old. The fun 
of this comedy turns on tlic loss and 
recovery of a needle, with which Gammer 
Gorton was repairing the breeches of her 
nan Hodge. The comedy contains the 
famous drinking song, " I Cannot Kat but 
Little Meat." 

(himtner Uurton's VeecHl is a ereat curiosity. The 
popular characters, -mh ai "The sturdy Beggar," "The 
Clown," " The Country Vicar," ami "The Shrew," of 
the sixteenth century, are drawn In colours taken from the 
Ufa. . . . The place u the open iquare of the village before 
(Jammer Gorton's door; the action, the loss of the 
needle; and this, followed by the search for it, and its 
flnaJ recovery, is intermixed with no other thw:irting or 
subordinate interest.— Sir \V. Scott, Tike Drama. 

Gamp (Sarah), a monthly nurse, 
residing in Kingsgate Street, High 
Holborn. Sarah was noted for her gouty 
umbrella, and for her perpetual reference 
to an hypothetical Mrs. Harris, whose 
opinions were a confirmation of her own. 
She w;ts fond of strong tea and strong 
stimulants. " Don't ask me," she said, 
"whether I won't take none, or whether 
I will, but leave the bottle on the chimley- 
piece, and let me put my lips to it 
when I am so diapoged." When Mrs. 
Prig, "her pardner," stretched out her 
hand to the teapot [filled with gin], Mrs. 
Gamp stopped the hand and said with 
great feeling, " No, Betsey ! drink fair, 
wotever you do." (See Harris.) — C. 
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xlix. (1843). 

%* A big, pawky umbrella is called a 
Mrs. Gamp, and in France un Robinson, 
from Robinson Crusoe's umbrella. 

*** Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris have 
Parisian sisters in Mde. Pochet and Mde. 
Gibou, creations of Henri Monnier. 

Gail. (See Ganelon.) 

Gan'abini, the island of thieves. 
(Hebrew, gatmab, " a thief.") — Rabelais, 
Pantay'ruel, iv. 66 (1545). 

Gan'dalin, earl of the Firm Island, 
and 'squire of Am'adis de Gaul. 

Gandalin. though an earl, never spoke to his master but 
cap in hand, his head bowing all the time, and his body 
bent after the Turkish manner.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
I. iii. 6 (1605). 

Gander-Cleugh {"folly-cliff"), that 
mysterious place where a person makes 
a goose of himself. Jededi'ah Cleish- 
botham, the hypothetical editor of the 
tales of My Landlord, lived at Gander- 
cleuffh. — Sir W. Scott. 

Gail'elon (2 syl.), count of Mayence, 
the "Judas" of Charlemagne's paladins. 
His castle was built on the Blocksberg, 
the loftiest peak of the Hartz Mountains. 
Charlemagne was always trusting this 



bate knight, and was as often betrayed by 
him. Although the very business of the 
paladins was the upholding of Chris- 
tianity, sir Ganclon was constantly in- 
triguing for its overthrow. No doubt, 
jealousy of sir Roland made him a traitor, 
and he basely planned with Marsillus 
(the Moorish king), the attack of Ron- 
cesvallcs. The character of sir Ganelon 
was marked with spite, dissimulation, 
and intrigue, but he was patient, ob- 
stinate, and enduring. He was six feet 
and a half in height, had large glaring 
eyes, and fiery red hair. He loved soli- 
tude, was very taciturn, disbelieved in 
the existence of moral good, and has 
become a by-word for a false and faith- 
less friend. Dante has placed him in his 
" Inferno." (Sometimes called Gan.) 

The most faithle^ >p% since the days of Ganelon. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Abbot, xxiv. (1820). 

Ganem, "the Slave of Love." The 
hero aid title of one of the Arabian 
Nights tales. Ganem was the son of a 
rich merchant of Damascus, named Abou 
Aibou. On the death of his father he 
went to Bagdad, to dispose of the mer- 
chandize left, and accidentally saw three 
slaves secretly burying a chest in the 
earth. Curiosity induced him to dis- 
inter the chest, when, lo ! it contained a 
beautiful woman, sleeping from the effects 
of a narcotic drug. He took her to hio 
lodgings, and discovered that the victim 
was Fetnab, the caliph's favourite, who 
had been buried alive by order of the 
sultana, out of jealousy. When the caliph 
heard thereof, he was extremely jealous 
of the young merchant, and ordered him 
to be put to death, but he made good his 
escape in the guise of a waiter, and lay 
concealed till the angry fit of the caliph 
had subsided. When Haroun-al-Raschid 
(the caliph) came to himself, and heard 
the unvarnished facts of the case, he 
pardoned Ganem, gave to him Fetnab for 
a wife, and appointed him to a lucrative 
post about the court. 

Gan'esa, goddess of wisdom, in 
Hindu mythology. 

Then Camdeo [Love] bright and Ganesa sublime 
Shall bless with joy their own propitious clime. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

Gan'ges. Pliny tells us of men 
living on the odour emitted bv the water 
of this river. — Nat. Hist., xii. 

By Ganges' bank, as wild traditions tell, 
Of old the tribes lived healthful by the smell ; 
No food they knew, such fragrant vapours rose 
Rich from the flowery lawn where Ganges flows, 

Camoens. Litsiad, vii. (1669}. 



GANLESSE. 



364 



GARETH. 



Ganlesse (Richard), alias Simon 
Canter, alias Edward Christian, one 
of the conspirators. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Ganna, the Celtic prophetess, who 
succeeded Velle'da. She went to Rome, 
and was received by Domitian with great 
honour. — Tacitus, Annals, 55. 

Ganor, Gano'ra, Geneura, Ginevra, 
Genievre, Guinevere, Guenever, are dif- 
ferent ways of spelling the name of 
Arthur's wife ; called by Geoffrey of Mon- 
mouth, Guanhuma'ra or Guan'humar ; 
but Tennyson has made Guenevere the 
popular English form. 

G-ants Jaunes (Des), dandies, 
men of fashion. 

Gan'ymede (3 syl.), a beautiful 
Phrygean boy, who was carried up to 
Olympos on the back of an eagle, to be- 
come cup-bearer to the gods instead of 
Heb§. At the time of his capture he 
was playing a flute while tending his 
father's sheep. 

There fell a flute when Ganymede went up — 
The flute that he was wont to play upon. 

Jean Ingelow, Honours, ii. 

(Jupiter compensated the boy's father 
for the loss of his son, by a pair of 
horses.) 

Tennyson, speaking of a great reverse 
of fortune from the highest glory to the 
lowest shame, says : 

They mounted Oanymedes, 
To tumble Vulcans on the second morn. 

The Princess, iii. 

The Birds of Ganymede, eagles. Gany- 
mede is represented as sitting on an eagle, 
or attended bv that bird. 

To see upon her shores her fowl and conies feed, 
And wantonly to hatch the birds of Ganymede. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, if. (1612). 

*** Ganymede is the constellation 

Aquarius. 

Garagan'tua, a giant, who swallowed 
five pilgrims with their staves in a salad. 
— Rabelais, The History of Garagantua 
(1533). 

You must borrow me Garagantua's mouth before I can 
utter so long a word. — Shakespeare, An You Like It, act 
iii. sc. 2 (1600). 

Gar'eias. The soul of Peter Garcias, 
money. Two scholars, journeying to 
Salamanca, came to a fountain, which 
bore this inscription; "Here is buried 
the soul of the licentiate Peter Garcias." 
One scholar went away laughing at the 
notion of a buried soul, but the other, 
cutting with his knife, loosened a stone, 



and found a purse containing 100 ducats. 
— Lesage, Gil Bias (to the reader, 1715). 

Garcilas'o, surnamed "the Inca," 
descended on the mother's side from the 
royal family of Peru (1530-1568). He 
was the son of Sebastian Garcilaso, a 
lieutenant of Alvarado and Pizarro. 
Author of Commentaries on the Origin of 
the Incas, their Laws and Government. 

It was from poetical traditions that Garcilasso [sic] com- 
posed his account of the Yncas of Peru ... it was from 
ancient poems which his mother (a princess of the blood 
of the Yncas) taught him in his youth, that he collected 
the materials of his history.— Dissertation on the Era of 
Ossian. 

Garcilaso [de la Vega], called "The 
Petrarch of Spain," born at Toledo 
(1503-1536). His poems are eclogues, 
odes, and elegies of great naivete', grace, 
and harmony. 

Sometimes he turned to gaze upon his book, 
Boscan or Garcilasso [sic]. 

Byron, Dou Jnan, i. 95 (1819). 

Gar'dari'ke (4 syl.). So Russia is 
called in the Eddas. 

Garden of the Argentine, Turcuman, 
a province of Buenos Ayres. 

Garden of England. Worcestershire 
and Kent are both so called. 

Garden of Erin, Carlo w, in Leinster. 

Garden of Europe. Italy and Belgium 
are both so called. 

Garden of France, Amboise, in the de- 
partment of Indre-et-Loire. 

Garden of India, Oude. 

Garden of Italy, Sicily. 

Garden of South Wales, southern 
division of Glamorganshire. 

Garden of Spain, Andaluci'a. 

Garden of the West. Illinois and 
Kansas are both so called. 

Garden of the World, the region of the 
Mississippi. 

Garden (The), Co vent Garden Theatre. 
The " Lane," that is, Drury Lane. 

He managed the Garden, and afterwards the Lane. — W. 
C. Macready, Temple Bar, 76, 1875 

Gardens of the Sun, the East 
Indian or Malayan Archipelago. 

Gardening (Father of Landscape), 
Lenotre (1613-1700). 

Gar'diner (Richard), porter to Miss 
Seraphine Arthuret and her sister Ange- 
lica. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, 
George III.). 

Gar'diner (Colonel), colonel of Waver- 
ley's regiment. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Gareth (Si?'), according to ancient 



GARETH. 



365 



GARGANTUA. 



romance, was the youngest son of Lot 
king of Orkney and Morgawse Arthur's 
[half] -sister. His mother, to deter him 
from entering Arthur's court, said, jest- 
ingly, she would consent to his so doing 
if lie concealed his name and went as a 
scullion for twelve months. To this he 
agreed, and sir Kay, the king's steward, 
nicknamed him " Beaumains," because 
his hands were unusually large. At the 
end of the year he was knighted, and 
obtained the quest of Linet', who craved 
the aid of some knight to liberate her 
sister Liones, who was held prisoner by 
sir Ironside in Castle Perilous. Linet 
treated sir Gareth with great contumely, 
calling him a washer of dishes and a 
kitchen knave ; but he overthrew the 
live knights and liberated the lady, whom 
he married. The knights were — first, the 
Black Knight of the Black Lands or sir 
Pere'ad (2 syl.), the Green Knight or sir 
Pertolope, the Red Knight or sir Peri- 
mo'nes, the Blue Knight or sir Persaunt 
of India (four brothers), and lastly the 
Red Knight of the Red Lands or sir Iron- 
side. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 120-153 (1470). 

%* According to Tennyson, sir Gareth 
was " the last and tallest son of Lot king 
of Orkney and of Bellicent his wife." 
He served as kitchen knave in king 
Arthur's hall a twelvemonth and a day, 
and was nicknamed " Fair-hands" (b'cau- 
iruiins). At the end of twelve months he 
was knighted, and obtained leave to 
accompany Lynette to the liberation of 
her sister Lyonors, who was held captive 
in Castle Perilous by a knight called 
Death or Mors. The passages to the 
castle were kept by four brothers, called 
by Tennyson, Morning Star or Phos'- 
phorus, Noonday Sun or Meridies, Even- 
ing Star or Hesperus, and Night or Nox, 
all of whom he overthrew. At length 
Death leapt from the cleft skull of Night, 
and prayed the knight not to kill him, 
seeing that what he did his brothers had 
made him do. At starting, Lynette treated 
Gareth with great contumely, but softened 
to him more and more after each victory, 
and at last married him. 

He that told the tale in olden times 
Says that sir Gareth wedded Lyonors ; 
But he that told it later says Lynette. 
Tennyson, IdylU of the King ("Gareth and Lynette"). 

Gareth and Linet' is in reality an alle- 
ge rv, a sort of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress, describing the warfare of a Christian 
from birth to his entrance into glory. 
The " Bride " lived in Castle Perilous, 
and was named Liones ; Linet' represents 



the "carnal world,'' which, like the in- 
habitants of the City of Destruction, jest 
and jeer at everything the Christian does. 
Sir Gareth fought with four knights, 
keepers of the roads " to Zion" or Castle 
Perilous, viz., Night, Dawn, Midday, 
and Evening, meaning the temptations of 

the tour ages of man. Having conquered 

in all these, he had to encounter the last 
enemy, which is death, and then the bride 
was won — the bride who lived in Castle 
Perilous or Mount Zion. 

%* Tennyson, in his version of this 
beautiful allegory, has fallen into several 
grave errors, the worst of which is his 
making (iarcth marry Linet instead of 
the true bride. This is like landing his 
Pilgrim in the City of Destruction, after 
having finished his journey and passed 
the flood. Gareth's brother was wedded 
to the world (i.e. Linet), but Gareth him- 
self was married to the "true Bride," 
who dwelt in Castle Perilous. Another 
grave error is making Death crave of 
Gareth not to kill him, as what he did he 
was compelled to do by his elder brothers. 
I must confess that this to me is quite 
past understanding. — See Notes and 
Queries, January 19, February 16, March 
16, 1878. 

Gar'gamelle (3 syl.), wife of Oran- 
gousier and daughter of the Parpaillons. 
On the day that she gave birth to (Jar- 
gantua, she ate 16 qrs. 2 bush. 3 pecks 
and a pipkin of dirt, the mere remains 
left in the tripe which she had for supper, 
although the tripe had been cleaned with 
the utmost care. — Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 
4 (1533). 

%* Gargamelle is an allegorical skit 
on the extravagance of queens, and the 
dirt is their pin-money. 

G-argan'tua, son of Grangousier and 
Gargamelle. It needed 17,913 cows to 
supply the babe with milk. Like Gara- 
gantua (q.v.), he ate in his salad lettuces 
as big as walnut trees, in which were 
lurking six pilgrims from Sebastian. 
He founded and endowed the abbey of 
Theleme (2 syl.), in remembrance of his 
victory over Picrochole (3 syl.). — Rabe- 
lais, Gargantua, i. 7 (1533). 

*** Of course, Gargantua is an alle- 
gorical skit on the allowance accorded to 
princes for their maintenance. 

Gargantua's Mare. This mare was 
as big as six elephants, and had feet 
with fingers. On one occasion, going to 
school, the "boy " hung the bells of Notre 
Dame de Paris on his mare's neck, as 



GARGANTUAN CURRICULUM. 366 



GASCOIGNE. 



jingles; but -when the Parisians promised 
to feed his beast for nothing, he restored 
the peal. This mare had a terrible tail, 
1 ' every whit as big as the steeple of St. 
Mark's," and on one occasion, being 
annoyed by wasps, she switched it about 
so vigorously that she knocked down all 
the trees in the vicinity. Gargantua 
roared with laughter, and cried, " Je 
trouve beau ce ! " whereupon the locality 
was called " Beauce." — Rabelais, Gar- 
gantua, i. 16 (1533). 

*** Of course, this " mare " is an alle- 
gorical skit on the extravagance of court 
mistresses, and the "tail" is the suite in 
attendance on them. 

G-argan'tuan Curriculum, a 

course of studies including all languages, 
all sciences, all the fine arts, with all 
athletic sports and calisthenic exercises. 
Grangousier wrote to his son, saying : 

" There should not be a river in the world, no matter 
how small, thou dost not know the name of, with the 
nature and habits of all fishes, all fowls of the air, all 
shrubs and trees, all metals, minerals, gems, and precious 
stones. I would, furthermore, have thee study the Tal- 
ruudists and Cabalists, and get a perfect knowledge of 
man, together with every language, ancient and modern, 
living or dead." — Kabelais, Pantag'ruel', ii. 8 (1533). 

Gar'gery (Mrs. Joe), Pip's sister. A 
virago, who kept her husband and Pip in 
constant awe. 

Joe Gargery, a blacksmith, married to 
Pip's sister. A noble-hearted, simple- 
minded young man, who loved Pip sin- 
cerely. Though uncouth in manners and 
ungainly in appearance, Joe Gargery 
was one of nature's gentlemen. — C. Dick- 
ens, Great Expectations (1860). 

G-argouille (2 syl.), the great dragon 
that lived in the Seine, ravaged Rouen, 
and was slain by St. Roma'nus in the 
seventh century. 

Garland of Howth (Ireland), the 
book of the four Gospels preserved in 
the abbey of Howth, remains of which 
still exist. 

Garlic. The purveyor of the sultan 
of Casgar says he knew a man who lost his 
thumbs and great toes from eating garlic. 
The facts were these : A young man was 
married to the favourite of Zobeide, and 
partook of a dish containing garlic ; when 
he went to his bride, she ordered him to 
be bound, and cut oft' his two thumbs and 
two great toes, for presuming to appear 
before her without having purified his 
fingers. Ever after this he always washed 
his hands 120 times with alkali and soap 
after partaking of garlic in a ragout. — 
Arabian Nights ("The Purveyor's Story"), 



Gar 'rat (The mayor of). Garrat is a 
village between Wandsworth and Tool- 
ing. In 1780 the inhabitants associated 
themselves together to resist any further 
encroachments on their common, and the 
chairman was called the Mayor. The first 
" mayor " happened to be chosen on a 
general election, and so it was decreed 
that a new mayor should be appointed at 
each general election. This made excel- 
lent capital for electioneering squibs, and 
some of the greatest wits of the day have 
ventilated political grievances, gibbeted 
political characters, and sprinkled holy 
water with good stout oaken cudgels 
under the mask of "addresses by the 
mayors of Garrat." 

S. Foote has a farce entitled The Mayor 
of Garrat (1762). 

G-arraway's, a coffee-house in Ex- 
change Alley, which existed for 216 years, 
but is now pulled down. Here tea was 
sold in 1657 for sums varying from 16s. 
to 50s. per lb 

G-arter. According to legend, Joan 
countess of Salisbury accidentally slipped 
her garter at a court ball. It was picked 
up by her royal partner, Edward III., 
who gallantly diverted the attention of 
the guests from the lady by binding the 
blue band round Ms own knee, saying, 
as he did so, " Honi soit qui mal y 
pense." 

The earl's greatest of all grandmothers 
Was grander daughter still to that fair dame 
Whose garter slipped down at the famous ball. 
Robert Browning, A Blot on the 'Scutcheon, i. 3. 

Gartha, sister of prince Oswald of 
Vero'na. When Oswald was slain in 
single combat by Gondibert (a combat 
provoked by his own treachery), Gartha 
used all her efforts to stir up civil war ; 
but Hermegild, a man of great prudence, 
who loved her, was the author of wiser 
counsel, and diverted the anger of the 
camp by a funeral pageant of unusual 
splendour. As the tale is not finished, 
the ultimate lot of Gartha is unknown. — 
Sir William Davenant, Gondibert (died 
1668). 

Gas'abal, the 'squire of don Galaor. 

Gasabal was a man of such silence that the author 
names him only once in the course cf his voluminous 
history. — Don Quixote, I. iii. (j (1605). 

Gascoigne (Sir William). Shake- 
speare says that prince Henry "struck 
the chief justice in the open court ; " but 
it does not appear from history that any 
blow was given. The fact is this : 

One of the gay companions of the prince being com- 
mitted for felony, the prince demanded his release ; but 



GASHFORD. 



367 



GAUL. 



sir William told him the only way of obtaininn a release 
would be to net from the king a free pardon. Prince 
Henry now tried to rescue Hie prisoner in force, whan 
the Judge ordered him cut of court In a towering fury, 
the prince Hew to the judgment -e.it. and all thought he 
was all. Mit to day the Judge; hut sir William said wry 
liriulj and quietly, "Syr, remember rouneUe. 1 tope 
here the place of the kynge, your sovereigns lorde and 

father, to whom you Owe double oU'ilieiice ; wherefore I 

charge you In his name to desyate of your wylfulnes. . . . 
And nowe for your contempt* goo you to tlie prysonaof 
the Syngas Benche, whereunto 1 commytte you, and re- 
roayne ye there prisoner untyll the pleasure of the kynge 

be further known." With which word-, the prince being 
abashed, the noble prisoner departed and went to the 
Kind's Bench.— Sir Thomas Elyot, The Uuvernour (1531). 

Gashford, secretary to lord George 
Gordon. A detestable, cruel sneak, who 
dupes his half-mad master, and leads 
him to imagine he is upholding a noble 
cause in plotting against the English 
catholics. To wreak vengeance on Geof- 
frey Haredale, he incites the rioters to 
burn "The Warren," where Haredale 
resided. Gashford commits suicide. — C. 
Dickens, Barnaby Budge (1841). 

Gaspar or Caspar (" the white one"), 
one of the three Magi or kings of Cologne. 
His offering to the infant Jesus was 
frankincense, in token of divinity. 

%* The other two were Melchior 
("king of light"), who offered (/old, 
symbolical of royalty ; and Balthazar 
("lord of treasures"), who offered myrrh, 
to denote that Christ would die. Klop- 
stock, in his Messiah, makes the number 
of the Magi six, not one of which names 
agrees w r ith those of Cologne Cathedral. 

Gaspard, the steward of count De 
Valmont, in whose service he had been 
for twenty years, and to whom he was 
most devotedly attached. — W. Dirnond, 
The Foundling of the Forest. 

Gas'pero, secretary of state, in the 
drama called The Laws of Candy, by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). 

Gate of France (Iro7i), Longwy, a 
strong military position. 

Gate of Italy, that part of the valley 
of the Adige which is in the vicinity of 
Trent and Eoveredo. It is a narrow 
gorge between two mountain ridges. 

Gate of Tears (Babelmandeb), the 
passage into the Red Sea. 

Like some ill-destined bark that steers 

In silence through the Gate of Tears. 

Moore, Lalla Rookh (" The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

Gates {Iron) or Demir Kara, a cele- 
brated pass of the Teuthras, through 
which all caravans between Smyrna and 
Brusa must needs pass. 

Gates of Cilicia (pylcc Cilicia'), a 



defile connecting Cappadocia and Cilicia. 
Now called the Pass of Golek Bdghaz. 

Gates of Syria (pylce Syria;), a 
Beilan pass. Near this pass was t!i« 
battle-field of Issus. 

Gates of the Caspian (pyto Gas- 
pus), a rent in the high mountain-wall 
south of the Caspian, in the neighbour- 
hood of the modern Persian capital. 

Gates of the Occult Sciences 
(The), forty, or as some say forty-eight, 
hooks on magic, in Arabic. The first 
twelve teach the art of sorcery and 
enchantment, the thirteenth teaches Imw 
to disenchant and restore bodies to their 
native shapes again. A complete set 
was always kept in the Dom-Daniel or 
school for magic in Tunis. — Continuation 
of tfie Arabian Nights (" History of Mau'- 
graby "). 

Gath'eral (Old), steward to the duke 
of Buckingham. — Sir W. Scott, Pcvcril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Gath'erill (Old), bailiff to sir Geof- 
frey Peveril of the Peak.— Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Gauden'tio di Lucca, the hero 

and title of a romance by Simon Bering- 
ton. He makes a journey to Mezzoramia, 
an imaginary country in the interior of 
Africa. 

Gau'difer, a champion in the 
romance of Alexander. 

Gaudio'sa (Lady), wife of Pelayo ; 
a wise and faithful counsellor, high- 
minded, brave in danger, and a real help- 
mate. — Southey, Bodcrick, Last of the 
Goths (1814). 

Gaudissart, the droll French bag- 
man. 

Gaul, son of Morni of Strumon. He 
was betrothed to Oith'ona daughter of 
Nuath, but before the day of marriage he 
was called away by Fingal to attend him 
on an expedition against the Britons. 
At the same time Nuath was at war, and 
sent for his son Lathmon; so Oithona 
w r as left unprotected in her home. Dun- 
rommath lord of Uthal (or Cuthal) 
seized this opportunity to carry her off, 
and concealed her in a cave in the desert 
island of Trom'athou. When Gaul re- 
turned to claim his betrothed, he found 
she was gone, and was told by a vision 
in the night w r here she was hidden. Next 
day, with three followers, Gaul -went to 
Troniathon, and the ravisher coming 



GAUL. 



368 



GAYVILLE. 



up, lie slew him and cut off his head. 
Oithona, armed as a combatant, mingled 
with the fighters and was wounded. 
Gaul saw what he thought a youth dying, 
and went to offer assistance, but found it 
was Oithona, who forthwith expired. 
Disconsolate, he returned to Dunlathmon, 
and thence to Morven. — Ossian, Oithona. 

His voice was like many streams.— Ossian, Finyal, iii. 

(Homer makes a loud voice a thing to 
H be much commended in a warrior.) 

Gaul (A.) generally means a French- 
man ; and Gallia means France, the 
country of the Celtas or Keltai, called by 
the Greeks " Gallatai," and shortened 
into Galli. Wales is also called Gallia, 
Galis, and Gaul, especially in mediaeval 
romance : hence, Amadis of Gaul is not 
Amadis of France, but Amadis of Wales ; 
sir Lamorake de Galis is sir Lamorake of 
Wales. Gaul in France is Armorica or 
Little Britain {Brittany). 

Ga/unt'grim, the wolf, in lord 
Lytton's Pugrirnsof the Rhine (1834). 

Bruin is always in the sulks, and Gauntgrim always In 
a passion.— Ch. xii 

G-autier et Garguille, "all the 
world and his wife." 

Se moquer de Gautier et Garguille . (" To make game of 
every one "). — A French Proverb. 

G-ava'ni, the pseudonym of Sulpice 
Paul Chevalier, the great caricaturist of 
the French Charivari (1803-1866). 

Gavroelie (2 syl.), type of the 
Parisian street arab. — Victor Hugo, Les 
Mise'rables (1862). 

Gawain [Gaw n n\, son of king Lot 
and Morgause (Arthur's sister). His 
brothers were Agravain, Ga'heris, and 
Ga'reth. The traitor Mordred was his 
half-brother, being the adulterous off- 
spring of Morgause and prince Arthur. 
Lot was king of Orkney. Gawain was 
the second of the fifty knights created by 
king Arthur ; Tor was the first, and was 
dubbed the same day (pt. i. 48). When 
the adulterous passion of sir Launcelot 
for queen Guenever came to the know- 
ledge of the king, sir Gawain insisted 
that the king's honour should be upheld. 
Accordingly, king Arthur went in battle 
array to Benwicke (Brittany), the " realm 
s of sir Launcelot," and proclaimed war. 
Here sir Gawain fell, according to the 
prophecy of Merlin, " With this SAVord 
shall Launcelot slay - the man that in 
this world he loved best " (pt. i. 44). In 
this same battle the king was told that 
his bastard son Mordred had usurped his 



throne, so he hastened back with all 
speed, and in the great battle of the 
West received his mortal wound (pt. iii. 
160-167).— Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur (1470). 

Of Arthurian knights, Gawain is called 
the " Courteous," sir Kay the " Rude and 
Boastful," Mordred the "Treacherous," 
Launcelot the "Chivalrous," Galahad 
the "Chaste," Mark the "Dastard," sir 
Palomides (3 syl.) the " Saracen " i.e. 
unbaptized, etc. 

G-awky (Lord), Richard Grenville 
(1711-1770). 

Gaw'rey, a flying woman, whose 
wings served the double purpose of flying 
and dress. — R. Pultock, Peter Wukirts 
(1750). 

Gay (Walter), in the firm of Dom- 
bey and Son ; an honest, frank, in- 
genuous youth, who loved Florence 
Dombey, and comforted her in her early 
troubles. Walter Gay was sent in the 
merchantman called The Son and Heir, as 
junior partner, to Barbadoes, and sur- 
vived a shipwreck. After his return 
from Barbadoes, he married Florence. — 
C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 

Gay less (Charles), the pennyleaa 
suitor of Melissa. His valet is Sharp. — 
Garrick, The Lying Valet (1741). 

Gay'ville (Lord), the affianced 
husband of Miss Alscrip "the heiress," 
whom he detests ; but he ardently loves 
Miss Alton, her companion. The former 
is conceited, overbearing, and vulgar, but 
very rich ; the latter is modest, retiring, 
and lady-like, but very poor. It turns 
out that £-2000 a year of " the heiress's" 
property was entailed on sir William 
Charlton's heirs, and therefore descended 
to Mr. Clifford in right of his mother. 
This money Mr. Clifford settles on his 
sister, Miss Alton (whose real name is 
Clifford). Sir Clement Flint tears the 
conveyance, whereby Clifford retains the 
£2000 a year, and sir Clement settles 
the same amount on lord Gayville, who 
marries Miss Alton alias Miss Clifford. 

Lady Emily Gayville, sister of lord 
Gayville. A bright, vivacious, and witty 
lady, who loves Mr. Clifford. Clifford 
also greatly loves lady Emily, but is 
deterred from proposing to her, because 
he is poor and unequal to her in a social 
position. It turns out that he comes into 
£2000 a year in right of his mother, ladv 
Charlton ; and is thus enabled to offer 



GAZBAN. 



309 



GELLATLY. 



himself to the lady, by whom he is 
accepted. — General Burgoyne, The Heiress 
(1781). 

Gaz'ban, the black slave of the old 
fire-worshipper, employed to sacrifice the 
Mussulmans to be offered on the " moun- 
tain of lire." — Arabian Nights (" Amgiad 
and Assad "). 

Gazette (Sir Gregory), a man who 
delights in news, without having the 
slightest comprehension of politics. — 
Samuel Foote, Tlui Knights, 

G-az'nivides (3 syl.), a Persian 
dynasty, which gave lour kings and 
lasted fifty years. It was founded by 
Mahmoud Gazni (999-1049). 

G-e'ber, an Arabian alchemist, born 
at Thous, in Persia (eighth century). He 
wrote several treatises on the "art of 
making gold," in the usual mystical 
jargon of the period ; and hence our word 
gibberish ("senseless jargon"). 

This art Uie Arabian Geber taught . . 
The KUxir of Perpetual Youth. 

Longfellow, 1'he Golden Legend. 

Geddes (Joshua), the quaker. 

Rachel Geddes, sister of Joshua. 

Philip Geddes, grandfather of Joshua 
and Rachel Geddes.— Sir W. Scott, Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Gehen'na, the place of everlasting 
torment. Strictly speaking, it means the 
Valley of Hinnom (Ge Htnnom), where 
sacrifices to Moloch were offered, and 
where refuse of all sorts was subsequently 
cast, for the consumption of which fires 
were kept constantly burning. There 
was also a sort of aqua to/ana, called 
liquor Gehenna. 

Holy water it may be to many. 

But to me the veriest liquor Gehenna. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 
And black Gehenna called, the type of hell. 

Milton, ParadUe Lost, i. 405 (16C5). 

Geierstein [Gi'.er.stine'], Arnold 
count of. 

Count Albert of Geierstein, brother of 
Arnold Biederman, disguised (1) as the 
black priest of St. Paul's ; (2) as pre- 
sident of the secret tribunal ; (3) as monk 
at Mont St. Victoire. 

Anne of Geierstein, called "The Maiden 
of the Mist," daughter of count Albert, 
and baroness of Arnheim. 

Count Heinrick of Geierstein, grand- 
father of count Arnold. 

Count Williewald of Geierstein, father 
of count Arnold. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 



Geislaer (Peter kin), one of the in- 
surgents at Liege \Le.aje\, — Sir W. 
Scott, Quentin Jjarward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Geith (George), a model of untiring in- 
dustry, perseverance, and moral courage. 
Undaunted by difficulties, he pursued his 
onward way, and worked as long as 
breath was left him. — Mrs. Trafford 
[Riddell], George Geith, 

Gelert, Llewellyn's favourite hound. 
One day, Llewellyn returned from hunt- 
ing, when Gelert met him smeared with 
gore. The chieftain felt alarmed, and 
instantly went to look for his baby son. 
He found the cradle overturned, and all 
around was sprinkled with gore and blood. 
He called his child, but no voice replied, 
and thinking the hound had eaten it, he 
stabbed the animal to the heart. The 
tumult awoke the baby boy, and on search- 
ing more carefully, a huge wolf was found 
under the bed, quite dead. Gelert had 
slain the wolf and saved the child. 

And now a gallant tomb they raise, 

With costjj sculpture decked ; 
And inarliles, storied with his praise, 

Poor Gckrt's bones protect. 
Hon. W. R. Spencer, UethGelvrt ("Gelerfl Grave"). 

*** This tale, with a slight difference, 
is common to all parts of the world. It 
is told in the Gesta Romanorum of 
Folliculus, a knight, but the wolf is a 
" serpent," and Folliculus, in repentance, 
makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. 
In the Sanskrit version, given in the 
Pantschataatra (a.d. 540), the tale is 
told of the brahmin Devasaman, an 
"ichneumon" and "black snake" taking 
the places of the dog and the wolf. In 
the Arabic version by Nasr-Allah (twelfth 
century), a "weasel" is substituted for 
the dog ; in the Mongolian Uligerun a 
"polecat;" in the Persian Sindibadnarneh, 
a " cat ; " and in the Hitopadesa (iv. 3), 
an " otter." In the Chinese Forest of 
Pearls from the Garden of the Law, the 
dog is an "ichneumon," as in the Indian 
version (a.d. 60S). In Sandabar, and 
also in the Hebrew version, the tale is 
told of a dog. A similar tale is told of 
czar Piras of Russia ; and another occurs 
in the Seven Wise Masters. 

Gel'latly (Davie), idiot servant or 
the baron of Bradwardine (3 syl.). 

Old Janet Geltatly, the idiot's mother. 
— Sir W. Scott, Waver ley (time, George 

*„.* In some editions the word i3 spelt 
"Gellatley." 

2 B 



GELOIOS. 



370 



GEMINI. 



Geloi'os, Silly Laughter personified. 
Geloios is slain by Encra'tes (temper- 
ance) in the battle of Mansoul. (Greek, 
geloios, "facetious.") 

Geloios next ensued, a merry Greek, 

Whose life was laughter vain, and mirth misplaced; 
His speeches broad, to shame the modest cheek ; 

Nor cared he whom, or when, or how disgraced. 
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, viii., xi. (1633). 



Gem Alphabet. 

Transparent. 

Amethyst 

Beryl 

Chrysoberyl 

Diamond 

Emerald 

Felspar 

G-arnet 

Hyacinth 

Idocrase 

Kyanite 

Lynx-sapphire 

Milk-opal 

Natrolite 

Opal 

Pyrope 

Quartz 

Ruby 

Sapphire 

Topaz 

TJnanite 

"Vesuvianite 

"Water-sapphire 

Xanthite 

Zircon 



Opaque. 

Agate 

Basalt 

Cacholong 

Diaspore 

Egyptian pebble 

Fire-stone 

Granite 

Heliotrope 

Jasper 

Krokidolite 

Lapis-lazuli 

Malachite 

Nephrite 

Onyx 

Porphyry 

Quartz-agate 

Rose-quartz 

Sardonyx 

Turquoise 

Ultra-marine 

Verd-antique 

Wood-opal 

Xylotile 

Ziirlite 



Gem of Normandy, Emma, 
daughter of Richard "the Fearless," 
duke of Normandy. She first married 
Ethelred II. of England, and then Canute, 
but survived both, and died in 1052. 

There is a story told that Emma was once brought to 
trial on various charges of public and private misconduct, 
but that she cleared herself by the ordeal of walking blind- 
fold over red-hot ploughshares \vi bout being hurt. — E. A. 
Freeman, Old English History, 1265. 

Gem of the Ocean. Ireland is 
called by T. Moore " first gem of the 
ocean, first pearl of the sea." 

Gems emblems of the Twelve 
Apostles. 

Andrew, the bright blue sapphire, 
emblematic of his heavenly faith. 

Bartholomew, the red camelian, 
emblematic of his martyrdom. 

James, the white chalcedony, em- 
blematic of his purity. 

James the Less, the topaz, em- 
blematic of delicacy. 

John, the emerald, emblematic of his 
youth and gentleness. 

Matthew, the amethyst, emblematic 
of sobriety. Matthew was once a " pub- 



lican," but was " sobered" by the leaven 
of Christianity. 

Matthias, the chrysolite, pure as sun- 
shine. 

Peter, the jasper, hard and solid aa 
the rock of the Church. 

Philip, the friendly sardonyx. 

Simeon of Cana, the pink hyacinth, 
emblematic of sweet temper. 

Thaddeus, the chrysoprase, em- 
blematic of serenity and trustfulness. 

Thomas, the beryl, indefinite in lustre, 
emblematic of his doubting faith. 

Gems symbolic of the Months. 

January, the jacinth or hyacinth, 
symbolizing constancy and fidelity. 

February, the amethyst, symbolizing 
peace of mind and sobriety. 

March, the blood-stone or jasper, sym- 
bolizing courage and success in dangerous 
enterprise. 

April, the sapphire and diamond, 
symbolizing repentance and innocence. 

May, the emerald, symbolizing success 
in love. 

June, the agate, symbolizing long life 
and health. 

July, the camelian, symbolizing cure 
of evils resulting from forgetfulness. 

August, the sardonyx or onyx, sym- 
bolizing conjugal felicity. 

September, the chrysolite, symbolizing 
preservation from folly, or its cure. 

October, the aqua-marine, opal, or 
beryl, symbolizing hope. 

November, the topaz, symbolizing fidelity 
and friendship. 

December, the turquoise or ruby, sym- 
bolizing brilliant success. 

*** Some doubt exists between May 
and June, July and August. Thus some 
give the agate to May, and the emerald to 
June ; the camelian to August, and the 
onyx to July. 

Gembok or Gemsboc, a sort of 
stag, a native of South Africa. It is a 
heavy, stout animal, which makes such 
use of its horns as even to beat off the 
lion. 

Far into the heat among the sands, 
The gembok nations, snuffing up the wind 
Drawn by the scent of water; and the bands 
Of tawny-bearded lions pacing, blind 
With the sun-dazzle . . . and spiritless for lack of rest 
Jean Ingelow, The Four Bridges. 

Gem'ini ("the twins"). Castor and 
Pollux are the two principal stars of this 
constellation ; the former has a bluish 
tinge, and the latter a damask red. 

As heaven's high twins, whereof in Tyrian blue 
The one revolveth ; through his course immense 
Might love his fellow of the damask hue. 

Jean Ingelow, Honour*. L 



GEMINI 



GEOFFREY. 



Gemini. Mrs. Browning makes Eve 
view in the constellation Gemini a 
symbol of the increase of the human race, 
and she loved to gaze on it. — B. li. 
Browning, A Drama of Exile (I860). 

Geneu'ra. (See Gixkuka.) 

%* Queen Guinever or Guenevor is 

sometimes called "Geneura," or " Ge- 

nevra." 

Gene'va Bull (The), Stephen 
Marshall, a Calviuistic preacher. 

Genevieve (St.), the patron saint of 
Faris, born at Nanterre. She was a 
shepherdess, but went to Paris when her 
parents died, and was there during 
Attila's invasion (a.d. 451). She told 
the citizens that God would spare the 
city, and "her prediction came true." 
At another tiuie, she procured food for the 
Parisians suffering from famine. At her 
request, Clovis built the church of St. 
Pierre et St. Paul, afterwards called 
Ste. Genevieve. Her day is January 3. 
Her relics are deposited in the Panthe'on 
now called by her name (419-512). 

Genii or Ginn, an intermediate race 
between angels and men. They ruled on 
earth before the creation of Adam. — 
D'Herbelot, Bibliothique Orientate, 357 
(1697). Also spelt Djinn and Jinn. 

%* Solomon is supposed to preside 
over the whole race of genii. This seems 
to have arisen from a mere confusion of 
words of somewhat similar sound. The 
chief of the genii w r as called a suley- 
man, which got corrupted into a proper 
name. 

Genius and Common Senpje, 
T. Moore says that Common Sense and 
Genius once went out together on a 
ramble by moonlight. Common Sense 
went prosing on his way, arrived home 
in good time, and went to bed ; but 
Genius, while gazing at the stars, stum- 
bled into a river, and died. 

*** This story is told of Thales the 
philosopher by Plato. Chaucer has also 
an allusion thereto in his Miller's Tale. 

So ferde another clerk with 'stronomye : 
He walked in the feeldes for to prye 
Upon the sterres, what ther shuld befall, 
Til he was in a marie pit i-fall. 
Cliaucer, Canterbury Tales, 3457, etc. (138S). 

Genna'ro, the natural son of Lucrezia 
di Borgia (daughter of pope Alexander 
VI.) before her marriage with Alfonso 
duke of Ferra'ra. He was brought up 
by a Neapolitan fisherman. In early 
manhood he went to Venice, heard of 
the scandalous cruelty of Lucrezia, and, 



with the heedless petulance of youth, 
mutilated the duke's escutcheon by strik- 
ing out the 1">, thus converting Borgia 
into Orgia (orgies). Lucrezia demanded 
vengeance, and Gennaro was condemned 
to death by poison. When Lucrezia 
discovered that tlie offender was her own 
son, she gave him an antidote to the 
poison, and set him free. Not long after 
this, at a banquet given by Negro'ni, 
Lucrezia revealed herself to Gennaro as 
his mother, and both expired of poison in 
the banquet halL — Donizetti, Lucrezia di 
Borgia (1634). 

Gennil (Ralph), a veteran in the 
troop of sir Hugo de Lacy. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry IL). 

Genove'fa, wife of Siegfried count 
palatine of Brabant. Being sus- 
pected of infidelity, she was driven into 
the forest of Ardennes, where she gave 
birth to a son, who was suckled by a 
white doe. After a time, Siegfried dis- 
covered his error, and both mother and 
child were restored to their proper home. 
— German Popular Stories. 

Tieck and Miiller have popularized the 
tradition, and Kaupach has made it the 
subject of a drama. 

Gentle Shepherd (The), George 
Grenville. In one of his speeches, he 
exclaimed in the House, "Tell me 
where ! " when Pitt hummed the line of 
a popular song, "Gentle Shepherd, tell 
me where ! " and the House was convulsed 
with laughter (1712-1770). 

Gentle Shepherd (The), the title and 
chief character of Allan Eanisay's pas- 
toral (1725). 

Gentleman of Europe (The First), 
George IV. (17G2, 1820-1S30). 

It was the "first gentleman in Europe " in whose high 
presence Mrs. fiawdun passed her examination, and took 
her degree in reputation ; so it must be flat disloyalty to 
doubt her virtue. What a noble appreciation of cha- 
racter must there not have been in Vanity Fair when 
that august sovereign was invested with the title of 
Premier Gentilhomme of all Europe! — Thackeray, 
Vanity Fair 11848). 

Gentleman of Europe (First), Louis 
d'Artois. 

Gentleman Smith, William Smith, 
actor, noted for his gentlemanly deport- 
ment on the stage (1730-1790). 

Geoffrey, archbishop of York. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard 
I.). 

Geoffrey, the old ostler of John Mengs 
(innkeeper at Kirchhoff). — Sir W. Scott, 
Anne of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 



GEOFFREY CRAYON. 



372 



GEORGE IV., ETC. 



Geoffrey Crayon, the hypothetical 
naiae of the author of the Sketch- Book, 
by Washington Irving of New York 
(1818-1820). 

George (Honest). General Monk, 
George duke of Albemarle, was so 
called by the votaries of Cromwell 
(1608-1670). 

George (Mr.), a stalwart, handsome, 
simple-hearted fellow, son of Mrs. 
Rouncewell the housekeeper at Chesney 
Wold. He was very wild as a lad, and 
ran away from his mother to enlist as a 
soldier ; but on his return to England 
he opened a shooting-gallery in Leicester 
Square, London. When sir Leicester 
Dedlock, in his old age, fell into trouble, 
George became his faithful attendant.— 
C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853). 

George (St.), the patron saint of Eng- 
land. He was born at Lydda, but brought 
up in Cappadocia, and suffered martyrdom 
in the reign of Diocletian, April 23, a.d. 
303. Mr. Hogg tells us of a Greek in- 
scription at Ezra, in Syria, dated 346, in 
which the martyrdom of St. George is 
referred to. At this date was living 
George bishop of Alexandria, with whom 
Gibbon, in his Decline and Fall, has con- 
founded the patron saint of England ; but 
the bishop died in 362, or fifty-nine years 
after the prince of Cappadocia. (See 
Red Cross Knight.) 

%.* Mussulmans revere St. George 
under the name of " Gherghis." 

St. George's Bones were taken to the 
church in the city of Constantine. 

St. George's Head. One of his heads 
was preserved at Rome. Long forgotten, 
it was rediscovered in 751, and was given 
in 1600 to the church of Ferrara. Another 
of his heads was preserved in the church 
of Mares-Moutier, in Picardy. 

St. George's Limbs. One of his arms 
fell from heaven upon the altar of Pan- 
taleon, at Cologne. Another was pre- 
served in a religious house of Barala, 
and was transferred thence in the ninth 
century to Cambray. Part of an arm 
was presented by Robert of Flanders to 
the city of Toulouse ; another part was 
given to the abbey of Auchin, and 
another to the countess Matilda. 

George and the Dragon (St.). 
St. George, son of lord Albert of 
Coventry, was stolen in infancy by "the 
weird lady of the woods," who brought 
the iad up to deeds of arms. His body 
had three marks : a dragon on the breast, 



a garter round one of the legs, and a 
blood-red cross on the right arm. When 
he greAv to manhood, he fought against 
the Saracens. In Libya he heard of a 
huge dragon, to which a damsel was 
daily given for food, and it so happened 
that when he arrived the victim was 
Sabra, the king's daughter. She was 
already tied to the stake when St. George 
came up. On came the dragon ; but the 
knight, thrusting his lance into the 
monster's mouth, killed it on the spot. 
Sabra, being brought to England, became 
the wife of her deliverer, and they lived 
happily in Coventry till death. — Percy, 
Beliques, III. iii. 2. 

St. George and the Dragon, on old 
guinea-pieces, was the design of Pis- 
trucci. It was an adaptation of a di- 
drachm of Tarentum, B.C. 250. 

*** The encounter between George and 
the dragon took place at Berytus (Bey- 
rut). 

The tale of St. George and the dragon 
is told in the Golden Legends of Jacques 
de Voragine. — See S. Baring-Gould, 
Curious Myths of the Middle Ages. 

George I. and the duchess of 
Kendal (1719). The duchess was a 
German, whose name was Erangard 
Melrose de Schulemberg. She was 
created duchess of Munster, in Ireland, 
baroness Glastonbury, countess of Fever- 
sham, and duchess of Kendal (died 
1743). 

George II. His favourite was Mary 
Howard, duchess of Suffolk. 

George II., when angry, vented his 
displeasure by kicking his hat about the 
room. We are told that Xerxes vented 
his displeasure at the loss of his bridges 
by ordering the Hellespont to be fet- 
tered, lashed with 300 stripes, and in- 
sulted. 

George III. and the Fair 
Quakeress. When George III. was 
about 20 years of age, he fell in love with 
Hannah Lightfoot, daughter of a linen- 
draper in Market Street, St. James's. He 
married her in Kew Church, 1759, but 
of course the marriage was not recog- 
nized. (See Lovers.) 

*** The following year (September, 
1760), he married the princess Charlotte 
of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Hannah Light- 
fnot marriM a Mr. Axford, and passed 
out of public notice. 

George IV. and Mrs. Mary 

Robinson, generally called Perdita. 



GEORGE. 



373 



GERALDINE. 



Mary Darby, at the age of 15, married 
Mr. Robinson, who lived a few months on 
credit, and was then imprisoned for 
debt. Mrs. Robinson sought a livelihood 
on the stage, and George IV., then prince 
of Wales and a mere lad, saw her as 
"Perdita," fell in love with her, cor- 
responded with her under the assumed 
name of " Florizel," and gave her a bond 
for £"20,000, subsequently cancelled for 
an annuity of £500 (1758-1800). 

%* George IV. was born in 17G2, and 
was only 1(5 in 1778, when he fell in love 
with Mrs. Robinson. The young prince 
suddenly abandoned her, and after two 
other love affairs, privately married, at 
Carlton House (in 1785), Mrs. Fitzherbert, 
a lady of good family, and a widow, 
seven years his senior. The marriage 
being contrary to the law, he married the 
princess Caroline of Brunswick, in 1795 ; 
but still retained his connection with 
Mrs. Fitzherbert, and added a new fa- 
vourite, the countess of Jersey. 

George [de Laval], a friend of 
Horace de Brienne (2 ayl.). Having 
committed forgery, Carlos (alias marquis 
d'Antas), being cognizant of it, had him 
in his power ; but Ogarita (alias Martha) 
obtained the document, and returned it to 
George. — E. Stirling, Orphan of the Frozen 
Sea (1856). 

George-a-Green, the pinner or 
pound-keeper of Wakefield, one of the 
chosen favourites of Robin Hood. 

Vcni Wakefield peramaenum, 

Ubi quserens Georgium Green um, 

Non inveni, sed in lignum, 

Fixum reperi Georgii signuui, 

Ubi allam bibi feram, 

Donee Georgio fortior eram. 

Drunken Darnaby (1640). 
Once in Wakefield town, so pleasant, 
Sougbt I George-a-Green, the peasant ; 
Found him not, but spied instead, sir, 
On a sign, " The George's Head," sir ; 
Valiant grown with ale like nectar, 
What cared I for George or Hector? 

*** Robert Green has a drama entitled 
Georqe-a-Green, the Pinner of Wakefield 
(1589). 

George Street (Strand, London), 
one of a series of streets named after the 
second duke of Buckingham. The series 
consists of George Street, Villiers Street, 
Duke Street, and Buckingham Street. 

Georgian Women (The). Allah, 
wishing to stock his celestial .harem, com- 
missioned an imaum to select for him 
forty of the loveliest women he could 
find. The imaum journeyed into Frankis- 
fcan, and from the country of the Ingliz 



carried off the king's daughter. From 
Germany he selected other maidens ; but 
when lie arrived at (iori (north-west of 
Tiflis) lie fell in love with one of the beau- 
ties, and tarried there. Allah punished 
him by death, but the maidens remained 
in Gori] and became the mothers of the 
most beautiful race of mortals in the 
whole earth. — A Legend. 

Georgina [Vesey], daughter of sir 
John Vesey. Pretty, but vain and frivo- 
lous. She loved, as much as her heart 
was susceptible of such a passion, sir 
Frederick Blount, but wavered between 
her liking and the policy of marrying 
Alfred Evelyn, a man of great wealth. 
When she thought the property of Evelyn 
was insecure, she at once gave her hand 
to sir Frederick. — Lord L. BulwerLyttou, 
Money (1840). 

Geraint' (Sir), of Devon, one of the 
knights of the Round Table. He was 
married to E'nid, only child of Yn'iol. 
Fearing lest Enid should be tainted by 
the queen, sir Geraint left the court, and 
retired to Devon. Half sleeping and 
half waking, he overheard part of Enid's 
words, and fancying her to be unfaithful 
to him, treated her for a time with great 
harshness ; but Enid nursed him when he 
was wounded with such wifely tenderness 
that he could no longer doubt her fealty, 
and a complete understanding being estab- 
lished, " they crowned a happy life with 
a fair death." — Tennyson, Idylls of the 
King (" Geraint and Enid "). 

Ger'aldin (Lord), son of the earl of 
Glenallan. He appears first as William 
Lovell, and afterwards as major Neville. 
He marries Isabella Wardour (daughter 
of sir Arthur Wardour). 

Sir Aymer de Geraldin, an ancestor of 
lord Geraldin.— Sir W. Scott, The An- 
tiquary (time, George III.). 

Ger'aldine (3 syl.), a young man, 
who comes home from his travels to find 
his playfellow (that should have been his 
wife) married to old Wincott, who receives 
him hospitably as a friend of his fathers, 
takes delight in hearing tales of his 
travels, and treats him most kindly. 
Geraldine and the wife mutually agree 
not in any wise to wrong so noble and 
confiding an old gentleman. — John Hev- 
wood, the English Traveller (1576-1 64o). 

Geraldine (Lady), an orphan, the ward 
of her uncle count de Valmont, and the 
betrothed of Florian ("the foundling of 
the forest," and the adopted son of the 



GERALDINE. 



374 



GERONTE. 



count). This foundling turns out to be 
his real son, who had been rescued by his 
mother and carried into the forest to save 
hirn from the hands of Longueville, a 
desperate villain. — W. Dimond, The 
Foundling of the Forest. 

Geraldine {The Fair), the lady whose 
praises are sung by Henry Howard earl 
of Surrey. Supposed to be Elizabeth 
Fitzgerald, daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald 
ninth earl of Kildare. She married the 
earl of Lincoln. 

Gerard {John), an English botanist 
(1545-1607), who compiled the Catalogus 
Arbor urn, Fruticum, et Plantorum, tarn 
Indigenarum quam Exoticarum, in Horto 
Johanis Gerardi. Also author of the 
Herbal or General History of Plants 
(1597). 

Of these most helpful herbs yet tell we but a few, 

To those unnumbered sorts of simples here that grew . . . 

Not skilful Gerard yet shall ever find them all. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Gerard, attendant of sir Patrick Char- 
teris (provost of Perth). — Sir W. Scott, 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Gerhard the Good, a merchant of 
Cologne, who exchanges his rich freight 
for a cargo of Christian slaves, that he 
may give them their liberty. He retains 
only one, who is the wife of William 
king of England. She is about to marry 
the merchant's son, when the king sud- 
denly appears, disguised as a pilgrim. 
Gerhard restores the wife, ships both off 
to England, refuses all recompense, and 
remains a merchant as before. — Rudolf 
of Ems (a minnesinger), Gerhard the Good 
(thirteenth century). 

Ger'ion. So William Browne, in his 
Britannia's Pastorals (fifth song), calls 
Philip of Spain. The allusion is to 
Geryon of Gades {Cadiz), a monster with 
three bodies (or, in other words, a king 
over three kingdoms) slain by Hercules. 

*** The three kingdoms over which 
Philip reigned were Spain, Germany, and 
the Netherlands. 

Gerlinda or Girlint, the mother 
of Hartmuth king of Norway. When 
Hartmuth carried off Gudrun the daugh- 
ter of Hettel (Attila), who refused to 
marry him, Gerlinda put her to the most 
menial work, such as washing the dirty 
linen. But her lover, Herwig king of 
Heligoland, invaded Norway, and having 
gained a complete victory, put Gerlinda 
to death. — An Anglo-Saxon Poem (thir- 
teenth century) 



German Literature {Father o/) ; 
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781). 

Germany, formerly called Tongres. 
The name was changed (according to 
fable) in compliment to Ger'mana, sister 
of Julius Caesar, and wife of Salvias 
Brabon duke of Brabant. — Jehan de 
Maire, Illustrations de Gaule, iii. 20-23. 

Geoffrey of Monmouth says that 
Ebraucus, one of the descendants of Brute 
king of Britain, had twenty sons, all of 
whom, except the eldest, settled in 
Tongres, which was then called Germany, 
because it was the land of the germans or 
brothers. 

These germans did subdue all Germany, 
Of whom it night. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10 (1590). 

Geron'imo, the friend of Sganarelle 
(3 syl.). Sganarelle asks him if he would 
advise his marrying. " How old are 
you ? " asks Geronimo ; and being told 
that he is 63, and the girl under 20, says, 
" No." Sganarelle, greatly displeased at 
his advice, declares he is hale and strong, 
that he loves the girl, and has promised 
to marry her. ' ' Then do as you like, " says 
Geronimo. — Moliere, Le Mariage Force 
(1664). 

*** This joke is borrowed from Rabe- 
lais. Panurge asks Pantag'ruel' whether 
he advises him to marry. " Yes," says 
the prince ; whereupon Panurge states 
several objections. " Then don't," says 
the prince. " But I wish to marry," 
says Panurge. " Then do it by all 
means," says the prince. Every time the 
prince advises him to marry, Panurge 
objects ; and every time the prince 
advises the contrary, the advice is 
equally unacceptable. — Pantaqruel, iii. 
9 (1545). 

Geronte' (2 syl.), father of Leandre 
and Hyacinthe ; a miserly old hunks. 
He has to pay Scapin £1500 for the 
" ransom " of Le'andre, and after having 
exhausted every evasion, draws out his 
purse to pay the money, saying, "The 
Turk is a villain ! " "Yes," says Scapin. 
" A rascal ! " " Yes," says Scapin. " A 
thief ! " " Yes," says Scapin. " He 
would wring from me £1500 ! would he ?" 
"Yes," says Scapin. "Oh, if I catch 
him, won't I pay him out ? " " Yes,'- 
says Scapin. Then, putting his purse 
back into his pocket, he walks off, saying, 
"Pay the ransom, and bring back the 
boy." "But the money; where's the 
money? " says Scapin. " Oh, didn't I give 
it you?" "No," says Scapin. "I 



GfeRONTE. 



GESSLER. 



forgot," says Ge'ronte, and he pays the 
money (act ii. 11). — Moliere, Lea Four- 
beries da 8oapm (lii71). 

In the English version, called The 
Cheats of Scapin, by Otway, Ge'ronte 
is culled " Gripe," llyacinthe is called 
" Clara," Leandre is Anglicized into 
" Leander," and the sum of money bor- 
rowed is £200. 

Qeronte (2 syl.), the father of Lucinde 
(2 syl.). He wanted his daughter to 
marry Horace, but as she loved Leandre, 
in order to avoid a marriage she detested 
she pretended to have lost the power of 
articulate speech, and only answered, 
" Han, hi, hon ! " " Han, hi, hon, han ! " 
Sganarelle, " le medecin malgre lui," 
seeing that tliis jargon was put on, and 
ascertaining that Leandre was her lover, 
introduced him as an apothecary, and che 
young man soon effected a perfect cure 
with " pills matrimoniac." — Moliere, Le 
Medecin Malyre' Lvd (1666). 

Ger'rard, king of the beggars, dis- 
guised under the name of Clause. He is 
the father of Florez the rich merchant of 
Bruges. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Ths 
Beggars' Bash (1622). 

Ger'trude (2 syl.), Hamlet's mother. 
On the death of lier husband, who -was 
king of Denmark, she married Claudius, 
the late kings brother. Gertrude was 
accessory to the murder of her first 
husband, and Claudius was principal. 
Claudius prepared poisoned wine, which 
he intended for Hamlet ; but the queen, 
not knowing it was poisoned, drank it 
and died. Hamlet, seeing his mother 
fall dead, rushed on the king and killed 
him. — Shakespeare. Hamlet (1596). 

*%* In the Historic of Hamblett, Ger- 
trude is called " Geruth." 

Gertrude, daughter of Albert patriarch 
of Wy'oming. One day, an Indian 
brought to Albert a lad (nine years old) 
earned Henry Waldegrave (2 syl.), and 
told the patriarch he had promised the 
boy's mother, at her death, to place her 
son under his care. The lad remained at 
Wyoming for three years, and was then 
sent to his friends. When grown to man- 
hood, Henry Waldegrave returned to 
Wyoming, and married Gertrude ; but 
three months afterwards, Brandt, at the 
head of a mixed army of British and 
Indians, attacked the settlement, and both 
Albert and Gertrude were shot. Henry 
Waldegrave then joined the army of 
Washington, which was fighting for 



American independence, — Campbell, Ger- 
trude of Wyoming (1809). 

*** Campbell accents Wyoming on the 
first syllable, tun it is more Msiial to throw 
the accent on the second. 

Gerun'dio (fray), i.e. Friar Gerund, 

the hero and title of ,i Spanish romance, 
by the Jesuit De l'lsla. It is :i satin- on 
the absurdities and bad taste of the 
popular preachers of the time (175*). 

Ge'ryon's Sons, the Spaniards j bo 

called from (Jeryon, an ancient kin^ of 
Spain, whose oxen were driven otf by 
Her'cules. This task was one of tin- 
hero's "twelve labours." Milton uses 
the expression in Faradise Lost, xi. -lit) 
(1G65). 

Geryon'eo, a human monster with 
three bodies. He was of the raco of 
giants, being the son of Geryon, the 
tyrant who gave all strangers "as food to 
his kine, the fairest and the fiercest kine 
alive." Geryoneo promised to take the 
young widow Beige (2 ayl.) under his 
protection ; but it was like the wolf pro- 
tecting the lamb, for "he gave her 
children to a dreadful monster to devour." 
In her despair, she applied to king Arthur 
for help, and the British king, espousing 
ner cause, soon sent Geryoneo "down to 
the house of dole." — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, v. 10, 11 (1596). 

%* " Geryoneo " is the house of Aus- 
tria, and Philip of Spain in particular. 
"King Arthur" is England, and the earl 
of Leicester in particular. The " Widow 
Beige" is the Netherlands; and the mon- 
ster that devoured her children the in- 
quisition, introduced by the duke of Alva. 
" Geryoneo" had three bodies, for Philip 
ruled over three kingdoms — Spain, Ger- 
many, and the Netherlands. The earl 
of Leicester, sent in 1585 to the aid of 
the Netherlands, broke off the yoke of 
Philip. 

Ges'mas, the impenitent thief cruci- 
fied with our Lord. In the apocryphal 
Gospel of Nicodemus, he is called Gestas. 
The penitent thief was Dismas, Dysmas, 
Demas, or Dumacus. 

Three bodies on three erosses hang supine : 
Dismas and Gesmas and the Power Divine. 
Dismas seeks heaven, Gesmas his own damnation, 
The Mid-one seeks our ransom and salvation. 

Translation of a Latin Charm. 

Gassier (Albrecht), the brutal and 
tyrannical governor of Switzerland, ap- 
pointed by Austria over the three forest 
cantons. When the people rose in re- 



GETA. 



376 GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 



bellion, Gesslei insulted them by hoisting 
his cap on a pole, and threatening death 
to any one who refused to bow down to it 
in reverence. William Tell refused to do 
so, and was compelled to shoot at an 
apple placed on the head of his own son. 
Having dropped an arrow by accident, 
Gessler demanded why he had brought a 
second. "To shoot you," said the in- 
trepid mountaineer, " if I fail in my 
task." Gessler then ordered him to be 
cast into Kusnacht Castle, "a prey to the 
reptiles that lodged there." Gessler went 
in the boat to see the order executed, and 
as the boat neared land, Tell leapt on 
shore, pushed back the boat, shot Gessler, 
and freed his country from Austrian 
domination. — Rossini, Guglielmo Tell 
(1829). 

Geta, according to sir Walter Scott, 
the representative of a stock slave and 
rogue in the new comedy of Greece and 
Rome (? Getes). 

The principal character, upon whose devices and in- 
genuity the whole plot usually turns, is the Geta of the 
piece— a witty, roguish, insinuating, and malignant slave, 
the confidant of a wild and extravagant son, whom he 
aids in his pious endeavours to cheat a suspicious, severe, 
and griping father. — Sir Walter Scott, The Drama. 

Ghengis Khan, a title assumed by 
Tamerlane or Timour the Tartar (1336- 
1405). 

Gililan, a district of Persia, notoriously 
unhealthy, and rife with fever, ague, 
cholera, and plague. Hence the Persian 
proverb : 

" let him who is tired of life retire to Ghilan," 

Giaffir \_F>jaf.fir\ , pacha of Aby'dos, 
and father of Zuleika [Zu.lee'.kah']. He 
tells his daughter he intends her to marry 
the governor of Magne'sia, but Zuleika 
has given her plight to her cousin Selim. 
The lovers take to flight ; Giaffir pursues 
and shoots Selim ; Zuleika dies of grief; 
and the father lives on, a broken-hearted 
old man, calling to the winds, "Where 
is my daughter?" and echo answers, 
"Where?" — Byron, Bride of Abijdos 
(1813). 

Giam'schid [Jam.shid], suleyman 
of the Peris. Having reigned seven hun- 
dred years, he thought himself immortal ; 
but God, in punishment, gave him a 
human form, and sent him to live on 
earth, where he became -a great conqueror, 
and ruled over both the East and West. 
The bulwark of the Peris' abode was com- 
posed of green chrysolite, the reflection 



of which gives to the sky its deep blue- 
green hue. 

Soul beamed forth in every spark 
That darted from beneath the lid, 
Bright as the jewel of Giamschid. 

Byron, The Giaowr (1813). 
She only wished the amorous monarch had shown more 
ardour for the carbuncle of Giamschid.— W. Beckford, 
Vathek (1786). 

Giants of Mythology and 
Fable. Strabo makes mention of the 
skeleton of a giant 60 cubits in height. 
Pliny tells us of another 46 cubits. Boc- 
caccio describes the body of a giant from 
bones discovered in a cave near Trapani, 
in Sicily, 200 cubits in length. One 
tooth of this "giant" weighed 200 
ounces ; but Kircher says the tooth and 
bones were those of a mastodon. 

Ac'amas, one of the Cyclops. — Greek 
Fable. 

Adamastor, the giant Spirit of the 
Cape. His lips were black, teeth blue, 
eyes shot with livid fire, and voice louder 
than thunder. — Camoens, Lusiad, v. 

Mgmok, the hundred-handed giant. 
One of the Titans. — Greek Fable. 

Ag'rios, one of the giants called 
Titans. He was killed by the Parcas. — 
Greek Fable. 

Alcyoneus [Al'.si.d.nuce'] or Al'cion, 
brother of Porphyrion. He stole some of 
the Sun's oxen, and Jupiter sent Her- 
cules against him, but he was unable to 
prevail, for immediately the giant touched 
the earth he received fresh vigour. 
Pallas, seizing him, carried him beyond 
the moon, and he died. His seven 
daughters were turned into halcyons or 
kingfishers. — Apollonios of Rhodes, Ar- 
gonauiic Expedition, i. 6. 

Al'gebar'. The giant Orion is so 
called by the Arabs. 

Alifanfaron or Alipii lrnon, em- 
peror of Trapoban. — Don Qu 'xote. 

Aloe'os (4 syl.), son of Titan and 
Terra. — Greek Fable. 

Aloi'des (4 syl.), sons of Ale£us (4 
syl.), named Otos and Ephialtes (q.v.). 
' Am'erant, a cruel giant, slain by Guy 
of Warwick. — Percy, Reliques. 

Angoulaffre, the Saracen giant. 
He was 12 cubits high, his face measured 
3 feet in breadth, his nose was 9 inches 
long, his arms and legs 6 feet. He had 
the strength of thirty men, and his mace 
was the solid trunk of an oak tree, 300 
years old. The tower of Pisa lost its 
perpendicularity by the weight of this 
giant leaning against it to rest himself. 
He was slain in single combat by Roland, 
at Fronsac. — L'Epine, Croqusmiiuine. 



GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 377 GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 



Ant\«os, 60 cubits (85 feet) in height. 
—Plutarch. 

Arges (2 syl.), one of the Cyclops. — 
Greek Fable. 

Ascapakt, a giant 30 feet high, and 
with 12 inches between his eyes. Slain 
by sir Bevis of Southampton. — British 

mi*. 

Atlas, the giant of the Atlas Moun- 
tains, who carries the world on his back. 
A book of maps is called an " atlas " 
from this giant. — Greek Fable. 

Balan, "bravest and strongest of the 
giant race." — Amudis of Gaul. 

Belle, famous for his three leaps, 
which gave names to the places called 
"Wanlip, Burstall, and Bellegrave. — 
British Fable. 

Belle'rus, the giant from whom 
Cornwall derived its name " Bellerium." 
— British Fable. 

Blunderbore (3 syl.), the giant who 
was drowned because Jack scuttled his 
boat. — Jack the Giant-killer. 

Briare'os (4 syl.), a giant with a 
hundred hands. One of the Titans. — 
Greek Fable. 

Brobimxgnag, a country of giants, to 
whom an ordinary-sized man was " not 
half so big as the round little worm 
pricked from the lazy lingers of a maid." 
— Swift, Gulliver's Travels. 

Brontes (2 syl.), one of the Cyclops. 
— Greek Fable. 

Burloxg, a giant mentioned in the 
romance of Sir Tryamour. 

Cacus, of mount Aventine, who dragged 
the oxen of Hercules into his cave tail 
foremost. — Greek Fable. 

Calig'orant, the Egyptian giant, who 
entrapped travellers with an invisible net. 
— Ariosto. 

Caraculiambo, the giant that don 
Quixote intended should kneel at the foot 
of Dulcin'ea. — Cervantes, Don Quixote. 

Ceus or Cacus, son of Heaven and 
Earth. He married Phcebe, and was the 
father of Latona. — Greek Fable. 

Chalbroth, the stem of all the giant 
race. — Rabelais, Pantagruel. 

Christopherus or St. Christopher, 
the giant who carried Christ across a 
ford, and was well-nigh borne down with 
the "child's" ever-increasing weight. — 
Christian Legend. 

Clytios, one of the giants who made 
war upon the gods. Vulcan killed him 
with a red-hot iron mace. — Greek Fable. 

Colbrand, the Danish giant slain by 
Guv of Warwick. — British Fable. 

Corflambo, a giant who Avas always 



attended by a dwarf.— Spender, Faery 
Queen, iv. 8. 

Cormoran', the Cornish giant who fell 
into a pit twenty feet deep, dug by Jack 
and filmed over with a thin layer of grass 
and gravel. — Jack the Giant-killer. 

Cormorant, a giant discomfited by 
sir Brian. — Spenser, Fairy Queen, vi. -1. 

Coulin, the British giant pursued by 
Debon, and killed by faliing into a deep 
chasm. — British Fable. 

Cyclops, giants with only one eye, 
and that in the middle of the forehead. 
They lived in Sicily, and were black- 
smiths. — Greek Fable. 

Despair, of Doubting Castle, who 
found Christian and Hopeful asleep on 
his grounds, and thrust them into a 
dungeon. He evilly entreated them, but 
they made their escape by the key "Pro- 
mise." — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. 

Dondasch, a giant contemporary with 
Seth. "There were giants in the earth 
in those days." — Oriental Fable. 

Encel'aoos, " most powerful of the 
giant race." Overwhelmed under mount 
Etna. — Greek Fable. 

Ephialtes (4 syl.), a giant who grew 
nine inches every month. — Greek Fable. 

Ekix, son of Goliah [sic'] and grandson 
of Atlas. He invented legerdemain. — 
Duchat, (Etivres de Rabelais (1711). 

Eu'rytos, one of the giants that made 
war with the gods. Bacchus killed him 
w r ith his thyrsus. — Greek Fable. 

Ferracute, a giant 36 feet in height, 
with the strength of forty men. — TurpMs 
Chronicle. 

Ferragus, a Portuguese giant. — Va-- 
lentine and Orson. 

Fierabras, of Alexandria, "the 
greatest giant that ever w r alked the 
earth." — Mediaeval Romance. 

Fion, son of Comnal, an enormous 
giant, who could place his feet on two 
mountains, and then stoop and drink 
from a stream in the valley between. — 
Gaelic Legend. 

Fiorgwyn, the gigantic father of 
Frigga. — Scandinavian Mythology. 

Fracassus, father of Ferragus, and 
son of Morgante. 

Primus erat quidam Fracassus prole gigantis, 
Cujus stirps olim Morganto venit ab ilio, 
Qui bacchiononem campanae ferre solebat, 
Cum quo mille homiinuu colpos fracasset in uno. 

Merlin Cocaius[i.e. Theophile Foleneo], HUtoir* 
Macaronique (1606). 

Gabbara, father of Goliah [sic] of 
Secondille, and inventor of the custom 
of drinkine; healths. — Duchat, (Euvres de 
Rabelais (1711). 



GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 378 GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 



Galapas, the giant slain by king 
Artbur. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur. 

Galligantus. the giant who lived 
with Hocus-Pocus the conjuror. — Jack 
the Giant-killer. 

Garagantua, same as Gargantua 
(q.v.). 

Gargantua, a giant so large that it 
required 900 ells of linen for the body of 
his shirt, and 200 more for the gussets ; 
406 ells of velvet for his shoes, and 1100 
cow-hides for their soles. His toothpick 
was an elephant's tusk, and 17,913 cows 
were required to give him milk. This 
was the giant who swallowed five pil- 
grims, with their stavss, in a salad. — 
Rabelais, Gargantua. 

Gemmagog, son of the giant Orome- 
don, and inventor of Poulan shoes, i.e. 
shoes with a spur behind, and turned-up 
toes fastened to the knees. These shoes 
were forbidden by Charles V. of France, 
in 1365, but the fashion revived again. — 
Duchat, (Euvres de Rabelais (1711). 

Geryon'eo, a giant with three bodies 
[Philip II. of Spain]. — Spenser, Faery 
"Queen, v. 11. 

Giralda, the giantess. A statue of 
victory on the top of an old Moorish tower 
in Seville. 

Godmer, son of Albion, a British 
giant slain by Canu'tus one of the com- 
panions of Brute. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
ii. 10. 

Goem'agot, the Cornish giant who 
wrestled with Cori'neus (3 syl!), and was 
hurled over a rock into the sea. The 
place where he fell was called " Lam 
Goemagot." — Geoffrey, British His- 
tory. 

Gogmagog, king of the giant race of 
Albion when Brute colonized the island. 
He was slain by Cori'neus. The two 
statues of Guildhall represent Gogmagog 
and Corineus. The giant carries a pole- 
axe and spiked balls. This is the same 
as Goemagot. 

Grangousia, the giant king of Utopia. 
— Rabelais, Pantagruel. 

Grantorto, the giant who withheld 
the inheritance of Ire'na. — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, v. 

Grim, the giant slain by Greatheart, 
because he tried to stop pilgrims on their 
way to the Celestial City. — Bunyan, Pil- 
grim's Progress, ii. 

Grum'bo, the giant up whose sleeve 
Tom Thumb crept. The giant, thinking 
some insect had crawled up bis sleeve, 
gave it a shake, and Tom fell into the 



sea, when a fish swallowed him. — Tom 
Thumb. 

Gyges, who had fifty heads and a 
hundred hands. He was one of the 
Titans. — Greek Fable. 

Hapmouche, the giant "fly-catcher." 
He invented the drjdng and smoking of 
neats' tongues. — Duchat, (Euvres de 
Rabelais (1711). 

Hippol'ytos, one of the giants who 
made war with the gods. He was killed 
by Hermes. — Greek Fable. 

Hrasvelg, the giant who keeps watch 
over the Tree of Life, and devours the 
dead. — Scandinavian Mythology. 

Hurtali, a giant in the time of the 
Flood. He was too large of stature to 
get into the ark, and therefore rode 
straddle-legs on the roof. He perpetu- 
ated the giant race. Atlas was his 
grandson. 

Indracittran, a famous giant of 
Indian mythology. 

Jotun, the giant of Jotunheim or Giant- 
land, in Scandinavian story. 

Juliaxce, a giant of Arthurian 
romance. 

Kifri, the giant of atheism and in- 
fidelity. 

Kottos, a giant with a hundred hands. 
One of the Titans.— Greek Fable. 

Malambru'no^ the giant who shut up 
Antonoma'sia and her husband in the 
tomb of the deceased queen of Candaya. 
— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 45. 

Margutte (3 syl.), a giant 10 feet high, ' 
who died of laughter when he saw a 
monkey pulling on his boots. — Pulci, 
Morgante Maggiore. 

Maugys, the giant warder with whom 
sir Lybius does battle. — Libeaux. 

Maul, the giant of sophistry, killed by 
Greatheart, who pierced him under the 
fifth rib. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 

Mont-Rognon, one of Charlemagne's 
paladins. 

Morgante (3 syl.), a ferocious giant, 
who died by the bite of a crab. — Pulci, 
Morgante Maggiore. 

Mugillo, a giant famous for his mace 
with six balls. 

Offerus, the pagan name of St. 
Christopher, whose body was 12 ells in 
height. — Christian Legend, 

Ogias, an antediluvian giant, men- 
tioned in the apocrypha condemned by 
pope Gelasius I. (492-496). 

Orgoglio, a giant thrice the height of 
an ordinary man. He takes captive the 
Red Cross* Knight, but is slain by king 
Arthur. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 



GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY, ETC. 379 



GIANTS IN REAL LIFE. 



Ori'on, a giant hunter, noted for his 
beauty. He was slam by Diana, and 
made a constellation. — Greek Fable. 

OtOB, a giant, brother of Kphialtes. 
They both grew nine inches every month. 
According to Plinv, he was 46 cubits (60 
feet) in height. — Greek Fable. 

PALLAS, one of the giants called Titans. 
Minerva flayed him, and used his skin for 
armour ; hence she wan called Pallas 
Minerva. — Street Fable. 

Pantag'rlel, son of Gargantua, and 
last of the race of giants. 

Polyho'te^ (4 syl.), one of the giants 
who fought against the gods. The sea- 
god pursued him to the island of Cos, 
and, tearing away a part of the island, 
threw it on him and buried him beneath 
the mass. — Greek Fable. 

Polyi'he'mos, king of the Cyclops. 
His skeleton was found at Trapa'ni, in 
Sicily, in the fourteenth century, by 
which it is calculated that his height was 
3U0 feet. — Greek Fable. 

Porphyr'ion', one of the giants who 
made war with the gods. He hurled the 
island of Delos against Zeus ; but Zeus, 
with the aid of Hercules, overcame hint. 
— Greek Fable. 

Pyrac'mox, one of the Cyclops. — 
Greek Fable. 

Rmio, the giant who commanded 
king Arthur to send his beard to complete 
the lining of a robe. — Arthurian Romance. 

Si. ay-good, a giant slain by Great- 
heart. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 

Ster'oi*es (3 syl.), one of the Cyclops. 
— Greek Fable. 

Tartaro, the Cyclops of Basque 
legendary lore. 

Teltoboch'us, a king, whose remains 
were discovered in 1613, near the river 
Rhone. His tomb was 30 feet long. — 
Mazurier, Histoire Veritable du Ge'ant 
Teutobochus (1618). 

Thaon, one of the giants who made 
war with the gods. He was killed by the 
Pare*. — Hesiod, Theogony. 

Titans, a race of giants. — Greek Fable. 

Tit'yos, a giant whose body covered 
nine acres of land. He tried to defile 
Latona, but Apollo cast him into Tar- 
tarus, where a vulture fed on his liver, 
which grew again as fast as it was de- 
voured. — Greek Fable. 

Typhosus, a giant with a hundred 
heads, fearful eyes, and most terrible 
Voice. He was the father of the Harpies. 
Zeus [Jupiter] killed him with a thunder- 
bolt, and he lies buried under mount 
Etna. — Hesiod, Theogony. 



Tyimion, son of Typhosus, a giant with 
ahumirrd beads. Uc was so tall that he 
touched heaven with his head. His off- 
spring were Gorgon, Geryon, Cerberos, 
and the hydra of 1. •rni'. lie lies buried 
under mount Etna. — Homer, Hymns. 

Widknosi kils. a huge giant, who lived 
on windmills, and died from eating a 
lump of fresh butter. — Rabelais, Pantaj- 
rueff ir. 17. 

Yohak, the giant guardian of the caves 
of Babylon. — Southcy, Taiaba, v. 

*** Those who wish to pursue this 
subject further, should consult the notes 
of Duchat, bk. ii. 1 of his QJuvres tic 
Rabelmis. 

Giants in Real Life. 

A.nak, father of the Anakim. The 
Hebrow spies 6aid they themselves were 
mere grasshoppers in comparison to these 
giants. — Josh. xv. 14 ; Judges i. 20 ; 
jfrfumb. xiii. 33. 

Anak, 7 feet 8 inches at the age of 26. 
Exhibited in London, 1862-5. Born at 
Ramonchamp, in the Vosges (1 syl.), 
1840. His real name was Joseph Brice. 

Axdron'icus II., 10 feet. Grandsou 
of Alexius Comnenus. Nicetas asserts 
that he had seen him. 

Bamford (Edward), 7 feet 4 inches. 
Died in 1768, and was buried in St. Dim- 
stan's Churchyard. 

Bates [Captain), 7 feet 11 inches: of 
Kentucky. Exhibited in London, 1871. 

Blacker (Henry), 7 feet 4 inches, and 
most symmetrical. Born at Cucktield, 
Sussex, in 1724. Generally called " The 
British Giant." 

Bradley, 7 feet 8 inches at deMh. 
Born at Market Weighton, in Yorkshire. 
His right hand is preserved in the museum 
of the College of Surgeons (1798-1820). 

Brice (Joseph), 7 feet 8 inches. His 
hand could span Ibh inches. (See ' ' Anak.") 

Busby (John), 7 feet 9 inches; of Dar- 
field. His brother was about the same 
height. 

Chang- Woo-Goo, 7 feet 6 inches ; of 
Fychou. The Chinese giant. Exhibited 
in London, 1865-6. 

Charlemagne, 8 feet nearly. He 
could squeeze together three horse-shoes 
at once with his hands. 

Cotter (Patrick), 8 feet 7\ inches. 
The Irish giant. A cast of his hand is 
preserved in the museum of the College of 
Surgeons (died 1802). 

Elea'zer, 7 cubits (? 10 feet 6 inches). 
The Jewish giant mentioned by Josephus. 
He lived in the reign of Vitellius-. 



GIANTS IN REAL LIFE. 



380 



GIANT'S LEAP. 



Eleizegue {Joachim), 7 feet 10 inches. 
The Spanish giant. Exhibited in London. 

Evans (William), 8 feet at death. 
Porter to Charles I. (died 1632). 

Frank (Big), 7 feet 8 inches ; weight, 
22 stone ; girth round the chest, 58 inches. 
He was an Irishman, whose name was 
Francis Sheridan (died 1870). 

Frenz (Louis), 7 feet 4 inches. The 
French giant. 

Gabara, 9 feet 9 inches. An Arabian 
giant. Pliny says he was the tallest man 
seen in the days of Claudius. 

Gilly, 8 feet. A Swede ; exhibited as 
a show in the early part of the nine- 
teenth century. 

Goli'ath, 6 cubits and a span (? 9 feet 
4 inches). — 1 Sam. xvii. 4, etc. His 
"brother" was also a giant. — 2 Sam. 
xxi. 19 ; 1 Chron. xx. 5. 

Gordon (Alice), 7 feet. An Essex 
giantess (died 1737). 

Hale (Robert), 7 feet 6 inches; born at 
Somerton. Generally called "The Nor- 
folk Giant" (1820-1862). 

Har'drada (Harold), "5 ells of Nor- 
way in height" (nearly 8 feet). The 
Norway giant. 

La Pierre, 7 feet 1 inch ; of Strat- 
gard, in Denmark. 

Louis, 7 feet 4 inches. The French 
giant. His left hand is preserved in the 
museum of the College of Surgeons. 

Loushkin, 8 feet 5 inches. The 
Russian giant, and drum-major of the 
Imperial Guards. 

M'Donald (James), 7 feet 6 inches; of 
Cork (died 1760). 

M'Donald (Samuel), 6 feet 10 inches. 
A Scotchman ; usually called " Big Sam" 
(died 1802). 

Magrath (Cornelius), 7 feet 8 inches. 
He was an orphan, reared by bishop 
Berkley, and died at the age of 20 (1740- 
1760). 

Maxim i'nus, 8 feet 6 inches. The 
Roman emperor (235-238). 

Mellon (Edmund), 7 feet 6 inches. 
Born at Port Leicester, Ireland (1665-1684). 

Middleton (John), 9 feet 3 inches. 
"His hand was 17 inches long, and 8| 
inches broad." He was born at Hale, in 
Lancashire, in the reign of James I. — 
Dr. Plott, History of Staffordshire. 

Miller (Maximilian Christopher), 8 
feet. His hand measured 12 inches, and 
his fore-finger was 9 inches long. The 
Saxon giant. Died in London (1674-1734). 
Murphy, 8 feet 10 inches. An Irish 
giant, contemporary with O'Brien. Died 
at Marseilles. 



O'Brien or Charles Byrne, 8 feet 4 
inches. The Irish giant. His skeleton 
is preserved in the museum of the College 
of Surgeons (1761-1783). 

Og, king of Bashan. "His bed was 

9 cubits by 4 cubits " (? 13J feet by 6 
feet).— Deut. iii. 11. 

*** The Great Bed of Ware is 12 feet 
by 12 feet. 

Osen (Heinrich), 7 feet 6 . inches ; 
weight, 300 lbs. or 37£ stone. Born in 
Norway. 

Porus, an Indian king who fought 
against Alexander near the river Hy- 
daspes (b.c. 327). He was a giant "5 
cubits in height" [7 \ feet], with strength 
in proportion. — Quintus Curtius, De rebus 
Alexandri Magni. 

Riechart (J. H.), 8 feet 3 inches, of 
Friedberg. His father and mother were 
both giants. 

Salmeron (Martin), 7 feet 4 inches. 

Sam (Big), 6 feet 10 inches. (See 
"M'Donald.") 

Sheridan (Francis), 7 feet 8 inches. 
(See " Frank.") 

Swan (Miss Anne Hanen), 7 feet 11 
inches : of Nova Scotia. 

*** In 1682, a giant 7 feet 7 inches 
was exhibited in Dublin. A Swede 8 
feet 6 inches was in the body-guard of a 
king of Prussia. A human skeleton 
8 feet 6 inches is preserved in the museum 
of Trinity College, Dublin. 

Becanus says he had seen a man nearly 

10 feet high, and a woman fully 10 feet. 
Gasper Bauhin speaks of a Swiss 8 feet 
in height. Del Rio says he saw a Pied- 
montese in 1572 more than 9 feet in 
stature. C. S. F. Warren, M.A., says 
(in Notes and Queries, August 14, 1875) 
that his father knew a lady 9 feet high ; 
"her head touched the ceiling of a good- 
sized room." Vanderbrook says he saw 
a black man, at Congo, 9 feet high. 

Giant of Literature, Dr. Samuel 
Johnson (1709-1783). 

Giant's Causeway, a basaltic mole 
in Ireland, said to be the commencement 
of a causeway from Ireland to Scotland. 

Giant's Grave (The), a height on 
the Adriatic shore of the Bosphorus, much 
frequented by holiday parties. 

"fis a grand sight from off " The Giant's Grave " 
To watch the progress of those rolling seas 
Between the Bosphorus, as they lasb and lave 
Europe and Asia. 

Byron, Bon Juan, v. 5 (1820). 

Giant's Leap (Lam Goemagot) or 



GIAOUR. 



381 



GIGGLESWICK FOUNTAIN. 



" Gogavigot's Leap." Now called Haw, 
near Plymouth. The legend is that 
Cori'neus (•'* syl.) wrestled with Goema- 
got king of the Alhion giants, heaved the 
monster on his shoulder, carried him to 
the top of a high rock, and cast him into 
the sea. 

At tlic beginning of the encounter, Corineus and the 
giant, standing front to front, held each other strongly In 
thou* arm*, and punted aloud for breath; tmt Goeniagot 
presently grasping Corineus with all his might, broke three 
of his ribs, two on the right side and one on his left. 
Corineus. highly enraged, roused up his whole strength, 
snatched Dp the giant, ran with him on his shoulders to 
the neighbouring cliff, and heaved him into the sea . . . 
The place where he fell is called Lam Gocinagot to this 
day.— Geoffrey, Britith Ilutory, i. 16 (114-J). 



Giaour 



\er\ 



Bvron's tale 



[djc 

Guv 

told by a Turkish fisherman who had 
been employed all the day in the gulf of 
^Egi'na, and landed his boat at night-fall 
on the Pirse'us, now called the harbour of 
Port Leone. He was eye-witness of all 
the incidents, and in one of them a 
principal agent (see line 352 : " I hear the 
sound of coming feet . . . "). The tale 
is this : Leilah, the beautiful concubine 
of the caliph Hassan, falls in love with a 
giaour, flees from the seraglio, is over- 
taken by an emir, put to death, and cast 
into the sea. The giaour cleaves Hassan's 
skull, flees for his life, and becomes a 
monk. Six years afterwards he tells his 
history to his father confessor on his 
death-bed, and prays him to " lay his 
body with the humblest dead, and not 
even to inscribe his name on his tomb." 
Accordingly, he is called "the Giaour," 
and is known by no other name (1813). 

G-iauha're (4 syl.), daughter of the 
king of Saman'dal, the mightiest of the 
under-sea empires. When her father was 
made captive by king Saleh, she emerged 
for safety to a desert island, where she 
met Bed'er the young king of Persia, 
who proposed to make her his wife ; but 
Giauhare "spat on him," and changed 
him "into a white bird with red beak 
and red legs." The bird was sold to a 
certain king, and, being disenchanted, re- 
sumed the human form. After several 
marvellous adventures, Beder again met 
the under-sea princess, proposed to her 
again, and she became his wife and queen 
of Persia. — Arabian Nights (" Beder and 
Giauhare"). 

G-ibbet, a foot-pad and a convict, 
who "left his country for his country's 
good." He piqued himself on being "the 
best-behaved man on the road." 

Twas for the good of my country I should be abroad.— 
George Farquhar, The Beaux' Stratagem, iii. 3 (1707). 



I thought It rather odd . . . and said to mraelf. a* 
Gibbet said when he beard that AJmweD had gone to 
church, " That looks suspicious." — James Smith. 

Gibbet (Master), secretary to Martin 
Joshua Bletson (parliamentary commis- 
sioner). — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Gib'bie (Guse), a half-witted lad in 
the service of lady Bellenden. — Sir W. 
Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Like Goose Gihbie of famous memory, he first kept the 
turkrjs, and then. ai iii* jean advanced, wa« promoted 

to tin- more important office of minding the cows. — 
Keightley. 

Gibby, a Scotch Highlander in attend- 
ance on colonel Briton. He marries Inis, 
the waiting-woman of Isabella. — Mrs. 
Centlivre, The Wonder (1714). 

Gibotl (Madame), a type of feminine 
vulgarity. A hard-headed, keen-witted, 
coarsely clever, and pragmatical mattress 
femtne, who believes in nothing but a 
good digestion and money in the Funds. 
— Henri Monnier, Scenes Populaires 
(1852). 

Mde. Pochet and Mde. Gibou are the 
French " Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris." 

Gibraltar of America, Quebec. 

Gibraltar of Greece, a precipitous 
rock 700 feet above the sea. 

Gibraltar of the New World, 
Cape Diamond, in the province of Quebec. 

Gibson (Janet), a young dependent 
on Mrs. Margaret Bertram of Singleside. 
— Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Gifibrd (John). This pseudonym Las 
been adopted by three authors: (1) John 
Richards Green, Blackstone's Commen- 
taries Abridged (1823); ("J) Edward Foss, 
An Abridgment of Blackstone's Commen- 
taries (1821) ; (3) Alexander Whellier, 
The English Lawyer. 

Gifford (William), author of The 
Baviad, a poetical satire, which annihi- 
lated the Delia Crusca school of poets 
(1794). In 1796, Gifford published The 
Mceviad, to expose the low state of dra- 
matic authorship. 

He was a man with whom I had no literary sympathies. 
... He had, however, a heart full of kindness for all 
living creatures except authors; them he regarded as a 
fishmonger regards eels, or as Izaak Walton did worms. — 
Southey. 

Giggleswick Fountain ebbs and 
flows eight times a day. The tale is that 
Giggleswick was once a nymph living 
with the Oreads on mount Craven. A 
satyr chanced to see her, and resolved to 
win her ; but Giggleswick fled to escape 



GILBERT. 



382 



GILES. 



her pursuer, and praying to the "topic 
gods " (the local genii), was converted 
into a fountain, which still pants with 
fear. The tale is told by Drayton, in his 
Polyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 

Gilbert, butler to sir Patrick Charteris 
provost of Perth.— Sir W. Scott, Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Gilbert (Sir), noted for the sanative 
virtue of his sword and cere-cloth. Sir 
Launcelot touched the wounds of sir 
Meliot Avith sir Gilbert's sword and wiped 
them with the cere-cloth, and "anon a 
wholer man was he never in all his life." 
— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 116 (1470). 

Gilbert with the White Hand, 

one of the companions of Eobin Hood, 
mentioned often in The Lyttell Geste of 
Robyn Hade (fytte v. and vii.). 

Thair saw I Maitlaind upon auld Beird Gray, 
Kobene Hude, and Gilbert " with the quhitehand," 
Qubom Hay of Nauchton slew in Madin-land. 

Scottish 1'oeins, i. 122. 

GilHbertscleugh, cousin to lady 
Margaret Bellenden. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Gil Bias, son of Bias of Santilla'ng 
'squire or "escudero" to a lady, and 
brought up by his uncle, canon Gil Peres. 
Gil Bias went to Dr. Godinez's school, of 
Oviedo [Ov.e.a'.do], and obtained the re- 
putation of being a great scholar. He 
had fair abilities, a kind heart, and good 
inclinations, but was easily led astray by 
his vanity. Full of wit and humour, but 
lax in his morals. Duped by others at first, 
he afterwards played the same devices on 
those less experienced. As he grew in 
years, however, his conduct improved, 
and when his fortune was made he became 
an honest, steady man. — Lesage, Gil Bias 
(1715). 

(Lesage has borrowed largely from the 
romance of Espinel, called Vida del Escu- 
dero Marcos de Obregon (1618), from 
which he has taken his prologue, the 
adventure of the parasite (bk. i. 2), 
the dispersion of the company of Caca- 
belos by the muleteer (bk. i. 8), the 
incident of the robber's cave (bk. i. 4, 5), 
the surprise by the corsairs, the contri- 
butions levied by don Raphael and 
Ambrose (bk. i. 15, 16), the service with 
the duke of Lerma, the character of San- 
grado (called by Espinel Sayredo), and even 
the reply of don Matthias de Silva when 
asked to fight a duel early in the morn- 
ing, " As I never rise before one, even for 
a party of pleasure, it is unreasonable 



to expect that I should rise at six to have 
my throat cut," bk. iii. 8.) 

Gildas de Buys (St.), near Vannes, 
in France. This monastery was founded 
in the sixth century by St. Gildas " the 
Wise" (516-565). 

For some of us knew a thing or two 
In the abbey of St. Gildas de Ruys. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 

Gil'deroy, a famous robber. There 
were two of the name, both handsome 
Scotchmen, both robbers, and both were 
hanged. One lived in the seventeenth 
century, and "had the honour" of 
robbing cardinal Richelieu and Oliver 
Cromwell. The other was born in Roslin, 
in the eighteenth century, and was 
executed in Edinburgh for " stealing 
sheep, horses, and oxen." In the Percy 
Ecliques, I. iii. 12, is the lament of 
Gilderoy's widow at the execution of her 
"handsome" and "winsome" Gilderoy ; 
and Campbell has a ballad on the same 
subject. Both are entitled "Gilderoy," 
and refer to the latter robber ; but in 
Thomson's Orpheus Caledonius, ii. is a 
copy of the older ballad. 

*#* Thomson's ballad places Gilderoy 
in the reign of Mary "queen of Scots," 
but this is not consistent with the 
tradition of his^ robbing Richelieu and 
Cromwell. We want a third Gilderoy 
for the reign of queen Mary — one living 
in the sixteenth century. 

Gilding a Boy. Leo XII. killed the 
boy Morta'ra by gilding him all over to 
adorn a pageant. 

Gildip'pe (3 syl.), wife of Edward 
an English baron, who accompanied her 
husband to Jerusalem, and performed 
prodigies of valour in the war (bk. ix.). 
Both she and her husband were slain by 
Solyman (bk. xx.). — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

Giles, a farmer in love with Patty, 
" the maid of the mill," and promised to 
him by her father ; but Patty refuses to 
marry him. Ultimately, the "maid of 
the mill " marries lord Aimworth. Giles 
is a blunt, well-meaning, working farmer, 
of no education, no refinement, no notioa 
of the amenities of social life. — Bicker- 
staff, The Maid of the Mill. 

Giles (1 syl.), serving-bo)' to Claud 
Halcro.— Sir'W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

Giles (1 syl.), warder of the Tower. — 

Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 



GILES. 



383 



GINES DE PASSAMONTE. 



Giles (1 syl.), jailer of sir Reginald 
Front de Bosnf. — Sir W. Scott, Jvanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Giles { WW), apprentice of Gibbie 
Girder the cooper at Wolfs Hope 
village. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammer- 
moor (time, William 111.). 

Giles, the "fanner's boy," "meek, 

fatherless, and poor," the hero of Robert 

Ulooiniield's principal poem, which is 

divided into "Spring," " Summer," 

'Autumn," and " Winter" (17i»s). 

Giles of Antwerp, Giles Coignet, 
the painter (1530-1600). 

Gilfillan (Habakkuk), called "Gifted 
Gilfillan," a Camero'nian officer and 
enthusiast. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Gill (Harry), a farmer, who forbade 
old Goody Blake to carry home a few 
sticks, which she had picked up from his 
land, to light a wee-bit fire to warm her- 
self by. Old Goody Blake cursed him 
for his meanness, saying he should never 
from that moment cease from shivering 
with cold ; and, sure enough, from that 
hour, a-bed or up, summer or winter, at 
home or abroad, his teeth went " chatter, 
chatter, chatter still." Clothing was of 
no use, fires of no avail, for, spite of all, 
he muttered, " Poor Harry Gill is very 
cold." — Wordsworth, Goody Blake and 
Harry Gill (1798). 

Gil'lamore (3 syt.) or Guillamur, 
king of Ireland, being slain in battle by 
Arthur, Ireland was added by the con- 
queror to his own dominions. 

How Gillamore again to Ireland he pursued . . . 
And having slain the king, the country waste he laid. 
Drayton. Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Gillian, landlady of don John and 
don Frederic. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Chances (1620). 

Gil'lian {Dame), tirewoman to lady 
Eveline, and wife of Raoul the huntsman. 
— Sir W. Scott. The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Gilliflowers. A nosegay of these 
flowers was given by the fairy Amazo'na 
to Carpil'lona in her flight. The virtue 
of this nosegay was, that so long as the 
princess had it about her person, those 
who knew her before would not recognize 
her. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
("Princess Carpillona," 1682). 

GiUs (Solomon), ship's instrument 
maker. A slow, thoughtful old man, 
uncle of Walter Gay, who was in the 



house of Mr. Dombev, merchant. Gilla 
was very proud of his stock-in-trade, 
but never seemed to sell anything. — C. 
Dickens, Dvmbey and Sun (1846). 

Gilpin {John), a linen-draper and 
train-band captain, living in London. 
His wife said to him, " Though we have 
been married twenty years, we have taken 
no holiday ; " and at her advice the well- 
to-do linen-draper agreed to make a 
family party, and dine at the Bell, at 
Edmonton. Mrs. Gilpin, her sister, and 
four children went in the chaise, and 
Gilpin promised to follow on horseback. 
As madam had left the wine behind, 
Gilpin girded it in two stone bottles to 
his belt, and started on his way. The 
horse, being fresh, began to trot, and then 
to gallop ; and John, being a bad rider, 
grasped the mane with both his hands. 
On went the horse, off flew John Gilpin's 
cloak, together with his hat and wig. 
The dogs barked, the children screamed, 
the turnpike men (thinking he was riding 
for a wager) flung open their gates. He 
flew through Edmonton, and never stopped 
till he reached Ware, when his friend the 
calender gave him welcome, and askedhim 
to dismount. Gilpin, however, declined, 
saying his wife would be expecting him. 
So the calender furnished him with 
another hat and wig, and Gilpin harked 
back a^ain, when similar disasters 
occurred, till the horse stopped at his 
house in London. — W. Cowper, John 
Gilpin (1786). 

*** John Gilpin was a Mr. Beyer, of 
Paternoster Row, who died in 1791, and 
it was lady Austin who told the anecdote 
to the poet. The marriage adventure of 
commodore Trunnion, in Peregrine Pickle, 
is a similar adventure. 

Giltspur Street, a street in West 
Smithfield, built on the route taken by 
the knights (who wore gilt spurs) on their 
way to Smithfield, where the tournaments 
were held. 

Gines de Passamonte, one of the 
galley-slaves set free by don Quixote. 
Gines had written a history of his life and 
adventures. After being liberated, thv 
slaves set upon the knight ; they assaulted 
him Avith stones, robbed him and Sancho 
ol everything they valued, broke to pieces 
" Mambrino's helmet," and then made off 
with all possible speed, taking Sancho's 
ass with them. After a time the ass was 
recovered (pt. I. iv. 3). 

"Hark ye, friend," said the galley alave, " Gines is my 
name, and Passamonte the title of my family." — Cervantes 
I Don Quixote, I. iii. 8 (1605). 



GINEURA. 



384 



GIOVANNI. 



*„* This Gines re-appears in pt. II. ii. 
7 as " Peter the showman," who exhibits 
the story of " Melisendra and don Gay- 
feros." The helmet also is presented 
whole and sound at the inn, where it 
becomes a matter of dispute whether it is 
a basin or a helmet. 

Gineura. the troth-plight bride of 
Ariodantes, falsely accused of infidelity, 
and doomed to die unless she found within 
a month a champion to do battle for her 
honour. The duke who accused her felt 
confident that no champion would appear, 
but on the day appointed Ariodantes him- 
self entered the lists. The duke was 
slain, the lady vindicated, and the cham- 
pion became Gineura' s husband. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Shakespeare, in Muck Ado about 
Nothing, makes Hero falsely accused of 
infidelity, through the malice of don 
John, who induces Margaret (the lady's 
attendant) to give Borachio a rendezvous 
at the lady's chamber window. While 
this was going on, Claudio, the betrothed 
lover of Hero, was brought to a spot 
where he might witness the scene, and, 
believing Margaret to be HerOj was so 
indignant, that next day at the altar he 
denounced Hero as unworthy of his love. 
Benedict challenged Claudio for slander, 
but the combat was prevented by the 
arrest and confession of Borachio. Don 
John, finding his villainy exposed, fled to 
Messina. 

Spenser has introduced a similar story 
in his Faery Queen, v. 11 (the tale of 
"Irena," q.v.). 

Gin'evra, the young Italian bride 
who, playing hide-and-seek, hid herself 
in a large trunk. The lid accidentally/ 
fell down, and was held fast by a spring- 
lock. Many years afterwards the trunk 
was sold and the skeleton discovered. — 
Rogers, Italy (1792). 

T. Haynes Bayley wrote a ballad called 
The Mistletoe Bough, on the same tradi- 
tion. He calls the bridegroom "young 
Lovell." 

A similar narrative is given by Collet, 
in his Causes Ce'iebres. 

Maxwell Old Hall, once the residence 
of the Seymours, and subsequently of the 
Dacre family, has a similar tradition 
attached to it, and " the verj- chest is 
now the property of the Rev. J. Hay garth, 
rector of Upham." — Post-0 flice Directory. 

Bramshall, Hampshire, has a similar 
tale and chest. 



The same tale is ilso told of the great 
house at Malsanger, near Basingstoke. 

Gingerbread (Giles), the hero of an 

English nursery tale. 

Jack the Giant-killer, Giles Gingerbread, and Tom 
Thumb will flourish in wide-spreading and never-ceasing 
popularity.— Washington Irving. 

Ginn or Jan (singular masculine 
Jinnee, feminine Jinniyeh), a species of 
beings created long before Adam. They 
were formed of "smokeless fire" or fire 
of the simoom, and were governed by 
monarchs named suleyman, the last of 
whom was Jan-ibn-Jan or Gian-ben- 
Gian, who " built the pyramids of 
Egypt." Prophets were sent to convert 
them, but on their persistent disobedience, 
an army of angels drove them from the 
earth. Among the ginn was one named 
Aza'zel. When Adam was created, and 
God commanded the angels to worship 
him,Azazel refused, saying, "Why should 
the spirits of fire worship a creature made 
of earth ? " Whereupon God changed him 
into a devil, and called him Iblis or 
Eblis ("despair"). Spelt also Djinn. 

Gi'ona, a leader of the anabaptists, 
once a servant of comte d'Oberthal, but 
discharged from his service for theft. He 
joined the rebellion of the anabaptists, 
but, with the rest of the conspirators, 
betrayed the "prophet-king," John of 
Leyden, when the emperor arrived with 
his army. — Meyerbeer, Le Prophete 
(1849). 

Giovan'ni {Don), a Spanish libertine 
of the aristocratic class. His valet, 
Leporello, says, "He had 700 mistresses in 
Italy, 800 in German}*, 91 in France and 
Turkey, and 1003 in Spain." When the 
measure of his iniquity was full, a legion 
of foul fiends carried him off to the de- 
vouring gulf. — Mozart's opera, Don 
Giovanni (1787). 

(The libretto of this opera is by 
Lorenzo da Ponte.) 

* # * The origin of this character was 
don Juan Teno'rio, of Seville, who lived 
in the fourteenth century. The traditions 
concerning him were dramatized by Tirso 
de Mo'lina ; thence passed into Italy and 
France. Gluck has a musical ballet called 
Don Juan (1765) ; Moliere, a comedy on 
the same subject (1665) ; and Thomas 
Corneille (brother of the Grand Corneille) 
brought out, in 1673, a comedy on the same 
subject, called Le Festin de Picnrc, which 
is the second title of Moliere's Don Juan, 
Goldoni, called " The Italian Moliere," 



GIPSEY. 



385 



GLADIATOR. 



has also a comedy on the same favourite 
hero. 

Gipsey, the favourite greyhound of 
Charles I. 

One evening, his [CharUt /.]dog scraping at the door, 
be commanded me [sir /*/»i/«/< Warwick] to let in Gipsey. 
— Memoir; 32». 

Gipsey Ring, a flat gold ring, with 
stones dt into it, at given distances. So 
called because the stones were originally 
Egyptian pebbles — that is, agate and 
jasper. 

Gipsies' Head-quarters, Yet- 
holm, Roxburgh. 

Head -quarters of the gipsies here. 

Ihjubln Acrottic ("Queen"). 

*** The tale is, that the gipsies are 
Wanderers because they refused to shelter 
the A'irgin and Child in their flight into 
Kgvpt. — Aventinus, Annates Boiorum, 
viii. 

Giralda of Seville, called by the 
Knight of the Mirrors a giantess, whose 
body was of brass, and who, without 
ever shifting her place, was the most un- 
steady and changeable female in the 
world. In fact, this Giralda was, no 
other than the brazen statue on a steeple 
in Seville, serving for a weathercock. 

" I fixed the changeable Giralda ... I obliged her to 
stand still ; for during the space of a whole week no wind 
blew but from the north."— -Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. L 
14 (1615). 

Girder (Gibbie, i.e. Gilbert), the 
cooper at Wolf's Hope village. 

Jean Girder, wife of the cooper. — Sir 
W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Girdle (Armada's), a cestus worn by 
Armi'da. which, like that of Venus, pos- 
sessed the magical charm of provoking 
irresistible love. — Tasso, Jerusalem De- 
livered (1575). 

Girdle (Flor'imeVs), the prize of a grand 
tournament, in which sir Sat'yrane (3 syl.), 
sir Brianor, sir Sanglier, sir Artegal, 
sir Cambel, sir Tri'amond, Brit'omart, 
and others took part. It was accidentally 
dropped by Florimel in her flight (bk. 
iii. 7, 31), picked up by sir Satyrane, 
and employed by him for binding the 
monster which frightened Florimel to 
flight, but afterwards came again into sir 
Satyrane's possession, when he placed it 
for safety in a golden coffer. It was a 
gorgeous girdle, made by Vulcan for 
Venus, and embossed with pearls and 
precious stones ; but its chief merit was 

It gave the virtue of chaste love 
And wifehood true to all that it did bear ; 



But whosoever contrary doth prove. 
Might not itic Huna about her middle wear, 
Kut it would loose, or else asunder tear. 

Spenser, Fairy oueen. iii. 7 (isao). 

%* Other tests of chastity were: 
" Arthur's drinking horn," mentioned in 
the Morte <i Arthur. The " court mantel," 
mentioned in the ballad called "The Boy 
and the Mantel," in Percy's Religues. 
The "enchanted cup," mentioned in 
Orlando Furioso, ii., etc. 

Girdle ( Venus's), a girdle on which was 
embroidered the passions, desires, joys, 
and pains of love. It was usually called 
acestus, which means "embroidered, 1 * and 
was worn lower down than the cin'gultmi 
or matron's girdle, but higher up than 
the /.one or maiden's girdle. It was said 
to possess the magical power of exciting 
love. Homer describes it thus : 

In this was even- art, and every charm, 
TO win the Wisest, and the eldest wann ; 

Komi tore, the gentle vow. the gay desire. 
The kind deceit, the still reviving fire. 
Persuasive speech, and more persuasive sighs. 
Silence that spoke, and eloquence of eyes. 

Tope, Iliad, xlv. 

Girdle of Opakka, foresight and 
prudence. • 

" The girdle of Opakka. with which Kifri the enchanter 
is endued, what i- it." anJd Bhemshelnar, "but foresight 

and prudence — the best ' girdle ' fur the sultans of the 
e;irth 1 "—Sir (J. Morell [i.e. J. KidlevL Tales of tUc Genii 
(" History of Mahoud " tale vii., 1751). 

Girdles, impressed with mystical 
characters, were bound with certain cere- 
monies round women in gestation, to 
accelerate the birth and alleviate the 
pains of labour. It was a Druid custom, 
observed bj the Gaels, and continued in 
practice till quite modern times. 

Aldo offered to give Erragon " a hundred steeds, chil- 
dren of the rein ; a hundred hawks with fluttering wing, 
. . . and a hundred girdles to bind high -bosomed maids, 
friends of the births of heroes." — Osskui, The liattle of 
I.ora. 

Girnington ( The laird of), previously 
Frank Hayston, laird of Bucklaw, the 
bridegroom of Lucy Ashton. He is found 
wounded by his bride on the wedding 
night, recovers, and leaves the country ; 
but the bride goes mad and dies. — Sir 
W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Gjallar, Heimdall's horn, which he 
blows to give the gods notice when any 
one approaches the bridge Bifrost. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Gladiator ( The Dying). This fam- 
ous statue, found at Nettuno (the an- 
cient Antinm), was the work of Agasias, 
a sculptor of Ephesus. 

2c 



GLADSMOOK. 



386 



GLASTONBURY. 



Glads'moor {Mr.), almoner of the 
carl of Glenallan, at Glenallan House. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, 
George III.). 

Glamorgan, according to British 
fable, is gla or glyn Morgan (valley or 
glen of Morgan). Cundah/ and Morgan 
(says Spenser) were sons of Gonorill and 
Regan, the two elder daughters of king 
Leyr. Cundah chased Morgan into Wales, 
and slew him in the glen which per- 
petuates his name. 

Then gan the bloody brethren both to raine : 
But fierce Cundah gaii shortly to envy 
His brother Morgan . . . 
Raisd warre, and him in hatteill overthrew ; 
Whence as he to those woody hilles did fly. 
Which bight of him Gla-uiorgan, there him slew. 
Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10, 33 (1590). 

This is not quite in accordance with 
Geoffrey's account : 

Some restless spirits . . . inspired Margan with vain 
conceits, . . . who marched with an army through Cune- 
dagius's country, and began to burn all before him ; but 
he was met by Cunedagius, with all his forces, who at- 
tacked Margan, . . . and, putting him to flight, . . . killed 
him in a town of Kambria, which since his death has 
been called Margan to this day. — British History, ii. 15 
(1142). 

Glasgow {The bishop of).— Sir W. 
^Scott, Castle Dangerous, xix. (time, 
Henry 1.). 

Glasgow Arms, an oak tree with 
a bird above it, and a bell hanging from 
one of the branches ; at the foot of the 
tree a salmon with a ring in its mouth. 
The legend is that St. Kentigern built 
the city and hung a bell in an oak tree to 
summon the men to work. This accounts 
for the "oak and bell." Now for the 
rest : A Scottish queen, having formed an 
illicit attachment to a soldier, presented 
her paramour with a ring, the gift of her 
royal husband. This coming to the know- 
ledge of the king, he contrived to abstract 
it from the soldier while he was asleep, 
threw it into the Clyde, and then asked 
his queen to show it him. The queen, in 
great alarm, ran to St. Kentigern, and 
confessed her crime. The father con- 
fessor went to the Clyde, drew out a 
salmon with the ring in its mouth, handed 
it to the queen, and by this means both 
prevented a scandal and reformed the 
repentant lady. 

A similar legend is told of Dame Re- 
becca Berry, wife of Thomas Elton of 
Stratford Bow, and relict of sir John 
Berry, 1696. She is the heroine of the 
ballad called The Cruel Knight. The 
story runs thus : A knight, passing by a 
cottage, heard the cries of a woman in 
labour. By his knowledge of the occult 
sciences, he knew that the infant was 



doomed to be his future wife ; but he 
determined to elude his destiny. When 
the child was of a marriageable age, he 
took her to the sea-side, intending to 
drown her, but relented, and, throwing a 
ring into the sea, commanded her never 
to see his face again, upon pain of death, 
till she brought back that ring with her. 
The damsel now went as cook to a noble 
family, and one day, as she was preparing 
a cod-fish for dinner, she found the ring 
in the fish, took it to the knight, and thus 
became the bride of sir John Berry. The 
Berry arms show a fish, and in the dexter 
chief a ring. 

Glass {Mrs.), a tobacconist, in London, 
who befriended Jeanie Deans while she 
sojourned in town, whither she had come 
to crave pardon from the queen for Effie 
Deans, her half-sister, lying under sen- 
tence of death for the murder of her 
infant born before wedlock. — Sir W. 
Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Glass Armour. When Chery went 
to encounter the dragon that guarded the 
singing apple, he arrayed himself in glass 
armour, which reflected objects like a 
mirror. Consequently, when the monster 
came against him, seeing its reflection 
in every part of the armour, it fancied 
hundreds of dragons were coming against 
it, and ran away in alarm into a cave, 
which Chery instantly closed up, and thus 
became master of the situation. — Com- 
tesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("Princess 
Fairstar," 1682). 

Glasse {Mrs.), author of a cookery- 
book, immortalized by the saying, " First 
catch [skin] your hare, then cook it." 
Mrs. Glasse is the nom de plume of Dr. 
John Hill (1716-1775). 

A great variety of learned dainties whii* Mrs. Glasse 
herself would not disdain to add to her high-flavoured 
catalogue. — Edinburgh Review. 

I know it all, from a lark to a loin of beef ; and in the 
economy of the table, wouldn't hold a candle to Hannah 
Glasse herself.— Cumberland, First Love, ii. 1 (1796). 

Glas'tonbury, in Arthurian ro- 
mance, was the burial-place of king 
Arthur. Selden, in his Illustrations of 
Drayton, gives an account of Arthur's 
tomb "betwixt two pillars," and says 
that "Henry II. gave command to Henry 
de Bois (then abbot of Glastonbury) to 
make great search for the body of the 
British king, which was found in a 
wooden coffin some 16 foote deepe, and 
afterwards they found a stone on whose 
lower side was fixed a leaden cross with 
the name inscribed." 



GLATISANT. 



387 



GLENDINNING. 



Glastonbury Thorn. The legend is that 
Joseph of Arimathca stuck his staff into 
the ground in " the sacred isle of Glas- 
tonbury," and that this thorn blossoms 
"on Christmas Day" every year. St. 
Joseph was buried at Glastonbury. 

Not great Arthur's tomb, nor holy Joseph"! grare, 
From sacrilege had power their sacred bones to save . . . 
LV/erv] trees in winter hloom and bear their summer's 
green. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, I1L (1612). 

Glatisant, the questing beast. It 
had the head of a serpent, the body of a 
libbard, buttocks of a lion, foot of a hart, 
and in its body " there was a noise like 
that of thirty couple of hounds questing " 
(i.e. in full cry). Sir Ralomi'des the 
Saracen was for ever following this beast. 
—Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
Arthur, ii. 52, 53,149 (1470). 

Glau'ce (2 syf.), nurse of the princess 
Brit'omart. She tried by charms to 
11 undo " her lady's love for sir Artegal, 
" but love that is in gentle heart begun, 
no idle charm can remove." Finding her 
sorcery useless, she took the princess to 
consult Merlin, and Merlin told her that 
by marrying Artegal she would found a 
race of kings from which would arise " a 
royal virgin that shall shake the power of 
Spain." The two now started in quest of 
the knight, but in time got separated. 
Glauce became "the 'squire" of sir 
Scu'damore, but re-appears (bk. iii. 12) 
after the combat between Britomart and 
Artegal, reconciles the combatants, and 
the princess consents "to be the love of 
Artegal, and to take him for her lord " 
(bk. iv. 5, 6). — Spenser, Faery Queen 
(1590, 1596). 

Glaucus, a fisherman of Boeo'tia. 
He observed that all the fish which he 
laid on the grass received fresh vigour, 
and immediately leaped into the sea. 
This grass had been planted by Kronos, 
and when Glaucus tasted it," he also 
leaped into the sea, and became a pro- 
phetic marine deity. Once a year he 
visited all the coasts of Greece, to utter 
his predictions. Glaucus is the sailors' 
patron deity. 

By] old soothsaying Glaucus' speJJ. 

Milton, Coma*, 874 (1634). 
As Glaucus, when he tasted of the herb 
That made him peer among the ocean gods. 

Dante\ Paradise, L (1311). 

Glaucus, son of Hippolytus. Being 
smothered in a tub of honey, he was 
restored to life by [a] dragon given him 
by Escula'pios (probably a medicine so 
nailed). — Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 23. 



Glaucus, of Chios, inventor of the art of 
soldering metal. — Pausanias, Itinerary of 
Greece. 

A second Glaucus, one who ruins him- 
self by horses. This refers to Glaucus, 
son of Sis'yphos, who was killed by his 
horses. Some say he was trampled to 
death by them, and some that he was 
eaten by them. 

Glauci et Diomedis permutatio, a very 
foolish exchange. Homer (lli<ul, vi.) 
tells us that Glaucus changed his golden 
armour for the iron one of Diomedes. The 
French say, (Test le troc de Glaucus et tk 
Diumcdc. This Glaucus was the grand- 
son of Bellerophon. (In Greek, "Glau- 
kos.") 

Glem, the scene of Arthur's battle, is 
in Northumberland. 

The flght that all day long 
Rang by the white mouth of the violent Glem. 

Tennyson. 

Glenallan (Joscelind dowager countess 
of), whose funeral takes place by torch- 
light in the Catholic chapel. 

The earl of Glenallan, son of the dow- 
ager countess. — Sir W. Scott, The Anti- 
quary (time, George III.). 

Glenalvon, heir of lord Randolph. 
When young Nbrvtd, the son of lady 
Randolph, makes his unexpected appear- 
ance, Glenalvon sees in him a rival, whom 
he hates. He pretends to lord Randolph 
that the young man is a suitor of lady 
Randolph's, and, having excited the pas- 
sion of jealousy, contrives to bring his 
lordship to a place where he witnesses 
their endearments. A fight ensues, in 
which Norval slays Glenalvon, but is 
himself slain by lord Randolph, who then 
discovers too late that the supposed suitor 
was his wife's son. — Home, Douglas 
(1757). 

Glencoe (2 syl.), the scene of the 
massacre of M'lan and thirty-eight of his 
glenmen, in 1692. All Jacobites were 
commanded to submit to William III. by 
the end of December, 1691. M'lan was 
detained by a heavj T fall of snow, and sir 
John Dalrymple, the master of Stair, sent 
captain Campbell to make an example of 
" the rebel." 

*„.* Talfourd has a drama entitled 
Glencoe or the Fall of the M { Donalds. 

Glendale (Sir Richard), a papist 
conspirator with Redgauntlet. — Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Glendin'ning (Elspeth) or Elspeth 
Brydone (2 syl.), widow of Simon 
Glendinning of the Tower of Glendearg. 



GLENDINNING. 



388 



GLUCK. 



fv 



Halhert and Edward Glendinning, sons 
of Elspeth Glendinning. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Glendin'ning (Sir Halbert), the knight 
of Avenel, husband of lady Mary of 
Ayenel (2 syl).— Sir W. Scott, T/ie Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Glendoveer', plu. Glendoveers, the 
most beautiful of the good spirits of 
Hindu mythology. 

. . . the glendoveers, 
The loveliest of all of heavenly birth. 

Southey, Curse of Kehama, vi. 2 (1809). 

Glendow'er (Owen), a Welsh noble- 
man, descended from Llewellyn (last of 
the Welsh kings). Sir Edmund Mor- 
timer married one of his daughters. 
Shakespeare makes him a wizard, but 
very highly accomplished. — Shakespeare, 
1 Henry IV. (1597). 

Glengar'ry. So M'Donald of Glen- 
arry (who gave in his adhesion to 
"illiam III.) is generally called. 

Glenpro'sing (The old lady), a 
neighbour of old Jasper Yellowlev. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

^ Glenthorn (Lord), the hero of Miss 
Edgeworth's novel called Ennui. Spoiled 
by indolence and bad education, he 
succeeds, by a course of self -discipline, in 
curing his mental and moral faults, and 
in becoming a useful member of society 
(1809). 

The history of lord Glenthorn affords a striking picture 
of ennui, and contains some excellent delineations of 
character. — Chambers, English. Literature, ii. 569. 

Glenvar'loch (Lord), or Nigel 
Olifaunt, the hero of Scott's novel called 
The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Glinter, the palace of Foresti "the 
peace-maker," son of Balder. It was 
raised on pillars of gold, and had a silver 
roof. 

Gloria'na, "the greatest glorious 
queen of Faery-land." 

By Gloriana I mean [true] Glory in my general intention, 
but in my particular I conceive the most excellent and 
glorious person of our sovereign the queen [ElizabeVi], 
and her kingdom is Faerye-land. — Spenser, Introduction 
to The Faery Queen (1590). 

Glorious John, John Dryden 
(1631-1701). 

Glorious Preacher (The), St. 
John Chrysostom (i.e. John Goldenmouth, 
354^107) 



Glory (Old), sir Francis Burdett 
(1770-1844). 

Glory Hole, a cupboard, ottoman, 
box, or other receptacle, where any- 
thing may be thrown for the nonce to get 
it out of sight rapidly. A cupboard at 
the head of a staircase for brooms, etc., is 
so called. 

Glossin (Mr. Gilbert), a lawyer, who 
purchases the Ellangowan estate, and is 
convicted by counsellor Pleydell of 
kidnapping Henry Bertrand the heir. 
Both Glossin and Dirk Hatteraick, his 
accomplice, are sent to prison, and in the 
night Hatteraick first strangles the lawyer 
and then hangs himself. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Gloucester (The duke of), brother of 
Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, Woodstock 
(time, Commonwealth). 

Gloucester (Richard duke of), in the 
court of king Edward IV. — Sir W. Scott, 
Anne of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Gloucester (The earl of), in the court 
of king Henry II.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Glover (Simon), the old glover of 
Perth, and father of the " fair maid." 

Catharine Glover, "the fair maid of 
Perth," daughter of Simon the glover, 
and subsequently bride of Henry Smith 
the armourer. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Glover (Heins), the betrothed of Trud- 
chen [i.e. Gertrude^ Pavilion, daughter 
of the syndic's wife. — Sir W. Scott, 
Quentin Burward (time, Edward IV.). 

Glowrowrum (The old lady), a 
friend of Magnus Troil.— Sir W. Scott, 
The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Glubdub'drib, the land of sorcerers 
and magicians, where Gulliver ' was 
shown many of the great men of 
antiquity. — Swift, Gulliver's Travels 
(1726). 

Gluck, a German musical composer, 
greatly patronized by Marie Antoinette. 
Young France set up against him the 
Italian Piccini. Between 1774 and 1780 
every street, coffee-house, school, and 
drawing-room in Paris canvassed the 
merits of these two composers, not on 
the score of their respective talents, but as 
the representatives of the German and 
Italian schools of music. The partizans 
of the German school were called Gluck- 



GLUMDALCA. 



GOD. 



istn, and those of the Italian school 
Piccinists. 

Est-ce Gllick, est-ce Puccini, 
Que doit couronner PolymnieT 
Done entre Gliirk et Puccini 
Tout le ParnaaeeeetdtaunL 
L'un soutient ce que 1'autre nie, 
Et Clio veut battre Uranie. 
Pour mot, qui erains toute manie, 
Plus irresolu que Bahouc 
N'epousant Picclni ni GlUck, 
Je n'y oonnais rien : ergo GlUck. 



%* A similar contest raged in Eng- 
land between the Bononcinists and 
Handelists. The prince of Wales was 
the leader of the' Handel or German 
party, and the duke of Marlborough of 
the Bononeini or Italian school. (See 
Tweedledum.) 

Glumdalca, queen of the giants, 
captive in the court of king Arthur. 
The king cast love-glances at her, and 
made queen Dollallolla jealous ; but the 
giantess loved lord Grizzle, and lord 
Grizzle loved the princess Huncamunca, 
iand Huncamunca loved the valiant Tom 
'Thumb. — Tom Thumb, by Fielding the 
novelist (1730), altered by O'Hara, author 
of Midas (1778). 

Glum-dal'clitch, a girl nine years 
old " and only forty feet high." Being 
such a " little thing," the charge of 
Gulliver was committed to her during 
his sojourn in Brobdingnag. — Swift, 
Gulliver's Travels. 

Soon as Glumdalclitch missed her pleasing care. 
She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her hair. 

Pope. 

Glumms, the male population of 
the imaginary country Nosmnbdsgrsutt, 
visited by Peter Wilkins. The glumms, 
like the females, called gawreys (q.v.), 
had wings, which served both for flying 
and dress. — R. Pultock, Peter Wilkins 
(1750). 

Glutton {The), Yitellius the Roman 
emperor (born a.d. 15, reigned 69, died 
69). Visiting the field after the battle of 
Bedriac, in Gaul, he exclaimed, "The body 
of a dead enemy is a delightful perfume." 

*** Charles IX. of France, when he 
went in grand procession to visit the 
gibbet on which admiral Coligny was 
hanging, had the wretched heartlessness 
to exclaim, in doggerel verse : 

Fragrance sweeter than the rose 
Rises from our slaughtered foes. 

Glutton {The), Gabius Apicins, who 
lived during the reign of Tiberius. He 
spent £800,000 on the luxuries of the 
table, and when only £80,000 of his large 
fortune remained, he hanged himself, 



thinking death preferable to " starvation 
on such a miserable pittance." 

Gna, the messenger of Frigga. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Goats. The Pleiades are called in 
Spain The Seven Little Goats. 

So it happened that we passed close to the Seven Little 
Goats.— Cervantes, IMrn Q,uixute, II. iii. 5 (1615). 

%* Sancho Panza affirmed that two 
of the goats were of a green colour, two 
carnation, two blue, and one motley ; 
"but," he adds, "no he-goat or cuckold 
ever passes beyond the horns of the 
moon." 

Goatsnose, a prophet, born deaf and 
dumb, who uttered his predictions by 
signs. — Rabelais, Pantag'ruel, iii. 20 
(1545). 

Gobbo (Old), the father of Launce- 
lot. He was stone blind. 

Launcelot Gobbo, son of Old Gobbo. 
He left the service of Shylock the Jew 
for that of Bassa'nio a Christian. Launce- 
lot Gobbo is one of the famous clowns of 
Shakespeare. — Shakespeare, Merdiani of 
Venice (1698). 

Gob'ilyve (Godfrey), the assumed 
name of talse Report. He is described 
as a dwarf , with great head, large brows, 
hollow eyes, crooked nose, hairy cheeks, 
a pied beard, hanging lips, and black 
teeth. His neck wus short, his shoulders 
awry, his breast fat, his arms long, his 
legs "kewed," and he rode " brigge-a- 
bragge on a little nag." He told sir 
Graunde Amoure he was wandering over 
the world to find a virtuous wife, but 
hitherto without success. Lady Correc- 
tion met the party, and commanded 
Gobilyve (3 syl.) to be severely beaten 
for a lying varlet. — Stephen Hawes, The 
Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxix., xxxi., 
xxxii. (1515). 

Gobseck, a grasping money-lender, 
the hero and title of one of Balzac's novels. 

God. 

Full of the god, full of wine, partly 
intoxicated. 

God made the country, and man made 
the town. — Cowper's Task (" The Sofa"). 
Varro, in his De Re Rustica, has : " Divina 
Natura agros dedit, ars humana aedificavit 
urbes." 

God sides with the strongest. Napoleon 
I. said, "Le bon Dieu est toujours du 
cote' des gros bataillons." Julius Caesar 
made the same remark. 



GOD'S TABLE. 



390 GOETZ VON BERLICHINGEN. 



God's Table. The Koran informs 
us that God has written down, in what is 
called "The Preserved Table," every 
event, past, present, and to come, from 
the beginning to the end of time. The 
most minute are not omitted (ch. vi.). 

God's Token, a peculiar eruption on 
the skin ; a certain indication of death 
in those afflicted with the plague. 

A Will and a Tolling bell are as present death as God's 
token. — Two Wise Men and all the rest Fools (1619). 

Godam, a nickname applied by the 
French to the English, in allusion to a 
once popular oath. 

Godfrey (de Bouillon), the chosen 
chief of the allied crusaders, who went 
to wrest Jerusalem from the hands of the 
Saracens. He was calm, circumspect, 
prudent, and brave. Godfrey despised 
"worldly empire, wealth, and fame." — 
Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Godfrey (Sir Edmondbury), a magis- 
trate killed by the papists. He was very 
active in laying bare their nefarious 
schemes, and his body was found pierced 
with his own sword, in 1678. — Sir W. 
Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

*** Dryden calls sir Edmondbury 
"Agag," and Dr. Titus Oates he calls 
"Corah." 

Corah might for Agag's murder call, 

In terms as coarse as Samuel used to Saul. 

Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 

Godfrey (Miss), an heiress, daughter of 
an Indian governor. — Sam. Foote, The 
Liar (1761). 

God'inez (Doctor), a schoolmaster, 
" the most expert flogger in Oviedo " 
[Ov.e.a'.do]. He taught Gil Bias, and 
" in six years his worthy pupil under- 
stood a little Greek, and was a tolerable 
Latin scholar." — Lesage, Gil Bias, i. 
(1715). 

Godi'va or Godgifu, wife of earl 
Leofric. The tale is that she begged her 
husband to remit a certain tax which 
oppressed the people of Coventry. Leofric 
said he would do so only on one con- 
dition — that she would ride naked through 
the city at midday. So the lady gave 
orders that all people should shut up 
. their windows and doors ; and she rode 
naked through the town, and delivered 
the people from the tax. The tale 
further says that all the people did as the 
lady bade them except Peeping Tom, 
who looked out, and was struck blind. 

*** This legend is told at length by 
Drayton in his Polyolbion, xiii. (1613;. 



Godless Florins, English two- 
shilling pieces issued by Shiel when 
master of the mint. He was a Roman 
Catholic, and left out F. D. (defender of 
the faith) from the legend. They were 
issued and called in the same year 
(1849). 

Godmanchester Hogs and 
Huntingdon Sturgeon. 

During a very high flood in the meadows between 
Huntingdon and Godmanchester, something was seen 
floating, which the Godmanchester people thought was a 
black hog, and the Huntingdon folk declared was a 
sturgeon. When rescued from the waters, it proved to 
be a young donkey.— Lord Braybrooke (Pepys, Diary, 
May 22, 1667). 

Godmer, a British giant, son of 
Albion, slain by Canu'tus one of the 
companions of Brute. 

Those three monstrous stones . . . 
Which that huge son of hideous Albion, 
Great Godmer, threw in fierce contention 
- At bold Canutus ; but of him was slain. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10 (1590). 

Goemot or Goemagot, a British 
giant, twelve cubits high, and of such 
prodigious strength that he could pull up 
a full-grown oak at one tug. Same as 
Gogmagog (q.v.). 

On a certain day, when Brutus was holding a solemn 
festival to the gods . . . this giant, with twenty more of 
his companions, came in upon the Britons, among whom 
he made a dreadful slaughter ; but the Britons at last . . . 
killed them every one but Goemagot . . . him Brutus 
preserved alive, out of a desire to see a combat between 
the giant and Corineus, who took delight in such en- 
counters. . . . Corineus carried him to the top of a high 
rock, and tossed him into the sea.— Geoffrey, British 
History, i. 16 (1142). 

Goemagofs Leap or " Lam Goemagot," 
now called Haw, near Plymouth ; the 
place where the giant fell when Corin'- 
eus (3 syl.) tossed him down the craggy 
rocks, by which he was mangled to 
pieces. — Geoffrey, British History, i. 16 
(1142). 

*i* Southey calls the word Lan-gas- 
magog. (See Gogmagog.) 

Goer'vyl, sister of prince Madoc, 
and daughter of Owen late king of North 
Wales. She accompanied her brother to 
America, and formed one of the colony 
of Caer-madoc, south of the Missouri 
(twelfth century). — Southey, Madoc 
(1805). 

Goetz von Berlichingen, or 

Gottfried of the Iron Hand, a famous 
German burgrave, who lost his right 
hand at the siege of Landshut. The iron 
hand which replaced the one he had lost 
is still shown at Jaxthausen, the place of 
his birth. Gottfried took a prominent 
part in the wars of independence against 
the electors of Brandenberg and Bavaria, 
in the sixteenth century (1480-1562;. 



GOFFE. 



391 



GOLD OF TOLOSA. 



*** Goethe has made this the title and 
BUDject of an historical drama. 

Goffe (Captain), captain of the pirate 
vessel.— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
William 111.). 

Gog, according to Ezek. xxxviii., 
xxxix., was "prince of Magog" (a 
country or people). Calmet says Cam- 
by 'ses king of Persia is meant ; but 
others think Antiochus Epiph'anGs is 
alluded to. 

Gog, In Rev. xx. 7-9, means Anti- 
christ. Gog and Magog, in conjunc- 
tion, mean all princes of the earth who 
are enemies of the Christian Church. 

%* Sale says Gog is a Turkish tribe. 
— Al Koran, xviii. note. 

Gog and Magog. Prester John, 
in his letter to Manuel Comnenus, em- 
peror of Constantinople, speaks of Gog 
and Magog as two separate nations 
tributary to him. These, with thirteen 
others, he says, are now shut up behind 
inaccessible mountains, but at the end of 
the world they will be let loose, and 
overrun the whole earth. — Albericus 
Trium Fontium, Chronicles (1242). 

Sale tells us that Gog and Magog are 
called by the Arabs " Yajui " and " Ma- 
juj," which are two nations or tribes 
descended from Japhet, son of Noah. 
Gog, according to some authorities, is a 
Turkish tribe ; and Magog is the tribe 
called "Gilan" by Ptolemy, and " Geli " 
or " Gehe" by Strabo. — Al Koran, xviii. 
note. 

Respecting the re-appearance of Gog 
and Magog, the Koran says: " They [the 
dead] shall not return . . . till Gog and 
Magog have a passage opened for them, 
and they [the dead] shall hasten from 
every high hill," i.e. the resurrection (ch. 
xxi.). 

Gog and Magog. The two statues of 
Guildhall so called are in reality the 
statues of Gogmagog or Goemagot and 
Corineus, referred to in the next article. 
(See also Corineus.) The Albion giant 
is known by his pole-axe and spiked ball. 
Two statues so called stood on the same 
spot in the reign of Henry V. ; but those 
now seen were made by Richard Saunders, 
in 1708, and are fourteen feet in height. 

In Hone's time, children and couutry visitors were told 
that every day, when the giants heard the clock strike 
twelve, they came down to dinner. — Old and New 
London, I 387. 

Another tale was that they then fell 
foul of each other in angry combat. 



Gog'magOg,kiu^ofrhr Albion giants, 
eighteen feet in height, kill.-d by Conn 
in a wrestling match, ana flung by bim 
over the Hoc or Haw of Plymouth. For 
this achievement, Brute gave his follower 
all that hom of land now called Corn- 
wall, Cor'n[w]all, a contraction of Conn- 
all. The contest is described by Drayton 
in his l'olyolbion, i. (161?). 

E'en thus unmoved 
Stood Corineus, the sire of Gucndolen, 
When, grappling with his motutroui enemy. 
He the brute vastuens held aloft, and bore. 
And headlong hurled, all shattered to the sea, 
Down from the rodfl high summit, since that day 
Called Lan -gamia g< >g. 

Southey, Joan of Arc. viii. 3i>.">. 

Spenser throws the accent of Corineus 
on the second syllable, Southey on the 
first, while Drayton makes it a word of 
four syllables, and accents the third. 

Gog'magog Hill, the higher of the 
two hills some three miles south-east of 
Cambridge. It once belonged to the 
Balsham Hills, but, " being rude and 
bearish, regarding neither God nor man," 
it was named in reproach Gogmagog. 
The legend is that this Gogmagog Hill 
was once a huge giant, who fell in love 
with the nymph Granta, and, meeting 
her alone, told her all his heart, saying T 

" Sweeting mine, if thou mine own wilt be, 
I've many a pretty gaud I keep in store for thee : 
A nest of broad-faced owLs. and goodh urchins too 
(Nay, nymph, take heed of inc. when I begin to woo) ; 
And better far than Uiat, a bulcfain two yean aid, 
A curled-pate calf it iu. and oft could have been sold ; 
And yet besides al! Uiis, I've goodly bear-whelps tway. 
Full dainty for my joy when she's disposed to play ; 
And twenty sows of lead to make our wedding ring ; " 

but the saucy nymph only mocked the 
giant, and told his love story to the 
Muses, and all made him their jest and 
sport and laughter. — Drayton, Poly- 
olbion, xxi. (1622). 

Goitre. 

When we were boys. 
Who would believe that there were mountaineers 
Dew-lapp'd like bulls, whose throats had hanging at 'em 
Wallets of flesh } 

Shakespeare, The Tempest, act iii. sc. 3 (1609). 

Gold of Nibelungen (T7ie), un- 
lucky wealth. " To have the gold of 
Nibelungen " is to have a possession 
which seems to bring a curse with it. 
The uncle who murdered "the babes in 
the wood " for their estates and money, 
got the "gold of Nibelungen;" nothing 
from that moment went well with him — 
his cattle died, his crops failed, his barns 
were destroyed by fire or tempest, and 
he was reduced to utter ruin. (See 
Nibelungen.) — Icelandic Edda. 

Gold of Tolo'sa {The), ill gains, 
which never prosper. The reference is 



GOLD POURED, ETC. 



392 



GOLDEN MOUTH. 



to Csepio the Roman consul, who, on his 
march to Gallia Narbonensis, stole from 
Tolosa (Toulouse) the gold and silver 
consecrated by the Cimbrian Druids to 
their gods. He was utterly defeated by 
the Cimbrians, and some 112,000 Romans 
were left dead on the field of battle (b.c. 
106). 

Gold Poured down, the Throat. 
Marcus Licin'ius Crassus, surnamed "The 
Rich," one of the first Roman triumvirate, 
tried to make himself master of Partbia, 
but being defeated and brought captive 
to Oro'des king of Parthia, he was put to 
death by having molten gold poured down 
his throat. " Sate thy greed with this," 
said Orodes. 

Manlius Nepos Aquilius tried to restore 
the kings of Bithynia and Cappado'cia, 
dethroned by Mithridates, but being un- 
successful and made prisoner, he was put 
to death by Mithridates by meHtten gold 
poured down his throat. 

In hell, the avaricious are punished in 
the same way, according to the Shep- 
hearde's Calendar, 

And ladles full of melted gold 
Were poured adown their throats. 

The Dead Mans Song (1579). 

G-ol'demar (King), a house-spirit, 
sometimes called king Vollmar. He 
lived three years with Neveling von 
Hardenberg, on the Hardenstein at the 
Ruhr, and the chamber in which he lived 
is still called Vollmar's chamber. This 
house-spirit, though sensible to the touch, 
was invisible. It played beautifully on 
the harp, talked freely, revealed secrets, 
and played dice. One day, a person de- 
termined to discover its whereabouts, 
but Goldemar cut him to pieces and 
cooked the different parts. Never after 
this was there any trace of the spirit. 
The roasted fragments disappeared in the 
Lorrain war in 1G51, but the pot in which 
the man's head was boiled was built into 
the kitchen wall of Neveling von Harden- 
berg, where it remains to this day. — Von 
Steinen, German Mythology, 477. 

Golden Ass (The), a romance in 
Latin by Apule'ius (4 syl.). It is the 
adventures of Lucian, a young man who 
had been transformed into an ass but still 
retained his human consciousness. It 
tells us the miseries which he suffered at 
the hands uf robbers, eunuchs, magis- 
trates, and so on, till the time came for 
him to resume his proper form. It is 
full of wit, racy humour, and rich fancy, 
and contains the exquisite episode of 
Cupid andPsy'che (bks. iv., v., vi.). 



(This very famous satire, together with 
the Asinus of Lucian, was founded on a 
satire of the same name by Lucius of 
Patrse, and has been imitated in modern 
times by Niccolo Machiavelli. T. Taylor, 
in 1822, published a translation of the 
Aureus Asinus; and sir G. Head, in 1851. 
Lafontaine has an imitation of the episode ; 
and Mrs. Tighe turned it into Spenserian 
verse in 1805.) 

*** Boccaccio has borrowed largely 
from The Golden Ass, and the incidents 
of the robbers in Gil Bias are taken from 
it. 

Golden Dragon of Bruges (The). 
The golden dragon was taken in one of 
the crusades from the church of St. Sophia 
at Constantinople, and placed on the belfry 
of Bruges, but Philip van Artevelde (2 
syl.) transported it to Ghent, where it 
still adorns the belfry. 

Saw great Artevelde victorious scale the Golden Dragon's 
nest. 

Longfellow, The Belfry of Bruget. 

Golden Fleece (The), the fleece of 
the ram which transported Phryxos to 
Colchis. When Phryxos arrived there, 
he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece 
to king iEetes, who hung it on a sacred 
oak. It was stolen by Jason, in his 
" Argonautic expedition." 

The Golden Fleece of the North. Fur 
and peltry of Siberia is so called. 

Golden Fountain (Tlie), a fountain 
which in twenty-four hours would convert 
any metal or mineral into gold. — R. John- 
son, The Seven Champions of Christendom, 
ii. 4 (1617). 

Golden Gate of Constantinople, 
added by Theodosius to Constantine's 
wall. It consists of a triumphal arch, 
surmounted with a bronze statue of 
Victory. The gate is amply decorated 
with gilt ornaments and inscriptions. — 
See Count Robert of Paris, ii., by sir W. 
Scott. 

Golden Horn (The), the inlet of 
the Bosphtfrus on which Constantinople 
stands ; so called from its shape and 
beauty. 

Golden Legends (Tlie), a collection 
of hagiology, made in the thirteenth 
century by James de Voragine, a Domini- 
can. The legends consist of 177 sections, 
each of which is devoted to a particular 
saint or festival, arranged in the order of 
the calendar. 

Golden Mouth, St. Chrysostom 



GOLDEN STATE. 



393 



GOMER. 



(847^107). The name is the Greek 
chrusos stoma, "gold mouth." 

Golden State (The), California, in 
North America. 

Golden Stream (The), Joannes Da- 
mascenus (died 766). 

Golden-tongued (The), St. Peter 
of Kavenna (433-450). Our equivalent 
is a free translation of the Greek chry- 
sol'ogus (chrusos logos, "gold discourse "). 

Golden Valley (The), the eastern 
portion of Limerick ; so called from its 
great fertility. 

Golden Water (The). One drop of 
this water dropped into the basin of a 
fountain would till it, and then throw up 
a jet d'eau of exquisite device. It was 
called "golden" because the water looked 
like liquid gold. — Arabian Nights (" The 
Two Sisters," the last tale). 

%* In Chery and Fair star, by the 
comtesse D'Aunoy, the "golden water" 
is called "the dancing water." 

Goldfinch. (Charles), a vulgar, horsy 
fellow, impudent and insolent in manner, 
who flirts with Widow Warren, and con- 
spires with her and the Jew Silky to 
destroy Mr. Warren's will. By this will 
the widow 'vas left £600 a year, but the 
bulk of the property went to Jack Milford 
his natural son, and Sophia Freelove the 
daughter of Widow Warren by a former 
marriage. (See Beagle.) 

Father was a sugar-baker, grandfather a slop-seller, I'm 
a gentleman.— Holcroft, The Road to Rain, ii. 1 (1792). 

Goldiebirds (Messrs.), creditors of 
sir Arthur Wardour. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Gold-mine (The) or Miller of 
Grenoble, a drama by E. Stirling 
(1854). (For the plot, see Simon.) 

Gold-mine of Europe (The). 
Transylvania was once so called ; but 
the supply of gold obtained therefrom 
has now very greatly diminished. 

Gold-mines (King of the), a powerful, 
handsome prince, who w T as just about to 
marry the princess All-Fair, when Yellow 
Dwarf claimed her as his betrothed, and 
carried her to Steel Castle on a Spanish 
cat. A good syren gave trie betrothed 
king a diamond sword to secure All-Fair's 
deliverance ; but after overcoming every 
obstacle, he was so delighted at seeing 
her, that be dropped his sword. In a 
moment Yellow Dwarf snatched it up, 
and stabbed his rival to the heart. The 



king of the Gold-mines and All-Fair were 
both changed into two palm trees. — Com- 
tesse D'Aimov, Fairy Tales ("The Yellow 
Dwarf," 10*2). 

Gold-purse of Spain. Andalu'- 
cia is so called because it is the city from 
which Spain derives its chief wealth. 

Goldsmith (Oliver). 

Here lie* Nolly OoMsmlth, for shortness* called Noll 
Who wrote like an augel. and talked like poor poll. 
David Qarriok. 

Goldsmith (Rev. J.), one of the many 
pseudonyms adopted by sir Richard 
Phillips, in a series of school books. 
Some other of his false names were the 
Rev. David Blair, James Adair, Kev. C. 
Clarke, etc., with noted French names 
for educational French books. 

Goldsmith's Monument, in West- 
minster Abbey, is by Nollekens. 

Gold'thred (Lawrence), mercer, near 
Cumnor Place. — SirW. Scott KenUuorlh 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Gold'y» Oliver Goldsmith w r as so 
called by Dr. Johnson (1728-1774). 

Gol'gotha ("the place of a skull "), a 
small elevated spot north-we6t of Jeru- 
salem, where criminals were executed. 
Used in poetry to signify a battle-field or 
place of great slaughter. 

Except they meant to bathe in reeking wouudBt 
Or memorize another Golgotha. 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, act L sc. a (1606). 

* + * In the University of Cambridge, 
the dons' gallery in Great St. Mary's is 
called "Golgotha" because the heads of 
the colleges sit there. 

Gol'gotha (The City), Temple Bar, 
London ; so called because the heads of 
traitors, etc., used at one time to be ex- 
posed there after decapitation. This was 
not done from any notion of punishment, 
but simply to advertise the fact as a 
warning to evil-doers. Temple Bar was 
taken away from the Strand in 1878. 

Golightly (Mr.), the fellow who 
wants to borrow 5s. in Lend Me Five Shil- 
lings, a farce by J. M. Morton. 

Goltho, the friend of Ul'Cnore (3 
syl.). He was in love with Birtha, 
daughter of lord As'tragon the sage ; 
but Birtha loved the duke Gondibert. 
The tale being unfinished, the sequel of 
Goltho is not known. — Sir William 
Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668). 

Gomer or Godmer, a British giant, 



GOMEZ. 



394 



GOOD REGENT. 



slain by Canu'tus one of the companions 
of Brute. (See Goemot.) 

Since Gomer's giant brood inhabited this isle. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xiv. (1613). 

Gomez, a rich banker, 60 years of 
age, married to Elvi'ra, a young wife. 
He is mean, covetous, and jealous. 
Elvi'ra has a liaison with colonel Lo- 
renzo, which Dominick, her father con- 
fessor, aids and abets ; but the amour is 
constantly thwarted, and it turns out that 
Lorenzo and Elvira are brother and sister. 
— Dryden, The Spanish Fryar (1680). 

G-on'dibert {Duke), of the royal line 
of Lombardy. Prince Oswald of Verona, 
out of jealousy, stirs up a faction fight 
against him, which is limited by agree- 
ment to four combatants on each side. 
Oswald is slain by Gondibert, and Gon- 
dibert is cured of his wounds by lord 
As'tragon, a philosopher and sage. 
Rhodalind, the only child of Aribert 
king of Lombardy, is in love with Gondi- 
bert, and Aribert hopes that he will 
become his son-in-law and heir, but 
Gondibert is betrothed to Birtha. One 
day, while walking with his affianced 
Birtha, a messenger from the king comes 
post haste to tell him that Aribert had 
publicly proclaimed him his heir, and 
that Rhodalind was to be his bride. Gon- 
dibert still told Birtha he would remain 
true to her, and gave her an emerald 
ring, which would turn pale if his love 
declined. As the tale was never finished, 
the sequel cannot be given. — Sir W. 
Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668). 

Gon'eril, eldest daughter of king 
Lear, and wife of the duke of Albany. 
She treated her aged father with such 
scant courtesy, that he could not live 
under her roof ; and she induced her 
sister Regan to follow her example. 
Subsequently, both the sisters fell in love 
with Edmund, natural son of the earl of 
Gloucester, whom Regan designed to 
marry when she became a widow. 
Goneril, out of jealousy, now poisoned 
her sister, and "after slew herself." 
Her name is proverbial for "filial in- 
gratitude." — Shakespeare, King Lear 
(1605). 

Gonin, a buffoon of the sixteenth 
century, who acquired great renown for 
his clever tricks, and gave rise to the 
French phrase, Un tour de maitre Gonin 
(',' a trick of Master Gonin's "). 

Gonnella, domestic jester to the 
margrave Nicolo d'Este, and to his son 



Borso duke of Ferrara. The horse he 
rode on was ossa atque pellis totus, and, 
like Rosinante, has become proverbial. 
Gonnella's jests were printed in 1506. 

Gonsalez \Gon.zalley\, Fernan Gon- 
salez or Gonsalvo, a Spanish hero of the 
tenth century, whose life was twice saved 
by his wife Sancha. His adventures have 
given birth to a host of ballads. 

(There was a Hernandez Gonsalvo of 
CcrdbVa, called " The Great Captain " 
(1443-1515), to whom some of the ballads 
refer, and this is the hero of Florian's 
historical novel entitled Gonzalve de Cor- 
doue (1791), borrowed from the Spanish 
romance called The Civil Wars of Gra- 
nada, by Gines Perez de la Hita.) 

Gonza'lo, an honest old counsellor 
of Alonso king of Naples. — Shakespeare, 
The Tempest (1609). 

Gonza'lo, an ambitious but politic lord 
of Venice. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Laws of Candy (1647). 

Good Earl (The), Archibald eighth 
earl of Angus, who died in 1588. 

Good Even, Good Robin Hood ! 
civility extorted by fear, as " Good Mr. 
Highwayman, good gentlemen'" of Mrs. 
Hardcastle in her terror. 

Clapping his rod on the borde. 
No man dare utter a word . . . 
He [ Wotsey] said, " How say ye, my lordes ? " . . . 
Good even, good Robin Hood. 
Skelton, Why Came ye not to Court) (died 1529). 

Good Hope [Cape of). When Bar- 
tholomew Diaz first discovered this cape, 
in 1497, he called it "The Cape of 
Storms" (Cabo Tormentoso) ; but John 
II. king of Portugal changed the name 
to that of " Good Hope." 

The Euxine Sea (i.e. "the hospitable 
sea") was first called " The Axine Sea " 
(" the inhospitable"), from the terrorwith 
which it was viewed by the early Greeks : 
but it was subsequently called by the 
more courteous name. However, the older 
name is the one which now generally 
prevails ; thus we call it in English 
"The Black Sea," and the Turks, 
Greeks, and Russians call it inhospitable, 
and not hospitable. 

Good Man (A). Count Cassel says, 
" In Italy a good man means a religious 
one, in France a cheerful one, in Spain a 
wise one, and in England a rich one." — 
Inchbald, Lovers' Vows, ii. 2 (1800). 

Good Regent ( The), James Stuart, 
earl of Murray, regent of Scotland after 
the imprisonment of queen Mary. (Born 
1533, regent 1567, assassinated 1570.) 



GOODFELLOW. 



395 



GORBODUC. 



Goodfellow (Robin), son of king 
Oberon. When six years old, he was so 
mischievous that his mother threatened 
to whip him, and he ran away ; but fall- 
ing asleep, his father told him he should 
have anything he wished for, with power 
to turn himself into any shape, so long 
as he did harm to none but knaves and 
'queans. 

i His first exploit was to turn himself into a horw. to 
punish h churl, whom he conveyed into a great plash of 
water ami left there, laughing, as he Hew off, " Ho, ho, 
ho !'* He afterwards went to a farm-house, and taking ■ 
fancy to the maid, does her work during the night. The 
maid, watching him, and observing him rather hare of 
clothes, provides him with garment*, which he putlOUt, 
laughing " Ho, ho, ho I " He next change! himself into a 
Will-o'-the-wisp, to mislead a party of merry-makers, and 
having misled them all night, he left them at daybreak, 
with a "Ho, ho, ho!" At another time, seeing a 
fellow ill-using a maiden, he changed him elf into a hare, 
ran between his legs, and then growing into a horse, 
tossed him into a hedge, laughing "Ho. ho, ho!" — The 
M id /'ranks and Merry Jest* of Kobin Uoodfelhw (1580), 
(Percy Society, lt>41). 

Goodfellow (Robin), a general name 
for any domestic spirit, as imp, urchin, 
elve, hag, fay, Kit-wi'-the-can'stick, 
epoorn, man-i'-the-oak, Puck, hobgoblin, 
i Tom-tumbler, bug, bogie, Jack-o'-lantern, 
Friar's lantern, Will-o'-the-wisp, Ariel, 
nixie, kelpie, etc., etc. 

A bigger kind than these German kobolds is that 
called with us Robin Goodfellows, that would In those 
superstitious times grind corn for a mess of milk, cut 
WO d, or do any manner of drudgery w.irk. . . . These 
have several names . . . but we commonly call them 
Pucks. — burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, 47. 

%* The Goodfellows, being very nu- 
merous, can hardly be the same as Kobin 
son o* Oberon, but seem to obtain the 
name because their character was similar, 
and, indeed, Oberon's son must be in- 
cluded in the generic name. 

Goodman of Ballengeich, the 
assumed name of James V. of Scotland 
when he made his disguised visits 
through the districts round Edinburgh 
and Stirling. 

*** Haroun-al-Raschid, Louis XL, 
Peter "the Great," etc., made similar 
visits in disguise, for the sake of obtain- 
ing information by personal inspection. 

Goodman's Fields, Whitechapel, 
London. So called from a large farmer 
of the name of Goodman. 

At this farm I myself in my youth have fetched many 
a ha'p'orth of mi:k, and never had less than three ale- 
pints in summer and one in winter, always hot from the 
kine, ant strained. One Trolop and afterwards Goodman 
was the armer 'here, and had thirty or forty kine to the 
pail.— Stow, Survey of London (1596). 

Good'man Grist, the miller, a 
friend of the smugglers. — Sir W. Scott, 
Red/aunt/ct (time, George III.). 



Goodricke (Mr.), a catholic priest 
at Middleman.— Sir \V. Scott, The Sur- 
geon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Goodsire (Johnnie), a weaver, near 
Charles'8 Hope farm.— Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Matmermg (time, George II.). 

Goodwill, a man who had acquired 
£10,000 by trade, and wished to give his 
daughter Lucy in marriage to one of his 
relations, in order to keep the money in 
the family ; but Lacy would not have 
any one of the boobies, and made choice 
instead of a strapping footman. Good- 
will had the good sense to approve of the 
choice. — Fielding, The Virgin Unmasked. 

Goody Blake, a poor old woman 
detected by Harry (Jill picking up sticks 
from his farm-land. The farmer com- 
pelled her to leave them, and threatened 
to punish her for trespass. Goody Blake 
turned on the lusty yeoman, and said 
never from that moment should he know 
the blessing of warmth ; and sure enough, 
neither clothing, fire, nor summer sun 
ever did make him warm again. 

No word to any men he utters, 
A-hed or up, to young or old ; 
But ever to himself he mutters, 
" Poor H;irrv Gill is very cold." 
Wordsworth. Goody lilake and Uarry GUI (1788). 

Goody Palsgrave, a name of con- 
tempt given to Frederick V. elector pala- 
tine. He is also called the " Snow King " 
and the "Winter King," because the pro- 
testants made him king of Bohemia in 
the autumn of 1619, and he was set aside 
in the autumn of 1G20. 

Goody Two-shoes, a nursery tale 
supposed to be by Oliver Goldsmith, 
written in 1765 for Newbery, St. Paul's 
Churchyard. 

Goose Gibbie, a half-witted lad, 
first entrusted to "keep the turkeys," 
but afterwards "advanced to the more 
important office of minding the cows." — 
Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles 
II.). 

Goosey Goderich, Frederick 
Robinson, created viscount Goderich in 
1827. So called by Cobbett, for his in- 
capacity as a statesman (premier 1827- 
1828). 

GorTDoduc, Gorbodug, or Gokbo- 
gud, a mythical British king, who had 
two sons (Ferrex and Porrex). Ferrex 
was driven by his brother out of the king- 
dom, and on attempting to return with 
a large army, was defeated by him and 



GORBODUC. 



396 



GORMAL. 



slain. Soon afterwards, Porrex himself was 
murdered in his bed by his own mother, 
Widen, who loved Ferrex the better. — 
Geoffrey, British History, ii. 16 (1142). 

And Gorbogud, till far in years he grew ; 
When his ambitious sonnes unto them twayne 
Arraught the rule, and from their father drew ; 
Stout Ferrex and stout Porrex him in prison threw. 

But oh ! the greedy thirst of royall crowne . . . 
Stird Porrex up to put his brother downe ; 
Who unto him assembling forreigne might. 
Made warre on him, and fell himself in fight ; 
Whose death V avenge, his mother, mercilesse 
(Most mercilesse of women, Wyden hight), 
Her other sonne fast sleeping did oppresse, 
And with most cruell hand him murdred pitilesse. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10, 34, 35 (1590). 

Gorboduc, the first historical play in 
the language. The first three acts by 
Thomas Norton, and the last two by 
Thomas Sackville afterwards lord Buck- 
hurst (1562). It is further remarkable 
as being the father of Iambic ten-syllable 
blank verse. 

Those who last did tug 
In worse than civil war, the sons of Gorbodug. 
Drayton, PolyolUon, viii. (1612). 

Gor'brias, lord-protector of Ibe'ria, 
and father of king Arba'ces (3 syl.). — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, A King or No 
King (1611). 

Gor'dius, a Phrygian peasant, chosen 
by the Phrygians for their king. He 
consecrated to Jupiter his waggon, and 
tied the yoke to the draught-tree so art- 
fully that the ends of the cord could not 
be discovered. A rumour spread abroad 
that he who untied this knot would be 
king of Asia, and when Alexander the 
Great was shown it, he cut it with his 
sword, saying, "It is thus we loose our 
knots." 

Gordon {The Rev. Mr.), chaplain in 
Cromwell's troop. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Gordon (Lord George), leader of the 
" No Popery riots " of 1779. Half mad, 
but really well-intentioned, he counte- 
nanced the most revolting deeds, urged 
on by his secretary Gashford. Lord 
George Gordon died in jail, 1793. — C. 
Dickens, Barnaby Budge (1841). 

Gordo'nius or Gordon {Bernard), 
a noted physician of the thirteenth cen- 
tury in the'Rouergue (France), author of 
Lilium Medicince, de Morborum prope 
Omnium Curatione, septem Barticulis Dis- 
tributum (Naples, 1480). 

And has Gordonius " the divine," 
In his famous Lily of Medicine . . . 
No remedy potent enough to restore you? 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend. 



Gor'gibus, an honest, simple-minded 
citizen of middle life, father of Madron 
and uncle of Cathos. The two girls have 
had their heads turned by novels, but are 
taught by a harmless trick to discern 
between the easy manners of a gentle- 
man and the vulgar pretensions of a 
lackey. — Moliere, Les Brecieuses Bidi- 
cules (1659). 

Gorgibus, father of Celie. He is a head- 
strong, unreasonable old man, who tells 
his daughter that she is for ever reading 
novels, and filling her mind with ridiculous 
notions about love. " Vous parlez de Dieu 
bien moins que de Lelie," he says, and 
insists on her giving up Lelie for Valere, 
saying, " S'il ne Test amant, il le sera 
mari," and adds, " L'amourest souventun 
fruit du mariage." 

Jetez-moi dans le feu tous ces mediants ecrit [i.e. 

romances) 
Qui gatent tousles jours tant de jeunes esprits; 
Lisez inoi, connne il faut, au lieu de ces sornettes, 
Les Quatrains de Pibrac, et les doctes Tablettes 
Du conseiller Matthieu ; l'ouvrage est de valeur. 
Et pein de beaux dictons a reciter par cceur. 

Moliere. Sganarelle (1(J60> 

Gor'lois (3 syl.), said by some to be 
the father of king Arthur. He was lord 
of Tintag'il Castle, in Cornwall ; his wife 
was Igraj'ne (3 syl.) or Igerna, and one 
of his daughters (Bellicent) was, accord- 
ing to some authorities, the wife of Lot 
king of Orkney. x 

*** Gorlois was not the father of 
Arthur, although his wife (Igerna or 
Igrayne) was his mother. 

Then all the kings asked Merlin, " For what cause is that 
beardless boy Arthur made king?" "Sirs." said Merlin, 
" because he is king Uther's son, born in wedlock. . . . 
More than three hours after the death of Gorlois, did tho 
king wed the fair igrayne." — Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 2, G (1470). 

[Uther] was sorry for the death of Gorlols, but re- 
joiced that Igerna was now at liberty to marry again . . . 
they continued to live together with much affection, and 
had a son and daughter, whose names were Arthur and 
Anne.— Geoffrey, British History, iii. 20 (1142). 

*** It is quite impossible to reconcile 
the contradictory accounts of Arthur's 
sister and Lot's wife. Tennyson says 
Bellicent, but the tales compiled by sir 
T. Malory all give Margause. Thus in 
La Mort d Arthur, i. 2, we read : " King 
Lot of Lothan and of Orkeney wedded 
Margawse [Arthur's sister]" (pt. i. 36), 
"whose sons were Gawaine, Agravaine, 
GahSris, and Gareth ; " but Tennyson 
says Gareth was " the last tall son of Lot 
and Bellicent." 

Gor'mal, the mountain range of 
Sevo. 

Her arm was white like Gormal's snow ; her boso.c 
whiter than the loam of the main when roll the waves 
beneath the wrath of winds. — Fragment of a Alone 
Tale. 



GOSH. 



397 



GRAAF. 



Gosh, the Right Hon. Charles 
Arbuthnot, the most confidential friend 
of the duke of Wellington, with whom 
he lived. 

Gosling (Giles), landlord of the 
Black Beat inn, near Cumnor Place. 

'/ Gosling, daughter of Giles.— Sir 

W. Scott, Kcnilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Gospel Doctor (The), John Wv- 
clifie (1324-13*4). 

Gospel of the Golden Rule, " Do 
as you would be done by," or " As ye 
would that men should do to you, do ye 
also to them." — Luke vi. 31. 

He preached to all men everywhere 
The Qoqpfel of Uie Golden Kule. 

Longfellow, The HaguUe Inn (prelude). 

Gospeller ( The Hot), Dr. K. Barnes, 
burnt at Smithfield, 1540. 

Gos'samer {i.e. God's seam or 
thread). The legend is that gossamer is 
the ravellings of the Virgin Mary's 
winding-sheet, which fell away on her 
ascension into heaven. 

Gossips {Prince of), Samuel Pepys, 
noted for his gossiping Diary, commenc- 
ing Januarv 1, 1059, and continued for 
nine years (1632-1703). 

Goswin, a rich merchant of Bruges, 
who is in reality Florez, son of Gerrard 
king of the beggars. His mistress, Bertha, 
the supposed daughter of Yandunke the 
burgomaster of Bruges, is in reality the 
daughter of the duke of Brabant. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beggars? 
Bush (1622). 

Goths (The last of the), Roderick, the 
thirty-fourth of the Visigothic line of 
kings in Spain. He was the son of 
Cor'dova, who had his eyes put out by 
Yiti'za the king of the Visigoths, where- 
upon Roderick rose against Yitiza and 
dethroned him ; but the sons and ad- 
herents of Yitiza applied to the Moors, 
who sent over Tarik with 90,000 men, 
and Roderick was slain at the battle of 
Xerres, a.d. 711. 

%* Southey has an epic poem called 
Roderick, the Last of the Goths. He 
makes "Rusilla" to be the mother of 
Roderick. 

Gothland or Gottland, an island 
called " The eye of the Baltic." Geoffrey 
of Monmouth says that when king Arthur 
had added Ireland to his dominions, he 
sailed to Iceland, which he subdued, and 
then both " Doldavius kins: of Gothland 



and Gunfasius king of the Orkneys 
voluntarily became his tributaries." — 
British History, be 10 (1142). 

T« Gothland barm Mtln this eoBQlMrar nmketh forth . . . 
Where Iceland first he won, M 1 Orkney after «ot. 

Drat ton, rotyolbi.jn. iv. (1612). 

Gottlieb [Got.leeb], a cottage farmer, 
with whom prince Henry of Hoheneck 
went to live after he was struck with 
leprosy. The cottager's daughter Elsie 
volunteered to sacrifice her life for the 
cure of the prince, and was ultimately 
married to him. — Hartmann von der Aue, 
Poor ILnry (twelfth century); Long- 
fellow, Golden Lejend. 

Gour'lay (Ailshie), a privileged fool 
or jester. — Sir \Y*. Scott, Live AsVkqmary 
(time, George III.). 

Gourlay (Ailsie), an old sibyl at the 
death of Alice Gray.— Sir W. Scott, 
Brideof Lainmerjwjor (time, William III.). 

Gourmaz (Don), a national portrait 
of the Spanish nobility. — Pierre Corneille, 
The OV/(1636). 

The character of don Gonnaz, for its rery excellence, 
drew down the censure of tlie French Academy.— Sir W. 
Scott, The liraina. 

Go'vernale (3 s/;/.), first the tutor 
and then the attendant of sir Tristram de 
Liones. 

Gow (OldNiell), the fiddler. 

Nathaniel 6ow t son of the fiddler. — 
Sir W, Scott, Si. Monans Well (time, 
George III.). 

Goto (Henry) or Henky Smith, also 
called " Gow Chrom" and "Hal of the 
"Wvnd." the armourer. Suitor of Ca- 
tharine Glover "the fair maid of Perth," 
whom he marries. — Sir W. Scott, Fair 
JIaid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Gowk Storm, a short storm, such as 
occurs in spring, when the gowk or 
cuckoo comes. 

He trusted the present [disturbance] would r'ore but 
a gowk storm. — Sir W. Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, L 
49. 

Gowk-thrapple (Maister), a co- 
venanting preacher. — Sir W. Scott, 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

A man of coarse, mechanical, perhaps rather intrinsi- 
cally feeble intellect, with the vehemence of some pulpit- 
drumming Gowk-thrapple. — Carlyle. 

Graaf (Count) was a great speculator 
in corn. One year a sad famine pre- 
vailed, and he "expected, like Pharaoh 
kin" of Egvpt, to make an enormous 
fortune by his speculation, but an army 
of ra:s, pressed by hunger, invaded his 
barns, and then" swarming into the 



GRAAL. 



398 GRACE-BE-HERE HUMGUDGEON. 



castle, fell on the old baron, worried him 
to death, and then devoured him. (See 
Hatto.) 

Graal (Saint) or St. Greal, is 
generally said to be the vessel or platter 
used by Christ at the last supper, in 
which Joseph of Arimathea caught the 
blood of the crucified Christ. In all 
descriptions of it in the Arthurian 
romances, it is simply the visible "pre- 
sence" of Christ, or realization of the 
papistic notion that the wafer, after 
consecration, is changed into the very 
body of the Saviour, and when sir Gala- 
had "achieved the quest of the holy 
graal," all that is meant is that he saw 
with his bodily eyes the visible Saviour 
into which the holy wafer had been 
transmuted. 

Then the bishop took a wafer, which was made in the 
likeness of bread, and at the lifting up [the eltwation of 
the host] <£ ere came a figure in the likeness of a child, 
and the vi >age was as red and as bright as fire, and he smote 
himself into that bread: so they saw that the bread was 
formed of a fleshly man, and then he put it into the holy 
vessel again . . . then [the bishop] took the holy vessel 
and came to sir Galahad as he kneeled down, and there 
he received his Saviour. — Pt. iii. 101, 102. 

King Pelles and sir Launcelot caught 
a sight of the St. Graal ; but did not 
"achieve it," like Galahad. 

When they went into the castle to take their repast. . . 
there came a dove to the window, and in its bill was a 
little censer of gold, and there withall was such a savor as 
if all the spicery of the world had been there . . . and a 
damsel, passing fair, bare a vessel of gold between her 
hands, and thereto the king kneeled devoutly and said his 
prayers.. . . " Oh mercy !" said sir Launcelot, " what may 
this mean?" . . . "This," said the king, "Is the holy 
Sancgreall which ye have seen." — Pt. iii. 2. 

When sir Bors de Ganis went to Corbin, 
and saw Galahad the son of sir Laun- 
celot, he prayed that the boy might prove 
as good a knight as his father, and 
instantly the white dove came with the 
golden censer, and the damsel bearing 
the sancgraal, and told sir Bors that 
Galahad would prove a better knight than 
his father, and would "achieve the Sanc- 
greall ; " then both dove and damsel 
vanished. — Pt. iii. 4. 

Sir Percival, the son of sir Pellinore 
king of Wales, after his combat with sir 
Ector de Maris (brother of sir Launcelot) 
caught a sight of the holy graal, and 
both were cured of their wounds thereby. 
Like sir Bors, he was with sir Galahad 
when the quest was achieved (pt. iii. 14). 
Sir Launcelot was also miraculously 
; cured in the same way (pt. iii. 18). 

King Arthur, the queen, and all the 
i 150 knights saw the holy graal as they 
[sat at supper when Galahad was received 
into the fellowship of the Round Table: 

First they heard a crackling and crying of thunder . . . 



and in the midst of the blast entered a sun-beam mora 
clear by seven times than ever they saw day, and all were 
lighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost . . . then there 
entered the hall the holy greal [consecrated bread^ 
covered with white samite ; but none might see it, nor 
who bare it . . . and when the holy greal had been borne 
thro' the hall, the vessel suddenly departed.— Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, iii. 35 (1470). 



are: Parceval le Gallois by Chretien de 
Troyes, in verse, and Roman des Diverges 
Quetes de St. Graal, by Walter Mapes, 
in prose, both written in the latter part 
of the twelfth century; Titurel or the 
Guardian of the Holy Graal, by Wolfram 
von Eschenbach ; The Romance of Parzi- 
val, by the same — partly founded upon 
the poem of Chretien — and the Life of 
Joseph of Arimathea, by Robert de Bor- 
ron, all belonging to the early part of 
the thirteenth century; TheHoly Graal, 
by Tennyson. 

Helinandus says : " In French they give the name gradal 
or graal to a large deepish vessel in which rich meats 
with their gravy are served to the wealthy." — Vincentius 
Bellovacensis, Speculum Hist., xxiii. 147. 

We find in the churchwardens' account 
of Wing (Bucks.), 1527: " Three Graylls," 
i.e. three gradales, called by the Roman 
Catholics cantatoria. In the Athenccum 
(June 25, 1870) we read: "The Saxons 
called a graal a ' graduale ' ad te levavi, 
from the first three words of the introit 
(First Sunday in Advent), with which the 
codex begins." 

Graal-burg, a magnificent temple, 
surrounded with towers raised on brazen 
pillars, and containing the holy graal. 
It was founded by king Titurel, on 
mount Salvage, in Spain, and was a mar- 
vel of magnificence, glittering with gold 
and precious stones. — Wolf ram of Eschen- 
bach (minnesinger), Parzival (thirteenth 
century). 

Grace [Lady), sister of lady Townly, 
and the engaged wife of Mr. Manly. 
The very opposite of a lady of fashion. 
She says : 

" In summer I could pass my leisure hours in reading, 
walking, . . . or sitting under a green tree; in dressing, 
dining, chatting with an agreeable friend ; perhaps 
hearing a little music, taking a dish of tea, or a game at 
cards ; managing my family, looking into its accounts, 
playing with my children . . or in a thousand other 
innocent amusements." — Vanbrugh and Gibber, The Pro- 
voked Husband, iii. (1728). 

"No person," says George Colman, "has ever more 
successfully performed the elegant levities of ' lady Townly ' 
upon the stage, or more happily practised the amiable 
virtues of ' lady Grace ' in the circles of society, than Miss 
Farren (the countess of Derby, 1759-1829)." 

Grace-be-here Humgudgeon, a 
corporal in Cromwell's troop. — Sir W. 
Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 



GRACE WAS IN ALL HER STEPS. 399 



GRAMMAR. 



Grace was in all Her Steps. 
Adam says of Eve : 

Grace was in all her steps, heaven In her eye. 
In eviTy gesture dignity and love. 

Milton, Paradise Losi, viii. 488, etc. (1665). 

Grace'church, London, means the 
grces or grass church. It was built on 
the site of the old grass-market. 

Gracio'sa, a lovely princess, who is 
the object of a step-mother's most im- 
placable hatred. The step-mother's name 
is Grognon, and the tale shows how all 
her malicious plots are thwarted by Per- 
cinet, a fairy prince, in love with 
Graciosa. 

Gracio'so, the licensed fool of Span- 
ish drama. He has his coxcomb and 
truncheon, and mingles with the actors 
without aiding or abetting the plot. 
Sometimes he transfers his gibes from the 
actors to the audience, like our circus 
clowns. 

Gradas'so, king of Serica'na, 
" bravest of the pagan knights." He 
went against Charlemagne with 100,000 
vassals in his train, " all discrowned 
kings," who never addressed him but on 
their knees. — Bojardo, Orlando Innaino- 
rato (1495) ; Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Grad'grind (Thomas), a man of 
facts and realities. Even-thing about 
him is square ; his forehead is square, 
and so is his fore-finger, with which he 
emphasizes all he says. Formerly he 
was in the wholesale hardware line. In 
his greatness he becomes M.P. for Coke- 
town, and he lives at Stone Lodge, a 
mile or so from town. He prides him- 
self on being eminently practical ; and 
though not a bad man at heart, he blights 
his children by his hard, practical way of 
bringing them up. 

Mrs. Gradgrind, wife of Thomas Grad- 
grind. A little thin woman, always 
taking physic, without receiving from it 
any benefit. She looks like an indif- 
ferently executed transparency without 
light enough behind the figure. She is 
always complaining, always peevish, and 
dies soon after the marriage of her 
daughter Louisa. 

Torn Gradgrind, son of the above, a 
sullen young man, much loved by his 
sister, and holding an office in the bank 
of his brother-in-law, Josiah Bounderby. 
Tom robs the bank, and throws suspicion 
on Stephen Blackbridge, one of the hands 
in Bounderby's factory. When found 
out, Tom takes refuge in the circus of the 



town, disguised as a black servant, till 
he effects his escape from England. 

Louisa Gradgrind, eldest daughter of 
Thomas Gradgrind, M.P. She marries 
Josiah Bounderby, banker and mill- 
owner. Louisa has been so hardened by 
her bringing up, that she appears cold 
and indifferent to everything, but she 
dearly loves her brother Tom. — C. 
Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 

Graeme (Roland), heir of Avenel 
(2 syl.). He first appears as page to the 
lady of Avenel, then as page to Mary- 
queen of Scots. 

Magdalene Graeme, dame of Heather- 
gill, grandmother of Roland Craine. 
She appears to Roland disguised as 
Mother Nicneven, an old witch at Kin- 
ross. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Gramme ( William), the red riever [free- 
booter] at Westburnflat. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Black Dvcarf (time, Anne). 

Graevius or J. G. Grcefe of Saxony, 
editor of several of the Latin classics 
(1032-1703). 

Believe nie, lady, I have more satisfacUon In beholding 
you than 1 should have in conversing with Gravius and 
Gronoviui.— Mrs. Cowley, Who's the l>uye ) i. 3. 

(Abraham Gronovius was a famous 
philologist, 1694-1775.) 

Gra'hame {Colonel John), of Claver- 
house, in the royal army under the duke 
of Monmouth. Afterwards viscount of 
Dundee. 

Cornet Richard Grahams, the colonel's 
nephew, in the same army. — Sir W. 
Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Grakame's Dike, the Roman wall 
between the friths of the Clyde and 
Eorth. 

Thus wall defended the Britons for a time, but the Scots 
and Picts . . . climbed over it. ... A man named 
Graliame is said to have been the first soldier who got 
over, and the common people still call the remains of the 
wall "Grahame's Dike." — Sir W. Scott, Tale* of a 
Grandfather. 

Grahams, nicknamed "Of the Hen." 
The reference is this : The Grahams, 
having provided for a great marriage 
feast, found that a raid had been made 
upon their poultry by Donald of the 
Hammer (q.v.). They went in pursuit, 
and a combat took place ; but as the 
fight was for "cocks and hens," it ob- 
tained for the Grahams the nickname of 
Gramoch an Garrigh. 

Gram, Siegfried's sword. 

Grammar. Sigismund, surnamed 
Augustus, said, " Ego sum Imperator 



GRAMMARIANS. 



400 



GRANGOUSIER. 



Romanorum, et supra grammaticam " 
(1520, 1548-1572). 

Grammarians (Prince of), Apol- 
lonios of Alexandria. Priscian called 
him Grammaticorum Princeps (second 
century B.C.). 

Grammont (The count of). He 
promised marriage to la belle Hamilton, 
tut left England without performing the 
promise ; whereupon the brothers ' fol- 
lowed him, and asked him if he had not 
forgotten something. " True, true," said 
the count, " excuse my short memory ; " 
and, returning with the brothers, he 
made the young lady countess of Gram- 
mont. 

Granary of Athens, the district 
about Kertch. The buck-wheat of this 
district carried oft: the prize of the Great 
Exhibition in 1851. 

Granary of Europe. Sicily was 
so called once. 

Grand Jument, meant for Diana 
of Poitiers. — Rabelais, Gargantua and 
Pantagruel. 

Grand Monarque [mo.nark''], 
Louis XIV. (1638, 1643-1715). 

Grand Pendu (Le), in cards, the 
king of diamonds. Whoever draws this 
card in cartomancy, is destined to die by 
the hands of the executioner. (See Le- 
normand.) 

Joachim Murat, when king of Naples, sought the aid 
of Mdlle. Lenormand, by whom he was received with 
her customary haughtiness. The cards being produced, 
Murat cut the Grand Pendu, the portent of ill-fortune. 
Murat cut four times, and in every instance it was the 
king of diamonds.— See W. H. Wiltshire, Playing and 
other Cards, 162. 

(The card called le pendu in tarot 
cards is represented by a man with his 
hands tied behind his back, and in some 
cases with two bags of money attached 
to his armpits. The man is hanging by 
the right leg to a gibbet. Probably an 
emblematic figure in alchemy.) 

Grand Pre, a village of Acadia (now 
Nova Scotia), inhabited by a colony from 
Normandy, of very primitive manners, 
preserving the very costume of their old 
Norman forefathers. They had no locks 
to their doors nor bolts to their windows. 
There " the richest man was poor, and the 
poorest lived in abundance." Grand Pre' 
is the scene of Longfellow's Evangeline 
(1849). 

Grandison (Sir Chaises), the hero 
of a novel by S. Richardson, entitled 
Tlie History of Sir Charles Grandison. 



Sir Charles is the beau-ideal of a perfect 
hero, the union of a good Christian and 
perfect English gentleman ; but such a 
"faultless monster the world ne'er saw." 
Richardson's ideal of this character was 
Robert Nelson, reputed author of the 
Whole Duty of Man (1753). 

like the old lady mentioned by sir Walter Scott, who 
chose Sir Charles Grandison because she could go to sleep 
for half an hour at any time during its reading, and still 
find the personages just where she left them, conversing 
in the cedar parlour.— Encyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 

Grandison is the English Smile, but an Emile com- 
pletely instructed. His discourses are continual precepts, 
and his actions are examples. Miss Biron is the object of 
his affection.— Editor of Arabian Nights Continued, 
iv. 72. 

Grandmother. Lord Byron calls the 
British Review "My Grandmother's Re- 
view," and jestingly says he purchased 
its favorable criticism of Bon Juan. 

For fear some prudish readers should grow skittish, 

I've bribed "My Grandmother's Review," The British ; 

I sent it in a letter to the editor, 

Who thanked me duly by return of post. . . . 

And if my gentle Muse he please to roast . . . 

All I can say is— that he had the money. 

Byron, Don Juan, i. 209, 210 (181fl). 

Grane (2 syl.), Siegfried's horse, 
whose speed outstripped the wind. 

Grane'angowl (Rev. Mr.), chaplain 
to sir Duncan Campbell, at Ardenvohr 
Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Granger (Captain), in love with 
Elizabeth Doiley, daughter of a retired 
slop-seller. The old father resolves to 
give her to the best scholar, himself being 
judge. Gradus, an Oxford pedant, quotes 
two lines of Greek, in which the word 
panta occurs four times. " Pantry ! " 
cries old Doiley; "no, no; you can't per- 
suade me that's Greek." The captain talks 
of "refulgent scintillations in the ambient 
void opake ; chrysalic spheroids, and 
astifarous constellations ; " and when 
Gradus says, " It is a rant in English," 
the old man boils with indignation. 
" Zounds ! " says he; " d'ye take me for 
a fool? D'ye think I don't know my 
own mother tongue? 'Twas no more like 
English than I am like Whittington's 
cat ! " and he drives off Gradus as a vile 
impostor. — Mrs. Cowley, Who's the Dupe] 

Granger. (See Edith.) 

Grangousier, father of Gargantua, 
"a good sort of a fellow in his younger 
days, and a notable jester. He loved to 
drink neat, and would eat salt meat " 
(bk. i. 3). He married Gargamelle 
(3 syl.), daughter of the king of the Par- 
paillons, and had a son named Gargan- 
tua. — Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 3 (1533). 



GRANTAM. 



401 



GRAUNDE AMOURE. 



%* " Grangoosier " is meant for John 
d'Albrt-t, king of Navarre j "GargameUe" 
for Catherine de Foix, queen of Navarre ; 
pud "Gargantua" for Henri d'Albret, 
king of Navarre. Some fancy that 
" Grangousier " is meant for Louis XII., 
but this cannot be, inasmuch as he is 
distinctly called a "heretic for declaim- 
ing against the saints " (ch. xlv.). 

Grantam (Miss), a friend of Miss 
Godfrey, engaged to sir James Elliot. — 
bam. Foote, The Liar (17G1). 

Grant'mesnil (Sir Hugh de), one of 
the knights challengers at the tourna- 
ment.— Sir AY. Scott, Icanhoe (time, 
Richard I.). 

Grantorto, the personification of re- 
bellion in general, and of the evil genius 
of the Irish rebellion of 158U in particular. 
Grantorto is represented as a huge giant, 
who withheld from Irena [i.e. Jerne or 
Ireland] her inheritance. Sir Artegal 
[Arthur lurd Grey of Wilton], being sent 
to destroy him, challenged him to single 
combat, and having felled him to the 
earth with his sword Chrysa'or, " reft off 
his head to ease him of his pain." — 
Spenser, Faiiry Queen, v. 12 (1596). 

Grapes of God. Tennyson calls 
the wine-cup of the eucharist " the 
chalice of the grapes of God," alluding, 
of course, to the symbolical character of 
the sacramental wine, which represents the 
death-blood of Christ, shed for the re- 
mission of sin. 

Where the kneeling hamlet drains 
The chalice of the grapes of God. 

Tennyson, .'n Alemoriam, x. 

Grapes Painted. Zeuxis of Hera- 
clea painted grapes so admirably that 
birds flew to them and tried to eat them. 
(See Hokse Painted.) 

Therefore the bee did suck the painted flower, 
And birds of grapes the cunning semblance pecked. 
Sir John Davies, Immortality of thu Soul, it (1022). 

Grass (Cronos), a grass which gives 
those who taste it an irresistible desire 
for the sea. Glaucus, the Boeo'tian 
fisherman, observed that all the fishes 
which he laid on the grass instantly 
leaped back into the water, whereupon 
he also tasted the grass, and was seized 
with the same irresistible desire. Leaping 
into the sea, he became a minor sea-god, 
with the gift of prophecy. 

Grass ( To give), to acknowledge yourself 
vanquished. A Latin phra*p, Herbam 
dare aut porrigSre. — Pliny, Nat. Hist., 
xxii. 4. 



Grasshopper (.1). What animal is 
that which avoids every one, is a com- 
pound of seven animals, and lives in 
desolate places V 

Damake answered. " It is a grasshopper, which has the 
hand of ■ lior->e. the neck of mi ox, the wings of a dragon, 
the feet of ■ carnal, tin- tail of ■ terpent, the h-jrns of a 

stag, and tin- bod] Of Bfoorptan." — Count Caylus, OrienUil 
J aU. [" The Four Talismans," 1743). 

Grass-market (Edinburgh), at one 
time the place of public executions. 

Mitchel, being asked wUy he had made so wicked an 
attempt OB the pwaon of the archbishop [Shur/'f], replied 
that he did it "for the glory of Qod." ... The duke said 
then. 'Let Mitchel glorify Cod In the Grass-market. — 
Higgins, Remark* on Uurnet. ii. 13L 

Gra'tian (Father), the begging friar 
at John Menga'e ion at Kirchhoff. — Sir 
W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Gratia'no, one of Anthonio's friends. 
He "talked an infinite deal of nothing, 
more than any man in all Venice." 
Gratiano married Nerissa, the waiting- 
gentlewoman of Portia. — Shakespeare, 
Merchant of Venice (1598). 

Gratia'no, brother of Brabantio, and 
uncle of Desdemona. — Shakespeare, 
Othello (1611), 

Graunde Amoure (Sir), walking 
in a meadow, was told by Fame of a 
beautiful lady named La belle Pucell, 
who resided in the Tower of Musyke. 
He was then conducted by Gouvernance 
and Grace to the Tower of Doctrine, where 
he received instruction from the seven 
Sciences : — Gramer, Logyke, Rethorike, 
Arismetricke, Musyke, Geometry, and 
Astronomy. In the Tower of Musyke 
he met La belle Pucell, with whom he fell 
in love, but they parted for a time. Graunde 
Amoure went to the Tower of Chivalry 
to perfect himself in the arts of knight- 
hood, and there he received his degree 
from king Melyz'yus. He then started 
on his adventures, and soon encountered 
False Report, who joined him and told 
him many a lying tale ; but lady Correc- 
tion, coming up, had False Report soundly 
beaten, and the knight was entertained 
at her castle. Next day he left, and came 
to a wall where hung a shield and horn. 
On blowing the horn, a three-headed 
monster came forth, with whom he fought, 
and cut off the three heads, called False- 
hood, Imagination, and Perjury. He 
passed the night in the house of lady Com- 
fort, who attended to his wounds ; and next 
day he slew a giant fifteen feet high and 
with seven heads. Lastly, he slew the 
monster Malyce, made by enchantment of 
seven metals. His achievements over, he 
2 c 



GRAYEAIRS. 



402 GREAT CHAM OF LITERATURE. 



married La belle Pucell, and lived happily 
till he was arrested by Age. having for 
companions Policye and Avarice. Death 
came at last to carry him off, and Re- 
membrance wrote his epitaph. — Stephen 
Hawes, The Passe-tymeof Plesure (1515). 
Graunde Amour e's Steed, Gal antj'se, the 
gift of king Melyz'yus when he conferred 
on him the degree of knighthood. 

I myselfe shall give you a worthy stede, 
Called Galantyse, to helpe you in your nede. 
Stephen Hawes, The Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxviii. (1515). 

Graunde Amoure's Sword, Clare Pru- 
dence. 

Drawing my swerde, that was both faire and bright, 
I clipp&I Clare Prudenee. 
Stephen Hawes, The Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxxiii. (1515). 

Grave'airs {Lady), a lady of very 
dubious virtue, in The Careless Husband, 
by Colley Cibber (1704). 

Mrs. Hamilton [1730-1788], upon her entrance, was 
saluted with a storm of hisses, and advancing to the 
footlights said, "Gemmen and ladies, I s'pose as how 
you hiss me because I wouldn't play 'lady Graveairs* 
last night at Mrs. Bellamy's benefit. I would have done 
so, but she said as how my audience stunk, and were all 
tripe people." The pit reared with laughter, and the 
who>« house shouted " Mrs. Tripe 1 " a title which the fair 
speech ifier retained ever after. — Memoir of Mrs. Hamil- 
ton (1803). 

Gray {Old Alice), a former tenant .of 
the Ravenswood family. — Sir W. Scott, 
Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
III.). 

Gray {Dr. Gideon), the surgeon at 
Middlemas. 

Mrs. Gray, the surgeon's wife. 

Menie Gray, the "surgeon's daughter," 
taken to India and given to Tippoo Saib 
as an addition to his harem, but, being 
rescued by Hyder Ali, was restored to 
Hartley ; after which she returned to her 
country. — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeons 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Gray {Duncan) wooed a young lass 
called Maggie, but as Duncan looked 
asklent, Maggie "coost her head" and 
bade Duncan behave himself. " Duncan 
fleeched, and Duncan prayed," but Meg 
was deaf to his pleadings ; so Duncan 
took himself off in dudgeon. This was 
more than Maggie meant, so she fell sick 
and like to die. As Duncan "could na 
be her death," he came forward manfully 
again, and then " they were crouse 
[merry'] and canty bath. Ha, ha ! the 
wooing o't." — R. Burns, Duncan Gray 
(1792). 

Gray {Mary), daughter of a country 
gentleman of Perth. When the plague 
broke out in 1666, Mary Gray and her 
friend Bessy Bell retired to an un- 



frequented spot called Burn Braes, where 
they lived in a secluded cottage and saw 
no one. A young gentleman brought 
them food, but he caught the plague, 
communicated it to the two ladies, and 
all three died. — Allan Ramsay, Bessy Bell 
and Mary Gray. 

Gray {Auld Robin). Jennie, a Scotch 
lass, was loved by young Jamie ; " but 
saving a crown, he had naething else 
besides." To make that crown a pound, 
young Jamie went to sea, and both were 
to be for Jennie. He had not been gone 
many days when Jennie's mother fell 
sick, her father broke his arm, and their 
cow was stolen ; then auld Robin came 
forward and maintained them both. Auld 
Robin loved the lass, and " wi' tears in 
his ee," said, " Jennie, for their sakes, oh, 



marry me 



Jennie's heart said "nav, 



for she looked for Jamie back ; but her 
father urged her, and the mother pleaded 
with her eye, and so she consented. They 
had not been married above a month 
when Jamie returned. They met ; she 
gave him one kiss, and though she " gang 
like a ghaist," she made up her mind, 
like a brave, good lassie, to be a gude 
wife, for auld Robin was very kind to 
her (1772). 

This ballad was. composed by lady Anne 
Lindsay, daughter of the earl of Bal- 
carres (afterwards lady Barnard). It 
was written to an old Scotch tune called 
The Bridegroom Grat when the Sun went 
Down. Auld Robin Gray was her father's 
herdsman. When lady Anne was writing 
the ballad, and was piling distress on 
Jennie, she told her sister that she had 
sent Jamie to sea, made the mother sick, 
and broken the father's arm, but wanted 
a fourth calamity. " Steal the cow, 
sister Anne," said the little Elizabeth ; 
and so "the cow was stolen awa'," and 
the song completed. 

Gray's Monument, in Westminster 
Abbey, was by Bacon. 

Graysteel, the sword of Kol, fatal to 
its owner. It passed into several hands, 
and always brought ill-luck with it. — 
Icelandic Edda. 

Great Captain {The), Gonsalw* de 
Cor'dova, el Gran Capitan (1453-1515). 

Manuel I. [Comnenus] emperor of 
Trebizond, is so called also (1120, 1143- 
1180). 

Great Cham of Literature, Dr, 

Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). 



GREAT COMMONER. 



403 



GREEK CHURCH. 



Great Commoner (T/w), William 
Pitt (1759-1806). 

Great Dauphin (The), Louis the 
eon of Louis XIV. (1661-1711L 

%* The "Little Dauphin was the 
duke of Bourgogne, son of the Great Of 
Grand Dauphin. Both died before Louis 
XIV. 

Great Duke (The), the duke of 
Wellington (17(59-1852). 

Bur)- the Great Duke 

With an empire's lamentation ; 
Let us bury the Great Duke 

To the noise of the mourning of a great nation. 
Tennyson. 

Great-Head or Canmohk, Mal- 
colm III. of Scotland (* 1057-1093). 

Great-heart (Mr.), the guide f 
Christiana and her family to the Celestial 
City. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 
(1684). 

Great Magician (The) or Ths 
Great Magician of tlie North, sir Walter 
Scott. So called first by professor John 
AVilson (1771-1832). 

Great Marquis (The), James Gra- 
ham, marquis of Montrose (1612-1650). 

I've told thee how we swept Dundee, 
And tamed the Lindsays' pride; 

But never have I told thee yet 
How the Great Marquis died. 

Aytouu. 

Great Marquis (Tfic), dom Sebastiano 
Jose de Carvalho, marquis de Pombal, 
greatest of all the Portuguese statesmen 
(1699-1782). 

Great Moralist (The), Dr. Samuel 
Johnson (1709-1784). 

Great Sea (The). The Mediterra- 
nean Sea was so called by the ancients. 

Great Unknown (The), sir Walter 
Scott, who published his Waverley Novels 
anonymously (1771-1832). 

Great Unwashed (The). The 
artisan class were first so called bv sir 
W. Scott. 

Greaves (Sir Launcelot)^ a well-bred 
young English squire of the George II. 
period ; handsome, virtuous, and en- 
lightened, but crack-brained. He sets 
out, attended by an old sea-captain, to 
detect fraud and treason, abase inso- 
lence, mortify pride, discourage slander, 
disgrace immodesty, and punish ingrati- 
tude. Sir Launcelot, in fact, is a modern 
don Quixote, and captain Crow is his 



Sancho Panza.— T. Smollett, The Adven- 
tures of Sir Launcelot Grants (1760). 

hnmll.tt Incline editor of Uie Critical ffwfm. and on 
attack in tliat journal on admiral Knowle.- l.-.l to a (rial 
fur libel. Tin- author was MBtaOCad to pav a fine of 
£100, and wSfer Hire.- mouth-' imprNoiimcnt He roli- 
soleil hitiiN.lt in Brian hy writing hi- novel of Launcelot 
0TMM>— Chambers. knylUh Literature, il. 65. 

Grecian Daughter (The), Eu- 
phrasia, daughter of Kvander a Greek, 
who dethroned Dionysius the Elder, aid 
became kin^r of Syracuse. In his old a^e 
he was himself dethroned by Dionysius 
the Younger, and confined in a dungeon 
in a rock, where lie was saved from star- 
vation by his daughter, who fed him with 
" the milk designed for her own babe." 
Timoleorj having made himself master of 
Syracuse, Dionysius accidentally en- 
countered Bvander his prisoner, and was 
about to kill him, when Euphrasia rushed 
forwards and stabbed the tyrant to the 
heart. — A. Murphy, The Grecian Daughter 
(1772). 

%* As an historical drama, this plot is 
much the same as if the writer had said 
that James I. (of England) abdicated and 
retired to St. Germain, and when his son 
James II. succeeded to the crown, he was 
beheaded at White Hall ; for Murphy 
makes Dionysins the Elder to have been 
dethroned, and going to Corinth to live 
(act i.), and Dionysins the Younger to 
have been slain by the dagger of Eu- 
phrasia ; whereas Dionysius the Elder 
never was dethroned, but died in Syracuse 
at the age of 63 ; and Dionysius the 
Younger was not slain in Syracuse, but 
being dethroned, went to Corinth, where 
he lived and died in exile. 

Greece (The two eyes of), Athens and 
Sparta. 

Greedy (Justice), thin as a thread- 
paper, always eating and always hungry. 
He says to sir Giles Overreach "(act ill. 1), 
" Oh, I do much honour a chine of beef ! 
Oh, I do reverence a loin of veal !" Asa 
justice, he is most venial — the promise of 
a turkey will buy him, but the promise 
of a haunch of venison will out-buy him. 
— Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts 
(1628). 

Greek (A), a pander ; a merry Greek, 
a foolish Greek, a Corinthian, etc., all 
mean either pander or harlot. Frequently 
used by Shakespeare in Timon of Athens 
(1678), and in Henry IV. (1597-9). 

Greek Church (Fathers of the) : 
Eusebius, Athana'sius, Basil " the Great," 
Gregory Mazianze'nus, Gregory of Nyssa, 



GREEK KALENDS. 



404 



GREEN KNIGHT. 



Cyril of Jerusalem, Chrys'ostom, Epipha'- 
nuis, Cyril of Alexandria, and Ephraim 
deacon of Edessa. 

Greek Kalends, never. There were 
no kalends in the Greek system of reckon- 
ing the months. Hence Suetonius says 
it shall be transferred ad Grcecas calendas, 
or, in parliamentary phrase, "to this day 
six months." 

They and their bills ... are left 
To the Greek Kalends. 

Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 45 (1824). 

Greeks (Last of the), Philopoe'men of 
Megalop'olis, whose great object was to 
infuse into the Achaeans a military spirit, 
and establish their independence (b.c. 
252-183). 

Greeks joined Greeks. Clytus said to 
Alexander that Philip was the greater 
warrior : 

I have seen him march, 
And fought beneath his dreadful banner, where 
The boldest at this table would have trembled. 
Nay, frown not, sir, you cannot look me dead ; 
When Greeks'joined Greeks, then was the tug of war. 
N. Lee, Alexander the Great, iv. 2 (1C78). 

* + * Slightly altered into When Greek 
joins Greek, then is the tug of war. ThisliDe 
of Nathaniel Lee has become a household 
phrase. 

To play the Greek, to act like a harlot. 
When Cressid says of Helen, "Then 
she's a merry Greek indeed," she means 
that Helen is no better than a fille publique. 
Probably Shakespeare had his eye upon 
"fair Hiren," in Peel's play called The 
Turkish Mahomet and Hyren the Fair 
Greek. " A fair Greek " was at one time 
a euphemism for a courtezan. 

Green (Mr. Paddington), clerk at 
Somerset House. 

Mrs. Paddington Green, his wife. — T. 
M. Morton, If I had a Thousand a Year. 

Green ( Verdant), a young man of 
infinite simplicity, who goes to college, 
and is played upon by all the practical 
jokers of alma mater. After he has 
bought his knowledge by experience, 
the butt becomes the " butter " of juve- 
niles greener than himself. Verdant 
Green wore spectacles, which won for 
him the nickname of "Gig-lamps." — 
Cuthbert Bede [Rev. Edw. Bradley], 
Yerdant Green (18G0). 

Green ( Widow), a rich, buxom dame 
of 40, who married first for money, and 
intended to choose her second husband 
"to please her vanity." She fancied 
Waller loved her, and meant to make 
her his wife, but sir William Fondlove 



was her adorer. When the politic widow 
discovered that Waller had fixed his love 
on another, she gave her hand to the old 
beau, sir William ; for ii the news got 
wind of her love for Waller, she would 
become the laughing-stock of all her 
friends. — S. Knowles, The Love-Chase 
(1837). 

Green-Bag Inquiry (The). A 
green bag full of documents, said to be 
seditious, was laid before parliament by 
lord Sidmouth, in 1817. An "inquiry' 
was made into these documents, ana it 
was deemed advisable to suspend the 
Habeas Corpus Act, and forbid all sorts 
of political meetings likely to be of a 
seditious character. 

Green Bird. Martyrs, after death, 
partake of the delights of bliss in the 
crops of green birds, which feed on the 
fruits of paradise. — Jallalo'ddin. 

Green Bird (The), a bird that told 
one everything it was asked. An oracular 
bird, obtained by Fairstar after the 
failure of Chery and her two brothers. 
It was this bird who revealed to the king 
that Fairstar was his daughter and 
Chery his nephew. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, 
Fairy Tales ("Fairstar and Prince 
Chery," 1682). s 

Green Hands, inferior sailors ; also 
called "boys," quite irrespective of age. 
A crew is divided into (1) able seamen, 
(2) ordinary seamen, and (3) green hands 
or boys, who need know nothing about a 
ship, not even the name of a single rope. 

Green Horse (The), the 5th 
Dragoon Guards (not the 5th Dragoons). 
So called from their green velvet facings. 

Green Howards (The), the 19th 
Foot. So called from the Hon. Charles 
Howard, their colonel fron\l738 to 1748. 

Green Isle (The) o"r The Emerald 
Isle, Ireland. 

A pugnacity characteristic of the Green Isle.— Sir W. 
Scott. 

Green Knight (The), sir Perto- 
lope (3 syl.), called by Tennyson " Even- 
ing Star" or " Hesperus." He was one 
of the four brothers who kept the passages 
of Castle Perilous, and was overthrown 
by sir Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 127 (1470) ; Tennyson, 
Idylls (" Gareth and Lynette"). 

*** It is evidently a blunder of Tenny- 
son to call the Green Knight "Evening 
Star," and the Blue Knight " Morning 



GREEN KNIGHT. 



405 



G RENVILLE. 



Star." In the old romance the combat 
with the "Green Knight" was at d<vrn, 
ami with the "Blue Knight "at sunset. 
— See Notes and Queries (February 10, 
1878). 

Green Knujht (The), a pagan knight, 
who demanded Fezon in marriage, but 
being overcome by Orson, w.-is obliged to 
resign his claim. — Valentine and Orson 
(fifteenth century). 

Green Lettuce Lane (St. Law- 
rence, Poultney), a corruption of "Green 
Lattice ;" so called from the green lattice 
gate which used to open into Cannon 
Street. 

Green Linnets, the 39th Foot. 
Their facings are green. 

Green Man (The). The man who 
used to let off fireworks was so called in 
the reign of James I. 

Have you any squius. any green man In your snowj T— 
John Kirko [ R. Johnson], The Seven Champioru of 
Christendom (1617). 

Green Man (The), a gentleman's 
gamekeeper, at one time clad in green. 

But the green man shall I pass by unsung? . . . 
A squire's attendant clad in keeper's green. 

Crabbe, Borough (1810). 

Greenhalgh, messenger of the earl 
of Derby. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Greenhorn (Mr. Gilbert), an attor- 
ney, in partnership with Mr. Gabriel 
Grinderson. 

Mr. Gernigo Greenhorn, father of Mr. 
Gilbert. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Greenleaf (Gilbert), the old archer at 
Douglas Castle.— Sir W. Scott, Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Gregory. " St. Gregory's Day," 
March 12. 

Sow runcivals timely, and all that is gray ; 
But sow not the white [peat, etc.] till St. Gregory's day. 
T. Tusser. Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, xxxv. 3 (1557). 

Gregory, a faggot-maker of good 
education, first at a charity school, 
then as waiter on an Oxford student, and 
then as the fag of a travelling physician. 
When compelled to act the doctor, he 
says the disease of his patient arises from 
"propria quae maribus tribuuntur mas- 
cula dicas, ut sunt divorum, Mars, 
Bacchus, Apollo, virorum." And when 
sir Jasper says, "I always thought till 
now that the heart is on the left side and 
the liver on the right," he replies, " Ay, 



sir, so they were formerly, but we have 
changed ail that," In Bioliere's comedy, 
/.<• Mc'/rfn Maigre'Lui, Gregory is called 
M Sganareile," and all these joke- :ire in 
act ii. 6. — Henry Fielding, Tlie Mock 
Doctor. 

Gregory, father and son, hangmen in 
the seventeenth century. In the. time of 
the Gregorys, hangmen were termed 
" esquires." In France, executioners were 
termed " monsieur," even to the breaking 
out of the Revolution. 

Gregson ( Widow), Dante Latimer's 
landlady at Shepherd's Bash.— Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlei (time, George III.). 

Gregson (Gil^'rt), the messenger of 
father Buonaventura. — Sir \Y. Scott, 
Kedgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Gre'mio, an old man who wishes to 
marry Iiianea, but the lady prefers 
Lucentio, a young man. — Shakespeare, 
Taming of the Shrew (1594). 

Grendel, the monster from which 
Beowulf delivered Hrothgar king of 
Denmark. It was half monster, half 
man, whose haunt was the marshes among 
" a monster race." Night after night it 
crept stealthily into the palace called 
Heorot, and slew sometimes as many as 
thirty of the inmates. At length Beowulf, 
at the head of a mixed band of warriors, 
went against it and slew it. — Beowulf, an 
Anglo-Saxon epic (sixth century). 

Grenville (Sir Richard), the com- 
mander of The Revenge, in the reign of 
queen Elizabeth. Out of his crew, ninety 
were sick on shore, and only a hundred 
able-bodied men remained on board. 
The Revenge was one of the six ships 
under the command of lord Thomas 
Howard. While cruising near the Azores, 
a Spanish fleet of fifty-three ships made 
towards the English, and lord Howard 
sheered off, saying, "My ships are out 
of gear, and how can six ships-of-the- 
line fight with fifty-three ? " Sir Richard 
Grenville, however, resolved to stay and 
encounter the foe, and "ship after ship 
the whole night long drew back with her 
dead ; some were sunk, more were shat- 
tered ; " and the brave hundred still 
fought on. Sir Richard was wounded' 
and his ship riddled, but his cry was still 
" Fight on ! " When resistance was no 
longer possible, he cried, " Sink the ship, 
master gunner ! sink her ! Split her in 
twain, nor let her fail into the hands of 
the foe '. " But the Spaniards boarded 



GRESHAM AND THE PEARL. 406 



GRIFFIN. 



her, and praised sir Richard for his heroic 
daring. " I have done my duty for my 
queen and faith," he said, and died. The 
Spaniards sent the prize home, but a 
tempest came on, and The Revenge, shot- 
shattered, "went down, to be lost ever- 
more in the main." — Tennvson, The 
Revenge, a ballad of the fleet (1878). 

Froude has an essay on the subject. 
Canon Kingsley, in Westward Ho 1 has 
drawn sir Richard Grenville, and aliudes 
to the fight. Arber published three small 
volumes on sir Richard's noble exploit. 
Gervase Markham has a long poem on 
the subject. Sir Walter Raleigh says: 
"If lord Howard had stood to his guns, 
the Spanish fleet would have been annihi- 
lated." Probably Browning's Herve Riel 
was present to the mind of Tennyson 
when he wrote the ballad of The Revenge. 

Gresham and the Pearl. When 
queen Elizabeth visited the Exchange, 
sir Thomas Gresham pledged her health 
in a cup of wine containing a precious 
stone crushed to atoms, and worth 
£15,000. 

Here £15,000 at one clap goes 
Instead of sugar ; Gresham drinks the pead 
Unto his queen and mistress. Pledge it, lords. 
Heywcod, // you Know not Me, you Know Nobody. 

*** It is devoutly to be hoped that sir 
Thomas was above such absurd vanity, 
very well for queen Cleopatra, but more 
than ridiculous in such an imitation. 

Gresham and the Grasshopper. There 
is a vulgar tradition that sir Thomas 
Gresham was a foundling, and that the 
old beldame who brought him up was 
attracted to the spot where she found 
him, by the loud chirping of a grass- 
hopper. 

*** This tale arose from the grass- 
hopper, which forms the crest of sir 
Thomas. 

To Sup with sir Thomas Gresham, 
to have no supper. Similarly, " to dine 
with duke Humphrey," is to have no- 
where to dine. The Royal Exchange 
wa3 at one time a common lounging-place 
for idlers. 

Tho' little coin thy purseless pockets line, 

Yet with great company thou'rt taken up ; 
For often with duke Humphrey thou dost dine, 
And often with sir Thomas Gresham sup. 
Hayman, Quidlibet (Epigram on a loafer, 1628). 

Gretchen, a German diminutive of 
Margaret ; the heroine of Goethe's 
Faust. Faust meets her on her return 
from church, falls in love with her, and 
at last seduces her. Overcome with 
shame, Gretchen destroys the infant to 
which she gives birth, and is condemned 



to death. Faust attempts to save her ; 
and, gaining admission to the dungeon, 
finds her huddled on a bed of straw, 
singing wild snatches of ballads, quite 
insane. He tries to induce her to flee 
with him, but in vain. At daybreak, 
Mephistopheles, Gretchen dies and Faust 
is taken away. 

Gretchen is a perfect union of home- 
liness and simplicity, though her love is 
strong as death ; yet is she a human 
woman throughout, and never a mere 
abstraction. No character ever drawn 
takes so strong a hold on the heart, and, 
with all her faults, who does not love 
and pity her ? 

Greth'el (Gammer), the hypothetical 
narrator of the tales edited by the 
brothers Grimm. 

%* Said to be Frau Viehmanin, wife of 
a peasant in the suburbs of Hesse Cassel, 
from whose mouth the brothers tran- 
scribed the tales. 

Grey (Lady Jane), a tragedy by N. 
Rowe (1715). Another by Ross Neil; 
and one by Tennyson (1876). 

In French, Laplace (1745), Mde. de 
Stael (1800), Ch. Brifaut (1812), and 
Alexandre Soumet (1844), produced 
tragedies on the same subject. Paul 
Delaroche has a fine picture called "Le 
Supplice de Jane Grey " (1835). 

Gribouille, the wiseacre who threw 
himself into a river that his clothes 
might not get wetted by the rain. — A 

French Proverbial Saying. 

Gride (Arthur), a mean old usurer, 
who wished to marry Madeline Bray, but 
Madeline loved Nicholas Nickleby, and 
married him. Gride was murdered. — C. 
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Grieux (Le chevalier de), the hero of 
a French novel by A. F. Pre'vost, called 
Manon VEscaut, translated into English 
by Charlotte Smith. A discreditable 
connection exists between De Grieux 
and Manon, but as the novel proceeds 
Manon changes from "the fair mischief" 
to the faithful companion, following the 
fortunes of her husband in disgrace and 
banishment, and dying by his side in the 
wilds of America (1697-1763). 

Grieve (Jockie), landlord of an ale- 
house near Charlie's Hope. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannermg (time, George II.). 

Griffin (Allan), landlord of the Grif- 
fin inn, at Perth.— Sir W. Scott, Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 



GRIFFIN-FEET. 



407 



GRIPE. 



Griffin-feet, the mark by which the 
Desert Fairy was known in all her meta- 
morphoses. — Comtesse D'Aunov, Fairy 
Tales (" The Yellow Dwarf," 1G82). 

Griffiths (Old), steward of the earl 
of Derby.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Griffiths (Samuel), London agent of sir 
Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet. -- Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Griflet (Sir), knighted by king 
Arthur at the request of Merlin, who told 
the king that sir Grirlot would prove 
"one of the best knights of the world, 
and the strongest man of arms." — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 20 
(1470). 

Grildrig, a mannikin. 

She gave me tlie name " Grildrig," which the family 
took up, and afterwards the whole kingdom. The word 
imports what the Latin calls manwnculut, the Italian 
homuncr.letion, and the English mannikin. — Dean Swift, 
Oulliver't Travel* (" Voyage to Brobdingnag," 1726). 

Grim, a fisherman who rescued, from 
a boat turned adrift, an infant named 
Habloc, whom he adopted and brought 
up. This infant was the son of the king 
of Denmark, and when restored to his 
royal father, the fisherman, laden with 
rich presents, built the village, which he 
called after his own name, Grims-by or 
" Grim's town." 

* + * The ancient seal of the town con- 
tained the names of "Gryme" and 
"Habloc." 

Grim (Giant), a huge giant, who tried 
to stop pilgrims on their way to the 
Celestial City. He was slain by Mr. 
Greatheart. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, 
ii. (1684). 

Grimalkin, a cat, the spirit of a 
witch. Any witch was permitted to 
assume the body of a cat nine times. 
When the "first Witch" (in Macbeth) 
hears a cat mew, she says, "I come, 
Grimalkin" (act i. sc. 1). 

Grime, the partner of Item the 
usurer. It is to Grime that Item appeals 
when he wants to fudge his clients. 
" Can we do so, Mr. Grime?" brings the 
stock answer, " Quite impossible, Mr. 
Item." — Holcroft, The Deserted Daughter 
(1784), altered into The Steward. 

Grimes (Peter), the drunken, thievish 
son of a steady tisherman. He had a 
boy, whom he killed by ill-usage, and 
two others he made away with ; but es- 
caped conviction through defect of evi- 



dence. As no one would live with him, 
he turned mad, was lodged in the parish 
poor-house, confessed his crimes in de- 
lirium, and died. — Crabbe, Borough, xxii. 
(1810). 

GrimesTby (Gaffer), an old farmer at 
Marlborough. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilwortk 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Grim wig, an irascible old gentle- 
man, who hid a very kind heart under a 
rough exterior. He was Mr. Brownlow's 
great friend, and was always declaring 
himself ready to "eat his head" if he 
was mistaken on any point on which he 
passed an opinion. — C. Dickens, Oliver 
Twist (1837). 

Grinderson (Mr. Gabriel), partner 
of Mr. Greenhorn. They are the attor- 
neys who press sir Arthur Wardour for 
the payment of debts. — Sir W. Scott, 
Tlie Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Grip, the clever raven of Bainaby 
Rudge. During the Gordon riots it 
learnt the cry of " No Popery ! " Other 
of its phrases were: "I'm a devil!" 
"Never say die!" "Polly, put the 
kettle on!" etc. — -C. Dickens, Barnaby 
Rudge (1841). 

Gripe (1 syL), a scrivener, husband 
of Clarissa, but with a tendre for Ara- 
minta the wife of his friend Moneytrap. 
He is a miserly, money-loving, pig- 
headed hunks, but is duped out of £250 
by his foolish liking for his neighbour's 
wife. — Sir John Vanbrugh, The Con- 
federacy (1695). 

Gripe (1 syl.), the English name of 
Geronte, in Otway's version of Moliere's 
comedy of Les Fourberies de Scapin. His 
daughter, called in French Hyacinthe, is 
called " Clara," and his son Leandre is 
Anglicized into " Leander." — Th. Otway, 
The Cheats of Scapin. 

Gripe (Sir Francis), a man of 64, 
guardian of Miranda an heiress, and 
father of Charles. He wants to marry 
his ward for the sake of her money, and 
as she cannot obtain her property without 
his consent to her marriage, she pretends 
to be in love with him, and even fixes the 
day of espousals. " Gardy," quite secure 
that he is the man of her choice, gives 
his consent to her marriage, and she 
marries sir George Airy, a man of 24. 
The old man laughs at sir George, whom 
he fancies he is duping, but he is himself 



GRIPUS. 



401* 



GRONOVIUS. 



the dupe all through. — Mrs. Centlivre, 
The Busy Body (1709). 

December 2, 1790, Munden made his bow to the Covent 
Garden audience as "sir Francis Gripe."— Memoir of 
J. S. Munden (1832). 

Gripus, a stupid, venial judge, uncle 
of Alcmena, and the betrothed of Phsedra 
(Alcmena's waiting-maid), in Dr3 r den's 
comedy of Amphitryon. Neither Gripus 
nor Phaedra is among the dramatis 
persona of Moiiere's comedy of Amphi- 
tryon. 

Grisilda or Griselda, the model of 
patience and submission, meant to alle- 
gorize the submission of a holy mind to 
the will of God. Grisilda was the 
daughter of a charcoal-burner, but be- 
came the wife of Walter marquis of 
Saluzzo. Her husband tried her, as God 
tried Job, and with the same result: (1) 
He took away her infant daughter, and 
secretly conveyed it to the queen of 
Pa' via to be brought up, while the 
mother was made to believe that it was 
murdered. (2) Four years later she had 
a son, which was also taken from her, 
and was sent to be brought up with his 
sister. (3) Eight years later, Grisilda 
was divorced, and sent back to her native 
cottage, because her husband, as she was 
told, intended to marry another. When, 
however, lord Walter saw no indication of 
murmuring or jealousy, he told Grisilda 
that the supposed rival was her own 
daughter, and her patience and submis- 
sion met with their full reward. — Chaucer, 
Canterbury Tales ("The Clerk's Tale," 



*** The tale of Grisilda is the last in 
Boccaccio's Decameron. Petrarch ren- 
dered it into a Latin romance, entitled 
De Obedentia et Fide Uxoria Mythologia. 
In the middle of the sixteenth century, 
appeared a ballad and also a prose ver- 
sion of Patient Grissel. Miss Edgeworth 
has a domestic novel entitled The Modern 
Griselda. The tale of Griselda is an 
allegory on the text, " The Lord gave, 
and the Lord hath taken away ; blessed 
be the name of the Lord." 

Dryder. says : "The tale of Grizild wps the invention of 
Petrarch, and was sent by him to Boccace, from whom 
it came to Chaucer.'' — Preface to Fables. 

Griskinis'sa, wife of Artaxaminous 
king of Utopia. The king felt in doubt, 
and asked his minister of state this 
knotty question : 

Shall I my Griskinissa's charms forego, 
Compel her to give up the royal chair. 
And pi&ce the rosy Distaffina there i 



The minister reminds the king that 
Distaffina is betrothed to his general. 

And would a king his general supplant? 
I can't advise, upon my soul 1 can't. 

W. B. Rhodes, Rombattes Furioso (1790). 

Grissel or Grizel. Octavia, the 
wife of Mark Antony, and sister of 
Augustus, is called the " patient Grizel 
of Roman story." 

For patience she will prove a second Grissel. 
Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew, act ii. sc. 1 (1594). 

Griz'el Dal'mahoy (Miss), the 
seamstress. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Griz'zie, maid-servant to Mrs. Saddle- 
tree.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Griz'zie, one of the servants of the 
Rev. Josiah Cargill.— Sir W. Scott, St, 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Griz'zie, chambermaid at the Golden 
Arms inn, at Kippletringan. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Grizzle (Lord), the first peer of the 
realm in the court of king Arthur. He 
is in love with the princess Huncamunca, 
and as the lady is promised in marriage 
to the valiant Tom Thumb, he turns 
traitor, and " leads his rebel rout to the 
palace gate." Here Tom Thumb en- 
counters the rebels, and Glumdalca, the 
giantess, thrusts at the traitor, but misse3 
him. Then the "pigmy giant-killer" 
runs him through the body. The black 
cart comes up to drag him off, but the 
dead man tells the carter he need not 
trouble himself, as he intends "to bear 
himself off," and so he does. — Tom 
Thumb, by Fielding the novelist (1730), 
altered by Kane O'Hara, author of Midas 
(1778). 

Groat'settar (Miss Clara), niece of 
the old lady Glowrowrum, and one of the 
guests at Burgh Westra. 

Miss Maddie Groatscttar, niece of the 
old lady Glowrowrum, and one of the 
guests at Burgh Westra. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Pirate (time, William III.). 

GrofFar'ius, king of Aquitaniai, who 
resisted Brute the mythical great-grand- 
son of JSneas, who landed there on his 
way to Britain. — M. Drayton, Polyolbion, 
i. (1612). 

Gronovius, father and son, critics 
and humanists (father, 1611-1671 ; son, 
1645-1716). 

I have more satisfaction in beholding you than I 
should have in conversing with Graevius and Gronovius. 



GROOM. 



ID!) 



GRUK1JY. 



I bad rather possess your approbation than thai of Hit- 
elder Sialiger.— Mrs. Cowley, Who' I the />».-•.' I -i- 

(Scaliger, father (1484-1658), son 
(1540-1G01)), critics and humanists.) 

Groom (Squire), "a downright, 
English, Newmarket, stable-hred gen- 
tleman-jockey, who, having ruined his 
finances by dogs, grooms, cocks, and 
horses . . . thinks to retrieve his affairs 
by a matrimonial alliance with a City 
fortune" (canto i. 1). He is one of the 
suitors of Charlotte Goodchild ; but, 
supposing the report to be true that she 
has lost her money, he says to her 
guardian : 

" Hark ye 1 sir Theodore ; I always make my match 
according to the weight my thing can carry. When I 
Offered to take her into my stable, she was sound and in 
good case ; but I hear her wind is touched. If so, 1 would 
not hack her for a shilling. Matrimony is a long course, 
. . . and it won't da"— C Macklin, Love d la mode, ii. 1 
(1779). 

This was Lee Lewes's great part [1740-1803]. One 
morning at rehearsal, Lewes said something not in the 
play. "Hoy, hoy!" cried Macklin; "what's that? 
what's that?" "Oh," replied Lewes, "'tis only a bit of 
niv nonsense." " But," said Macklin, gravely, " 1 like 
my nonsense, Mr. Lewes, better than yours."— J. 0'K.eefe. 

Grosvenor [Grove 1 . nr] Square, 
London. So called because it is built 
on the property of sir Richard Grosvenor, 
who died 1732. 

Grotto of Eph'esus. Near Ephesus 
was a grotto containing a statue of Diana 
attached to a reed presented by Pan. If 
a young woman, charged with dishonour, 
entered this grotto, and the reed gave 
forth musical sounds, she was declared to 
be a pure virgin ; but if it gave forth 
hideous noises, she was denounced and 
never seen more. Corinna put the grotto 
to the test, at the desire of Glaucon of 
Lesbos, and was never seen again by the 
eye of man. — E. Bulwer Lytton, Tales 
of Miletus, iii. (See Chastity, for other 
tests.) 

Grouse's Day (Saint), the 12th of 
August. 

They 
to 



collected with guns and dogs to do honour 
Grouse's day. — London Society ("Patty's 



Kevenge "). 

Groveby (Old), of Gloomstock Hall, 
aged 65. He is the uncle of sir Harry 
Groveby. Brusque, hasty, self-willed, 
but kind-heaited. 

Sir Harry Groveby, nephew of old 
Groveby, engaged to Maria "the maid 
of the Oaks." — J. Burgoyne, The Maid of 
the Oaks. 

Groves (Jem), landlord of the Valiant 
Soldier, to which was attached "a good 
drv skittle-gTound." — C. Dickens, T/w 
Old Curiosity Shop, xxix. (1840). 



Grub (Jonathan), a stock-broker, 
weighted with the three plagues of life — 
a wife, :i handsome marriageable daugh- 
ter, and €100.000 in the Funds, "any 
one of which is enough to drive a man 
mad ; but all three to be attended to at 
once is too much." 

Mrs. Qrub, a wealthy City woman, who 
has moved from the cast to the fashion- 
able west quarter of London, and has 
abandoned merchants and tradespeople 
for the gentry. 

Emily Grub, called Milly, the hand- 
some daughter of Jonathan. She marries 
captain Bevil of the Guards. — O'Brien, 
Cross Purposes. 

Grub Street, near Moorfields, Lon- 
don, once famous for literary hacks and 
inferior literary publications. It is now 
oalled Milton Street. No compliment to 
our great epic poet. 

I'd sooner ballads write and Grub Street Lays. 

Gay. 

%* The connection between Grub 
Street literature and Milton is not ap- 
parent. However, as Pindar, Ilesiod, 
Plutarch, etc., were Boeo'tians, so Foxe 
the martyrologist, and Speed the his- 
torian, resided in Grub Street. 

Grub'binol, a shepherd who sings 
with Bumkinet a dirge on the death of 
Blouzelinda. 

Thus wailed Uic louts in melancholy strain, 
Till bonny Susan sped across the plain ; 
They seized the lass, in apron clean arrayed. 
And to the ale-house forced the willing maid ; 
In ale and kisses they forgot their cares. 
And Susan Blouzelinda's loss repairs. 

Gay, Piutoral, r. (1714). 

(An imitation of Virgil's Eel., r. 
" Daphnis.") 

Gru'dar and Bras'solis. Cairbar 
and Grudar both strove for a spotted 
bull "that lowed on Golbun Heath," in 
Ulster. Each claimed it as his own, and 
at length fought, when Grudar fell. 
Cairbar took the shield of Grudar to 
Brassolis, and said to her, " Fix it on 
high within my hall ; 'tis the armour of 
my f oe ; " but the maiden, "distracted, 
flew to the spot, where she found the 
youth in his blood," and died. 

Fair was Brassolis on the plain. Stately was Grudar on 
the hill.— Ossian, Fingal, J. 

Grueby (John), servant to lord 
George Gordon. An honest fellow, who 
remained faithful to his master to the 
bitter end. He twice saved Haredale's 
life ; and, although living under lord 
Gordon and loving him, detested the 
crimes into which his master was be- 



GRUGEON. 



no 



GUARDS OF THE POLE. 



trayed by bad advice and false zeal.— 
C. Dickens, liarnaby Rudge (1841). 

Grugeon, one of Fortunio's seven 
attendants. His gift was that he could 
eat any amount of food -without satiety. 
When Fortunio first saw him, he was 
eating 60,000 loaves for his breakfast. — 
Comtesse D' Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("For- 
tunio," 1682). 

Grum'ball (The Rev. Dr.), from 
Oxford, a papist conspirator with Red- 
gauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Grumbo, a giant in the tale of Tom 
Thumb. A raven having picked up Tom 
Thumb, dropped him on the flat roof of 
the giant's castle. When old Grumbo 
went there to sniff the air, Tom crept 
up his sleeve ; the giant, feeling tickled, 
shook his sleeve, and Tom fell into the 
sea below. Here he was swallowed by 
a fish, and the fish, being caught, was 
sold for king Arthur's table. It was 
thus that Tom got introduced to the 
great king, by whom he was knighted. 

Grumio, one of the servants of 
Petruchio. — Shakespeare, Taming of the 
Shrew (1594). 

Grundy (Mrs.). Dame Ashfield, a, 
farmer's wife, is jealous of a neighbour- 
ing farmer named Grundy. She tells 
her husband that Farmer Grundy got five 
shillings a quarter more for his wheat 
than they did ; that the sun seemed to 
shine on purpose for Farmer Grundy ; 
that Dame Grundy's butter was the 
crack butter of the market. She then 
goes into her day-dreams, and says, " If 
our Nelly were to marry a great baronet, 
I wonder what Mrs. Grundy would say?" 
Her husband makes answer : 

"Why dan't thee letten Mrs. Grundy alone? I do 
verily think when thee goest to t'other world, the vurst 
question thee'll ax 'ill be, if Mrs. Grundy's there?" — 
Th. Morton, Speed the Plough, L 1 (1798). 

Gryll, one of those changed by 
Acras'ia into a hog. He abused sir 
Guyon for disenchanting him ; where- 
upon the palmer said to the knight, 
" Let Gryll be Gryll, and have his 
hoggish mind." — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
ii. 12 (1590). 

Only a target light upon his arm 

He careless bore, on which old Gryll was drawn, 
Transformed into a hog. 

Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 

Gryphon, a fabulous monster, having 
the upper part like a vulture or eagle, 
and the lower part like a lion. Gryphons 
were the supposed guardians of gold- 
mines, and were in perpetual strife with 



the Arimas'pians, a people of Scythia, 
who rifled the mines for the adornment 
of their hair. 

As when a gryphon thro' the wilderness, 
With winged course, o'er hill or moory dale, 
Pursues the Arimaspian, who, by stealth, 
Had from his wakeful custody purloined 
The guarded gold. 

Milton, Paradise lost, ii. 943, etc. (1665). 

The Gryphon, symbolic of the divine 
and human union of Jesus Christ. The 
fore part of the gryphon is an eagle, and 
the hinder part a lion. Thus Dante saw 
in purgatory the car of the Church drawn 
by a gryphon. — Dante, Furgatory, xxix. 
(1308). 

Guadia'na, the 'squire of Duran- 
darte, changed into a river of the same 
name. He was so grieved at leaving his 
master that he plunged instantaneously 
under ground, and when obliged to ap- 
pear "where he might be seen, he glided 
in sullen state to Portugal." — Cervantes, 
Don Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615). 

Gualber'to (St.), heir of Valdespe'sa, 
and brought up with the feudal notion 
that he was to be the avenger of blood. 
Anselmo was the murderer he was to lie 
in wait for, and he was to make it the 
duty of his life to have blood for blood. 
One day, as he was lying in ambush for 
Anselmo, the vesper bell rang, and Gual- 
berto (3 syl.) fell in prayer, but somehow 
could not pray. The thought struck him 
that if Christ died to forgive sin, it 
could not be right in man to hold it beyond 
forgiveness. At this moment Anselmo 
came up, was attacked, and cried for 
mercy. Gualberto cast away his dagger, 
ran to the neighbouring convent, thanked 
God he had been saved from blood- 
guiltiness, and became a hermit noted 
for his holiness of life. — Southey, St, 
Gualberto. 

Guards of the Pole, the two stars 
P and 7 of the Great Bear, and not the 
star Arctoph'ylax, which, Steevens says, 
"literally signifies the guard of the 
Bear," i.e. Bootes (not the Polar Guards). 
Shakespeare refers to these two "guards" 
in Othello, act ii. sc. 1, where he says the 
surge seems to "quench the guards of the 
ever-fixed pole." Hood says they are so 
called " from the Spanish word gnardare y 
which is ' to behold,' because the} r are 
diligently to be looked unto in regard of 
the singular use which they have in 
navigation." — Use of the Celestial Globe 
(1590). 

How to knowe the houre of the night by the [Polar] 
Gards, by knowing on what point of the compass they 
shall be at midnight ever)' fifteenth day throughout the 
whole year.— Norman, Safeqard of Sailers (1587). 



GUARINI. 



411 



GUENEVRA. 



Oua'rini (Philip), the 'squire of sir 
Hugo de Lacy. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Guari'llOS (Admiral), one of Char- 
lemagne's paladins, taken captive at 
Roncesvalles. He fell to the lot of 
Marlo'tes, a Moslem, who offered him 
his daughter in marriage if he would 
become a disciple of the Arabian pro- 
phet. Guariuos refused, and was kept 
in a dungeon for seven years, when he 
was liberated, tbat he might take part 
in a joust. The admiral then stabbed 
the Moor to his heart, and, vaulting on 
his grey horse Treb'ozond, escaped to 
France. 

Gu'drun, a lady married to Sigurd 
by the magical arts of her mother ; and 
on the death' of Sigurd to Atli (Attila), 
whom she hated for his fierce cruelty, 
and murdered. She then cast herself 
into the sea, and the waves bore her to 
the castle of king Jonakun, who became 
her third husband. — Edda of Siimund 
Sigfusson (1130). 

Gu'drun, a model of heroic fortitude 
and pious resignation. She was the 
daughter of kiug Hettel (Attila), and 
the betrothed of Herwig king of Heli- 
goland, but was carried off by Harmuth 
king of Norway, who killed Hettel. As 
she refused to marry Harmuth, he put 
her to all sorts of menial work. One 
day, Herwig appeared with an army, and 
having gained a decisive victory, married 
Gudrun, and at her intercession pardoned 
Harmuth the cause of her great misery. — 
A North-Saxon Poem (thirteenth cen- 
tury). 

Gud'yill (Old John), butler to lady 
Bellenden.— Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Guelph'o (3 syl.), son of Actius IV. 
marquis d'Este and of Cunigunda (a 
German). Guelpho was the uncle of 
Rinaldo, and next in command to God- 
frey. He led an army of 5000 men from 
Carynthia, in Germany, to the siege of 
Jerusalem, but most of them were cut 
off by the Persians. Guelpho was noted 
for his broad shoulders and ample chest. 
— Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, iii. (1575). 

Guen'dolen (3 syl.), a fairy whose 
mother was a human being. King Arthur 
fell in iove with her, and she became the 
mother of Gyneth. When Arthur de- 
serted the frail fair one, she offered him 
a parting cup ; but as he took it in his 



hand, a drop of the liquor fell on his 
horse and burnt it so severely that it 
" leapt twenty feet high," ran mad, and 
died. Arthur dashed the cup on the 
ground, whereupon it set lire to the grass 
and consumed the fairy palace. As for 
Guendolen, she was never seen after- 
wards. — Sir W. Scott, The Bridal of 
Triermain, i. 2 (" Lyulph's Tale," 1813). 

Guendolce'na, wife of Locrin 
(eldest son of Rrute, whom he suc- 
ceeded), and daughter of Cori'neus (3 
syl.). Being divorced, she retired to 
Cornwall, and collected an army, which 
marched against Locrin, who " was 
killed by the shot of an arrow." Guen- 
doloena now assumed the reins of govern- 
ment, and her first act was to throw 
Estrildis (her rival) and her daughter 
Sabre into the Severn, which was called 
Sabri'na or Sabren from that day. — 
Geoffrey, British History, ii. 4, 5 (1142). 

Guenever or Guinever, a corrupt 
form of Guanhuma'ra (4 syl.), daughter 
of king Leodegrance of the band of 
Camelyard. She was the most beautiful 
of women, was the wife of king Arthur, 
but entertained a criminal attachment to 
sir Launcelot du Lac. Respecting tnt 
latter part of the queen's history, the 
greatest diversity occurs. Thus, Geoffrey 
says : 

King Arthur was on his way to Rome . . . when news 
was brought him that his nephew Modred, to whose care 
he had entrusted Britain, had . . . set the crown upon 
his own head ; and that the queen Guanhumara . . . had 
wickedly married him. . . . When king Arthur returned 
and put Modred and his army to flight . . . the queen 
fled from York to the City of Legions [A'ewjiort, in South 
H'alas], where she resolved to lead a chaste life among the 
nuns of Julius the martyr. — British History, xL 1 (114*2). 

Another version is, that Arthur, being 
informed of the adulterous conduct of 
Launcelot, went with an army to Ben- 
wick (Brittany), to punish him. That 
Mordred (his son by his own sister), left 
as regent, usurped the crown, proclaimed 
that Arthur was dead, and tried to marry 
Guenever the queen ; but she shut herself 
up in the Tower of London, resolved to 
die rather than marry the usurper. 
When she heard of the death of Arthur, 
she "stole away" to Almesbury, "and 
there she let make herself a nun, and 
wore white cloaths and black." And there 
lived she " in fasting, prayers, and alms- 
deeds, that all marvelled at her virtuous 
iife." — Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
Arthur, iii. 161-170 (1470). 

*** For Tennyson's account, see Gui- 
nevere. 

Guene'vra (3 syl.), wife of Nee- 



GUERIN. 



412 



GUILLOTINE. 



taba'nus the dwarf, at the cell of the 
hermit of Engaddi.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Guer'in or Gueri'no, son of Millon 
king of Alba'nia. On the day of his 
birth his father was dethroned, but the 
child was rescued by a Greek slave, who 
brought it up and surnamed it Meschi'no 
or "The Wretched." When grown to 
man's estate, Guerin fell in love with 
the princess Elizena, sister of the Greek 
emperor, who held his court at Constan- 
tinople. — An Italian Romance. 

Guesclin's Dust a Talisman. 

Guesclin, or rather Du Guesclin, constable 
of France, laid siege to Chateauneuf -de- 
Randan, in Auvergne. After several 
assaults, the town promised to surrender 
if not relieved within fifteen days. Du 
Guesclin died in this interval, but the 
governor of the town came and laid the 
keys of the city on the dead man's body, 
saying he resigned the place to the hero's 
ashes (1380). 

France . . . demands his bones [Napoleon' s\ 
To carry onward, in the battle's van. 
To form, like Guesclin's dust, her talisman. 

Byron, Age of Bronze, iv. (1821). 

Gugner, Odin's spear, which never 
failed to hit. It was made by the dwarf 
Eitri.— The Eddas. 

Guide'rius, eldest son of Cym'be- 
line (3 syl.) king of Britain, and brother 
of Arvir'agus. They were kidnapped in 
infancy by Belarius, out of revenge for 
being unjustly banished, and were brought 
up by him in a cave. When grown to 
manhood, Belarius introduced them to 
the king, and told their story ; where- 
upon Cymbeline received them as his 
sons, and Guiderius succeeded him on the 
throne. — Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605). 

Geoffrey calls Cymbeline "Kymbe- 
linus son of Tenuantius ; " says that he 
was brought up by Augustus Caesar, and 
adds: "In his days was born our Lord 
Jesus Christ." Kymbeline reigned ten 
3 r ears, when he was succeeded by Guide- 
rius. The historian says that Kymbeline 
paid the tribute to the Romans, and that 
it was Guiderius who refused to do so, 
" for which reason Claudius the emperor 
marched against him, and he was killed 
by Hamo." — British History, iv. 11, 12, 13 
(1142). 

Guido "the Savage," son of Amon 
and Constantia. He was the younger 
brother of Rinaldo. Being wrecked on 
the coast of the Am'azons, he was com- 



pelled to fight their ten male champions, 
and, having slain them all, to marry ten 
of the Amazons. From this thraldom 
Guido made his escape, and joined the 
army of Charlemagne. — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Guido [FraxceschiniJ, a reduced 
nobleman, who tried to repair his fortune 
by marrying Pompilia, the putative child 
of Pietro and Violante. When the mar- 
riage was consummated, and the money 
secure, Guido ill-treated the putative 
parents ; and Violante, in revenge, de- 
clared that Pompilia was not their child 
at all, but the offspring of a Roman 
wanton. Having made this declaration, 
she next applied to the law-courts for 
the recovery of the money. When 
Guido heard this tale, he was furious, 
and so ill-treated his child-wife that she 
ran away, under the protection of a young 
canon. Guido pursued the fugitives, 
overtook them, and had them arrested ; 
whereupon the canon was suspended for 
three years, and Pompilia sent to a con- 
vent. Here her health gave way, and 
as the birth of a child was expected, she 
was permitted to*leave the convent and 
live with her putative parents. Guido, 
having gained admission, murdered all 
three, and was himself executed for the 
crime. — R. Browning, The Ring and the 
Book. 

Guil'denstern, one of Hamlet's 
companions, employed by the king and 
queen to divert him, if possible, from his 
strange and wayward ways. — Shake- 
speare, Hamlet (1596). 

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are favourable samples 
of the thorough-paced time-serving court knave . . . 
ticketed and to be hired for any hard or dirty work. — 
Cowden Clarke. 

Guillotiere (4 syl.), the scum of 
Lyons. La Guillotibre is the low quarter, 
where the bouches inutiles find refuge. 

Guillotine (3 syl.). So named from 
Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a French phy- 
sician, who proposed its adoption, to 
prevent unnecessary pain. Dr. Guillotin 
did not invent the guillotine, but he im- 
proved the Italian machine (1791). In 
1792 Antoine Louis introduced further 
improvements, and hence the instrument 
is sometimes called Louisette or Louison. 
The original Italian machine was called 
mannaja ; it was a clumsy affair, first 
employed to decapitate Beatrice Cenci in 
Rome, a.d. 1600. 

It was the popular theme for jests. It was [called J<a 
mUrcOuiirotine). the " sharp female." the " best cure for 
headache." It "infallibly prevented the hair from turn 



GUINART. 



413 



GULBEYAZ. 



ing grey." It " Imparted a peculiar delicacy to the com- 
plexion." It was the "national razor" which shaved 
close. Those "who kissed the guillotine, looked through 
the little window and sneezed into the sut." It was the 
sign of "the regeneration of the human race." It 
"superseded the cross." Models were worn [at orna- 
tnenU}.—C. Dickens, A Tale of Ju-u Vitus, iii. 4 [lK>i>). 

Guinart (Roque), whose true name 
was I'edro Rocha Guinarda, chief of a band 
of robbers who levied black mail in the 
mountainous districts of Catalonia. He 
is introduced by Cervantes in his tale of 
Don Quixote. 

Guinea (Adventures of a), a novel by 
Charles Johnstone (1761). A guinea, as 
it passes into different hands, is the his- 
torian of the follies and vices of its 
master for the time being ; and thus a 
series of scenes and personages are made 
to pass before the reader, somewhat in 
the same manner as in T/ie Devil upon 
Two Sticks and in The Chinese TcUes. 

Guinea-hen, a fille de joie, a word 
of contempt and indignity for a woman. 

Ere I would . . . drown myself for the love of a 
guinea-hen, I would change mv humanity with a baboon. 
—Shakespeare, Othello, act i. sc. 3 (1611). 

Guinea-pip: (.4), a gentleman of 
sufficient name to form a bait, who 
allows himself to be put on a directors' 
list for the guinea and lunch which the 
board provides. — City Slan<j. 

Guin'evere (3 syl.). So Tennyson 
spells the name of Arthur's queen in his 
Idylls. He tells us of the liaison be- 
tween her and " sir Lancelot," and says 
that Modred, having discovered this 
familiarity, " brought his creatures to 
the basement of the tower for testimony." 
Sir Lancelot flung the fellow to the 
ground, and instantly took to horse 5 
while Guinevere tied to the nunnery at 
Almesbury. Here the king took leave 
of her ; and when the abbess died, the 
queen was appointed her successor, and 
remained head of the establishment for 
three years, when she also died. 

%* It will be seen that Tennyson 
departs from the British History by 
Geoffrey, and the History of Prince 
Arthur as edited by sir T. Malory. (See 
Guenevek.) 

Guiomar, mother of the vain- 
glorious Duar'te. — Beaumont and Flet- 
cher, The Custom of the Country ^1647). 

Guiscardo, the 'squire, but previously 
the page, of Tancred king of Salerno. 
Sigismunda, the king's daughter, loved 
him, and clandestinely married him. When 
Tancred discovered it, heordered theyoung 



man to be waylaid and strangled. He 
then went to his daughter's chamber, 
and reproved her for Loving a base-born 
" slave." Sigismunda boldly defended 
her choice, but next day received a human 
heart in a golden casket. It needed no 
prophet to tell her what had happened, 
and she drank a draught of poison. Her 
father entered just in time to hear her 
dying request that she and Guiscardo 
might be buried in the same tomb. The 
royal father 

Too late repented of his cruel deed. 
One common aepulehre for both decreed ; 
Intnmbed the wretched pair in royal state. 
And on their monument Inscribed their fate. 
Dryden, Sigumunda and GuUcariio (from Boccaccio). 

Guise (Henri de Lorraine, due de) 
commenced the Massacre of Bartholomew 
by the assassination of admiral Coligny 
[Co.leen'.ye], Being forbidden to enter 
Paris, by order of Henri III., he dis- 
obeved the injunction, and was mur- 
dered (15o0-1588). 

*** Henri de Guise has furnished the 
subject of several tragedies. In English 
we have Guise or the Massacre of France, 
by John Webster (1620) ; The Duke of 
Guise, by Dryden and Lee. In French 
we have Etats de Blois (the Death of 
Guise), by Francois Raynouard (1814). 

Guis'la (2 syl.), sister of Pelayo, in 
love with Xumac'ian a renegade. " She 
inherited her mother's leprons taint." 
Brought back to her brother's house by 
Adosinda, she returned to the Moor, 
" cursing the meddling spirit that in- 
terfered with her most shameless love." 
— Southev, Roderick, Last of the Gcthh 
(1814). 

Gui'zor (2 syl.), groom of the Saracen 
Pollente. His " scalp was bare, betray- 
ing his state of bondage." His office was 
to keep the bridge on Pollente's territory, 
and to allow no one to pass without pay- 
ing " the passage-penny." This bridge 
was full of trap-doors, through which 
travellers were apt to fall into the river 
below. When Guizor demanded toll of 
6ir Artegal, the knight gave him a 
" stunning blow, saying, ' Lo ! there's my 
hire ; ' " and the villain dropped down 
dead. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 2 
(1596). 

*,.* Upton conjectures that "Guizor" 
is intended for the due de Guise, and his 
master " Pollente " for Charles IX. of 
France, notorious both for the St. Bar- 
tholomew Massacre. 

Gulbey'az, the sultana. Having 
seen Juan amongst Lambro's captives, 



GULCHENRAZ. 



414 



GUNTHER. 



ct passing on his way to sale," she caused 
him to be purchased, and introduced into 
the harem in female attire. On discover- 
ing that he preferred Dudii, one of the 
attendant beauties, to herself, she com- 
manded both to be stitched up in a sack, 
and cast into the Bosphorus. They con- 
trived, however, to make their escape. — 
Byron, Don Juan, vi. (1824). 

Gul'chenraz, surnamed " Gundog- 
di" ("morning"), daughter of Malek- 
al-salem king of Georgia, to whom 
Fum-Hoam the mandarin relates his 
numerous and extraordinary transforma- 
tions or rather metempsychoses. — T. S. 
Gueulette, Chinese Tales (1723). 

Gul'chenrouz, son of Ali Hassan 
(brother of the emir' Fakreddin) ; the 
" most delicate and lovely youth in the 
whole world." He could " write with 
precision, paint on vellum, sing to the 
lute, write poetry, and dance to perfec- 
tion ; but could neither hurl the lance 
nor curb the steed." Gulchenrouz was 
betrothed to his cousin Nouron'ihar, who 
loved " even his faults ; " but they never 
married, for Nouronihar became the wife 
of the caliDh Vathek. — W. Beckford, 
Vathek (1784), 

Gu'listau (" the rose garden "), a 
collection of tales and apophthegms in 
prose and verse by Saadi, a native of 
Shiraz. It has been translated into 
English by Gladwin, 

Even beggars, in soliciting alius, will give utterance to 
some appropriate passage from the OulUtan. — J. J. 
Grandville. 

G-ui 'liver (Lemuel), first a surgeon, 
then a sea-captain of several ships. He 
gets wrecked on the coast of Lilliput, a 
country of pygmies. Subsequently he is 
thrown among the people of Brobdingnag, 
giants of tremendous size. In his next 
voyage he is driven to Lapu'ta, an empire 
of (mack pretenders to science and knavish 
projectors. And in his fourth voyage he 
visits the Houyhnhnms [Whin'.nms^, 
where horses were the dominant powers. 
— Dean Swift, Travels in Several Remote 
Natioyis . . . by Lemuel Gulliver (1726). 

Gulna're (3 syl.), daughter of 
Faras'che (3 syl.) whose husband was 
king of an under-sea empire. A usurper 
drove the king her father from his throne, 
and Gulnare sought safety in the Island 
of the Moon. Here she was captured, 
made a si ave, sold to the king of Persia, 
and became his favourite, but preserved 
a most obstinate and speechless silence 
for twelve months. Then the king made ' 



her his wife, and she told him her history. 
In due time a son was born, whom thev 
called Beder (" the full moon"). 

Gulnare says that the under-sea folk are 
never wetted by the water, that they can 
see as well as we can, that they speak 
the language " of Solomon's seal," and 
can transport themselves instantaneously 
from place to place. — Arabian Nights 
(" Beder and Giauhare "). 

Gulnare (2 syl.), queen of the harem, 
and the most beautiful of all the slaves of 
Seyd [Seed] . She was rescued by Conrad 
the corsair from the flames of the palace ; 
and, when Conrad was imprisoned, she 
went to his dungeon, confessed her love, 
and proposed that he should murder the 
sultan and flee. As Conrad refused to 
assassinate Seyd, she herself did it, and 
then fled with Conrad to the "Pirate's 
Isle." The rest of the tale is continued 
in Lara, in which Gulnare assumes the 
name of Kaled, and appears, as a page. 
— Byron, The Corsair (1814). 

Gulvi'gar (" weigher of gold "), the 
Plutus of Scandinavian mythology. He 
introduced among men the love of gain. 

Gum 'midge (Mrs.), the widow of 
Dan'el Peggotty's partner. She kept 
house for Dan'el, who was a bachelor. 
Old Mrs. Gummidge had a craze that she 
was neglected and uncared for, a waif in 
the wide world, of no use to any one. 
She was always talking of herself as the 
"lone lorn cre'tur'." When about to 
sail for Australia, one of the sailors 
asked her to marry him, when " she ups 
with a pail of water and flings it at his 
head." — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
(1849). 

Gundof ' orus, an Indian king for 
whom the apostle Thomas built a palace 
of sethym wood, the roof of which was 
ebony. He made the gates of the horn 
of the " horned snake," that no one with 
poison might be able to pass through. 

Gungnir , Odin's spear.— Scandi- 
navian Mythology. 

Gunpowder. The composition of 
gunpowder is expressly mentioned by 
Roger Bacon in his treatise De Nullitate 
Adagio:, published 1216. 

. . . earth and air were sadly shaken 
By thy humane discovery, friar Bacon. 

Byron, Don Juan, viii. 33 (1821). 

Giinther, king of Burgundy and 
brother of Kriemhild (2 syl.). H«j re- 
solved to wed Brunhild, the martial queeu 
of Issland, and won her by the aid of 
Siegfried ; but the bride behaved so 



GUPPY. 



415 



GUY EARL OF WARWICK. 



obstreperously that the bridegroom had 
again to apply t<> his friend for assistance. 

Siegfried contrived to get possession of 
her ring and girdle, after which she 
became a submissive wife. Giinther, 
with base ingratitude, was privy to the 
murder of his friend, and was himself 
slain in the dungeon of Et/el by his 
sister Krieinhild.— The Sihelungen Lied. 

%* In history, Giinther is called 
" tiuntacher," and Etzel "Attila." 

Gup'py (Mr.), clerk in the office of 
Kenge and Carboy. A weak, common- 
place youth, who has the conceit to 
propose to Esther Summerson, the ward 
in Chancery. — C. Dickens, Bleak House 
(1853). 

Gurgus'tus, according to Drayton, 
son of Belinus. This is a mistake, as 
Gurgustus, or rather Gurgustius, was son 
of Rivallo ; and the son of Belinus was 
Gurgiunt Brabtruc. The names given by 
Geoffrey, in his British History, run thus: 
Leir (Lear), Cunedag his grandson, Kivallo 
his son, Gurgustius his son, Sisillius his 
son, Jago nephew of Gurgustius, Kinmarc 
son of Sisillius, then Gorbogud. Here the 
line is broken, and the new dynasty 
begins with Mohnutius of Cornwall, 
then his son Belinus, who was succeeded 
by his son Gurgiunt Brabtruc, whose son 
and successor was Guithelin, called by 
Drayton " Guynteline." — Geoffrey, British 
History, ii., iii. (1142). 

In grea mess next succeeds Belinus* worthy son 

Gurgustus, who soon left what his great father won 

To Guynteline his heir. 

M. Dray-ton. Pol^olbion, viii. (1612). 

G-urney (Gilbert), the hero and title 
of a novel by Theodore Hook. This 
novel is a spiced autobiography of the 
author himself (1835). 

Gurney (Thomas), shorthand writer, 
and author of a work on the subject, 
called Brachygraphy (1705-1770). 

If you would like to see the whole proceedings . . . 
The hest is that in shorthand ta'en by Gurney. 
Who to Madrid on purpose made a journey. 

Byron, Don Juan, L 189 (1819). 

Gurth, the swine-herd and thrall 
of Cedric of Rotherwood. — Sir W. Scott, 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Gurton (Gammer), the heroine of an 
old English comedy. The plot turns 
upon the loss of a needle by Gammer 
Gurton, and its subsequent discovery 
sticking in the breeches of her man 
Hodge.— Mr. J. S. Master of Arts (1561). 

Guse Gibbie, a half-witted lad in 
the service of lady Bellenden. — Sir W. 
Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 



Gushingrton (Angelina), the nom de 

plume of lady Dufferin. 

Gustavus III. used to pay there were 
two things he held in equal abhorrence — 
the German language and tobacco. 

Gusta'vus Vasa (1496-1560), hav- 
ing made his escape from Denmark, 
where he had been treacherously carried 
captive, worked as a common labourer 
for a time in the copper-mines of Dale- 
carlia [JAi'.le.hirl'. ya] ; but the tyranny 
of Christian II. of Denmark induced the 
Dalecarlians to revolt, and Gustavus was 
chosen their leader. The rebels made 
themselves masters of Stockholm ; Chris- 
tian abdicated, and Sweden henceforth 
became an independent kingdom. — H. 
Brooke, Gustavus Vasa (1730). 

Gus'ter, the Snagsbys' maid-of-all- 
work. A poor, overworked drudge, 
subject to fits. — C. Dickens, Bleak House 
(1863). 

GustO PicareSCO (" taste for rogue- 
ry"). In romance of this school the Span- 
iards especially excel, as don Diego de 
Mondo'za's Lazarillo de Tonnes (1553); 
Mateo Aleman's Guzman d'Al/araehe 
(1599); Quevedo's Gran Taeauo, etc. 

Guthrie (John), one of the archers 
of the Scottish guard in the employ of 
Louis XI. — Sir W. Scott, Que at in Dur- 
ward (time, Edward IV.). 

Gutter Lane, London, a corrup- 
tion of Guthurun Lane ; so called from a 
Mr. Guthurun or Guthrum, who "pos- 
sessed the chief property therein." — Stow, 
Survey of London (1598). 

Gutter Lyrist (The), Robert 
Williams Buchanan ; so called from his 
poems on the loves of costermongers and 
their wenches (1841- ). 

Guy (Thomas), the miser and philan- 
thropist. He amassed an immense fortune 
in 1720 by speculations in South Sea • 
stock, and gave £238,292 to found and 
endow Guy's Hospital (1644-1724). 

Guy earl of Warwick, an English 
knight. He proposed marriage to Phelis 
or Phillis, who refused to listen to his 
suit till he had distinguished himself by 
knightly deeds. He first rescued Blanch 
daughter of the emperor of Germany, 
then fought against the Saracens, and 
slew the doughty Coldran, Elmage king 
of Tyre, and the Soldan himself. Then, 
returning to England, he was accepted by 
Phelis and married her. In forty days he 
returned to the Holy Land, when he 



GUY FAWKES. 



416 



GWYNEDD. 



redeemed earl Jonas out of prison, slew 
the giant Am'erant, and performed many- 
other noble exploits. Again he returned 
to England, just in time to encounter the 
Danish giant Colebrond (2 syL) or Col- 
brand, which combat is minutely de- 
scribed by Drayton, in his Polyolbion, xii. 
At Windsor he slew a boar " of passing 
might." On Dunsmore Heath he slew 
the dun cow of Dunsmore, a wild and 
cruel monster. In Northumberland he 
sleAv a winged dragon, "black as any 
cole," with the paws of a lion, and a hide 
which no sword could pierce (Polyolbion, 
xiii.). After this he turned hermit, and 
went daily to crave bread of his wife 
Phelis, who knew him not. On his death- 
bed he sent her a ring, and she closed his 
dying eyes (890-958). 

Guy Fawkes, the conspirator, went 
under the name of John Johnstone, and 
pretended to be the servant of Mr. Percy 
(1577-1606). 

Guy Mannering, the second of 
Scott's historical novels, published in 
1815, just seven months after Waverley. 
The interest of the tale is well sustained ; 
but the love scenes, female characters, 
and Guy Mannering himself are quite 
worthless. Not so the character of 
Dandy Dinmont, the shrewd and witty 
counsellor Pleydell, the desperate sea- 
beaten villainy of Hatteraick, the uncouth 
devotion of that gentlest of all pedants 
poor Domine Sampson, and the savage 
crazed superstition of the gipsy-dweller 
in Derncleugh (time, George II.). 

Guy Mannering was the work of six weeks about 
Christmas-time, and marks of haste are visible both in the 
plot and in its development— Chambers, English Litera- 
ture, ii. 586. 

Guyn'teline or Guith'elin, ac- 
cording to Geoffrey, son of Gurgiunt 
Brabtruc (British History, iii. 11, 12, 13) ; 
but, according to Drayton, son of Gur- 

gistus an early British king. (See 
crgustus.) His queen was Martia, 
who codified what are called the Martian 
Laws, translated into Anglo-Saxon by 
king Alfred. (See Martian Laws.) 

Gurgustus . . . left what his great father won 
To Gtiynteline his heir, whose queen . . . 
To wise Mulmutius' laws her Martian first did frame. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. {1612). 

Guyon (Sir), the personification of 
"temperance." The victory of tem- 
perance over intemperance is the subject 
of bk. ii. of the Faery Queen. Sir Guyon 
first lights on Amavia (intemperance of 
grief), a woman who kills herself out 
of grief for her husband ; and he takes 
hex infant boy and commits it to the 



care of Medi'na. He next meets Brag- 
gadoccio (intemperance of the tongue), who 
is stripped bare of everything. He then 
encounters Furor (intemperance of anger)) 
and delivers Phaon from his hands. In- 
temperance of desire is discomfited in 
the persons of Pyr'ocles and CjTUi'ocles ; 
then intemperance of pleasure, or wanton- 
ness, in the person of Phajdria. After his 
victory over wantonness, he sees Mam- 
mon (intemperance of worldly wealth and 
honour) ; but he rejects all his offers, and 
Mammon is foiled. His last and great 
achievement is the destruction of the 
"Bower of Bliss," and the binding iu 
chains of adamant the enchantress 
Acrasia (or intemperance generally). 
This enchantress was fearless against 
Force, but Wisdom and Temperance 
prevailed against her. — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, ii. 12 (1590). 

Guyot (Bertrand), one of the archers 
in the Scottish guard attached to Louis 
XI. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Guzman d'Alfara'che (4 syL), 
hero of a Spanish romance of roguery. 
He begins by being a dupe, but soon 
becomes a knave in the character of 
stable-boy, beggar, swindler, pander, 
student, merchant, and so on. — Mateo 
Aleman (1599). 

*** Probably The Life of Guzman 
Alfarache suggested to Lesage The Life 
of Gil Bias. It is certain that Lesage 
borrowed from it the incident of the para- 
site who obtained a capital supper out of 
the greenhorn by terming him the eighth 
wonder. 

Gwenhid'wy, a mermaid. The 
white foamy waves are called her sheep, 
and the ninth wave her ram. 

Take shelter when you see Gwenhidwy driving her flock 
aihure. — Welsh Proverb. 

. . . they watched the great sea fall. 
Wave after wave, each mightier than the last ; 
Till last, a ninth one, gathering half the deep, 
And full of voices, slowly rose and plunged, 
Roaring, and all the wave was in a flame. 

Tennyson, The Holy Grail 

Gwent, Monmouthshire. 

Not a brook of Morgany [Glamorganshire] nor Gwe«t. 
M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Gwineth'ia (4 syL), North Wales. 

Which thro' Gwinethia be so famous everywhere. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, be. (1612). 

Gwynedd or Gwyneth, North 
Wales. Khodri Mawr, in 873, moved 
to Aber'frow the seat of government, pre- 
viously fixed at Dyganwy. 

Among the hills of Gwyneth, and its wilds 
And mountain glens. 

Sou they, Madoo, i. 12 (180C). 



G WYNNE. 



417 



HADES. 



Gwynne (AW/), one 0I " the favourites 
of Charles II. .She was an actress, but 
in her palmy days was noted for her 
many works of benevolence and kindness 
of heart. The last words of king Charles 
were, "Don't let poor Nelly starve ! " — Sir 
W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Gyas and Cloan'thus, two com- 
panions of /Ene'as, generally mentioned 
together as "fortis Gyas fortisque Cloan- 
thus." The phrase has become prover- 
bial for two very similar characters. — 
Virgil, jEncid. 

The "strong Gyas "and the "strong CIoanthus"are less 
distinguished by the poet than the strong Perdval and 

the strong O.sbaldislones were by outward a(>|>e irance. — 
Sir W. Scott. 

Gyges (2 syl.), one of the Titans. 
He had fifty heads and a hundred hands. 

Gyges, a king of Lydia, of whom Apollo 
said he deemed the poor Arcadian Ag'lao3 
more happy than the king Gyges, who 
was proverbial for his wealth. 

Gyges (2 syl.), who dethroned Can- 
daules (3 syl.) king of Lydia, and married 
Nvssia the young widow. Herodotos 
says that Candaules showed Gyges the 
queen in her bath, and the queen, in- 
dignant at this impropriety, induced 
Gvges to kill the king and marry her 
(bk. i. 8). He reigned B.C. 716-678. 

Gyges' s Piny rendered the wearer in- 
visible. Plato says that Gyges found the 
ring in the flanks of a brazen horse, and 
was enabled by this talisman to enter the 
king's chamber unseen, and murder him. 

Why did you think that you had Gyges' ring. 

Or the herb [fern seed] that gives iu visibility J 

Beaumontand Fletcher, Fair Maid of the Inn. i. 1 (1647). 

Gynec'ium, the apartment in which 
the Anglo-Saxon women lived. — Fos- 
broke, Antiquities, ii. 570 (1824). 

Gyneth, natural daughter of Guen- 
dolen and king Arthur. The king 
promised to give her in marriage to 
the bravest knight in a tournament in 
which the warder was given to her to 
drop when she pleased. The haughty 
heauty saw twenty knights fall, among 
whom was Tanoc, son of Merlin. Im- 
mediately Yanoc fell, Merlin rose, put 
an end to the jousts, and caused Gyneth 
to fall into a trance, from which she was 
never to wake till her hand was claimed 
in marriage by some knight as brave as 
those who had fallen in the tournament. 
After the lapse of 500 years, De Yaux 
undertook to break the spell, and had to 
overcome four temptations, viz., fear, 



avarice, pleasure, and ambition. Having 
succeeded in these encounters, Gyneth 
awoke and became his bride. — Sir W. 
Scott, Bridal of Triermam (1813). 

Gyp, the college servant of Bltuhing- 
ton. who stole his tea and sugar, candles, 
and so on. Alter BlushingtOO came into 
his fortune, he made Gyp his chief 
domestic and private secretary. — W. T. 
Moncrietf, The Bashful Man. 

Gyptian (Saint), a vagrant. 

Percase [ f-errluinrr] lonMtlmi St Qj |>tian's pllgrynwge 

I>hl carle me a month (ye >, sometimes r.-i 

To brake the bowrei If', reject (*< food prwMetf} 
Blew they had nu belter ebeere In tiara. 

G. Uaacoigutf, Tke Fruit* u/ Warre. loo (died 15. r i7L 



H. 

H. B., the initials adopted by Mr. 
Doyle, father of Richard Doyle, in his 
Reform Caricatures (1830), 

H. U. (hard up), an H. U. member 
of society. 

Hackburn (Simon of), a friend of 
Hobbie Elliott, farmer at the Heugh-foot. 
—Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, 
Anne). 

Hackum (Captain), a thick-headed 
bully of Alsatia, once a sergeant in 
Flanders. He deserted his colours, fled 
to England, took refuge in Alsatia, and 
assumed the title of captain. — Shadwell, 
Squire of Alsatia (1688). 

Had I a Heart for Falsehood 
Framed ! — Sheridan, Tke Duenna 
(1778). 

Hadad, one of the six Wise Men of 
the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
He left his beloved consort, fairest of the 
daughters of Bethu'rim. At his decease 
she shed no tear, yet was her love ex- 
ceeding that of mortals. — Klopstock, The 
Messiah, v. (1771). 

Had'away (Jack), a former neigh- 
bour of Nanty Ewart the smuggler- 
captain. — Sir "W. Scott, Redyauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Ha'des (2 syl.), the god of the un- 
seen world ; also applied to the grave, or 
the abode of departed spirits. 

*** In the Apostles' Creed, the phrase 
2 K 



HADGI. 



418 



HAIDEE. 



'* descended into hell " is equivalent to 
" descended into hades." 

Hadgi (Abdalla.li el), the soldan's 
envoy. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Hadoway (Mrs.), Lovel's landlady 
at Fairport.— Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Hadramaut, a province containing 
the pit where the souls of infidels dwell 
after death. The word means " Cham- 
bers of death." — Al Koran. 

Has'mony, a most potent counter- 
charm, more powerful even than mo'ly 
(q.v.). So called from Hiemonia, i.e. 
Thessaly, the land of magic. 

... a small, unsightly root, 
But of divine effect . . . 
The leaf was darkish and had prickles on it ; 
But in another country 

Bore a bright gulden flower ; but not in this soil 
Unknown and like esteemed, and the dull swain 
Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon ; 
And yet more med'cinal is it than that Moly 
That Hermes once to wise Ulysses gave. 
lie [the shep/i-erd] called it Haemony, and gave it me, 
And bade me keep it, as of sovereign use 
'Gainst all enchantments, mildew, blast, or damp, 
Or ghastly furies' apparition. 

Milton, Comus (1634). 

Hseinos, in Latin H^emus, a chain 
of mountains forming the northern boun- 
dary of Thrace. Very celebrated by 
poets as "the cool Hsemus." 

And Ha>mus' hills with snows eternal crowned. 

Pope, Iliad, ii. 49 (1715). 

Hafed, a gheber or fire-worshipper, in 
love with Hinda the emir's daughter. 
He was the leader of a band sworn to 
free their country or die in the attempt. 
His rendezvous was betrayed, but when 
the Moslem came to arrest him, he threw 
himself into the sacred fire and was 
burnt to death. — T. Moore, Lalla Eookh 
(" The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

Haf'edal, the protector of travellers, 
one of the four gods of the Adites 
(2 syl.). 

Hafiz* the nam de plume of Mr. Stott 
in the Morning Press. Byron calls him, 
"grovelling Stott," and adds, "What 
would be the sentiment of the Persian 
Anacreon ... if he could behold his 
name assumed by one Stott of Dromore, 
the most impudent and execrable of 
literary poachers ? " — English Bards and 
Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Hafod. As big a fool as Jack Hafod. 
Jack Hafod was a retainer of Mr. 
Bartletfc of Castlemorton, Worcestershire, 



and the ultimus scurrarum of Great 
Britain. He died at the close of the 
eighteenth century. 

Hagan, son of a mortal and a sea- 
goblin, the Achilles of German romance. 
He stabbed Siegfried while drinking from 
a brook, and laid the body at the door of 
Kriemhild, that she might suppose he had 
been killed by assassins. Hagan, having 
killed Siegfried, then seized the " Nibe- 
lung hoard," and buried it in the Rhine, 
intending to appropriate it. Kriemhild, 
after her marriage with Etzel king of the 
Huns, invited him to the court of her 
husband, and cut off his head. He is 
described as " well grown, strongly built, 
with long sinewy legs, deep broad chest, 
hair slightly grey, of terrible visage, and 
of lordly gait" (stanza 1789). — The 
Nibelungen Lied (1210). 

Ha'garenes (3 syl.), the descendants 
of Hagar. The Arabs and the Spanish 
Moors are so called. 

Often he [St. James] hath been seen conquering and 
destroying the Hagarenes. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1L 
iv. 6 (1615). 

Hagenbach. (Sir Archibald von), 
governor of La Ferette. — Sir W. Scott, 
Anne of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Hague (1 syl.). This word means 
"meadow," and is called in the Dutch, 
S' Gravenhagen (" the count's hague or 
meadow"). 

Haiatal'nefous (5 syl.), daughter 
and only child of Ar'manos king of the 
"Isle of Ebony." She and Badoura 
were the two wives of prince Camaral'- 
zaman, and gave birth at the same time 
to two princes. Badoura called her son 
Amgiad (" the most glorious "), and 
Haiatalnefous called her's Assad ("the 
most happy "). — Arabian Nights (" Cama- 
ralzaman and Badoura"). 

Haidee', "the beauty of the Cy- 
clades," was the daughter of Lambro 
a Greek pirate, living in one of tho 
Cyclades. Her mother was a Moorish 
maiden of Fez, who died when Haidee 
was a mere child. Being brought up in 
utter loneliness, she was wholly Nature's 
child. One day, don Juan was cast on 
the shore, the only one saved from a 
shipwrecked crew, tossed about for many 
days in the long-boat. Haidee lighted 
on the lad, and, having nursed, him in a 
cave, fell in love with him. A report 
being heard that Lambro was dead, don 
Juan gave a banquet, but in the midst of 



HAIMON. 



419 



HAKIM. 



the revelry, the old pirate returned, and 
ordered don Juan to be seized and sold 
as a slave. Haidee broke a blood-vessel 
from grief and fright, and, refusing to 
take any nourishment, died. — Byron, Don 
Juan, ii. 118; iii., iv. (1819, 1821). 

Lord Byron appean to hare worked tip no part of Ms 
poem with m> much beaut) and life of description as that 
which narrates the loves of Juan and Haidee.— Sir Eger- 
ton lindges. 

Don Juan is (lashed on the shore of the Cyclades. where 
he is found by a beautiful and innocent girl, the daughter 
of an" old Greek pirate. There is a very superior kind of 
poetry in the conception of t li i - incident : the deaolate 
isle— the utter loneliness of the maiden, who is Ignorant as 
she is innocent— the helpless condition of the south, — 
everything conspires to render it a true romance. — black- 
woihVs JJajiUine. 

Haimon (The Four Sons of), the 
title of a minnesong in the degeneracy 
of that poetic school, which rose in Ger- 
many with the house of Hohenstanfen, 
and went out in the middle of the 
thirteenth century. 

Hair. Every three days, when Cor'- 
sina combed the" hair of Fairstar and her 
two brothers, "a great many valuable 
jewels were combed out, which she sold 
at thenearesttown." — ComtesseD'Aunoy, 
Fairy Talcs (" Princess Fairstar," lb'c<2). 

"I suspected." said Corsina, "that Chery is not the 
brother of Fairstar, for he has neither a star nor collar 
of gold as Kairstar and her brothers have." "That's true," 
rejolued her husband ; " but jewels fall out of his hair, us 
we'l as out of Uie others'." — P r in ce * Fuirttar. 

Hair. Mrs. Astley, an actress of the 
last century, wire of "Old Astley," could 
stand up and cover her feet with her 
flaxen hair. 

She had such luxuriant hair that she could stand upright 
and it covered her to her feet like a veil. She w:u very 
proud of these flaxen locks; and a slight accident by fire 
having befallen them, she resolved ever after to play in a 
wig. She used, therefore, to wind this immense quantity of 
hair round her head, and put over it a capacious caxon, 
the consequence of which was that her head bore about 
the same proportion to the rest of lur figure that a whale's 
skull does to its body.— Philip Astley 11743-1814). 

Mdlle. Bois de Chene, exhibited in 
London in 1852-3, had a most profuse 
head of hair, and also a strong black 
beard, large whiskers, and thick hair on 
her arms and legs. 

Charles XII. had in his army a woman 
whose beard was a yard and a half long. 
She was taken prisoner at the battle of 
Pultowa, and presented to the czar in 
1724. 

Johann Mayo, the German painter, had 
a beard which touched the ground when 
he stood up. 

Master George Killingworthe, in the 
court of Ivan "the Terrible" of Russia, 
had a beard five feet two inches long. It 
was thick, broad, and of a yellowish hue. 
— Hakluyt (1589). 



Hair Cut Off. It was said by the 
Greeks anil Romans that life would not 
quit the body of a devoted victim till a 
lock of hair 'had first been cut iron: the 
head of the victim and given to Proser- 
pine. Thus, when Alcestifl was about to 
die as a voluntary sacrifice for the life of 
her husband, Than'atos lirst cut off a lock 
of her hair for the queen of the infernals. 
When Dido immolated herself, she could 
not die till Iris had cut off one of her 
yellow locks for the same purpose. — Vir- 
gil, sEneid, iv. (>!l8-705. 

Iris cut the yellow hair of unhappy Dido, and broke the 
charm.— O. W. Holmes, A ulixrat o/ the Breakfast Table. 

Hair Sign of Rank. 

The Parthians and ancient Persians of 
high rank wore long flowing hair. 

Homer speaks of "the long-haired 
Greeks" by way of honourable distinction. 
Subsequently the Athenian cavalry wore 
long hair, and all Lacedaemonian soldiers 
did the same. 

The Gauls considered long hair a notable 
honour, for which reason Julius Ca-sar 
obliged them to cut off their hair in 
token of submission. 

The Franks and ancient Germans con- 
sidered long hair a mark of noble birth. 
Hence Clodion the Frank was called " The 
Long-Haired," and his successors are 
spoken of as les rvis chevelures. 

The Goths looked on long hair as a 
mark of honour, and short hair as a mark 
of thraldom. 

For many centuries long hair was in 
France the distinctive mark of kings and 
nobles. 

Haiz'um (3 syl.), the horse on which 
the archangel Gabriel rode when he led 
a squadron of 8000 angels against the 
Koreishites (3 syl.) in the famous battle 
of Bedr. 

Hakem' or Hakeem, chief of the 
Druses, who resides at Deir-el-Kamar. 
The first hakem was the third Fatimite 
caliph, called B'amr-ellah, who professed 
to be incarnate deity and the last prophet 
who had personal communication between 
God and man. He was slain on mount 
Mokattam, near Cairo (Egypt). 

Hakem the khalif vanished erst. 
In what seemed death to uninstructed eyes, 
On red Mokattam 's verge. 
Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, L 

Hakim (Adonbec el), Saladin in the 
disguise of a physician. He visited 
Richard Coeur de Lion in sickness ; gave 
him a medicine in which the "talisman " 
had been dipped, and the sick king 



HALCRO. 



420 



HAMET. 



recovered from his fever. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Halcro {Claud), the old bard of 
Magnus Troil the udaller of Zetland. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

*** A udaller is one who holds his 
land by allodial tenure. 

Halcyon a Weathercock. It is 

said that if the kingfisher or halcyon is 
hung, it will show which way the wind 
blows by veering about. 

How now stands the wind ? 

Into what corner peers my halcyon's bill? 

Marlowe, Jew of Malta (1586). 
Or as a halcyon with her turning brest, 
Demonstrates wind from wind and east from west 
Stover, Life and Death, of Thorn. Wolsey, Card. (1599). 

Halden or Halfdene (2 syl.), a 
Danish king, who with Basrig or Bagsecg, 
another Scandinavian king, made (in 871) 
a descent upon Wessex, and in that one 
year nine pitched battles were fought 
with the islanders. The first was Engle- 
field, in Berkshire, in which the Danes 
were beaten ; the second was Reading, in 
which the Danes were victorious ; the 
third was the famous battle of YEscesdun 
or Ashdune, in which the Danes were 
defeated with great loss, and king Bag- 
secg was slain. In 909, Halfdene was 
slain in the battle of Wodnesfield (Staf- 
fordshire). 

Reading ye regained . . . 

Where Easrig ye outbraved, and Halden sword to sword. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1<J13). 

Hal'diimmd {Sir Ewes), a friend of 
lord Dalgarno. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Hales {John), called "The Ever- 
Memorable " (1584-1656). 

The works of John Hales were pub- 
lished after his death, in 1659, under the 
title of The Golden Remains of the Ever- 
Memorable Mr. John Hales of Eton 
College (three vols.). 

Halkit {Mr.), a young lawyer in the 
introduction of sir W. Scott's Heart of 
Midlothian (1818). 

Hall {Sir Christopher), an officer in 
the army of Montrose. — Sir W. Scott, 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Hallara's Greek. Henry Hallam 
reviewed, in The Edinburgh, Payne 
Knight's book entitled An Analytical 
Inquiry into the Principles of Taste, and 
lashed most unmercifully some Greek 
verses therein. It was not discovered 
that the lines were Pindar's till it was 



too late to cancel the critique. — Crabb 
Robinson, Diary, i. 277. 

Classic Hallam, much renowned for Greek. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Haller {Mrs.). At the age of 16 
Adelaide [Mrs. Haller] married the count 
Waldbourg, from whom she eloped. The 
count then led a roving life, and was 
known as " the stranger." The countess, 
repenting of her folly, assumed (for three 
years) the name of Mrs. Haller, and took 
service under the countess of Wintersen, 
whose affection she won by her amiability 
and sweetness of temper. Baron Stein- 
fort fell in love with her, but, hearing 
her tale, interested himself in bringing 
about a reconciliation between Mrs. Haller 
and " the stranger," who happened, at the 
time, to be living in the same neighbour- 
hood. They met and bade adieu, but 
when their children were brought forth 
they relented, and rushed into each 
other's arms. — Benj. Thompson, The 
Stranger{1797). Adapted from Kotzebue. 

In " Mrs. Haller," the powers of Miss O'Neill, aided by her 
beauty, shone forth in the highest perfection, and when 
she appeared in that character, with John Kemble as 
"The Stranger," a spectacle was exhibited such as no one 
ever saw before, or will ever see again. — Sir A. Alison. 

Halliday {Tom), a private in the 
royal army. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II. j; 

Haxnarti'a, Sin personified, offspring 
of the red dragon and Eve. "A foul, de- 
formed " monster, "more foul, deformed, 
the sun yet never saw." " A woman 
seemed she in the upper part," but "the 
rest was in serpent form," though out of 
sight. Fully described in canto xiii of 
The Purple Island (1633), by Phineas 
Fletcher. (Greek, hamartia, "sin.") 

Hamet, son of Mandane and Zamti 
(a Chinese mandarin). When the infant 
prince Zaphimri, called "the orphan of 
China," was committed to the care of 
Zamti, Hamet was sent to Corea, and 
placed under the charge of Morat ; but 
when grown to manhood, he led a band of 
insurgents against Ti'murkan' the Tartar, 
who had usurped the throne of China. 
He was seized and condemned to death, 
under the conviction that he was 
Zaphimri the prince. Etan (who was 
the real Zaphimri) now came forward to 
acknowledge his rank, and Timurkan, 
unable to ascertain which was the true 
prince, ordered them both to execution. 
At this juncture a party of insurgents 
arrived, Hamet and Zaphimri were set at 
liberty, Timurkan was slain, and Zaphimri 



HAMET. 



421 



IIAMI'DEN. 



was raised to the throne of his forefathers. 
— Murphy, The Orphan of China. 

Ilamct, one of the black shives of sir 
Brian de Boia Gnilbert preceptor of the 
Knights Templars. — Sir W. Scott, Amis- 
Am (time, Richard I.). 

Hornet (The Cid) or The Cm ITamkt 
Benexgel'i, the hypothetical ftfoorish 

chronicler who is fabled by Cervantes to 
have written the adventures of "don 
Quixote." 

O Nature's noblest j^i ft . my trrny goose quill ! . . . 

Our taafc complete, likt- Haunt's, >liall l>e free. 
Byron. Ajgfiaa Hants and Scutch WllWI (1809). 
The shrewd C'ul Harriet, addressing himself to his pen, 
sa>s. "And now, my Blender ipiill, whether skilftill) cut 
or otherwise, here from this rack, MspendBd hy a wire, 
shalt thou peacefully live to distant times, unleaa the hand 
of some rash historian disturb thy repose by taking thee 
down and profaning thee." — Cervantes, Don (juLcute 
(last chap.. 1615). 

Hamilton (Lad;/ Emily), sister of 
lord Evandale. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mor- 
tality (time, Charles II.). 

Hamiltrude (3 syl.), a poor French- 
woman, the first of Charlemagne's nine 
wives. She bore him several children. 

Her neck was tinged with a delicate n se. . . . Her 
locks were bound about her temples with gold and purple 
bands. Her dress Was looped up with ruby ela-ps. Her 
coronet and her purple robes gave hei an air of surpassing 
majesty. — L'Epine, Crutjucmicaine, hi. 

Hamlet, prince of Denmark, a man 
of mind but not of action ; nephew of 
Claudius the reigning king, who had 
married the widowed queen. Hamlet 
loved Ophelia, daughter of Polo'nius the 
lord chamberlain ; but feeling it to be 
his duty to revenge his father's murder, 
he abandoned the idea of marriage, and 
treated Ophelia so strangely, that she 
went mad, and, gathering flowers from 
a brook, fell into the water and was 
drowned. While wasting his energy in 
speculation, Hamlet accepted a challenge 
from Laertes of a friendly contest with 
foils ; but Laertes used a poisoned rapier, 
with which he stabbed the young prince. 
A scuffle ensued, in which the combatants 
changed weapons, and Laertes being 
stabbed, both died. — Shakespeare, Hamlet 
(1596). 

"The whole play," says Schlegel, "is 
intended to show that calculating con- 
sideration which exhausts . . . the power 
of action." Goethe is of the same opinion, 
and says that " Hamlet is a noble nature, 
without the strength of nerve which forms 
a hero. He sinks beneath a burden which 
he cannot bear, and cannot [make up his 
mind to] cast aside." 

*** The best actors of "Hamlet" have 
been Thomas Betterton (1635-1710), 



Robert Wilkfl (1670-1732), Garrick 
(1716 177!)), John Henderson (1747- 
1786), J. P. Kemble (1767-1823), and W. 
H. liettv (1792-1874). Next to these, C. 
Kemble < 1 7 7 r> L864),C M. Young (1777- 
L866), Edmund Kean (1787-1833), Henry 
Irving (1840- ), etc. 

%* In the History of Hambiet, Hamlet's 
father is called " Ilorvemlille." 

Hammer (The), Judas Asamonaeus, 
Burnamed Maccabanu l "the hammer" 
(n.c. 166-136). 

Charles Martel (689-741). 

On pretend qi/on lui donna le surnom de Mortal 
parcequ'il avail etnas "*»— f a»ec un Mtteau hm 

S.'ir.iMiis qui. sous la conduite d'Abdtraiue, avaiciit 
tmal, i la France. — Bouillet. 

Hammer and Scourge of Eng- 
land, sir William Wallace (1270-1305). 

Hammer of Heretics. 

1. Pierre d'Ailly, president of the 
council which condemned John Huss 
(1350-1425). 

'1. St. Augustine, "the pillar of 
truth and hammer of heresies " (395- 
480).— Hakewell. 

3. John Faber. So called from the 
title of one of his works, Malleus Heretic- 
orum (1470-1541). 

Hammer of Scotland, Edward I. 
His son inscribed on his t<-m b: " Edwardns 
Longus Scotorum Malleus hie est" (1239, 
1272-1307). 

Hammerlein (Claus), the smith., one 
of the insurgents at Liege. — Sir W. Scott, 
Quentin JJuruard (time, Edward IV.). 

Hamond, captain of the guard of 
Eollo (" the bloody brother" of Otto, and 
duke of Normandy). He stabs the duke, 
and Kollo stabs the captain ; so that they 
kill each other. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Bloody Brother (1639). 

Hampden (John) was born in 
London, but after his marriage lived as a 
country squire. He was imprisoned in 
the gate-house for refusing to pay a tax 
called ship-money, imposed without the 
authority of parliament. The case was 
tried in the Exchequer Chamber, in 1637, 
and given against him. He threw him- 
self heart and soul into the business 
of the Long Parliament, and commanded 
a troop in the parliamentary army. In 
1643 he fell in an encounter with prince 
Rupert ; but he has ever been honoured 
as a patriot, and the defender of the rights 
of the people (1594-1643). 

[Shalt] Hampden no more, -when suffering Freedom calls, 
Encounter Fate, and triumph as he tails ? 

Campbell, Pleasure* of Uope. i. (1799). 



HAMZU-BEN-AHMUD. 



422 



HANS. 



Some village Hampden, that with dauntless breast, 
The little tyrant of his fields withstood. 

Gray, Elegy (1749). 

Hamzu-ben-Ahmud, who, on the 
death of hakeem B'amr-ellah (called the 
incarnate deity and last prophet), was 
the most zealous propagator of the new 
faith, out of which the semi-Moham- 
medan sect called Druses subsequently 
arose. 

N.B. — They were not called "Druses" 
till the eleventh century, when one of their 
" apostles," called Durzi, led them from 
Egypt to Syria, and the sect was called 
by his name. 

Handel's Monument, in West- 
minster Abbey, is by Roubiliac. It was 
the last work executed by this sculptor. 

Han (Sons of), the Chinese ; so called 
from Han, the village in which Lieou- 
pang was chief. Lieou-pang conquered 
all who opposed him, seized the supreme 
power, assumed the name of Kao-hoang- 
tee, and the dynasty, which lasted 422 
years, was "the fifth imperial dynasty, 
or that of Han." It gave thirty emperors, 
and the seat of government was Yn. 
With this dynasty the modern history of 
China begins (b.c. 202 to a.d. 220). 

Handsome Englishman (The). 
The French used to call John Churchill, 
duke of Marlborough, Le Bel Anglais 
(1650-1722). 

Handsome Swordsman (The). 
Joachim Murat was popularly called Le 
Beau Sabreur (1767-1815). 

Handy (Sir Abel), a great contriver 
of inventions which would not work, and 
of retrograde improvements. Thus "his 
infallible axletree " gave way when it 
was used, and the carriage was " smashed 
to pieces." His substitute for gunpowder 
exploded, endangered his life, and set 
fire to the castle. His " extinguishing 
powder " might have reduced the flames, 
but it was not mixed, nor were his patent 
fire-engines in workable order. He said 
to Farmer Ashfield : 

"I have obtained patents for tweezers, tooth-picks, and 
tinder-boxes . . . and have now on hand two inventions, 
. . . one for converting saw-dust into deal boards, and the 
other for cleaning rooms by steam-engines." — Act i. 1. 

Lady Nelly Bandy (his wife), formerly 
a servant in the house of Farmer Ashfield. 
She was full of affectations, overbearing, 
and dogmatical. Lady Nelly tried to 
" forget the dunghill whence she grew, 
and thought herself the Lord knows who." 
Per extravagance was so great that sir 
Abel said his "best coal-pit would not 



find her in white muslin, nor his India 
bonds in shawls and otto of roses." It 
turned out that her first husband Gerald, 
who had been absent twenty years, re- 
appeared and claimed her. Sir Abel will- 
ingly resigned his claim, and gave Gerald 
£5000 to take her off his hands. 

Robert Handy (always called Bob), son 
of sir Abel by his first wife. He fancied 
he could do everything better than any 
one else. He taught the post-boy to drive, 
but broke the horse's knees. He taught 
Farmer Ashfield how to box, but got 
knocked down by him at the first blow. 
He told Dame Ashfield he had learnt 
lace-making at Mechlin, and that she did 
not make it in the right way ; but he 
spoilt her cushion in showing her how to 
do it. He told lady Handy (his father's 
bride) she did not know how to use the 
fan, and showed her ; he told her she did 
not know how to curtsey, and showed 
her. Being pestered by this popinjay 
beyond endurance, she implored her hus- 
band to protect her from further insults. 
Though light-hearted, Bob was "warm, 
steady, and sincere." He married Susan, 
the daughter of Farmer Ashfield. — Th. 
Morton, Speed the Plough (1798). 

Hanging Judge (The), sir Francis 
Page (17 18-1741). x 

The earl of Norbury, who was chief 
justice of the Common Pleas in Ireland 
from 1820 to 1827, was also stigmatized 
with the same unenviable title. 

Hannah, housekeeper to Mr. Fairford 
the lawyer. — Sir W. Scott, Bedgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Hanover Rat. The Jacobites used 
to affirm that the rat was brought over by 
the Hanoverians when they succeeded to 
the crown. 

Curse me the British vermin, the rat, — 
I know not whether he came in the Hanover ship. 
Tennyson, Maud, II. v. 6. 

Hans, a simple-minded boy of five 
and twenty, in love with Esther, but too 
shy to ask her in marriage. He is a 
" Modus" in a lower social grade; and 
Esther is a "cousin Helen," who laughs 
at him, loves him, and teaches him how 
to make love to her and win her. — S. 
Knowles, The Maid of Mariendorpt 
(1838). 

Hans, the pious ferryman on the banks 
of the Rhine. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Hans (Adrian), a Dutch merchant, 



HANS OF ICELAND. 



423 



HARDCASTLE. 



killed at Boston.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Hans of Iceland, a novel by- 
Victor Hugo (1824). Hans is a stern, 
savage, Northern monster, ghastly and 
fascinating. 

Hans von Rippach \_R\f pak~\, i.e. 
Jack of Rippach. Rippach is u village 
near Leipsic. This Hans von Rippach 
is a " Mons. Nong-tong-pas," that is, a 
person asked for, who does not exist. 
The "joke" is to ring a house up at 
some unseasonable hour, and ask for 
Herr Hans von Rippach or Mons. Nong- 
tongpas. 

Hanson (Neil), a soldier in the 
castle of Garde Doloureuse. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Hanswurst, the " Jack Pudding " of 
old German coined)', but almost anni- 
hilated by Gottsched,in the middle of the 
eighteenth century. He was clumsy, 
huge in person, an immense gourmand, 
and fond of vulgar practical jokes. 

*** The French "Jean Potage," the 
Italian " Macaroni," and the Dutch 
" Pickel Herringe," were similar charac- 
ters. 

Hapmouche (2 syl.), i.e. "fly- 
catcher," the giant who first hit upon 
the plan of smoking pork and neats' 
tongues. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 1. 

Happer or Hob, the miller who 
supplies St. Mary's Convent. 

Mysie Happer, the miller's daughter. 
Afterwards, in disguise, she acts as the 
page of sir Piercie Shafton, whom she 
marries. — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Happuck, a magician, brother of 
Ulin the enchantress. He was the instiga- 
tor of rebellion, and intended to kill the 
sultan Misnar at a review, but Misnar 
had given orders to a body of archers to 
shoot the man who was left standing 
when the rest of the soldiers fell pros- 
trate in adoration. Misnar went to the 
review, and commanded the army to give 
thanks to Allah for their victory', when 
all fell prostrate except Happuck, who 
was thus detected, and instantly de- 
spatched. — SirC. Morell [James Ridley], 
Tales of the Genii ("The Enchanter's 
Tale," vi., 1751). 

Have we prevailed against Ulin and Happuck. Ollo- 
mand and Tasnar, Ahaback and Desra ; and shall we 
fear the contrivance of a poor vizier 2— Tales of the Genii, 
ViL (1751). 



Happy Valley (The), in the king- 
dom of Amhara. It was here the royal 
princes and princesses of Abyssinia lived. 
It was surrounded by high mountains, 
and was accessible only by one spot 
under a cave. This spot was concealed 
by woods and closed by iron gates. — Dr. 
Johnson, Masselas (1759). 

Har'apha, a descendant of Anak the 
giant of Gath. He went to mock Sam- 
son in prison, but durst not venture 
within his reach. — Milton, Samson 
Agonistes (1632). 

HarlDothel (Master Fabian), the 
'squire of sir Aymer de Valence. — Sir W. 
Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Hard Times, a novel by C. Dickens 
(1854), dramatized in 1867 under the title 
of Under the Earth or The Sons of Toil. 
Bounderby, a street arab, raised himself 
to banker and cotton prince. When 55 
years of age, he proposed marriage to 
Louisa, daughter of Thomas Gradgrind, 
Esq., J.P., and was accepted. One night, 
the bank was robbed of £150, and Boun- 
derby believed Stephen Blackpool to be 
the thief, because he had dismissed him, 
being obnoxious to the mill hands ; but 
the culprit was Tom Gradgrind, the 
banker's brother-in-law, who lay perdu 
for a while, and then escaped out of the 
country. In the dramatized version, the 
bank was not robbed at all, but Tom 
merely removed the money to another 
drawer for safe custody. 

Hardcastle (Squire), a jovial, prosy, 
but hospitable country gentleman of the 
old school. He loves to tell his long- 
winded stories about prince Eugene 
and the duke of Marlborough. He says, 
" I love everything that's old — old 
friends, old times, old manners, old 
books, old wine " (act i. 1), and he might 
have added, "old stories." 

Mrs. Hardcastle, a very "genteel" 
lady indeed. Mr. Hardcastle is her 
second husband, and Tony Lumpkin her 
son by her former husband. She is 
fond of "genteel" society, and the last 
fashions. Mrs. Hardcastle says, "There's 
nothing in the world I love to talk of 
so much as London and the fashions, 
though I was never there myself" (act 
ii. 1). Her mistaking her husband for a 
highwayman, and imploring him on her 
knees to take their watches, money, all 
the} r have got, but to spare their lives : 
" Here, good gentleman, whet your rage 
upon me, take mv money, my life, but 



HARDIE. 



424 



HARMON. 



spare my child ! " is infinitely comic 
(act iv. 1). 

The princess, like Mrs. Hardcastle, was jolted to a jelly. 
—Lord W. P. Lennox, Celebrities, i. 1. 

Miss Hardcastle, the pretty, bright- 
eyed, lively daughter of squire Hard- 
castle. She is in love with young 
Mario w, and "stoops" to a pardonable 
deceit "to conquer" his bashfulness and 
win him. — Goldsmith, She Stoops to 
Conquer (1773). 

Har'die (Mr.), a young lawyer, in 
the introduction of sir W. Scott's Heart 
of Midlothian (1818). 

Hardouin (2 syl.). Jean Hardouin, 
the Jesuit, was librarian to Louis XIV. 
He doubted the truth of all received 
history ; denied that the JEne'id was the 
work of Virgil, or the Odes of Horace 
the production of that poet ; placed no 
credence in medals and coins ; regarded 
all councils before that of Trent as 
chimerical ; and looked on all Jansenists 
as infidels (1646-1729). 

Hardy {Mr.), father of Letitia. A 
worthy little fellow enough, but with the 
unfortunate gift of " foreseeing " every- 
thing (act v. 4). 

Letitia Hardy, his daughter, the fiancee 
of Dor'icourt. A girl of great spirit and 
ingenuity, beautiful and clever. Dori- 
court dislikes her M r ithout knowing her, 
simply because he has been betrothed to 
her by his parents ; but she wins him by 
stratagem. She first assumes the airs 
and manners of a raw country hoyden, 
and disgusts the fastidious man of 
fashion. She then appears at a masque- 
rade, and wins him by her many attrac- 
tions. The marriage is performed at 
midnight, and, till the ceremony is over, 
Doricourt has no suspicion that the fair 
masquerader is his affiancedMiss Hardy. 
— Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem 
(1780). 

Hare'dale {Geoffrey), brother of 
Reuben the uncle of Emma Haredale. 
He was a papist, and incurred the malig- 
nant hatred of Gashford (lord George 
Gordon's secretary) by exposing him in 
Westminster Hall. Geoffrey Haredale 
killed sir John Chester in a duel, but 
made good his escape, and ended his days 
in a monastery. 

Reuben Haredale (2. syl.), brother of 
Geoffrey, and father of Emma Haredale. 
He was murdered. 

Emma Haredale, daughter of Reuben, 
and niece of Geoff rev with whom she 



lived at " The Warren." Edward Chester 
entertained a tendre for Emma Haredale. 
— C. Dickens, Barnaby Budge (1841). 

Harefoot (Harold). So Harold I. 
was called, because he was swift of foot 
as a hare (1035-1040). 

Hargrave, a man of fashion. The 
hero and title of a novel by Mrs. Trol- 
lope (1843). 

Harley, " the man of feeling." A 
man of the finest sensibilities and un- 
bounded benevolence, but bashful as a 
maiden. — Mackenzie, The Man of Feeling 
(1771). 

The principal object of Mackenzie is ... to reach 
and sustain a tone of moral pathos by representing the 
effect of incidents . . . upon the human luind, . . . 
especially those which are just, honourable, and intel- 
ligent.— Sir W. Scott. 

Harlot (The Infamous Northern), 
Elizabeth Petrowna empress of Russia 
(1709-1761). 

Harlowe (Clarissa), a young lady, 
who, to avoid a marriage to which her 
heart cannot consent, but to which she 
is urged by her parents, casts herself on 
the protection of a lover, who most 
scandalously abuses the confidence re- 
posed in him. He afterwards proposes 
marriage ; but she rejects his proposal, 
and retires to a solitary dwelling, where 
she pines to death with grief and shame. 
— S. Richardson, The History of Clarissa 
Harlowe (1749). 

The dignity of Clarissa under her disgrace ... re- 
minds us of the saying of the ancient poet, that a good 
man struggling with the tide of adversity and surmounting 
it, is a sight upon which the immortal gods might look 
down with pleasure. — Sir W. Scott. 

The moral elevf.tion of this heroine, the saintly purity 
which she preserves amidst scenes of the deepest de- 
pravity and the most seductive gaiety, and the never- 
failing sweetness and benevolence of her temper, render 
Clarissa one of the brightest triumphs of the whole range 
of imaginative literature.— Chambers, English Literature, 
ii. 161. 

Harl'weston Fountains, near St. 
Neot's, in Huntingdon. There are two, 
one salt and the other fresh. The salt 
fountain is said to cure dimness of sight, 
and the sweet fountain to cure the itch 
and leprosy. Drayton tells the legend 
of these two fountains at the beginning 
of song xxii. of his Polyolbion (1622). 

Harmon (John), alias John Roke- 
smith, Mr. Boffin's secretary. He lodged 
with the Wilfers, and ultimately married 
Bella Wilfer. He is described as "a 
dark gentleman, 30 at the utmost, with 
an expressive, one might say, a hand- 
some face." — C. Dickens, Our Mutual 
Friend (1864). 



HARMONIA'S NECKLACE. 



425 



HARPAGON. 



*** For explanation of the mystery, 
see vol. I. ii. lii. 

Harmo'nia's Necklace, an un- 
lucky possession, something which brings 
evil to its possessor, llarmonia was the 
daughter of Mars and Venus. On the 
day of her marriage with king Cadmos, 
she received a necklace made by Vulcan 
for Venus. This unlucky ornament 
afterwards passed to Sem'ele, then to 
Jooasta, then Eriphy'le, but was equally 
fatal in every case. (See Luck.) — Ovid, 
Mctaph., iv. 5 ; Statius, I'hcbaid, ii. 

Harmonious Blacksmith. It is 
said that the sound of hammers on an 
anvil suggested to Handel the "theme" 
of the musical composition to which he 
has given this name. — See Schoelcher, 
Life of Handel, 65. 

A similar tale is told of Pythagoras. 

Intently considering whether it would be possible to 
devise a certain instrumental aid to the hearing, ... he 
one day passed near a stithy, and was struck by the 
sound produced as the hammers beat out a piece of 
iron on an anvil. ... He recognized in these sounds the 
diapason, the diapente, and the diatessaron harmony. . . . 
Going then into the stithy, he disco* ered that the dif- 
ference of sound arose from the different sizes of the 
hammers, and not from the difference of force employed 
in giving the strokes nor yet from any difference in the 
shape of the hammers. . . . From this hint he constructed 
his musical scale. — lamblichus, Life of l'ytluigoriis, xxvi. 

The same tale is also told of Tubal- 
cain. 

Tuball hadde greete lykynge to here the hamers sowne, 
and he fonde proportions and acorde of melodye by 
weyght of tile hamers ; and so lie use! them moche in the 
acoide of melodye, but he was not fynder of the Iustru- 
inentes of musyke.— Higden, Polycronycon. 

(It would be more to the point, per- 
haps, if the tale had been told of Jubal, 
" the fynder of certain Instrumentes of 
musyke.") 

Harmony (Mr.), a general peace- 
maker. When he found persons at 
variance, he went to them separately, 
and told them how highly the other 
spoke and thought of him or her. If 
it were man and wife, he would tell the 
wife how highly her husband esteemed 
her, and would apply the " oiled feather" 
in a similar way to the husband. " We 
all have our faults," he would say, "and 
So-and-so knows it, and grieves at his 
infirmity of temper ; but though he con- 
tends with you, he praised you to me this 
morning in the highest terms." By this 
means he succeeded in smoothing many 
a ruffled mind. — Inchbald, Every One has 
His Fault (1794). 

Harness Prize, a prize competed 
for triennially, on some Shakespearian 
subject. The prize consists of three 
years' accumulated interest of £500. It 



was founded by the Rev. Mr. Harness, and 

accepted by the University of Cambridge. 
The first prize was awarded in 1874. 

Harold "the Dauntless," son of 
Witikind the Dane, "lie was rocked 
on a buckler, and fed from a blade." 
Harold married Eivir, a Danish maid, 
who had waited on him as a page. — Sir 
W. Scott, Harold the Dauntless (1817). 

Harold (Childe), a man of good birth, 
lofty bearing, and peerless intellect, who 
has exhausted by dissipation the plea- 
sures of youth, and travels. Sir Walter 
Scott calls him "lord Byron in a fancy 
dress." In canto i. the childe visits 
Portugal and Spain (1809) ; in canto ii., 
Turkey in Europe (1810) ; in canto Hi., 
Belgium and Switzerland (1810) ; in canto 
iv., Venice, Rome, and Florence (1817). 

%* Lord Byron was only 21 when he 
began Childe Harold, and 28 when he 
finished it. 

Haroun-al-Raschid, caliph, of 
the Abbasside race, contemporary with 
Charlemagne, and, like him, a patron of 
literature and the arts. The court of this 
caliph was most splendid, and under him 
the caliphate attained its greatest degree 
of prosperity (765-809). 

*** Many of the tales in the Arabian 
Niijhts are placed in the caliphate of 
Haroun-al-Raschid, as the histories of 
"Am'ine," " Sindbad the Sailor," "Aboul- 
hasson and Shemselnihar," " Noureddin," 
" Codadad and his Brothers," " Sleeper 
Awakened," and " Cogia Hassan." In 
the third of these the caliph is a prin- 
cipal actor. 

Har'pagon, the miser, father of 
Cleante (2 syl.) and Elise (2 syl.). Both 
Harpagon and his son desire to marry 
Mariane (3 syl.) ; but the father, having 
lost a casket of money, is asked which 
he prefers — his casket or Mariane, and 
as the miser prefers the money, Cleante 
marries the lady. Harpagon imagines 
that every one is going to rob him, and 
when he loses his casket, seizes his oavu 
arm in the frenzy of passion. He pro- 
poses to give his daughter in marriage 
to an old man named Anselme, because 
no "dot" will be required; and when 
Valere (who is Elise's lover) urges reason 
after reason against the unnatural alli- 
ance, the miser makes but one reply, 
"sans dot." "Ah," says Valere, "il 
est vrai, cela ferme la bouche a tout, 
sans dot." Harpagon, at another time, 
solicits Jacques (1 syl.) to tell him what 
folks say of him ; and when Jacaues 



HARPAX. 



426 



HARROWBY. 



replies he cannot do so, as it would make 
him angry, the miser answers, " Point 
de tout, au contraire, c'est me faire 
plaiser." But when told that he is called 
a miser and a skinflint, he towers with 
rage, and beats Jacques in his uncon- 
trolled passion. 

"Le seigneur Harpagon est de tousles humains l'humain 
le moins humain, le mortel de tous les mortels le plus dur 
et le plus serre" (ii. 5). Jacques says to him, " Jamais on 
ne parle de vous que sous les noms d'avare, de ladre, de 
vilain, et de fesse-Matthiae " (iii. 5).— Moliere, L'Avare 
(1667). 

Harpax, centurion of the " Immortal 
Guard." — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). : 

Harp& (2 syl.), the cutlass with 
which Mercury killed Argus, and with 
which Perseus (2 syl.) subsequently cut 
off the head of Medusa. 

Harper, a familiar spirit of mediaeval 
demonology. 

Harper cries, " "Tis time, 'tis time 1 " 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, act iv. sc. 1 (1606). 

m Harpoc'rates (4 syl.), the god of 
silence. Cupid bribed him Avith a rose 
not to divulge the amours of Venus. 
Harpocrates is generally represented with 
his second finger on his mouth. 

He also symbolized the sun at the end 
of winter, and is represented with a 
cornucopia in one hand and a lotus in 
the other. The lotus is dedicated to the 
sun, because it opens at sunrise and 
closes at sunset. 

I assured my mistress she might make herself quite 
easy on that score [i.e. my making mention of what was 
told me\ for 1 was the Harpocrates of trusty valets. — 
Lesage, Gil Bias, iv. 2 (1724). 

Harriet, the elder daughter of sir 
David and lady Dunder, of Dunder Hall. 
She was in love with Scruple, whom she 
accidentally met at Calais ; but her 
parents arranged that she should marry 
lord Snolts, a stumpy, "gummy" old 
nobleman of five and forty. To prevent 
this hateful marriage, Harriet consented 
to elope with Scruple ; but the flight 
was intercepted by sir David, who, to 
prevent a scandal, consented to the mar- 
riage, and discovered that Scruple, both 
in family and fortune, was a suitable 
son-in-law. — G. Colman, Ways and Means 
(1788). 

Harriet [Mowbray], the daughter 
of colonel Mowbray, an orphan without 
fortune, without friends, without a pro- 
tector. She marries clandestinely Charles 
Eustace. — J. Poole, The Scapegoat. 

Harriot [Russet], the simple, 
unsophisticated daughter of Mr. Russet. 



She loves Mr. Oakly, and marries him, 
but becomes a "jealous wife," Avatching 
her husband like a lynx, to find out some 
proof of infidelity, and distorting every 
casual remark as evidence thereof. Her 
aunt, lady Freelove, tries to make her a 
woman of fashion, but without success. 
Ultimately, she is cured of her idiosyn- 
crasy. — George Colman, The Jealous Wife 
(1761). 

Harris (Mrs.), a purely imaginary 
character, existing only in the brain of 
Mrs. Sarah Gamp, and brought forth on 
all occasions to corroborate the opinions 
and trumpet the praises of Mrs. Gamp 
the monthly nurse. 

" ' Mrs. Harris,' I says to her, . . . ' if I could afford to 
buy out all my fellow-creeturs for nothink, I would gladly 
do it ; sioh is the love I bears 'em.' " Again : " What ! " 
said Mrs. Gamp. " you bage creetur ! Have I know'd Mrs. 
Harris five and thirty year, to be told at last that there 
an't no sich a person livin' ? Have I stood her friend in 
all her troubles, great and small, for it to come to sich a 
end as this, with her own sweet picter hanging up afore 
you all the time, to shame your Bragian words? Go along 
with you ! " — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xlix. (1843). 

Mrs. Harris is the " Mde. Benoiton " of French comedy. 
— The Times. 

*** Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris have 
Parisian sisters in Mde. Pochet and 
Mde. Gibou, by Henri Monnier. 

Harris. (See Slawicen-Bergius.) 

Harrison (Dr.), the model of 
benevolence, who nevertheless takes in 
execution the goods and person of his 
friend Booth, because Booth, while plead- 
ing poverty, was buying expensive and 
needless jewellery. — Fielding, Amelia 
(1751). 

Har'rison (Major-General), one of the 
parliamentary commissioners. — Sir W. 
Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Harrison, the old steward of lady 
Bellenden, of the Tower of Tillietudlem. 
—Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, 
Charles II.). 

Har'rowby (John), of Stocks Green, 
a homely, kind-hearted, honest Kentish 
farmer, with whom lieutenant Worth- 
ington and his daughter Emily take 
lodgings. Though most desirous of 
showing his lodger kindness, he is con- 
stantly wounding his susceptibilities 
from blunt honesty and want of tact. 

Dame Harrowby, wife of Farmer Har- 
rowby. 

Stephen Harrowby, son of Farmer 
Harrowby, who has a mania for soldier- 
ing, and calls himself "a perspiring 
young hero." 

Mary Harrowby, daughter of Farmer 
Harrowbv. — G. Colman,^ The Poor Gen- 
tleman (1802). 



HARRY. 



427 



HASSAN. 



Harry (Sir), the servant of a baronet, 

who assumed the airs and title of his 
master, and was addressed as " Baronet," 
or "sir Harry." He even quotes a bit 
of Latin : "6 tempora ! O Moses ! " — 
Rev. James Townley, Hiyh Life Below 
Stairs (17oi>). 

Harry (Blind), the minstrel, friend of 
Henry Smith.— Sir W. Scott, Fatr Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Harry (The Great) or Henri Grace a 
Dieu, a man-of-war built in the reign of 
Henry VI 1. 

Towered the Great Ilarry, crank and tall. 

LengfeUow, The liuildir.g of the Ship. 

Harry Paddington, a highway- 
man in the gang of captain Macheath. 
Peachum calls him "a poor, petty-lar- 
ceny rascal, without the least genius ; " 
and says, " even if the fellow were to live 
six months, he would never come to the 
gallows with credit." — Gay, The Beyyar's 
0/>era (1727). 

Hart'house (2 syl.), a young man 
who begins life as a cornet of dragoons, 
but, being bored with everything, coaches 
himself up in statistics, and comes to 
Cokctown to study facts. He falls in 
love with Louisa [nee Gradgrind], wife 
of Josiah Bounderby, banker and mill- 
owner, but, failing to induce the young 
wife to elope with him, he leaves the 
place. — C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 

Hartley (Adam), afterwards Dr. 
Hartley. Apprentice to Dr. Gray. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Suryeoris Dauyhter (time, 
George II.). 

Hartwell (Lady), a widow, courted 
by Fountain, Bellamore, and Harebrain. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher, Wit without 
Money (1639). 

Harut and Marut, two angels 
sent by Allah to adminster justice upon 
earth, because there was no righteous 
judgment among men. They acted well 
till Zoha'ra, a beautiful woman, applied 
to them, and then they both fell in love 
with her. She asked them to tell her the 
secret name of God, and immediately she 
uttered it, she was borne upwards into 
heaven, where she became the planet 
Venus. As for the two angels, they were 
imprisoned in a cave near Babylon. — 
Sale's Koran, ii. 

Allah bade 
That two untempted spirits should descend, 
Judges on earth. Harutli and Maruth went. 
The chosen sentencers. They fairly heard 



The appeals of men ... At leneth, 
A woman c-.mie before tlieni ; beaulifal 
Zohari was. etc. 

Southey, Talaba th« Destroyer, iv. (17»7). 

Hassan, caliph of the Ottoman 
empire, noted for his splendour and hos- 
pitality. In his seraglio was a beautiful 
young slave named Leila (2 syl.), who had 
formed an attachment to "the Giaour" 
(2 syl.). Leila is put to death by the 
emir, and Hassan is slain near mount 
Parnassus by the giaoni [djuvo'.er] . — 
Byron, The Giaour (1813). 

Hassan, the story-teller, in the retinue 
of the Arabian physician. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Hassan (Al), the Arabian emir of 
Persia, father of Hinda. He won the 
battle of Cadessia, and thus became 
master of Persia. — T. Moore, Lalla 
Rookh ("The Fire-Worshippers," 1817). 

Hassan, sumamed Al Habhal ("the rope- 
maker"), and subsequently Cogia (" mer- 
chant"); his full name was then Cogia 
Hassan Alhabbal. Two friends, named 
Saad and Saadi, tried an experiment on 
him. Saadi gave him 200 pieces of gold, 
in order to see if it would raise him from 
extreme poverty to affluence. Hassan 
took ten pieces for immediate use, and 
sewed the rest in his turban ; but a kite 
pounced on his turban and carried it 
away. The two friends, after a time, 
visited Hassan again, but found him in 
the same state of .poverty ; and, having 
heard his tale, Saadi gave him another 
200 pieces of gold. Again he took out ten 
pieces, and, wrapping the rest in a linen 
rag, hid it in a jar of bran. While Has- 
san was at work, his wife exchanged this 
jar of bran for fuller's earth, and again 
the condition of the man was not bettered 
by the gift. Saad now gave the rope- 
maker a small piece of lead, and this 
made his fortune thus : A fisherman 
wanted a piece of lead for his nets, and 
promised to give Hassan for Saad's piece 
whatever he caught in his first draught. 
This was a large fish, and in it the wife 
found a splendid diamond, which was sold 
for 100,000 pieces of gold. Hassan now 
became very rich, and when the two friends 
visited him again, they found him a man 
of consequence. He asked them to stay 
with him, and took them to his country 
house, when one of his sons showed him 
a curious nest, made out of a turban. 
This was the very turban which the kite 
had carried off, and the money was found 
in the lining. As they returned to the 



HASSAN. 



428 



HATTERAICK. 



city, they stopped and purchased a jar of 
bran. This happened to be the very jar 
which the wife had given in exchange, 
and the money was discovered wrapped 
in linen at the bottom. Hassan was 
delighted, and gave the 180 pieces to the 
poor. — Arabian Nights ("Cogia Hassan 
Alhabbal"). 

Hassan (Abou), the son of a rich mer- 
chant of Bagdad, and the hero of the tale 
called " The Sleeper Awakened " (q.v.). — 
Arabian Nig/iis. 

Hassan Aga, an infamous renegade, 
who reigned in Algiers, and was the 
sovereign there when Cervantes (author 
of Don Quixote) was taken captive by a 
Barbary corsair in 1574. Subseo.uently, 
Hassan bought the captive for 500 ducats, 
and he remained a slave till he was re- 
deemed by a friar for 1000 ducats. 

Every day this Hassan Aga was hanging one, impaling 
another, cutting off the ears or breaking the limbs of a 
third . . . out of mere wantonness.— Cervantes (1605). 

Hassan ben Sabah, the old man 

of the mountain, founder of the sect 
called the Assassins. 

Dr. Adam Clark has supplemented 
Rymer's Fazdera with two letters by this 
sheik. This is not the place to point out 
the want of judgment in these addenda. 

Hastie (Robin), the smuggler and 
publican at Annan. — Sir W. Scott, Bed- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Hastings, the friend of young 
Marlow, who entered with him the house 
of squire Hardcastle, which they mistook 
for an inn. Here the two young men 
met Miss Hardcastle and Miss Neville. 
Marlow became the husband of the 
former, and Hastings, by the aid of Tony 
Lumpkin, won the latter. — O. Goldsmith, 
She Stoops to Conquer (1773). 

Hastings, one of the court of king 
Edward IV.— Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Haswell, the benevolent physician 
who visited the Indian prisons, and for 
his moderation, benevolence, and judg- 
ment, received the sultan's signet, which 
gave him unlimited power. — Mrs. Inch- 
bald, Such Things Are (1786). 

Hat (A White) used to be a mark of 
radical proclivities, because orator Hunt, 
the great demagogue, used to wear a 
white hat during the Wellington and 
Peel administration. 

Hat "worn in the Royal Pre- 
sence. Lord Kingsale acquired the 



right of wearing his hat in the presence 
of royalty by a grant from king John. 
Lord Forester is possessed of the same 
right, from a grant conlirmed by Henry 

Yiii. 

Hats and Caps, two political 
factions of Sweden in the eighteenth 
century. The " Hats" were partizans in 
the French interest, and were so called 
because they wore French chapeaux. 
The " Caps " were partizans in the 
Russian interest, and were so called be- 
cause they wore the Russian caps as a 
badge of their party. 

Hatchway (Lieutenant Jack), a 
retired naval officer on half-pay, living 
with commodore Trunnion as a com- 
panion. — Smollett, The Adventures of 
Peregrine Pickle (1751). 

Who can read the calamities of Trunnion and Hatch- 
way, when run away with by their mettled steeds . . . 
without a good hearty burst of honest laughter ?— Sir W. 
Scott. 

Hatef (i.e. the deadly), one of Ma- 
homet's swords, confiscated from the 
Jews when they were exiled from 
Medi'na. 

Hater. Dr. Johnson said, " Sir, I 
like a good hater." This is not alto- 
gether out of character with the words : 
" Thou art neither cold nor hot : I would 
thou wert cold or hot" (Rev. iii. 15). 
(See Candid Friend.) 

Rough Johnson, the great moralist, professed 
Right honestly he "liked an honest hater." 

Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 7 (1821). 

Hatim (Generous as), an Arabian 
expression. Hatim was a Bedouin chief, 
famous for his warlike deeds and bound- 
less generosity. His son was contem- 
porary with Mahomet the prophet. 

Hatter. Mad as a hatter, or mad 
as a viper. Atter is Anglo-Saxon for 
"adder" or "viper," so called from its 
venomous character; dter, "poison;" 
atter-drink or dttor-drink, "a poisonous 
drink;" dttor-ltc, "snake-like." 

Hatteraick (Dirk), alias Jans Jan- 
son, a Dutch smuggler-captain, and 
accomplice of lawyer Glossin in kid- 
napping Henry Bertrand. Meg Merrilies 
conducts young Hazlewood and others to 
the smuggler's cave, when Hatteraick 
shoots her, is seized, and imprisoned. 
Lawyer Glossin visits the villain in 
prison, when a quarrel ensues, in which 
Hatteraick strangles the lawyer, and then 
hangs himself. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
nerina Ctime. Georsre II.). 



HATTO. 



429 



HAVISHAM. 



Hatto, archbishop of Mentz, was 
devoured by mice in the Mouse-tower, 
situate in a little green island in the 
midst of the Rhine, near the town of 
Bingen. Some say he was eaten of rats, 
and Southey, in his ballad called God's 
Judgment on a Wicked Bishop, has 
adopted the latter tradition. 

This Hatto, in the time of the great famine of 914. 
when he saw the j.oor exceedingly oppressed I >y famine, 
assembled ■ great company of them together into I harne 
at Kauh, and burnt tliem . . . because he thought the 
famine would sooner cease if those poor folkg were de- 
■patDhed out of the world, for like mice Uiey oralj devour 
food, and are of no good whatsoever. . . . But God . . . 
sent against him a plague of mice, . . . and the prelate 
retreated to a tower in the Rhine as a sanctuary ; . . . but 
the mice chased him continually, . . . and at last he was 
mo-t miserably devoured by Uioso sillie creatures. — Coryat, 
CrttdUiet, 671, 57:!. 

%* Giraldus Cambrensis, in his Itine- 
rary, xi. 2, says: "the larger sort of 
mice are called rati." This may account 
for the substitution of rats for mice in 
the legend. 

The legend of Hatto is very common, 
as the following stories will prove : — 

Widerolf, bishop of Strasburg (997), 
was devoured by mice in the seventeenth 
year of his episcopate, because he sup- 
pressed the convent of Seltzen on the 
Khine. 

Bishop Adolf, of Cologne, was devoured 
by mice or rats in 1112. 

Freihcrr von Giittiwjen collected the 
poor in a great barn, and burnt them to 
death, mocking their cries of agony. 
He, like Hatto, was invaded by mice, 
ran to his castle of Guttingen, in the 
lake of Constance, whither the vermin 
pursued him, and ate him alive. The 
Swiss legend says the castle sank in the 
lake, and may still be seen. Freihcrr 
von Guttingen had three castles, one of 
which was Moosburg. 

Count Graaf, in order to enrich him- 
self, bought up all the corn. One year 
a sad famine prevailed, and the count 
expected to reap a rich harvest by his 
speculation ; but an army of rats, pressed 
by hunger, invaded his barns, and, swarm- 
ing into his Khine tower, fell on the 
old baron, worried him to death, and then 
devoured him. — Legends of the Rhine. 

A similar story is told by William of 
Malmesbury, History, ii. 313 (Bonn's 
edit.). 

%* Some of the legends state that the 
"mice" were in reality "the souls of 
the murdered people." 

Hatton (Sir Christopher), " the 
dancing chancellor." He first attracted 
the attention of queen Elizabeth by his 
graceful dancing at a masque. He was 



made by her chancellor and knight of 
the (iarter. 

*** M. de Lauzun, the favourite of 
Louis XIV., owed his fortune also to the 
manner in which he danced in the king's 
quadrille. 

You'll know fir Christopher by his taming OUl bit 
imous, you know, for his dancing. — Sheiidan, 1'ho 
Critic, ii. 1 (1779). 

Hautlieu (Sir Artavan de), in the 
introduction of sir W. Scott's Count 
Hubert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Hautlieu (The lady Margaret de), first 
disguised as sister I'rsula, and afterwards 
affianced to sir Malcolm Fleming. — Sir 
W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry 
I.). 

Havelok (2 syl.) or Hablok, the 
orphan son of Birkabcgn king of Den- 
mark, was exposed at sea through the 
treachery of his guardians. The raft 
drifted to the coast of Lincolnshire, 
where it was discovered by Grim, a fisher- 
man, who reared the young foundling as 
his own son. It happened that some 
twenty years later certain English nobles 
usurped the dominions of an English 
princess, and, to prevent her gaining any 
access of power by a noble alliance, 
resolved to marry her to a peasant. 
Young Havelok was selected as the 
bridegroom, but having discovered the 
story of his birth, he applied to his 
father Birkabegn for aid in recovering 
his wife's possessions. The king afforded 
him the aid required, and the youjig 
foundling became in due time both king 
of Denmark and king of that part of 
England which belonged to him in right 
of his wife. — Haveloc the Dane (by the 
trouveurs). 

Havisham (Miss), an old spinster, 
who dressed always in her bridal dress, 
with lace veil from head to foot, white 
shoes, bridal flowers in her white hair, 
and jewels on her hands and neck. 
She was the daughter of a rich brewer, 
engaged to Compeyson, a young man, who 
threAv her over on the wedding morning ; 
from which moment she became fossilized 
(ch. xxii.). She fell into the fire, and 
died from the shock. 

Estella Havisham, the adopted child o.' 
Miss Havisham, by whom she -was brough 
up. She was proud, handsome, and self 
possessed. Pip loved her, and probabh 
she reciprocated his love, but she marriet 
Bentley Drummle, who died, leaving 
Estella a young widow. The tale end/ 
with these words : 



HAVRE. 



430 



HEART OF MIDLOTHIAN. 



I [Pip] took her hand in mine, and we went out of the 
ruined place. As the morning mists had risen . . . when 
I first left the forge, so the evening were rising now ; and 
. . . I saw no shadow of another parting from her. — C. 
Dickens, Great Expectations (1860). 

Havre, in France, is a contraction of 
Le havre de notre dame de Grace. 

Haw'cabite (3 syL), a street bully. 
After the Restoration, we had a succession 
of these disturbers of the peace : first 
came the Muns, then followed the Tityre 
Tus, the Hectors, the Scourers, the 
Nickers, the Hawcabites, and after them 
the Mohawks, the most dreaded of all. 

Hawk (Sir Mulberry), the bear- 
leader of lord Frederick Verisopht. He 
is a most unprincipled rone', who sponges 
on his lordship, snubs him, and despises 
him. " Sir Mulberry was remarkable for 
his tact in ruining young gentlemen of 
fortune." 

With all the boldness of an original genius, sir Mul- 
berry had struck out an entirely new course of treatment, 
quite opposed to the usual method, his custom being . . , 
to keep down those he took in hand, and to give them 
their own way. . . . Thus he made them his butts in a 
double sense, for he emptied them with good address, and 
made them the laughing-stocks of society. — C. Dickens, 
Jficholas Nickleby, xix. (1838). 

To know a hawk from a handsaw, a 
corruption of "from a hernshaw " (i.e. 
a heron), meaning that one is so ignorant 
he does not know a hawk from a heron, 
the bird of prey from the game flown at. 
The Latin proverb is, Ignorat quid distent 
(Era lupinis ("he does not know sterling 
money from counters "). Counters used 
in games were by the Romans called 
" lupins." 

Hawkins, boatswain of the pirate 
vessel. — Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

Hawthorn, a jolly, generous old 
fellow, of jovial spirit, and ready to do 
any one a kindness ; consequently, every- 
body loves him. He is one of those rare, 
unselfish beings, who "loves his neigh- 
bour better than himself." — I. Bickerstaff, 
Love in a Village. 

Dignum [1765-1827], in such parts as " Hawthorn," was 
superior to every actor since the days of Beard. — Diction- 
ary of Mztsicians. 

Hay (Colonel), in the king's army. — 
Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles L). 

Hay (John), fisherman near Ellan- 
gowan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

Haydn could never compose a single 
bar of music unless he could see on his 
finger the diamond ring given him by 
Frederick II. 



Hayston (Frank), laird of Bucklaw 
and afterwards of Girnington. In order 
to retrieve a broken fortune, a marriage 
was arranged between Hayston and Lucy 
Ashton. Lucy, being told that her plighted 
lover (Edgar master of Ravenswood) was 
unfaithful, assented to the family arrange- 
ment, but stabbed her husband on the 
wedding night, went mad, and died. 
Frank Hayston recovered from his wound 
and went abroad. — Sir W. Scott, Bride 
of Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

*** In Donizetti's opera, Hayston is 
called " Arturio." 

Hazlewood (Sir Robert), the old 
baronet of Hazlewood. 

Charles Hazlewood, son of sir Robert. 
In love with Lucy Bertram, whom he 
marries. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

Head'rigg (Cuddle), a ploughman in 
lady Bellenden's service. (Cuddies 
Cuthbert.)— Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Headstone (Bradley), a school- 
master, of very determinate character 
and violent passion. He loves Lizzie 
Hexam with an irresistible mad love, 
and tries to kill Eugene Wrayburn out 
of jealousy. Grappling with Rogue 
Riderhood on Plashwater Bridge, Rider- 
hood fell backwards into the smooth pit, 
and Headstone over him. Both of them 
perished in the grasp of a death-struggle. 
— C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

Heart of England (The), War- 
wickshire, the middle county. 

That shire which we " The Heart of England" call. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Heart of Midlothian, the old jail 
or tolbooth of Edinburgh, taken down in 
1817. 

Sir Walter Scott has a novel so called 
(1818), the plot of which is as follows :— 
Effie Deans, the daughter of a Scotch 
cow-feeder, is seduced by George Staun- 
ton, son of the rector of Willingham ; 
and Jeanie is cited as a witness on the 
trial which ensues, by which Effie is 
sentenced to death for child murder. 
Jeanie promises to go to London and ask 
the king to pardon her half-sister, and, 
after various perils, arrives at her desti- 
nation. She lays her case before the duke 
of Argyll, who takes her in his carriage to 
Richmond, and obtains for her an inter- 
view with the queen, who promises to 
intercede with his majesty (George II.) 
on her sister's behalf. In due time the 



HEARTALL. 



431 



HECTORS. 



royal pardon is sent to Edinburgh, Effie 
is released, and marries her seducer, now 
sir George Staunton ; but soon after the 
marriage sir George is shot by a gipsy 
boy, who is in reality his illegitimate 
son. On the death of her husband, lady 
Staunton retires to a convent on the Con- 
tinent. Jeanie marries Reuben Butler 
the presbyterian minister. The novel 
opens with the Porteous riots. 

Heartall (Governor), an old bachelor, 
peppery in temper, but with a generous 
heart and unbounded benevolence. He 
is as simple-minded as a child, and loves 
his young nephew almost to adoration. 

Frank Heartall, the governor's nephew ; 
impulsive, free-handed, and free-hearted, 
bcuevolent and frank. He falls in love 
with the Widow Cheerly, the daughter of 
colonel Woodley, whom he sees first at 
the opera. Ferret, a calumniating rascal, 
tries to do mischief, but is utterlv foiled. 
—Cherry, The Soldiers Daughter (1804). 

Heartfree (Jack), a railer against 
women and against marriage. He falls 
half in love with lady Fanciful, on whom 
he rails, and marries Belinda. — Van- 
brugh, Tlie Provoked Wife (1G93). 

Heartwell, a friend of Modely's. 
who falls in love with Flora, a niece of 
old Farmer Freehold. They marry, and 
are happy.— John Philip Kemble, The 
Farm-hoiise. 

Heatherblutter (John), gamekeeper 
of the baron of Bradwardine (3 syl.) at 
Tully Yeolan. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Heaven, according to Dante, begins 
from the top of the mountain Purgatory, 
and rises upwards through the seven 
planetary spheres, the sphere of the fixed 
stars, the primum mobile, and terminates 
with the empyreum, which is the seat of 
God. (See Paradise.) Milton preserves 
the same divisions. He says, " they who 
to be sure of paradise dying put on the 
garb of monks : " 

. . . pass the planets seven, and pass the " fixt," 
And that crystallin sphere whose balance weighs 
The trepidation talked, and that first moved . . . »od 

now 
At foot of heaven's ascent they lift their feet, when lo ! 
A violent cross wind . . . blows them . . . awry 
Into the devious air. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iiL 481, etc. (1665). 

Hea.ven-sent Minister (The), 
William Pitt (1759-1806). 

Hebe (2 syL), goddess of youth, and 
cup-bearer of the immortals before 
Ganymede superseded her. She was the 



wife of Hercules, and had the power of 
making the aged young again. (See 
Plousina.) 

Hebes are they to hand ambrosia, mix 
The nectar. 

Tennyson, The Prineeu, 111. 

Heb'ron, in the first part of Absalom 
and AckStopkel, by Dryden, stands for 
Holland; bat in the second part, by 
Tate, it stands for Scotland. Hebronite 
similarly means in one case a Hollander, 
and in the other a Scotchman. 

Hec'ate (2 syl.), called in classic 
mythology Hec'.a.te (3 ayl.) ; a triple 
deity, being Luna in heaven, l>ian'a on 
earth, and Proserpine (3 syl.) in hell. 
Hecate presided over magic and enchant- 
ments, and was generally represented as 
having the head of a horse, dog, or boar, 
though sometimes she is represented with 
three bodies, and three heads looking 
different ways. Shakespeare introduces 
her in his tragedy of Macbeth (act iii. 
sc. 5), as queen of the witches ; but the 
witches of Macbeth have been largely 
borrowed from a drama called The Witch, 
by Thorn. Middletoo (died 1626). The 
following is a specimen of this indebted- 
ness : — 

Hecate. Black spirits and white, red spirits and grey, 

Mingle, mincle. minyle, you that mingle may .. . 
1st iritcA. Ben's the blood of a bat. 
//',■<!(-. Put in that, oh put in that 
2nd WUeh. Here's libUir.l's l-ane. 
litcate. Put in again, etc., etc. 

Middleton, The Witch. 
And yonder pale-faced Hecate there, the moon. 
Doth give consent to that is done in daxfenew. 

Thorn. Kyd, The .ijauuh Tragedy (1597). 

Hector, one of the sons of Priam 
king of Troy. This bravest and ablest 
of all the Trojan chiefs was generalissimo 
of the allied armies, and was slain in the 
last year of the war by Achilles, who, 
with barbarous fury, dragged the dead 
body insultingly thrice round the tomb of 
Patroclos and the walls of the beleagured 
city. — Homer, Iliad. 

Hector de Mares (1 syl.) or 
Marys, a knight of the Round Table, 
brother of sir Launcelot du Lac. 

The gentle Gaw 'ain's courteous love, 
fleeter de Mares, and Peilinore. 
Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Trier main, ii. 13 (1813). 

Hector of Germany, Joachim II. 
elector of Brandenburg (1514-1571). 

Hector of the Mist, an outlaw, 
killed by Allan M'Aulay— Sir W. Scott, 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Hectors, street bullies. Since the 
Restoration, we have had a succession of 
street brawlers, as the Muns, the Tityre 



HEELTAP. 



432 



HELEN. 



Tus, the Hectors, the Scourers, the 
Nickers, the Hawcabites, and, lastly, the 
Mohawks, worst of them all. 

Heeltap (Crispin), a cobbler, and 
one of the corporation of Garratt, of 
which Jerry Sneak is chosen mavor. — 
S. Foote, The Mayor of Garratt (1763). 

Heep (Uri'ah), a detestable sneak, 
who is everlastingly forcing on one's 
attention that he is so ''umble. Uriah 
is Mr. Wickfield's clerk, and, with all 
his ostentatious 'umility, is most design- 
ing, malignant, and intermeddling. His 
infamy is dragged to light by Mr. 
Micawber. 

" I am well aware that I am the 'umblest person going, 
let the other be who he may. My mother is likewise a 
very 'umble person. We live in a n'umble abode, Master 
CopperfieUi, but have much to be thankful for. My 
father's former calling was 'umble— lie was a sexton." — 
C. Dickens, David Copperfield, xvi. (1849). 

Heidelberg (Mrs.), the widow of a 
wealthy Dutch merchant, who kept her 
brother's house (Mr. Sterling, a City 
merchant). She was very vulgar, and, 
" knowing the strength of her purse, 
domineered on the credit of it." Mrs. 
Heidelberg had most exalted notions 
"of the qualaty," and a "perfect con- 
tempt for everything that did not smack 
of high life." Her English was certainly 
faulty, as the following specimens will 
show : — farden, wulgar, spurrit, pertest, 
Swish, kivers, purliteness, etc. She 
spoke of a pictur by Raphael- Angelo, a 
po-shay,dish-abillc,parfetnaturals[idiots'], 
most genteelest, and so on. When 
thwarted in her overbearing ways, she 
threatened to leave the house and go to 
Holland to live with her husband's 
cousin, Mr. Vanderspracken. — Colman 
and Garrick, The Clandestine Marriage 
(1766). 

Heimdall (2 syL), in Celtic mytho- 
logy, was the son of nine virgin sisters. 
He dwelt in the celestial fort Himins- 
biorg, under the extremity of the rain- 
bow. His ear was so acute that he could 
hear " the wool grow on the sheep's 
back, and the grass in the meadows." 
Heimdall was the watch or sentinel of 
Asgard (Olympus), and even in his sleep 
was able to see everything that tran- 
spired. (See Fine-ear, p. 333.) 

HeimdaWs Horn. At the end. of the 
world, Heimdall will wake the gods with 
his horn, when they will be attacked by 
Muspell, Loki, the wolf Fenris, and the 
serpent Jormunsgandar. 

And much he talked of . . . 
And IlcimdaPs horn and the day of doom. 
Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (interlude, 1863). 



Heinrich (Poor), or " Poor Henry," 
the hero and title of a poem by Hart- 
mann von der Aue [Our~\. Heinrich 
was a rich nobleman, struck with leprosy, 
and was told he would never recover till 
some virgin of spotless purity volun- 
teered to die on his behalf. As Heinrich 
neither hoped nor even wished for such 
a sacrifice, he gave the main part of his 
possessions to the poor, and went to live 
with a poor tenant farmer, who was one 
of his vassals. ^The daughter of this 
farmer heard by accident on what the 
cure of the leper depended, and went to j 
Salerno to offer herself as the victim. 
No sooner was the offer made than the 
lord was cured, and the damsel became 
his wife (twelfth century). 

*** This tale forms the subject of 
Longfellow's Golden Legend (1851). 

Heir-at-Law. Baron Duberly being 
dead, his " heir-at-law " was Henry Mor- 
land, supposed to be drowned at sea, and 
the next heir was Daniel Dowlas, a 
chandler of Gosport. Scarcely had 
Daniel been raised to his new dignity, 
when Henry Morland, who had been 
cast on Cape Breton, made his appear- 
ance, and the whole aspect of affairs was 
changed. That Dowlas might still live 
in comfort, suitable to his limited am- 
bition, the heir of the barony settled on 
him a small life annuity. — G. Colman, 
Heir-at-Law (1797). 

Hel'a, queen of the dead. She is 
daughter of Loki and Angurbo'da (a 
giantess). Her abode, called Helheim, 
was a vast castle in Niflheim, in the midst 
of eternal snow and darkness. 

Down the yawning steep he rode, 
That leads to Hela's drear abode. 

Gray, Descent of Odin (1757). 

Helen, wife of Menelaos of Sparta. 
She eloped with Paris, a Trojan prince, 
while he was the guest of the Spartan 
king. Menelaos, to avenge this wrong, 
induced the allied armies of Greece to 
invest Troy; and after a siege of ten, 
years, the city was taken and burnt to' 
the ground. 

*** A parallel incident occurred in 
Ireland. Dervorghal, wife of Tiernan 
O'Ruark, an Irish chief who held the 
county of Leitrim, eloped with Dermod 
M'Murchad prince of Leinster. Dermod 
induced O'Connor king of Connaught to 
avenge this wrong. So O'Connor drove 
Dermod from his throne. Dermod ap- 
plied to Henry II. of England, and this 
was the incident which brought about the 



HELEN. 



433 



HELENA. 



conquest of Ireland (1172). — Leland, His- 
tory of Ireland (1773). 

Hcl'en, the heroine of Miss Edge- 
worth's novel of the same name. This 
was her last and most popular tale (1834) 

Helen, cousin of Modus the bookworm. 
She loved her cousin, and taught him 
there was a better "art of love" than 
that written by Ovid. — S. Knowles, The 
Hunchback (1831). 

Miss Taylor was the original " Helen," and her per- 
formance was universally pronounced to be exquisite and 
unsurpassable. On one occasion, Mr. Knowles admired a 
rose which Miss Taylor wore in the part, and after the 
play she sent it him. The poet, in reply, sent the lady a 
copy of verses.— Walter Lacy. 

Helen (Lady), in love with sir Edward 
Mortimer. Her uncle insulted sir 
Edward in a county assembly, struck 
him down, and trampled on him. Sir 
Edward, returning home, encountered the 
drunken ruffian and murdered him. He 
was tried for the crime, and acquitted 
"without a stain upon his character ;" but 
the knowledge of the deed preyed upon 
•his mind, so that he could not marry the 
niece of the murdered man. After lead- 
ing a life of utter wretchedness, sir 
Edward told Helen that he was the 
murderer of her uncle, and died. — G. 
Colman, The Iron Chest (1796). 

Helen [Mown ray], in love with "\Val- 
singham. "Of all grace the pattern — 
person, feature, mind, heart, even-thing, 
as nature had essayed to frame a work 
where none could find a flaw." Allured by 
lord Athunree to a house of ill-fame, 
under pretence of doing a work of charity, 
she was seen by Walsingham as she came 
out, and he abandoned her as a wanton. 
She then assumed male attire, with the 
name of Eustace. Walsingham became 
her friend, was told that Eustace was 
Helen's brother, and finally discovered 
that Eustace was Helen herself. The 
mystery being cleared up, they became 
man and wife. — S. Knowles, Woman's 
Wit, etc. (1838). 

Helen's Fire (feu d'Htfene), a 
comazant, called " St. Helme's " or " St. 
Elmo's fire" by the Spaniards; the " fires 
of St. Peter and St. Nicholas " by the 
Italians; and "Castor and Pollux" by 
the ancient Romans. This electric light 
will sometimes play about the masts of 
ships. If only one appears, foul weather 
may be looked for ; but if two or more 
flames appear, the worst of the storm is 
over. 

Whene'er the sons of Leda shed 
Their star-lamps on our ves el's head. 



The storm-winds re;use. the troubled spray 
Falls from the rocks, clouds pahs away, 
And on the bosom of the deep 
In peace the angry billows deep. 

Horace, Ode*, L 12. 

Helen of One's Troy, the ambi- 
tion of our heart, the object for which 
we live and die. The allusion, of course, 
is to that Helen who eloped with Paris, 
and tli us brought about the siege and 
destruction of Troy. 

For which men all Uie life they here enjoy 

Still fight, as for the Helens of their Troy. 

Lord Brooke, Trcatie of llumuic l.>nrnin<i (l. r ).">4-1628). 

Hel'ena (St.), daughter of Coel duke 
Colchester and afterwards king of 
Britain. She married Constantino (a 
Roman senator, who succeeded " Old 
king Cole"), and became the mother of 
Constantine the Great. Constantius died 
at York (a.d. 300). Helena is said to have 
discovered at Jerusalem the sepulchre 
and cross of Jesus Christ. — Geoffrey, 
British History, v. 6 (1142). 

V This legend is told of the Col- 
chester arms, which consist of a cross and 
three crowns (two atop and one at the 
foot of the cross). 

At a considerable depth beneath the surface of the earth 
were found three crosses, which were instantly recognized. 
as t ii k on which Christ and the two thieves had suffered 
doath. To ascertain which was the true cross, a female 
corpse was placed on :ili three alternately ; the two first 
tried produced no etfei t, but the third instantly reani- 
mated the body.— J. Brady, Clavis Calendaria, 181. 
Herself in person went to seek that holy cross 
Whereon our Saviour died, which found, as it was sought; 
From Salem unto Koine triumphantly she brought 

Drayton, Poly'olbion, viii. (1G12). 

Hel'ena, only daughter of Gerard de 
Narbon the physician. She was left 
under the charge of the countess of 
Rousillon, whose son Bertram she fell in 
love with. The king sent for Bertram 
to the palace, and Helena, hearing the 
king was ill, obtained permission of the 
countess to give him a prescription left 
by her late father. The medicine cured 
the king, and the king, in gratitude, 
promised to make her the wife of any one 
of his courtiers that she chose. Helena 
selected Bertram, and they were married ; 
but the haughty count, hating the alliance, 
left France, to join the army of the duke 
of Florence. Helena, in the mean time, 
started on a pilgrimage to the shrine of 
St. Jacques le Grand, carrying with her a 
letter from her husband, stating that he 
would never see her more " till she could 
get the ring from off his finger." On her 
way to the shrine, she lodged, at Florence 
with a widow, the mother of Diana, with 
whom Bertram was wantonly in love. 
Helena was permitted to pass herself off 
as Diana, and receive his visits, in one of 
2 F 



HELENA. 



434 



HELL KETTLES. 



which they exchanged rings. Both soon 
after this returned to the countess de 
Rousillon, -where the king was, and the 
king, seeing on Bertram's finger the ring 
which he gave to Helena, had him 
arrested on suspicion of murder. Helena 
now explained the matter, and all was 
well, for all ended well.— Shakespeare, 
All's Well that ends Well (1598). 

Helena is a young woman seeking a man in marriage. 
The ordinary laws of courtship are reversed, the habitual 
.feelings are violated ; yet with such exquisite address this 
'dangerous subject is handled, that Helena's forwardness 
loses her no honour. Delicacy dispenses with her laws in 
her favour.— C. Lamb. 

Hel'ena, a young Athenian lady, in love 
with Demetrius. She was the playmate 
of Her'mia, with whom she grew up, as 
"two cherries on one stalk." Egeus (3 
syl.), the father of Hermia, promised his 
daughter in marriage to Demetrius ; but 
when Demetrius saw that Hermia loved 
Lysander, he turned to Helena, who loved 
him dearly, and married her. — Shake- 
speare, Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 

Hel'iee (3 syl.}, the Great Bear. 

Night on the earth poured darkness ; on the sea 
The wakeful sailor to Orion's star 
And Helice turned heedful. 
Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautic Expedition. 

Kel'icoxi, a mountain of Bceo'tia, 
sacred to the Muses. 

From Helicon's harmonious springs 

A thousand rills their mazy progress take 

Gray, Progress of Poesy (1757). 

Hel'inore {Dame), wife of Malbecco, 
who was jealous of her, and not without 
cause. When sir Paridel, sir Sat'yrane 
(3 syl.), and Britomart (as the Squire of 
Dames) took refuge in Malbecco's house, 
Dame Helinore and sir Paridel had many 
"false belgardes " at each other, and 
talked love with glances which needed no 
interpreter. Helinore, having set fire to 
the closet where Malbecco kept his 
treasures, eloped with Paridel, while the 
old miser stopped to put out the fire. 
Paridel soon tired of the dame, and cast 
her off, leaving her to roam Avhither she 
listed. She was taken up by the satyrs, 
who made her their dairy-woman, and 
crowned her queen of the May. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, iii. 9, 10 (1590). 

Heliotrope renders the bearer of it 
invisible. Boccaccio calls it a stone, but 
Solinus says it is the herb so called. 
(See Invisibility). 

Amid this dread exuberance of woe 
Ran naked spirits, winged with horrid fear; 
Nor hope had they of crevice where to hide, 
Or heliotrope to charm them out of view. 

Dant8\ Inferno, xxiv. (1300). 
Heliotrope is a stone of such extraordinary virtue that 



the bearer of it is effectually concealed from the sight of 
all present. — Boccaccio, Decameron (day viii. 3). 

Viridi colore est gemma heliotropion, non ita acuto sed 
nubilo magis et represso, stellis puniceis superspersa. 
Causa nominis de effectu lapidis est et potestate. Dejecta 
ill labris seneis radios solis mutat sanguiueo repercussu, 
utraque aqua splendorem acris abjicit et avertit. litiani 
illud posse dicitur, at herba ejusdem nominis mixta et pra> 
cantationibus legitimis consecrata, eum, a quocunque 
gestabitur, subtrahatvisibusobviorum. — Solinus, Geog., xh 

Helisane de Crenne, contem- 
porary with Paquier. She wrote her own 
biography, including the " history of 
her own death." — Angoisses Doloureuses 
(Lyons, 1546). 

Hel Keplein, a mantle of invisi- 
bility, belonging to the dwarf -king Laurin. 
(See Invisibility.) — The lleldenbuch 
(thirteenth century). 

Hell, according to Mohammedan belief, 
is divided into seven compartments : (1) 
for Mohammedans, (2) for Jews, (3) for 
Christians, (4) for Sabians, (5) for 
Magians, (6) for idolaters, (7) for hypo- 
crites. All but idolaters and unbelievers 
will be in time released from torment. 

Hell, Dante saj's, is a vast funnel, 
divided into eight circles, with ledges more 
or less rugged. Each circle, of course, is 
narrower than the one above, and the last 
goes down to the very centre of the earth. 
Before the circles Jbegin, there is a neutral 
land and a limbo. In the neutral land 
wander those not bad enough for hell 
nor good enough for heaven ; in the limbo, 
those who knew no sin but were not 
baptized Christians. Coming then to hell 
proper, circle 1, he says, is compassed 
by the river Ach6ron, and in this division 
of inferno dwell the spirits of the heathen 
philosophers. Circle 2 is presided over 
by Minos, and here are the spirits of those 
guilty of carnal and sinful love. Circle 
3 is guarded by Cerberus, and this is the 
region set apart for gluttons. Circle 4, 
presided over by Plutus, is " the realm 
of the avaricious. Circle 5 contains the 
Stygian Lake, and here flounder in deep 
mud those who in life put no restraint on 
their anger. Circle 6 (in the city of 
Dis) is for those who did violence to man 
by force or fraud. Circle 7 (in the city 
of Dis) is for suicides. Circle 8 (also in 
the city of Dis) is for blasphemers and 
heretics. After the eight circles come 
the ten pits or chasms of Malebolge 
(4 syl.), the last of which is in the centre 
of the earth, and here, he says, is the 
frozen river of Cocy'tus. (See Inferno.) 

Hell Kettles, three black pits of 
boiling heat and sulphurous vapour, on the 
banks of the Skern, in Northumberland. 



HELL PAVED, ETC. 



435 



IIENNEBERG. 



The Skcrn . . . spieth near her hank 

ToTM hl;ick and horrid pits, which for their sulpherous[ric] 

sweat 
• Hell Kettlea " rightly called. 

Drayton, Pulyolbion, xxix. (162S). 

%* One of the caverns is 19 feet 6 
inches deep, another is 14 feet deep, and 
the third is 17 feet. These three com- 
municate with each other. There is a 
fourth 5i feet deep, which is quite separate 
from the other three. 

Hell Paved with Good Inten- 
tions. — A Portuguese Proverb. 

. . . saying "they meant wll." 
Tis pity " that such meaning! should pave hell." 
Byron, Don Juan. viii. 25 (1821). 

Hellebore (3 syl.), celebrated in 
maniacal cases. 

And melancholy cures by sovereign hellebore. 

Drayton, I'oli/olbion, xiii. (1013). 

Hellespont. Leander used to swim 
across the Hellespont to visit Hero, a 
priestess of Sestos. Lord Byron and 
lieutenant Ekenhead repeated the feat, 
and accomplished it in seventy minutes, 
the distance being four miles (allowing 
for drifting). 

He could, perhaps, have passed the Hellespont, 
As once (a feat on which ourselves wc prided) 
Leander, Mr.;Ekenhead. and I did. 

Byron, Don Juan, ii. 105 (1819). 

Hellica'nus, the able and honest 
minister of Per'icles, to whom he left the 
charge of Tyre during his absence. 
Being offered the crown, Hellicanus nobly 
declined the offer, and remained faithful 
to the prince throughout. — Shakespeare, 
Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Helmet of Invisibility. The 

helmet of Perseus (2 syl.) rendered the 
wearer invisible. This was in reality the 
" Helmet of Ha'des," and after Perseus 
had slain Medu'sa he restored it, together 
with the winged sandals and magic 
wallet. The "gorgon's head" he pre- 
sented to Minerva, who placed it in the 
middle of her aegis. (See Invisibility.) 
*,* Mambrlno's helmet had the same 
magical power, though don Quixote, even 
in his midsummer madness, never thought 
himself invisible when he donned "the 
barber's basin. 

Heloise. La Nouvelle He'loise, a ro- 
mance by Jean Jacques Rousseau (1761). 

Helvet'ia, Switzerland, modernized 
Latin for Ager Helvetiorum. 

England's glory and Helvetia's charms. 

Campbell Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

The Helvetian Mountains, the Swiss Alps. 

•Twas sunset, and the ranz-dez-vaches was sung, 
And lights were o'er th' Helvetian Mountains flung, 
That tinged the lakes like molten gold below. 

Campbell, TTieodoric. 



He'mera, sister of prince Memnon, 
mentioned by Dictys Cretensis. Milton, 
in his // PenserotOf speaks of " prince 
Memnon's Bister" (1638). 

Hem'junah, princess of Cassimir', 
daughter of the sultan Zebene'zer ; 
betrothed at the a^e of Id to tlie prince 
of Georgia. As Hemjunah had never 
Been the prince, she ran away to avoid 
a forced marriage, and was changed by 
Ulin the enchanter into a toad. In this 
form she became acquainted with Misnar 
sultan of India, who had likewise been 
transformed into a toad by Clin. Misnar 
was disenchanted by a dervise, and slew 
Ulin; whereupon tlie princess recovered 
her proper shape, and returned home. A 
rebellion broke out in Cassimir, but the 
"angel of death" destroyed the rebel 
army, and Zebenezcr was restored to his 
throne. His surprise was unbounded 
when he found that the prince of Georgia 
and the sultan of India were one and the 
same person; and Hemjunah said, " Be 
assured, O sultan, that I shall not refuse 
the hand of the prince of Georgia, even if 
my father commands my obedience." — Sir 
C.'Morell [J. Ridley], 'Talcs of the Genii 
(" Princess of Cassimir," vii., 1751). 

Hemlock. Socrates the Wise and 
Phocion the Good were both by the Athe- 
nians condemned to death by hemlotk 
juice, Socrates at the age of 70 (n.c. 399) 
and Phocion at the age of 85 (b.c. 317). 

Hemps'kirke (2 syl.), a captain 
serving under "Wolfort the usurper of the 
earldom of Flanders. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Beggars' Push (1622). 

Hen and Chickens (The), the 
Pleiades. Called in Basque Oiloa Chituekin 
(same meaning). — Miss Frere, Old Dcccan 
Days, 27. 

Henbane makes those who chance to 
eat of it " bray like asses or neigh like 
horses." 

Hen'derson (Elias), chaplain at 
Lochleven Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Henneberg [Count). One day a 
beggar-woman asked count Henneberg's 
wife for alms. The countess twitted her 
for carrying twins, whereupon the woman 
cursed her, with the assurance that "her 
ladyship should be the mother of 365 
children." The legend says that the 
countess bore them at one birth, but 
none of them lived any length of time. 
All the girls were named Elizabeth, and 



HENRIETTA MARIA. 



436 



HENRY. 



all the boys John. They are buried, we 
are told, at the Hague. 

Henrietta Maria, widow of king 
Charles I., introduced in sir W. Scott's 
Peveril of the Peak (1823). 

Henrietta Street, Cavendish 
Square, London, is so called in compli- 
ment to Henrietta Cavendish, daughter of 
John Holies duke of Newcastle, and wife 
of Edward second earl of Oxford and 
Mortimer. From these come "Edward 
Street," " Henrietta Street," " Cavendish 
Square," and "Holies Street." (See 
Portland Place.) 

Henriette (3 syl.), daughter of 
Chrysale (2 syl.) and Philaminte (3 syl.). 
She is in love with Clitandre, and ulti- 
mately becomes his wife. Philaminte, 
who is a blue-stocking, wants Henriette 
to marry Trissotin a bel esprit ; and 
Armande the sister, also a pas bleu, 
thinks that Henriette ought to devote 
her life to science and philosophy ; but 
Henriette loves woman's work far better, 
and thinks that her natural province is 
domestic life, with wifely and motherly 
duties. Her father Chrysale takes the 
same views of woman's life as his 
daughter Henriette, but he is quite under 
the thumb of his strong-minded wife. 
However, love at last prevails, and 
Henriette is given in marriage to the 
man of her choice. The French call 
Henriette " the type of a perfect woman," 
i.e. a thorough woman. — Moliere, Les 
Femmes Savantes (1672). 

Henrique (Don), an uxorious lord, 
cruel to his younger brother don Jamie. 
Don Henrique is the father of Asca'nio, 
and the supposed husband of Violan'te 
(4 syl.). — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Spanish Curate (1622). 

Henry, a soldier engaged to Louisa. 
Some rumours of gallantry to Henry's 
disadvantage having reached the village, 
he is told that Louisa is about to be 
married to another. In his despair he 
gives himself up as a deserter, and is 
condemned to death. Louisa now goes 
to the king, explains to him the whole 
matter, obtains her sweetheait's pardon, 
and reaches the jail just as the muffled 
drums begin to beat the death march. — 
Dibdin, The Deserter (1770). 

Henry, son of sir Philip Blandford's 
brother. Both the brothers loved the 
same lady, but the younger marrying her, 
sir Philip, in his rage, stabbed him, as 
it was thought, mortally. In due time, 



the young "widow " had a son (Henry), a 
very high-minded, chivalrous young man, 
greatly beloved by every one. After 
twenty years, his father re-appeared under 
the name of Morrington, and Henry 
married his cousin Emma Blandford. — ■ 
Thorn. Morton, Speed the Plough (1798). 

Henry (Poor), prince of Hoheneck, in 
Bavaria. Being struck with leprosy, he 
quitted his lordly castle, gave largely to 
the poor, and retired to live with a small 
cottage farmer named Gottlieb [Got.leeb], 
one of his vassals. He was told that he 
would never be cured till a virgin, chaste 
and spotless, offered to die on his behalf. 
Elsie, the farmer's daughter, offered her- 
self, and after great resistance the prince 
accompanied her to Salerno to complete 
the sacrifice. When he arrived at the 
city, either the exercise, the excitement, 
or the charm of some relic, no matter 
what, had effected an entire cure, and 
when he took Elsie into the cathedral, 
the only sacrifice she had to make was 
that of her maiden name for lady Alicia, 
wife of prince Henry of Hoheneck. — 
Hartmann von der Aue (minnesinger), 
Poor Henry (twelfth century). 

*** This tale is the subject of Long- 
fellow's Golden Legend (1851). 

Henry II., king of England, intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott both in The 
Betrothed and in Tlie Talisman (1825). 

Henry V., Shakespeare's drama, 
founded on Tlxe Famous Victories of Henry 
V. : containing the Honourable Battle of 
Agincourt. As it is plaide by the Queenes 
Magesties players, 1598. Shakespeare's 
play appeared in print in 1600 (quarto). 

Henry VI. Shakespeare's dramas of 
this reign are founded on The First Part 
of the Contention betwixt the two Famous 
Houses of Yorke and Lancaster, with the 
Death of the Good Duke Humphrey, etc. 
As it was sundry times acted by the Right 
Honourable the Earle of Pembroke his Ser- 
vants, 1600. 

Another. TJie True Tragedie of Richard 
Duke of Yorke, and the Death of Good 
Henrie VL., etc. As it was sundry times 
acted ... (as above). 

Henry [Lee], member for Virginia, 
on whose motion (July 4, 1776) the 
American congress published their decla- 
ration of independence, and erected the 
colonies into free and sovereign states. 

Henry, the forest-born Demosthenes, 
Whose thunder shook the I'hilip of the seas[Or«at 
Britain]. 

Byron, Age of Bronze, viii. (1831), 



HEOROT. 



437 



HERCULES. 



He'orot, the magnificent palace built 
by Hrothgar king of Denmark. Here " he 
distributed rings [treasure] at the feast." 

Then wis for the sons of the Geats a bench cleared in 
the beer hall ; there the bold spirit, free from quarrel, 
went to sit. The thane observed his rank, and bore in 
his hand the twisted ale-cur . . . meanwhile the poet ;ang 
serene in Heorot ; there was joy of heroes, r.o little pomp 
of Danes and Westerns.— Kemble's translation, Beowulf 
(Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth century). 

Heos'phoros, the morning star. 

O my light-bearer . . . 
Ai, ai, Heospboros. 
K. B. Browning, A Drama of Exile (1850) 

He'par, the Liver personified, the 
arch-city in The Purple Island, by 
Phineas Fletcher. Fully described in 
canto iii. (1633). 

Hephaes'tos, the Greek name for 
Yulcan. The Vulcanic period of geo- 
logy is that unknown period before the 
creation of man, when the molten granite 
and buried metals were upheaved by 
internal heat, through the overlying 
strata, sometimes even to the very "sur- 
face of the earth. 

The early dawn and dusk of Time, 
The reign of dateless old Hephaestus. 

Longfellow, The Golden legend (1851). 

Herbert (Sir William), friend of sir 
Hugo de Lacy.— Sir W, Scott, The Be- 
trothed (time, Henry II.). 

Her'cules shot Nessus for offering 
insult to his wife Di'-i-a-nl-ra, and the 
dying centaur told Diianira that if she 
dipped in his blood her husband's shirt, 
she would secure his love for ever. Her- 
cules, being about to offer sacrifice, sent 
Lichas for the shirt; but no sooner was it 
warmed by the heat of his body than 
it caused such excruciating agony that 
the hero went mad, and, seizing Lichas, 
he flung him into the sea. 

Hercules Mad is the subject of a Greek 
tragedy by Eurip'ides, and of a Latin 
one by Sen'eca. 

As when Alcid<Ss . . . felt the envenomed robe, and tore, 
Thro' pain, up by the roots Thessalian pines, 
And Lichas from the top of (Eta fa mount] threw 
Into the Euboie Sea [the Archipelago]. 

Milton. Paradise Lost, ii. 542, etc. (1665). 

*** Diodorus says there were three 
Herculeses ; Cicero recognizes six (three 
of which were Greeks, one Egyptian, one 
Cretan, and one Indian) ; Varro says 
there were forty- three. 

Hercules's Choice. When Hercules 
was a young man, he was accosted by 
two women, Pleasure and Virtue, and 
asked to choose which he would follow. 
Pleasure promised him all carnal delights, 
but Virtue promised him immortality. 
Hercules gave his hand to the latter, and 



hence led a life of great toil, but was 
ultimately received amongst the im- 
mortals. — Xenophon. 

%* Mrs. Baubauld has borrowed this 
allegory, but instead of Hercules has 
substituted Melissa, u a young girl," who 
is accosted by Dissipation and House- 
wifery. While somewhat in doubt which 
to follow, Dissipation's mask falls off, 
and immediately Melissa beholds such a 
"wan and ghastly countenance," that 
she turns away in horror, and gives her 
hand to the more sober of the two ladies. 
— Evening* at Hume, xix. (1795). 

Hercules s Horse, Arion, given him by 
Adrastos. It had the gift of human 
speech, and its feet on the right side were 
those of a man. 

Hercules's Pillars, Calpe and Ab'yla, 
one at Gibraltar and the other at Ceuta 
(3 syl.). They were torn asunder by 
Aleides on his route to Gades (Cadiz). 

Hercules's Ports : (1) " Herculis Corsani 
Portus" (now called Porto-Ercolo, in 
Etruria) ; (2) " Herculis Liburui Portus " 
(now called Licorno, i.e. Leghorn) ; (3) 
"Herculis Monocci Portus" (now called 
Monaco, near Nice). 

Hercules (The Attic), Theseus (2 syl.), 
who went about, like Hercules, destroy- 
ing robbers, and performing most won- 
derful exploits. 

Hercules (The Cretan). All the three 
Idaean Dactyls were so called : viz., Cel- 
mis ("the smelter"), Damnameneus ("the 
hammer "), and Acmon ("the anvil "). 

Hercules (The Egyptian), Sesostris (fl. 
B.C. 1500). Another was Som or Chon, 
called by Pausanias, Macens son of 
Anion. 

Hercules (The English), Guy earl of 
Warwick (890-958). 



Warwick 



. . thou English HercuISs. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 



Hercules (The Farnese), a statue, the 
work of Glykon, copied from one by 
Lysip'pos. Called Farne'se (3 syl.) from 
its being placed in the Farnese palace of 
Rome, where were at one time collected 
also the " Toro di Farnese," the " Flora di 
Farnese," and the " Gladiatore di Far- 
nese." The " Hercules " and "Toro " are 
now at Naples. The " Farnese Her- 
cules " represents the hero exhausted by 
toil, leaning on his club ; and in his left 
hand, which rests on his back, he holds 
one of the apples of the Hesperides. 

* + * A copy of this famous statue 
stands in the Tuilleries gardens of Paris. 



HERCULES. 



438 



HERMES. 



An excellent description of the statue is 
given by Thomson, in his Liberty, iv. 

'Hercules {The Indian), Dorsanes, who 
married Pandasa, and became the pro- 
genitor of the Indian kings. Belus is 
sometimes called " The Indian Hercules." 

Hercules {The Jewish), Samson (died 

B.C. 1113). 

Hercules {The Russian), Rustum. 

Hercules {The Swedish), Starchat&rus 
(first Christian century). 

Hercules of Music, Christoph von 
Gluck (1714-1787). 

Hercules Seeundus. CommSdus, 
the Roman emperor, gave himself this 
title. He was a gigantic idiot, who killed 
100 lions, and overthrew 1000 gladiators 
in the amphitheatre (161, 180-192). 

Heren-Suge {The), a seven-headed 
hydra of Basque mythology, like the 
Deccan cobras. 

Heretics {Hammer of), Pierre d'Ailly 
(1350-1425). 

John Faber is also called "The Hammer 
of Heretics," from the title of one of his 
works (*-1541). 

Heretics {Scientific). 

Feargal bishop of Saltzburg, an Irish- 
man, was denounced as a heretic for assert- 
ing the existence of antipodes (*-784). 

Galileo, the astronomer, was cast into 
prison for maintaining the " heretical 
opinion " that the earth moved round the 
sun (1584-1642). 

Giordano Bruno was burnt alive for 
maintaining that matter is the mother of 
all things (1550-1600). 

Her [e ward (3 syL), one of the 
Varangian guard of Alexius Comnenus, 
emperor of Greece. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Hereward the Wake (or Vigi- 
lant), lord of Born, in Lincolnshire. 
He plundered and burnt the abbey of 
Peterborough (1070) ; established his 
camp in the Isle of Ely, where he was 
joined by earl Morcar* (1071) ; he was 
blockaded for three months by William I., 
but made his escape with 'some of his 
followers. This is the name and subject of 
one of Kingsley's novels. 

Her'iot {Master George), goldsmith 
to James I. ; guardian of lady Hermione. 
— Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 'Nigel (time, 
James I.). 



Herman, a deaf and dumb boy, 
jailer of the dungeon of the Giant's 
Mount. Meeting Ulrica, he tries to seize 
her, when a flash of lightning strikes the 
bridge on which he stands, and Herman 
is thrown into the torrent. — E. Stirling, 
The Prisoner of State (1847). 

Herman {Sir), of Goodalricke, one of 
the preceptors of the Knights Templars. — 
SirW. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard 1). 

Hermann, the hero of Goethe's poem 
Hermann und Dorothea. Goethe tells us 
that the object of this poem is to " show, 
as in a mirror, the great movements and 
changes of the world's stage." 

Hermaph'rodite (4 syL), son ef 
Venus and Mercury. At the age of 
15, he bathed in a fountain of Caria, 
when Sal'macis, the fountain nymph, fell 
in love with him, and prayed the gods to 
make the two one body. Her prayers 
being heard, the two became united into 
one, but still preserved the double sex. 

Not that bright spring where fair Hermaphrodite 
Grew into one with wanton Salmasis . . . 
. . . may dare compare with this. 

Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, v. (1633). 

Herniegild or Hermyngyld, wife 
of the lord-constable of Northumber- 
land. She was converted by Constance, 
but was murdered "by a knight whose suit 
had been rejected by the young guest, in 
order to bring her into trouble. The 
villainy being discovered, the knight was 
executed, and Constance married the king, 
whose name was Alia. Hermegild, at 
the bidding of Constance, restored sight 
to a blind Briton. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
Tales (" Man of Law's Tale," 1388). 

(The word is spelt "Custaunce" 7 
times, "Constance" 15 times, and "Con- 
staunce " 17 times, in the tale.) 

Hermegild, a friend of Oswald, in 
love with Gartha (Oswald's sister). He 
was a man in the middle age of life, 
of counsel sage, and great prudence. 
When Hubert (the brother of Oswald) 
and Gartha wished to stir up a civil war 
to avenge the death of Oswald, who 
had been slain in single combat with 
prince Gondibert, Hermegild wisely de- 
terred them from the rash attempt, and 
diverted the anger of the camp by funeral 
obsequies of a most imposing character. 
The tale of Gondibert being unfinished, 
the sequel is not known. — Sir W. Dave- 
nant, Gondibert (died 1668). 

Her'mes (2 syl.), son of Maia ; patron 
of commerce. Akensid« makes Hermes 



HERMES. 



439 



HERMIONE. 



say to the Thames, referring to the 
merchant ships of England: 

By you [shiys] my function and my honoured name 

Do I possess; while o'er the K;etic vale. 

Or thro' the towers of Memphis, or the palms 

By sacred Ganges watered, 1 conduct 

The English merchant. 

Akeuside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

(The B«tis is the Guadahjuiver, and 
the ltetic vale Granada and Andalucia.) 

Ih'r'nu's (2 syl.), the same as Mercury, 
and applied both to the god and to the 
metal. Milton calls quicksilver " volatil 
Hermes." 

S<> when we see the liquid metal fall, 
Which chemists by the name of Hermfls call. 

Hoole's A riosto, viiL 

Hermes (St.), same as St. Elmo, Suerpo 
Santo, Castor and Pollux, etc. A coma- 
zant or electric light, seen occasionally on 
ships' masts. 

" They shall see the fire which saylors call St. Hermes, 
fly uppon their shippe. and alight upon the toppe of Uie 
mast." — De Loier, Treatise of Spectres, 67 (1005). 

Hermes Trismegis'tus {"Hermes 
thrice-greatest"), the Egyptian Thoth, to 
whom is ascribed a host of inventions : 
as the art of writing in hieroglyhics, the 
first Egyptian code of laws, the art of 
harmony, the science of astrology, the 
invention of the lute and lyre, magic, 
etc. (twentieth century B.C.). 

The school of Hermes Trisinegistus, 
Who uttered his oracles sublime 
Before the Olympiads. 

Longfellow, The Golden legend (1851). 

Her'mesind (3 syl.), daughter of 
Pelayo and Gaudio'sa. She was plighted 
to Alphonso, son of lord Pedro of Can- 
tabria. Both Alphonso and Hermesind 
at death were buried in the cave of St. 
Antony, in Covadonga. 

Beauty and grace and innocence in her 

In heavenly union shone. One who had held 

The faith of elder Greece would sure have thought 

She was some glorious nymph of seed divine, 

Oread or Dryad . . . yea, she seemed 

Angel or soul beatified, from realms 

Of bliss ... to earth re-sent. 

Southey. Roderick, etc., xvi (1814). 

Her'mia, daughter of Ege'us (3 syl.) 
of Athens, and promised by him in 
marriage to Demetrius. As Hermia loved 
Lysander, and refused to marry De- 
metrius, her father summoned her before 
the duke, and requested that the " law of 
the land " might be carried out, which 
was death or perpetual virginity. The 
duke gave Hermia four days to consider 
the subject, at the expiration of which 
time she was either to obey her father or 
lose her life. She now fled from Athens 
with Lysander. Demetrius went in pur- 
suit of her, and Helena, who doted on 
Demetrius, followed. All four came to a 



wood, and falling asleep from weariness, 
had a dream about the fairies. When De- 
metrius woke up, he came to his senses, 
and seeing that Hermia loved another, 
consented to marry Helena; and Egi us 
gladly gave the hand of his daughter 
to Lvsander. — Shakespeare, Midsummer 
Nights Dream (1592). 

Herm'ion, the young wife of Damon 
"the Pythagore'an " and senator of Syra- 
cuse. — J. Banim, Damon and Pythias 
(1825). 

Hermi'one (4 syl.), only daughter of 
Menela'os and Helen. She became the 
wife of Pyrrhos or NeoptolCmos, son of 
Achilles; but Orestes assassinated Pyrrhos 
and married Hermione, who had been 
already betrothed to him. 

Hermi'one (4 syl.) or Harmo'nia, wife 
of Cadmus. Leaving Thebes, Cadmus 
and his wife went to Illyr'ia, and were 
both changed into serpents for having 
killed a serpent sacred to Mars. — Ovid, 
Metamorphoses, iv. 590, etc. 

Never since of serpent-kind 
Lovelier, not those that in Illyria [were] changed— 
Hermionfi and Cadmus. 

Milton, Paradise lost, ix. 505, etc. (16651. 

Hermi'one (4 syl.), wife of Leontes 
king of Sicily. The king, being jealous, 
sent her to prison, where she gave birth 
to a daughter, who, at the king's command, 
was to be placed on a desert shore and 
left to perish. The child was driven by 
a storm to the "coast" of Bohemia, and 
brought up by a shepherd who called her 
Per'dita. Florizel, the son of Polixenes 
king of Bohemia, fell in love with her, 
and they fled to Sicily to escape the 
vengeance of the angry king. Being 
introduced to Leontes, it was soon dis- 
covered that Perdita was his lost daugh- 
ter, and Polixenes gladly consented to 
the union he had before objected to. 
Pauli'na (a lady about the court) now 
asked the royal party to her house to 
inspect a statue of Hermione, which 
turned out to be the living queen herself. 
—Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (lo94). 

Hermi'one (4 syl.), only daughter of 
Helen and Menela'us (4 syl.) king of 
Sparta. She was betrothed to Orestes, 
but after the fall of Troy was promised 
by her father in marriage to Pyrrhus 
king of Epirus. Orestes madly loved her, 
but Hermione as madly loved Pyrrhus. 
When Pyrrhus fixed his affections on 
Androm'ache (widow of Hector, and 
his captive), the pride and jealousy of 
Hermione were roused. At this crisis, 



HERMIONE. 



440 



HERO. 



an embassy led by Orestes arrived at the 
court of Pyrrhus, to demand the death 
of Asty'anax, the son of Andromache and 
Hector, lest when he grew to manhood 
he might seek to avenge his father's 
death. Pyrrhus declined to give up the 
boy, and married Andromache. The 
passion of Hermione was now goaded to 
madness ; and when she heard that the 
Greek ambassadors had fallen on Pyrrhus 
and murdered him, she stabbed herself 
and died. — Ambrose Philips, The Dis- 
tressed Mother (1712). 

This was a famous part with Mrs. 
Porter (*-1762), and with Miss Young 
better known as Mrs. Pope (1740-1797). 

Hermi'one (4 syl.), daughter of Dan- 
nischemend the Persian sorcerer, men- 
tioned in Donnerhugel's narrative. — Sir 
W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Hermi'one (The lady) or lady Er- 
min'ia Pauletti, privately married to lord 
Dalgarno. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 
Nigel (time, James L). 

Hermit, the pseudonym of the poet 
Hayley, the friend of Cowper. 

Hermit (The English), Roger Crab, 
who subsisted on three farthings a week, 
his food being bran, herbs, roots, dock 
leaves, and mallows (*-1680). 

Hermit (Peter the), the instigator of the 
first crusade (1050-1115). 

Hermit and the Youth (The). 
A hermit, desirous to study the ways of 
Providence, met with a youth, who became 
his companion. The first night, they 
were most hospitably entertained by a 
nobleman, but at parting the young man 
stole his entertainer's golden goblet. 
Next day, they obtained with difficulty of 
a miser shelter from a severe storm, and 
at parting the youth gave him the golden 
goblet. Next night, they were modestly 
but freely welcomed by one of the middle 
class, and at parting the youth "crept 
to the cradle where an infant slept, and 
wrung its neck ; " it was the only child 
of their kind host. Leaving the hospit- 
able roof, they lost their way, and were set 
right by a guide, whom the youth pushed 
into a river, and he was drowned. The 
hermit began to curse the youth, when 
lo ! he turned into an angel, who thus 
explained his acts: 

" I stole the goblet from the rich lord to teach him not to 
trust in uncertain riches. I gave the goblet to the miser 
to teach him that kindness always meets its reward. I 
strangled the infant because the man loved it better than I 



he loved God. I pushed the guide into the river because 
he intended at night-fall to commit a robbery." The 
hermit bent his head and cried, "The ways of the Lord 
are past rinding out ! but He doeth all things well. Teach 
me to say with faith, ' Tby will be done I ' "— Parnell 
(1679-1717). 

In the Talmud is a similar and better 
allegory. Rabbi Jachanan accompanied 
Elijah on a journey, and they came to the 
house of a poor man, whose only treasure 
was a cow. The man and his wife ran 
to meet and welcome the strangers, but 
next morning the poor man's cow died. 
Next night, they were coldly received by 
a proud, rich man, who fed them only 
with bread and water ; and next morning 
Elijah sent for a mason to repair a wall 
which was falling down, in return for the 
hospitality received. Next night, they 
entered a synagogue, and asked, " Who 
will give a night's lodging to two tra- 
vellers ? " but none offered to do so. At 
parting Elijah said, " I hope you will all 
be made presidents." The following night 
they were lodged by the members of 
another synagogue in the best hotel of 
the place, and at parting Elijah said, 
"May the Lord appoint over you but 
one president." The rabbi, unable to 
keep silence any longer, begged Elijah to 
explain the meaning of his dealings with 
men ; and Elijah replied : 

" In regard to the poor man who received us so hos- 
pitably, it was decreed tha~t his wife was to die that night, 
but in reward of his kindness, God took the cow instead 
of the wife. I repaired the wall of the rich miser because 
a chest of gold was concealed near the place, and if the 
miser had repaired the wall he would have discovered the 
treasure. I said to the inhospitable synagogue, ' May 
each member be president,' because no one can serve two 
masters. 1 said to the hospitable synagogue, ' May you 
have but one president,' because with one head there can 
be no divisions of counsel. Say not, therefore, to the 
Lord, ' What doest Thou ? ' but say in thy heart, ' Must 
not the Lord of all the earth do right?'" — The Talmud 
("Trust in God"). 

Her mite (Tristan /') or "Tristan of 
the Hospital," provost-marshal of France. 
He was the main instrument in carrying 
out the nefarious schemes of Louis XL, 
who used to call him his "gossip." 
Tristan was a stout, middle-sized man, 
with a hang-dog visage and most re- 
pulsive smile. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
Durward and Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Hero, daughter of Leonato governor 
of Messi'na. She was of a quiet, serious 
disposition, and formed a good contrast to 
the gay, witty rattle-pate, called Bea- 
trice, her cousin. Hero was about to be 
married to lord Claudio, when don John 
played on her a most infamous practical 
joke out of malice. He bribed Hero's 
waiting-woman to dress in Hero's clothes, 
and to talk with him by moonlight from 



HERO. 



441 



HESPERIA. 



,the chamber balcony ; ho then induced 
Claudio to hide himself in the garden, to 
overhear what was said. Claudio, think- 
ing the person to be Hero, was furious, 
and next day at the altar rejected the 
bride with scorn. The priest, convinced 
of Hero's innocence, gave out that she 
was dead, the servant confessed the trick, 
don John took to flight, and Hero married 
Claudio her betrothed. — Shakespeare, 
Mark Ado about Nothing (1600). 

Hero [Sutton], niece of sir William 
Sutton, and beloved by sir Valentine de 
Grey. Hero " was fair as no eye ever 
fairer saw, of noble stature, head of 
antique mould, magnificent as far as may 
consist with softness, features full of 
thought and moods, wishes and fancies, 
and limbs the paragon of symmetry." 
Having offended her lover by waltzing 
with lord Athunree. she assumed the garb 
of a Quakeress, called herself "Ruth," and 
got introduced to sir Valentine, who 
proposed marriage to her, and then dis- 
covered that Hero was Ruth and Ruth 
was Hero. — S. Knowles, Woman's Wit, 
etc. (1838). 

Hero and Leander (3 s>/l.). 
Hero, a priestess of Venus, fell in love 
with Leander, who swam across the 
Hellespont every night to visit her. One 
night he was drowned in so doing, and 
Hero in grief threw herself into the same 
sea. — Musaeus, Leander and Hero. 

Hero of Fable (The), the due de 
Guise. Called bv the French L Hero de 
la Fable (1G 14-1664). 

Hero of History (The), the due 
d'Enghien [Darn.zjea/in] . Called by the 
French L Hero de CHistoire. This was 
Le grand Conde (1621-1687). 

Hero of Modern Italy, Gari- 
baldi (1807- ). 

Herod'otos of Old London, J. 

Stow (1525-1605). 

Her 'on (Sir George), of Chip-chace, 
an officer with sir John Foster. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Heros'tratos or Erostratos, the 
Ephesian who set fire to the temple of 
Diana at Ephesus (one of the seven won- 
ders of the world) merely to immortalize 
his name. The Ephesians made it penal 
even to mention his name. 

Herostratus shall prove vice governes fame, 
Who built that church he burnt hath lost his name. 
Lord Brooke, Inquisition upon Fame (1554-162S). 



Herries (Lord), a friend of queen 
Mary of Scotland, and attending on her 
at bundrennan. — Sir W. Scott, 'The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Herring (Good red). 

Heatan in the middle way of steering. 

Aru neither lib, n<>r tie li. m»r K»od red hern../. 

Dr)den, Duke oi Uuuv il661). 

Herring Pond (The), the ocean 
between the British Isles and America. 

" What is your opinion, pray, on the institutions the 
other >,ide of the Herring Pooit" JemmU of the l'rin- 
ecu, i. 

HerSChel (Sir F. Win.) discovered 
the eighth planet, at first called the 
Georgium sidus, in honour of George III., 
and now called Saturn. In allusion to 
this, Campbell says he 

Gave the lyre of heaven another string. 

Pleasure* of U ope. i. (1799). 

Herta, now called St. Kilda, one of 
the Heb'rides. 

Hertford (Tlie marquis of), in the 
court of Charles II. — Sir W. Scott, 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Her Trippa, meant for Henry 
Cornelius Agnppa of Nettesheim, phi- 
losopher and physician. "Her" is a 
contraction of J/e'ricus, and "Trippa" a 
play on the words A<jripj>a and tripe. — 
Rabelais, I*anta<frucl, iii. 25 (1545). 

Herwig, king of Heligoland, be- 
trothed to Gudrun, daughter of king 
Hettel (Atti/a). She was carried off by 
Hartmuth king of Norway, and as she 
refused to marry him, was put to the 
most menial work. Herwig conveyed an 
army into Norway, utterly defeated Harc- 
muth, liberated Gudrun, and married her. 
— Gudmn, a German Epic of the thir- 
teenth century. 

Her'zog (Duke), commander-in-chief 
of the ancient Teutons (Germans). 
The herzog was elected by tne freemen 
of the tribe, but in times of war and 
danger, when several tribes united, the 
princes selected a leader, who was aise 
called a " herzog," similar to the Gaulish 
" brennus " or "bren," and the Celtic 
" pendragon " or head chief. 

Heskett (Ralph'), landlord of the 
village ale-house where Robin Oig and 
Harry Wakefield fought. 

Dame Heskett, Ralph's wife. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Two Drovers (time, George 
ill.). 

Hesper'ia. Italy was so called by 
the Greeks, because it was to them the 



HESPERIDES. 



442 



HICKORY. 



"Western Land." The Romans, for a 
similar reason, transferred the name to 
Spain. 

Hesper 'ides (4 stjl. ) . The Hesper'ian 
Field. The Hesperides were the women 
who guarded the golden apples which 
Earth gave to Here at her marriage with 
Zeus (Jove). They were assisted by the 
dragon Ladon. The Hesperian Fields are 
the orchards in which the golden apples 
grew. The island is one of the Cape 
Verd Isles, in the Atlantic. 

Wilt thou fly 
With laughing Autumn to the Atlantic isles, 
And range with him tb' Hesperian fields, and see 
Where'er his fingers touch the fruitful grove. 
The branches shoot with gold? 

Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (1744). 

Hesperus, the knight called by 
Tennyson "Evening Star;" but called 
in the History of Prince Arthur, "the 
Green Knight" or sir Pertolope (3 syl.). 
One of the four brothers who kept the 
passages of Castle Perilous. — Tennyson, 
Idylls ("Gareth and Lynette ") ; sir T. 
Malory, History of Prinze Arthur, i. 127 
(1470). 

%* It is a manifest blunder to call the 
Green Knight "Hesperus the Evening 
Star," and the Blue Knight the "Morn- 
ing Star," The old romance makes the 
combat with the "Green Knight" at dawn, 
and with the "Blue Knight" at sunset. 
The error has arisen from not bearing in 
mind that our forefathers began the day 
with the preceding eve, and ended it at 
sunset. 

Hettly {May), an old. servant of 
Davie Deans.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Heukbane {Mrs.), the butcher's 
wife at Fairport, and a friend of Mrs. 
Mailsetter. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Hew, son of lady Helen of "Merry- 
laud town" {Milan), enticed by an apple 
presented to him by a Jewish maiden, 
who then " stabbed him with a penknife, 
rolled the body in lead, and cast it into a 
well." Lady Helen went in search of 
her child, and its ghost cried out from 
the bottom of the well : 

The lead is wondrous heaw. mither ; 

The well is wondrous deep : 
A keen penknife sticks in my heart ; 

A word I dounae speik. 

Percy, Reliques, 1. 3. 

Hewit {Godfrey Bertram), natural 
son of Mr. Godfrey Bertram. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Hiawa'tha, the prophet teacher, son 



of Mudjekee'wis {the west wind) and 
Weno'nah daughter of Noko'mis. He 
represtnts the progress of civilization 
among the North American Indians. 
Hiawatha first wrestled with Monda'min 
{maize), and, having subdued it, gave it 
to man for food. He then taught man 
navigation ; then he subdued Mishe 
Nah'ma {the sturgeon), and taught the 
Indians how to make oil therefrom for 
winter. His next exploit was against 
the magician Megissog'non, the author 
of disease and death ; having slain this 
monster, he taught man the science of 
medicine. He then married Minneha'ha 
(laughing water), and taught man to be 
the husband of one wife, and the comforts 
of domestic peace. Lastly, he taught 
man picture-writing. When the white 
men came with the gospel, Hiawatha 
ascended to the kingdom of Pone'mah, 
the land of the hereafter. — Longfellow, 
Hiawatha. 

Hiawatha's Moc'casons. When Hiawa- 
tha put on his moccasons, he could 
measure a mile at a single stride. 

He had moccasons enchanted. 
Magic moccasons of deer-skin ; 
When he bound them round his ankles 
At each stride a mile he measured ! 

Longfellow, lliawatha, iv. 

Hiawatha's ' Great Friends, Chibia'bos 
(the sweetest of all musicians) and 
Kwa'sind (the strongest of all mortals). 
— Longfellow, Hiawatha, vi. 

Hiber'nia, Ireland. Feme is simply 
a contraction of the same word. Pliny 
says that "Irish mothers feed their in- 
fants with swords instead of spoons." 

Hie Jacet, an epitaph, a funeral. 
The first words on old tombstones = 
Here lies . . . etc. 

The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true 
. . . performer. I would have that drum ... or hie 
jacet [that is, die i)i my attempt to get it]. — Shake- 
speare, All's Well that £nds Well (1598). 

Hick'athrift {Tom or Jack), a poor 
labourer in the time of the Conquest, of 
such enormous strength that he killed, 
with an axletree and cartwheel, a huge 
giant, who lived in a marsh at Tylney, 
in Norfolk. He was knighted, and made 
governor of Thanet. Hickathrift is some- 
times called Hickafric. 

When a man sits down to write a history, though it be 
but the history of Jack Hickathrift, ... he knows no 
more than his heels what lets ... he is to meet with in 
his way.— Sterne. 

Hick'ory {Old), general Andrew 
Jackson. He was first called "Tough," 
then " Tough as Hickory," and, lastly, 
"Old Hickory." Another story is thai. 



HIERCCLES. 



443 



in 1813, when engaged in war with the 
Creek Indians, he fell short of Buppliea, 
and fed his men on hickory nuts (1767- 
1846) 

%* This general Andrew Jackson 
must not be confounded with general 
Thomas Jackson, better known as 
" Stone-wall " Jackson (182G-18o3). 

Hi'erocles (4 syL), the first person 
who compiled jokes and ban mots. After 
a life-long labour, he got together twenty- 
one, which he left to the world as his 
legacy. Hence arose the phrase, An 
liter oc' lean legacy, no legacy at all, a 
legacy of empty promises, or a legacy of 
no worth. 

One of his anecdotes is that of a man 
who wanted to sell his house, and carried 
about a brick to show as a specimen 
of it. 

He that tries to recommend Shakespeare by select 
quotations, will succeed like the pedant in Hii-rocles. 
who. when he offered his house for sale, carried a brick 
in his pocket as a specimen.— Dr. Johnson, Preface to 
Shaketjieare. 

Hieron'imo, the chief character of 
Thomas Kyd's drama in two parts, pt. i- 
beiug called Hieronimo, and pt. ii. The 
Spanish Tragedy or Hieronimo is Mad 
Again. In the latter play, Horatio, only 
son of Hieronimo, sitting with Beliin- 
pe'ria in an alcove, is murdered by his 
rival Balthazar and the lady"s brother 
Lorenzo. The murderers hang the dead 
body on a tree in the garden, and Hie- 
ronimo, aroused by the screams of Be- 
limperia, rushing into the garden, sees 
the dead bodv of his son, and goes raving 
mad (1588). 

Higden [Mrs. Betty), an old woman 
nearly four score, very poor, but. hating 
the union-house more than she feared 
death. Betty Higden kept a mangle, 
and "minded young children" at four- 
uence a week. A poor workhouse lad 
named Sloppy helped her to turn the 
mangle. Mrs. Boffin wished to adopt 
Johnny, Betty's infant grandchild, but 
he died in theChildren's Hospital. 

She was one of those old women, was Mrs. Betty 
Higden. who, by dint of an indomitable purpose and a 
stron),' constitution, right out many years; an active old 
woman, with a bright dark eye and a resolute face, yet 
quite a tender creature, too.— C. Dickens, Our Mutual 
Friend, i. 10 (1864). 

Higg, "the son of Snell," the lame 
witness at the trial of Rebecca. — Sir W. 
Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Higgen, Prigg, Siiapp, and Fer- 
ret, knavish beggars in The Beggars'' 
Bush, a drama by Beaumont and Elet-, 
cher (IC-22). 



HIGHLAND MARY. 

High and Low Heels, two fac- 
tions in Lilliput. So called from the 
high and low heels of their shoes, badges 
of the two factions. The High-heels 
(tories and the high-church party) were 
the most friendly to the ancient consti- 
tution of the empire, but the emperor 
employed the Low-heels (whiys and low- 
churchmen) as his ministers of state. — 
Swift, Gullivers Travels (" Lilliput," 
172U). 

High Life Below Stairs, a farce 
by the Rev. James Townley. Mr. hovel, 
a wealthy commoner, suspects his ser- 
vants of " wasting his substance in 
riotous living ; " so, pretending to go to 
his country seat in Devonshire, he as- 
sumes the character of a country bump- 
kin from Essex, and places himself 
under the charge of his own butler, to 
learn the duties of a gentleman's 
servant. As the master is away, 
Philip (the butler) invites a large party 
to supper, and supplies them with the 
choicest wines. The servants all assume 
their masters' titles, and address each 
other as "My lord duke," " sir Harrv," 
"My lady Charlotte," "My lady Bab," 
etc., and mimic the airs of their em- 
ployers. In the midst of the banquet, 
Lovel appears in his true character, 
breaks up the party, and dismisses his 
household, retaining only one of the lot, 
named Tom, to whom he entrusts the 
charge of the silver and plate (1759). 

Highgate (a suburb of London). 
Drayton says that Highgate was so 
called because Brute, the mythical Tro- 
jan founder of the British empire, "ap- 
pointed it for a gate of Loudon ; " but 
others tell us that it was so called from 
a gate set up there, some 400 years 
ago, to receive tolls for the bishop of 
London. 

Then Highgate boasts his way which men do most fre- 
quent, . . . 
Appointed for a gate of London to have been. 
When first the mighty Brute that city did begin. 

Drayton, 1'clyolbion, xvL (1613). 

Highland Mary, immortalized by 
Robert Burns, is generally thought to be 
Mary Campbell ; but it seems more likely 
to be Mary Morison, "one of the poet's 
youthful loves." Probably the songs, 
Will ye go to the Indies, my Mary ? High- 
land Mary, Mary Morison, and To Mary 
in Heaven, were all written on one and 
the same Mary, although some think 
H'-glJand Mary and Mary in Heaven re- 
fer to Mary Campbell, who, we are 
told, was the poet's first love. 



HIGHWAYMEN. 



444 



HIPPO LATA. 



Highwaymen (Noted). 

Claude Duval (*-1670). Introduced 
in White Friars, by Miss Robinson. 

James Whitney (1660-1694), aged 34. 

Jonathan Wild of Wolverhampton 
(1682-1725), aged 43. Hero and title of 
a novel by Fielding (1744). 

Jack Sheppard of Spitalfields (1701- 
1724), aged 24. Hero and title of a 
novel by Defoe (1724) ; and one by H. 
Ainsworth (1839). 

Dick Turpin, executed at York 
(1711-1739). Hero of a novel by H. 
Ainsworth. 

Galloping Dick, executed at Avles- 
bury in 1800. 

Captain Grant, the Irish highway- 
man, executed at Maryborough, in 1816. 

Samuel Greenwood, executed at Old 
Bailey, 1822. 

William Rea, executed at Old Bailey, 
1828. 

Hi'gre (2 syl.), a roaring of the 
waters when the tide comes up the 
H umber. 

For when my Higre comes I make my either shore 
teen tremble with the sound that I afar do send. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxviii (1622). 

Hilarius (Brother), refection er at 
St. Mary's.— Sir W. Scott, The Monas- 
tery (time, Elizabeth). 

Hildebrand, pope Gregory VII. 
(1013, 1073-1085). He demanded for 
the Church the right of " investiture " or 
presentation to all ecclesiastical benefices, 
the superiority of the ecclesiastical to the 
temporal authority, enforced the celibacy 
of all clergymen, resisted simony, and 
greatly advanced the domination of the 
popes. 

We need another Hildebrand to shake 
And purify us. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Hil'dehrand (Meister), the Nestor of 
German romance, a magician and cham- 
pion. 

%* Maugis, among the paladins of 
Charlemagne, sustained a similar twofold 
character. 

Hil'debrod (Jacob duke), president 
of the Alsatian Club. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Hirdesheim. The monk of Hilde- 
sheim, doubtinghow a thousand years with 
God could be "only one day," listened 
to the melody of a bird in a green wood, 
as he supposed, for only three minutes, 
but found that he had in reality been 
listening to it for a hundred years. 



Hill (Dr. John), whose pseudonym 
was " Mrs. Glasee." Garrick said of him : 

For T.hvsio <»nd farces, 
His equal there scarce is, 
For his farces are physic, ?.nd his physic a farce is. 

Hil'lary (Tom), apprentice of Mr. 
Lawford the town clerk. Afterwards 
captain Hillary. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Hinch'up (Dame), a peasant, at the 
execution of Meg Murdochson.-^Sir W. 
Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Hin'da, daughter of Al Hassan the 
Arabian emir of Persia. Her lover Haf ed, 
a gheber or fire-worshipper, was the 
sworn enemy of the emir. AI Hassan 
sent Hinda away, but she was taken 
captive by Hafed's. part) 7 . Hafed, being 
betrayed to Al Hassan, burnt himself to 
death in the sacred fire, and Hinda cast 
herself headlong into the sea. — T. Moore, 
Lalla Ecokh (" The Fire- Worshippers," 
1817). 

Hinges (Harmonious). The doors of 
the harem of Fakreddin turned on har- 
monious hinges. — W. Beckford, Yatkek 
(1784). 

Hinzelmann, the most famous 
house-spirit or kobold of German legend. 
He lived four years in the old castle of 
Hudemuhlen, and then disappeared for 
ever (1588). 

Hipeut Hill, famous for cowslips. 
The rendezvous of Pigwiggen and o^een 
Mab was a cowslip on Hipeut Hill,— M. 
Drayton, Nymphidia (1563-1631). 

Hip'pocrene (3 syl.), the fountain 
of the Muses. Longfellow calls poetic 
inspiration " a maddening draught of 
Hippocrene." — Goblet of Life. 

Hippol'ito. So Bro-Cvning spells the 
name of the son of Theseus (2 syl.) and 
An'tiope. Hippolito fled all intercourse 
with woman. Ptnedra, his mother-in-law, 
tried to seduce him, and when he resisted 
her solicitations, accused him to her 
husband of attempting to dishonour her. 
After death he was restored to life under 
the name of Virbius (vir-bis, " twice a 
man"). (See Hippolytos.) 

Hyppolito, a youth who never knew a woman. 

Browning. 

Hippol'yta, queen of the Am'azonr?, 
and daughter of Mars. She was famous 
for a girdle irivon her by the war-god, 
.which Hercules had to obtain possession 
of, as one of his twelve labours. 



EIPPOLYTA. 



445 



HOB. 



* # * Shakespeare has introduced Hip- 
polyta in his Midsummer Night's Dream, 
and betroths her to Thesens (2 syl.) 
duke of Athens ; but according to classic 
fable, it was her Bister An'tiope (4 syl.) 
who married Theseus. 

Hippol'yta, a rich lady wantonly in love 
with Arnoldo. By the cross purposes of 
the plot, Leopold a sea-captain is en- 
amoured of Hippolyta, Arnoldo is con- 
tracted to the chaste Zeno'cia, and 
Zenocia is dishonourably pursued by the 
governor count Clo'dio. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Custom of the Country 
(1647). 

Hippolytos (in Latin, Hippolytus), 
son of Theseus. He provoked the anger 
of Venus by disregarding her love, and 
Venus, in revenge, made Phaedra (his 
mother-in-law) fall in love with him, and 
when Hippolytos repulsed her advances, 
she accused him to her husband of 
seeking to dishonour her. Theseus 
prayed Neptune to punish the young 
man, and the sea-god, while the young 
man was driving in his chariot, scared 
the horses with sea-calves. Hippolytos 
was thrown from the chariot and killed, 
but Diana restored him to life again. (See 
Hippolito.) 

Hippolytus himself would leave Diana 
To follow such a Venus. 
Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, iii. 1 (16*28). 

Hippom'enes (4 syl.), a Grecian 
prince who outstripped Atalanta in a 
foot-race, by dropping three golden 
apples, which she stopped to pick up. 
By this conquest he won Atalanta to 
wife. 

E'en here, in this region of wonders, I find 
That light-footed Fancy leaves Truth fur behind ; 
Or, at least, like Hippomenes, turns her i^tray 
By the golden illusions he flings in her way. 

T. Moore. 

Hippopot'amus, symbol of impiety 
and ingratitude. Lear says that "in- 
gratitude in a child is more hideous than 
the sea monster." 

The hippopotamus killeth his sire, and ravisheth his 
dam. — Sandys, Travels (1615). 

Hippot'ades (4 syl.), ESlus the 
wind-god, son of Hippota. 

[Be] questioned every gust of rugged wings 
That blows from off each beaked promontory : 
They knew not of his story ; 
And sage Hippotades their answer brings, 
That not a blast was from his dungeon strayed. 

Milton, LycidUis. 92, etc. (1638). 

Hiren, a strumpet. From Peek's play 
Tne Turkish Mahomet and llyren the Fair 
Greek (1584). 

In Italian called a courtezan ; in Spaine a margarite ; 
in French uneputaine; in English . . . a punk. 



"There l>e A.rens in the sea of the worlu. Eyrens? 
Wren*, as they are ,,ow called. What a number of these 
sirens [I/irens], ;...cltatric«s, courteghians, in plain Engiisa, 
harlots, iwimrae amongst us ! " — Adams, Spiritual Navi. 
gator (1615). 

Hiroux (Jean), the French "Bill 
Sikes," with all the tragic elements 
eliminated. 

Pres. Where do you live! Jean. Haven t got any. 
Pres. Where were you born? Jean. At Galard. 
Pres. Where is that ? Jean. At Galard. 
Pres. What department? Jean. Galard. 

Henri Monnier, Popular Scenes drawn with 
Pen and Ink (1825). 

Hislop (John), the old carrier at Old 
St. Ronan's. — Sir W. Scott, St. Hunan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Hispa'nia, Spain. 

Histor'icus, the nom de plume of 
the Hon. E. Vernon Harcourt, for many 
years the most slashing writer in Uie 
Saturday Review, and a writer in the 
Times. 

"History (Father of). Herod'otos, the 
Greek historian, is so called by Cicero 
(B.C. 484-408). 

History (Father of Ecclesiastical), 
Polygnotos of Thaos (rl. b.c. 463-435). 
The Venerable Bede is so called some- 
times (672-735). 

History (Father of French), Andre 
Duchesne (1584-1640). 

Histrio-mastix, a tirade against 
theatrical exhibitions, by William Prynno 
(1632). 

Ho'amen, an Indian tribe settled on 
a south branch of the Missouri, having 
Az'tlan for their imperial city. The 
Az'tecas conquered the tribe, deposed 
the queen, and seized their territory by 
right of conquest. When Madoc landed 
on the American shore, he took the part of 
the Hoamen, and succeeded in restoring 
them to their rights. The Aztecas then 
migrated to Mexico (twelfth centurv). — 
Southey, Madoc (1805). 

Hoare (1 syl.), 37, Fleet Street, 
London. The golden bottle displayed 
over the fanlight is the sign of James 
Hoare, a cooper, who founded the bank. 
The legend is that it contains the leather 
bottle or purse of James Hoare, and the 
half-crown with which he started busi- 
ness in 1677. 

Hob Miller of Twyford, an insur- 
gent. — Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

Hob or Happer, miller at St. 
Mary's Convent. 



HOBBES'S VOYAGE. 



446 



HOBSON. 



Mysie Happer, the miller's daughter. 
She marries sir Piercie Shafton. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Hobbes's Voyage, a leap in the 
dark. Thomas Hobbes, on the point of 
death, said, "Now I am about to take my 
last vo3 r age, a great leap in the dark " 
(1588-1679). 

'Tis enough. I'll not fail. So now I am in for 
Hobbes's voyage— a great leap in the dark [this leap was 
matrimony]. — Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife, v. 3 
(1697). 

Hob'bididance (4 syl.), the prince 
of dumbness, and one of the five fiends 
that possessed "poor Tom." — Shake- 
speare, King Lear, act iv. sc. 1 (1605). 

*** This name is taken from Harsnett's 
Declaration of Egregious Popish Impos- 
tures (1561-1631)! 

Hobbie O'Sorbie'trees, one of the 
huntsmen near Charlie's Hope farm. — Sir 
W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George 
II.). 

Hob'bima (Tlie English), John 
Crome of Norwich, whose last words were : 
"0 Hobbima, Hobbima, how I do love 
thee ! " (1769-1821). 

Hob'bima (The Scotch), P. Nasmvth 
(1831- ). 

%* Minderhout Hobbima, a famous 
landscape painter of Amsterdam (1638- 
1709). 

Hobbinol. (See Hobinol.) 

Hobbler or Clopinel, Jehan de 
Meung, the French poet, who was lame 
(1260-1320). Meung was called by his 
contemporaries Pere de V Eloquence. 

*** Tyrtaeus, the Greek elegiac poet, 
was called "Hobbler" because he intro- 
duced the alternate pentameter verse, 
which is one foot shorter than the old 
heroic metre. 

Hobbler (The Rev. Dr.), at Ellieslaw 
Castle, one of the Jacobite conspirators 
with the laird of Ellieslaw.— Sir W. Scott, 
The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Hobby-de-Hoy, a lad from 14 to 
21. 

1-7. The first seven years, bring up as a child ; 
7-14. The next to learning, for waxing too wild ; 
14-21. The next, to keep under sir Hobbard de Hoy ; 
21-28. The next, a man, and no longer a boy. 

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, 1. (1557). 

Hobby-horse, in the morris-dance, 
a pasteboard horse which a man carries 
and dances about in, displaying tricks of 
legerdemain, such as threading a needle, 
running daggers through his cheeks, etc. 
The horse had a ladle in its mouth for 



the collection of half-pence. The colour 
of the hobby-horse was a reddish white, 
and the man inside wore a doublet, red 
on one side and yellow on the other. (See 
Morris-Dance.) 

Clo. They should be morris-dancers by their gingle, but 
they have no napkins. 

Coc. No, nor a hobby-horse.— Ben Jonson, The Meta- 
morphosed Gipsies. 

Hobby-horse, a favourite pursuit, a cor- 
ruption of hobby-hause ("hawk-tossing "), 
a favourite diversion in the days of fal- 
conry. The term has become confounded 
with the wicker hobby-horse, in which 
some one, being placed, was made to take 
part in a morris-dance. 

Why can't you ride your hobby-horse without desiring 
to place me on a pillion behind you? — Sheridan, The 
Critic, i. 1 (1779). 

Hobby-horse (The), one of the masquers 
at Kennaquhair Abbey. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Hobinol or Hobbinol is Gabriel 
Harvey, physician, LL.D., a friend and 
college chum of Edmund Spenser the 
poet. Spenser, in his eel. iv., makes 
Thenot inquire, "What gars thee to 
weep ? " and Hobinol replies it is because 
his friend Colin, having been flouted by 
Rosalind (eel. i.), has broken his pipe 
and seems heart-broken with grief. 
Thenot then begs Hobinol to sing to him 
one of Colin's own songs, and Hobinol 
sings the lay of "Elisa queen of the 
shepherds " (queen Elizabeth), daughter 
of Syrinx and Pan (Anne Boleyn and 
Henry VIII.). He says Phoebus thrust 
out his golden head to gaze on her, and 
was amazed to see a sun on earth brighter 
and more dazzling than his own. The 
Graces requested she might make a fourth 
grace, and she was received amongst 
them and reigned with them in heaven. 
The shepherds then strewed flowers to 
the queen, and Elisa dismissed them, say- 
ing that at the proper season she would 
reward them with ripe damsons (eel. iv.). 
Eel. ix. is a dialogue between Hobinol and 
Diggon Davie, upon Popish abuses. (See 
Diggon Davie.) — Spenser, Shephearde's 
Calendar (1572). 

Hobnel'ia, a shepherdess, in love with 
Lubberkin, who disregarded her. She 
tried by spells to win his love, and after 
every spell she said : 

With my sharp heel I three times mark the ground, 
And turn me thrice around, around, around. 

Gay, Pastoral, iv. (1714). 

(An imitation of Virgil's Eel., viii. 
" Pharmaceutria.") 

Hob'son (Tobias), a carrier who lived 



H0CI1 SPUING EN. 



447 



HOLDENOUGH. 



at Cambridge in the seventeenth century. 
He kept a livery stable, but obliged the 
university students to take his hacks in 
rotation. Hence the term Hobsun's 
choice came to signify " this or none." 
Milton (in L660) wrote two humorous 
poems on the death of the old carrier. 

Hochspring/en (The young duke 
of), introduced in Donnerhugel's narra- 
tive. — Sir \V. Scott, Anne uf Geierstein 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Hocus (Humphry), "the attorney" 
into whose hands John Bull and his 
friends put the law-suit they carried on 
against Lewis Baboon (Louis XJV.). 
Of course, Humphry Hocus is John 
Churchill, duke of Marlborough, who 
commanded the army employed against 
the Grand Monarque. 

Hocus was an old cunning attorney; and though this 
wus tlic first considerable suit he was ever engaged in, he 
showed himself Superior in address to most Of his prufes- 
sion. He always kept good clerks. He loved money, was 
smooth-tongued, gave good words, and seldom lost his 
temper. ... He provided plentifully for his family ; but 
he loved himself better than them all. The neighbours 
reported that he w;is hen-peeked, which W«8 impossible by 
such a mild-spirited woman as bis wife was |/w* wife was 
a desperate t>rmaijaia\.—l)T. Arbuthnot, Ilutory of John 

Ban, v. una). 

Hodei'rah (3 syl.), husband of Zei'- 
nab (2 eyl.) and father of Thalaba. He 
died while Thalaba was a mere lad.— 
Southey, Thaiabathe Destroyer, i. (1797). 

Hodeken (i.e. little hat), a German 
kobold or domestic fairy, noted for his 
little felt hat. 

Ho'der, the Scandinavian god of 
darkness, typical of night. He is called 
the blind old god. Balder is the god of 
light, typical of day. According to fable, 
Hoder killed Balder with an arrow made 
of mistletoe, but the gods restored him to 
life again. 

Hoder, the blind old god, 
Whose feet are shod with silence. 

Longfellow, Tegner's Death. 

Hodge, Gammer Gurton's goodman, 
whose breeches she was repairing when 
she lost her needle. — Mr. S. Master of 
Arts, Gammer Gut-toil's Needle (1551). 

*„* Mr. S. is said to be J. Still, after- 
wards bishop of Bath and Wells, but in 
1551 he was only eight years old. 

Hodges (John), one of Waverley's 
servants. — Sir W. Scott, Waveriey (time, 
George II.). 

Hodges (Joe), landlord of Bertram, by 
the lake near Merwyn Hall. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Hodge'son (Gaffer), a puritan. — Sir 



\V. Scott, Pcveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles 11.). 

Hoel (2 sgl.), king of the Armorican 
Britons, and nephew of kin^ Arthur. 
Hoel sent an army of 15,000 men to 
assist his uncle against the Saxons (§01). 
In 509, being driven from his kingdom 
by Clovis, he took refuge in England ; 
but in 513 he recovered his throne, and 
died in 545. 

[Arthur], calling to his aid 
His kinsman Howel, brought from Ilrittany the less. 
Their armies they unite . . . laud conquer the Suxon* at 
Lincoln^ 

Drayton. I'olyolbion, iv. (1BU). 

Ho' el, son of prince Hoel and Lla'ian. 
Prince Hoel was slain in battle by his 
halt-brother David king of North Wales, 
and Llaian, with her son, followed the 
fortunes of prince Madoc, who migrated 
to North America. Young Hoel was 
kidnapped by Ocell'opan, an Az'tec, and 
carried to Az'tlan for a propitiatory 
sac ri lice to the Aztccan gods. He was 
confined in a cavern without food ; but 
Co'atel, a young Aztecan wife, took pity 
on him, visited him, supplied him with 
food, and assisted Madoc to release him. 
— Southey, Madoc (1805). 

Hoernescar, a German mode of 
punishment, which consisted in carrying a 
dog on the shoulders for a certain number 
of miles. 

Plusieurs comtes accuses de malversation, de la peine 
humiliante du harnescar, peine consistent a faire porter 
un chien pendant plusieurs milles sur les epaules du 
condamn6. — P. W. Cocheris, L Empire d'Alleniagne. 

Ho'garth ( William), called " The 
Juvenal of Painters " (1G95-1764). 

Ho'garth (The Scottish), David Allan 
(1744-1796). 

Hogarth of Novelists, Henry 

Fielding (1707-1754). 

Hog Lane, "Whitechapel, London ; 
afterwards called " Petticoat Lane," and 
now "Middlesex Street." 

Hohenlin'den, in Bavaria, famous 
for the battle fought in November, 1801, 
between the Austrians under Klenau, and 
the French under Moreau. The French 
remained the victors, with 10,000 pri- 
soners. 

'Tis morn ; but scarce yon level sun 
Can pierce the war-clouds rolling dun, 
Where furious Frank and fiery Hun 
Shout in their sulphurous canopy. 
Campbell, Battle of Bohenlinden (1801). 

Hold'enough (Master Nehemiah), a 

presbyterian preacher, ejected from his 

pulpit by a military preacher. — Sir W. 

i Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 



HOLIDAY. 



448 



HOLY MAID OF KENT. 



Holiday. When Anaxag'oras was 
dying, and was asked what honour 
should he conferred on him, he replied, 
"Give the boys a holiday " (b.c. 500-428). 

Holiday (Erasmus), schoolmaster in 
the Vale of Whitehorse.— Sir W. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Holiday Phrases, set speeches, 
high-flown phrases. So holiday manners, 
holiday clothes, meaning the "best" or 
those put on to make the best appear- 
ance. Hotspur, speaking of a fop sent to 
demand his prisoners, says to the king : 

In many holiday and lady terms 
He questioned me. 

1 Henry IV. act i. sc. 3 (1597). 

Holipher'nes (4 syl.), called 
" English Henry," one of the Christian 
knights in the allied army of Godfrey, in 
the first crusade. He was slain by 
Dragu'tes (3 syl.). (See IIolophernes.) 
— Tassc, Jerusalem Delivered, ix. (1575). 

Holland. Voltaire took leave of 
this country of paradoxes in the allite- 
ration following : — " Adieu ! canaux, 
canards, canaille " (Adieu ! dykes, ducks, 
and drunkards). Lord Byron calls it : 

The waterland of Dutchmen and of ditches, 

Whose juniper expresses its best juice, 
The poor man's sparkling substitute for riches, 

Don Juan, \ £3 (1821). 

Holland, one of the three districts of Lin- 
colnshire. Where Boston stands used to 
be called "High Holland." The other two 
districts are, Lindsey, the highest land ; 
and Kesteven, the western part, famous 
for its heaths. Holland, the fen-lands in 
the south-east. 

And for that part of me [Lincoln*.] which me "High 

Holland" call. 
Where Boston seated is, by plenteous Wytham's fall . . . 
No other tract of land doth like abundance yield. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. (1622). 

Holies Street (London). So called 
from John Holies duke of Newcastle, 
father of Henrietta Cavendish countess 
of Oxford and Mortimer. (See Hen- 
rietta Street.) 

Hoi man (Lieutenant James), the 
blind traveller (1787-1857). 

Hol'opherne (Thubal), the great 
sophister, who, in the course of five years 
and three months, taught Gargantua to 
say his ABC backwards. — Rabelais, 
Gargantua, i. 14 (1533). 

Hol'opher'nes (4 .syl.), a pedantic 
schoolmaster, who speaks like a dic- 
tionary. The character is meant for John 
Florio, a teacher of Italian in London, who 



published, in 1598, a dictionary called 
A World of Words. He provoked the 
retort by condemning wholesale the 
English dramas, which, he said, were 
" neither right comedies, nor right 
tragedies, but perverted histories without 
decorum." The following sentence is a 
specimen of the style in which he talked . 

The deer was . . in sanguis (blood), ripe as a pome- 
water who now hangeth like a jewel in the ear of caelo 
(the sky, the welkin, the heaven) ; and anon falleth like a 
crab on the face of terra (the soil, the land, the earth).— 
Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. sc. 2 (15U4). 

*** Holophernes is an imperfect ana- 
gram of "Joh'nes Florio," the first and 
last letters being omitted. 

Holy Bottle (The Oracle of the), 
the object of Pantag'ruel's search. He 
visited various lands with his friend 
Panurge (2 syl.), the last place being 
the island of Lantern-land, where the 
" bottle " was kept in an alabaster fount 
in a magnificent temple. When the 
party arrived at the sacred spot, the 
priestess threw something into the fount ; 
whereupon the water began to bubble, 
and the word " Drink " issued from the 
" bottle." So the whole party set to 
drinking Falernian wine, and, being 
inspired with drunkenness, raved with 
prophetic madness ; and so the romance 
ends. — Rabelais, Pqntagruel (1545). 

Like Pantagruel and his companions in quest of the 
" Oracle of the Bottle."— Sterne. 

Holy Brotherhood (The), in 
Spain called Santa Hermandad, was an 
association for the suppression of high- 
way robber}'. 

The thieves, . . . believing the Holy Brotherhood was 
coming, ... got up in a hurry, and alarmed their com- 
panions.— Lesage, Gil Bias, i. 6 (1715). 

Holy Island, Lindisfarne, in the 
German Sea, about eight miles from 
Berwick-upon-Tweed. It was once the 
see of the famous St. Cuthbert, but now 
the bishopric is that of Durham. The 
ruins of the old cathedral are still 
visible. 

Ireland used to be so called, on account 
of its numerous saints. 

Guernsey was so called in the tenth 
century, on account of the great number 
of monks residing there. 

Rttgen was so called by the Slavonic 
Varini. 

Holy Maid of Kent, Elizabeth 
Barton, who incited the Roman Catholics 
to resist the progress of the Reformation, 
and pretended to act under divine in- 
spiration. She was executed in 1534 
for "predicting" that the king (Henry 



HOLY MOTHER OF THE RUSSIANS. 449 



HOMESPUN. 



VIII.) would die a sudd. mi death if be 
divorced queen Katharine and married 
Anne Boleyn. At one time she was 
thought to be inspired with a prophetic 
gift, and even the lord chancellor, sir 
Thomas More, was inclined to think so. 

Holy Mother of the Russians. 
Moscow is so called. 

Holywell Street, London. So 
called from a spring of water " most 
sweet, salubrious, and clear, whose runnels 
murmur over the shining stones." 

%* Other similar wells in the suburbs 
of London were Clerkenwell and St. 
Clement's Well. 

Home, Sweet Home. The words 
of this popular song are by John Howard 
Payne, an American. It is introduced 
in his melodrama called Clari or The 
Maid of Milan. The music is by sir 
Henry Bishop. 

Homer {The British). Milton is so 
called on Gray's monument in West- 
minster Abbey. 

No more the Grecian muse unrivalled reigas ; 

To Britain let the nations homage pay : 
She felt a Homer's tire in Milton's strains, 

A Pindar's rapture in the lyre of Gray 

Homer {The Casket), an edition of 
Homer corrected by Aristotle, which 
Alexander the Great carried about with 
him, and placed in the golden casket 
richly studded with gems, found in the 
tent of Darius. Alexander said there 
was but one thing in the world worthy to 
be kept in so precious a casket, and that 
was Aristotle's Homer. 

Homer {The Celtic), Ossian, son of 
Fingal king of Morven. 

Homer {The Oriental), Ferdusi, the 
Persian poet, who wrote the Chdh Ndmeh 
or history of the Persian kings. It con- 
tains 120,000 verses, and was the work of 
thirty years (940-1020). 

Homer {The Prose). Henry Fielding 
the novelist is called by Byron "The 
Prose Homer of Human Nature" (1707- 
1764). 

Homer {The Scottish), William Wilkie, 
author of The Epigon'iad (1721-1772). 

Homer of our Dramatic Poets 

{The). So Shakespeare is called by 
Dryden (1564-1616). 

Shakespeare was the Homer or father of our dramatic 
poets ; Jonson was the Virgil. I admire rare Ben, but 
I love Shakespeare. — Dryden. 

Homer of Ferra'ra {The). Ariosto 



waa called by Taseo, Omero FerraresS 

(1474-1533). 

Homer of the Franks {The). 
Angilbert was so called by Charlemagne 
(died 814). 

Homer of the French Drama 
( The). Pierre Corneille was so called by 
sir Walter Scott (1606-1684). 

Homer of Philosophers {The), 
Plato (B.C. 429-347). 

Homer the Younger, Philiscos, 
one of the seven Pleiad poets of Alex- 
andria, in the time of Ptolemy Phila- 
delphos. 

Homer a Cure for Ague. It 
is an old superstition that if the fourth 
book of the Iliad is laid under the head 
of a patient suffering from quartan ague, 
it will cure him at once. Serenus Sam- 
monicus, preceptor of Gordian, a noted 
physician, says : 

Mxoniie Iliados quartum suppone timentl. 

Prec. 50. 

Homeric Characters. 

AcmMEMXON, haughty and imperious; 
Achilles, brave, impatient of command, 
and relentless ; DlOMKD, brave as Achil- 
les, but obedient to authority ; Ajax the 
Greater, a giant in stature, fool-hardy, 
arrogant, and conceited ; Nestor, a sage 
old man, garrulous on the glories of his 
youthful days ; Ulysses, wise, craft}-, 
and arrogant ; Patroclos, a gentle 
friend ; Thersites, a scurrilous dema- 
gogue. 

Hector, the protector and father of 
his country, a brave soldier, an affection- 
ate husband, a wise counsellor, and a 
model prince ; SarpEdon, the favourite 
of the gods, gallant and generous ; 
Paris, a gallant and a fop ; Troilus, 
" the prince of chivalry ; " Priam, a 
broken-spirited old monarch. 

Helex, a heartless beauty, faithless, 
and fond of pleasure ; Androm'ache*, a 
fond young mother and affectionate wife ; 
Cassandra, a querulous, croaking pro- 
phetess ; Hecuba, an old she-bear robbed 
of her whelps. 

Homespun {Zekiel), a farmer of 
Castleton. Being turned out of his farm, 
he goes to London to seek his fortune. 
Though quite illiterate, he has warm 
affections, noble principles, and a most 
ingenuous mind. Zekiel wins £20,000 by 
a lottery ticket, bought by his deceased 
father. 

Cicely Homespun, sister of Zekiel, be- 
2 G 



HOMINY. 



450 



HONEYCOMBE. 



trothed to Dick Dowlas (for a short 
time the Hon. Dick Dowlas). When 
Cicely went to London with her brother, 
she took a situation with Caroline Dor- 
mer. Miss Dormer married " the heir- 
at-law " of baron Dubcrly, and Cicely 
married Dick Dowlas. — G. Colman, The 
Heir-at-Law (1797). 

Hominy (Mrs.), pnilosopher and 
authoress, wife of major Hominy, and 
" mother of the modern Gracchi," as she 
called her daughter, who lived at New 
Thermopylae, three days this side of 
" Eden," in America. Mrs. Hominy was 
considered by her countrymen a "very 
choice spirit." — C. Dickens, Martin Chuz- 
zlewit (1844). 

Homo, man. Said to be a corruption 
of OMO ; the two O's represent the two 
eyes, and the M the rest of the human 
face. Dante says the gaunt face of a 
starved man resembles the letter " m." 

Who reads the name 
For -man upon his forehead, there the M 
Had traced most plainly. 

Dante, Purgatory, xxiii. (1308). 

*** The two downstrokes rea^esent 
the contour, and the V of the letter re - 
presents the nose. Hence the human 
face is l°Y°|. 

Honest George. General George 
Monk, duke of Albemarle, was so called 
by the Cromwellites (1608-1670). 

Honest Man. Diogenes, being asked 
one day what he was searching for so 
diligently that he needed the light of a 
lantern in broad day, replied, " An honest 
man." 

Searched with lantern-light to find an honest man. 
Southey, Roderick, etc., xxi. (1814). 
Still will he hold his lantern up to scan 
The face of monarchs for an honest man. 

Byron, Age of Bronze, x. (1821). 

Honest Thieves (The). The 
"thieves" are Ruth and Arabella, two 
heiresses, brought up by justice Day, 
trustee of the estates of Ruth and guar- 
dian of Arabella. The two girls wish 
to marry colonel Careless and captain 
Manly, but do not know how to get 
possession of their property, which is in 
the hands of justice Day. It so happens 
that Day goes to pay a visit, and the two 
girls, finding the key of his strong box, 
help themselves to the deeds, etc., to 
which they are respectively entitled. 
Mrs. Day, on her return, accuses them 
of robbery; but Manly says, "Madam, 
the,; have taken nothing but what is 
their own. They are honest thieves, I 
assure you." — T." Knight (a farce). 



%* This is a mere rifacimento of The 
Committee (1670), by the Hon. sir R. 
Howard. Most of the names are identical, 
but " captain Manly" is substituted for 
colonel Blunt. 

Honesty. Timour used to boast that 
during his reign a child might carry a 
purse of gold from furthest east to 
furthest west of his vast empire without 
fear of being robbed or molested. — Gib- 
bon, Decline and Fall, etc. (1776-88). 

A similar state of things existed in 
Ireland, brought about by the adminis- 
tration of king Brien. A young lady 
of great beauty, adorned with jewels, 
undertook a journey alone from one end 
of the kingdom to the other ; but no at- 
tempt was made upon her honour, nor 
was she robbed of her jewels. — Warner, 
History of Ireland, i. 10. 

*** Thomas Moore has made this the 
subject of one of his Irish Melodies, i. 
("Rich and Rare were the Gems she 
Wore," 1814). 

Honey. Glaucus, son of Minos, was 
smothered in a cask of honey. 

Honeycomb (Will), a fine gentle- 
man, the great authority on the fashions 
of the day. He was one of the members 
of the imaginary., club from which the 
Spectator issued. — The Spectator (1711- 
1713). 

Sir Roger de Coverley, a country gentleman, to whom 
reference was made when matters connected with rural 
affairs were in question ; Will Honeycomb gave law on 
all things concerning the gay world ; captain Sentry 
stood up for the army ; and sir Andrew Freeport repre- 
sented the commercial intertst— Chambers, English 
Literature, i. 603. 

Honey combe (Mr.), the uxorious 
husband of Mrs. Honeycombe, and father 
of Polly. Self-willed, passionate, and 
tyrannical. He thinks to bully Polly 
out of her love-nonsense, and by locking 
her in her chamber to keep her safe, 
forgetting that "love laughs at lock- 
smiths," and " where there's a will there's 
a way." 

Mrs. Honeycombe, the dram-drinking, 
maudling, foolish wife of Mr. Honey- 
combe, always ogling him, calling him 
"lovey," "sweeting," or "dearie," but 
generally muzzy, and obfuscated witk 
cordials or other messes. 

Polly Honeycombe, the daughter of Mr. 
and Mrs. Honeycombe ; educated by 
novels, and as full of romance as don 
Quixote. Mr. Ledger, a stock-broker, 
pays his addresses to her ; but she hates 
him, and determines to elope with Mr. 
Scribble, an attorney's clerk, and nephew 



HONEYMAN. 



451 



HOOD. 



of her nurse. This folly, however, is 
happily interrupted. — G. Colman the 

elder, 'Polly Honeycombe (1760). 

Honeyman (Charles), a free-and- 
easy clergyman, of social habits and 
fluent speech. — Thackeray, The Newoomes 
(1855). 

Honeymoon (Tlie), a comedy by 
J. Tobin (1804). The general scheme 
resembles that of the Taming of the Shrew, 
viz., breaking-in an unruly colt of high 
mettle to the harness of wifely life. The 
duke of Aranza marries the proud, over- 
bearing, but beautiful Juliana, eldest 
daughter of Balthazar. After marriage, 
he takes her to a mean hut, and pretends 
he is only a peasant, who must work for 
his daily bread, and that his wife must 
do the household drudgery. He acts 
with great gentleness and affection ; and 
by the end of the month, Juliana, being 
thoroughly reformed, is introduced to 
the castle," where she rinds that her hus- 
band after all is the duke, and that she is 
the duchess of Aranza. It is an excellent 
and well -written comedy. 

Honeywood, " the good-natured 
man," whose property is made the prey 
of swindlers. His uncle, sir William 
Honeywood, in order to rescue him from 
sharpers, causes him to be seized for a 
bill to which he has lent his name "to a 
friend who absconded." By this arrest 
the young man is taught to discriminate 
between real friends and designing 
knaves. Honeywood dotes on Miss Rich- 
land, but fancies she loves Mr. Lofty, 
and therefore forbears to avow his love ; 
eventually, however, all comes right. 
Honeywood promises to " reserve his pity 
for real distress, and his friendship for 
true merit." 

Though inclined to the right, [he] had not courage to 
condemn the wrong. [Bis] charity was but injustice ; 
[hit] benevolence but weakness ; and [his] friendship but 
credulity.— Act v. 

Sir William Honeywood, uncle of Mr. 
Honeywood " the good-natured man." 
Sir William sees with regret the faults 
of his nephew, and tries to correct them. 
He is a dignified and high-minded gen- 
tleman. — Goldsmith, The Good-natured 
Man (1767). 

Hono'ra, daughter of general Archas 
"the loyal subject" of the great-duke of 
Moscovia, and sister of Yiola. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject 
(1618). 

Hono'ria, a fair but haughtv dame, 



greatly loved by Theodore of Ravenna ; 
but the lady '"'hated him alone," and 
"the more he loved the more she dis- 
dained." One day, she saw the ghost 
of Guido Cavalcanta hunting with two 
mastitis a damsel who despised his love 
and who was doomed to sulier a year for 
every month she had tormented him. 
Her* torture was BO be hunted by dogs, 
torn to pieces, disemboweled, and re- 
stored to life again every Friday. This 
vision so acted on the mind of Honoria, 
that she no longer resisted the love of 
Theodore, but, "with the full consent of 
all, she changed her state." — Dryden, 
Theodore and aonoria (a poem). 

%* This tale is from Boccaccio, De- 
cameron (day v. 8). 

Honour [Mrs.), the waiting gentle- 
woman of Sophia Western. — Fielding, 
Tom Jones (1749). 

This Is worse than Sophy Western and Mrs. Honour 
about Tom Jones's broken arm.— Prof. J. Wilson. 

Honour and Glory Griffiths. 

Captain Griffiths, in the reign of William 
IV., was so called, because he used to 
address his letters to the Admiralty, to 
"Their Honours and Glories at the 
Admiralty." 

Honour of the Spear, a tourna- 
jaent. 

He came to Runa's echoing halls, and sought the honour 
of the spear. — Ossian, The War of InU-Thona. 

Honours (Crushed by His or Her). 

Tarpeia (3 syl.), daughter of Tarpeius 
(governor of the citadel of Rome), pro- 
mised to open the gates to Tatius, if his 
soldiers would give her the ornaments 
they wore on their arms. As the soldiers 
entered the gate, they threw on her their 
shields, and crushed "her to death, saying, 
" These are the ornaments we Sabines 
wear on our arms." 

Draco, the Athenian legislator, was 
crushed to death in the theatre of ^Egma 
by the number of caps and cloaks 
showered on him by the audience, as a 
mark of honour. 

Elagab'alus, the Roman emperor, in- 
vited the leading men of Rome to a 
banquet, and, under pretence of showing 
them honour, rained roses upon them till 
they were smothered to death. 

Hood (Robin), a famous English out- 
law. Stow places him in the reign of 
Richard I., but others make him live at 
divers periods between Coeur de Lion and 
Edward II. His chief haunt was Sher- 
wood Forest, in Kottinghamsnire. Ancient 



HOOKEM. 



452 



HOPKINS. 



ballads abound with anecdotes of his per- 
sonal courage, his skill in archery, his 
generosity, and great popularity. It is 
said that he robbed the rich, but gave 
largely to the poor, and protected women 
and children with chivalrous magna- 
nimity. According to tradition, he was 
treacherously bled to death by a nun, at 
the command of his kinsman, the prior 
of Kirkless, in Notts. 

Stukeley asserts that Robin Hood was 
Robert Fitzooth, earl of Huntingdon ; 
and it is probable that his name hood, 
like capet given to the French king 
Hugues, refers--to the cape or hood which 
he usually wore. 

* 4 * The chief incidents of his life are 
recorded by Sforw. Ritson has collected 
a volume of songs, ballads, and anecdotes 
called Robin Hood . . . that Celebrated 
English Outlaw (1795). Sir W. Scott has 
introduced him in his novel called The 
Talisman, which makes the outlaw con- 
temporary with Coeur de Lion. 

Robin Hood's Men. The most noted of 
his followers were Little John, whose 
surname was Nailor ; his chaplain friar 
Tuck ; William Scarlet, Scathelooke (2 
syl.), or Scadlock, sometimes called two 
brothers ; Will Stutly or Stukely ; Mutch 
the miller's son ; and the maid Marian. 

Chief, beside the butts, there stand 
Bold Robin Hood mid all his band : . 
Friar Tuck with staff and cowl, 
Old Scathelooke ("2 syl.) with his surly scowl. 
Maid Marian fair as ivory bone, 
. Scarlet, and Mutch, and Little John. 

Sir W. Scott. 

Rookem (Mr.), partner of lawyer 
Clippurse at Waverley Honour. — Sir W. 
Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 

Hop (Robin), the hop plant. 

Get. into thy hop-yard, for now it is time 

To teach Robin Hop en his pole how to climb. 

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Poirits of Good 
Husbandry, xR. 17 (1557). 

Hope. The name of the first woman, 
according to Grecian mythology, was 
Pandora, made by Hephaestos ( Vulcan) 
out of earth. She was called Pandora 
("all-gifted") because all the deities con- 
tributed something to her charms. She 
married Epime'theus (4 syl.), in whose 
house was a box which no mortal might 
open. Curiosity induced Pandora to peep 
into it, when out flew all the ills of 
humanity, and she had just time to close 
the lid to prevent the escape of Hope 
also. 

When man and nature mourned their first decay . . . 
AU, all forsook the friendless, guilty mind. 
Bat Hoi<e— the charmer lingered still behind. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 



Hope (The Bard o/"), Thomas Camp- 
bell, who wrote The Pleasures of Hope, in 
two parts (1777-1844). 

Hope (The Cape of Good), originally 
called " The Cape of Storms." 

Similarly, the Euxine (i.e. "hos- 
pitable ") Sea was originally called by 
the Greeks the Axine (i.e. " the in- 
hospitable") Sea. 

*** For the "Spirit of the Cape," see 
Adamastor. 

Hope the Motive Power of 
All. 

The ambitious prince doth hope to eonquer all ; 

The dukes, earls, lords, and knights hope to be kings ; 
The prelates hope to push for popish paU ; 

The lawyers hope to purchase wondrous things ; 

The merchants hope for no less reckonings ; 
The peasant hopes to get a ferme If arm] at least ; 
All men are guests where Hope doth hold the feast. 
G. Gascoigne, The Fruites of Wane, 88 (died 1577). 

Hope Diamond (The), a blue 
brilliant, weighing 44£ carats. 

It is supposed that this diamond is the 
same as the blue diamond bought by 
Louis XIV. in 1668, of Tavernier. It 
weighed in the rough \12\ carats, and 
after being cut 67 § carats. In 1792 it 
was lost. In 1880, Mr. Daniel Eliasou 
came into possession of a blue diamond 
without any antecedent history ; this 
was bought by Mr. Henry Thomas Hope, 
and is called " The Hope Diamond." 

Hope of Troy (The), Hector. 

[He] stood against them, as the Hope of Troy 
Against the Greeks. 

Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI. act ii. sc. 1 (1592). 

Hopeful, a companion of Christian 
after the death of Faithful at Vanity 
Fair. — Bunyan, The Pilgrim' 1 s Proqress, i. 
(1678). 

Hope-on-High Bomby, a puri- 
tanical character, drawn by Beaumont 
and Fletcher. 

" Well," said Wildrake, " I think I can make a Hope- 
on-High Bomby as weld as thou canst"— Sir W. Scott, 
Woodstock, vii. 

Hopkins (Matthew), of Manningtree, 
in Essex, the witch-finder. In one year 
he caused sixty persons to be hanged as 
reputed witches. 

Between three and four thousand persons suffered death 
for witchcraft between 1643 and 1661.— Dr. Z. Grey. 

Hopkins (Nicholas), a Chartreux friar, 
who prophesied "that neither the king 
[Henry VIIIJ] nor his heirs should 
prosper, but that the duke of Buckingham 
should govern England." 

1st Gent. That devil-monk, Hopkins, hath made this mis- 
chief. 
2nd Gent. That was he that fed him with his prophecies. 
Shakespeare. Henry VIII. act ik sc. 1 (1601). 



BOP-O'-MY-THUMB. 



458 



HORATIUS. 



Hop-o'-my-Thumb, a character in 
several nursery talcs. Tom Thumb and 
Hop-o'-my-thumb are not the same, 
although they are often confounded with 
each other. Tom Thumb was the son of 
nrmntl, knighted by kim; Arthur, and 

was killed by a spider \ but Hop-o'-my- 
thumb was a nix, the same as the German 
daumting, the French te petit ponce, and 
the Scotch Tom-a-lm or Tamlane. He 

was not a human dwarf, but a fay of 
usual fairy proportions. 

You Bturap-o'-tlx gutter, rou Hop-o'-my-thumb, 

Your husband must from Lilliput come. 

Kano OHara, Slida* (1778). 

Horace, son of Oronte (2 syl.) and 
lover of Agnes. He first sees Agnes in a 
balcony, and takes off his hat in passing. 
Agnes returns his salute, "pour ne point 
manqnei a la civilite." He again takes 
oif his hat, and she again returns the 
compliment. He hows a third time, and 
she returns his "politeness" a third time. 
" 11 passe, vient, repasse, et toujours me 
fait a chaque fois reverence, et moi 
nouvelle reverence aussi je lui rendois." 
An intimacy is soon established, which 
ripens into love. Oronte tells his son he 
intends him to marry the daughter of 
Enrique (2 syl.), which he refuses to do; 
but it turns out that Agnes is in fact 
Enrique's daughter, so that love and 
obedience are easily reconciled. — Moliere, 
L'c'cuic des Femmes (1662). 

Horace (2ne English). Ben Jonson is 
so called by Dekker the dramatist (1574- 
1G37). 

Cowley was preposterously called by 
George duke of Buckingham "The Pindar, 
Horace, and Virgil of England" (1618- 
1667). 

Horace (The French), Jean Macrinus or 
Salmon (1490-1557). 

Pierre Jean de Beranger is called "The 
Horace of France," and "The French 
Burns" (1780-1857). 

Horace (The Portuguese), A. Ferreira 
(1528-1569). 

Horace (The Spanish). Both Lupercio 
Axgen'sola and his brother Bartolome are 
so called. 

Horace de Brienne (2 syl.), en- 
gaged to Diana de Lascours ; but after the 
discovery of Ogari'ta [alias Martha, 
Diana's sister] , he falls in love with her, 
and marries her with the free consent 
of his former choice.— E. Stirling, The 
Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Horatia, daughter of Horatius "the 



Roman father." She was engaged to 

Cains CuriatiuS, whom her surviving 
brother slew in the well-known combat 
Of the three Koinans and three Albams. 
For the purpose of being killed, bho in- 
sulted her brother Publius in his triumph, 
and spoke disdainfully of his " patriotic 

love," which he preferred to filial and 

brotherly affection. In his anger he 
stabbed his sister with his sword. — 
Whitehead, The Roman Father (1741). 

Hora'tio, the intimate friend of prince 
Hamlet. — Shakespeare, Hamlet Pnnce of 
Denmark (1596). 

Hora'tio, the friend and brother-in-law 
of lord Al'tainont, who discovers by 
accident that Calista, lord Altamont's 
bride, has been seduced by Lothario, and 
informs lord Alternant of it. A duel 
ensues between the bridegroom and the 
libertine, in which Lothario is killed; and 
Calista stabs herself. — X. Kowe, The Fair 
Penitent (1708). 

Horatius, "the Roman father." 
He is the father of the three Horatii 
chosen by the Roman senate to espouse 
the cause of Rome ngainst the Albans. 
He glories in the choice, preferring his 
country to his offspring. His daughter, 
Horatia, was espoused to one of the 
Curiatii, and was slain by her surviving 
brother for taunting him with murder 
under the name of patriotism. The old 
man now renounced his son, and would 
have given him up to justice, but king 
and people interposed in his behalf. 

Publius Horatius, the surviving son 
of "the Roman father." He pretended 
flight, and as the Curiatii pursued, " but 
not with equal speed," he slew them one 
bv one as thev came up. — Whitehead, 
The Roman Father (1741). 

Horatius [Codes], captain of the 
bridge-gate over the Tiber. When Por'- 
sena brought his host to replace Tarquin 
on the throne, the march on the city 
was so sudden and rapid, that the consul 
said, "The foe will be upon us before 
we can cut down the bridge." Horatius 
exclaimed, "If two men will join me, I 
will undertake to give the enemy play 
till the bridge is cut down." Spurius 
Lartius and Herminius volunteered tc join 
him in this bold enterprise. Three men 
came against them and were cut down. s 
Three others met the same fate. Then 
the lord of Luna came with his brand 
" which none but ho coidd wield," but the 
Tuscan was also despatched. Horatius 



HOREHOUND. 



454 



HORSE. 



then ordered his two companions to make 
good their escape, and they just crossed 
the bridge as it fell in with a crash. The 
bridge being down, Horatius threw him- 
self into the Tiber and swam safe to 
shore, amidst the applauding shouts of 
both armies. — Lord Macaulay, Lays of 
Ancient Rome ("Horatius," 1842). 

Horehound (2 syl.) or Marru'bium 
vulgare ("white horehound"), used in 
coughs and pulmonary disorders, either in 
the form of tea or solid candy. Black 
horehound or Ballota nigra is recom- 
mended in hysteria. 

For comforting the spleen and liver, get for juice 
Pale horehound. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Horn {The Cape). So named by 
Schouten, a Dutch mariner, who first 
rounded it. He was born at Hoorn, in 
North Holland, and named the cape after 
his own native town. 

Horn (King), hero of a French metrical 
romance, the original of our Childe Home 
or The Geste of Kxjng Horn. The French 
romance is ascribed to Mestre Thomas ; 
and Dr. Percy thinks the English romance 
is of the twelfth century, but this is pro- 
bably at least a century too early. 

Horn of Chastity and Fidelity. 

Morgan la Faye sent king Arthur a 
drinking-horn, from which no lady could 
drink who was not true to her husband, 
and no knight who was not feal to his 
liege lord. Sir Lamorake sent this horn 
as a taunt to sir Mark king of Cornwall. — 
Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, 
ii. 34 (1470). 

Ariosto's enchanted cup. 

The cuckold's drinking-horn, from which 
no "cuckold could drink without spil- 
ling the liquor." (See Caradoc, p. 160.) 

La coupe enchante'e of Lafontaine. (See 
Chastity.) 

Home, in the proverb Til chance it, 
as old Home did his neck, refers to Home, 
a clergyman in Nottinghamshire, who 
committed murder, but escaped to the 
Continent. After several years, he de- 
termined to return to England, and when 
told of the danger of so doing, replied, 
" I'll chance it." He did chance it ; but 
being apprehended, was tiied, condemned, 
and executed. — The Newgate Calendar. 

Horner (Jack), the little boy who sat 
in a corner to eat his Christmas pie, and 
thought himself wondrously clever be- 



cause he contrived to pull out a plum 
with his thumb. 

Little Jack Horner satin a corner, 

Eating his Christmas pie ; 
He put in his thumb, and pulled out a plum, 

Saying, " What a good boy am I ! " 

Nursery Rhyme. 

In Notes and Queries, xvi. 156, several 
explanations are offered, ascribing a 
political meaning to the words quoted — 
Jack Horner being elevated to a king's 
messenger or king's steward, and the 
" plum " pulled out so cleverly being a 
valuable deed which the messenger 
abstracted. 

Horse. The first to ride and tame a 
horse for the use of man was Melizyus 
king of Thessaly. (See Melizyus.) 

Horse (The Black), the 7th Dragoon 
Guards (not the 7th Dragoons). They 
have black velvet facings, and their 
plume is black and white. At one time 
they rode black horses. 

Horse (The Green), the 5th Dragoon 
Guards. (These are called " The Princess 
Charlotte of Wales' . . . ") Facings dark 
green velvet, but the plume is red and 
white. 

Horse (The Wliite), the 3rd Dragoon 
Guards. (These .are called " The Princo 
of Wales' . . .") 

*** All the Dragoon Guards have 
velvet facings, except the 6th (or " Cara- 
biniers"), which have white cloth facings. 
By "facings "are meant the collar and 
cuffs. 

N.B. — " The white horse within the 
Garter " is not the heraldic insignia of the 
White Horse Regiment or 3rd Dragoon 
Guards, but of the 3rd Hussars (or " The 
King's Own"), who have also a white 
plume. This regiment used to be called 
" The 3rd Light Dragoons." 

Horse (TJie Royal), the Blues. 

Horse (The Wooden), a huge horse 
constructed by Ulysses and Diomed, for 
secreting soldiers. The Trojans were 
told by Sinon it was an offering made 
by the Greeks to the sea-god, to ensure 
a safe home-voyage, adding that the 
blessing would pass from the Greeks to 
the Trojans if the horse were placed 
within the city walls. The credulous 
Trojans drew the monster into the city ; 
but at night Sinon released the soldiers 
from the horse and opened the gates to 
the Greek army. The sentinels were 
slain, the city fired in several places, and 
the inhabitants put to the sword. The 



HORSE. 



455 



IIOUTENSE. 



tale of the "Wooden Horse "forms no part 
of Homer's Wad, but is told by Virgil in 
liis Mwtvi. Virgil borrowed tin" talc from 
Arctlnos of Miletus, one of the Cyclic 
poets, who related the story of ' the 
"Wooden Horse" and the "burning of 
Troy." 

%* A very similar stratagem was em- 
ployed in the seventh century A.D. by 
Abu Obeidah in the siege of Arrestan, in 
Syria. He obtained leave of the governor 
to deposit in the citadel some old lumber 
which impeded his march. Twenty boxes 
(tilled with soldiers) were accordingly 
placed there, and Abu, like the (ireeks, 
pretended to march homewards. At night 
the soldiers removed the sliding bottoms 
of the boxes, killed the sentries, opened 
the city gates, and took the town. — 
Ockley, History of the Saracens, i. 185. 

The capture of Sark was effected by a 
similar trick. A gentleman of the Nether- 
lands, with one ship, asked permission of 
the French to bury one of his crew in the 
chapel. The request was granted, but 
the coffin was full of arms. The pre- 
tended mourners, being well provided 
with arms, fell on the guards and took 
the island by surprise. — Percy, Anecdotes, 
249. 

Horse {Merlin's Wooden), Clavileno. 

This was the horse on which don Quixote 
effected the disenchantment of the infanta 
Antonomasia and others. (See Clavi- 
leno, p 104.) 

Horse {The Enchanted), a wooden 
horse with two pegs. By turning one the 
horse rose into the air, and by turning 
the other it descended where and when 
the rider listed. It was given by an 
Indian to the shah of Persia, as a New 
Year's gift. (See Fikouz Schah.)— 
Arabian Nights (" The Enchanted Horse"). 

Horse { The fifteen points of a good). 

A good horse sholde have three propyrtees of a man, 
three of a woman, three of a foxe, three of a haare, and 
threeof an asse. Of a man, bolde, prowde, and hardye. Of 
a :comait, fayre-brea-ted, faire of heere, and easy to move. 
Of a foxe, a fair taylle, short eers. with a good trotte. Of 
a hoars, a grate eye, a dry head, and well rennynge. Of 
an osse, a bygge chvnn. a flat legge, and a good hoof. — 
Wynkyn de Horde (1496). 

Horse-hair breeds Animals. 

According to legend, if the hair of a horse 
is dropped into corrupted water, it will 
turn to an animal. 

A horse-hair laid in a pale-full of turbid water, will in a 
short time stir and become a living creature. — Holinshea, 
Description of England, 224. 

Horse Neighing. On the death of 
Smerdis, the several competitors for the 
Persian crown agreed that he whose 



horse neighed first should be appointed 
king. Tin; horse of Darius neighed first, 
ami Darius was made king. Lord Brooke 
calls him a Scythian; he was son of 
Ilystaspcs the satrap. 

The brave Scythian 
Who found more nreetneaa in bli horse"* ni-UMng 
Titan all the Phrygian, Dorian, l.ydian playing. 

Lord Brnoko. 

Horse Painted. Apelles of Cos 

painted Alexander's horse so wonderfully 
well that a real horse, seeing it, began to 
neigh at it, supposing it to be alive. 

Mvro the statuary made a cow so true 
to life that several bulls were deceived 
by it. 

Velasquez painted a Spanish admiral 
so true to life that Felipe IV., mistaking 
it for the man, reproved the supposed 
officer sharply for wasting his time in a 
painter's studio, when he ought to be with 
his Meet. 

Zeuxis painted some grapes so admir- 
ably that birds flew at them, thinking 
them real fruit. 

I'arrhasios of Ephesus painted a 
curtain so inimitably that Zeuxis thought 
it to be a real curtain, and bade the artist 
draw it aside that he might see the 
painting behind. 

Quintin Matsys of Antwerp painted a 
bee on the outstretched leg of a fallen 
angel so naturally that when old Mandyn, 
the artist, returned to his studio, he tried 
to frighten it away with his pocket-hand- 
kerchief. 

Horse of Brass {The), a present 
from the king of Araby and Ind to 
Cambuscan' king of Tartary. A person 
whispered in its ear where he wished to 
go, and having mounted, turned a pin, 
whereupon the brazen steed rose in the 
air as high as the rider wished, and 
within twenty-four hours landed him at 
the end of his journey. 

This steed of brass, that easily and well 
Can, in the space of a day natural, . . . 
Bearen your body into every place 
To which your heartc willeth for to pace. 
Chaucer, Canterbury Talet ("The Squire's Tale," 1388). 

Horst {Conrade), one of the in- 
surgents at Liege. — Sir TV. Scott, Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Hortense' (2 syl.), the vindictive 
French maid-servant of lady Dedlock. 
In revenge for the partiality shown by 
lady Dedlock to Rosa the village beauty, 
Hortense murdered Mr. Tulkinghorn. and 
tried to throw the suspicion of the crime 
on ladv Dedlock. — C. Dickens, Bleak 
House (1853). 






HORTENSIO. 



456 HOUSE THAT JACK BUILT. 



Horten'sio, a suitor to Bianca the 
younger sister of Katharina "the Shrew." 
Katharina and Bianca are the daughters 
of Baptista. — Shakespeare, Taming of the 
Shrew (1594). 

Hortensio, noted for his chivalrous love 
and valour. — Massinger, The Bashful 
\Lover (1636). 

Horwendillus, the court at which 
Hamlet lived. 

This is that Hamlet . . . who lived at the court of 
Horwendillus, 800 years before we were born. — Hazlitt. 

Hosier's Ghost (Admiral), a ballad 
by Richard Glover (1739). Admiral Hosier 
was sent with twenty sail to the Spanish 
West Indies, to block up the galleons of 
that country. He arrived at the Basti- 
mentos, near Portobello, but had strict 
orders not to attack the foe. His men 
perished by disease but not in fight, and 
the admiral himself died of a broken 
heart. After Vernon's victory, Hosier 
and his 3000 men rose, "all in dreary 
hammocks shrouded, which for winding- 
sheets they wore," and lamented the 
cruel orders that forbade them to attack 
the foe, for " with twenty ships he surely 
could have achieved what Vernon did 
with only six." 

Hospital of Compassion, the 

house of correction. 

A troop of alguazels carried me to the hospital of 
compassion. — Lesage, Gil Was, vii. 7 (1735). 

Hotspur. So Harry Percy was called 
from his fiery temper, over which he had 
no control. — Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV. 
(1597). 

William Bensley [1738-1817] had the true poetic en- 
thusiasm. . . . None that I remember possessed even a 
portion of that fine madness which he threw out in 
Hotspur's fine rant about glory. His voice had the dis- 
sonance and at times the inspiring effect of the trumpet. 
— C. Lamb. 

Hotspur of Debate (The), lord 
Derby, called by Macaulay " The Rupert 
of Debate " (1799-1869). 

Houd (1 syl.), a prophet sent to 
preach repentance to the Adites (2 syL), 
and to reprove their king Shedad for his 
pride. As the Adites and their king 
refused to hear the prophet, God sent on 
the kingdom first a drought of three 
years' duration/ and then the Sarsar or 
icy wind for seven days, so that all the 
people perished. Houd is written "Hud" 
in Sale's Koran, i. 

Then stood the prophet Houd and cried, 
" Woe ! woe to Irem ! woe to Ad i 
Death is sone up into her palaces I 
Woe 1 woe 1 a day of guilt and punishment I 
A day of desolation ! " 
Southey, Talaba the Destroyer, i. 41 (1797). 



Hougb/ton (Sergeant), in Waverley's 
regiment. — Sir W. Scott, Waver ley (time, 
George II.). 

Hounslow, one of a gang of thieves 
that conspire to break into lady Bounti- 
ful'shouse. — Farquhar, The Beaux' Strata- 
gem (1705). 

Houri, plu. Houris, the virgins of 
paradise ; so called from their large black 
eyes (hur al oyun). According to Mo- 
hammedan faith, an intercourse with these 
lovely women is to constitute the chief 
delight of the faithful in the "world to 
come." — Al Koran. 

House judged by a Brick. Hie- 

rocles, the compiler of a book of jests, 
tells us of a pedant who carried about a 
brick as a specimen of the house which 
he wished to sell. 

He that tries to recommend Shakespeare by select 
quotations, will succeed like the pedant in HieroclSs, 
who, when he offered his house to sale, carried a brick in 
his pocket as a specimen.— Dr. Johnson, Preface to 

Shakespeare. 

House of Fame, a. magnificent 
palace erected on a lofty mountain of ice, 
and supported by rows of pillars on which 
are inscribed the names of illustrious 
poets. Here the goddess of fame sits 
on a throne, and dispenses her capricious 
judgments to the crowd below who come 
to seek her favours. — Chaucer, Mouse of 
Fame. 

House that Jack Built (The), a 
cumulative nursery story, in which every 
preceding statement is repeated after the 
introduction of a new one ; thus : 

1. [This is] the house that Jack built. 

2. [This is] the malt that lay in . . . 

3. [This is] the rat that eat . . . 

4. [This is] the cat that killed . . . 
6. f This is) the dog that worried . . . 

6. [This is] the cow with the crumpled horn, that 

7. [This is] the maiden all forlorn, that milked . . . 

8. [This is] the man all tattered and torn, that kissed . . . 

9. This is the priest all shaven and shorn, that married . . . 

A similar accumulation occurs in 
another nursery tale, with this difference 
— the several clauses are repeated twice : 
once by entreaty of the old woman to 
perform some service to get her pig to 
cross over a bridge that she may get 
home : and then the reverse way, when 
each begins the task requested of them. 
It begins with a statement that an old 
woman went to market to buy a pig ; 
they came to a bridge, which the pig 
would not go over, so the old woman 
called to a stick, and said : 

1. [Stick, stick, beat, pig, for] pig won't go over the bridge, 

and 1 shan't get Dome to-night. 

2. [Fire, fire] burn stick, sUck won't beat pig . . 



HOUSSAIN. 



4;>7 



H RIM FAX I. 



3. \ Water, water] quench fire, fire won't . . . 

4. [Ox, ox] drink water, water won't . . . 

5. [ liutcltcr, butcher] kill ox, ox won't . . . 

(>. \Hi>)ie, rose] hang butcher, butcher won't . . . 

7. \iiat, rati gnaw rope, rope won't . . . 

8. Cat, cut, kill rat, rat won't . . . 

Thin the cat began U> kill the rat, and the rat began 
to gnaw the rope, and the rope began . . . etc., and the 
pig went over the bridge, and so the old woman got home 
that night. 

Dr. Doran gave the following Hebrew 
" parable" in Notes and Queries: — 

1. [This is] the kid that my father bought for two zuzim 

2. [ This is] the cat that eat . . . 

3. [ThU it] the dog that bit . . . 

4. I This is] the stick that beat . . . 

5. [ThU 1*1 the fire that burnt . . . 

6. [ThU U\ the water that quenched . . . 

7. [ThU U\ the ox that drank . . . 

8. [This U] the butcher that killed . . . 

9. This is the angel, the angel of death, that slew . . . 

%* While correcting these proofs, a 
native of South Africa informs me that 
he has often heard the Kafirs tell their 
children the same story. 

Hous'sain (Prince), the elder brother 
of prince Ahmed. He possessed a carpet 
of such wonderful powers that if any one 
sat upon it it would transport him in a 
moment to any place he liked. Prince 
Houssain bought this carpet at Bisnagar, 
in India. — Arabian Nights (" Ahmed and 
Paribanou "). 

The wish of the penman is to him like prince Houssain's 
tapestry In the Eastern fable.— Sir W. Scott. 

%* Solomon's carpet {q.v.) possessed 
the same locomotive power. 

Houyh.nh.nms [WJiin'.ims'], a race 
of horses endowed with human reason, 
and bearing rule over the race of man. — 
Swift, Gulliver's Travels (1726). 

"True, true, ay, too true," replied the Domine, his 
houyhnhnm laugh sinking into an hysterical giggle. — Sir 
W. Scott, Guy Stanncring (1815). 

Howard, in the court of Edward IV. 
— Sir W. Scott. Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

How'atson (Luckie), midwife at 
Ellangowan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
ner ing (time, George II.). 

Howden (Mrs.), saleswoman. — Sir 
W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Howe (Miss), the friend of Clarissa 
Harlowe, to whom she presents a strong 
contrast. She has more worldly wisdom 
and less abstract principle. In questions 
of doubt, Miss Howe would suggest some 
practical solution, while Clarissa was 
m ooning about hypothetical contingencies. 
She is a girl of high spirit, disinterested 
friendship, and sound common sense. — 
Richardson, Clarissa Harlnvce (1749). 



Howel or Hoel, king of the West 
Welsh in the tenth century, surnamed 
"the Good." He is a very famous kin<^, 
especially for his code of laws. This is 
not the Howel or Hoel of Arthurian 
romance, who was duke of Armorna in 
the sixth century. 

What Mulinutian lawa, or Martian, ever were 

More excellent than those which our yood Howel here 

Ordained to govern Wale* I 

Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1012). 

Howie (Jamie), bailie to Malcolm 
Rradwardinc (3 syl.) of Inehgrahbit. — 
Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 
II.). 

Howlaglass (Master), a preacher. 
Friend of justice Maulstatute. — Sir W. 
Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

Howle'glas (Father), the ahbot of 
Unreason, in the revels held at Kenna- 
quhair Abbey. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Howleglass (2 *yl.), a clever rascal, 
so called from the hero of an old German 
jest-book, popular in England in queen 
Elizabeth's reign. — See Eulenapiegel. 

Hoyden (Miss), a lively, ignorant, 
romping, country girl. — Vanbrugh, T/ie 
Relapse (1697). 

*** This was Mrs. Jordan's great 
character. 

Hoyden (Miss), daughter of sir Tun- 
belly Clumsy, a green, ill-educated, 
country girl, living near Scarborough. 
She is promised in marriage to lord Fop- 
pington, but as his lordship is not person- 
ally known either by the knight or his 
daughter, Tom Fashion, the nobleman's 
younger brother, passes himself off as 
lord Foppington, is admitted into the 
family, and marries the heiress. — Sheri- 
dan, A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 

%* Sheridan's comedy is The Relapse 
of Vanbrugh (1097), abridged, recast, and 
somewhat modernized. 

Hrasvelg, the giant who keeps watch 
on the north side of the root of the Tree 
of the World, to devour the dead. His 
shape is that of an eagle. Winds and 
storms are caused by the movement of 
his wings. — Scandinavian Mythology. 

Where the heaven's remotest bound 
With darkne=s is encompassed round, 
There Hrasvel'ger sits and swings 
The tempest from its eagle wings. 

Edda ofScemund (by Amos Cottle). 

Hrinifax'i, the horse of Night, from 
whose bit fall the- rime-drops that every 



HROTHGAR. 



458 



HUBERT. 



morning bedew the earth. — Scandinavian 
Mythology. 

Hrctiigar, king of Denmark, whom 
Beowulf delivered from the monster 
Grendel. Hrothgar built Heorot, a mag- 
nificent palace, and here he distributed 
rings (treasure), and held his feasts ; but 
the monster Grendel, envious of his hap- 
piness, stole into the hall after a feast, 
and put thirty of the thanes to death in 
their sleep. The same ravages were 
repeated night after night, till Beowulf, 
at the head of a mixed band of soldiers, 
went against him and slew him. — Beo- 
wulf (an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, sixth 
century). 

Hry'rner, pilot of the ship Nagelfar 
(made of the "nails of the dead"). — Scan- 
dinavian Mythology. 

Hubba and Ingwar, two Danish 
chiefs, who, in 870, conquered East Anglia 
and wintered at Thetford, in Norfolk. 
King Edmund fought against them, but 
was beaten and taken prisoner. The 
Danish chiefs offered him his life and 
kingdom if he would renounce Chris- 
tianity and pay them tribute ; but as he 
refused to do so, they tied him to a tree, 
shot at him with arrows, and then cut off 
his head. Edmund was therefore called 
" St. Edmund." Alu'red fought seven 
battles with Hubba, and slew him at 
Abingdon, in Berkshire. 

Alured . . . 

In seven brave foughten fields their champion Hubba 

chased, 
And slew him in the end at Abington [sic]. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 

Hubbard (Mother). Mother Hubbard 's 
Tale, by Edmund Spenser, is a satirical 
fable in the style of Chaucer, supposed 
to be told by an old woman (Mother 
Hubbard) to relieve the weariness of the 
poet during a time of sickness. The tale 
is this : An ape and a fox went into 
partnership to seek their fortunes. They 
resolved to begin their adventures as 
beggars, so Master Ape dressed himself 
as a broken soldier, and Reynard pre- 
tended to be his dog. After a time they 
came to a farmer, who employed the ape 
as shepherd, but when the rascals had 
so reduced the flock that detection was 
certain, they decamped. Next they tried 
the Church, under advice of a priest ; 
Reynard was appointed rector to a living, 
and the ape was his parish clerk. From 
this living they were obliged also to re- 
move. Next they went to court as foreign 
potentates, and drove a splendid business, 
bet came to grief ere long. lastly, they 



saw king Lion asleep, his skin was lying 
beside him, with his crown and sceptre. 
Master Ape stole the regalia, dressed 
himself as king Lion, usurped the royal 
palace, made Reynard his chief minister, 
and collected round him a band of 
monsters, chiefly amphibious, as his 
guard and court. In time, Jupiter sent 
Mercury to rouse king Lion from his 
lethargy ; so he awoke from sleep, broke 
into his palace, and bit off the ape's tail, 
with a part of its ear. 

Since which, all apes but half their ears have left, 
And of their tails are utterly bereft. 

As for Reynard, he ran away at the 
first alarm, and tried to curry favour with 
king Lion ; but the king only exposed 
him and let him go (1591). 

Hubbard (Old Mother) went to her 
cupboard to get a bone for her dog, 
but, not finding one, trotted hither and 
thither to fetch sundry articles for his 
behoof. Every time she returned she 
found Master Doggie performing some 
extraordinary feat, and at last, having 
finished all her errands, she made a grand 
curtsey to Master Doggie. The dog, not 
to be outdone in politeness, made his 
mistress a profound bow ; upon which 
the dame said, " Your servant ! " and the 
dog replied, " Bow, wow J " — Nursery 
Tale. 

Hubble (Mr.), wheelwright; a tough, 
high-shouldered, stooping old man, of a 
sawdusty fragrance, with his legs extra- 
ordinarily wide apart. 

Mrs. Hubble, a little curly, sharp- 
edged person, who held a conventionally 
juvenile position, because she had married 
Mr. Hubble when she was much younger 
than he. — C. Dickens, Great Expectations 
(I860). 

Hubert, "the keeper" of young 
prince Arthur. King John conspired 
„with him to murder the young prince, 
and Hubert actually employed two 
ruffians to burn out both the boy's eyes 
with red-hot .irons. Arthur pleaded so 
lovingly with Hubert to spare his eyes, 
that he relented; however, the lad was 
found dead soon afterwards, either by 
accident or foul play. — Shakespeare, 
King John (1596). 

*1* This "Hubert" was Hubert de 
Burgh, justice of England and earl of 
Kent. 

One would think, had it been possible, that Shake- 
speare, when he made king John excuse his intention ol 
perpetrating the death of Arthur by his comment on 
Hubert's face, by which he saw the assassin in his mind. 



HUBERT. 



459 



HUGH OF LINCOLN. 



had Sandford in idea, for he was rather deformed, and 
had a most forbidding countenance.— C. Dibdin, History 
of the Xtuga. 

Hubert, an honest lord, in love with 
Jac'ulin daughter of Gemini king of the 
beggars. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Hubert, brother of prince Oswald, 
severely wounded by count llurgonel in 
the combat provoked by Oswald against 
Gondibert, his rival for the love of 
Rhodalind the heiress of Aribert king of 
Lombardy. — Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert 
(died 1668). 

Hubert, an archer in the service of sir 
Philip de Malvoisin. — Sir W. Scott, 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Hubert (St.), patron saint of huntsmen. 
He was son of Bertrand due d' Acquitaine, 
and cousin of king Pepin. 

Huddibras (Sir), a man "more 
huge in strength than wise in works," 
the suitor of Perissa (extravagance). — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 2 (1590). 

Hudibras, the hero and title of a 
rhyming political .satire, by S. Butler. Sir 
Hudibras is a Presbyterian justice in the 
Commonwealth, who sets out with his 
'squire Ralph (an independent) to reform 
abuses, and enforce the observance of the 
laws for the suppression of popular sports 
and amusements (1663, 1664, 1678). 

*** The Grub Street Journal (1731) 
maintains that the academy figure of 
Hudibras was colonel Rolle of Devon- 
shire, with whom the poet lodged for 
some time, and adds that the name is 
derived from Hugh de Bras, the patron 
saint of the county. Others say that 
sir Samuel Luke was the original, and 
cite the following distich in proof there- 
of:— 

"Tis sung, there's a valiant Mameluke. 

In foreign lands ycleped • * [Sir Luke}] 

Hudiadge, a shah of Persia, suffered 
much from sleeplessness, and commanded 
Fitead, his porter and gardener, to tell 
him tales to while away the weary hours. 
Fitead declared himself wholly unable to 
comply with this request. " Then find 
some one who can," said Hudjadge, " or 
suffer death for disobedience." On reach- 
ing home, greatly dejected, he told his 
only daughter, "Moradbak, who was 
motherless, and only 14 years old, the 
shah's command, and she undertook 
the task. She told the shah the stories 
called The Oriental Tales, which not only 
amused him, but cured him, and he 



married her. — Comte de Caylus, Oriental 
Tales (1743). 

Hudson (Sir Geoffrey), the famous 
dwarf, formerly page to queen Henrietta 
Maria. Sir Geoffrey tells Julian Peveril 
how the late queen had him enclosed in a 
pie and brought to table. — Sir W. Scott, 
TeverU of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

%* Vandyke has immortalized sir 
Geoffrey by his brush ; and some of his 
clothes are said to be preserved in sir 
Hans Sloane's museum. 

Hudson (Tain), gamekeeper. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannertng (time, George II.). 

Hugh, blacksmith at Ringleburn ; 
a friend of Hobbie Elliott, the Ileugh- 
foot farmer.— Sir W. Scott, The Black 
Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Hugh, servant at the Maypole inn. 
This giant in stature and ringleader in 
the " No Popery riots," was a natural son 
of sir John Chester and a gipsy. He 
loved Dolly Varden, and was very kind 
to Barnaby Rudge the half-witted lad. 
Hugh was executed for his participation 
in the " Gordon riots." — C. Dickens, 
Barnaby Rudge (1841). 

Hugh count of Vermandois, a 

crusader. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Hugh de Brass (Mr.), in A Regular 
Fix, by J. M. Morton. 

Hugh of Lincoln, a boy eight years 
old, said to have been stolen, tortured, 
and crucified by Jews in 1255. Eighteen 
of the wealthiest Jews of Lincoln were 
hanged for taking part in this affair, and 
the boy was buried in state. 

*** There are several documents in 
Rymer's Fozdera relative to this event. 
The 6tory is told in the Chronicles of 
Matthew Paris. It is the subject of the 
Prioress's Tale in Chaucer, and Words- 
worth has a modernized version of 
Chaucer's tale. 

A similar story is told of William of 
Norwich, said to have been crucified by 
the Jews in 1137. 

Percy, in his Reliqucs, i. 3, has a 
ballad about a boy named Hew, w\hose 
mother was "lady Hew of Merryland " 
(? England). He was enticed by an apple 
given him by a Jewish damsel, who 
" stabbed him with a penknife, rolled 
him in lead, and cast him into a well." 

Werner is another boy said to have 
been crucified by the Jews. The place 
of this alleged murder was Eacharach. 



HUGO. 



460 



HUMPHREY. 



Hugo, count of Vermandois, brother 
of Philippe I. of France, and leader of 
the Franks in the first crusade. Hugo 
died before Godfrey was appointed 
general-in-chief of the allied armies (bk. 
i.), but his spirit appeared to Godfrey 
when the army went against the Holy 
City (bk. xviii.). — Tasso, Jerusalem De- 
livered (1575). 

Hugo, brother of Arnold ; very small 
of stature, but brave as a lion. He was 
slain in the faction fight stirred up by 
prince Oswald against duke Gondibert, 
his rival in the love of Rhodalind 
daughter and only child of Aribert king 
of Lombardy. 

Of stature small, but was all over heart. 
And tho' unhappy, all that heart was love. 
Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert, I 1 (died 1668). 

Hugo, natural son of Azo chief of the 
house of Este (2 syl.) and Bianca, Avho 
died of a broken heart, because, although 
a mother, she was never wed. Hugo 
was betrothed to Parisina, but his father, 
not knowing it, made Parisina his own 
bride. One night Azo heard Parisina 
in her sleep confess her love for Hugo, 
and the angry marquis ordered his son to 
be beheaded. What became of Parisina 
" none knew, and none can ever know." 
—Byron, Parisina (1816). 

Hugo Hugonet, minstrel of the 
earl of Douglas. — Sir W. Scott, Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Hugon {King), the great nursery 
ogre of France. 

Huguenot Pope {The). Philippe 
de Mornay, the great supporter of the 
French huguenots, is called Le Pape des 
Huguenots (1549-1623). 

*#* Of course, Philippe de Mornay 
was not one of the " popes of Rome." 

Huguenots {Les), an opera by 
Meyerbeer (1836). The subject of this 
opera is the massacre of the French 
huguenots or protestants, planned by 
Catherine de Medicis on St. Bartholo- 
mew's Day (August 24, 1572), during 
the wedding festivities of her daughter 
Margherita {Marguerite) and Henri le 
Bearnais (afterwards Henri IV. of 
France). 

Hul'sean Lectures, certain ser- 
mons preached at Great St. Mary's 
Church, Cambridge, and paid for by a 
fund, the gift of the Rev. John Hulse, 
of Cheshire, in 1777. 

*»* Till the year 1860, the Hulsean 



Lecturer was called " The Christian Ad- 
vocate." 

Humber or Humbert, mythical 
king of the Huns, who invaded England 
during the reign of Locrin, some 1000 
years B.C. In his flight, he was drowned 
in the river A bus, which has ever since 
been called the Humber. — Geoffrey, 
British History, ii. 2 ; Milton, History of 
England. 

The ancient Britons yet a sceptred king obeyed 

Three hundred years before Rome's great foundation 

laid ; 
And had a thousand years an empire strongly stood 
Ere Caesar to her shores here stemmed the circling flood ; 
And long before borne arms against the barbarous Hun, 
Here landing with intent the isle to overrun ; 
And, following them in flight, their general Humberd 

drowned, 
In that great arm of sea by his great name renowned. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612) ; see also xxviii. 

Humgud'geon {Grace-be-here), a 
corporal in Cromwell's troop. — Sir W. 
Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Humm {Anthony), chairman of the 
" Brick Lane Branch of the United Grand 
Junction Ebenezer Temperance Associa- 
tion." — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
(1836). 

Humma, a fabulous bird, of which 
it was said that ' ' the head over which 
the shadow of its wings passes will 
assuredly wear a crdwn." — Wilkes, South 
of India, v. 423. 

Belike he thinks 
The humma's happy wings have shadowed him, 
And, therefore, Fate with royalty must crown 
His chosen head. 

Southey, Roderick, etc., xxiii. (1814). 

Humorous Lieutenant {The), the 
chief character and title of a comedy by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). The 
lieutenant has no name. 

Humpback {The). Andrea Sola'ri, 
the Italian painter, was called Del Gobbo 
(1470-1527). 

Geron'imo Amelunghi was also called 
H Gobbo di Pisa (sixteenth century). 

Humphrey {Master), the hypo- 
thetical compiler of the tale entitled 
" Barnaby Rudge " in Master Humphrey' 1 s 
Clock, by Charles Dickens (1840). 

Humphrey {Old), pseudonym of George 
Mogridge. 

%* George Mogridge has also issued 
several books under the popular name of 
" Peter Parley," which was first assumed 
by S. G. Goodrich, in 1828. Several 
publishers of high standing have con- 
descended to palm books on the public 
under this nom de plume, some written by 



HUMPHREY. 



461 



HUNDRED-HANDED. 



William Martin, and others by persons 
wholly unknown. 

Humphrey (The flood duke), Humphrey 
Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester, youngest 
son of Henry IV., murdered in 1446. 

Humphrey (To dine with duke), to go 
■without dinner. To stay behind in St. 
Paul's aisles, under pretence of finding 
out the monument of duke Humphrey, 
while others more fortunate go home to 
dinner. 

%* It was really the monument of John 
Beauchamp that the " dinnerless " hung 
about, and not that of duke Humphrey. 
John Beauchamp died in 1359, and duke 
Humphrey in 1446. 

A similar phrase is, "To be the guest 
of the cross-legged knights," meaning 
the stone effigies in the Round Church 
(London). Lawyers at one time made 
this church the rendezvous of their 
clients, and here a host of dinnerless 
vagabonds used to loiter about, in the 
hope of picking up a job which would 
furnish them with the means of getting a 
dinner. 

" To dine or sup with sir Thomas 
Gresham " means the same thing, the 
Royal Exchange being at one time the 
great lounge of idlers. 

Tho' little coin thy purseless pockets line. 

Yet with great company tliuu art taken up ; 
For often with duke H um ph r ey thou dost dine, 

And often with sir Thomas Gresham sup. 
Hayman, Quiiilibct (epigram on a loafer, 1628). 

Huncamunca (Princess), daughter 
of king Arthur and queen Dollallolla, 
beloved by lord Grizzle and Tom Thumb. 
The king promises her in marriage to the 
" pigmy giant-queller." Huncamunca 
kills Frizaletta "for killing her mamma." 
But Frizaletta killed the queen for killing 
her sweetheart Noodle, and the queen 
killed Noodle because he was the messen- 
ger of ill news. — Tom TJiumb, by Fielding 
the novelist (1730), altered by O'Hara, 
author of Midas (1778). 

Hunchback (The). Master "Walter 
"the hunchback" was the guardian of 
Julia, and brought her up in the country, 
training her most strictly in knowledge 
and goodness. When grown to woman- 
hood, she was introduced to sir Thomas 
Clifford, and they plighted their troth to 
each other. Then came a change. Clifford 
lost his title and estates, while Julia went 
to London, became a votary of fashion 
and pleasure, abandoned Clifford, and 
piomised marriage to Wilford earl of 
Rochdale. The day of espousals came. 
The love of Julia for Clifford revived, 



' and she implored her guardian to break 
off the obnoxious marriage. Master 
Walter now showed himself to be the 
earl of Rochdale, and the father of Julia ; 
the marriage with Wilford fell through, 
and Julia became the wife of sir Thomas 
Clifford.;— S. Knowles (1831). 

%* Similarly, Maria "the maid of the 
Oaks" was brought up by Oldworth as 
his ward, but was in reality his mother- 
less child.— J. Burgoyne, The Maid of the 
Oaks. 

Hunchback (The Little), the buffoon of 
the sultan of Casgar. Supping with a 
tailor, the little fellow was killed by a 
bone sticking in his throat. The tailor, 
out of fear, carried the body to the house 
of a physician, and the physician, stum- 
bling against it, knocked it downstairs. 
Thinking he had killed the man, he let 
the body down a chimney into the store- 
room of his neighbour, who was a pur- 
veyor. The purveyor, supposing it to be 
a thief, belaboured it soundly ; and then, 
thinking he had killed the little hump- 
back, carried the body into the street, and 
set it against a wall. A Christian mer- 
chant, reeling home, stumbled against the 
body, and gave it a blow with his fist. 
Just then the patrol came up, and arrested 
the merchant for murder. He was con- 
demned to death ; but the purveyor came 
forward and accused himself of being the 
real offender. The merchant was ac- 
cordingly released, and the purveyor 
condemned to death ; but then the phy- 
sician appeared, and said he had killed 
the man by accident, having knocked 
him downstairs. When the purveyor 
was released, and the physician led away 
to execution, the tailor stepped up, and 
told his tale. All were then taken before 
the sultan, and acquitted ; and the sultan 
ordered the case to be enrolled in the 
archives of his kingdom amongst the 
causes ce'lebres. — Arabian Nights ("The 
Little Hunchback "). 

Hundebert, steward to Cedric of 
Rotherwood. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe. 

Hundred Fig-htS (Hero of a), Conn, 
son of Cormac king of Ireland. Called 
in Irish " Conn Keadcahagh." 

Arthur Wellesley lord Wellington. 

For this is England's greatest son, 

He who gained a hundred fights 

Xor ever lost a British gun.— Tennyson. 

Admiral Horatio lord Nelson. 

Hundred-Handed ( The). Briar'eos 
(4 si/I.) or iEgason, with his brothers 



HUNDWOLF. 



462 



HUON DE BORDEAUX. 



Gyges and Kottos, were all hundred- 
Landed giants. 

Homer makes Briareos 4 syl. ; but 
Shakespeare writes it in the Latin form, 
" Briareus," and makes it 3 syl. 

Then, called by thee, the monster Titan came, 
Whom gods BriareSs, men JEgeun name. 

Pope, Iliad, 1 (1715). 

He is a gouty Briareus. Many hands, 
And of no use. 
Shakespeare, Troilus and Oresslda, act i. sc. 2 (1602). 

Hundwolf, steward to the old lady 
of Baldringhain.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Hungarian {An), one half -starved, 
one suffering from hunger. 

He is hide-bound ; he is an Hungarian. — Howell, Eng- 
lish Proverbs (1660). 

Hunia'des (4 syl.), called by the 
Turks "The Devil." He was surnamed 
" Corvinus," and the family crest was a 
crow (1400-1456). 

The Turks employed the name of Huniades to frighten 
their perverse children. He was corruptly called " Jancus 
Lain."— Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., xii. 166 (1776-88). 

Hunsdon (Lord), cousin of queen 
Elizabeth. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Hunter (Mr. and Mrs. Leo), persons 
who court the society of any celebrity, 
and consequently invite Mr. Pickwick 
and his three friends to an entertainment 
in their house. Mrs. Leo Hunter wrote 
an " Ode to an Expiring Frog," con- 
sidered by her friends a most masterly 
performance. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick 
Papers (1836). 

Can I view thee panting, lying 
On thy stomach, without sighing; 
Can 1 un'moved see thee dying 
On a log, expiring frog I 

Say, have fiends in shape of boys, 
With wild halloo, and brutal noise, 
Hunted thee from marshy joys, 
With a dog, expiring frog 1 

Ch. xv. 

Hunter ( The Mighty), Nimrod ; so called 
in Gen. x. 9. 

Proud Nimrod first the bloody chase [war] began, 
A mighty hunter, and his prey was man. 

Pope, Windsor Forest (1713). 

Huntingdon (Robert earl of), gene- 
rally called "Robin Hood." In 1601 
Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle 
produced a drama entitled The Downfall 
of Robert Earl of Huntingdon (attributed 
often to T. Hey wood). Ben Jonson 
began a beautiful pastoral drama on the 
subject of Robin Hood (The Sad Shepherd 
or A Tale of Robin Hood), but left only 
two acts of it when he died (1637). We 
have also Robin Hood and His Crew of 



Souldiers, a corned}' - acted at Nottingham, 
and printed 1661 ; Robin Hood, an opera 
(1730). J. Ritson edited, in 1795, Robin 
Hood: a Collection of Poems, Songs, and 
Ballads relative to that Celebrated English 
Outlaw. 

Huntingdon (The earl of), in the court 
of queen Elizabeth.— Sir W. Scott, Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Huntingdon (David earl of), prince 
royal of Scotland. He appears first as 
sir Kenneth knight of the Leopard, and 
afterwards as Zohauk the Nubian slave. 
— Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.). 

Huntingdon Sturgeon and God- 
manchester Hogs. 

During a very high flood in the meadows between 
Huntingdon and Godmanchester, something was seen 
floating, which the Godmanchester people thought was a 
black hog, and the Huntingdon folk declared was a 
sturgeon. When rescued from the waters, it proved to be 
a young donkey.— Lord Braybrooke (Pepys, Diary, May 
22, 1667). 

Huntinglen (The earl of), an old 
Scotch nobleman. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Huntly (The marquis of), a royalist. 
— Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I.). 

Huon, a serf, secretary and tutor of 
the countess Catherine, with whom he 
falls in love. He reads with music in 
his voice, talks enchantingly, writes 
admirably, translates " dark languages," 
is "wise in rare philosophy," is master 
of the hautboy, lute, and viol, " proper in 
trunk and limb and feature ; " but the 
proud countess, though she loves him, 
revolts from the idea of marrying a serf. 
At length it comes to the ears of the duke 
that his daughter loves Huon, and the 
duke commands him, on pain of death, 
to marry Catherine, a freed serf. He 
refuses, till the countess interferes ; he 
then marries, and rushes to the wars. 
Here he greatly distinguishes himself, 
and is created a prince, when he learns 
that the Catherine he has wed is not 
Catherine the freed serf, but Catherine the 
countess. — S. Knowles, Love (1840). 

Huon de Bordeaux (Sir), who 
married Esclairmond, and, when Oberon 
went to paradise, succeeded him as "king 
of all Faery." 

In the second part, Huon visits the 
terrestrial paradise, and encounters Cain, 
the first murderer, in performance of his 
penance. — Huon de Bordeaux. 



HUR AL OYUN. 



4G3 IIYDKK ALI KUAN BEHAUDER. 



Dunlop's History of Fiction. See also 
Keightley's Fairy Mythology. It is also 
the subject of Wieland's Obcron, which 
has been translated by Sotheby. 

Hur al Oyun, the black-eyed 
daughters of paradise, created of pure 
musk. They are free from all bodily 
weakness, and are ever young. Every 
believer will have seventy-two of these 
girls as his household companions in 
paradise, and those who desire children 
will see them grow to maturity in an 
hour. — Al Koran, Sale's notes. 

Hurgonel (Count), the betrothed of 
Orna sister of duke Gondibert. — Sir Win. 
Davenant, Gondibert, iii. 1 (died 1668). 

Hurlo-Thrumbo, a burlesque which 
had an extraordinary run at the Haymar- 
ket Theatre. — Samuel Johnson (not Dr. 
S. Johnson), Hurlo-Thrwn'x) or The 
Supernatural (1730). 

Consider, then, before, like Hurlo-Tlin:mbo, 
You aim your club at any creed on earth, 
That, by the simple accident of birth. 

You might have been high priest to Mumbo-Jumbo. 
Hood. 

Hurry, servant of Oldworth of Old- 
worth Oaks. He is always our. of breath, 
wholly unable to keep quiet or stauu 
seill, and proves the truth of the proverb. 
"The more haste the worse speed." He 
fancies everything must go wrong if he is 
not bustling about, and he is a constant 
fidget. — J. Burgoyne, The Maid of the 
Oaks. 

Poor Weston 1 " Hurry " was one of his last parts, and 
was taken from real life. 1 need not tell those who 
remember this genuine representor of nature, that in 
"Hurry" he threw the audience into loud tits of mirth 
without discomposing a muscle of his features [1727-1776]. 
— T. Davies. 

Hurtali, a giant who reigned in the 
time of the Flood, 

The Massorets affirm that Hurtali, being too big to get 
Into the ark. sat astride upon it, as children stride a wooden 
horse. — Kabelais, I'antajruel, ii. 1. 

(Minage says that the rabbins assert 
that it was Og, not Hurtali, who thus 
outrode the Flood. — See Le Pelletier, chap. 
xxv. of his Noah's Ark.) 

Hush'ai (2 syl.), in Dry den's satire 
of Absalom and Achitophel, is Hyde earl 
of Rochester. As Hushai was David's 
friend and wise counsellor, so was Hyde 
the friend and wise counsellor of Charles 
II. As the counsel of- Hushai rendered 
abortive that of Achitophel, and caused 
the plot of Absalom to miscarry, so the 
counsel of Hyde rendered abortive that 
of lord Shaftesbury, and caused the plot 
of Monmouth to miscarry. 



Hu -hai, the friend of Divld in dlatreai ; 
In piibl.i tornu of D&nlj 
B) foreign treaties be Informed Ills youth, 
Ami join, i experience to hi* native truth. 
Dtyden, Abtalomcmd Achitophel, i. (1681). 

Hut'cheon, the auld domestic in 
Wandering Willie's tale,— Sir W. Scott, 
Kcdyauntlct (time, George III.). 

Hut'cheon, one of Julian Avenel's re- 
tainers. — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Hutin (I-e), Louis X. of France; so 
called from his expedition against the 
Hutins, a seditious people of Navarre and 
Lyons (1289, 13J 1-1316). 

Hy'acinth, son of Amyclas the 
Spartan king. He was playing quoics 
with Apollo, when the wind drove the 
quoit of the sun-god against the boy's 
head, and killed him on the spot. From 
the Mood grew the flower called hyacinth, 
which bears on its petals the words, " ai ! 
Ai ! " ("alas ! alas ! "). — Grecian Fable. 

Hyacinthe (3 syl.), the daughter of 
seigneur Geronte (2 syl.), who passed in 
Tarentum under the assumed name of 
Pandolphe (2 syl.). When he quitted 
Tarentum, he left behind him his wife and 
daughter Hyacinthe. Octave (2 Sift.) 
son of Argante (2 syl.) fell in love with 
Hyacinthe (supposing her surname to be 
Pandolphe), and Octave's father wanted 
him to marry the daughter of his friend 
seigneur Geronte. The young man would 
not listen to his father, and declared that 
Hyacinthe, and Hyacinthe alone, should 
be ins wife. It was then explained to 
him that Hyacinthe Pandolphe w r as the 
same person as Hyacinthe Geronte, and 
that the choice of father and son were in 
exact accord. — Moliere, Les Fourberies de 
Scapin (1671). 

(In The Cheats of Scapin, Otway's ver- 
sion of this play, Hyacinthe is called 
"Clara," her father Ge'ronte "Gripe," and 
Octave is Anglicized into " Octavian.") 

Hyacinthe (Father), Charles Loyson, a 
celebrated pulpit orator and French 
theologian (1827- ). 

Hy Brasail, the Gaelic "Island of 
the Blest." 

That bright, peaceful world which, like Hy Brasail, was 
to her only a dim, delicious dream. — Dark Colleen, iii. 

Hyder (El), chief of the Ghaut 
Mountains ; hero and title of a melodrama 
by Barrymore. 

Hyder ALL Khan Behauder, the 

nawaub of Mysore (2 syl.), disguised as 



HYDRA. 



464 



HYRCAN TIGER. 



the sheik Hali.— Sir W. Scott, The Sur- 
geon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Hydra or Dragon of the Hesperian 
grove. The golden apples of the Hes- 
perian field were guarded by women called 
the Hesperides, assisted by the hydra or 
dragon named Ladon. 

Her flowery store 
To thee nor Tempe shall refuse, nor watch 
Of winged hydra guard Hesperian fruits 
From thy free spoil. 
Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (1744). 

Hy'dromel properly means a mix- 
ture of honey and water ; but Mrs. 
Browning, in her Drama of Exile, speaks 
of a "mystic hydromel," which cor- 
responds to the classic nectar or drink of 
the immortals. This " mystic hydromel " 
was given to Adam and Eve, and held 
them "immortal" as long as they lived 
in Eden, but when they fell it was 
poured out upon the earth. 

[And] now our right hand hath no cup remaining . . . 
{For] the mystic hydromel is spilt. 

E. B. Browning, A Drama of Exile (1850). 

Hydropsy, personified by Thomson : 

On limhs enormous, but withal unsound, 
Soft-swoln and wan, here lay pale Hydropsy, — 
Unwieldy man ; with belly monstrous round, 
For ever fed with watery supply, 
For still he drank, and yet was ever dry. 

Castle of Indolence, i. 75 (1748). 

Hymber court {Baron oV), one of 
the duke of Burgundy's officers. — Sir W. 
Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Hymen, god of marriage ; the per- 
sonification of the bridal song ; marriage. 

Till Hymen brought Iris love-delighted hour, 
There dwelt no joy in Eden's rosy bower . . . 
The world was sad, the garden was a wild, 
And man, the hermit, sighed — till woman smiled. 
Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 

Hymettus, a mountain in Attica, 
noted for honey. 

And the brown bees of Hymettus 
Make their honey not so sweet. 

Mrs. Browning, Wine of Cyprus, 7. 

Hyndman (Master), usher to the 
council-chamber at Holy rood. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Hyperi'on, the sun. His parents 
were Caelum and Teilus (heaven and earth). 
Strictly speaking, he was the father of 
the sun, but Homer uses the word for the 
sun itself. 

When the might 
Of Hyperion from his noon-tide throne 
Unbends their languid pinions (i.e. of the winds]. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

(Shakespeare incorrectly throws the 
accent on the second syllable : " Hyper'ion 
to a satyr" (Hamlet, act i. sc. 2). In this 
almost all English poets have erred with 



Shakespeare ; but Akenside accents the 
word correctly, and in Fuimus Troes we 
have : 

Blow, gentle Africus, 
Play on our poops, when Hyperion's son 
Shall couch in west (1633). 

Placat equo Persis radiis Hyperione cinctum. 

Ovid, Fasti, i. 385.) 

*** Keats has left the fragment of a 
poem entitled Hyperion, of which Byron 
sa,ys : "It seems inspired by the Titans, 
and is as sublime as iEschylus." 

Hypnos, god of sleep, brother of 
Oneiros (dreams) and Thanatos (death). 

In every creature that breathes, from the conqueror 
resting on a field of blood, to the nest-bird cradled in its 
bed of leaves, Hypnos holds a sovereignty which nothing 
mortal can long resist— Ouida, Fol.e-Farine, iii.ll. 

Hypochondria, personified by 
Thomson : 

And moping here, did Hypochondria sit, 
Mother of spleen, in robes of various dye . . . 
And some her frantic deemed, and some her deemed a wit 
Castle of Indolence, i. 75 (1748). 

Hypocrisy is the homage v/hich vice 
renders to virtue. 

L'hypocrisie est un hommage que le vice rend a la vertu, 
— Bocnefoucauld. 

Hyp'ocrite (The), Dr. Cantwell in 
the English comedy by Isaac Bickerstaff, 
and Tartuffe in the French comedy by 
Moliere. He pretends to great sanctity, 
but makes his "religion" a mere trade 
for getting money, advancing his worldly 
prospects, and for the better indulgence 
of his sensual pleasures. Dr. Cantwell is 
made the guest of sir John Lambert (in 
French, " Orgon"), who looks on him as a 
saint, and promises him his daughter in 
marriage ; but his mercenary views and 
his love-making to lady Lambert being 
at length exposed, sir John forbids him 
to remain in the house, and a tipstaff 
arrests him for a felonious fraud (1768). 

Hyp'ocrites (The). Abdallah ibn 
Obba and his partizans were so called by 
Mahomet. 

Hyp'ocrites (The prince of), Tiberius 
Caesar (b.c. 42, 14 to a.d. 37). 

Hyppolito. (See Hippolytus.) 

Hyrcan Tiger. Hyrcania is in Asia 
Minor, south-east of the Caspian Sea. 
Bouillet says : " Ce pays etait tout entoure 
de montagnes remplies de tigres." 

Restore thy fierce and cr. el mind 
To Hircan tigres and to ruthless bears. 

Daniel, Sonnets (1694). 
Approacli thou like the Russian bear, 
The armed rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger ;' 
Take any form but that, and my firm nerves 
Shall never tremble. 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, act ilk ec. 6 (16i'fi). 



IACHIMO. 



465 



I DEN. 



I. 

Iachimo [Yak! .i.mo~\, an Italian liber- 
tine. When Posthu'mus, the husband of 
Imogen, was banished for marrying the 
king's daughter, he went to Koine, and 
in the house of Philario the conversation 
fell on the fidelity of wives. Posthumus 
bet a diamond ring that nothing could 
change the fidelity of Imogen, and 
Iachimo accepted the wager. The liber- 
tine contrived to get into a chest in 
Imogen's chamber, made himself master 
of certain details, and took away with 
him a bracelet belonging to Imogen. 
With these vouchers, Iachimo easily per- 
suaded Posthumus that he had won the 
bet, and Posthumus handed over to him 
the ring. A battle subsequently ensued, 
in which Iachimo and other Romans, 
with Imogen disguised as a page, were 
made prisoners, and brought before king 
Cymbeline. Imogen was set free, and 
told to ask a boon. She asked that 
Iachimo might be compelled to say how 
he came by the ring which he had on his 
finger, and the whole villainy was brought 
to light. Posthumus was pardoned, and 
all ended happily. — Shakespeare, Cymbe- 
line (1605). 

*** The tale of Cymbeline is from the 
Decameron of Boccaccio (day ii. 9), in 
which Iachimo is called " Ambrose," 
Imogen is " Zineura," her husband Ber- 
nard " Lomellin," and Cymbeline is the 
"sultan." The assumed name of Imo- 
gen is " Fidele," but in Boccaccio it is 
" Sicurano da Finale." 

Ia'go (2 or 3 syl.), ancient of Othello 
commander of the Venetian army, and 
husband of Emilia. Iago hated Othello, 
both because Cassio (a Florentine) was 
promoted to the lieutenancy over his head, 
and also from a suspicion that the Moor 
had tampered with his wife ; but he con- 
cealed his hatred so artfully that Othello 
felt confident of his " love and honesty." 
Iago strung together such a mass of 
circumstantial evidence in proof of Des- 
demona's love for Cassio, that the Moor 
killed her out of jealousy. One main 
argument was that Desdemona had given 
Cassio the very handkerchief which 
Othello had given her as a love-gift ; but 
in reality Iago had induced his wife 
Emilia to purloin the handkerchief. 
When this villainy was brought to light, 
Othello stabbed Iago ; but his actual 



death is no incident of the tragedy. — 
Shakespeare, Othello (1611). 

The cool ma)i>mity of (ago, silent in his resentment, 
suhtle in hi- designs, and studious :it one.' of in Interest 

and 'his vengeance, . . . are net) proofs of SI akesi>e:ire'g 
skill in human nature as it woulil be vain to seek in any 
modern writer. — Dr. Johnson. 

%* Byron, speaking of John P. Kem- 
ble, says: " Was not his ' Iago' perfection 
— particularly the last look ? I was close 
to him, and 1 never saw an English coun- 
tenance half so expressive." 

Iambic Verse {The Father of), 
Achil'ochos of Paros (n.c. 71 4-l>7(>). 

Ianthe (3 syl.), in The Sieye of 
Rhodes, by sir William Davenant. 

Mrs. Betterton was called •'Ianthe" by Pepys, in his 
Diary, as having performed that character to his irreat 
approval. The old gossip greatly admired her. and praised 
her " sweet voice and In c om p arable acting." — W. C. 
Iiussell. licpretviUative Acton. 

Ian' the (3 syl.), to whom lord Byron 
dedicated his Childe Harold, was lady 
Charlotte Harley, who was only eleven 
years old at the time (1809). 

Ibe'ria's Pilot, Christopher Co- 
lumbus. Spain is called "Iberia" and 
the Spaniards the " Ibe'ri." The river 
Ebro is a corrupt form of the Latin word 
Ibe'rus. 

Launched with Iberia's pilot from the steep. 
To worlds unknown, :<nd isles beyond the deep. 
Campbell, The I'leiuure* of tio/>e, ii. (1799). 

Iblis ("despair"), called Aza'zil before 
he was cast out of heaven. He refused 
to pay homage to Adam, and was rejected 
by God. — Al Koran. 

" We created you. and afterwards formed you, and all 
worshipped except Eblis." . . . And God said unto him 
"What hindered you from worshipping Adam, since I 
commanded it?" He answered, "I am more excellent 
than he. Thou hast created me of fire, but him of clay." 
God said. "Get thee down, therefore, from paradise . . . 
thou shalt be one of Uie contemptible." — Al Koran, vii. 

Ib'rahim or L'lllustre Bassa, 
an heroic romance of Mdlle. de Scude'ri 
(1641). 

lee'ni (3 syl.), the people of Suffolk, 
Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Hunting- 
donshire. Their metropolis was Yenta 
(Caistor, near Norwich). — Kichard of 
Cirencester, Chronicle, vi. 30. 

The Angles, . . . allured with . . . the fittncss of the plaoe 
Where the Iceni lived, did set their kingdom down . . . 
And the East Angles' kingdom those English did instile. 
Drayton, PolyoJbion, xvi. (1613). 

Idalia, Venus ; so called from 
Iddllum, a town in Cyprus, where she was 
worshipped. 

Iden (Alexander), a poor squire of 
Kent, who slew Jack Cade the rebel, and 
brought the head to king Henry VI., ior 
which service the king said to him : 
2 B 



IDENSTEIN. 



466 



I. H. S. 



Iden, kneel down. Rise up a knight. 
We give thee for reward a thousand marks ; 
And will that thou henceforth attend on us. 
Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 1 (1591). 

Idenstein {Baron), nephew of gene- 
ral Kleiner governor of Prague. He 
marries Adolpha, who turns out to be the 
sister of Meeta called " The Maid of 
Mariendorpt." — S. Knowles, The Maid of 
Mariendorpt (1838). 

Idiot (The Inspired), Oliver Gold- 
smith. So called by Horace Walpole 
(1728-1774). 

Idle Lake, the lake on which 
Phaedria (wantonness) cruised in her 
gondola. One had to cross this lake to 
get to Wandering Island. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, ii. (1590). 

Idleness (The lake of). Whoever 
drank thereof grew instantly "faint and 
weary." The Red Cross Knight drank of 
it, and was readily made captive by 
Orgoglio. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 
(1590). 

Idom'eneus [I.dom'.e.nuce], king 
of Crete. He made a vow when he left 
Troy, if the gods would vouchsafe him a 
safe voyage, to sacrifice to them the first 
living being that he encountered in his 
own kingdom. The first living object he 
siet was his own son, and when the 
father fulfilled his vow, he was banished 
from his country as a murderer. 

*i* The reader will instantly call to 
mind Jephthah's rash vow. — Judges xi. 

Agamemnon vowed to Diana to offer 
up in sacrifice to her the most beautiful 
thing that came into his possession within 
the next twelve months. This was an 
infant daughter ; but Agamemnon de- 
ferred the offering till Iphigeni'a (his 
daughter) was full grown. The fleet, on 
its way to Troy, being wind-bound at 
Aulis, the prophet Kalchas told Agamem- 
non it was because the vow had not been 
fulfilled ; accordingly Iphigenia was laid 
on the altar for sacrifice, but Diana inter- 
posed, carried the victim to Tauris, and 
substituted a hind in her place. Iphi- 
genia in Tauris became a priestess of 
Diana. 

*** Abraham, being about to sacrifice 
his son to Jehovah, was stayed by a 
voice from heaven, and a ram was sub- 
stituted for the lad Isaac. — Gen. xxii. 

Idwal, king of North Wales, and son 
of Roderick the Great. (See Ludwal.) 

Idy'a, the pastoral name of Britannia, 
" the most beauteous of all the darlings 



of Oceanus." — Wm. Browne, Britannia's 
Pastorals (1613). 

Ier'ne (3 syl.), Ireland. Pytheas 
(contemporary with Aristotle) was the 
first to call the island by this name. 

The green Ierne's shore. 
Campbell, Pleatures of Hope, ii (1799). 

Iger'na, Igerne (3 syl.), or 
Igrayne (3 syl.), wife of Gorloi's duke 
of Tintag'il, in Cornwall. Igerna married 
Uther the pendragon of the Britons, and 
thus became the mother of prince Arthur. 
The second marriage took place a few 
hours after the duke's death, but was not 
made public till thirteen days afterwards. 
— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur (1470). 

Igna'ro, foster-father of Orgoglio. 
The old dotard walked one way and 
looked another. To every question put 
to him, his invariable answer was, " I 
cannot tell." — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 
(1590). 

*** Lord Flint, chief minister of state 
to one of the sultans of India, used to 
reply to every disagreeable question, 
" My people know, no doubt ; but I 
cannot recollect." — Mrs. Inchbald, Such 
Things Are (1786). 

The Italian witnesses summoned on 
the trial of queen^Charlotte, answered to 
almost every question, " Non mi ricordo." 

%.* The "Know-Nothings" of the 
United States replied to every question 
about their secret society, " I know 
nothing about it." 

Igna'tms (Brother), Joseph Ley- 
cester Lyne, monk of the order of St. 
Benedict. 

Igna'tius (Father), the Hon. and Rev. 
George Spencer, superior of the order of 
Passionists (1799-1864). 

Ig'noge (3 syl.), daughter of Pan'- 
drasus of Greece, given as wife to Brute 
mythical king of Britain. Spenser calls 
her " Inogene " (3 syl.), and Drayton 
"Innogen." — Geoffrey, British History, i. 
11 (1142). 

I. H. S. In Gorman, I[esus], Hol- 
land], S[eligmacher], i.e. Jesus, Saviour, 
Sanctifier. In Greek, I[no-o^], 'H [Me- 
rely] 2[ <0T "p], i.e. Jesus, Our Sacuur, 
In Latin, Ifesus], H[ominum] S[al- 
vator], i.e. Jesus, Men's Saviour. Those 
who would like an English equivalent may 
adopt J[esus], H[eavenly] S[aviour]. 

The Latin equivalent is attributed to 
St. Bernardine of Sienna (1347). 



ILDERTON. 



46. 



ILIAD. 



Ilderton (Miss Lucy and Miss Nancy), 
cousins to Miss Vere. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Il'iad (3 syl.), the tale of the siege of 
Troy, an epic poem in twenty-four books, 
by Homer. Menelaos, king of Sparta, 
received as a guest Paris, a son of Priam 
king of Troy. Paris eloped with Helen, 
his host's wife, and Menelaos induced the 
Greeks to lay siege to Troy, to avenge the 
perfidy. The siege lasted ten years, when 
Troy was taken and burnt to the ground. 
Homer's poem is confined to the last year 
of the siege. 

Hook I. opens with a pestilence in the 
Grecian camp, sent by the sun-god to 
avenge his priest Chryses. The case is 
this : Chryses wished to ransom his 
daughter, whom Agamemnon, the Greek 
commander-in-chief, kept as a concu- 
bine, but Agamemnon refused to give her 
up; so the priest prayed to Apollo for 
vengeance, and the god sent a pestilence. 
A council being called, Achilles up- 
braids Agamemnon as the cause of the 
divine wrath, and Agamemnon replies he 
will give up the priest's daughter, but 
shall take instead Achilles's concubine. 
On hearing this, Achilles declares he 
will no longer fight for such an ex- 
tortionate king, and accordingly retires 
to his tent and sulks there. 

II. Jupiter, being induced to take the 
part of Achilles, now sends to Agamem- 
non a lying dream, which induces him to 
believe that he shall take the city at once ; 
but in order to see how the soldiers are 
affected by the retirement of Achilles, the 
king calls them to a council of war, asks 
them if it will not be better to give up 
the siege and return home. He thinks 
the soldiers will shout " no " with one 
voice ; but they rush to their ships, and 
would set sail at once if they were not 
restrained by those privy to the plot. 

III. The soldiers, being brought back, 
are then arrayed for battle. Paris pro- 
poses to decide the contest by single 
combat, and Menelaos accepts the chal- 
lenge. Paris, being overthrown, is carried 
off by Tenus, and Agamemnon demands 
that the Trojans should give up Troy in 
fulfilment of the compact. 

IV. While Agamemnon is speaking, 
Pandarus draws his bow at Menelaos and 
wounds him, and the battle becomes 
general. 

V. Pandarus, who had violated the 
truce, is killed by Diomed. 

VI. Hector, the general of the Trojan 
allied armies, recommends that the Tro- 



jan women in a body should supplicate 
the gods to pardon the sin of Pandarus, 
and in the mean time he and Paris make 
a sally from the city gate. 

VII. Hector fights with Ajax in single 
combat, but the combatants arc parted by 
the heralds, who declare it a drawn 
battle ; BO they exchange gifts and re- 
turn to tl 10 i r respective tents. 

VIII. The Grecian host, being discom- 
fited, retreats ; and Hector prepares to 
assault the enemy's cam]). 

IX. A deputation is sent to Achilles, 
but the sulky hero remains obdurate. 

X. A night attack is made on the Tro- 
jans by Diomed and Ulysses ; 

XI. And the three Grecian chiefs 
(Agamemnon, Diomed, and Ulysses) are 
all wounded. 

XII. The Trojans force the gates of 
the Grecian ramparts. 

XIII. A tremendous battle ensues, in 
which many on both sides are slain. 

XIV. While Jupiter is asleep, Nep- 
tune interferes in the quarrel in behalf of 
the Greeks ; 

XV. But Jupiter rebukes him, and 
Apollo, taking the side of the Trojans, 
puts the Grecians to a complete rout. 
The Trojans, exulting in their success, 
prepare to set fire to the Grecian camp. 

XVI. In this extremity. Patroclos 
arrays himself in Achilles's armour, and 
leads the Myrmidons to the fight ; but he 
is slain by Hector. 

XVII. Achillea is told of the death of 
his friend ; 

XVII I. Resolves to return to the 
battle ; 

XIX. And is reconciled to Agamemnon. 

XX. A general battle ensues, in which 
the gods are permitted to take part. 

XXI. The battle rages with great fury, 
the slaughter is frightful ; but the Tro- 
jans, being routed, retreat into their town, 
and close the gates. 

XXII. Achilles slays Hector before he 
is able to enter the gates, and the battle 
is at an end. Nothing now remains but 

XXIII. To burn the body of Patroclos, 
and celebrate the funeral games. 

XXIV. Old Priam, going to the tent of 
Achilles, craves the body of his son 
Hector ; Achilles gives it up, and the 
poem concludes with the funeral rites of 
the Trojan hero. 

*** Virgil continues the tale from this 
point. Shows how the city was taken 
and burnt, and then continues with the 
adventures of iEne'as, who escapes from 
the burning city, makes hi6 way to Italy, 



ILIAD, 



468 IMMORTAL FOUR OF ITALY. 



marries the king's daughter, and succeeds 
to the throne. (See ^Eneid.) 

Iliad (The French), The Romance of 
the Rose (q.v.). 

Iliad (The German), The Nibelungen 
Lied (q.v.). 

Iliad (The Portuguese), The Lusiad 
(q.v.). 

Iliad (The Scotch), The Epigoniad, by 
William Wilkie (q.v.). 

Iliad in a Nutshell (The). Pliny 
tells us that the Iliad was once copied in 
so small a hand that the whole of the 
twenty-four books were shut up in a nut- 
shell.— Hist., vii. 21. 

Huet, bishopof Avranches, demonstrated 
the possibility of this being the case by 
writing eighty lines of the Iliad on the 
space occupied by one line of this dic- 
tionary, so that the whole Iliad might be 
got into about two-thirds of a single 
page. 

In No. 530 of the Harleian MSS. is an 
account of a similar performance by Peter 
Bales, a Chancery clerk in the reign of 
queen Elizabeth. He wrote out, in 1590, 
the whole Bible, and enclosed his MS. in 
a walnut-shell. Bales's MS. contained 
as many leaves as an ordinary Bible, but 
the size of the leaves was reduced, and 
the paper was as thin as possible. 

I have myself seen the Ten Command- 
ments, the Lord's Prayer, the Apostles' 
Creed, and "God save the King!" all 
written on a space not larger than a 
silver threepence ; and who has not seen 
a sheet of the Times newspaper reduced to 
the size of a locket ? 

The Iliad in a nutshell is quite outdone 
by the web given to a prince by the 
White Cat. It was wrapped in a millet 
seed, and was 400 yards long. What was 
more wonderful was this : there were 
painted on it all sorts of birds, beasts, 
and fishes ; fruits, trees, and plants ; 
rocks and sea-shells ; the sun, moon, stars, 
and planets ; the likenesses of all the 
kings and princes of the world, with their 
wives, mistresses, and children, all dressed 
in their proper costume. 

The prince took out of a box, covered with rubies, a 
•walnut, which he cracked, and saw inside it a small hazel 
nut, which he cracked also, and found inside a kernel of 
wax. He peeled the kernel, and discovered a corn of 
wheat, and in the wheat-corn was a grain of millet, which 
contained a web 400 yards in' length. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, 
f-tiry rales (" The White Cat," 1682). 

Iliad of Old English Litera- 
ture, " The Knight's Tale " of Palumon 



and Arcite (2 syl.) in Chaucer's Canter- 
bury Tales (1388). 

Iliad of "Woes (Latin, Mas malo'rum), 
a world of disasters (Cicero, Attic., viii. 
11). Homer's Iliad is an epic of " woe " 
from beginning to end. 

Let others boast of blood, and spoils of foes, 
Fierce rapines, murders, Iliads of woes. 

W. Dnunmond, Death of Jfceliades (1612). 

Ilis'sus, one of the rivers on which 
Athens was situated. Plato lays the 
scene of many of the best conversations 
of Socrates on the banks of this river. 

. . . the thymy vale, 
Where oft, enchanted with Socratic sounds, 
Ilissus pure devolved his tuneful stream 
In gentler murmurs. 
Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (1744). 

Ill Luck always attended those who 
possessed the gold of Nibelungen, the 
gold of Toboso, the SAvord of Kol called 
Gray steel, Harmonia's necklace, etc. 

Ill "Wind. J Tis an ill wind that blows 
nobody any good. 

Except wind stands, as never it stoou, 
It is an ill wind turns none to good. 

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, xiii. (1557). 

Illuminated Doctor (The), Ray- 
mond Lully (1235-1315). 

John Tauler, the German mvstic, is so 
called also (1294-1361). 

Ima'us (3 syl.), the Himalaya or 
snow-hills. 

The huge incumbrance of horrific woods 
From Asian Taurus, from Imaus stretched 
Athwart the roving Tartar's sullen bounds. 

Thomson, The Seasons (" Autumn," 1730). 

ImiSj the daughter and only child of 
an island king. She was enamoured of 
her cousin Philax. A fay named Pagan 
loved her, and, seeing she rejected his 
suit, shut up Imis and Philax in the 
"Palace of Revenge." This palace was 
of cr}*stal, and contained everything the 
heart could desire except the power of 
leaving it. For a time, Imis and Philax 
were happy enough, but after a few years 
they longed as much for a separation as 
they had once wished to be united. — 
Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 'Tales (" Palace 
of Revenge," 1082). 

Imlac of G-oiama, near the mouth 
of the Nile ; the son of a rich merchant. 
' Imlac was a groat traveller and a poet, 
who accompanied Rasselas in his rambles, 
and returned with him to the "happy 
valley." — Dr. Johnson, Rasselas (1759). 

Immortal Four of Italy ( The) : 
Dante (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-1374), 



IMOGEN. 



469 



IMPOSTORS. 



Ariosto (1474-1533), and Tasso (1544- 
1595). 

The poets read he o'er and o'er, 
And most of all the Immortal Four 
Of Italy. 

Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude). 

Imogen, daughter of Cym'beline 
(3 5///.) king of Britain, married clan- 
destinely Posthumus Leonfttus ; and Post- 
humus, being banished for the offence, 
retired to Rome. One day, in the houso 
of Philario, the conversation turned on 
the merits of wives, and Posthumus bet 
his diamond ring that nothing could 
tempt the fidelity of Imogen. Iachimc 
accepted the wager, laid his plans, and 
after due time induced Posthumus to 
believe that Imogen had played false, 
showing, by way of proof, a bracelet, 
which he affirmed she bad given him ; 
so Posthumus handed over to him the 
ling given him by Imogen at parting. 
Posthumus now ordered his servant 
Pisanio to inveigle Imogen to Milford 
Haven, under pretence of seeing her hus- 
band, and to murder her on the road ; 
but Pisanio told Imogen his instructions, 
advised her to enter the service of 
Lucius, the Roman general in Britain, 
as a page, and promised that he would 
make Posthumus believe that she was 
dead. This was done ; and not long 
afterwards a battle ensued, in which the 
Romans were defeated, and Lucius, 
Iachimo, and Imogen were taken pri- 
soners. Posthumus also took part in 
the battle, and obtained for his services 
the royal pardon. The captives being 
brought before Cymbeline, Lucius en- 
treated the king to liberate Imogen. 
The petition was not only granted, but 
Imogen was permitted, at the same time, 
to ask a boon of the British king. She 
only begged that Iachimo should inform 
the court how he came by the ring he 
was wearing on his finger. The whole 
viliainy was thus revealed, a concilia- 
tion took place, and all ended happily. 
(See Zixeura.) — Shakespeare, Cyinbeline 
(1605). 

" Juliet," " Rosalind," "the lady Constance," " Portia," 
" lady Macbeth," and the divine "Imogen " [all Shake- 
ipeare] crowd upon our fancy ; to have seen Miss Faucit in 
these characters is to have seen a whole world of 
poetry revealed. — Dublin University Magazine, 1846. 

Im'ogine (The Fair), the lady be- 
trothed to Alonzo "the Brave," and who 
said to him, when he went to the wars : " If 
ever I marry another, may thy ghost be 
present at the bridal feast, and bear me 
off to the grave." Alonzo fell in battle ; 
Imogine married another; and, at the 



marriage feast, Alonzo's ghost, claiming 
the fulfilment of the compact, carried 
away the bride. — M. G. Lewis, Alonzo 
the Brave and the Fair Imoyine (1795). 

hn'oginc (The lady), wife of St. Aldo- 
brand. Before her marriage, she was 
courted by count Bertram, but the at- 
tachment fell through, because Bertram 
was outlawed and became the leader of 
a gang of thieves. It so happened one 
day that Bertram, being shipwrecked off 
the coast of Sicily, was conveyed to the 
castle of lady Imogine, and the old at- 
tachment revived on both sides. Bertram 
murdered St. Aldobrand ; Imogine, going 
mad, expired in the arms of Bertram ; and 
Bertram killed himself. — C. Maturin, 
Bertram (1816). 

Imoin'da (3 syl.), daughter of a 
white man, who went to the court of 
Angola, changed his religion, and grew 
great as commander of the forces. His 
daughter was married to prince Oroonoko. 
Soon afterwards the young prince was 
trapanned by captain Driver, taken to 
Surinam, and sold for a slave. Here he 
met his young wife, whom the lieutenant- 
governor wanted to make his mistress, 
and Oroonoko headed a rising of the slaves. 
The end of the story is that Imoinda 
slew herself ; and Oroonoko, having 
stabbed the lieutenant-governor, put an 
end to his own life. — Thomas Southern, 
Oroonoko (1696). 

Impertinent (The Curious), an 
Italian, who, to make trial of his wife's 
fidelity, persuades his friend to try and 
seduce her. The friend succeeds in win- 
ning the lady's love, and the impertinent 
curiosity of the husband is punished by 
the loss of his friend and wife too. — 
Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 5 (an 
episode, 1605). 

Impostors (Literary). 

1. Bertram (Dr. Charles Julius), pro- 
fessor of English at Copenhagen. He gave 
out that he had discovered, in 1747, in the 
library of that city, a book entitled De 
Situ Britannia;, by Richardus Corinensis. 
He published this with two other treatises 
(one by Gildas Badon'icus, and the other 
by Nennius Banchorensis) in 1757. The 
forgery was exposed by J. E. Mayor, in 
his preface to Ricardi de Cirencestria 
Speculum Historiale. 

2. Chatterton (Thomas) published, 
in 1777, a volume of poems, which he 
professed to be from the pen of Thomas 

J Rowley, a monk of the fifteenth century. 



IMPOSTORS. 



470 



IMPROVISATORS. 



The f orgery was exposed by Mason and 
Gray. 

3. Ireland (Samuel William Henry) 
published, in 1796, a series of papers 
which he affirmed to be by Shakespeare, 
together with the tragedy of Lear and 
a part of Hamlet. Dr. Parr, Dr. Valpy, 
James Boswell, Herbert Croft, and Pye 
the poet-laureate, signed a document cer- 
tifying their conviction that the collection 
was genuine; but Ireland subsequently 
confessed the forgery. He also wrote a 
play entitled Vortigern and Rowena, 
which he asserted was by Shakespeare ; 
but Malone exposed the imposition. 

4. Lauder (William) published, in 1751, 
false quotations from Masenius a Jesuit 
of Cologne, Taubmann a German, Sta- 
phorstius a learned Dutchman, and 
others, to " prove Milton a gross plagi- 
arist." Dr. Douglas demonstrated that 
the citations were incorrect, and that 
often several lines had been foisted in to 
make the parallels. Lauder confessed 
tire fact afterwards (1754). 

5. Mentz, who lived in the ninth cen- 
tury, published fifty-nine decretals, which 
he ascrbed to Isidore of Seville, who 
died in the sixth century. The object 
of thesJ letters was either to exalt the 
papacy, or to enforce some law assuming 
such exaltation. Among them is the 
decretal of St. Fabian, instituting the 
rite of the chrism, with the decretals 
of St. Anacletus, St. Alexander, St. 
Arhanasius, and so on. They have all 
been proved to be barefaced forgeries. 

6. Fere ira (Colonel), a Portuguese, 
professed to have discovered in the con- 
vent of St. Maria de Merinhao, nine 
books of Sanchoni'athon, which he pub- 
lished in 1837. It was found that the 
paper of the MS. bore the water-mark of 
the Osnabriick paper-mills. 

7. Psalm anazar (George), who pre- 
tended to be a Japanese, published, in 
1704, an Historical and Geographical De- 
scription of Formosa, an Island belonging 
to the Empire of Japan. He was an 
Englishman, born in London, name un- 
known (died 1763). 

8. Smith (Joseph) professed that his 
Book of Mormon, published in 18o0, was 
a direct revelation to him by the angel 
Mormon ; but it was really the work of 
a Rev. Solomon Spalding. Smith was 
murdered in Carthage jail in 1844. 

9. Surtees (Robert) sent sir Walter 
Scott several ballads, which were inserted 
in good faith in the Border Minstrelsy, 
but were in fact forgeries. For example, 



a ballad on A Feud between the Ridleys 
and the Feather stones, said to be taken 
down from the mouth of an old woman 
on Alston Moor (1806) ; Lord Fwrie, 
said to be taken down from the mouth of 
Rosa Smith of Bishop Middleham, aet. 91 
(1807) ; and .Barthram's Dirge (1809). 

The Koran was said by Mahomet to 
be revealed to him by the angel Gabriel, 
but it was in reality the work of a Persian 
Jew, a Jacobite and a Nestorian. The 
detached parts of the Koran were col- 
lected into a volume by Abu Bekr in 634. 
Mahomet died in 632. 

Improvisators. 

Accolti (Bernardo), of Aiezzo, called 
the Unico Areti'no (1465-1535). 

Aquilano (Serafino), born at Acuila 
(1466-1500). 

Bandettini (Teresa), (1756-*). Ma- 
rone, Quercio, and Silvio Antoniano 
(eighteenth century). 

Beronicius (P. J.), who could con- 
vert extempore into Latin or Greek verse, 
a Dutch newspaper or anything else 
which he heard (died 1676). 

Corilla (Maria Magdalena), of Pistoia. 
Mde. de Stael has borrowed her Corrinne 
from this improvisatrix. Crowned at 
Rome in 1776 (1740-1800). 

Gianni (Francis), an Italian, made 
imperial poet by Napoleon, whose victories 
he celebrated in verse (1759-1823). 

Jehan (Nur), of Bengal, during the 
sultan ship of Jehanger. She was the 
inventor of the otto of roses (died 1645). 

Karsch (Anna Louisa), of Germany. 

Mazzei (Signora), the most talented 
of all improvisators. 

Metastasio (P. A. D. B.), of Assisi, 
who developed at the age of ten a 
wonderful talent for extemporizing in 
verse (1698-1782). 

Perfetti (Bernardino), of Sienna, who 
received a laurel crown in the capitol, an 
honour conferred only on Petrarch and 
Tasso (1681-1747). 

Petrarch (Francesco), who introduced 
the amusement of improvisation (1304- 
1374). 

Rossi, beheaded at Naples in 1799. 

Serafino d'Aquila. (See above, 
" Aquilano. ' ? ) 

Serio, beheaded at Naples in 1799. 

Sgricci (Tommaso), of Tuscany 
(1788-1832). His Death of Charles /., 
Death of Mary Queen of Scots, and Fall of 
Missolonqhi are very celebrated. 

Taddei (Rosa), (1801- ). 

Zucco (Marc Antonio), of Verona 
(*-1764). 



INCHCAPE ROCK. 



471 



INEZ DE CASTRO. 



To these add Cicconi, Bindocci, Sestini ; 
the brothers Clercq of Holland, Wolf of 
Altona, Lan^enschwarz of Germany, 
Eugene de Pradel of France, and our 
own Thomas Hood (1798-1845). 

Inchcape Rock {The), east of the 
Isle of May, twelve miles from all land, 
in the German Sea. Here a warning bell 
was floated on a buoy by the forethought 
of an abbot of Aberbrothok. Southey 
says that Ralph the Rover, in a mischievous 
joke, cut the bell from the buoy, and it 
fell into the sea ; but on his return voyage 
his boat ran on the rock, and Ralph was 
drowned. 

In old times upon the saide rock there was a bell fixed 
upon a limber, which rang continually, being moved by 
the sea, giving notice to saylers of the danger. This bell 
was put there and maintained by the abbot of Aberbro- 
thok, but being taken down by a sea-pirate, a yeare 
thereafter he perished upon the same rockc. with ship and 
goodes, in the righteous judgement of God. — Stoddart, 
iiemark* on Scotland. 

A similar story is told of St Goven's 
bell, in Pembrokeshire. The silver bell 
was stolen one night from the chapel by 
pirates ; but no sooner had their boat put 
out to sea than all the crew were wrecked. 
The silver bell was carried by sea-nymphs 
to a well, and whenever the stone of that 
well is struck the bell is heard to moan. 

Inconstant (The), a comedy by G. 
Farquhar (1702). "The inconstant" is 
young Mirabel, who shilly-shallies with 
Oria'na till she saves him from being 
murdered by four bravoes in the house of 
Lamorce (2 syl.). 

This corned}' is a rechauffe of the Wild- 
goose Chase, by Beaumont and Fletcher 
(1(552). 

Incorruptible {The). Maximilien 
Robespierre was so called by his friends 
in the Revolution (1756-1794). 

"William Shippen," says Horace Wal- 
pole, "is the only man proof against a 
bribe." 

%* Fabricius, the Roman hero, could 
not be corrupted by bribes, nor influenced 
by threats. Pyrrhus declared it would be 
as easy to divert the sun from its course 
as Fabricius from the path of duty. — 
Roman Story. 

In'cubns, a spirit half human and 
half angelic, living in mid-air between 
the moon and our earth. — Geoffrey, Bri- 
tish History, vi. 18 (1142). 

Indian File, one by one. The 
American Indians, when they go on an 
attack, march one by one. The one 
behind carefully steps in the foot-marks 
of the one before, and the last of the file 



obliterates the foot-prints. By this 
means their direction and number are not 
detected. 

Each man followed his leader in Indian file.— Captain 
Bumaby, On llorselxick through Atia Minor (1877). 

Indra, god of the elements. His 
palace is described by Southey in The 
Curse of Kchauia, vii. 10 (1809). 

Inesilla de Cantarilla, daughter 
of a Spanish lute-maker. She had the 
unusual power of charming the male sex 
during the whole course of her life, which 
exceeded 75 years. Idolized by the noble- 
men of the old court, she saw herself 
adored by those of the new. Even in 
her old age she had a noble air, an en- 
chanting wit, and graces peculiar to her- 
self suited to her years. — Lesage, Gil 
Bias, viii. 1 (1735). 

I'nez of Cadiz, addressed in Childe 
Harold, i. (after stanza 84). Nothing 
known of her. 

I'nez (Donna), mother of don Juan. 
She trained her son according to pre- 
scribed rules with the strictest propriety, 
and designed to make him a model of all 
virtues. Her husband was don Jose, 
whom she worried to death by her prudery 
and want of sympathy. Donna Inez 
was a "blue-stocking," learned in all 
the sciences, her favourite one being 
" the mathematical." She knew every 
European language, "a little Latin and 
less Greek." In a word, she was " per- 
fect as perfect is," according to the 
standard of Miss Edgeworth, Mrs. Trim- 
mer, and Hannah More, but had "a 
great opinion of her own good qualities." 
Like Tennyson's "Maud," this paragon 
of women was, to those who did not look 
too narrowly, "faultily faultless, icily 
regular, splendidlv null." — Byron, Don 
Juan, i. 10-30 (1819). 

Inez de Castro, crowned six years 
after her death. The tale is this : Don 
Pedro, son of Alfonso IV. of Portugal, 
privately married, in 1345, the "beauty of 
Castile," and Alfonso was so indignant 
that he commanded her to be put to death* 
(1355). Two years afterwards, don Pedro 
succeeded to the crown, and in 1361 had 
the body of Inez exhumed and crowned. 

Canioens, the Portuguese poet, has 
introduced this story in his Lusiad. A. 
Ferreira, another Portuguese poet, has a 
tragedy called Inez de Castro (1554) ; 
Lamotte produced a tragedy with the 
same title (1723) ; and Guiraud another 
in 1826. (See next art.) 



INEZ DE CASTRO. 



472 



INFERNO. 



Inez de Castro, the bride of prince 
Pedro of Portugal, to whom she was 
clandestinely married. The king Alfonso 
and his minister Gonzalez, not knowing 
of this marriage, arranged a marriage for 
the young prince with a Spanish princess, 
and when the prince refused his consent, 
Gonzalez ferreted out the cause, and 
induced Inez to drink poison. He then 
put the young prince under arrest, but as 
he was being led away, the announce- 
ment came that Alfonso was dead and 
don Pedro was his successor. The tables 
were now turned, for Pedro was instantly 
released, and Gonzalez led to execution. 
— Ross Neil, Inez de Castro or The Bride 
of J'ortugal. (See previous art.) 

Infant Endowed with Speech. 
The imam Abzenderoud excited the 
envy of his confraternity by his superior 
virtue and piety, so they suborned a 
woman to father a child upon him. The 
imam prayed to Mahomet to reveal the 
truth, whereupon the new-born infant 
told in good Arabic who his father was, 
and Abzenderoud was acquitted with 
honour. — T. S. Gueulette, Chinese Tales 
(" Imam Abzenderoud," 1723). 

Infant of Lubeck, Christian Henry 
Heinecken. At one year old he knew the 
chief events of the Pentateuch ! ! at thir- 
teen months he knew the history of the 
Old Testament ! ! at fourteen months he 
knew the history of the New Testament ! ! 
at two and a half years he could answer 
any ordinary question of history or geo- 
graphy ! ! and at three years old he 
knew German, French, and Latin ! ! 

Inferno (The), in thirty-four cantos, 
by Dante [Alighieri] (1300). While wan- 
dering through a wood (this life), the 
poet comes to a mountain (fame), and 
begins to climb it, but first a panther 
(pleasure), then a lion (ambition), and 
then a she-wolf (avarice) stand in his 
path to stay him. The appearance of 
Virgil (human wisdom), however, en- 
courages him (canto i.), and the Mantuan 
tells him he is sent by three ladies 
[Beatrice (faith), Lucia (grace), and 
Mercy] to conduct him through the 
realms of hell (canto ii.). On they pro- 
ceed together till they come to a portal 
bearing this inscription : all hope 

ABANDON YE WHO ENTER HERE ; they 

pass through, and come to that neutral 
realm, where dwell the spirits of those 
not good enough for heaven nor bad 
enough for hell, " the praiseless and the 
blameless dead." Passing through this 



border-land, they command old Charon 
to ferry them across the Acheron to 
Limbo (canto iii.), and here they behold 
the ghosts of the unbaptized, "blameless 
of sin " but not members of the Christian 
Church. Homer is here, Horace, Ovid, 
and Lucan, who enroll Dante " sixth of 
the sacred band." On leaving Limbo, our 
adventurer follows his guide through the 
seven gates which lead to the inferno, an 
enormous funnel-shaped pit, divided into 
stages. The outer, or first " circle," is 
a vast meadow, in which roam Electra 
(mother of Dardfinus the founder of 
Troy), Hector, iEne'as, and Julius Caesar; 
Camilla and Penthesile'a ; Latlnus and 
Junius Brutus ; Lucretia, Marcia (Cato's 
wife), Julia (Pompey's wife), and Cor- 
nelia ; and here " apart retired," they 
see Saladin, the rival of Richard the 
Lion-heart. Linos is here and Orpheus ; 
Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato ; Demo- 
critos who ascribed creation to blind 
chance, Diogenes the cynic, Heraclltos, 
Emped'ocles, Anaxag'oras, Thales, Dios- 
cor'ides, and Zeno ; Cicero and Seneca, 
Euclid and Ptolemy, Hippocrates and 
Galen, Avicen, and Averroes the Arabian 
translator and commentator of Aristotle 
(canto iv.). From the first stage they 
descend to the second, where Minos sits 
in judgment on the ghosts brought before 
him. He indicates what circle a ghost i9 
to occupy by twisting his tail round his 
body : two twists signify that the ghost 
is to be banished to the second circle ; 
three twists, that it is to be consigned to 
the third circle, and so on. Here, says 
the poet, " light was silent all," but 
shrieks and groans and blasphemies 
were terrible to hear. This circle is 
the hell of carnal and sinful love, where 
Dante recognizes Semiramis, Dido, Cleo- 
patra, and Helen ; Achilles and Paris ; 
Tristan, the lover of his uncle's wife 
Isolde ; Lancelot, the lover of queen Guin- 
ever ; and Francesca, the lover of Paolo 
her brother-in-law (canto v.). The third 
circle is a place of deeper woe. Here 
fall in ceaseless showers, hail, black rain, 
and sleety flaw ; the air is cold and dun ; 
and a foul stench rises from the soil. 
Cerberus keeps watch here, and this part 
of the inferno is set apart for gluttons, 
like Ciacco (2 syl.). From this stage the 
two poets pass on to the "fourth steep 
ledge," presided over by Plutus (canto vi.), 
a realm which "hems in all the woe of 
all the universe." Here are gathered the 
souls of the avaricious, who wasted their 
talents, and made no right use of their 



INFERNO. 



473 



INI 



wealth. Crossing this region, they come 
to the " fifth steep," and see the Stygian 
Lake of inky hue. This circle is a hnge 
bog in which "the miry tribe" flounder, 
and "gulp tiie muddy loos." It is the 
abode of those who put no restraint upon 
their anger (canto vii.). Next comes the 
city of Dis, whore the souls of heretics 
are" " interred in vaults" (cantos viii.,ix.). 
Here Dante recognizes Farina'ta (a leader 
of the Ghibelline faction), and is in- 
formed that the emperor Frederick II. 
and cardinal Ubaldini are amongst the 
number (canto x.). The city of Dis con- 
tains the next three circles (canto xi.), 
through which Nessus conducts them ; 
and here they see the Minotaur and the 
Centaurs, as Chiron who nursed Achilles 
and Pholus the passionate. The first 
circle of Dis (the sixth) is for those who 
by force or fraud have done violence 
to man, as Alexander the Great, Dio- 
nysius of Syracuse, Attila, Sextus, and 
Pyrrhus (canto xii.). The next (the 
seventh circle) is for those who have done 
violence to themselves, as suicides ; here 
are the Harpies, and here the souls are 
transformed to trees (canto xiii.). The 
eighth circle is for the souls of those 
who have done violence to God, as blas- 
phemers and heretics ; it is a hell of burn- 
ing, where it snows flakes of fire. Here 
is Cap'aneus (3 syl.) (canto xiv.), and 
here Dante held converse with Brunetto, 
his old schoolmaster (canto xv.). Hav- 
ing reached the confines of the realm 
of Dis, Ger'yon carries Dante into the 
region of Malebolge (4 syl.), a horrible 
hell, containing ten pits or chasms (canto 
xvii.) : In the first is Jason ; the second 
is for harlots (canto xviii.) ; in the third 
is Simon Magus, "who prostituted the 
things of God for gold ; " in the fourth, 
pope Nicholas III. (canto xix.) ; in the 
fifth, the ghosts had their heads "re- 
versed at the neck-bone," and here are 
Amphiaraos, Tiresias who was first a 
woman and then a man, Michael Scott 
the magician, with all witches and 
diviners (canto xx.) ; in the sixth, Cai'a- 
phas and Annas his father-in-law (canto 
xxiii.) ; in the seventh, robbers of 
churches, as Vanni Fucci, who robbed the 
sacristy of St. James's, in Pistoia, and 
charged Vanni della Nona with the crime, 
for which she suffered death (canto 
xxiv.) ; in the eighth, Ulysses and Dio- 
med, who were punished "for the strata- 
gem of the Wooden Horse (cantos xxvi., 
xxvii.) ; in the ninth, Mahomet and Ali, 
"horribly mangled " (canto xxviii.) ; in 



the tenth, alchemists (canto xxix.), 
coiners and forgers, Potiphar's wife, 
Sinon the Greek who deluded the Tro- 
jans (canto xxx.), Ximrod, Ephialtes, 
and Anticus, with other giants (canto 
xxxi.). Antaeus carries the two visitors 
into the nethermost gulf, whore Judas 
and Lucifc r arc confined. It is a 
region of thick-ribbed ice, and here they 
see the frozen river of Cocy'tus (canto 
xx xii.). The last persons the poet sees 
are Brutus and Cassius, the murderers of 
Julius Caesar (canto xxxiv.). Dante 
and his conductor Virgil then make 
their exit on the " southern hemi- 
sphere," where once was Eden, and where 
the " moon rises when here evening sets." 
This is done that the poet may visit 
Purgatory, which is situate in mid-ocean, 
somewhere near the antipodes of Judea. 

%* Canto xvi. opens with a description 
of Fraud, canto xxxiii. contains the tale 
of Ugoli'no, and canto xxxiv. the de- 
scription of Lucifer. 

Ingelram (Abbot), formerly superior 
of St. Mary's Convent. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Inglewood (Squire), a magistrate 
near Osbaldistone Hall. — Sir W. Scott, 
Hob Boy (time, George I.). 

Inglis (Corporal), in the royal army 
under the leadership of the duke of Mon- 
mouth. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Ingoldsby (Thomas), the Rev. 
Richard Harris Barham, author of In- 
goldsby Legends (1788-1845). 

Ini, Ine, or Ina, king of Wessex ; 
his wife was ^-Ethelburh ; both were of the 
royal line of Cerdic. After a grand ban- 
quet, king Ini set forth to sojourn in 
another of his palaces, and his queen 
privately instructed his steward to "rill 
the house they quitted with rubbish and 
offal, to put a soav and litter of pigs in 
the royal bed, and entirely dismantle the 
room." When the king and queen had 
gone about a mile or so, the queen en- 
treated her husband to return to the house 
they had quitted, and great was his 
astonishment to behold the change. 
iEthelburh then said, "Behold what 
vanity of vanities is all earthly greatness ! 
Where noAv are the good things you saw 
here but a few hours ago ? See how foul 
a beast occupies the royal bed. So will 
it be with you, unless you leave earthly 
things for heavenly." So the king abdi- 
cated his kingdom, went to Rome, and 



INIS-THONA. 



474 



INVULNERABILITY. 



dwelt there as a pilgrim for the rest of 
his life. 

... in fame great Ina might? pretend 
With any king since first the Saxons came to shore. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xi. (1G13). 

Inis-Thona, an island of Scandi- 
navia. — Ossian. 

In'istore, the Orkne} r Islands. 

Let no vessel of the kingdom of snow [Norway], bound 
on the dark-rolling waves of Inistore.— Ossian, Fingal, i. 

Inkle and Yar'ico, hero and 
heroine of a story by sir Richard Steele, 
in the Spectator (No. 11). Inkle is a 
young Englishman who is lost in the 
Spanish main. He falls in love with 
Yarico, an Indian maiden, with whom he 
consorts ; but no sooner does a vessel 
arrive to take him to Barbadoes than he 
sells Yarico as a slave. 

George Colman has dramatized this 
tale (1787). 

Innisfail or Inisfail, an ancient 
name of Ireland (isle of destiny). 

Oh, once the harp of Innisfail 

Was strung full high to notes of gladness ; 
But yet it often told a tale 
Of more prevailing sadness. 

Campbell, O'Connor's Child, L 
i raised my sails, and rushing into the bay of Croma, 
Into Croma's sounding bay in lovely Inisfail. — Ossian, 
Croma. 

Innocents (The), the babes of 
Bethlehem cut off by Herod the Great. 

*** John Baptist Marino, an Italian 
poet, has a poem on The Massacre of the 
Innocents (1569-1625). 

Innogen or Inogene (3 syl.), wife 
of Brute (1 syl.) mythical king of 
Britain. She was daughter of Pan'- 
drasos of Greece. 

Thus Brute this realme unto his rule subdewd. . . 
And left three sons, his famous progeny, 
Born of fayre Inogene of Italy. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10 (1590). 
And for a lasting league of amity and peace. 
Bright Innogen, his child, for wife to Brutus gave. 
M. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612). 

Insane Root (The), hemlock. It is 
said that those who eat hemlock can see 
objects otherwise invisible. Thus when 
Banquo had encountered the witches, who 
vanished as mysteriously as they ap- 
peared, he says to Macbeth, "Were such 
things [really'] here ... or have we 
eaten [hemlock] the insane root, that 
takes the reason prisoner," so that our 
eyes see things that are not ? — Macbeth, 
act i. sc. 3 (1606). 

Insu'bri, the district of Lombardy, 
which contained Milan, Como, Pa'via, 
Lodi, Nova'ra, and Vercelli. 

Interpreter (Mr.), in Bunyan's 



Pilgrim's Progress, means the Holy 
Ghost as it operates on the heart of a 
believer. He is lord of a house a little 
beyond the Wicket Gate.— Pt. i. (1678). 

Inveraschal'loch, one of the High- 
landers at the Clachan of Aberfoyle. — 
Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.) 

Invin'cible Doctor (The), William 
of Occam ; also called Doctor Singuldris 
(1270-1347). 

Invisible Knight (The), sir Gar- 
Ion, brother of king Pellam (nigh of kin 
to Joseph of Arimathy). 

"He is sir Garlon," said the knight, "he with the 
black face, he is the marvellest knight living, for he goeth 
invisible."— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince A, thur, i. 
39 (1470). 

Invisibility is obtained by amulets, 
dress, herbs, rings, and stones. 

Amulets : as the capon-stone called 
"Alectoria," which rendered those in- 
visible who carried it about their person. 
— Mirror of Stones. 

Dress : as Alberich's cloak called 
" Tarnkappe" (2 syl.) which Siegfried got 
possession of (The Nibelungen Lied) ; 
the mantle of Hel Keplein (q.v.) ; and 
Jack the Giant-killer had a cloak of in- 
visibility as well as a cap of knowledge. 
The helmet of Perseus or Hades (Greek 
Fable) and Mambrino's helmet rendered 
the wearers invisible. The moros mus- 
phonon was a girdle of invisibility (Mrs. 
Centlivre, A Bold Stroke for a Wife). 

Herbs : as fern seed, mentioned by 
Shakespeare, and Beaumont and Fletcher. 

Pings : as Gyges's ring, taken from the 
flanks of a brazen horse. When the 
stone was turned inwards, the wearer was 
invisible (Plato). The ring of Otait 
king of Lombardy, according to The 
Heldenbuch, possessed a similar virtue. 
Reynard's wonderful ring had three 
colours, one of which (the green) caused 
the wearer to be invisible (Peynard the 
Fox, 1498) ; this was the gem called 
heliotrope. 

Stones : as heliotrope, mentioned by 
Boccaccio in his Decameron (day viii. 3). 
It is of a green hue. Solinus attri- 
butes this power to the herb heliotrope : 
" Herba ejusdem nominis . . . eum, a 
quocumque gestabitur, subtrahit visibus 
obviorum." — Geog. % xl. 

Invulnerability. Stones taken 
from the cassan plant, which grows in 
Panten, will render the possessor invul- 
nerable. — Odoricus In Hakluyi. 

A dip in the river Styx rendered 
Achilles invulnerable. 



ION. 



475 



IRELAND. 



Medea rendered Jason proof against 
wounds and lire by anointing him with 
the Promethe'an unguent. — Greek Fable. 

Siegfried was rendered invulnerable by 
bathing his body in dragon's blood. — 
Niebelunyen Lied. 

Ion, the title and hero of a tragedy by 
T. N. Talfourd (1835). The oracle of 
Delphi had declared that the pestilence 
which raged in Argos was 6ent by way of 
punishment for the misrule of the race 
of Argos, and that the vengeance of the 
gods could be averted only by the extir- 
pation of the guilty race. Ion, the son 
of the king, offered himself a willing 
sacrifice, and as he was dying, Irus entered 
and announced that " the pestilence was 
abating." 

Io'na, an island of Scotland south of 
Staffa, noted for its Culdee institutions, 
established by St. Columb in 5(53. It is 
now called " Icolm-kill,"and in Macbeth, 
act ii. sc. 4, " Colmes-kill " (kill means 
" burying-ground"). 

V nscathed they left Iona's strand 

When the opal morn first flushed the sky. 

Campbell, Ileullura. 

Io'na's Saint, St. Columb, seen on 
the top of the church spires, on certain 
evenings every year, counting the sur- 
rounding islands, to see that none of them 
have been sunk by the power of witchcraft. 

As Iona's saint, a giant form, 
Throned on his towers conversing with the storm . . . 
Counts every wave-worn isle and mountain hoar 
From Kilda to the green lerne's shore [/rom the Hebrides 
to Ireland]. 

Campbell, The Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 

I-pal-ne-mo'-ani (i.e. He by whom 
we live), an epithet of God used by the 
ancient Mexicans. 

" We know him," they reply, 
The great ' Forever-One,' the God of gods, 
Ipalnemoani." 

Southey, Modoc, L 8 (1805). 

Iphigeni'a, daughter of Agamem- 
non king of Argos. Agamemnon vowed 
to offer up to Artemis the best possession 
that came into his hands during the 
ensuing twelve months. This happened 
to be an infant daughter, to whom he 
gave the name of Iphigenia, but he for- 
bore to fulfil his vow. When he went on 
his voyage to Troy, the fleet was wind- 
bound at Aulis, and Kalchas the priest 
said it was because Agamemnon had not 
carried out his vow ; so Iphigenia, then 
in the pride of womanhood, was bound 
to the altar. Artemis, being satisfied, 
carried the maiden off to Tauris where 
she became a priestess, and substituted a 
hind in her place. 



For parallel instances, such as Abra- 
ham and Isaac, Jephthab and his daughter, 
Idomeneus and his son, etc., see Ioo- 

MKNEl.'S. 

When, a new Iphigene. she went to Tauris. 

Byron, Don. Juan, x. 49 (1821). 

Cary, in his translation of Dante, 
accents the name incorrectly on the third 
syllable. 

Whence, on the altar Iphige'nia mourned 
Her virgin beauty. 

DanM, Paradise, v. (1311). 

Iphis, the woman who was changed 
to a man. The tale is this : Iphis was 
the daughter of Lygdus and Telethusa 
of Crete. Lygdus gave orders that if the 
child about to be born was a girl, it was 
to be put to death. It happened to be a 
girl ; but the mother, to save it, brought it 
up as a boy. In due time, the father 
betrothed Iphis to Ianthe, and the mother, 
in terror, prayed to lsis for help. Hei 
prayer was heard, for lsis changed Iphis 
into a man on the day of espousals. — 
Ovid, Metaph., ix. 12 ; xiv. 699. 

*** Cameus [Se.nuce~\ was born of the 
female sex, but Neptune changed her 
into a man. yEneas found her in hades 
changed back again. 

Tiresias, the Theban prophet, was con- 
verted into a girl for striking two ser- 
pents, and married. He afterwards 
recovered his sex, and declared that the 
pleasures of a woman were tenfold greater 
than those of a man. 

I'ran, the empire of Persia. 

Iras, a female attendant on Cleopatra. 
When Cleopatra had arrayed herself with 
robe and crown, prior to applying the 
asps, she said to her two female attend- 
ants, " Come, take the last warmth of my 
lips. Farewell, kind Charmian! Iras, fare- 
well ! " And having kissed them, Iras fell 
down dead, either broken-hearted, or else 
because she had already applied an asp to 
her arm, as Charmian did a little later. 
— Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra 
(1608). 

Ireby {Mr.), a country squire. — Sir 
W. Scott, Two Drovers (time, George III.). 

Ireland (S. W. H.), a literary forger. 
His chief forgery is Miscellaneous 
Papers and Instruments, under the hand 
and, seal of William Shakespeare, in- 
cluding the tragedy of King Lear, and a 
small fragment of Hamlet, from the 
original, 1796, folio, £4 4s. (1795). 

His most impudent forgery was the 
production of a new play, which he tried 



IRELAND. 



476 



IROLDO. 



to palm off as Shakespeare's. It was 
called Vortigern and Bowena, and was 
actually represented at Drury Lane 
Theatre in 1796. 

Weeps o'er false Shakesperian lore 
Which sprang from Maisterre Ireland's store, 
Whose impudence deserves the rod 
For having aped the Muse's god. 

Chalcographomania. 

Ireland (The Fair Maid of), the ignis 
fatuus. 

He had read . . . of . . . the ignis fatuus, ... by 
some called " Will-with-the-whisp," or " Jack-with-the- 
lantern," and likewise. . . " The Fair Maid of Ireland." 
—It. Johnson. The Seven Champions of Christendom, i. 7. 
(1617). 

Ireland's Scholarships (Dean), 
four scholarships of £30 a year, in the 
University of Oxford, founded by Dr. 
Ireland, dean of Westminster, in 1825. 

Ireland's Three Saints. The 

three great saints of Ireland are St. 
Patrick, St. Columb, and St. Bridget. 

Ireland's Three Tragedies: (1) 

The Death of the Children of Tour an ; 

(2) The Death of the Children of Lir ; and 

(3) The Death of the Children of Usnach. 
— O'Flanagan, Transactions of the Gaelic 
Society of Dublin, i. 

Irem (The Garden of), mentioned in 
the Koran, lxxxix. It was the most 
beautiful of all earthly paradises, laid out 
for Shedad' king of Ad ; but no sooner 
was it finished, than it was struck with 
the lightning-wand of the death-angel, 
and was never after visible to the eye of 
man. 

The paradise of Irem this . . . 
A garden more surpassing fair 
Than that before whose gate 
The lighting of the cherub's fiery sword 
Waves wide, to bar access. 
Southey, Talaoa the Destroyer, i. 22 (1797). 

Ire'na, Ireland personified. Her in- 
heritance was withheld by Grantorto 
(rebellion), and sir Artegal was sent by 
the queen of Faery -land to succour her. 
Grantorto being slain, Irena was restored, 
in 1580, to her inheritance. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, v. (1596). 

Ire'ne (3 syl.), daughter of Horush 
Barbarossa the Greek renegade and cor- 
sair-king of Algiers. She was rescued in 
the siege of Algiers by Selim, son of the 
Moorish king, who fell in love with her. 
When she heard of the conspiracj' to kill 
Barbarossa, shewarned her father ; but it 
was too late : the insurgents succeeded, 
Barbarossa was slain by Othman, and 
Selim married Irene. — J. Brown, Bar- 
barossa (1742). 

Ire'ne (3 .syl.), wife of Alexius Com- 



ne'nus emperor of Greece. — Sir W. Scott, 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Ire'nus, Peaceableness personified. 
(Greek, eirene, "peace.") — Phiueas Flet- 
cher, The Purple Island, x. (1633). 

I'ris, a messenger, a go-between. Iris 
was the messenger of Juno. 

Wheresoe'er thou art in this world's globe, 
I'll have an Iris that shall find thee out. 

Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 2 (1591). 

Iris and the Dying. One of the 
duties of Iris was to cut off a lock of hair 
(claimed by Proserpine) from those 
devoted to death, and till this was done, 
Death refused to accept the victim. Thus, 
when Dido mounted the funeral pile, she 
lingered in suffering till Iris was sent by 
Juno to cut off a lock of her hair as an 
offering to the black queen, but immedi- 
ately this was done her spirit left the 
body. Than'atos did the same office to 
Alcestis when she gave her life for that of 
her husband. In all sacrifices, a forelock 
was first cut from the head of the victim 
as an offering to Proserpine. — See Eu- 
ripides, Alcestis ; Virgil, JSneid, iv. 

" Hunc ego Diti 
Sacrum jussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo." 
Sic ait, et dextra crinem secat . . . atque in ventos vita 
recessit. 

Virgil, Aneid, iv. 702-705. 

Irish Whiskey Drinker (The), 
John Sheehan, a barrister, who, with 
" Everard Clive of Tipperary Hall," wrote 
a series of pasquinades in verse, which 
were published in Bentley's Miscellany, in 
1846, and attracted considerable attention. 

Irish Widow (The), a farce by 
Garrick (1757). Martha Brady, a bloom- 
ing young widow of 23, is in love with 
William Whittle, the nephew of old 
Thomas Whittle, a man 63 years of 
age. It so happens that William cannot 
touch his property without his uncle's 
consent, so the lovers scheme together to 
obtain it. The widow pretends to be in 
love with the old man, who proposes to 
her and is accepted ; but she now comes 
out in a new character, as a loud, vulgar, 
rollicking, extravagant low Irishwoman. 
Old Whittle is thoroughly frightened, and 
not only gets his nephew to take the lady 
off his hands, but gives him £5000 for 
doing so. 

Irol'do, the friend of Prasildo of 
Babylon. Prasildo faHs in love with 
Tisbi'na, his friend's wife, and, to escape 
infamy, Iroldo andTisbina take "poison." 
Prasildo, hearing from the apothecary 



IROLITA. 



477 



IRREFRAGABLE DOCTOR. 



that the supposed poison is innocuous, 
goes and tells them so, whereupon Iroldo 
is so struck with his friend's generosity, 
that he quits Babylon, leaving Tisbina to 
Prasildo. Subsequently Iroldo's life is 
in peril, and Prasildo saves his friend at 
the hazard of his own life. — Bojardo, 
Orlando Innamorato (1495). 

Irolit'a, a princess in love with prince 
Parcinus, her cousin. The fairy Dan'amo 
wanted Parcinus to marry her daughter 
Az'ira, and therefore used all her endea- 
vours to marry Irolita to Brutus ; but all 
her plans were thwarted, for Parcinus 
married Irolita, and Brutus married 
Azira. 

The beauty of Irolita was worthy the world's admira- 
tion. She was about 14 years old, her hair was brown, 
her complexion bloomine as the spring, her mouth deli- 
cate, her teeth white and even, her smile bewitching, her 
eves a hazel colour and very piercing, and her looks were 
darts of love.— Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tale* [" Perfect 
Love," 1682). 

Iron Arm. Captain Francois de 
Lanoue, a huguenot, was called Bras de 
Fer. He died at the siege of Lamballe 
(1531-1591). 

Iron Chest (The), a drama by G. 
Colman. based on W. Godwin's novel of 
Caleb Williams. Sir Edward Mortimer 
kept in an iron chest certain documents 
relating to a murder for which he had 
been tried and honourably acquitted. His 
secretary "Wilford, out of curiosity, was 
prying into this box, when sir Edward 
entered and threatened to shoot him ; 
but on reflection he spared the young 
man's life, told him all about the murder, 
and swore him to secrecy. Wilford, 
unable to endure the watchful and sus- 
picious eye of his master, ran away ; 
but sir Edward dogged him like a blood- 
hound, and at length accused him of 
robbery. The charge could not be sub- 
stantiated, so Wilford was acquitted. 
Sir Edward confessed himself a murderer, 
and died (1796). 

Iron Duke (The), the duke of Wel- 
lington (1769-1852). 

Iron Emperor (The), Nicholas of 
Russia (1796, 1826-1855). 

Iron Gates or Demir Kara, a cele- 
brated pass of the Teuthras, through 
which all caravans between Smyrna and 
Brusa must needs pass. 

Iron Hand, Goetz von Berlichingen, 
who replaced his right hand, which he 
lost at the siege of Landshut, by an iron 
one (sixteenth century). 



%* Goethe has made this the subject of 
an historical drama. 

Iron Mask (The Man in the). This 
mysterious man went by the name of 
Lestang, but who he was is as much m 
nubibus as the author of the Letters of 
Junius. The most general opinion is that 
he was count Er'colo Antonio Matthioli, 
a senator of Mantua and private agent of 
Ferdinand Charles duke of Mantua ; and 
that his long imprisonment of twenty-four 
years was for having deceived Louis XIV. 
in a secret treaty for the purchase of the 
fortress of Casale. M. Loiseleur utterly 
denies this solution of the mvsterv. — See 
Temple Bar, 182-4, May, 1872. 

%* The tragedies of Zschokke in 
German (1795), and Fournier in French, are 
based on the supposition that the man in 
the mask was marechal Richelieu, a twin- 
brother of the Grand Monarque, and this 
is the solution given by the abb.' Soulavie. 

Ironside (Sir), called "The Red 
Knight of the Red Lands." Sir Gareth, 
after fighting with him from dawn to 
dewy eve, subdued him. Tennyson calls 
him Death, and says that Gareth won the 
victory with a single stroke. Sir Ironside 
was the knight who kept the lady Liones 
(called by Tennyson " Lyonors '*) captive in 
Castle Perilous. — Sir T. Malory, History 
of Prince Arthur, i. 134-lo7 (1470). 

%* Tennyson seems very greatly to 
have misconceived the exquisite allegory 
of Gareth and Linet. (See Gareth, pp. 
364-5.) 

Ironside. Edmund II. king of the 
Anijlo-Saxons was so called from hi3 
iron armour (989, 1016-1017). 

Sir Richard Steele signed himself 
"Nestor Ironside" in the Guardian 
(1671-1729). 

Ironsides. So were the soldiers of 
Cromwell called, especially after the 
battle of Marston Moor, where they dis- 
played their iron resolution (1644). 

Ironsides (Captain), uncle of Belfield 
(Brothers), and an old friend of sir Ben- 
jamin Dove. He is captain of a privateer, 
and a fine specimen of an English naval 
officer. 

He's true 'English oak to the heart of him, and a fine 
old seaman-like figure he is.— Cumberland, Th' Brothers, 
i. 1 (1769). 

Iron Tooth, Frederick II. elector of 
Brandenburg (Dent de Fer), (1657, 168S- 
1713). 

Irrefragable Doctor (The). Alex- 



IRTISH. 



478 



ISABELLA. 



Wider Hales, founder of the Scholastic 
theology (*-1245). 

Irtish. (To cross the ferry of the), to 
be " laid on the shelf." The ferry of the 
Irtish is crossed by those who are exiled 
to Siberia. It is regarded in Russia as 
the ferry of political death. 

I'rus, the beggar of Ithaca, who ran 
errands for Penelope's suitors. When 
Ulysses returned home dressed as a 
beggar, Irus withstood him, and Ulysses 
broke his jaw with a blow. So poor was 
Irus that he gave birth to the proverbs, 
"As poor as Irus," and "Poorer than 
Irus " (in French, Plus pauvre qu 1 Irus). 

Without respect esteeming equally 
King Cresus' poinpe and Irus' povertie. 

T. Sackville, A Mirrour for Magistraytes 
(Induction, 1587). 
Irus grows rich, and Cresus must wax poor. 
Lord Brooke, 1'reatie of Warres (1554-1628). 

Irwin {Mr.), the husband of lady 
Eleanor daughter of lord Norland. His 
lordship discarded her for manying 
against his will, and Irwin was reduced 
to the verge of starvation. In his des- 
peration Irwin robbed his father-in-law 
on the high road, but relented and re- 
turned the money. At length the iron 
heart of lord Norland was softened, and 
he relieved the necessities of his son-in- 
law. 

Lady Eleanor Irwin, wife of Mr. Irwin. 
She retains her love for lord Norland, 
even through all his relentlessness, and 
when she hears that he has adopted a 
son, exclaims, "May the young man 
deserve his love better than I have done ! 
May he be a comfort to his declining 
years, and never disobey him ! " — Inch- 
bald, Every One has His Fault (1794). 

Irwin (Hannah), former confidante of 
Clara Mowbray.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
Ronarfs Well (time, George III.). 

Isaac [Mendoza],arich Portuguese 
Jew, short in stature, with a snub nose, 
swarthy skin, and huge beard ; very con- 
ceited, priding himself upon his cunning, 
loving to dupe others, but woefully duped 
himself. He chuckles to himself, "I'm 
cunning, I fancy ; a very cunning dog, 
ain't I ? a sly little villain, eh ? a bit 
roguish ; he must be very wide awake 
who can take Isaac in." This conceited 
piece of goods is always duped by every 
one he encounters. He meets Louisa, 
whom he intends to make his wife, but 
she makes him believe she is Clara Guz- 
man. He meets his rival Antonio, whom 
he sends to the supposed Clara, and 



he marries her. He mistakes Louisa's 
duenna for Louisa, and elopes with her. 
So all his wit is outwitted. — Sheridan, 
The Duenna (1775). 

Quick's great parts were "Isaac," "Tony T/impkin" 
[She Stoops to Conquer, Goldsmith], " Spado " [Castle of 
Andalusia, O'Kee'e], and " sir Christopher Curry," in 
fnfcle and Yarico, by Colman [1748-1831].— Records of a 
Stage Veteran. 

Isaac of York, the father of Re- 
becca. When imprisoned in the dungeon 
of Front de Boeuf 's castle, Front de Boeuf 
comes to extort money from him, and 
orders two slaves to chain him to the 
bars of a slow fire, but the party is dis- 
turbed by the sound of a bugle. Ulti- 
mately, both the Jew and his daughter 
leave England and go to live abroad. — 
Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Isabel, called the " She-wolf of 
France," the adulterous queen of Edward 
II., was daughter of Philippe IV. (le Bel) 
of France. According to one tradition, 
Isabel murdered her royal husband by 
thrusting a hot iron into his bowels, and 
tearing them from his body. 

She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs. 
That tear'st the bowels of thy mangled mate. 

Gray, The Bard (1757). 

Isabell, sister of lady Hartwell, in 
the comedy of Wit without Money, by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1639). 

Isabella or Isabella, a pale brown 
colour or buff, similar to that of a hare. 
It is so called from the princess Isabella 
of Austria, daughter of Philip II. The 
tale is, that while besieging Ostend, the 
princess took an oath that she would not 
change her body-linen before the town 
was taken. The siege, however, lasted 
three j'ears, and her linen was so stained 
that it gave name to the colour referred 
to (1601-1604). 

The same story is related of Isabella of 
Castile at the siege of Grena'da (1483). 

The horse that Brightsun was mounted on was as blark 
as jet, that of Felix was grey, Chery's was as white as 
milk, and that of the princess Fairstar an Isabella. — 
Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Princess Fairstar," 
1682). 

Isabella, daughter of the king of Ga- 
licia, in love with Zerbi'no, but Zerbino 
could not marry her because she was a 
pagan. Her lament at the death of Zer- 
bino is one of the best parts of the whole 
poem (bk. xii.). Isabella retires to a 
chapel to bury her lover, and is there 
slain by Rodomont. — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Isabella, sister of Claudio, insulted by 
the base passion of An'gelo deputy of 
Vienna in the absence of duke Vinsentio. 



ISABELLA. 



479 



ISABINDA. 



Isabella is delivered by the duke himself, 
and the deputy is made to marry Mariana, 
to whom he was already betrothed. — 
Shakespeare, Measure for Measure 
(1603). 

Isabella, wife of Hieronimo, in The 
Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd (1588). 

Isabel/a, mother of Ludov'ico Sforza 
duke of Milan. — Massinger, The Duke of 
Milan (1622). 

Isabella, a nun who marries Biron 
eldest son of count Baldwin, who disin- 
herits him for this marriage. Biron 
enters the army, and is sent to the 
siege of Candy, where he falls, and (it is 
supposed) dies. For seven years Isabella 
mourns her loss, and is then reduced 
to the utmost want. In her distress she 
begs assistance of her father-in-law, but 
he drives her from the house as a dog. 
Villeroy (2 syl.) offers her marriage, and 
she accepts him ; but the day after her 
espousals Biron returns. Carlos, hearing 
of his brother's return, employs ruffians 
to murder him, and then charges Villeroy 
with the crime ; but one of the ruffians 
impeaches, and Carlos is apprehended. 
Isabella goes mad, and murders herself 
in her distraction. — Thomas Southern, 
The Fatal Marriage (1692). 

The part of "Isabella " affords scope for a tragic actress 
scarcely inferior in pathos to " lSelvidera." — R. Chambers, 
Englixh Literature, i. 588. 

(Mrs. E. Barry, says T. Campbell, was 
unrivalled in this part, 1682-1733.) 

%* Wm. Hamilton painted Mrs. 
Siddons as "Isabella," and the picture 
belongs to the nation. 

Isabella, the coadjutor of Zanga in his 
scheme of revenge against don Alonzo. — 
Young, The Revenge (1721). 

Isabella, princess of Sicily, in love 
with Roberto il Diavolo, but promised in 
marriage to the prince of Grana'da, who 
challenges Roberto to mortal combat, 
from which he is allured by Bertram his 
fiend-father. Alice tells him that Isabella 
is waiting for him at the altar, when a 
struggle ensues between Bertram and 
Alice, one trying to drag him into hell, 
and the other trying to reclaim him to 
the ways of virtue. Alice at length pre- 
vails, but we are not told whether Roberto 
marries the princess. — Meverbeer, Roberto 
il Diavolo (1831). 

Isabella (Donna), daughter of don Pedro 
a Portuguese nobleman, who designed to 
marry her to don Guzman, a gentle- 
mar> of large fortune. To avoid this 



hateful marriage, she jumps from a 
window, with a view of escaping from 
the house, and is caught by a colonel 
Briton, an English officer, who conducts 
her to the house of her friend donna 
Yiolante. Here the colonel calls upon 
her, and don Felix, supposing Violante 
to be the object of his visits, becomes 
furiously jealous. After a considerable 
embroglio, the mystery is cleared up, and 
a double marriage takes place. — Mrs. 
Centlivre, The Wonder (1714). 

Middle-sized, a lovely brown, a fine pouting lip, eyes 
that roll and languish, and seem to speak the exquisite 
pleasure she could give. — Act t. 1. 

Isabella ( The countess), wife of Roberto. 
After a long series of crimes of infidelity 
to her husband, and of murder, she is 
brought to execution. — John Marston, 
The Wonder of Women or Sophonisba 
(1605). 

Isabella (The lady), a beautiful young 
girl, who accompanied her father on a 
chase. Her step-mother requested her 
to return, and tell the cook to prepare the 
milk-white doe for dinner. Lady Isabella 
did as she was told, and the cook replied, 
" Thou art the doe that I must dress." 
The scullion-boy exclaimed, "Oh save tho 
lady's life, and make thy pies of me ! " 
But the cook heeded him not. When the 
lord returned and asked for his daughter, 
the scullion-boy made answer, " If my 
lord would see his daughter, let him cut 
the pasty before him." The father, 
horrified at the whole affair, adjudged 
the step-mother to be burnt alive, and 
the cook to stand in boiling lead, but the 
scullion-boy he made his heir. — Percy, 
Reliques, iii. 2. 

Isabelle, sister of Le'onor, an orphan ; 
brought up by Sganarelle according to 
his own notions of training a girl to make 
him a good wife. She was to dress in 
serge, to keep to the house, to occupy 
herself in domestic affairs, to sew, knit, 
and look after the linen, to hear no 
flattery, attend no places of public 
amusement, never to be left to her own 
devices, but to run in harness like a 
mill-horse. The result was that she 
duped Sganarelle and married Valere. 
(See Leonor.) — Moliere, Ve'cole des 
2Iaris (1661). 

Isabinda, daughter of sir Jealous 
Traffick a merchant. Her father is re- 
solved she shall marry don Diego Bar- 
binetto, but she is in love with Charles 
Gripe ; and Charles, in the dress of a 
Spaniard, passing himself off as the 



ISENBRAS. 



480 



ISLE OF LANTERNS. 



Spanish don, marries her. — Mrs. Cent- 
livre, The Busy Body (1709). 

Isenbras (Sir), a hero of mediaeval 
romance. Sir Isenbras was at first proud 
and presumptuous, but adversity made 
him humble and penitent. In this stage 
he carried two children of a poor wood- 
cutter across a ford on his horse. 

*** Millais has taken sir Isenbras carry- 
ing the children across the ferry, as the 
subject of one of his pictures. 

I warne you first at the begynninge 

That I will make no vain carpinge [prate] . . . 

Of Octoriane and lsembrase. 

William of Nassington. 

I'sengrin (Sir) or Sir Isengrim, 
the wolf, afterwards created earl of 
Pitwood, in the beast-epic of Reynard the 
Fox. Sir Isengrin typifies the barons, 
and Reynard the Church. The gist of 
the tale is to show how Reynard over- 
reaches his uncle Wolf (1498). 

Ishah, the name of Eve before the 
Fall ; so called because she was taken out 
of ish, i.e. "man" (Gen. ii. 23); but 
after the expulsion from paradise Adam 
called his wife Eve or Havah, i.e. "the 
mother of all living" (Gen. iii. 20). 

Ishban, meant for sir Robert Clayton. 
There is no such name in the Bible as 
Ishban ; but Tate speaks of " extorting 
Ishban" pursued by "bankrupt heirs." 
He says he had occupied himself long in 
cheating, but then undertook to "reform 
the state." 

Ishban of conscience suited to his trade, 

As good a saint as usurer e'er made . . . 

Could David . . . scandalize our peerage with his name . . . 

He'd e'en turn loyal to be made a peer. 

Tate, Absalom and A chitophel, ii. (1682). 

IshTDOsheth, in Dryden's satire of 
Absalom and Achitophel, is meant for 
Richard Cromwell, whose father Oliver 
is called " Saul." As Ishbosheth was 
the only surviving son of Saul, so Richard 
was the onty surviving son of Cromwell. 
As Ishbosheth was accepted king on the 
death of his father by all except the tribe 
of Judah, so Richard was acknowledged 
"protector" by all except the royalists. 
As Ishbosheth reigned only a few months, 
so Richard, after a few months, retired 
into private life. 

They who, when Saul was dead, without a blow 
Made foolish Ishbosheth the crown forego. 

Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 

Ish'monie (3 syl.), the petrified city 
in Upper Egypt, full of inhabitants all 
turned to stone. — Perry, View of the Le- 
vant. 



* + * Captain Marryatt has borrowed 
this idea in his Pacha of Many Tales. 

I'sidore (3 syl.), a Greek slave, the 
concubine of don Pedre a Sicilian noble- 
man. This slave is beloved by Adraste 
(2 syl.) a French gentleman, who plots to 
allure her away. He first gets introduced 
as a portrait-painter, and reveals his love. 
Isidore listens with pleasure, and promises 
to elope with him. He then sends his 
slave Zai'de to complain to don Pedre of 
ill-treatment, and to crave protection. 
Don Pedre promises to stand her friend, 
and at this moment Adraste appears and l 
demands that she be given up to the 
punishment she deserves. Pedre inter- 
cedes ; Adraste seems to relent ; and the 
Sicilian calls to the young slave to 
appear. Instead of Zai'de, Isidore comes 
forth in Zai'de' s veil. " There," saj r s 
Pedre, " I have arranged everything. 
Take her, and use her well." " I will 
do so," says the Frenchman, and leads 
off the Greek slave. — Moliere, Le Sicilien 
ou IS Amour Peindre (1667). 

Isis, the moon. The sun is Osi'ris. — 

Egyptian Mythology. 

They {the prie$U~\ wore rich mitres shaped like the moon, 
To show that Isis doth the moon portendj 
Like as Osiris signifies the sun. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 7 (1596). 

Iskander 15eg= Alexander the Great, 
George Castriot (1414-1467). (See Skan- 

DEItBEG.) 

Iskander with the Two Horns, 

Alexander the Great. 

This Friday is the 18th day of the moon of Safar, in the 
year 653 [i.e. of the hecfira, or A.D. 1255] since the retreat 
of the great prophet from Mecca to Medi'na; and in the 
year 7320 of the epoch of the great Iskander witli the two 
horns. — Arabian tfights ("The Tailor's Story"). 

Island of the Seven Cities, a 
kind of Dixie's land, where 6even bishops, 
who quitted Spain during the dominion of 
the Moors, founded seven cities. The 
legend says that many have visited the 
island, but no one has ever quitted it. 

Islands of the Blest, called by the 
Greeks " Happy Islands," and by the 
Latins " Fortunate Islands ; " imaginary 
islands somewhere in the West, where the 
favourites of the gods are conveyed at 
death, and dwell in everlasting joy. 

Their place of birth alone is mute 
To sounds that echo further west 
Than your sire's Islands of the Blest. 

Byron. 

Isle of Lanterns, an imaginary 
country, inhabited by pretenders to know- 
ledge, called " Lanternois." — Rabelais, 
Pantaq'rucl, v. 32, 33 (1545). 



ISLE OF MIST. 



481 



ISOND. 



%* Lftcian has a similar conceit, called 
The City of Lanterns ; and dean Swift, in 
his Gulliver's Travels, makes his hero visit 
Laputa, which is an empire of quacks, 
false projectors, and pretenders to science. 

Isle of Mist, the Isle of Sky, whose 
high hills are almost always shrouded in 
mist. 

Nor sleep thy hand by thy side, chief of the Islo of Mist. 
— O.ssian, firiffal, i. 

Islington (The marquis of), one of 
the companions of Billy Harlow the noted 
archer. Henry VIII. jocosely created 
Barlow " duke of Shoreditch," and his 
two companions "earl of Pancras " and 
" marquis of Islington." 

Ismael "the Infidel," one of the 
Immortal Guard. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Isme'ne and Isme'nias, a love 
story in Greek by Eustathius, in the twelfth 
century. It is puerile in its delineation 
of character, and full of plagiarisms ; but 
many of its details have been copied 
by D'Urfe', Montemayor, and others. 
Ismcne is the " dear and near and true " 
lady of Isme'nias. 

%* Through the translation by God- 
frey of Viterbo, the tale of Ismcne and 
/smenias forms the basis of Gower's 
Confessio Amantis, and Shakespeare's 
Pericles Prince of Tyre. 

Isme'no, a magician, once a Christian, 
but aftenvards a renegade to Islam. He 
was killed by a stone hurled from an 
engine. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xviii. 
(1575). 

Isoc'rates {The French), Esprit 
Fle'chier, bishop of Nismes (1632-1710). 

Isoline (3 syl), the high-minded and 
heroic daughter of the French governor of 
Mcssi'na, and bride of Fernando (son of 
John of Procida). Isoline was true to 
her husband, and true to her father, who 
had opposite interests in Sicily. Both 
fell victims to the butchery called the 
" Sicilian Vespers " (March 30, 1282), and 
Isoline died of a broken heart. — S. 
Knowles, John of Procida (1840). 

Isolt. There are two ladies connected 
with Arthurian romance of this name : 
one, Isolt "the Fair," daughter of Anguish 
king of Ireland ; and the other Isolt " of 
the White Hands," daughter of Howell 
king of Brittany. Isolt the Fair was the 
wife of sir Mark king of Cornwall, but 
Isolt of the White Hands was the wife of 
sir Tr v .tram. Sir Tristram loved Isolt 






thi Fair ; and Isolt hated sir Mark, her 
husband, with the same measure that eho 
loved sir Tristram, her nephew-in-law. 
Tennyson's tale of tha death of sir Tris- 
tram is so at variance with the romance, 
that it must be given separately. He 
says that sir Tristram was one day 
dallying with Isolt the Fair, and put a 
ruby carcanet round her neck. Then, 
as he kissed her throat : 

Out of the dark, just as the lips had touched. 
Behind him rose a shadow and a shriek — 
" Mark's way ! " Bftid M;irk, and clove him thro' the bniin. 
Tennyson, The Ui6t Tournament. (See IsoND.) 

Isond, called La Bcale Isond, i.e. Im 
Belle Isond, daughter of Anguish king of 
Ireland. When sir Tristram vanquished 
sir Marhaus, he went to Ireland to be 
cured of his wounds. La Beale Isond 
was his leech, and fell in love with him ; 
but she married sir Mark the dastard 
king of Cornwall. This marriage was 
very unhappy, for Isond hated Mark as 
much as she loved sir Tristram, with 
whom she eloped and lived in Joyous 
Guard Castle, but was in time restored to 
her husband, and Tristram married Isond 
the Fair-handed. In the process of time, 
Tristram, being severely wounded, sent for 
La Beale Isond, who alone could cure him, 
and if the lady consented to come the 
vessel was to hoist a white Hag. The 
ship hove in sight, and Tristram's wife, out 
of jealousy, told him it carried a black flag 
at the mast-head. On hearing this, sir 
Tristram fell back on his bed, and died. 
When La Beale Isond landed, and heard 
that sir Tristram was dead, she flung 
herself on the body, and died also. The 
two were buried in one grave, on which 
a rose and vine were planted, which grew 
up and so intermingled their branches 
that no man could separate them. — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 
(1470). 

*** Sir Palimedes the Saracen (i.e. 
unbaptized) also loved La Beale Isond, 
but met with no encouragement. Sir 
Kay Hedius died for love of her. — History 
of Prince Arthur, ii. 172. 

Isond le Blanch Mains, daughter of 
Howell king of Britain (i.e. Brittany). 
Sir Tristram fell in love with her for her 
name's sake ; but, though he married her, 
his love for La Beale Isond, wife of his 
uncle Mark, grew stronger and stronger. 
When sir Tristram was dying and sent 
for his uncle's wife, it was Isond le Blanch 
Mains who told him the ship was in sight, 
but carried a black flag at the mast-head, 
on hearing which sir Tristram bowed h's 
2 I 



ISRAEL. 



482 



ITHURIEL. 



head and died.— Sir T. Malory, History 
of Prince Arthur, ii. 35, etc. (1470). 

Is'rael, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, means England. As David 
was king of Israel, so Charles II. was 
king of England. Of his son, the duke 
of Monmouth, the poet says : 

Early in foreign fields he won renown 

With kings and states allied to Israel's crown. 

Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 

Israelites (3 syl.), Jewish money- 
lenders. 

... all the Israelites are fit to mob its 
Next owner, for their . . . post-obits. 

Byron, Don Juan, i. 125 (1819). 

Is'rafil, the angel who will sound 
the " Resurrection blast." Then Gabriel 
and Michael will call together the " dry 
bones " to judgment. "When Israfil puts 
the trumpet to his mouth, the souls of the 
dead will be cast into the trumpet, and 
when he blows, out will they fly like bees, 
and fill the whole space between earth and 
heaven. Then will they enter their 
respective bodies, Mahomet leading the 
way. — Sale, Koran (Preliminary dis- 
course, iv.). 

*m* Israfil, the angel of melody in 
paradise. It is said that his ravishing 
songs, accompanied by the daughters of 
paradise and the clanging of bells, will 
give delight to the faithful. 

Is'sachar, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, is meant for Thomas Thynne 
of Longleate Hall, a friend to the duke of 
Monmouth. There seems to be a very 
slight analogy between Thomas Thynne 
and Issachar son of Jacob. If the tribe 
(compared to an ass overburdened) is 
alluded to, the poet could hardly have 
called the rich commoner " wise Issachar." 

Mr. Thynne and count Koningsmark 
both wished to marry the widow of Henry 
Cavendish earl of Ogle. Her friends 
contracted her to the rich commoner, but 
before the marriage was consummated, he 
was murdered. Three months afterwards, 
the widow married the duke of Somerset. 

Hospitable treats did most commend 
Wise Issachar, his wealthy western friend. 

Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 



lssland, the kingdom of Brunhild. — 

The Nibelungen Lied, 

Istakhar, in Fars (Persia), upon a 
rock. (The word means "the throne of 
Jemshid.") It is also called " Chil'- 
Minar','' or the forty pillars. The Greeks 
called it Persep'olis. Istakhar was the 
cemetery of the Persian kings, and a 
royal treasury. 



She was fired with impatience to behold the superb 
tombs ef Istakhar, and the palace of fortv columns.— W. 
Beckford, Vathek (1786). 

Isumbras (Sir) or Ysumbras. (S«>e 

ISENBRAS.) 

Itadaeh (Colman), surnamed " The 
Thirsty." In consequence of hi3 rigid 
observance of the rule of St. Patrick, he 
refused to drink one single drop of water ; 
but his thirst in the harvest-time was so 
great that it caused his death. 

Item, a money-broker. He was a 
thorough villain, who could " bully, 
cajole, curse, fawn, flatter, and filch." 
Mr. Item always advised his clients not 
to sign away their money, but at the 
same time stated to them the imperative 
necessity of so doing. "I would advise 
you strongly not to put your hand to that 
paper, though Heaven knows how else 
you can satisfy these duns and escape 
imprisonment." — Holcroft, The Deserted 
Daughter (altered into The Steward). 

Ith'acaxi Suitors. During the 

absence of Ulysses king of Ithaca in 
the Trojan war, his wife Penel'ope was 
pestered by numerous suitors, who as- 
sumed that Ulysses, from his long absence, 
must be dead. Penelope put them off 
by saying she would finish a certain 
robe which she was making for Laertes, 
her father-in-law, before she gave her 
final answer to any of them ; but at 
night she undid all the work she had 
woven during the day. At length, 
Ulysses returned, and relieved her of her 
perplexity. 

All the ladies, each at each, 
Like the Ithacensian suitors in old time. 
Stared with great eyes and laughed with alien lips. 
Tennyson, The Princess, iv. 

Ith/ocles (3 syl.), in love with 
Calantha princess of Sparta. Ithocles 
induces his sister Penthea to break the 
matter to the princess, and in time she 
not only becomes reconciled to his love 
but also requites it, and her father con- 
sents to the marriage. During a court 
festival, Calantha is informed by a mes- 
senger that her father has suddenly died, 
by a second that Penthea has starved 
herself to death, and by a third that 
Ithocles has been murdered. The mur- 
derer was Or'gilus, who killed him out of 
revenge. — John Ford, The Broken Heart 
(1633). 

Itliu'riel (4 syl.), a cherub sent by 
Gabriel to find out Satan. He finds him 
squatting like a toad beside Eve as she 
lay asleep, and brings him before Gabriel. 



ITHURIEL. 



483 



IVY LANE. 



(The word means " God's discovery.") — 
Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 788 (1(>65). 

Ithuriel' s Spear, the spear of the angel 
Ithuriel, whose slightest touch exposed 
deceit. Hence, when Satan squatted like 
a toad " close to the ear of Eve," 
Ithuriel only touched the creature with 
his spear, and it resumed the form of 
Satan. 

... for no falsehood can endure 
Touch of celestial temper, but returns 
Of force to its own likeness. 

Milton, Paradise IaH, iv. (1665). 

Ithu'ricl, the guardian angel of Judas 
Iscariot. After Satan entered into the 
heart of the traitor, Ithuriel was given to 
Simon Peter as his second angel. — Klop- 
stock, The Messiah, iii. and iv. (1748, 
1771). 

Ivan the Terrible, Ivan IV. of 
Russia, a man of great energy, but in- 
famous for his cruelties. It was he who 
first adopted the title of czar (1529, 
1533-1584). 

I'vanhoe (3 syl.), a novel bv sir W. 
Scott (1820). The most brilliant and 
splendid of romances in any language. 
Rebecca, the Jewess, was Scott's favourite 
character. The scene is laid in England 
in the reign of Richard I., and we are 
introduced to Robin Hood in Sherwood 
Forest, banquets in Saxon halls, tourna- 
ments, and all the pomp of ancient 
chivalry. Rowena, the heroine, is quite 
thrown into the shade by the gentle, 
meek, yet high-souled Rebecca. 

Jvanhoe (Sir Wilfred knight of), the 
favourite of Richard I., and the disin- 
herited son of Cedric of Rotherwood. 
Disguised as a palmer, he goes to Rother- 
wood, and meets there Rowe'nahis father's 
ward, with whom he falls in love ; but 
we hear little more of him except as the 
friend of Rebecca and her father Isaac of 
York, to both of whom he shows repeated 
acts of kindness, and completely wins 
the affections of the beautiful Jewess. 
In the grand tournament, Ivanhoe 
[F.van.ho~\ appears as the " Desdichado " 
or the " Disinherited Knight," and over- 
throws all comers. King Richard pleads 
for him to Cedric, reconciles the father to 
his son, and the young knight marries 
Rowena. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I.). 

Ivan'ovitch (son of Ivan or John), 
the popular name of a Russian. Similar 
in construction to our "John-sorf," the 
Danish "Jan-sen," and the Scotch " Mac- 
Ina." 



\* The popular name of the English 
as a people is John Bull ; of the Germans, 
Cousin Michael; of the French, Jean 
Crapaud ; of the Chinese, John China- 
man ; of the Americans, Brother Jon- 
athan; of the Welsh, Taffy; of the Scotch, 
Sandy; of the Swiss, Colin Tampon; of 
the Russians, Ivanovitch, etc. 

Iverach (Allan), or steward of Invera- 
schalloch with Gallraith, at the Claclian 
of Aberfoyle.— Sir \V. Soott, Bob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Ives (St.), originally called Slepe. 
Its name was changed in honour of St. 
Ive, a Persian missionary. 

From Persia, led by zeal, St. Ive this island sought, 
And near our eastern fens a fit place finding, taught 
The faith ; which place from him alone the name derives. 
Arid of that sainted man has since been called St. Ives. 
Drayton, Polyoibion, xxiv. (1622). 

Ivory Gate of Dreams. Dreams 
which delude pass through the ivory gate, 
but those which come true through the 
horn gate. This whim depends upon two 
puns : Ivory, in Greek, is clcphas, and the 
verb elephairo means "to cheat;" horn, 
in Greek, is keras, and the verb karanbo 
means "to accomplish." 

Sunt geminae somni porta?, quarum altera fertur 
Cornea, qua veri.- facilis datur exitus unibris ; 
Altera caudenti perfecta nitens elephanto, 
Sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes. 

Virgil, .Kneid, vj. 893-6. 
From gate of horn or ivory, dreams are sent : 
These to deceive, and those for warning meant. 

Ivory Shoulder. Demeter ate the 
shoulder of Pelops, served up by Tan'- 
talos ; so when the gods restored the 
body to life, Demeter supplied the lack- 
ing shoulder by one made of ivory. 

Pythag'oras had a golden thigh, which 
he showed to Ab'aris the Hyperbor^au 
priest. 

Not Pelops' shoulder whiter than her hands. 
Nor snowy swans that jet on Isca's sands. 
Wm. Browne, Sritunnia's Pastorale, ii. 3 (1813). 

Ivory Tube of prince ALL, a 
sort of telescope, which showed the per- 
son who looked through it whatever he 
wished most to see. — Arabian Nights 
(" Ahmed and Pari-Banou"). 

Ivry, in France, famous for the battle 
won by Henry of Navarre over the 
League (1590). 

Hurrah ! hurrah I a single field 
Hath turned the chance of war. 

Hurrah ! hurrah ! for Ivry, 
And Henry of Navarre. 

Lord Macaulay, Lays (" Ivry," 1S42). 

Ivy Lane, London ; so called from 
the houses of the prebendaries of St. 
Paul, overgrown with ivy, which once 
stood there. 



IWFIN. 



484 



JACK AMEND-ALL. 



I'wein, a knight of the Round Table. 
He slays the possessor of an enchanted 
fountain, and marries the widow, whose 
name is Laudine. Gaw'ein or Gawain 
urges him to new exploits, so he quits 
his wife for a year in quest of adventures, 
and as he does not return at the stated 
time, Laudine loses all love for him. On 
his return, he goes mad, and wanders in 
the woods, where he is cured by three 
sorcerers. He now helps a lion fighting 
against a dragon, and the lion becomes his 
faithful companion. He goes to the 
enchanted fountain, and there finds 
Lunct' prisoner. While struggling with 
the enchanted fountain, Lunet aids him 
with her ring, and he in turn saves her 
life. By the help of his lion, Twein kills 
several giants, delivers three hundred 
virgins, and, on his return to king 
Arthur's court, marries Lunet. — Hartmann 
von der Aue (thirteenth century). 

Ixi'oil, king of the Lap'ithse, at- 
tempted to win the love of Here (Juno) ; 
but Zeus substituted a cloud for the 
goddess, and a centaur was born. 

%* R. Browning calls the name in- 
correctly Ix'ion, as : 

Joys prove cloudlets ; 
Men are the merest Ixtons. 
Robert Browning, Dramatic Lyrics ("The Glove"). 



J. (in Punch), the signature of Douglas 
Jerrold, who first contributed to No. 9 of 
the serial (1803-1858). 

Jaafer, who carried the sacred banner 
of the prophet at the battle of Muta. 
When one hand was lopped off, he 
clutched the banner with the other ; this 
hand being also lost, he held it with his 
two stumps. When, at length, his head 
was cleft from his body, he contrived so 
to fall as to detain the banner till it was 
seized by Abdallah, and handed to Kha- 
led. 

CYNyEGEROs, in the battle of MarS- 
thon, seized one of the Persian ships with 
his right hand. When this was lopped off, 
he laid hold of it with his left ; aud when 
this was also cut off, he seized it with 
his teeth, and held on till he lost hit, 
head. 



Admiral Bbnbow, in an engagement 
with the French near St. Martha, in 1701, 
was carried on deck on a wooden frame 
after both his legs and thighs were 
shivered into splinters by chain-shot. 

Almeyda, the Portuguese governor of 
India, had himself propped against the 
mainmast after both his legs were shot 
off. 

Jabos (Jock), postilion at the Golden 
Arms inn, Kippletringan, of which Mrs. 
M'Candlish was landlady. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Ja'chin, the parish clerk, who pur- 
loined the sacramental money, and died 
disgraced. — Crabbe, Borough (1810). 

Jacinta, a first-rate cook, "who de- 
served to be housekeeper to the patriarch 
of the Indies," but was only cook to the 
licentiate Sedillo of Valladolid. — Ch.ii. 1. 

The cook, who was no less dexterous than Dame 
Jacinta, was assisted by the coachman in dressing the 
victuals.— Lesage, Gil Bias, iii. 10 (1715). 

Jaein'tha, the supposed wife of 
Octa'vio, and formerly contracted to don 
Henrique (2 syl.) an uxorious Spanish 
nobleman. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Spanish Curate (1622). 

Jaein'tha, the wealthy ward of Mr. 
Strickland ; in love with Bellamy. Ja- 
cintha is staid but resolute, and though 
"she elopes down a ladder of ropes" in 
boy's costume, has plenty of good sense 
and female modesty. — Dr. Hoadly, The 
Suspicious Husband (1747). 

Jack (Colonel), the hero of Defoe's 
novel entitled The History of the Most 
Remarkable Life and Extraordinary Ad- 
ventures of the truly Hon. Colonel Jacque, 
vulgarly called Colonel Jack. The colonel 
(born a gentleman and bred a pick- 
pocket) goes to Virginia, and passes 
through all the stages of colonial life, 
from that of " slavie " to that of an 
owner of slaves and plantations. 

The transition from their refined Oron'dat6s and 
Stati'ras to the society of captain [He] Jack and Moll 
Flanders ... is (to use a phrase of Sterne) like turning 
from Alexander the Great to Alexander the coppersmith. 
—Encyc. Brit., Art "Romance." 

Jack Amend-all, a nickname given 
to Jack Cade the rebel, who promised to 
remedy all abuses (*-1450). As a speci- 
men of his reforms, take the following 

examples : — 

1, your captain, am brave, and vow reformation. There 
shall be in England seven half-penny leaves sold fur a 
penny ; the-lhree-hooped pot shall have ten hoops; and I 
will make it felony to drink small beer. . . . When 1 am 
king, there shall be no money ; all shall eat and drink on 
in) score; and I will apparel all in one livery. — Shake- 
speare, 2 Ilmtry VI. act iv. sc 3 (1501). 



JACK AND JILL. 



485 



JACK-WITH-A-LANTERN. 



Jack and Jill, said to hej;he Saxon 
and Norman stocks united. "*v. 

Jack and Jill went up the hill, ^^ 

To fetch ii pail of water ; 
Jack fell down ami cracked bis crown, 

And Jill came tumbling alter. 

Nursery Rhyme. 

Or thus : 

Twas not on Alpine ice or snow, 

But homely English soil ; 
" Excelsior ! " their motto was ; 

They spared nor time nor toil ; 
They did not go for fame or wealth, 

But went at duty's call ; 
And tlio' united in their aim. 

Were severed in their falL 

Jack and the Bean-Stalk. Jack 
was a very poor lad, sent by his mother 
to sell a cow, which he parted with to a 
butcher for a few beans. His mother, in 
her rage, threw the beans away ; but one 
of them grew during the night as high 
as the heavens. Jack climbed the stalk, 
and, by the direction of a fairy, came to 
a giant's castle, where he begged food and 
rest. This he did thrice, and in his three 
visits stole the giant's red hen which laid 
golden eggs, his money-bags, and his 
harp. As he ran off with the last trea- 
sure, the harp cried out, " Master ! 
master ! " which woke the giant, who 
ran after Jack ; but the nimble lad cut 
the bean-stalk with an axe, and the giant 
was killed in his fall. 

*** This is said to be an allegory of 
the Teutonic Al-fader : the "red hen" 
representing the all-producing sun, the 
" money-bags " the fertilizing rain, and 
the " harp " the winds. 

Jack-in-the-Green, one of the 
May-day mummers. 

%* Dr. Owen Pugh says that Jack-in- 
the-Green represents Melvas king of 
Somersetshire, disguised in green boughs 
and lying in ambush for queen Guenever 
the wife of king Arthur, as she was 
returning from a hunting expedition. 

Jack-o'-Lent, a kind of aunt Sally 
set up during Lent to be pitched at ; hence 
a puppet, a sheepish booby, a boy-page, 
u scarecrow. Mrs. Page says to Robin, 
Falstaff's page : 

Vou little Jack-a-Lent, have you been true to us? — 
Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act. in. gc. 3 
(1603). 

Jack of Newbury, John Winch- 
comb, the greatest clothier of the world 
in + ae reign of Henry VIII. He kept a 
hundred looms in his own house at New- 
burr, and equipped at his own expense 
a hundred of his men to aid the king 
against the Scotch in Flodden Field 
(1513). 



Jack Robinson. This famous 
comic song is by Hudson, tobacconist, 
No. 08, Shoe Lane, London, in the early 
part of the nineteenth century. The last 
line is, ''And he was off before you could 
say 'Jack Robinson."' The tune to which 
the words are sung is the Sailors' Horn- 
pipe. Halliwell quotes these two lines 
from an " old play : " 

A warke it ys as easie to be iloone 
As 'tys to saye, Jacket robi/s on. 

A rchuic Dictionary. 

Jack Sprat, of nursery rhymes. 

Jack Sprat could eat no fat. 
His wife could eat no lean ; 

And so betwixt 'em both, 
They licked the platter clean. 

Jack the Giant-Killer, a series of 
nursery tales to show the mastery of skill 
and wit over brute strength. Jack en- 
counters various giants, but outwits them 
all. The following would illustrate the 
sort of combat : Suppose they came to a 
thick iron door, the giant would belabour 
it with his club hour after hour without 
effect ; but Jack would apply a delicate 
key, and the door would open at once. 
This is not one of the stories, but will 
serve to illustrate the sundry contests. 
Jack was a " valiant Cornishman," and 
his first exploit was to kill the giant 
Cormoran, by digging a deep pit which 
he filmed over with grass, etc. The giant 
fell into the pit, and Jack knocked him 
on the head with a hatchet. Jack after- 
wards obtained a coat of invisibility, a 
cap of knowledge, a resistless sword, and 
shoes of swiftness ; and, thus armed, he 
almost rid Wales of its giants. 

Our Jack the Giant-killer is clearly the last modern 
transmutation of the old British legend told by Geoffrey 
of Monmouth, of Corir.eus the Trojan, the companion 
of the Trojan Brutus when he first settied in Britain.— 
Masson. 

Jack-with-a-Lantern. This me- 
teoric phenomenon, when seen on the 
ground or a little above it, is called by 
sundry names, as Brenning-drake, Burn- 
ing candle, Corpse candles, Dank Will, 
Death-fires, Dick-a-Tuesday, Elf-fire, the 
Fair maid of Ireland, Friar's lantern, 
Gillion-a-burnt-tail, Gyl Burnt-tail, Ignis 
fatuus, Jack-o'-lantern, Jack-with-a-lan- 
tern, Kit-o'-the-canstick, Kitty-wi'-a- 
wisp, Mad Crisp, Peg-a-lantern, Puck, 
Robin Goodfellow, Shot stars, Spittle of 
the stars, Star jelly, a Sylham lamp, a 
Walking fire, Wandering fires, Wandering 
wild-fire, Will-with-a-wisp. 

Those led astray by these " fool-fires" 
are said to be Elf-led", Mab-led, or Puck- 
led. 



JACK'S. 



486 



JAGGERS. 



"YYhen seen on the tips of the fingers, the 
hair of the head, mast-tops, and so on, 
the phenomenon is called Castor and 
Pollux (if double), Cuerpo Santo 
(Spanish), Corpusanse, Dipsas, St. Elmo 
or Fires of St. Elmo (Spanish), St. 
Ermyn, Feu d'Helene (French), Fire- 
drakes, Fuole or Looke Fuole, Haggs, 
Helen (if single), St. Hel'ena, St. Helme's 
fires, Leda's twins, St. Peter and St. 
Nicholas (Italian) or Fires of St. Peter 
and St. Nicholas. 

The superstitions connected with these 
"fool-fires" are: That they are souls 
broken out from purgatory, come to earth 
to obtain prayers and masses for their de- 
liverance ; that they are the mucus sneezed 
from the nostrils of rheumatic planets ; 
that they are ominous of death ; that 
they indicate hid treasures. 

Jack's, a noted coffee-house, where 
London and country millers used to 
assemble to examine their purchases 
after the market was closed. It stood 
in the rear of old 'Change, London. 

Jacks (The Two Genial), Jack Munden 
and Jack Dowton. Planche' says: " They 
were never called anything else." The 
former was Joseph Munden (1758-1832), 
and the latter, William Dowton (1764- 
1851). — Planche', Recollections, etc., i. 28. 

Jacob the Scourge of Gram- 
mar, Giles Jacob, master of Romsey, in 
Southamptonshire, brought up for an 
attorney. Author of a Law Dictionary, 
Lives and Characters of English Poets, 
etc. (1686-1744). 

Jacob's Ladder, a meteoric appear- 
ance resembling broad beams of light 
from heaven to earth. A somewhat 
similar phenomenon may be seen when 
the sun shines through the chink or hole 
of a closed shutter. The allusion is, of 
course, to the ladder which Jacob dreamt 
about (Gen. xxviii. 12). 

Jacob's Staff, a mathematical in- 
strument for taking heights and distances. 

Reach, then, a soaringquill, that I may write 
As with a Jacob's Staff to take her height. 
Cleveland, The Hecatomb to His Mistress (1641). 

Jae'omo, an irascible captain and a 
woman-hater. Frank (the sister of Fre- 
derick) is in love with him. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Captain (1613). 

Jacques (1 syl.), one of the domestic 
men-servants of the duke of Aranza. 
The duke, in order to tame down the 
overbearing spirit of his bride, pretends 
to be a peasant, and deputes Jacques to 



represent the duke for the nonce. 
Juliana, the duke's bride, lays her 
grievance before "duke" Jacques, but 
of course receives no redress, although 
she learns that if a Jacques is "duke," 
the " peasant" Aranza is the better man. 
—J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). 

Jacquis (Pauvre), the absent sweet- 
heart of a love-lorn maiden. Marie 
Antoinette sent to Switzerland for a lass 
to attend the dairy of her " Swiss village " 
in miniature, which she arranged in the 
Little Trianon (Paris). The lass was 
heard sighing for pauvre Jacques, and this 
was made a capital sentimental amuse- 
ment for the court idlers. The swain was 
sent for, and the marriage consummated. 

Pauvre Jacques, quand j'etais prds de loi 

Je na sentais pas ma mistre ; 
Mais a present que tu vis loin de moi 

Je manque de tout sur la terre. 

Marquise de Travanet, Pauvre Jaequtt. 

Jacques. (See Jaques.) 

Jac'ulin, daughter of Gerrard king 
of the beggars, beloved by lord Hubert. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beggars 
Bush (1622). 

Jaffier, a young man befriended by 
Priuli, a proud Venetian senator. Jaffier 
rescued the senator's daughter Belvidera 
from shipwreck, and afterwards married 
her clandestinely. The old man now 
discarded both, and Pierre induced Jaffier 
to join a junto for the murder of the 
senators. Jaffier revealed the conspiracy 
to his wife, and Belvidera, in order to 
save her father, induced her husband to 
disclose it to Priuli, under promise of free 
pardon to the conspirators. The pardon, 
however, was limited to Jaffier, and the 
rest were ordered to torture and death. 
Jaffier now sought out his friend Pierre, 
and, as he was led to execution, stabbed 
him to prevent his being broken on the 
wheel, and then killed himself. Belvi- 
dera went mad and died. — T. Otway, 
Venice Preserved (1682). 

T. Betterton (1635-1710), Robert Wilks 
(1670-1732), Spranger Barry (1719-1777), 
C. M. Young (1777-1856), and W. C. 
Macready (1793-1873), are celebrated for 
this character. 

Jaga-naut, the seven-headed idol of 
the Hindus, described by Southey in the 
Curse of Kehama, xiv. (1809). 

Jaggers, a lawyer of Little Britain, 
London. He was a burly man, of an ex- 
ceedingly dark complexion, with a larga 
head and large hand. He had bushy black 
eyebrows that stood up bristling, sharp 



JAIRUS'S DAUGHTER. 



487 



JAQUES. 



suspicions eyes set very deep in his head, 
and strong black dots where his beard 
and whiskers would have been if he had 
let them. His hands smelt strongly of 
scented soap, he wore a very large watch- 
chain, was in the constant habit of biting 
his fore-linger, and when he spoke to any 
one, he threw his fore-ringer at him 
pointedly. A hard, logical man was Mr. 
Jaggers, who required an answer to be 
" yes " or " no," allowed no one to express 
an opinion, but only to state facts in the 
fewest possible words. Magwitch ap- 
pointed him Pip's guardian, and he was 
Miss Ilavisham's man of business. — C. 
Dickens, Great Expectations (I860). 

Jairus's Daughter, restored to 
life by Jesus, is called by Klopstock Cidli. 
— Klopstock, The Messiah, iv. (1771). 

Jalut, the Arabic name for Goliath. — 
Sale, Al Koran, xvii. 

James (Prince), youngest son of king 
Robert HI. of Scotland, introduced by sir 
W. Scott in The Fair Maid of Perth 
(1828). 

James I. of England, introduced by 
sir W. Scott in T/ie Fortunes of Nigel 
(1822). 

Ja'mie (Bon), younger brother of don 
Henrique (2 syl.), by whom he is cruelly 
treated. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Tlie 
Spanish Curate (1622). 

Jamie Duffs. Weepers are so called, 
from a noted Scotchman of the eighteenth 
century, whose craze was to follow funerals 
in deep mourning costume. — Kay, Ori- 
ginal Portraits, i. 7 ; ii. 9, 17, 95. 

Ja'mieson (Bet), nurse at Dr. Gray's, 
surgeon at Middlemas. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Surgeo7i's Daughter (time, George 
II.). 

Jainshid, king of the genii, famous 
for a golden cup filled with the elixir of 
life. The cup was hidden by the genii, 
but found when digging the foundations 
of Persep'olis. 

I know, too, where the genii hid 
The jewelled cup of their king Janishid, 
With life's elixir sparkling high. 
T. Moore, Lalla Rookh ("Paradise and the Peri," 1817). 

Jane Eyre, heroine of a novel so 
called by Currer Bell. 

Jan'et, the Scotch laundress of David 
Ramsay the watchmaker. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fortunes of Ni-'jel (time, James I.). 

Jan'et of Tomahourieh (Muhme), 
aunt of BobinOiir M'Combicha Highland 



drover. — Sir W. Scott, The 'Two Drovers 
(time, George III.). 

Jannekin (Little), apprentice of 
Henry Smith the armourer. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Jannie Duff, with her little sister 
and brother, were sent to gather broom, 
and were lost in the bush (Australia). 
The parents called in the aid of the 
native blacks to find them, and on 
the ninth day they were discovered. 
" Father," cried the little boy, "why 
didn't you come before? We cooed quite 
loud, but you never came." The sister 
only said, "Cold!" and sank in stupor. 
Jannie had stripped herself to cover little 
Frank, and had spread her frock over her 
sister to keep her warm, and there all 
three were found almost dead, lying 
under a bush. 

Janot [Zha.no], a simpleton, one who 
exercises silly ingenuity or says vapid 
and silly things. 

Without being a Janot. who has not sometimes in con- 
versation committed a Janotisin! — Ourry, Trtus. 

January and May. January is an 
old Lombard baron, some GO years of age, 
who marries a girl nam ;d May. This 
young wife loves Damyan, a young 
squire. One day, the old baron found 
them in close embrace ; but May persuaded 
her husband that his eyes were so dim he 
had made a mistake, and the old baron, 
too willing to believe, allowed himself to 
give credit to the tale. — Chaucer, Canter- 
bury Tales ( ' ' The Merchant's Tale, " 1388). 

%* Modernized by Ogle (1741). 

Jaquemart, the automata of a clock, 
consisting of a man and woman who 
strike the hours on a bell. So called 
from Jean Jaquemart of Dijon, a clock- 
maker, who devised this piece of mechan- 
ism. Menage erroneously derives the 
word from jaccomarchiardus ("a coat of 
mail "), " because watchmen watched the 
clock of Dijon fitted with a jaquemart." 

Jaquenetta, a country wench courted 
by don Adriano de Armado. — Shake- 
speare, Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 

Jaques (1 syl.), one of the lords at- 
tendant on the banished duke in the 
forest of Arden. A philosophic idler, 
cynical, sullen, contemplative, and mo- 
ralizing. He could "suck melancholy 
out of a song, as a weasel sucks eggs." 
Jaques resents Orlando's passion for 
Rosalind, and quits the duke as soon as 



JAQUES. 



488 



he is restored to his dukedom. — Shake- 
speare, As You Like It (1598). 

Sometimes Shakesper.re makes one 
syllable and sometimes two syllables of 
the word. Sir W. Scott makes one syl- 
lable of it, but Charles Lamb two. For 
example : 

Whom humorous Jaques with envy viewed (1 syL). 

Sir W. Scott. 

Where Jaques fed his solitary vein (2 syl.).—C. Lamb. 

The "Jaques" of [Charles M. Young, 1777-1856], is in- 
deed most musical, most melancholy, attuned to the very 
vood-walks among which he muses.— New Monthly 
Magazine (18-22). 

Jaques (1 syl.), the miser in a comedy 
by Ben Jonson, entitled The Case is 
Altered (1574-1637). 

Jaques (1 syl.), servant to Sulpit'ia a 
bawd. (See Jacques.) — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Custom of the Country 
(1647). 

Jarley (Mrs.), a kind-hearted woman, 
mistress of a travelling wax-work ex- 
hibition, containing "one hundred figures 
the size of life;" U.e "only stupendous 
collection of real wax-work in the 
world ; " " the delight of the nobility and 
gentry, the royal famil) r , and crowned 
heads of Europe." Mrs. Jarley was kind 
to little Nell, and employed her as a 
decoy-duck to " Jarley's unrivalled col- 
lection." 

If I know'd a donkey wot wouldn't go 
To see Mrs. Jarley's wax-work show ; 
Do you think I'd acknowledge him ? Oh, no, no 1 
Then run to Jarley. 
C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, xxvii. (1840). 

Jarnac {Coup de), a cut which severs 
the % ham-string. So called from a cut 
given by Jarnac to La Chateigneraie in 
a duel fought in the presence of Henri II., 
in 1547. 

Jarn'dyce v. Jarn'dyee (2 syL), 
a Chancery suit "never ending, still be- 
ginning," which had dragged its slow 
length along over so many years that it 
had blighted the prospects and ruined 
the health of all persons interested in its 
settlement. — C. Dickens, Bleak Mouse 
(1853). 

Jarn'dyce {Mr.), client in the great 
Chancery suit of " Jarndyce v. Jarndyce," 
and guardian of Esther Summerson. He 
concealed the tenderest heart under a 
flimsy churlishness of demeanour, and 
could never endure to be thanked for 
any of his numberless acts of kindness 
and charity. If anything went wrong 
with him, or his heart was moved to 
melting, he would say, "I am sure the 



JASPER PACKLEMERTON. 

wind is in the east." — C. Dickens, Bleak 
House (1853). 

Jarvie (Bailie Nicol), a magistrate 
at Glasgow, and kinsman of Rob Roy. 
He is petulant, conceited, purse-proud, 
without tact, and intensely prejudiced, 
but kind-hearted and sincere. Jarvie 
marries his maid. The novel of Rob Boy 
has been dramatized by J. Pocock, and 
Charles Mackay was the first to appear 
in the character of " Bailie Nicol Jarvie." 
Talfourd says (1829) : " Other actors are 
sophisticate, but Mackay is the thing 
itself."— Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy (time, 
George I.). 

The character of Bailie Nicol Jarvie is one of the 
author's happiest conceptions, and the idea of carrying 
him to the wild rugged mountains, among outlaws and 
desperadoes — at the same time that he retained a keen 
relish of the comforts of the Saltmarket of Glasgow, and 
a due sense of his dignity as a magistrate — complete the 
ludicrous effect of the picture. — Chambers, English 
Literature, ii. 587. 

«Tarvis, a faithful old servant, who 
tries to save his master, Beverley, from 
his fatal passion of gambling. — Edward 
Moore, The Gamester (1753). 

Jaspar was poor, heartless, and 
wicked ; he lived by highway robbery, 
and robbery led to murder. One day, he 
induced a poor neighbour to wajday his 
landlord ; but the neighbour relented, 
and said, " Thougludark the night, there 
is One above who sees in darkness." 
" Never fear ! " said Jaspar ; "for no eye 
above or below can pierce this darkness." 
As he spoke, an unnatural light gleamed 
on him, and he became a confirmed 
maniac. — R. Southey, Jaspar (a ballad). 

Jasper (Old), a ploughman at Glen- 
dearg Tower.— Sir W. Scott, The Mo- 
nastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Jasper (Sir), father of Charlotte. He 
wants her to marry a Mr. Dapper ; but. 
she loves Leander, and, to avoid a mar- 
riage she dislikes, pretends to be dumb. 
A mock doctor is called in, who discovers 
the facts of the case, and employs Leander 
as his apothecary. Leander soon cures 
the lady with "pills matrimoniac." In 
Moliere's Le Me'decin Matgre' Bui (from 
which this play is taken), sir Jasper is 
called "Ge'ronte" (2 syl.).— H. Fiolding, 
The Mock Doctor. 

Jasper Paeklemerton, of atro- 
cious memory, one of the chief figures in 
Mrs. Jarley's wax-work exhibition. 

" Jasper courted and married fourteen wives, and de- 
stroyed them all by tickling the soles of their feet when 
they were asleep. On being brought to the scaffold and 
asked if he was sorry for what he had done, he repliixi he 
was only sorry for having let them off so easy. Let this," 
said Mrs. Jarley, " be a warning to all young ladies to bo 



JAUP. 



489 



JEDBURGH JUSTICE. 



particular in the character of the gentleman of their 
choice. Observe, his Angers arc curled ui ir In the act 

of tickling, ami there i- a wink in his eyes." — <J. Dickens, 
Tlte Old CuriusUy Shop, xxviii. 11840). 

Jaup (Alison), an old woman at 
Middleman village.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Jaup (Saunders), a farmer at Old St. 
Rouan's. — Sir W. Scott, St. Hunan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Javan lost his father on the day of his 
birth, and was brought up in the " patri- 
arch's glen" by his mother, till she also 
died. He then sojourned for ten years 
with the race of Cain, and became the 
disciple of Jubal the great musician. 
lie then returned to the glen, and fell in 
love with Zillah ; but the glen being 
invaded by giants, Zillah and Javan, 
with many others, were taken captives. 
Enoch reproved the giants ; and, as he 
ascended up to heaven, his mantle fell 
on Javan, who released the captives, and 
conducted them back to the glen. The 
giants were panic-struck by a tempest, 
and their king was killed by some un- 
known hand. — James Montgomery, The 
World before the Flood (1812). 

Ja'van's Issue, the Ionians and 
Greeks generally (Gen. x. '2). Milton 
uses the expression in Paradise Lost, i. 
608. 

%* In Isaiah lxvi. 19, and in Ezek. 
xxvii. 13, the word is used for Greeks 
collectively. 

J avert, an officer of police, the im- 
personation of inexorable law. — Victor 
Hugo, Les Miserables. 

Ja'zer, a city of Gad, personified by 
Isaiah. " Moab shall howl for Moab, 
every one shall howl. ... I will be- 
wail, with the weeping of Jazer, the vine 
of Sibmah ; I will water thee with my 
tears, lleshbon." — Isaiah xvi. 7-9. 

It did not content the congregation to weep all of 
tfaem ; but they howled with a loud voice, weeping with 
the weeping of Jazer.— A" irkton. 150. 

Jealous Traffick (Sir), a rich mer- 
chant, who fancies everything Spanish is 
better than English, and intends his 
daughter Isabinda to marry don Diego 
Barbinetto, who. is expected to arrive 
forthwith. Isabinda is in love with 
Charles [Gripe], who dresses in a Spanish 
costume, passes himself off as don Diego 
Barbinetto, and is married to Isabinda. 
Sir Jealous is irritable, headstrong, pre- 
judiced, and wise in his own conceit. — 
Mrs. Centlivre. The Busy Budy (1709). 

Jealous Wife (The), a comedy by 



George Colman (1701). Harriot Russet 
marries Mr. Oakly, and becomes "the 
jealous wife;" but is ultimately cured 
by the interposition of major Oakly, her 
brother-in-law. 

%* This comedy is founded on Field- 
ing's Turn Junes. 

Jeames de la Pluche, a flunky. 
Jeames means the same thing. — Thacke- 
ray, Jeairass Diary (1849). 

Jean des Vig-nes, a French expres- 
sion for a drunken blockhead, a good- 
for-nothing. The name Jean is often 
used in France as synonymous with 
clown or fool, and etre dan* It* viguee is 
a popular euphuism meaning " to be 
drunk." A more fanciful explanation of 
the term refers its origin to the battle of 
Poictiers, fought by king John among 
the vines. U» mariage de Jean dee Vignea 
means an illicit marriage, or, in the Eng- 
lish equivalent, " a hedge marriage." 

Jean Folle Farine, a merry An- 
drew, a poor fool, a Tom Noodle. So 
called because he comes on the stage like 
a great loutish boy, dressed all in white, 
with his face, hair, and hands thickly 
covered with flour. Scaramouch is a 
sort of Jean Folle Farine. 

Ouida has a novel called Fulle Farine, 
but she uses the phrase in quite another 
sense. 

Jean Jacques. So J. J. Rousseau 
is often called (1712-1778). 

That is almost the only maxim of Jean Jacques to 
which 1 can . . . subscribe. — Lord Lyttou. 

Jean Paul. J. P. Friedrich Richter 
is generally so called (1763-1825). 

Jeanne of Alsace, a giil ruined by 
Dubosc the highwayman. She gives him 
up to justice, in order to do a good turn 
to Julie Lesurques (2 syl.), who had be- 
friended her. — E. Stirling, The Courier 
of Lyons (1852). 

Jedburgh, Jeddart, or Jedwood 
Justice, hang first and try afterwards. 
The custom rose from the summary way 
of dealing with border marauders. 

* + * Jeddart and Jedwood are merely 
corruptions of Jedburgh. 

Cupar Justice is the same thing. 

Abingdon Laic, the same as " Jedburgh 
Justice." In the Commonwealth, major- 
general Brown, of Abingdon, first hanged 
his prisoners and then tried them. 

Lynch Law, mob law. So called from 
James Lynch of Piedmont, in Virginia. 



JEDDLER. 



490 



JENKIN. 



It is a summary way of dealing with ma- 
rauders, etc. Called in Scotland, Burlaw 
or Byrlaw. 

Jeddler {Dr.), "a great philosopher." 
The heart and mystery of his philosophy 
was to look upon the world as a gigantic 
practical joke ; something too ahsurd to 
be considered seriously by any rational 
man. A kind and generous man by nature 
was Dr. Jeddler, and though he had taught 
himself the art of turning good to dross 
and sunshine into shade, he had not 
taught himself to forget his warm bene- 
volence and active love. He wore a 
pigtail, and had a streaked face like 
a winter pippin, with here and there a 
dimple "to express the peckings of the 
birds ; " but the pippin was a tempting 
apple, a rosy, healthy apple after all. 

Grace and Marion Jeddler, daughters of 
the doctor, beautiful, graceful, and affec- 
tionate. They both fell in love with 
Alfred Heathfield ; but Alfred loved the 
younger daughter. Marion, knowing 
the love of Grace, left her home clandes- 
tinely one Christmas Day, and all sup- 
posed she had eloped with Michael 
Warden. In due time, Alfred married 
Grace, and then Marion made it known 
to her sister that she had given up Alfred 
out of love to her, and had been living 
in concealment with her aunt Martha. 
Report says she subsequently married 
Michael Warden, and became the pride 
and honour of his country mansion. — C. 
Dickens, The Battle of Life (1846). 

Jed'ida and Benjamin, two of 
the children that Jesus took into His arms 
and blessed. 

"Well I remember," said Benjamin, "when we were 
on earth, with what loving fondness He folded us in His 
arms; how tenderly He pressed us to His heart. A tear 
was on His cheek, and I kissed it away. I see it still, and 
shall ever see it." "And I, too," answered Jedida, "re- 
member when His arms were clasped around me, how 
He said to our mothers, ' Unless ye become as little 
children, ye cannot enter the kingdom of heaven.'" — 
Klopstock, The Messiah, i. (1748). 

Jehoi'achim, the servant of Joshua 
Geddes the quaker. — Sir W. Scott, Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Je'hu, a coachman, one who drives at 
a rattling pace. 

The driving is like the driving of Jehu the son of 
Niinshi ; for he driveth furiously. — 2 Kings ix. CO. 

Jehu ( Companions of) . The " Chouans " 
were so called, from a fanciful analogy 
between their self-imposed task and that 
appointed to Jehu on his being set over 
the kingdom of Israel. As Jehu was to 
cut off Ahab and Jezebel, with all their 
house: so the Chouans were to cut off 



Louis XVI., Marie Antoinette, and all the 
Bourbons. 

Jel'licot {Old Goody), servant at the 
under-keeper's hut, Woodstock Forest. — 
Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth) . 

Jel'lyby (Mrs.), a sham philan- 
thropist, who spends her time, money, 
and energy on foreign missions, to the 
neglect of her family and home dirties. 
Untidy in dress, living in a perfect litter, 
she has a habit of looking "a long way 
off," as if she could see nothing nearer to 
her than Africa. Mrs. Jellyby is quite 
overwhelmed with business correspon- 
dence relative to the affairs of Borrioboola 
Gha. — C. Dickens, Bleak House, iv. 
(1852). 

Jemlikha, the favourite Greek slave 
of Dakianos of Ephesus. Nature had 
endowed him with every charm, " his 
words were sweeter than the honey of 
Arabia, and his wit sparkled like a dia- 
mond." One day, Dakianos was greatly 
annoyed by a fly, which persisted in tor- 
menting the king, whereupon Jemlikha 
said to himself, "If Dakianos cannot rule 
a fly, how can he be the creator of heaven 
and earth V " This doubt he communicated 
to his fellow-slaves, and they all resolved 
to quit Ephesus-, and seek some power 
superior to that of the arrogator of divine 
honours. — Comte Caylus, Oriental Tales 
("Dakianos and the Seven Sleepers," 
1743). 

Jemmie Duffs, weepers. (See Jamie 
Duffs.) 

Jemmies, sheeps' heads, and also a 
house-breaker's instrument. 

Mr. Sikes made many pleasant witticisms on " jemmies," 
a cant name for sheeps' heads, and also for an ingenious 
implement much used in his profession. — C. Dickens, 
Oliver Twist (1837). 

Jemmy. This name, found on en- 
gravings of the eighteenth century, means 
James Worsdale (died 1767). 

Jemmy Twitcher, a cunning and 
treacherous highwayman. — Gay, The Beg- 
gar's Opera (1727). 

*** Lord Sandwich, member of the 
Kit-Kat Club, was called "Jemmy 
Twitcher" (1765). 

Jenkin, the servant of George-a- 
Green. He says a fellow ordered him to 
hold his horse, and see that it took no 
cold. " No, no," quoth Jenkin, " I'll lay 
my cloak under him." He did so, but 
"mark you," he adds, " T cut four holes in 
my cloak first, and made his horse stand 



JENKIN. 



on the bare ground." — Robert Greene, 
Geonje-a-Grcen, the Pinner of Wakefield 
(1584). 

Jenkin, one of the retainers of Julian 
Avenel (2 syl.) of Avenel Castle. — Sir | 
W. Scott, Tlie Monastery (time, Eliza- 
both). 

Jenkin3 (Mrs. Winifred), Miss 
Tabitha Bramble's maid, noted for her 
bad spelling, misapplication of words, 
and ludicrous misnomers. Mrs. Winifred 
Jenkins is the original of Mrs. Malaprop. 
— Smollett, The Expedition of Humphry 
Clinker (1771). 

Jenkins, a vulgar lick-spittle of the 
aristocracy, who retails their praises and 
witticisms, records their movements and 
deeds, gives flaming accounts of their 
dresses and parties, either viva voce or in 
newspaper paragraphs : " Lord and lady 
Dash attended divine service last Sunday, 
and were very attentive to the sermon" 
(wonderful !). " Lord and lady Dash took 
a drive or walk last Monday in their 
magnificent park of Snobdoodleham. 
Lady Dash wore a mantle of rich silk, 
a bonnet with ostrich feathers, and shoes 
with rosettes." The name is said to 
have been first given by Punch to a 
writer in the Morning Post. 

Jenkinson (Ephraim), a green old 
swindler, whom Dr. Primrose met in a 
public tavern. Imposed on by his vener- 
able appearance, apparent devoutness, 
learned talk about " cosmogony," and 
still more so by his flattery of the doctor's 
work on the subject of monogamy, Dr. 
Primrose sold the swindler his horse, 
Old Blackberry, for a draft upon Farmer 
Flamborough. When the draft was pre- 
sented for payment, the farmer told the 
vicar that Ephraim Jenkinson " was the 
greatest rascal under heaven," and that 
he was the very rogue who had sold 
Moses Primrose the spectacles. Subse- 
quently the vicar found him in the county 
jail, where he showed the vicar great kind- 
ness, did him valuable service, became a 
reformed character, and probably married 
one of the daughters of Farmer Flam- 
borough. — Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield 
(1765). 

For our own part, we must admit that we have never 
been able to treat with due gravity any allusion to the 
learned speculations of Man'etho, Bero'sius, or Sanchoni'- 
athon. from their indissoluble connection in our mind 
with the finished cosmogony of Jenkinson. — Encyc. Brit., 
Art. "Romance." 

J ennie, housekeeper to the old laird 
of Dumbiedikes. — Sir \V. Scott, Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 



491 JEPHTHAH'S DAUGHTER. 

Jenny [Diver], Captain Macheath 
says, "What, my pretty Jenny ! as prim 
and demure as ever? There's not a prude, 
though ever so high bred, hath a more 
sanctified look, with a more mischievous 
heart." She pretends to love Macheath, 
but craftily secures one of his pistols, that 
his other " pals " may the more easily be- 
tray him into the hands of the constables 
(act ii. 1). — 'J. Gay, The Beggar's Opera 
(1727). 

Jenny l'Ouvriere, the type of a 
hard-working Parisian needlewoman. 
She is contented with a few window- 
flowers which she terms "her garden," a 
caged bird which she calls "her songster;" 
and when she gives the fragments of her 
food to some one poorer than herself, sha 
calls it "her delight." 

Entendez-vous un oiseau familier? 
C"est le chanteur de Jenny l'Ouvriere. 

Au coeur content, content de ]>eu 
Elle i>oui-rait etre liche, et prune 

Ce qui vieiit de Dieu. 

Emile Earateau (1S47). 

Jeph'thah's Daughter. When 

Jephthah went forth against the Am- 
monites, he vowed that if he returned 
victorious he would sacrifice, as a burnt 
offering, whatever first met him on his 
entrance into his native city. He gained 
a splendid victory, and at the news 
thereof his only daughter came forth 
dancing to give him welcome. The 
miserable father rent his clothes in agony, 
but the noble-spirited maiden would not 
hear of his violating the vow. She 
demanded a short respite, to bewail upon 
the mountains her blighted hope of be- 
coming a mother, and then submitted to 
her fate. — Judges xi. 

An almost identical tale is told of 
Idom'eneus king of Crete. On his return 
from the Trojan war, he made a vow in a 
tempest that, if he escaped, he would offer 
to Neptune the first living creature that 
presented itself to his eye on the Cretan 
shore. His own son was there to welcome 
him home, and Idomeneus offered him up 
a sacrifice to the sea-god, according to his 
vow. Fe'nelon has introduced this legend 
in his Tele'niaque, v. 

Agamemnon vowed to Diana, if he 
might be blessed with a child, that he would 
sacrifice to her the dearest of all his pos- 
sessions. Iphigenia, his infant daughter, 
was, of course, his "dearest possession ;' 
but he refused to sacrifice her, and thus 
incurred the wrath of the goddess, which 
resulted in the detention of the Trojan 
fleet at Aidis. Iphigenia being offered in 
sacrifice, the offended deity was satisfied, 



JEPSON. 



and interposed at the critical moment, by j 
carrying the princess to Tauris and sub- 
stituting a stag in her stead. 

The latter part of this tale cannot fail 
to call to mind the offering of Abraham. 
As he was about to take the life of Isaac, 
Jehovah interposed, and a ram was sub- 
stituted for the human victim. — (ztfft.xxii. 

[Be] not bent as Jephthah once, 
Blindly to execute a rash resolve ; 
Whom better it had suited to exclaim, 
" I have done ill ! " than to redeem his pledge 
By doing worse. Not unlike to him 
In folly that great leader of the Greeks— 
Whence, on the altar Iphigenia mourned 
Her virgin beauty. 

Dante, Paradise, v. (1311). 

%* Iphigenia, in Greek iQiyeveta, is 
accented incorrectly in this translation bv 
Cary. 

*** Jephthah's daughter has often been 
dramatized. Thus we have in English 
Jephtha his Daughter, by Plessie Morney ; 
Jephtha (1546), by Christopherson ; 
Jephtha, by Buchanan ; and Jephthah (an 
opera, 1752), by Handel. 

Jepson (Old), a smuggler. — Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Jeremi'ah {The British), Gildas, 
author of De Exidio Britannia, a book of 
lamentations over the destruction of 
Britain. He is so called by Gibbon (516- 
570). 

Jer'eniy (Master), head domestic of 
lord Saville. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Jeremy Diddler, an adept at rais- 
ing money on false pretences. — Kenney, 
liaising the Wind, 

Jericho, the manor of Blackmore, 
near Chelmsford. Here Henry VIII. had 
one of his houses of pleasure, and when 
he was absent on some affair of gallantry, 
the expression in vogue was, "He's gone 
to Jericho." 

Jerningham (Master Tliomas), the 
duke of Buckingham's gentleman. — Sir 
W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Jerome (Don), father of don Fer- 
dinand and Louisa ; pig-headed, pas- 
sionate, and mercenary, but very fond of 
his daughter. He insists on her marrying 
Isaac Mendoza, a rich Portuguese Jew ; 
but Louisa, being in love with don An- 
tonio, positively refuses to do so. She is 
turned out of the house by mistake, and 
her duenna is locked up, under the belief 
tnat she is Louisa. Isaac, being intro- 
duced to the duenna, elopes with her, sup- 



492 JERUSALEM DELIVERED. 

posing her to be don Jerome's daughter ; 
and Louisa, taking refuge in a convent, 
gets married to don Antonio. Ferdinand, 
at the same time, marries Clara the 
daughter of don Guzman. The old man 
is well content, and promises to be the 
friend of his children, who, he acknow- 
ledges, have chosen better for themselves 
than he had done for them. — Sheridan, 
The Duenna (1775). 

Jerome (Father), abbot at St. Bride's 
Convent. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous 
(time, Henry I.). 

Jeron'imo, the principal character in 
Tlie Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd 
(1597). On finding his application to the 
king ill-timed, he says to himself, "Go 
by ! Jeronimo ; " which so tickled the 
fancy of the audience that it became a 
common street jest. 

Jerry, manager of a troupe of dancing 
dogs. He was a tall, black-whiskered 
man, in a velveteen coat. — C. Dickens, 
The Old Curiosity Shop, xviii. (1840). 

Jerry Sneak, a hen-pecked husband. 
— Foote, Mayor of Garrat (1763). 

Jerrymandering, so dividing a 
state or local district as to give one part 
of it a political advantage over the other. 
The word is a corruption of " Gerryman- 
dering ; " so called from Elbridge Gerry, 
governor of Massachusetts, member of 
congress from 1776 to 1784, and vice- 
president of the United States in 1812. 
Elbridge Gerry died in 1814. 

Jeru'salem, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, means London ; " David " is 
Charles II., and "Absalom" the duke of 
Monmouth, etc. 

Jerusalem. Henry IV. was told "he 
should not die but in Jerusalem." Being 
in Westminster Abbey, he inquired what 
the chapter-house was called, and when 
he was told it was called the "Jerusalem 
Chamber," he felt sure that he would die 
there " according to the prophecy," and 
so he did. 

Pope Sylvester II. was told the same 
thing, and died as he was saying mass in 
a church so called at Rome. — Brown, 
Fasciculus. 

Cambyses, son of Cyrus, was told that 
he should die in Ecbat'ana, which he sup- 
posed meant the capital of Media ; but he 
died of his wouuds in a place so called in 
Syria. 

Jerusalem Delivered, an epic 



JERVIS. 



493 



JEW. 



poem in twenty books, by Torquato Tasso 
(1575). 

The crusaders, having encamped on the 
plains of Torto'sa, choose Godfrey for 
their chief. The overtures of Argantes 
being declined, war is declared by him in 
the name of the king of Egypt. The 
Christian army reaches Jerusalem, but it 
is found that the city cannot be taken 
without the aid of Rinaldo, who had with- 
drawn from the army because Godfrey 
had cited him for the death of Girnando, 
whom he had slain in a duel. Godfrey 
sends to the enchanted island of Armi'da 
to invite the hero back, and on his return 
Jerusalem is assailed in a night attack. 
The poem concludes with the triumphant 
entry of the Christians into the Holy 
City, and their adoration at the Redeemer's 
tomb. 

The two chief episodes are the loves of 
Olindo and Sophronia, and of Tancred 
and Corinda. 

Jervis (Mrs.), the virtuous house- 
keeper of young squire B. Mrs. Jervis 
protects Pam'ela when her young master 
assails her. — Richardson, Pamela or 
Virtue Rewarded (1740). 

Jessamy, the son of colonel Oldboy. 
He changed his name in compliment to 
lord Jessamy, who adopted him and left 
him his heir. Jessamy is an affected, 
conceited prig, who dresses as a fop, 
carries a mult to keep his hands warm, 
and likes old china better than a pretty 
girl. This popinjay proposes to Clarissa 
Flowerdale ; but she despises him, much 
to his indignation and astonishment. — 
Bickerstaff, Lionel and Clarissa (1735- 
1790). 

He's a coxcomb, a fop, a dainty milksop, 
Who essenced and dizened from bottom to top, 
And looked iike a doll from a milliner's shop . . . 
He shrugs and takes snuff, and carries a muff, 
A luiiiickin, finicking, French powdered putf. 

Act i. 1. 

Jessamy Bride (The), Mary Hor- 
neck, with whom Goldsmith fell in love 
in 17G9. 

Jes'sica, daughter of Shylock the 
Jew. She elopes with Lorenzo. — Shake- 
speare, Merchant of Venice (1597). 

Jessica cannot be called a sketch, or, if a sketch, she is 
dashed off in glowing colours from the rainbow palette of 
a Kubcns. She has a rich tint of Orientalism shed over 
her. — Mrs. Jameson. 

Jesters. (See Fools.) 

Jests (The Father of), Joseph or Joe 
Miller, an English comic actor, whose 
name has become a household word for a 
stale joke, (1684-1738). The book of 



jests which goes by his name was com- 
piled by Mr. Mottley the dramatist 
(1739). Joe Miller himself never uttered 
a jest in his life, and it is a lucus a non 
lucendo to father thorn on such a taciturn, 
commonplace dullard. 
Jesus Christ and the Clay 

Bird. The Koran says : " O Jesus, mm 
of Mary, remember . . . when thou didst 
create of clay the figure of a bird . . , 
and did breathe thereon, and it became a 
bird ! " — Ch. v. 

The allusion is to a legend that Jesus wag 
playing with other children who amused 
themselves with making clay birds, but 
when the child Jesus breathed on the one 
He had made, it instantly received life 
and rlew away. — Hone, Apocryphal New 
Testament (1820). 

Jew (The), a comedy by R. Cumber- 
land (1776), written to disabuse the 
public mind of unjust prejudices against 
a people who have been long " scattered 
and peeled." The Jew is Sheva, who 
was rescued at Cadiz from an auto da fe 
by don Carlos, and from a howling Lon- 
don mob by the son of don Carlos, called 
Charles Rateliffe. His whole life is spent 
in unostentatious benevolence, but his 
modesty is equal to his philanthropy. 
He gives £10,000 as a marriage portion 
to Ratcli tie's sister, who marries Fre- 
derick Bertram, and he makes Charles tha 
heir of all his property. 

Jew (The). 

This is the Jew 

That Shakespeare drew. 

This couplet was written by Pope, and 
refers to the "Shylock" of Charles 
Macklin (1690-1797). 

Jew (The Wandering). 

1. Of Greek tradition. Aris'teas, a 
poet, who continued to appear and dis- 
appear alternately for above 400 years, 
and w r ho visited all the mythical nations 
of the earth. 

2. Of Jewish story. Tradition says 
that Cartaf-h'ilos, the door-keeper "of 
the judgment hall in the service of Pon- 
tius Pilate, struck our Lord as he. led Him 
forth, saying, "Get on ! Faster, Jesus! " 
Whereupon the Man of Sorrows replied, 
" I am going ; but tarry thou till I come 
[again].''' This man afterwards became 
a Christian, and was baptized by Ananias 
under the name of Joseph. Every hun- 
dred years he falls into a trance, out of 
which be rises again at the age of 30. 

*** The earliest account of the Wan- 
i dering Jew is in the Book of the Chronicle* 



JEW. 



494 



JINGO. 



of the Abbey of St. Alban's, copied and 
continued by Matthew Paris (1228). In 
1242 Philip Mouskes, afterwards bishop 
of Tournay, wrote the "rhymed 
chronicle." 

Another legend is that Jesus, pressed 
down by the weight of His cross, stopped 
to rest at the door of a cobbler, named 
Ahasue'rus, who pushed Him away, 
saying, " Get off ! Away with you ! 
away!" Our Lord replied, "Truly, I 
go away, and that quickly; but tarry 
thou till I come." 

*** This is the legend given by Paul 
von Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig, in 1547. 
— Greve, Memoirs of Paul von Eitzen 
(1744). 

A third legend says that it was the 
cobbler Ahasue'rus who haled Jesus to 
the judgment seat ; and that as the Man 
of Sorrows stayed to rest awhile on a 
stone, he pushed Him, saying, " Get on, 
Jesus ! Here you shall not stay ! " Jesus 
replied, " I truly go away, and go to 
rest ; but thou shalt go away and never 
rest till I come." 

3. In German legend, the Wandering 
Jew is associated with John Buttaixasus, 
seen at Antwerp in the thirteenth cen- 
tury, again in the fifteenth, and again in 
the sixteenth centuries. His last ap- 
pearance was in 1774, at Brussels. 

*** Leonard Doldius, of Nurnberg, in 
his Praxis Alchymice (1604), says that 
the Jew Ahasue'rus is sometimes called 
" Buttadaeus." 

Signor Gualdi, who had been dead 130 
years, appeared in the latter half of the 
eighteenth century, and had his likeness 
taken by Titian. One day he disap- 
peared as mysteriously as he had come. — 
Turkish Spy, ii. (1G82). 

4. The French legend. The French call 
the Wandering Jew Isaac Lakk'dion or 
Laquedem. — Mitternacht, Dissertatio in 
Johan., xxi. 19. 

5. Of Dr. Croly 1 s novel. The name 
given to the Wandering Jew by Dr. 
Croly is Salathiel ben Sam, who ap- 
peared and disappeared towards the close 
of the sixteenth century at Venice, in so 
sudden a manner as to attract the atten- 
tion of all Europe. 

* + * Dr. Croly, in his novel called 
Salathiel (1827), traces the course of the 
Wandering Jew ; so does Eugene Sue, in 
Le Juif Errant (1845) ; but in these novels 
the Jew makes no figure of importance. 

G. Dord, in 1861, illustrated the legend 
of the Wandering Jew in folio wood 
engravings. 



6. It is said in legend that Gipsies are 
doomed to be everlasting wanderers, be- 
cause they refused the Virgin and Child 
hospitality in their flight into Egypt. — 
Aventinus, Annalium Boiorum, libri septem, 
vii. (1554). 

The legend of the Wild Huntsman, 
called by Shakespeare " Herne the 
Hunter," "and by Father Matthieu " St. 
Hubert," is said to be a Jew who would 
not suffer Jesus to drink from a horse- 
trough, but pointed out to Him some 
water in a hoof-print, and bade Him go 
there and drink. — Kuhn von Schwarz, 
Nordd. Sagen, 499. 

Jews (The), in Dry den's Absalom and 
Achitophel, means those English who 
were loval to Charles II. called "David" 
in the satire (1681-2). 

Jewkes (Mrs.), a detestable character 
in Richardson's Pamela (1740). 

Jez'ebel (A Painted), a flaunting 
woman, of brazen face but loose morals. 
So called from Jezebel, the wife of Ahab 
king of Israel. 

Jim, the boy of Reginald Lowestoffe 
the young Templar. — Sir W. Scott, For- 
tunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Jim Crow, the name of a popular 
comic nigger song, brought out in 1836 at 
the Adelphi Theatre, and popularized by 
T. D. Rice. The burden of the song is : 

Wheel about, and turn about, and do just so ; 
And every time you wheel about, jump Jim Grew. 

Jin Vin, i.e. Jenkin Vincent, one of 
Ramsay's apprentices, in love with Mar- 
garet Ramsay. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Jin'gle (Alfred), a strolling actor, 
who, by his powers of amusing and sharp- 
wittedness, imposes for a time on tho 
members of the Pickwick Club, and is 
admitted to their intimacy ; but being 
found to be an impostor, he is dropped by 
them. The generosity of Mr. Pickwick 
in rescuing Jingle from the Fleet, re- 
claims him, and he quits England. Alfred 
Jingle talks most rapidly and flippantly, 
but not without much native shrewdness ; 
and he knows a "hawk from a hand- 
saw. " — C Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
(1836). 

Jingo, a corruption of Jainko, the 
Basque Supreme Being. "By Jingo!" 
or " By the living Jingo !" is an appeal 
to deity. Edward I. had Basque moun- 
taineers conveyed to England to take 



JINGOES. 



495 



JOB LING. 



part in his Welsh wars, and the Plan- 
tagenets held the Basque provinces in 
possession. Tim Basque oath is a land- 
mark of these facts. 

Jingoes (The), the anti-Russians in 
the war between Russia and Turkey ; 
hence the English war party. The term 
arose (1H7S) from a popular music-hall 
song, beginning thus : 

We don't want to fight ; but by Jingo if we do. 
We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the 
money too. 

(This song has also furnished the 
words jingoism (bragging war spirit, 
Bobadilism) and the adjective jingo.) 

Jiniwin (Mrs.), a widow, the mother 
of Mrs. Quilp. A shrewd, ill-tempered 
old woman, who lived with her son-in- 
law in Tower Street. — C. Dickens, The 
Old Curiosity Shop (1840). 

Jinker (Lieutenant Jamie), horse- 
dealer at Doune. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Jinn, plu. of Jinnee, a sort of fairy 
in Arabian mythology, the off spring of 
fire. The jinn propagate their species like 
human beings, and are governed by kings 
called suleymans. Their chief abode is 
the mountain Kaf, and they appear to 
men under the forms of serpents, dogs, 
cats, etc., which become invisible at 
pleasure. Evil jinn are hideously ugly, 
but good jinn are exquisitely beautiful. 

%* Jinnistan means the country of 
the jinn. The connection of Solomon 
with the jinn is a mere blunder, arising 
from the similarity of suleyman and 
Solomon. 

J. J., in Hogarth's "Gin Line," 
written on a gibbet, is sir Joseph Jekyll, 
obnoxious for his bill for increasing the 
duty on gin. 

%■* Jean Jacques [Rousseau] was 
often referred to by these initials in the 
eighteenth century. 

Jo, a poor little outcast, living in one 
of the back slums of London, called 
" Tom All-alone's." The little human 
waif is hounded about from place to place, 
till he dies of want. — C. Dickens, Bleak 
House (1853). 

Joan. Cromwell's wife was always 
called Joan by the cavaliers, although 
her real name was Elizabeth. 

Joan, princess of France, affianced to 
the dukj; of Orleans.— Sir W. Scott, 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 



Joan of Arc, sumamed La Pucelle, 
born in a village upon the marches of 
Barre, called Domremy, near Vaucouleurs. 
Her father was James of Arc, and her 
mother Isabel, poor country-folk, who 
brought up their child to keep their 
cattle. Joan professed to be inspired to 
liberate France from the English, and 
actually raised tho siege of Orleans, after 
which Charles 11. was crowned (1102- 
1431). 

A young wench of an eighteene years old ; of favour*vas 
she counted Ukesome, <>f person rtroiiglle nude andmanlle, 

of courage great, liardie and stout withall . . . she had 
great semblance of chastitie both of body and behaviour. 
— Holinshed, chronicles, two (1577). 

. . . there was no bloom of youth 
Upon her cheek ; yet had the lovelie-st hues 
Of health, with lesser fascination, fixed 
The gazer's eve ; for wan the maiden was. 
Of saintly paleness, and there seemed to dwell, 
In the strong beauties of her countenance, 
Something that was not earthly. 

Southey, Joan of Art (1795). 

* + * Schiller has a tragedy on the sub- 
ject, Jungfrau con Or/cans (181)1) ; Soumet 
another, Jeanne d Arc (1825). Besides 
Southey's epic, we have one by Francais 
Czaneaux ; another by Chapelain, called 
La Pucelle (1(356), on which he laboured 
for thirty years. Cassimir Delavigne 
has an admirable elegy on 'The Maid 
(1816), and Voltaire a burlesque. 

Joanna, the "deserted daughter" of 
Mr. Mordent. Her father abandoned her 
in order to marry lady Anne, and his 
money-broker placed her under the 
charge of Mrs. Enfield, who kept a house 
of intrigue. Cheveril fell in love with 
Joanna, and described her as having 
" blue eyes, auburn hair, aquiline nose, 
ivory teeth, carnation lips, a ravishing 
mouth, enchanting neck, a form divine, 
and the face of an angel." — Holcroft, The 
Deserted Daughter (altered into The 
Steward). 

Job and Elspat, father and mother 
of sergeant Houghton. — Sir W. Scott, 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Job's Wife. Some call her Rahmat, 
daughter of Ephraim son of Joseph ; and 
others call her Makhir, daughter of Ma- 
nasses. — Sale, Koran, xxi. note. 

Joblillies (The), the small gentry 
of a village, the squire being the Grand 
Panjandrum. 

There were present the Picninnies, and the JoblilUes, 
and the Garyulies, and the Grand Panjandrum himseif. — 
S. Foote, The Quarterly Review, xcv. 516-7. 

Jobling, medical officer to the ' ' Anglo- 
Bengalee Company." Mr. Jobling was a 
portentous and most carefully dressed 



JOBSON. 



496 



JOHN. 



gentleman, fond of a good dinner, and 
said by all to be "full of anecdote." He 
■was far too shrewd to be concerned with 
the Anglo-Bengalee bubble com pan y, 
except as a paid functionary. — C. 
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Jobson (Joseph), clerk to squire 
Inglewood the magistrate. — Sir W. 
Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Jobson (Zekel), a very masterful cobbler, 
who ruled his wife with a rod of iron. 

Neil Jobson, wife of Zekel, a patient, 
meek, sweet- tern pered woman. — C. Coffey , 
The Devil to Pay (died 1745). 

Jock o' Dawston Cleugh, the 

quarrelsome neighbour of Dandie Din- 
mont, of Charlie's Hope. 

Jock Jabos, postilion to Mrs. M'Cand- 
lish the landlady of the Golden Arms 
inn, Kippletringan. 

Slourujing Jock, one of the men of 
M'Guffog the jailer.— Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Jock o* Hazeldean, the young 
man beloved by a " ladyefair." The lady's 
father wanted her to marry Frank, " the 
chief of Errington and laird of Lang- 
ley Dale," rich, brave, and gallant ; but 
"aye she let the tears down fa' for 
Jock of Hazeldean." At length the wed- 
ding morn arrived, the kirk was gaily 
decked, the priest and bridegroom, with 
dame and knight were duly assembled ; 
but no bride could be seen : she had crossed 
the border and given her hand to Jock of 
Hazeldean. 

This ballad, by sir W. Scott, is a 
modernized version of an ancient ballad 
entitled Jock o' Hazelyreen. 

Jockey of Norfolk, sir John 
Howard, a firm adherent of Richard III. 
On the night before the battle of Bos- 
worth Field, he found in his tent this 
warning couplet : 

Jockey of Norfolk, be not too bold, 

For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold. 

Jcdelet, valet of Du Croisy. In 
order to reform two silly girls, whose 
heads have been turned by novels, Du 
Croisy and his friend La Grange get their 
lackeys introduced to them, as the "vis- 
count of Jodelet " and the " marquis of 
Mascaville." The girls are delighted with 
their " aristocratic visitors ; " but when 
the game has gone far enough, the 
masters step in and unmask the trick. 
The two girls are taught a most useful 
Lesson, but are saved from serious ill 



consequences. — Moliere, Les Precieuscs 

Ridicules (1059). 

Joe, "the fat boy," page in the 
family of Mr. Wardle. He has an un- 
limited capacity for eating and sleeping. 
—C.Dickens, Tlie Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Joe Gargery, a smith. He was a fair 
man, with curls of flaxen hair on each 
side of his smooth face, and with eyes of 
"such very undecided blue, that they 
seemed to have got mixed with their own 
whites. He was a mild, good-natured, 
sweet-tempered, easy-going, foolish, dear 
fellow. A Hercules in strength, and in 
weakness also." He lived in terror of his 
wife; but loved Pip, whom he brought 
up. His great word was " meantersay." 
Thus: " What I meantersay, if you come 
a-badgering me, come out. Which I 
meantersay as sech, if you're a man, come 
on. Which I meantersay that what I say I 
meantersay and stand to it" (ch. xviii.). 
His first wife was a shrew ; but soon 
after her death he married Biddy, a young 
woman wholly suited to him. 

Mrs. Joe Gargery, the smith's first wife ; 
a "rampageous woman," abv^ys " on. 
the ram-page." By no means good-look- 
ing was Mrs. Joe, with her black bair, 
and fierce eyes, and prevailing redness of 
skin, looking as if " she scrubbed herself 
with a nutmeg-grater instead of soap and 
flannel." She "was tall and bony, and 
wore a coarse apron fastened over her 
figure behind with two loops, and having 
a square bib in front, stuck full of 
needles and pins." She brought up Pip, 
but made his home as wretched as she 
could, always keeping a rod called "Tick- 
ler " ready for immediate use. Mrs. 
Joe was a very clean woman, and cleanli- 
ness is next to godliness ; but Mrs. Joe 
had the art of making her cleanliness as 
disagreeable to every one as manj r people 
do their godliness. She died after a long 
illness. — C. Dickens, Great Expectations 
(1860). 

John, a proverbially unhappy name 
for royalty. — See Dictionary of Phrase 
and Fable, 461. 

We shall see. however, that this poor king [Robert //.] 
remained as unfortunate as if his name had still been 
John [He changed it from John to Jiobert]. — Sir W. 
Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, i. 17. 

John, a Franciscan friar. — Shakespeare, 
Romeo and Juliet (1598). 

John, the bastard brother of don Pedro. 
— Shakespeare Much Ado abvut Nothiiui 
(1000). 



JOHN. 



497 



JOHN. 



John, the driver of the Queen's Ferry 
diligence. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

John (Don), brother of Leonato governor 
of Messina, whom he hates. In order 
to torment the governor, don John tries 
to mar the happiness of his daughter 
Hero, who is about to be married to 
lord Claudio. Don John tells Claudio 
that his fiancee has promised him a ren- 
dezvous by moonlight, and if Claudio 
will hide in the garden he may witness it. 
The villain had bribed the waiting-woman 
of Hero to dress up in her mistress's 
clothes and to give him this interview. 
Claudio believes the woman to be Hero, 
and when the bride appears at the altar 
next morning he rejects her with scorn. 
The truth, however, comes to light ; don 
John takes himself to flight ; and Hero 
is married to lord Claudio, the man of her 
choice. — Shakespeare, Much Ado alxtut 
Nothing (1G00). 

I have seen the great Henderson [1747-1785]. . . . His 
"don John" is a comic "C:ito," and his "Hamlet" 
a mixture of traged?! comedy, pastoral, farce, and non- 
sense.— David Garrick (1775). 

John (Friar), a tall, lean, wide-mouthed, 
long-nosed friar of Seville, who despatched 
his matins and vigils quicker than any of 
his fraternity. He swore like a trooper, 
and fought like a Trojan. When the 
army from Lerne pillaged tho convent 
vineyard, friar John seized the start* of a 
cross and pummelled the rogues without 
mercy, beating out brains, smashing 
limbs, cracking ribs, gashing faces, 
breaking jaws, dislocating joints, in the 
mest approved Christian fashion, and 
never was corn so mauled by the flail as 
were these pillagers by " the baton of the 
cross." — Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 27 (1533). 

* + * Of course, this is a satire, of what 
are called Christian or religious wars. 

John (Kin*]), a tragedy by Shakespeare 
(1508). This drama is founded on The 
First and Second Parts of the Trouble- 
some Raigne of John King of England, etc. 
As they were sundry times publickly acted 
by the Queenes Majesties players in the 
Honourable Citie of London (1591). 

In "Macbeth," "Hamlet," " Wolsey," "Coriolamis," 
and "king John," he [Edmund Kean, 1787-1833] never 
approached within any measurable distance of the learned, 
philosophical, and majestic Kemble. — Quarterly Review 
(1335). 

"W. C. Macready [1793-1873], in the scene where he 
suggests to " Hubert " the murder of " Arthur," was 
masterly, and his representation of death by poison was 
true, forcible, and terrific— Talfourd. 

%* Eynge Johan, a drama of the 
transition state between the moralities and 



tragedy. Of the historical persona intro- 
duced we have king John, pope Innocent, 
cardinal Pandulphus, Stephen Langton, 
etc. ; and of allegorical personages we have 
Widowed Britannia, Imperial Majesty, 
Nobility, Clergy, Civil Order, Treason, 
Verity, and Sedition. This play was 
published in 1838 by the Camden Society, 
under the care of Mr. Collier (about 
1550). 

John (Little), one of the companions of 
Robin Hood.— Sir W. Scott, The Talis- 
man (time, Richard I.). 

John (Prester). According to Mande- 
ville, Prester John was a lineal descendant 
of Ogier the Dane. This Ogier penetrated 
into the north of India with lif teen barons of 
his own country, among whom he divided 
the land. John was made sovereign of 
Teneduc, and was called Prester because 
he converted the natives. 

Another tradition says he had seventy 
kings for his vassals, and was seen by his 
subjects only three times a year. 

Marco Polo says that Prester John was 
the khan Ung, who was slain in battle by 
Jenghiz Khan, in 1202. He was converted 
by the Ncstorians, and his baptismal name 
was John. Gregory Bar-Hebneus, says 
that God forsook him because he had 
taken to himself a wife of the Zinish 
nation, called Quarakhata. 

Otto of Freisingen is the first author 
who makes mention of Prester John. 
His chronicle is brought down to the 
year 1156, and in it we are assured that 
this most mysterious personage was of 
the family of the Magi, and ruled over the 
country of these Wise Men. " He used" 
(according to Otto) "a sceptre made of 
emeralds." 

Bishop Jordanus, in his description of 
the world, sets down Abyssinia as the 
kingdom of Prester John. At one time 
Abyssinia went by the name of Middle 
India. 

Maimonides mentions Prester John, 
and calls him Preste-Cuan. The date of 
Maimonides is 1135-1204. 

*** Before 1241 a letter was addressed 
by Prester John to Manuel Comne'nus, 
emperor of Constantinople. It is to be 
found in the Chronicle of Albericus Trium 
Fontium, who gives the date as 1165. 

In Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, xvii., 
Prester John is called Sena'pus king of 
Ethiopia. He was blind. Though the 
richest monarch of the world, he pined 
"in plenty with endless famine," because 
harpies carried off his food whenever the 
2 K 



JOHN. 



498 



JOHNNY CRAPAUD. 



table was spread ; but this plague was to | 
cease "when a stranger canNi to his 
kingdom on a flying horse." Astolpho 
came on a flying griffin, and with his 
magic horn chased the harpies into 
Cocy'tus. 

John (Prince), son of Henry II., intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in The Betrothed 
(1825). 

John (Prince), brother of Richard I., 
introduced by sir W. Scott in Tlie 
Talisman (1825). 

John and the abbot of Canter- 
bury. King Johri, being jealous of the 
state kept by the abbot of Canterbury, 
declared he should be put to death unless 
he answered these three questions : (1) 
" How much am I worth? (2) how long 
would it take me to ride round the world ? 
and (3) what are my thoughts ? " The 
king gave the abbot "three weeks for his 
answers. A shepherd undertook to dis- 
guise himself as the abbot, and to answer 
the questions. To the first he said, " The 
king's worth is twenty-nine pence, for 
the Saviour Himself was sold for thirty 
pence, and his majesty is mayhap a 
penny worse than He." To the second 
question he answered, " If you rise with 
the sun and ride with the sun, you will 
get round the world in twenty-four 
hours." To the third question he re- 
plied, "Your majesty thinks me to be 
the abbot, but 1 am only his servant." 
—Percy, Jieliques, II. iii. 6. 

John Blunt, a person who prides 
himself on his brusqueness, and in speak- 
ing unpleasant truths in the rudest manner 
possible. He not only calls a spade a 
spade, but he does it in an offensive tone 
and manner. 

John Bull, the national name for 
an Englishman. (See Bull.) 

John Chinaman, a Chinese. 

John Company, the old East India 
Company. 

In old times, John Company employed nearly 4000 men 
in warehouses. — Old and New London, ii. 185. 

John Grueby, the honest, faithful 
servant of lord George Gordon, who 
wished " the blessed old creetur, named 
Bloody Mary, had never been born." He 
had the habit of looking "a long way 
oif." John loved his master, but hated 
his religious craze. 

'• Between Woody Marys, and blue cockades, and glo- 
rious queen Besses, and no poperys. and protestant asso- 
ciations," said Grueby to himself, " I believe my lord's 
half off bis head. "—Dickens, Barnaby Rtutge, xxxvL 



John of Bruges (I si/L). John van 
Eyck, the Flemish painter (1370-1441). 

John o* G-roat, a Dutchman, who 
settled in the most northerly part of 
Scotland in the reign of James IV. He 
is immortalized by the way he settled an 
open dispute among his nine sons re- 
specting precedency. He had nine doors 
made to his cottage, one for each son, 
and they sat at a round table. 

From John o' Groat's house to tlie Land's 
End, from furthest north to furthest south 
of the island, i.e. through its entire 
length. 

John of Hexham, Johannes Hagus- 
taldensis, a chronicler (twelfth century). 

John of Leyden, John Bockhold or 
Boccold, a fanatic (1510-1586). 

In the opera, he is called " the prophet." 
Being about to marry Bertha, three 
anabaptists meet him, and observe in 
him a strong likeness to a picture of 
David in Munster Cathedral. Having 
induced him to join the rebels, they take 
Munster, and crown him " Ruler of 
Westphalia." His mother meets him 
while he is going in procession, but he 
disowns her; subsequently, however, he 
visits her in prison, and is forgiven. 
When the emperor arrives, the ana- 
baptists fall off, and John, setting fire to 
the banquet-room of the palace, perishes 
with his mother in the flames. — Meyer- 
beer, Le Prophete (1849). 

John with the Leaden Sword. 

The duke of Bedford, who acted as regent 
for Henry VI. in France, was so called 
by earl Douglas (surnamed Tine-man). 

Johnny, the infant son of Mrs. Betty 
Higden's "daughter's daughter." Mrs. 
Boffin wished to adopt the child, and to 
call him John Harmon, but it died. 
During its illness, Bella Wilfer went to 
see it, and the child murmured, " Who is 
the boofer lady ? " The sick child was 
placed in the Children's Hospital, and, 
just at the moment of death, gave his 
toys to a little boy with a broken leg in 
an adjoining bed, and sent "a kiss to the 
boofer lady." — C. Dickens, Our Mutual 
Friend (1864). 

Johnny Crapaud. A Frenchman 
was so called by English sailors in the 
time of Napoleon I. The Flemings 
called the French "Crapaud Franchos." 
The allusion is to the toads borne in the 
ancient arms of France. 



JOHNSON. 



499 



JORDAN. 



Johnson (Dr. Samuel), lexico- 
grapher, essayist, and poet (1709-1784). 

I own I like not Johnson's turgid style. 
That gives an inch th' importance of a mile : 
Ca-ts of manure a waggon-load around, 
To raise a simple daisy from the ground; 
Uplifts the club of Hercules— for what ? 
To crush a butterfly or brain a gnat ; 
Creates a whirlwind from the earth, to draw 
A goose's feather or exalt a straw ; 
Bids ocean labour with tremendous roar, 
To heave a cockle-shell upon the shore. 
Alike in every theme his pompous art, 
Heaven's awful thunder or a rumbling cart 

Peter Pindar [Dr. John Wolcot] (1816). 

Johnstone (Avid Willie), an old 
fisherman, father to Peggy the laundry- 
maid at Woodbumc. 

Young Johnstore., his son. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Manner ing (time, George II.). 

Johnstone's Tippet (St.), a. halter. 

Joliffe (2 sul.), footman to lady Pen- 
feather.— Sir W. Scott, St. Bonan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Joliffe (Joceline), under-keeper of 
Woodstock Forest.— Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Joliquet (Bibo), the garcon of the 
White Lion inn, held by Jerome Le- 
surques (2 sul.). — Edward Stirling, The 
Courier of Lyons (1852). 

Jollup (Sir Jaco 1 )), father of Mrs. 
Jerry Sneak and Mrs. Bruin. Jollup 
is the vulgar pomposo landlord of Gar- 
ratt, who insists on being always ad- 
dressed as " sir Jacob." 

Keg. A nan. sir. 

■Sir J. " Sir ! " sirrah ? and why not "sir Jacob," you 
rascal? Is that all your manners? Has his majesty 
dubbed me knight, for you to make me a mister? — S. 
Foote, TtiM Mayor of Gamut, i. 1 (1763). 

Jolter. In the agony of terror, on 
hearing the direction given to put on the 
head-lights in a storm off Calais, Smol- 
lett tells us that Jolter went through the 
steps of a mathematical proposition with 
great fervour instead of a prayer. 

Jonas, the name given, in Absalom and 
Achitophel, to sir William Jones, judge 
of the Irish court of Common Pleas under 
James I. It is a pun on the name.' — Dry- 
den, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 

Jonathan, a sleek old widower. He 
was a parish orphan, whom sir Benjamin 
Dove apprenticed, and then took into his 
family. When Jonathan married, the 
knight gave him a farm rent free and 
well stocked. On the death of his wife, 
he gave up the farm, and entered the 
knight's service as butler. Under the 
evil influence of lady Dove, this old 
servant was inclined to neglect his kind 
master ; but sir Benjamin soon showed 
him that, although the lady was allowed 



to peck him. the servants were not. — R. 
Cumberland, The Brothers (1709). 

Jon'athan, one of the servants of 
general Harrison. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Jon'athan, an attendant on lord Saville. 
— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the I i eak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Jonathan (Brother), a national nick- 
name for an American of the United 
States. In the Revolutionary war, 
Washington used to consult his friend 
Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Con- 
necticut, in all his difficulties. " We 
must ask brother Jonathan," was so often 
on his lips, that the phrase became sy- 
nonymous with the good genius of the 
States, and was subsequently applied to 
the North Americans generally. 

Jonathan's, a noted coffee-house in 
'Change Alley, described in The Tatler 
as the " general mart for stock-jobbers." 
What is now termed "The Royal Stock 
Exchange " was at one time called 
" Jonathan's." 

Yesterday the brokers and others . . . came to a reso- 
lution that [the new building], instead of being calli'd 
"New Jonathan's." should be called "The Stock Ex- 
change." The brokers then collected sixpence each, and 
christened the house.— Newspaper paragraph (July 15, 
1773). 

Jones (Tom), the hero of a novel by 
Fielding, called The History of Tom Jones, 
a Foundling (1749). Tom Jones is a 
model of generosity, openness, and manly 
spirit, mingled with thoughtless dissipa- 
tion. With all this, he is not to be 
admired ; his reputation is flawed, he 
sponges for a guinea, he cannot pay his 
landlady, and he lets out his honour to 
hire. 

The romance of Tom Jones, that exquisite picture of 
human manners, will outlive the palace of the Escurial 
and the imperial eagle of Austria.— Gibbon. 

To Tom J o net is added the charm of a plot of un- 
rivalled skill, in which the complex threads of interest 
are all brought to bear upon the catastrophe in a manner 
equally unexpected and simple.— Encyc. Brit., Art. 



Jones (Mrs.), the waiting-woman of 
lady Penf eather. — Sir W. Scott, St. 
Bonan's Well (time, George III.). 

Jonson (Ben), the poet, introduced 
by sir Walter Scott in his Woodstock. 
Shakespeare is introduced in the same 
novel. 

Jopson (Jacob), farmer at the village 
near Clifton. 

Cicely Jopson, Jacob's daughter. She 
marries Ned Williams. — Sir W. Scott, 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Jordan (Mrs.), the actress, who lived 



JORKINS. 



500 



JOSSE. 



with the duke of Clarence, was Miss 
Dorothea Bland. She called herself 
Dora, first appeared in York as Miss 
Francis, and changed her name at the 
request of an aunt who left her a little 
property. When the change of name 
was debated between her and the man- 
ager, Tate suggested "Mrs. Jordan," 
and gave this very pertinent reason : 

"You have crossed the water," said Tate, "so I'll call 
you 'Jordan.'" 

Jorkins, the partner of Mr. Spenlow, 
in Doctors' Commons. Mr. Jorkins is 
really a retiring, soft-hearted man, but 
to clients he is referred to by Spenlow 
as the stern martinet, whose consent 
will be most difficult to obtain. — C. 
Dickens, David Copperfield (1849). 

Jorworth - ap - Jevan, envoy of 
Gwenwyn prince of Powvs-land. — Sir \V. 
Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Josaphat, a young Indian prince, of 
whom it had been predicted that he 
would embrace Christianity and become 
a devotee. His father tried to seclude 
him from all knowledge of misery and 
evil, and to attach him only to pleasur- 
able pursuits. At length the young 
prince took three drives, m one of which 
he saw Old Age, in another Sickness, 
and in the third Death. This had such 
an effect upon him that he became a 
hermit, and at death was canonized both 
by the Eastern and Western Churches. — 
Johannes Damascenus, Balaam and Josa- 
phat (eighth century). 

Josceline (Sir), an English knight 
and crusader in the army of Richard I. 
— Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.). 

Jose (Don), father of don Juan, 
and husband of donna Inez. He was 
hen-pecked and worried to death by 
his wife's " proprieties." To the world 
they were "models of respectability," 
but at home they were "cat and dog." 
Donna Inez tried to prove him mad, in 
order to obtain a divorce, and "kept a 
journal where all his faults were noted." 
" She witnessed his agonies with great 
magnanimity;" but, while seeking a 
divorce, don Jose' died. — Byron, Don 
(uan, i. 26, 33 (1819). 

Joseph, the old gardener at Shaw's 
Castle. — Sir W. Scott, St. Pawn's Well 
(time, George III.).. 

Joseph, a Jew of the noblest type ; 
with unbounded benevolence and most 
excellent charity. He sets a splendid 



example of "Christian ethics " to those 
who despised him for not believing the 
"Christian creed." Joseph the Jew was 
the good friend of the Christian minister 
of Mariendorpt. — S. Knowles, The Maid 
of Mariendorpt (1838). 

Joseph (A), a young man not to be 
seduced from his continency by any 
temptation. The reference is to Joseph 
in Potiphar's house (Gen. xxxix.). 

Joseph (St.) of Arimathe'a, said to 
have brought to Glastonbury in a mystic 
vessel some of the blood which trickled 
from the wounds of Christ at the Cruci- 
fixion, and some of the wine left at the 
Last Supper. This vessel plays a very 
prominent part in the Arthurian legends. 

Next holy Joseph came . . . 

The Saviour of mankind in sepulchre that laid ; 

That to the Britons was th' apostle. In his aid 

St. Duvian, and with him St. Fagan, both winch were 

His scholars. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

*** He also brought with him the 
spear of Longlnus, the Roman soldier 
who pierced the side of Jesus. — Sir T. 
Malorv, History of Prince Arthur, i. 40 
(1470)1 

*** The " mystic vessel " brought by 
Joseph is sometimes called the San Graal ; 
but by referring to the word Gkaal, it 
will be seen that the usual meaning of 
the term in Arthurian romance is very 
different. 

Jos'ephine (3 syl.), wife of Werner, 
and mother of Ulric. Josephine was the 
daughter of a decayed Italian exile of 
noble blood. — Byron, Werner (1822). 

Jos'ian, daughter of the king of Ar- 
menia, and wife of sir Bevis of South- 
ampton. It was Josian who gave the 
hero his sword " Morglay " and his steed 
" Arundel." — Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. 
(1612). 

Josse (1 syl.), a jeweller. Lucinde 
(2 syl.), the daughter of Sganarelle, pined 
and fell away, and the anxious father 
asked his neighbours what they would 
advise him to do. Mon. Josse replied : 

" Pour moi, je tiens que la braverie, que l'ajusteinent 
est la chose qui rejouit le plus les filles ; et si j'etoit que 
de vous. je lui acheterois dds aujourd' hui une belle gar- 
niture de diamants, ou de rubis, ou d'emeraudes." 

Sgnarelle made answer: 

"Vous etes orfevre, Monsieur Josse; et votre conseil 
sent son homme qui a euvie de se del'aire de sa march&n- 
dise."— MolKre, I' Amour il&dicin, i. 1 (16G5). 

Vous etes orfevre, Mon. Josse ("You 
are a jeweller, Mon. Josse, and are not 
disinterested in your advice"). (See 
above.) 



JOTHAM. 



501 



JUAN. 



Jo'tham, the person who uttered the 
parable of " The Trees choosing a King," 
when the men of Shechem made Abiine- 
lech king. In Dryden's Absalom and 
Achdop/tel, it stands for George Saville, 
marquis of Halifax. 

Jotham Of piercing wit and pregnant thought, 
Endued by nature, and by learning taught 

To nio.-e assemblie. . . . turned the balance too; 
So much the weight of one brave man can do. 

Dryden, Abta'om and Aehitnphel, I. (1681). 

Jour des Morts {All Souls' Da;/). A 
Dieppoise legend ex plains the phrase thus : 

Le gnetteur do la .ietce voit au milieu de Li nult arriver 
mi bateau k le hole, il s'emp easede lui Jeter lc grcliu ; 
mais a ce moment mtnic le bateau di-pnrait; on entend 
des crb plaint it's qui font frissonner. car on les recounait 
e'est la v.'ix des marius qui out naufrage dans 1' amice.— 
Chapus, Dieppe *t «<vt Environs ('853). 

Jour king of Mambrant, the 

person who carried off Jos'ian the wife of 
sir Bevis of Southampton, his sword 
" Morglay," and his steed "Ar'undel." 
Sir Bevis, disguised as a pilgrim, re- 
covered all three. — Dravton, Polyolbion, 
ii. (1612). 

Jourdain {Mons.), an elderly trades- 
man, who has suddenly fallen into a large 
fortune, and wislua to educate himself up 
to his new position in society. He em- 
ploys masters of dancing, fencing, philo- 
logy, and so on ; and the fun of the 
drama turns on the ridiculous remarks 
that he makes, and the awkward figure 
he cuts as the pupil of these professors. 
One remark is especially noted : he says 
he had been talking prose all his life, and 
never knew it till his professor told him. 
— Mohere, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme 
(1670). 

Journalists. Napoleon I. said : 

A journalist is a grumbler, a censurer, a giver of advice, 
a regent of sovereigns, a tutor of nations. Four hostile 
newspapers are more formidable than a thousand 
bayonets. 

Jovian, emperor of Rome, was bath- 
ing one day, when a person stole his 
clothes and passed himself off as the 
emperor. Jovian, naked and ashamed, 
went to a knight, said he was emperor, 
and begged the loan of a few garments 
for the nonce ; but the knight called him 
an im postor, and had him scourged from 
the gate. He next went to a duke, who 
was his chief minister ; but the duke had 
him confined, and fed on bread and water 
as a vagrant and a madman. He then 
applied at the palace, but no one recog- 
uized him there. Lastly, he went to his 
confessor, and humbled himself, confess- 
ing bis sins. The priest took him to the 
palace, and the sham emperor proved to 
be an angel sent to reform the proud 
monarch. The story says that Jovian 



thenceforth reigned with mercy and jus- 
tice, till he died. — Evenings wkh the Old 
Story-tellers. 

Joyeuse (2 rjl.), Charlemagne's 
sword, which bore the inscription : Decern 
prcrccptorum custts Carolus. It was 
buried with the king, as Tizo'na (the 
Cid's sword) was buried with the Cid. 

Joyeuse-Garde or Garde-Jo- 
yeuSG, the estate given by kinjr Arthur 
to sir Launcelot du Lac for defending 
the queen's honour against sir Mador. 
Here sir Launcelot was buried. 

Joyous Isle, the place to which <u'r 
Launcelot retired during his fit of mad- 
ness, which lasted two years. 

Juan (Don), a hero of the sixteenth 
century, a natural son of Charles-quint, 
born at Ratisbonne, in 1545. He con- 
quered the Moors of Grana'da, won a 
great naval victory over the Turks at 
Lepanto, made himself master of Tunis, 
and put down the insurgents of the 
Netherlands (1545-1578). 

This is the don Juan of C. Dclavigne's 
drama encitlcd Don Juan d'Autriche 
(1835). 

Juan {DovJ), son of don Louis Tenorio, 
of Sicily, a heartless roue. His valet 
says of him : 

" Tu vois en don Jutn le plus grand scelerat que la terre 
nit jama's portc, un enra.-e, un chion, un demon, un 
Turc. un heretique qui ne t.-oit nl ciel, ni enfer, ni diable 
qui passe cette vie en veritable bete brute, un puureean 
d'Epicure, un vrai Sardanapale; qui ferme 1'oreilie a tou.es 
les remontranc.es qu' on lui j>eut faire, et traite de bille- 
vesees tout ce que nous croyons." — Moliere, Don Juan, 
i. 1 (1665). 

Juan {Don), a native of Seville, son of 
don Jose and donna Inez (a blue-stock- 
ing). When Juan was 16 years old, he 
got into trouble with donna Julia, and 
was sent by his mother (then a widow) 
on his travels. His adventures form the 
story of a poem so called ; but the tale is 
left incomplete. — Lord Byron, Don Juan 
(1819-21). 

Juan {Don), or don Giovanni, the prince 
of libertines. The original of this cha- 
racter was don Juan Tenorio, of Seville, 
who attempted the seduction of the 
governor's daughter ; and the father, 
forcing the libertine to a duel, fell. A 
statue of the murdered father was erected 
in the family vault ; and one day, when 
don Juan forced his way into the vault, 
he invited the statue to a banquet - ,. The 
statue accordingly placed itself at the 
board, to the amazement of the host, and, 
compelling the libertine to follow, de- 



JUAN FERNANDEZ. 



502 



JUEL. 



livered him over to devils, who carried 
him off triumphant. 

Dramatized first bv Gabriel Tellez 
(1626). Moliere (1665) and Thomas 
Corneille, in Le Festin de Pierre, both 
imitated from the Spanish (1673), have 
made it the subject of French comedies ; 
Goldoni (1765), of an Italian comedy ; 
Gliick, of a musical ballet (1765) ; Mozart, 
of an opera called Don Giovanni (1787), a 
princely work. 

Juan Fernandez, a rocky island in 
the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of 
Chili. Here Alexander Selkirk, a buc- 
caneer, resided in solitude for four years. 
Defoe is supposed to have based his tale 
of Robinson Crusoe on the history of 
Alexander Selkirk. 

*** Defoe places the island of his hero 
" on the east coast of South America," 
somewhere near Dutch Guiana. 

Juba, prince of Numidia, warmly 
attached to Cato while he lived at Utica 
(in Africa), and passionately 5n love with 
Marcia, Cato's daughter. Sempro'nius, 
having disguised himself as Juba, was 
mistaken for the Numidian prince by 
Marcia ; and being slain, she gave free 
vent to her grief, thus betraying the state 
of her affection. Juba overheard her, and 
as it would have been mere prudery to 
deny her love after this display, she 
freely confessed it, and Juba took her as 
his betrothed and future wife. — J. Addi- 
son, Cato (1713). 

Jubal, son of Lamech and Adah. 
The inventor of the lyre and flute. — 
Gen. iv. 19-21. 

Then when he [Javari] heard the voice of Jubal's lyre, 
Instinctive genius caught the ethereal fire. 
J. Montgomery, The World, before the Flood, i. (1812). 

Judas, in pt. ii. of Absalom and AeJii- 
tophel, most of which was written by Tate, 
is meant for Mr. Furgueson, a noncon- 
formist, who joined the duke of Mon- 
mouth, and afterwards betrayed him. 

Shall that false Hebronite escape our curse — 
Judas, that keeps the rebels' pension-purse ; 
Judas, that pays the treason-writer's fee ; 
Judas, that well deserves his namesake's tree? 

Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (1682). 

Judas Colour. In the old mys- 
tery-plays, Judas had hair and beard of a 
fiery red colour. 

Let the ; r beards be Judas's own colour. 

Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy (1597). 

Judas Iseariot, Klopstock says 
that Judas Iseariot had a heart formed 
for every virtue, and was in youth un- 
polluted by crime, insomuch that the 



Messiah thought him worthy of being 
one of the twelve. He, however, wag 
jealous of John, because Jesus loved him 
more than He loved the rest of the 
apostles ; and this hatred towards the 
beloved disciple made him hate the lover 
of " the beloved." Judas also feared 
(says Klopstock) that John would have 
a higher post than himself in the king- 
dom, and perhaps be made treasurer. 
The poet tells us that Judas betrayed 
Jesus under the expectation that it would 
drive Him to establish His kingdom at 
once, and rouse Him into action. — Klop- 
stock, The Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Judas Tree, a gallows. 

*** The garden shrub called the Judas 
tree is a mere blunder for kuamos tree, 
i.e. the bean tree ; but the corrupt name 
has given rise to the legend that Judas 
hanged himself on one of these trees. 

Judi (Al), the mountain on which 
the ark rested. The word is a corruption 
of Al Kurdu, so called because it was 
inhabited by the Kurds. The Greeks 
corrupted the name into Gordyaei, and 
the mountain was often called the Gor- 
dyasan. 

The ark rested on the mountain AlJudL— ^f Kor&n, 
xi. 

Judith, a beautiful Jewess of Bethu'- 
lia, who assassinated Holofernes, the 
general of Nebuchadnezzar, to save her 
native toAvn. When Judith showed the 
head of the general to her countrymen, 
they rushed on the invading army, and 
put it to a complete rout. — Judith vii., 
x.-xv. 

Judith {Aunt), sister to Master George 
Heriot the king's goldsmith. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Judy, the wife of Punch. Master 
Punch, annoyed by the cries of the baby, 
gives it a knock, which kills it, and, to 
conceal his crime from his wife, throws 
the dead body out of the window. Judy 
comes to inquire about the child, and, 
hearing of its death, upbraids her lord 
stoutly, and tries on him the "reproof of 
blows." This leads to a quarrel, in which 
Judy is killed. The officers of justice, 
coming to arrest the domestic tyrant, 
meet the same fate as his child and wife ; 
but at last the devil outwits him, he is 
hanged, and carried off to the place of all 
evil-doers. 

Juel {Nils), a celebrated Danish 
admiral, who received his training under 



JULETTA. 



503 



JULIE. 



Trpmp and De Ruyter. He defeated the j 
Swedes in 1677 in several engagements. 

Nils ,'uel give heed to the tempest's roar . . . 
•• Of Denmark's Juel wlio can defy 
The power?" 

Longfellow, King Chrittian [V.\ 

Julet'ta, the witty, sprightly attend- 
ant of Alinda. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The P 'Hi) rim (1021). 

Julia, a lady beloved by Protheus. 
Her waiting-woman i3 Lucetta. — Shake- 
speare, Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 

Julia, the "ward" of Master Walter 
"the hunchback." She was brought up 
by him most carefully in the country, 
and at a marriageable age was betrothed 
to sir Thomas Clifford. Being brought to 
London, she was carried away in the 
vortex of fashion, and became the votary 
of pleasure and dissipation, abandoned 
Clifford, and promised to marry the earl 
of Rochdale. As the wedding day drew 
nigh, her love for Clifford returned, and 
she implored her guardian to break off 
her promise of marriage to the earl. 
Walter now showed himself to be the 
real earl of Rochdale, and father of Julia. 
Her nuptials with the supposed earl fell 
to the ground, and she became the wife of 
sir Thomas Clifford. — S. Knowles, The 
Hunchback (1831). 

Ju'lia (Donna), a lady of Sev'ille, 
of Moorish origin, a married woman, 
"charming, chaste, and twenty-three." 
Her eye was large and dark, her hair 
glossy, her brow smooth, her cheek " all 
purple with the beam of youth," her 
husband 50, and his name Alfonso. Donna 
Julia loved a lad of 16, named don Juan, 
" not wisely but too well," for which she 
was confined in a convent. — Byron, Don 
Juan, i. 59-188 (1819). 

Tender and impassioned, but possessing neither infor- 
mation to occupy her mind, nor good principles to 
regulate her conduct, donna Julia is an illustration ni the 
women of Seville, "whose minds have but one idea, and 
whose life business is intrigue." The slave of every 
impulse . . . she now prostrates herself before the alta« of 
the Virgin, making the noblest efforts " for honour, 
pride, religion, virtue's sake," and then, "in the full 
security of innocence," she seeks temptation, and finds 
retreat impossible. — Finden, Byron Beauties. 

Julia Melville, a v/ard of sir Anthony 
Absolute; in love with Faulkland, who 
saved her life when she was thrown into 
the water by the upsetting of a boat. — 
Sheridan, The Rivals (1775). 

Julian (Count), a powerful lord of 
the Spanish Goths. When his daughter 
Florinda was violated by king Roderick, 
the count was so indignant that he 
invited over the Moors to come and push 
Roderick from the throne, and even 



turned renegade the better to effect his 
purpose. The Moors succeeded, but 
condemned count Julian to death, " to 
punish treachery, and prevent worse ill." 
JuHan, before he died, sent for "father 
Maccabee," and said : 

I would fain 
Die In the faith wherein my fathers died. 
I feel that 1 have sinned, and from my soul 
Renounce the Impostor's faith, which in my soul 
No place obtained. 

Southey, Roderick, etc., xxiv. (1814). 

Julian (St.), patron saint of hospit- 
ality. An epicure, a man of hospitality. 

An houschalder and that a gret was he ; 
Seint Julian he was in his count re. 
Chaucer, Introduction to Canterbury Tales (1388). 

Julian St. Pierre, the brother of 
Mariana (q.v.). — S. Knowles, The Wife 
(1833). 

Juliana, eldest daughter of Bal- 
thaza. A proud, arrogant, overbearing 
"Katharine," who marries the duke of 
Aranza, and intends to be lady para- 
mount. The duke takes her to a poor 
hut, which he calls his home, gives her 
the household duties to perform, and 
pretends to be a day labourer. She 
chafes for ?. time ; but his manliness, 
affection, p,nd firmness get the mastery ; 
and when he sees that she loves him for 
himself, he announces the fact that after 
all he is the duke and she the duchess of 
Aranza. — J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). 

Ju'liance, a giant.— Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 98 (1470). 

Julie (2 syl.), the heroine of Moliere's 
comedy entitled Mons. de Pourceaugnac 
(1669). 

Ju'lie (2 syl.), the heroine of J. J. 
Rousseau's novel entitled Julie ou la 
Nouvclle He'lolse (1760). The prototype 
was the comtesse d'Houdetot. Julie had 
a pale completion, a graceful figure, a 
profusion of light brown hair, and her 
near-sightedness gave her "a charming 
mixture of gaucherie and grace." Ros- 
seau went every morning to meet her, 
that he might receive from her that single 
kiss with which Frenchwomen salute a 
friend. One day, when Rousseau told her 
that she might innocently love others 
besides her husband, she naively replied, 
"Je pourrais done aimer mon pauvrc 
St. Lambert." Lord Byron has made her 
familiar to English readers. 

His love was passion's essence . . . 
This breathed itself to life ii Julie ; this 
Invested her with all that's wild and sweet; 
This hallowed, too, the memorable kiss 
Which every morn his fevered lip would greet 
From her's, who but with friendship his would meet, 
Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 79 (1816). 



JULIE DE MORTEMAR. 



504 



JUST. 



Julie de Mortemar, an orphan, 
ward of Richelieu, and loved by king Louis 
XIII., count Baradas, and Adrien de 
Mau prat, the last of whom she married. 
After many hair-breadth escapes and 
many a heart-ache, the king allowed the 
union and blessed the happy pair. — Lord 
Lytton, Richelieu (1839). 

Juliet, daughter of lady Cap'ulet of 
Verona, in love with Ro'meo son of 
Mon'tague (3 syL), a rival house. As 
the parents could not be brought to 
sanction the alliance, the whole intercourse 
was clandestine. In order that Juliet 
might get from the house and meet 
Romeo at the cell of friar Laurence, she 
took a sleeping draught, and was carried 
to the family vault. The intention was 
that on waking she should repair to the 
cell and get married ; but Romeo, seeing 
her in the vault, killed himself from 
grief ; and when Juliet woke and found 
Romeo dead, she killed herself also. — 
Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1598). 

C. H. Wilson says of Mrs. Baddelev 
(1742-1780) that her " < Juliet' was never 
surpassed." W. Donaldson, in his Recol- 
lections, says that " Miss O'Neill made her 
first appearance in Covent Garden Theatre 
in 1815 as 'Juliet,' and never was such 
an impression made before by any actress 
whatsoever." Miss Fanny Kemble and 
Miss Helen Faucit were both excellent in 
the same character. The youngest Juliet 
was Miss Rosa Kenney (under 18), who 
made her debut in this character at Drury 
Lane in 1879. 

The floating fondness and silly peevishness of the nurse 
tends [sic] to relieve the soft and affectionate character of 
*' Juliet," and to place her before the audience in a point 
of view which those who have seen Miss O'Neill perform 
"Juliet" know how to appreciate.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Drama. 

Juliet, the lady beloved by Claudio 
brother of Isabella. — Shakespeare, Mea- 
sure for Measure (1603). 

Julio, a noble gentleman, in love with 
Lelia a wanton widow. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Captain (1613). 

Julio of Haraneour, " the deaf 
and dumb " boy ? ward of Darlemont, 
who gets possession of Julio's inherit- 
ance, and abandons him in the streets of 
Paris. Julio is rescued by the abbe De 
l'Epee, who brings him up, and gives him 
the name of Theodore. Julio grows up 
a noble-minded and intelligent young 
man, is recognized by the Franval 
family, and Darlemont confesses that 
"the deaf and dumb" boy is the count 
of Haraneour. — Th. Holcroft, The Deaf 
and Dumb (1785). 



Julius (St.), a British martyr of 
Caerleon or the City of Legions (Newport, 
in South Wales). He was torn limb 
from limb by Maximia'nus Herculius, 
general of the army of Diocle'tian in 
Britain. Two churches were founded in 
the City of Legions, one in honour of St. 
Julius, and one in honour of St. Aaron 
his fellow-martyr. 

. . . two other . . . sealed their doctrine with their blood ; 
St. Julius, and with him St. Aaron, have their room 
At Carleon, suffering death by Diocletian's doom. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Jumps (Jemmy), in The Farmer. 
One of the famous parts of Jos. S. Mun- 
den (1758-1832). 

June ( The Glorious First of) was June, 
1794, when lord Howe gained a great 
victory over the French. 

Junkerthum, German squirearchy. 
(From junker, "a young nobleman;" our 
younker.) 

Juno's Birds. Juno is represented 
in works of art as drawn through fields 
of air by a pair of peacocks harnessed to 
her chariot. 

_ Jupe (Signor), clown in Sleary's 
circus, passionately attached to his daugh- 
ter Cecilia. Signor Jupe leaves the circus 
suddenly, because he is hissed, and is 
never heard of more. 

Cecilia Jupe, daughter of the clown. 
After the mysterious disappearance of 
her father, she is adopted and educated 
by Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., M.P.— C. 
Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 

Just (The). 

Aristi'des, the Athenian (died b.c. 
468). 

Ba'iiaram, called Shah endeb ("the 
just king"). He was the fifth of the 
Sassan'ides (276-296). 

Cassimir II. of Poland (1117, 1177- 
1194). 

Ferdinand I. of Aragon (1373, 1413- 
1416). 

Haroun-al-Raschtd ("the just"), the 
greatest of the Abbasside caliphs (765, 
786-808). 

James II. of Aragon (1261, 1285- 
1327). 

IvHosp.fr or Chosroes I., called by the 
Arabs Molk al Adel ( ' ' the j ust king ") . He 
was the twenty -first of the SassanidSe 
(*, 531-579). 

Moran, counsellor of Feredach an 
earlv king of Ireland. 

Pedro I. of Portugal (1320, 1357- 
1367). 



JUSTINIAN. 



505 



KALED. 



Justin'ian ( The Ewjlish), Edward I. 
(1289, 1273-1307). 

Ju'venal (The English), John Old- 
ham (1658-1683). 

Ju'venal {The Young). [Dr.] Thomas 
Lodge is so called by Robert Green (1556- 
1625). — A Groat" sworth of Wit, buiujht 
with a Million of Repentance. 

Ju'venal of Painters (The), 
William Hogarth (1697-1794). 

J'y suis et j'y reste ("Here am 
I placed, and here I mean to remain"). 
This was said by marshal de MacMahon, 
and shows the character of the marshal- 
president of the French better than a 
volume (1877). But he resigned in 1879. 



Kadr (^47), the night on which the 
Koran was sent down to Mahomet. Al 
Kadr is supposed to be the seventh of the 
last ten nights of Ramadan, or the night 
between the 23rd and 24th days of the 
month. 

Verily we sent down the Koran on the night of Al 
Kadr ; and what can make thee comprehend how ex- 
cellent the night of Al Kadr is?— Al Kurdn, xcvii. 

Kaf (Mount), a mountain encircling 
the whole earth, said to be a huge table- 
land which walls in the earth as a ring 
encircles one's finger. It is the home of 
giants and fairies, jinn, peris, and deevs, 
and rests on the sacred stone called Sakh- 
rat. It is fully described in the romance 
of Hatim Tal, the hero of which often 
visited the region. The romance has 
been translated into English by Duncan 
Forbes. — Mohammedan Mythology. 

The mountain of Kaf surrounds the whole world. Ii Is 
composed of one entire emerald. Beyond it there are 
forty other worlds, entirely different to this; each of the 
forty worlds has 400,000 cities, and each city 400,000 gates. 
The inhabitants of these cities are entirely exempt" from 
nii the sufferings of the race of man ; the day there has no 
night, the earth is gold, and the inhabitants angels, who 
sing without ceasing the praises of Allah and his prophet. 

The mountain Kaf is placed between tfie horns of a 
white ox, named Kirnit, The head of this ox touches the 
east, and his hind parts the west, and the distance between 
these horns could not be traversed in 100,000 years. — 
Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales ("History of Abdal 
MotaUe.b," 1743). 

The mountain of Kaf may set bounds to the world, but 
not to the wishes of the ambitious.— Comte de Caylus, Ori- 
ental Tales i" Dakiauos and the Seven Sleepers," 1743). 

From Kaf to Kaf, from one extremity 
of the earth to the other. The sun was 



supposed to rise from one of its eminences 
and to set on the opposite. 

The mountain of Kaf may tremble, but the power ol 
Allah remaini-th fast lor ever and ever. — W. Beckford, 
rurV.V()7t*4). 

Kdf, a fountain, the waters of which 
confer immortality on the drinker. 

Sure his lip* 
Have drunk of Kftfs dark fountain, and he comes 
Strong in his Immortality. 

Southey, Roderick, etc., xxv. (1814). 

Kail, a prince of Ad. sent to Mecca to 
pray for rain. Three clouds appeared, 
a white one, a red one, and a black one, 
and Kail was bidden to make his choice. 
He chose the last, but when the cloud 
burst, instead of rain it cast out lightning, 
which killed him. — Sale, Al Kurdn, vii. 
note. 

Kail'yal (2 sy!.), the lovely and holy 
daughter of Ladur'lad, persecuted re- 
lentlessly by Ar'valan; but virtue and 
chastity, in the person of Kailyal, always 
triumphed over sin and lust. When 
Arvalan "in the flesh" attempted to 
dishonour Kailyal, he was slain by La- 
durlad; but he then continued his attacks 
"out of the flesh." Thus, when Kailyal 
was taken to the Rower of Rliss by a 
benevolent spirit, Arvalan borrowed the 
dragon-car of the witch Lor'rimite (3 
syt.) to drag him thence; the dragons, 
however, unable to mount to paradise, 
landed him in a region of thick-nbbed 
ice. Again, Kailyal, being obliged to 
quit the Bower, was made the bride of 
Jaga-naut, and when Arvalan presented 
himself before her again, she set tire 
to the pagoda, and was carried from the 
flames by her father, who was charmed 
from lire as well as water. Lastly, while 
waiting for her fathers return from the 
submerged city, whither he had gone 
to release Ereen'ia (3 sy/.), Arvalan once 
more appeared, but was seized by Baly, 
the governor of hell, and cast into the 
bottomless pit. Having descended to hell, 
Kailyal quaffed the water of immortality, 
and was taken by Ereenia to his Bower 
of Bliss, to dwell with him for ever in 
endless joy. — Southev, Curse of Kehama 
(1809). 

Kaimes (Lord), one of the two judges 
in Peter Peebles's lawsuit. — Sir W. Scott, 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Kalas'rade (3 syl.), the virtuous 
wife of Sadak, persecuted by the sultan 
Am'urath. (See Sadak.) — Ridley, Tales 
of the Genii, xi. (1751). 

Kaled, Gulnare (2 syl.) disguised as 



KALEMBERG. 



506 



KATMIR. 



a page, in the service of Lara. After 
Lara is shot, she haunts the spot of his 
death as a crazed woman, and dies at 
length of a broken heart. 

Light was his form, and darkly delicate 
That brow whereon his native sun had sate . . . 
And the. wild sparkle of his eye seemed caught 
From high, and lightened with electric thought; 
Tho' its black orb those long low lashes' fringe 
Had tempered with a melancholy tinge. 

Byron, I/xra (1814). 

Kalemberg (The cur<f of), a recueil 
of facetiae. The escapades of a young 
student made a chaplain in the Austrian 
court, lie sets at defiance and torments 
every one he encounters, and ends in 
being court fool to Otho the Gay, grand- 
son of Rudolf of Hapsburg. — German 
Poem (fifteenth century). 

Kalyb, "the Lady of the Woods," 
who stole St. George from his nurse, 
brought him up as her own child, and 
endowed him with gifts. St. George 
enclosed her in a rock, where she was 
torn to pieces by spirits. — Johnson, Seven 
Champions of Christendom, i. (1617). 

Ea'ma, the Huudu god of love. He 
rides on a sparrow, the symbol of lust ; 
holds in his hand a bow of sugar-cane 
strung with bees ; and has five arrows, 
one for each of the five senses. 

Karun, son of Yesbar or Izhar, uncle 
of Moses, the most beautiful and wealthy 
of all the Israelites. 

Riches of Karun, an Arabic and Jewish 
proverb. The Jews say that Karun had 
a large palace, the doors of Avhieh were of 
solid gold. — Sale's Koran, xxviii. 

*** This Karun is the Korah of the 
pentateuch. 

Kaslian (Scorpions of). Kashan, in 
Persia, is noted for its scorpions, which 
are both large and venomous. A common 
curse in Persia is, May you be stung by a 
scorpion of Kashan I 

Kate [Plowden], niece of colonel 
Howard of New York, in love with 
lieutenant Barnstable of the British 
navy, but promised by the colonel in 
marriage to captain Boroughcliff, a 
vulgar, conceited Yankee. Ultimately, 
it is discovered that Barnstable is the 
colonel's son, and the marriage is 
arranged amicably between Barnstable 
and Kate. — E. Fitzball, The Pilot. 

Kathari'na, the elder daughter of 
Baptista of Padua. Sbe was of such an 
ungovernable spirit and fiery temper, 
that she Avas nicknamed " The Shrew." As 



it was very unlikely any gentleman would 
select such a spitfire for his wife, Baptista 
made a vow that his younger daughter 
Bianca should not be allowed to marry 
before her sister. Petruchio married 
Katharina and tamed her into a most 
submissive wife, insomuch that when 
she visited her father a bet was made by 
Petruchio and two other bridegrooms on 
their three brides. First Lucentio sent a 
servant to Bianca to desire her to come 
into the room ; but Bianca sent word that 
she was busy. Hortensio next sent the 
servant " to entreat " his bride to come to 
him ; but she replied that Hortensio had 
better come to her if he wanted her. 
Petruchio said to the servant, " Tell your 
mistress I command her to come to me 
at once ; " she came at once, and Petru- 
chio won the bet. — Shakespeare, Taming 
of the Shrew (1594). 

Katharine, a lady in attendance on 
the princess of France. Dumain, a young 
lord in the suite of Ferdinand king of 
Navarre, asks her hand in marriage, and 
she replies : 

A twelvemonth and a day 
I'll mark no words that smooth-faced wooers say. 
Come then . . . 
And if I have much love, I'll give you some. 

Shakespeare, Love's Uibour't Lost (1594). 

Katharine (Queen), the divorced wife 
of Henry VIII.— Shakespeare, Henru 
VIII. (1001). 

The following actresses are celebrated 
for their impersonations of this character : 
—Mrs. Pritchard (1711-1768) ; Margaret 
[Peg] Woffington (1718-1760); Mrs. 
Siddons (1755-1831) : Mrs. Barley (1785- 
1850). 

Katherine de Medici of China, 

Voo-chee, widow of king Tae-tsong. 
She was most imperious and cruel, but 
her energy was irresistible (684-705). 

Katin'ka, a Georgian, "white and 
red, with great blue eyes, a lovely hand 
and arm, and feet so small they scarce 
seemed made to tread, but rather skim 
the earth." She was one of the three 
beauties of the harem, into which don 
Juan was admitted in female disguise. 
The other two were Lolah and Dudu. — 
Byron, Don Juan, vi. 40, 41 (1824). 

Katmxr', the dog of the seven 
sleepers. It spoke with a human voice, 
and said to the young men who wanted 
to drive it out of the cave, " I love those 
who love God. Go to sleep, masters, and 
I will keep guard." The dog kept guard 
| over them for 309 years, and neither 



KAY. 



607 



slept nor ate. At death it was taken up 
into paradise. — Sale, Al Koran, xviii. 
notes. 

%* Katmir, in the Oriental Tales, is 
called " Catnier." 

The shepherd had a little dog named Catnier [iie\ that 
followed them. They threw a stone at him to drive him 
b:ick ; the stone broke his left leg. but the dog still fol- 
lowed them, imping. They then thiew another stone at 
the dog. and broke his right fore leg. It now followed 
them on its two hind legs, and a third Ftone baring 
broken one of these, the poor creature could no longer 
stand. God now gave it the gift of speech. ... at which 
they were so astonished that they carried it with them by 
turns.— Comte de Caylus. Oriental Tale* (" Dakianos and 
the Seven Sleepers," 174). 

He wouldn't give a bone to Katmir, or 
He wouldn't throtc a bone to the dog of tlte 
seven sleepers, an Arabic proverb, applied 
to a very niggardly man. 

Kay (Sir), son of sir Ector, and foster- 
brother of prince Arthur, who made him 
his seneschal or steward. Sir Kay was 
ill-tempered, mean-spirited, boastful, and 
overbearing. He had not strength of 
mind enough to be a villain like Hagen, 
nor strength of passion enough to be a 
traitor like Ganelon and Mordred ; but he 
could detract and calumniate, could be 
envious and spiteful, could annoy and 
irritate. His wit consisted in giving 
nicknames : Thus he called young Garvth 
" Big Hands " (Beaumains), " because his 
hands were the largest that ever any one 
bad seen." He called sir Brewnor "The 
Shocking Bad Coat "(Za Cote JIale-taile'), 
because his doublet fitted him so badly, 
and was full of sword-cuts. — Sir T. 
Malorv, History of Prince Arthur, i. 3, 4, 
120, etc. (1470). " (See Key.) 

Kayward, the name of the hare in 
tbe beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Keblah., the point towards which 
Mohammedans turn their faces in prayer. 

Kecksey, a wheezy old wittol, who 
pretends to like a termagant wife who 
ean flirt with other men — ugh, ugh ! — he 
loves high spirits — ugh. ugh ! — and to see 
his wife^-ugh, ugh ! — happy and scamper- 
ing about — ugh, ugh ! — to theatres and 
balls — ugh, ugh ! — he likes to hear her 
laugh — ugh, ugh! — and enjoy herself — 
ugh, ugh ! Oh ! this troublesome cough ! 
— ugh, ugh ! — Garrick, The Irish Widow 
(1757). 

Ke'derli, the St. George of Moham- 
medan mythology. Like St. George, he 
slew a monstrous dragon ro save a damsel 
exposed to its fury, and, having drunk of 
the water of life, rode through the world 
to aid those who were oppressed. 



KEXGE. 

Keelavine (Jfr.), painter at the Spa 
hotel.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronaris Well 
(time, George III.). 

Keene (Abel), a village schoolmaster, 
afterwards a merchant's clerk. Beuag red 
astray, he lost his place and hanged 
himself.— Crabbe, Borowjh, xxi. (1810). 

Keepers, of Piers Plowman's virions, 
the Malvern Hills. Piers Plowman (W. 
or R. Langland, 1362) supposes himself 
fallen asleep on the Malvern Hills, and 
in his dream he sees various visions of 
an allegorical character pass before him. 
These "visions" he put into poetry, the 
whole containing 15,000 veises, divided 
into twenty parts, each part being called 
a passus or separate vision. 

Keepers of Piers Plowman's vision, thro' the sunshine and 
the snow. 

Mrs. Browning. The Ixxt Bower. 

Keha'ma, the almighty rajah of 
earth, and all-powerful in Swerga or 
heaven. After a long tyranny, he went 
to Pan'dalon (hell) to claim domination 
there also. Kehama demanded why the 
throne of Yamen (or Pluto) was supported 
by only three persons, and was told that 
he himself must be the fourth. He paid 
no heed to this prophecy, but commanded 
the amreeta-cup or draught of immortality 
to be brought to him, that he might quaff 
it and reign for ever. Now there are two 
immortalities : the immortality of life for 
the good, and the immortality of death 
for the wicked. "When Kehama drank 
the amreeta, he drank immortal death, 
and was forced to bend his proud neck 
beneath the throne of Yamen, to become 
the fourth supporter. — Southev, Curse of 
Kehama (1809). 

*** Ladurlad was the person subjected 
to the " curse of Kehama," and under 
that name the story will be found. 

Kela, now called Calabar. 

Sailing with a fair wind, we reached Kela in six days, 
and landed. Here we found lead-mines, some Indian 
canes, and excellent camphor. — Arabian Si-jhu (" Sind- 
bail," fourth voyage). 

Keltie (Old), innkeeper at Kinross. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Kempfer-Hausen, Robert Pearce 
Gillies, one of the speakers in the " Noctes 
Anibrosianae." — Blackwood's Magazine. 

Kendall, an Arabian tribe, which 
used to bury alive their female children 
as soon as they were born. The Koran 
refers to them in ch. vi. 

Kenge (1 syl.), of the firm of Kenge 



KENELM. 



508 



KENT. 



and Carboy, Lincoln's Inn, generally- 
called " Conversation Kenge," loving 
above all things to hear " the dulcet 
tones of his own voice." The firm is 
engaged on the aide of Mr. Jarndyce in 
the great Chancery suit of "jarndyce v. 
Jarndyce."— C. Dickens, Bleak House 
(1853). 

Kenelm (St.) was murdered at 
Clente-in-Cowbage, near Winchelcumb, 
in Gloucestershire ; but the murder " was 
miraculously notified at Rome by a white 
dove," which alighted on the altar of St. 
Peter's, bearing in its beak a scroll with 
these words : 

In Clent cow-paiture, under a thorn, 
Of head bereft, lies Kenelm king-born. 
Roger de Weiulover, Chronicles (died 1237). 

Kenilworth, a novel by sir W. 

Scott (1821). This is very superior to 
The Abbot and The Monastery. For 
interest it comes next to Ivanhoe, and 
the portrait of queen Elizabeth is life- 
like and correct. That of queen Mary 
is given in The Abbot. The novel is full 
of courtly gaieties and splendour, bnt 
contains the unhappy tale of the beautiful 
Amy Robsart, which cannot fail to excite 
our sympathy and pity. 

Kenna, daughter of king Oberon, 
who fell in love with Albion son of the 
island king. Oberon drove the prince 
from his empire, and when Albion made 
war on the fairy king, he was slain. 
Kenna then poured the juice of moly 
over him, and the dead body was con- 
verted into a snowdrop. According to 
this fable, " Kensington Gardens " is a 
corruption of Kenna's-town-garden. — 
Tickell, Kensington Garden (died j.740). 

Kennahtwhar (" I know not where"), 
the capital of Noman's-land, 91° north 
lat. 181° west long. 

A chronicler of Kennahtwhar of literary mystery, 
The Conquest of Granada left in manuscript for history. 
The Queen (" Double Acrostic," 1878). 

*** This chronicler was "Fray Antonio 
Agapida," the hypothetical author of The 
Conquest of Granada, by Washington 
Irving. 

Kenna-quhair (Scotch, "/ don't 
know where "), an hypothetical locality. 

Melrose may in general pass for Kennauuhair.— Sir W. 

Scott. 

Kennedy (Frank), an excise officer, 
who shows Mr. G. Godfrey Bertram the 
laird of Ellangowan (magistrate) the 
smuggler's vessel chased by a war sloop. 
The smugglers afterwards murder him. 



— Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Kenneth (Sir), "Knight of the 
Leopard," a disguise assumed by David 
earl of Huntingdon, prince royal of 
Scotland.— Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Kenrick (Felix), the old foster- 
father of Caroline Dormer. His wife 
Judith was her nurse. Kenrick, an 
Irishman, clings to his mistress in all 
her misfortunes, and proves nimself a 
most attached, disinterested, and faithful 
old servant. — G. Colmanj The Heir-at- 
Law (1797). 

Kensington, according to Tickell's 
fable, is so called from the fairy Kenna, 
daughter of king ObSron. The tale is 
that prince Albion was stolen by Milkah, 
the fairy, and carried to Kensington. 
When 19 years old, he fell in lore with 
Kenna ; but Oberon was so angry at this 
engagement, that he drove Albion out of 
the garden, and compelled Kenna to 
marry Azuriel, a fairy from Holland 
Park. Albion laid his complaint before 
Neptune, who sent Oriel with a fairy 
army against Oberon. In this battle 
Albion was slain, and Neptune, in 
revenge, utterly -destroyed the whole 
empire. The fairies, being dispersed, 
betook themselves to the hills and dales, 
the caves and mines. Kenna poured 
juice of the herb moly over the dead 
body of Albion, and the unhappy prince 
was changed thus into a snowdrop. — 
Tickell, Kensington Garden (died 1740). 

Kent. According to fable, Kent is so 
called from Can'ute, one of the com- 
panions of Brute the Trojan wanderer, 
who, according to Geoffrey's British 
History, settled in England, and founded 
a dynasty of kings. Canute had that 
part of the island assigned to him which 
was called Canutium, contracted into 
Can'tium, and again into Cant or Kent. 

But Canute had his portion from the rest, 
The which he called Canutium, for his hire, 
Now Cantium, which Kent we commonly inquire. 
Spenser, Faery Queen, II. x. 12 115H0). 

Kent (Earl of), under the assumed 
name of Caius. attended upon the old king 
Lear, when his two elder daughters re- 
fused to entertain him with his suite. 
He afterwards took him to Dover Castle. 
When the old king was dying, he could 
not be made to understand how Caius and 
Kent could be the same person. — Shake- 
speare, King Lear (1605). 



KENT. 



509 



KEYS OF KNOWLEDGE. 



Kent (The Fair Maid of), Joan, only 
daughter of Edmund Plantagenet earl of 
Kent. She married thrice : (1) William 
de Montacute earl of Salisbury, from 
whom she was divorced ; (2) sir Thomas 
Holland ; and (3) her second cousin, 
Edward the Black Prince, by whom she 
became the mother of Kichard II. 

Kenwigs (Mr.), a turner in ivory, 
and "a monstrous genteel man." He 
toadies Mr. Lillyvick, his wife's uncle, 
from whom he has "expectations." 

Mrs. Kenuitjs, wife of the above, con- 
sidered " quite a lady," as she has an 
uncle who collects the water-rates, and 
sends her daughter Moleena to a day 
school. 

The Misses Kenwigs, pupils of Nicholas 
Nickleby, remarkable for wearing their 
hair in long braided tails down their 
backs, the ends being tied with bright 
ribbons. — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

Kera Khan, a gallant and generous 
Tartar chief in a war between the Poles 
and the Tartars. — J. P. Kemble, Lodoiska 
(a melodrame). 

Kerns, light-armed Irish foot-soldiers. 
The word (Kujheyren) means "a hell 
shower;" so called because they were hell- 
rakes or the " devil's black-guard." (See 
G allo wo lasses. ) — Stanihurst, Descrip- 
tion of Ireland, viii. 28. 

Kesehe'tiouch, the shepherd who 
joined the six Greek slaves of Ephesus, 
and was one of the "seven sleepers." 

Keschetiouch's Dog, Catnier, 'called by 
Sale, in his notes to the Koran, " Kat- 
mir." — Couite de Caylus, Oriental Tales 
("History of Dakianos," 1743). 

Kes'teven. Lincolnshire is divided 
into Lindsey, the highest lands ; Kesteven, 
the heaths (west) ; and Holland, the fens. 

Quoth Kesteven . . how I hate 
Thus of her foggy fens to hear rude Holland prate 1 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. (1622). 

Kettle Of Fish (A Pretty), a pretty 
muddle, a bad job. A corruption of 
Kiddle of fish. A kiddle is a basket set 
in the opening of a wear for catching fish. 
(French, quideau.) 

Kettle-drum, a corruption of Kiddle- 
drum, a drum in the shape of a kiddle or 
basket employed for catching fish. (See 
above.) 

Kettledrumrnle (Gabriel), a cove- 
nanter preacher. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 



Keuser, one of the rivers of Ma- 
homet's paradise, the waters whereof are 
sweeter than new milk. 

He who has seen the gulden of thy beauty, O adotable 
prim-ess. would not rhaiiKe his ravi-hment lor a drauxbt 
of t!ie water of Keuser.— Coiute de Caylus, Oriental Tale* 
('• The Basket," 17«). 

Kevin (St.), a young man who went 
to live on a solitary rock at Glendalough, 
in Wioklow. This he did to flee frum 
Kath'leen, who loved him, and whose eyes 
he feared his heart would not be able to 
resist. Kathleen tracked hiin, and 
while he slept " bent over him ; " but, 
starting from his sleep, the " holy man " 
cast the girl from the rock into the sea, 
which her ghost haunted amidst the 
sounds of sweet music. — T. Moore, Irish 
Melodies, iv. (" By that Lake . . ." 1814). 

Key (Sir), son of sir Ector the 
foster-father of prince Arthur. He was 
Arthur's seneschal, and is represented as 
rude and boastful. Sir Gaw'ain is the 
type of courtesy, sir Launcelot of chivalry, 
sir Mordred of treachery, sir Galahad of 
chastity, sir Mark of cowardice. (See 
Kay.) 

Key and Bible, used for the detec- 
tion of thieves. A key is placed over an 
open Bible at the words, " Whither thou 
goest, I will go " (Ruth i. 16) ; and, the 
fingers of the person being held so as to 
form a cross, the text is repeated. The 
names of suspected persons are then pro- 
nounced in succession, and when the name 
of the tfcief is uttered, the key jumps and 
dances about. An instance of this method 
of thief -finding was brought before the 
magistrates at the borough petty sessions 
at Ludlow, in January, 1879. 

A married woman, named Mar)' Ann Collier, was 
charged with using abusive and insulting language to her 
neighbour, Eliza Oliver ; and the complainant, in her 
statement to the magistrates, said that on December 27 
she was engaged in carrying water, when Mrs. Collier 
stopped her, and suited that another neighbour had had 
a sheet stolen, and had " turned the key on the Eible 
near several houses ; that when it came to her (Oliver's) 
house, the key moved of itself, and that when com- 
plainant's name was mentioned the key and the Book 
turned completely round, and fell out of their hands." 
She also stated that the owner of the sheet then inquired 
from the key and the Book whether the theft was com- 
mitted at dark or daylight, and the reply was "daylight." 

Defendant then called complainant "A -. A.ylight 

thief," and charged her with stealing the sheet — Newt- 
paper paragraph (January, 1879). 

Key of Russia, Smolensk, on the 
Dnieper. Famous for its resistance to 
Napoleon I. in 1812. 

Key of the Mediterranean, the 

fortress of Gibraltar, which commands 
the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea. 

Keys of Knowledge. Five things 



KEYNE. 



>10 



KILDARE. 



are known to God alone : (1) The time of 
the day of judgment; (2) the time of 
rain ; (3) the sex of an animal before 
birth ; (4) what will happen on the 
morrow ; (5) where any one will die. 
These the Arabs call the five keys of secret 
knowledge. — Sale, Al Koran, xxxi. note. 
*** the five senses are called " The 
five doors of knowledge." 

Keyne [Keen] or St. Keyna, daughter 
of Braga'nus prince of Garthmatrin or 
Brecon, called " Keyna the Virgin." 
Her sister Melaria was the mother of St. 
David. Many nobles sought her in 
marriage, but she refused them all, being 
resolved to live and die a virgin. She 
retired to a spot near the Severn, which 
abounded with serpents, but at her prayer 
they were all turned into Ammonites, 
and "abide to this day." Subsequently 
she removed to Mount St. Michael, and 
by her prayer a spring of healing waters 
burst out of the earth, and whoever 
drinks first of this water after marriage 
will become the dominant house-power. 
"Now," says Southey, "a Cornishman 
took his bride to church, and the moment 
the ring was on ran up the mount to 
drink of the mystic water. Down he 
came in full glee to tell his bride ; but the 
bride said, ' My good man, I brought a 
bottle of the water to church with me, 
and drank of it before you started.' " — 
Southey, The Well of St. Keyne (1798). 

Khadijah, daughter of Khowailed ; 
Mahomet's first wife, and one of the four 
perfect women. The other three are 
Fatima, the prophet's daughter ; Mary, 
daughter of Imran ; and Asia, wife of 
the Pharaoh who was drowned in the Red 
Sea. 

Khawla, one of the sorceresses in 
the caves of Dom-Daniel, " undev the 
roots of the ocean." She is called "the 
woman-fiend," " fiercest of the enchanter 
brood." She had heard that one of the 
race of Hodei'rah (3 syl.) would be their 
destruction, so Okba was sent forth to 
cut off the whole race. He succeeded in 
killing eight, but one named Thal'aba 
escaped. Abdaldar was chosen to hunt 
him up and kill him. He found the boy 
in an Arab's tent, and raised the dagger, 
but ere the blow fell, the murderer him- 
self was killed bj' the death-angel. — 
Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer (1797). 

Khid'ir or Chidder, the tutelary god 
of voyagers ; his brother Elias is the tute- 
lary god of travellers. The two brothers 



meet once a year at Mina, near Mecca. — 
Mouradgea d'Ohsson, History of the Otto- 
man .Empire (1821). 

Khorassan ( The Veiled Prophet of), 
Mokanna, a prophet-chief, who wore a 
veil under pretence of shading the 
dazzling light of his countenance. The 
truth is, he had lost an eye, and his face 
was otherwise disfigured in battle. Mo- 
kanna assumed to be a god, and main- 
tained that he had been Adam, Noeh, 
and other representative men. When the 
sultan Mahadi environed him so that 
escape was impossible, the prophet poi- 
soned all his followers at a banquet, and 
then threw himself into a burning acid, 
which wholly consumed his body. — T. 
Moore, Lalla Rookh (" The Veiled 
Prophet, etc.," 1817). 

Kidney. A man of another kidney, 
a man of a different sort of character. 
The Greeks, Romans, Jews, etc., sup- 
posed the kidneys to be the seat of the 
affections, and therefore to determine the 
charaoter. 

Kifri, a giant and enchanter, the 
impersonation of atheism and blasphemy. 
After some frightful blasphemies, he hurls 
into the air a huge rock, which falls on 
himself and kills him, "for self-murderers 
are generally infidels or atheists." — Sir 
C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the Genii 
(" The Enchanter's Tale," vi., 1751) 

Kil, in the names of places, means a 
"cell, cloister, or chapel." 

Kilbarchan (Scotland), Kil-bara-cin, 
the kill on the hill-top. 

Kilcrin (Ireland), the little kil. 

Kildare is Kil-dara, the "kil of the 
oak." St. Bridget built her first cell 
under a large oak. 

Kilham (Yorkshire), the chapel close. 

Kilkenny, the kill or cloister of St. 
Kenny or Canice. 

Kilmore (Ireland), the big kil. 

Kilsyth (Ireland), the great kil 
(" sythe, 1 ' great). 

Icolmkill (Scotland), is I-columb-kil, 
i.e. the "island of St. Columb's cell." 
The Culdee institutions of St. Columb 
were established in 563, for the purpose of 
converting the Picts to Christianity. 

Kildare (2 syl.), famous for the fire 
of St. Bridget, which was never allowed 
to go out. St. Bridget returns every 
twentieth year to tend to the fire herself. 
Part of the chapel of St. Bridget still 
remains, and is called "The Fire-house " 



KILDERKIN. 



511 



KING. 



Like the bright lamp that shone in Kihlarc's holy fane, 
An. I burned through long Rgen o( darkness and storm. 

I. Moore, lrith MtlodibS, iii. ("Eriii.O Erin I " 1814). 
Ap'Jil Kildariam occurrit ignis Saucta) Brigidac quern 

InextlnguebUem vocant— Qlraldus Cambrenste, Bibtrnia, 

ii. 3411187). 

Kilderkin (Ned), keeper of an 
eating-house at Greenwich. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Kilian (St.), an Irish missionary who 
suffered martyrdom at Wurzburg, in 689. 
A cathedral was erected to his memory in 
the eighth century. 

Kilian of Kersberg, the 'squire of 
sir Archibald von Hagenbaeh. — Sir W. 
Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Killed by Kindness. It is said 
that the ape not unfrequently strangles 
its young ones by hugging them too hard. 

The Athenians, wishing to show honour 
to Draco the law-giver, showered on him 
their caps and cloaks, and he was 
smothered to death by the pile thus 
heaped upon him. 

Killing no Murder. Carpentier 
de Marigny, the enemy of Mazatin, 
issued, in 1658, a tract entitled Titer lift 
Tyran n'est par un Crime. 

Sexby wrote a tract entitled Killing no 
Murder, generally thought to have been 
the production of William Allan. The 
object of the book was to show that it 
would be no crime to murder Cromwell. 

Kilmansegg (31iss), an heiress with 
great expectations, and an artificial leg 
of solid gold. — Thomas Hood, A Golden 
Legend (1828). 

King, a title of sovereignty or 
honour At one time, crown tenants were 
called kings or dukes, at the option of the 
sovereign ; thus, Frederick Barbarossj 
made one of his brothers a king-vassal, 
and another a duke-vassal, simply by the 
investiture of a sword. In English his- 
tory, the lord of Man was styled " king ; " 
so was the lord of the Isle of Wight, and 
the lord of Connaught, as clearly appears 
in the grants of John and Henry III. 
Several examples might be quoted of 
■earls conferring the title of "king "on their 
vassals. — See Selden's Titles of Honour, 
iii. (1614). 

King (Like a). When Porus, the 
• Indian prince, was taken prisoner, Alex- 
ander asked him how he expected to be 
treated. " Like a king," he replied ; and 
Alexander made him his friend. 

King (The Factory), Richard Oastler 



of Bradford, the successful advocate of 
the "Ten Hours Bill" (1789-1861). 

King (The Bailvag), George Hudson; 
so called by the Rev. Sydney Smith 
(1800-1871). 

King (The Bed) the king of Persia; 
so called from his rod turban. 

Credo ut Persam nunc propter rubea tepiimenta capitis 
Rubeum Caput voennt, it:i regal Moaoovta, propter alba 
tegumenta Albos liojct appellari.— Sigismund. 

King (The Snow), Gustavus Adolphus 
of Sweden, killed in the " Thirty Years' 
War" at the battle of Liitzen, 1632. 

At Vienna he was called "Tlve Snow Kin^'" in derision. 
Like a snowball, he was kept together by the cold, 'm< ai 
be approached a warmer soil he melted away and disap- 
peared.— Dr. Cricbton, Scaiuliiuivia.. ii. til (l'eas). 



%* Sweden and Norway are each 
called "The Snow Kingdom." 

Let no vessel of the kingdom of siiow.f.Vorira^l. bound 
on the dark-rolling waves of lnistore [tlie Orkney% t — 
Ossiun, t'inyal, i. 

King (The Wliite). The ancient kings 
of Muscovy were so called from the white 
robe which they used to wear. Solomon 
wore a white robe ; hence our Lord, speak- 
ing of the lilies of the field, says that 
"Solomon in all his glory was not 
arrayed like one of these " (Luke xii. 27). 

Principem Moscovue Album liegem nuncupiunt. . . . 
Credo nt Persam nunc propter rubea teguments capita 
Bubeum Caput vacant) ita rages Moscovfae, propter alba 
tegumenta Albos Kegel appellari. — Sigismund. 

%* Another explanation may be sug- 
gested : Muscovy was called " Wliite 
Russia," as Poland was called "Black 
Russia," 

King (Tom), "the choice spirit of the 
day for a quiz, a hoax, a joke, a jest, a 
song, a dance, a race, or a row. A jolly 
dog, a rare blood, prime buck, rum soul, 
and funny fellow." He drives M. Mor- 
bleu, a French barber, living in the 
Seven Dials, London, almost out of his 
senses by inquiring over and over agam 
for Mr. Thompson. — Moncrieff, Mori. 
Tonson. 

(There is a Mon. Tonson by Tavlor, 
1767.) 

King (surnamed the Affable), Charles 
VIII. of France (1470, 1483-1498). 

King (surnamed the Amorous), Philippe 

I. of France (1052, 1060-1108). 

King (surnamed Augustus), Philippe 

II. of France. So called because he was 
born in August (1165, 1180-1223). 

Sigismund II. of Poland ; born in the 
month of August (1520, 1548-1572). 

King (surnamed the Avenger), Alphonso 



KING. 



512 



KING. 



XI. of Loon and Castile (1310, 1327- 
1350). 

King (surnamed the Bad), Charles II. 
of Navarre (1332, 1349-1387). 

William I. of the Two Sicilies 
(*, 1154-1166). 

King (surnamed the Bald), Charles I. 
Ic Chauve of France (823, 875-877). 

King (surnamed Barbarossa or Red 
Beard), Frederick II. of Germany (1121, 
1152-1190). 

Kinq (surnamed the Battler), Alphonso 

I. of Aragon (*, 1104-1135). 

King (surnamed the Bearded), Baldwin 
IV. earl of Flanders, The Handsome 
Beard (1160-1186). 

Constantine IV., Pogonatus, emperor 
of Rome (648, 668-685). 

King (surnamed Beauclerk), Henry I. 
of England (1068, 1100-1135). 

King (surnamed the Bellicose), Henri 

II. le Belliqueux (1519, 1547-1559). 

King (surnamed the Black), Heinrich 

III. of Germany (1017, 1046-1056). 

King (surnamed the Bold), Boleslaus 
II. of Poland (1042, 1058-1090). 

King (surnamed Bomba), Ferdinand 
11. of the Two Sicilies (1751, 1759-1825). 
Francis II. Bomballno (1860). 

King (surnamed the Brave), Alphonso 
VI. of Leon and Castile (1030, 1065- 
1109). 

Alphonso IV. of Portugal (1290, 1324- 
1357). 

King (surnamed the Catholic), Alphonso 

I. of Asturias (693, 739-757). 
Ferdinand II. of Aragon (1452, 1474- 

1516). 

Isabella queen of Castile (1450, 1474- 
15C4). 

King (surnamed the Ceremonious), 
Peter IV. of Aragon (1317, 1336-1387). 

King (surnamed the Chaste), Alphonso 

II. of Leon, etc. (758, 791-842). 

King (surnamed the Confessor), Ed- 
ward the Confessor, of England (1004, 
1042-1066). 

King (surnamed the Conqueror), Alex- 
ander the Great, Conqueror of the World 
(B.C. 356, 336-323). 

Alfonso of Portugal (1094, 1137-1185). 



Aurunejzebe the Great, Alemgir, the 
Great Mogul (1618, 1659-1707). 

Francisco Pizarro Conquistador, of Peru 
(1475-1541). 

James I. of Aragon (1206, 1213-1276). 

Othman or Osman I. of Turkey (1259, 
1299-1326). 

William I. of England ^027, 1066- 
1087). 

King (surnamed the Cruel), Pedro of 
Castile (1334, 1350-1369). 

Pedro of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367). 

King (surnamed the Desired), Louis 
XVIII. of France (1755, 1814-1824). 

King (surnamed the Fair), Charles IV. 
(1294, 1322-1328). 

Philippe IV. le Bel, of France (1268, 
1285-1314). 

King (surnamed the Fat), Alphonso II. 
of Portugal (1185, 1212-1223). 

Charles III. of France (832, 884-888). 

Louis VI. le Gros, of France (1078, 
1108-1137). 

Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030). 

King (surnamed the Father of Letters), 
Francois I. of France (1494, 1515-1547). 

King (surnamed the Father of His 
People), Louis XII. of France (1462, 
1498-1515). 

Christian III. of Denmark (1502, 
1534-1559). 

King (surnamed the Fearless), John 
duke of Burgundy, Sanspeur (1371-1419). 

Richard I., Sanspeur, duke of Nor- 
mandy (932, 942-996). 

King (surnamed the Fierce), Alexander 
I. of Scotland (*, 1107-1124). 

King (surnamed the Gallant), in Italian 
Be Galantuomo, Victor Emmanuel of 
Italy (1820, 1849-1878). 

King (surnamed the Good), Alphonso 
VIII. of Leon and Castile (1155, 1158- 
1214). 

John II. of France, le Bon (1319, 
1350-1364). 

John III. dike of Brittany (1286, 
1312-1341). 

John V. duke of Brittany (1389, 1399- 
1442). 

Philippe III. le Bon, duke of Bur- 
gundy (1396, 1419, 1467). 

Rene' titular king of Naples (1409- 
1452). 

Richard II. duke of Normandy 
(*, 996-1026). 



KING. 



513 



KING. 



William II. of the Two Sicilies 
(*, 1166-1189). 

Kiiii/ (surnamed the Great), Abbas I. 
of Persia (1557, 1585-1698). 

Alexander of Macedon (b.c. 356, 340- 
323). 

Alfred of England (849, 871-901). 

Alphonso III. of Asturias, etc. (848, 
866-912), 

Alphonso V. count of Savov (1249, 
1285 1323). 

B.-leslaus I. of Poland (*, 992-1025). 

Canute of England (995, 1011-103.")). 

Casimir III. of Poland (1309, 1333- 
1370). 

Charlemagne (742, 768-814). 

Charles III. duke of Lorraine (1543, 
1547-1608). 

Charles Emmanuel I. duke of Savoy 
(1562, 1580-1630). 

Constantine I. emperor of Rome (272, 
306-337). 

Cosmo de' Medici grand-duke of Tus- 
cany (1519, 1537-1574). 

Ferdinand I. of Castile, etc. (*, 1034- 
1065). 

Frederick II. of Prussia (1712, 1740- 
1786). 

Frederick William the Great Elector 
(1620, 1640-1 6SS). 

Gregorv I. pope (544, 590-604). 

Henri IV. of France (1553, 1589-1610). 

Herod I. of the Jews (b.c. 73, 47^1). 

Herod Agrippa I. the tetrarch 
(*, *-44). 

Hiao-wen-tee of China (b.c. 206, 179- 
157). 

John II. of Portugal (1455, 1481- 
1495). 

Justinian I. emperor of the East (483, 
527-565). 

Khosrou or Chosroe's I. of Persia 
(*, 531-579). 

Leo I. pope (390, 440-461). 

Louis XIV. of France (1638, 1643- 
1715). 

Ludwig of Hungary (1326, 1342-1381). 

Mahomet II. of Turkey (1430, 1451- 
1481). 

Matteo Visconti lord of Milan (1250, 
1295-1322). 

Maximilian duke of Bavaria (1573- 
1651). 

Napoleon I. of France (1769, 1804- 
1814, died 1821). 

Nicholas I. pope (*, 858-867). 

Otto I. of Germany (912, 936-973). 

Pedro III. of Aragon (1239, 1276- 
1285). 

Peter I. of Russia (1672, 1689-1725). 

Sapor II. of Persia (310, 308-380). 



Sigismund I. of Poland (1466, 1506- 
1548). 

Theoderic of the Ostrogoths (454, 
47.") 526). 

Theodosius I. emperor (346, 378 -:{!»:>). 

Vladimir grand-duke of Russia 
(*, 973-1014). 

Waldemar I. of Denmark (1131, 1157- 
1181). 

Kmg (surnamed the Illustrious), Albert 
V. emperor of Austria (1398, L404-1 139). 

Jam-sheid of Persia (b.c. 840-800). 

Kien-long of China 1 1736-1796). 

Nicomedes II., Lpiphanes, of Bithvnia 
(*, 149-191). 

Ptolemy V., Epiphanes, of Egypt 
(b.c. 210," 205-181). 

King (surnamed the Infant), Ludwig 
IV. of Germany (893, 900-911). 

Otto III. of Germany (980, 983-1002). 

King (surnamed Ironside), Edmund II. 
of England (989, 1016-1017). 

Frederick II. elector of Brandenburg 
was called " Iron Tooth" (1657, 1688- 
1713). 

Nicholas of Russia was called "The 
Iron Emperor" (1796, 1826-1852). 

King (surnamed the Just), Baharam of 
Persia (276-296). 

Casimir II. of Poland (1117, 1177- 
1194). 

Ferdinand I. of Aragon (1373, 1412- 
1416). 

Haroun-al-Raschid (765, 786-808). 

James II. of Aragon (1261, 1285- 
1327). 

Khosrou or Chosroe's I. of Persia 
(* 531-579). 

Louis XIII. of France (1601, 1610- 
1643). 

Pedro I. of Portugal (1320, 1357- 
1367). 

King (surnamed the Lame), Agesi- 
laos of Sparta (b.c. 444, 398-361). 

Albert II. of Austria (1289, 1330-1358), 
duke of Austria. 

Charles II. of Naples (1248, 1289-1309). 

Heinrich II. of Germany (972, 1002- 
1024). 

King (surnamed the Lion), Alep Ars- 
lan {the Valiant Lion), son of Togrul Beg, 
the Perso-Turkish monarch (*, 1063- 
1072). 

Arioch, called "The Lion King of 
Assyria" (b.c. 1927-1897). 

Damelowiez prince of Haliez, who 
founded Lemberg ("the lion city") in 
1259. 

2 L 



KING. 



514 



KING. 



Gustavus Adolpims, called " The Lion 
of the North " (1594, 1611-1632). 

Heinrich duke of Bavaria and Saxony 
(1129-1195). 

Louis VIII. of France (1187, 1223- 
1226). 

Richard I. of England, Cceur de Lion 
(1157, 1189-1199). 

William of Scotland ; so called he- 
cause he chose for his cognizance a red 
lion rampant (*, 1165-1214). 

King (surnamed the Little), Charles 
III. of Naples (1345, 1381-1386). 

King (surnamed the Long-legged), Ed- 
ward I., Longshanks, of England (1239, 
1272-1307). 

Philippe V. le Long, of France (1294, 
1317-1322). 

King (surnamed the Magnanimous), 
Alphonso V. of Aragon and Naples (1385, 
1416-1458). 

Khosrou or Chosroes of Persia, Nou- 
shirwan (*, 531-579). 

King (surnamed the Magnificent), Soli- 
man I. sultan (1493, 1520-1566). 

King (surnamed the Martyr), Charles 
I. of England (1600, 1625-1649). 

Edward the Martijr, of England (961, 
975-979). 

Louis XVI. of France (1754, 1774- 
1793). 

Martin I. pope (*, 649-655). 

King (surnamed the Minion), Henri 

III. of France (1551, 1574-1589). 

King (surnamed the Noble), Alphonso 
VIII. of Leon and Castile (1155, 1158- 
1214). 

Charles III. of Navarre (*, 1387-1425). 

Soliman, called Tchelibi, Turkish prince 
at Adrianople (died 1410). 

King (surnamed the Pacific), Amadeus 
VIII. 'count of Savoy (1383, 1391-1449). 

Frederick III. of German\ (1415, 1440- 
1493). 

Glaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093). 

King (surnamed the Patient), Albert 

IV. duke of Austria (1377, 1395-1404). 

King (surnamed the Philosopher), Fre- 
derick the Great, called " The Philosopher 
of Sans Souci" (1712, 1740-1786). 

Leo VI. emperor of the East (866, 886- 
911). 

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus of Rome 
(121, 161-180). 

King (surnamed the Pious), Edward VI. 
of England (1537, 1547-1553). 



Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161). 

Ernst I. founder of the house of Gotha 
(1601-1674). 

Robert le Pieux, of France (971, 996- 
1031). 

King (surnamed the Prodigal), Albert 

VI. of Austria (1418, 1439-1463). 

King (surnamed the Rash), Charles le 
Temeraire, of Burgundy (1433, 1467-1477), 
duke. 

King (surnamed the Eed), Amadeus 

VII. count of Savoy (1360, 1383-1391). 
Otto II. of Germany (955, 973-983). 
William II., Pufns, of England (1057, 

1087-1100). 

King (surnamed lied Beard), Frederick 
I. kaiser of Germanv, called Barbarossa 
(1121, 1152-1190). 

Horush or Horuc sultan of Algiers 
(1474, 1516-1618). 

Khair Eddin sultan of Algiers 
(*, 1518-1546). 

King (surnamed the Saint), Boniface I. 
pope (*, 418-422). 

Boniface IV. pope (*, 607-615). 

Celestine I. pope (*, 422-432). 

Celestine V. pope (1215, 1294-1296). 

Charles the Good, count of Flanders 
(*, 1119-1127). N 

David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153). 

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1160). 

Ethelred I. of Wessex (*, 866-871). 

Eugenius I. pope (*, 654-657). 

Felix 1. pope (*, 269-274). 

Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon 
(1200, 1217-1252). 

Heinrich II. of Germany (972, 1002- 
1024). 

Julius I. pope (*, 337-352). 

Kang-he of China (*, 1661-1722). 

Ladislaus I. of Hungary (1041, 1077- 
1095). 

Leo IX. pope (1002, 1049-1054). 

Louis IX. of France (1215, 1226-1270). 

Martin I. pope (*, 649-655). 

Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030). 

Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038). 

King (surnamed the Salic), Conrad II. 
of Germany (*, 1024-1039). 

King (surnamed the Severe), Peter I. 
of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367). 

King (surnamed the Silent), Anasta- 
sius I. emperor of the East (430, 491- 
518). 

William I. Stadtholder (1533, 1544- 
1584). 



KING. 



515 



KING AND THE LOCUSTS. 



King (surnamed the Simple), Charles 
III. of France (879, 893-029). 

King (surnamed the Stammerer), Louis 
II. le 'Jiegm: of Franc.' (846, 877-879). 

Michael II. emperor of the East 
(*, 820-829). 

Kim/ (surnamed the Terrible), Ivan IL. 
of Russia (1529, 1533-1584). 

Kiih] (surnamed the Thunderbolt). Pto- 
lemy king of Macedon, eldest son of 
Ptolemy Sot&r I., was bo called from his 
great impetuosity (b.c. *, 285-279). 

King ■ surnamed the Thunderer), 
Stephen II. of Hungary (1100, 1114- 
1131). 

A/m/ (surnamed the Unready), Ethelred 
II. of England (*, 978-1Q16). Unready, 
in this case, does not mean unprepared, 
but unwise, Lacking rede (" wisdom or 
counsel"). 

King (surnamed the Valiant), John IV. 
duke of Brittany (1338, 1364-1399). 

King (surnamed the Victorious), 
Charles VII. of France (1403, 1422-1461). 

King (surnamed the Well-beloved), 

Charles VI. of France (1368, 1380-1422). 

Louis XV. of France (1710, 1715-1774). 

King (surnamed the Wise), Albert II. 
duke of Austria (1289, 1330-1358). 

Alphonso X. of Leon and Castile (1203, 
1252-1284). 

Charles V. of France, le Sage (1337, 
1364-1380). 

Che-Tsou of China (*, 1278-1295). 

Frederick elector of Saxony (1463, 
1544-1554). 

James L, Solomon, of England (1566, 
1603-1625). 

John V. duke of Brittany (1389, 1399- 
1442). 

King (surnamed the Wander of the 
World), Frederick II. of Germany (1194, 
1215-1250). 

Otto III. of Germany (980, 983-1002). 

King (surnamed the Young), Dagobert 
II. of France (652, 656-679). 

Leo II. pope (470, 474-474). 

Louis VII. le Jeune, of France (1120, 
1137-1180). 

Ludwig II. of Germany (822, 855-875). 

Romanus II. emperor of the East (939, 
959-963). 

King Franco'ni, Joachim Mura ; so 
called because his dress was so exceedingly 



showy that he reminded one of the fine 
dresses of Franconi the mountebank 

(1767-1815). 

King Log, a roi faineant, an allusion 
to iEsop's fable of tlic Frog* asking /or a 
King. J apiter threw a log into the pond 
for their first king, and a stork for their 
second. The one was too passive, the 
other was a " dovourer of his people." 

King Maker (The), Richard Neville, 
earl of Warwick, who fell in the battle of 
Barnet (1420-1471). So called because 
when he espoused the Yorkists, Edward 
IV. was set up king ; and when he 
espoused the Lancastrian side, Henry VI. 
was restored. 

Thus fortune to his end the mighty Warwick brings. 
Tub I'uUsant getter-up and ptucker-down of kings. 

Drayton, I'utyvlbiun, xxii. (MB). 

King Petaud, a king whose subjects 
are all his equals. The court of king Tc'taud 
is a board where no one pays any attention 
to the chairman ; a meeting of all talkers 
and no hearers. The king of the beggars 
is called king Pe'taud, from the Latin, pcto, 
" I beg." 

King Stork, a tyrant who devours 
his subjects and makes them submissive 
from fear. The allusion istOJEsop's fable 
of the Frog* asking for a King. Jupiter 
first sent them a log, but they despised 
the passive thing ; he then sent them a 
stork, who devoured them. 

Ki n g and the Locusts. A king 
made a proclamation that, if any man 
would tell him a story which should last 
for ever, he would make him his heir and 
son-in-law ; but if any one undertook to 
do so and failed, he should lose his head. 
After many failures, came one, and said, 
" A certain king seized all the corn of 
his kingdom, and stored it in a huge 
granary ; but a swarm of locusts came, 
and a small cranny was descried, through 
which one locust could contrive to creep. 
So one locust went in, and carried off 
one grain of corn ; and then another 
locust went in, and carried off another 
grain of corn ; and then another locust 
w r ent in," etc. ; and so the man went on, 
day after day, and week after week, "and 
so another locust went in, and carried off 
another grain of corn." A month passed; 
a year passed. In six months more, the 
king said, " How much longer will the 
locusts be? " " Oh, your majesty," said 
the storj'-teller, "they have cleared at 
present only a cubit, and there are many 



KING AND THE BEGGAR. 



516 KING SHOULD DIE STANDING. 



thousand cubits in the granary." " Man, 
man ! " cried the king ; " you will drive 
me mad. Take my daughter, take my 
kingdom, take everything I have ; only 
let me hear no more of these intolerable 
locusts ! " — Letters from an Officer in India 
(edited by the Rev. S. A. Pears). 

King and the Beggar. It is said 
that king Copethua or Cophetua of Africa 
fell in love with a beggar-girl, and 
married her. The girl's name was Penel'- 
ophon ; called by Shakespeare Zenel'- 
ophon (Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. sc. 1, 
1594). 

King and the Cobbler. The 
interview between Henry VIII. and a 
merry London cobbler is the subject of 
one of the many popular tales in which 
Bluff Hal is represented as visiting an 
humble subject in disguise. 

King of Bark, Christopher III. of 
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. So 
called because, in a time of scarcity, he 
had the bark of birchwood mixed with 
meal for food (died 1448). 

King of Bath, Beau Nash, who was 
for fifteen years master of the ceremonies 
of the bath-rooms in that city, and con- 
ducted the balls with great splendour and 
judgment (1G74-1761). 

King of England. This title wa3 
first assumed by Egbert in 828. 

King of Exeter 'Change, Thomas 
Clark, friend of the famous Abraham 
Newland (1737-1817). 

King of France. This title was 
first assumed by Louis VII. (1171). It 
was changed into "king of the French" 
by the National Assembly in 1789. 
Louis XVIII. resumed the title "king of 
France" in 1814; and Louis Philippe 
again resumed the more republican title, 
"king of the French" (1830). 

King of France. Edward III. of Eng- 
land assumed the title in 1337 ; but in 
1801 it was relinquished by proclamation 
(time, George III.). 

King of Ireland. This title was 
first assumed by Henry VIII. in 1542. 
The title previously assumed by the kings 
of England was "lord of Ireland." 

King of Painters, a title assumed 
by Parrhaslos. Plutarch says he wore a 
purple robe and a golden crown (fl. B.C. 
400). 



King of Preachers, Louis Bour- 
daloue, a French clergyman (1632-1704). 

King of Borne, a title conferred by 
Napoleon I. on his son the very day he 
was born ; but he was generally called the 
duke of Reichstadt. 

It is thought that this title was given 
in imitation of Charlemagne, If so, it 
was a blunder ; Charlemagne was never 
"king of Rome," but he was "patrician 
of Rome." In the German empire, the 
heir-apparent was " king of the Romans," 
not "king of Rome." This latter title 
was expressly conferred on the German 
kings, and sometimes on their heirs, by 
a coronation at Milan. The German title 
equivalent to "dauphin," or "prince of 
Wales," was " king of the Romans." 

King of Ships, Carausius, who 
assumed the purple in a.d. 287, aud, 
seizing on Britain, defeated the emperor 
Maximian Herculius in several naval 
engagements (250, 287-293). 

King of Yvetot \_Ev-to~], a king of 
name only ; a mockery king ; one who 
assumes mighty honours without the 
wherewithal to support them. Yvetot, 
near Rouen, was a seigneurie, on the 
possessor of which Clotaire I. conferred 
the title of king in 534, and the title 
continued till the fourteenth century. 

II ctait un roi dTvetot, 
Peu connu dans l'histoire ; 
Se levant tard, se couchant tot, 
Dormant fort bien sansgloire. 

Beranger. 

King of the Beggars, Bampfylde 
Moore Carew (1G93-1770). He succeeded 
Clause Patch, who died 1730, and was 
therefore king of the beggars for forty 
years (1730-1770). 

King of the World, the Roman 
emperor. 

King" Sat on the Rocky Brow 
(A). The reference is to Xerxes viewing 
the battle of Salamis from one of the 
declivities of mount /Egal'eos. 

A king sat on the rocky brow 

Which looks o'er sea-born Salamis; 
And ships, by thousands, lay below. 
Byron, Don Juan, ul. (" The Isles of Greece," 1820). 

("Ships by thousands" is a gross 
exaggeration. The original fleet was 
only 1200 sail, and 400 were wrecked otf 
the coast of Sepias before the sea-fight of 
Salamis commenced, thus reducing the 
number to 800 at most.) 

King should Die Standing (A). 
Vespasian said so, and Lcuis XVI II. of 



KING'S CAVE. 



517 



KINGS OF ENGLAND. 



France repeated the same conceit. Both 
died standing. 

King's Cave (The), opposite to 
Campbeltown (Argyllshire) ; so called 
because king Robert Bruce -with his 
retinue lodged in it. — Statistical Account 
of Scot/and, v. 167. 

King's Chair, the hands of two 
persons so crossed as ttfform a seat. On 
Candlemas Day (February 2), it was at one 
time customary for Scotch children to 
carry offerings to their schoolmaster, and 
the boy and girl who brought the richest 
gift were elected king and queen for the 
nonce. When school was dismissed, each 
of these two children was carried in a 
king's chair, by way of triumph. 

Kings. Many lines of kings have 
taken the name of some famous forefather 
or some founder of a dynasty as a titular 
name. — See Seldcn, Titles of Honour, v. 

Alban kings, called Silvias. 

Amalekite kings, Agag. 

Bithynian kings, Nicomedes. 

Constantinopolitan kings, Constantino 

Egyptian kings (ancient), Pharaoh. 
,, ,, (mediaeval), Ptolemy. 

Indian kings, called Palibothri (from the 
city of Palibothra). 

Parthian kings, Ar'saces. 

Roman emperors, Ccesar. 

Servian kings, Lazar, i.e. Eleazar Bulk 
or Bulk-o<jar, sons of Bulk. 

Upsala kings, called Drott. 

Royal patronymics. — Athenian, Cecrop'- 
idoe, from Cecrops. 

Danish, Skiold-ungs, from Skiold. 

Persian, Achmen'-idse, from Achmenes. 

Thessalian, Aleva-dae, from Alevas ; 
etc., etc. 

Kings of Cologne [The Tliree), 
the three Magi who came from the East to 
offer gifts to the infant Jesus. Their names 
are Melchior, Gaspar, and Balthazar. 
The first offered gold, symbolic of king- 
ship ; the second, frankincense, symbolic 
of divinity ; the third, myrrh, symbolic of 
death, myrrh being used in embalming 
the dead. (See Cologne, p. 204.) 

Kings of England. Since the 
Conquest, not more than three successive 
sovereigns have reigned without a crisis : 

William I., WiUiam II., Henry I. 

Stepheu usurper. 

Henry II., Richard I., John. 

The pope gives the crown to the dauphin. 

Henry III., Edward I., Edward II. 

Edward IL oaurdered. 



Edward III., Richard II. 

Richard II. deposed. 

Henry IV., V., VI. 

Lancaster changed to York. 

Edward IV., V., Richard III. 

Dj nasty changed. 

Henry VII., VIII., Edward VI. 

Lady Jane Grey. 

Mary, Elizabeth. 

Dynasty changed. 

James I., Charles I. 

Charles I. beheaded. 

Charles II., James II. 

James II. dethroned. 

William III., Anne. 

Dynasty changed. 

George I., II., III. 

Regency. 

George IV., William IV., Victoria 

(indirect successions). 

Kinys of Eruyland. Except in one in- 
stance (that of John), we have never had 
a great-grandchild sovereign in direct 
descent. The exception is not creditable, 
for in John's reign the kingdom was 
given away twice; his son Henry III. 
was imprisoned by Leicester; and his 
great-grandson Edward II. was mur- 
dered. In two other instances a grand- 
child has succeeded, viz., Henry VI.. 
whose reign was a continued civil war ; 
and Edward VI., the sickly sod of Jane 
Seymour. Stephen was a grandchild of 
AVilliam I., but a usurper; Richard II. 
was a grandchild of Edward III., and 
George III. was grandson of George II. ; 
but their fathers did not succeed to the 
throne. 

William I. ; his sons, William II., 
Henry I. 

Stephen (a usurper). 

Henry II. ; his sons, Richard I., John 
(discrowned). 

From John, in regular succession, we 
have Henry III. (imprisoned), Edward 
I., Edward II. (murdered), Edward III. 

Richard II., son of the Black Prince, 
and without offspring. 

Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI. 
(civil wars). 

Edward IV., Edward V. 

Richard III. (no offspring). 

Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VT. 

Mary, Elizabeth (daughters of Henry 
VIII.)'. 

James I., Charles I. 

Cromwell (called lord protector). 

Charles II., Jame3 II. (two brothers). 

William III. 



KINGS OF ENGLAND. 



518 



KINGSALE. 



Anne. 

George I., George II. 

George III. (great-grandson of George 
I., but not in direct descent), George IV. 

William IV. (brother of George IV.). 

Victoria (the niece of William IV. and 
George IV.). 

Kings of England. Three seems to be 
a kind of ruling number in our English 
sovereigns. Besides the coincidences 
mentioned above . connected with the 
number, may be added the following : — 
(1) That of the four kings who married 
French princesses, three of them suffered 
violent deaths, viz., Edward II., Richard 
II., and Charles I. (2) The three longest 
reigns have been three threes, viz., Henry 
III., Edward III., and George III. (3) 
We have no instance, as in France, of 
three brothers succeeding each other. 

Kings of France. The French 
have been singularly unfortunate in their 
choice of royal surnames, when designed 
to express anything except some personal 
quality, as handsome, fat, of which we 
cannot judge the truth. Thus, Louis 
VIII., a very feeble man in mind and 
body, was surnamed the Lion ; Philippe 
II., whose whole conduct was over- 
reaching and selfish, was the Magnani- 
mous; Philippe III., the tool of Labrosse, 
was the Daring ; Philippe VI., the most 
unfortunate of all the kings of France, 
was surnamed the Lucky ; Jean, one of 
the worst of all the kings, was called 
the Good; Charles VI. an idiot, and 
Louis XV. a scandalous debauchee, were 
surnamed the Well-beloved ; Henri II., a 
man of pleasure, wholly under the thumb 
of Diane de Poitiers, was called the 
Warlike; Louis XIII., most unjust in 
domestic life, where alone he had any 
freedom of action, was called the Just; 
Louis XIV., a man of mere ceremony 
and posture, who lost battle after battle, 
and brought the nation to absolute 
bankruptcy, was surnamed the Great 
King. (He was little in stature, little in 
mind, little in all moral and physical 
faculties ; and great only in such little- 
nesses as posturing, dressing, ceremony, 
and gormandizing.) And Louis XVIII., 
forced on the nation by conquerors quite 
against the general will, was called the 
Desired. 

Kings of France. The succession of 
three brothers has been singularly fatal 
in French monarchism. The Capetian 
dynasty terminated with three brothers, 



sons of Philippe le Bel (viz., Louis X., 
Philippe V., and Charles IV.). The 
Valois dynasty came to an end by the 
succession of the three brothers, sons of 
Henri II. (viz., Francois II., Charles IX., 
and Henri III.). The next or Bourbon 
dynasty terminated in the same manner 
(Louis XVI., Louis XVIII., and Charles 
X.). 

After Charles IV. (the third brother of 
the Capetian dynasty), came Philippe de 
Valois, a collateral descendant ; after 
Henri III. (the third brother of the 
Valois dynasty), came Henry de Bour- 
bon, a collateral descendant ; and after 
Charles X. (the third brother of the 
Bourbon dynasty), came Louis Philippe, 
a collateral descendant. With the third 
of the third the monarchy ended. 

Kings Playing with, their 
Children. 

The fine painting of Bonington repre- 
sents Henri IV. (of France) carrying his 
children pickaback, to the harror of the 
Spanish ambassador. 

Plutarch tells us that Agesilaos was 
one Any discovered riding cock-horse on 
a walking-stick, to please and amuse his 
children. 

George III. was on one occasion dis- 
covered on all x fours, with one of his 
children riding astride his back. He is 
also well remembered by the painting of 
" George III. Playing at Ball with the 
Princess Amelia." 

Kingdom of Snow, Norway. 
Sweden also is so called. When these 
kingdoms had each a separate king, 
either of them was called " The Snow 
King." (See King, Snow.) 

Let no vessel of the kingdom of snow, bound on the 
dark-rolling waves of Inistore [the Orkneys].— Ossian, 
IHngal, i. 

Kingsale (Lord), allowed to wear 
his hat in the presence of royalty. In 
1203, Hugh de Lacie treacherously seized 
sir John de Courcy lord of Kingsale, and 
king John condemned him to perpetual 
imprisonment in the Tower. When he 
had been there about a year, king John 
and Philippe Auguste of France agreed to 
determine certain claims by cnmbat. It 
was then that John applied to De Courcy 
to be his champion ; and as soon as the 
giant knight entered the lists, the French 
champion ran away panic-struck. John 
now asked his champion what reward he 
could give him for his service. "Titles 
and estates 1 have enow," said De Courcy ; 
and then requested that, after having paid 



KINGSHIP. 



519 



KITE. 



obeisance, he and his heirs might stand 
covered in the presence of the king and 
his successors. 

Lord Forester had the same right 
confirmed to him by Henry VIII. 

John Pakington, ancestor of lord 
Hampton, had a grant made him in the 
20fcb Henry VIII. "of full liberty during 
his life to wear his hat in the royal 
presence." 

Kingship (Disqualifications for). Any 
personal blemish disqualified a person 
from being king during the semi-bar- 
barous stage of society ; thus putting out 
the eyes of a prince, to disqualify him 
from reigning, was by no means uncom- 
mon. It will be remembered that Hubert 
designed to put out the eyes of prince 
Arthur, with this object. Witi'za the 
Visigoth put out the eyes of Theodo- 
fred, "inhabilitandole para la monarchia," 
says Ferraras. When Alboquerque took 
possession of Ormuz, he deposed fifteen 
kings of Portugal, and, instead of killing 
them, put out their eyes. 

Yorwerth, son of Owen Gwynedh, was 
set aside from the Welsh throne because 
he had a broken nose. 

Count Oiiba of Barcelona was set aside 
because he could not speak till he had 
stamped thrice with his foot, like a goat. 

The son of Henry V. was to be received 
as king of France, only on condition that 
his body was without defect, and was not 
stunted. — Monstrelet, Chroniques, v. 190 
(1512). 

Un Conde de Gallicia que fuera valiado, 
Pelayo avie nombre, ome fo desforzado, 
Perdio la vision, andaba embargado, 
Ca ome que non vede, non debie seer nado. 
Gonzalez de Berceo, i>. fiom., 383 (died 1266). 

Kinmont WiUie, William Arm- 
strong of Kinmonth. This notorious 
freebooter, who lived in the latter part of 
the sixteenth century, is the hero of a 
famous Scotch ballad. 

Kinoce'tus, a precious stone, which 
will enable the possessor to cast out 
devils. — Mirror of Stones. 

Kirk (Mr. John), foreman of the jury 
on Effie Deans's trial.— Sir W. Scott, 
Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Kirkcaldy (Scotland), a corruption 
of Kirk-Culdee, one of the churches 
founded in 563 by St. Columb and his 
twelve brethren, when they established 
the Culdee institutions. The doctrines, 
discipline, and government of the Culdees 
resembled presbyterianism. 

Kirkrapine (3 syl.) } a sturdy thief, 



11 wont to rob churches of their ornaments 
and poor men's boxes." All he could 
lay hands on he brought to the hut of 
Abessa, daughter of Corce'ca. While 
Una was in the hut, Kirkrapine knocked 
at the door, and as it was not immediately 
opened, knocked it down ; whereupon 
the lion sprang on him, " under his 
lordly foot did him suppress," and then 
" rent him in thousand pieces small." 

The meaning is that popery was re- 
formed by the British lion, which slew 
Kirkrapine, or put a stop to the: traffic in 
spiritual matters. Una represents truth 
or the Reformed Church. — Spenser, Fairy 
Queen, i. 3 (1590). 

Kiss the Scavenger's Daughter 
(7b), to be put to the torture. Strictly 
speaking, "the scavenger's daughter" 
was an instrument of torture invented 
by William Skevington, lieutenant of the 
Tower in the reign of Henry VIII. 
Skevington became corrupted into sca- 
venger, and the invention was termed his 
daughter or offspring. 

Kit [Nubblbs], the lad employed to 
wait on little Nell, and do all sorts of 
odd jobs at the "curiosity shop " for her 
grandfather. He generally begins his sen- 
tences with "Why then." Thus, "Twas 
a long way, wasn't it, Kit?" "Why 
then, it was a goodish stretch," returned 
Kit. " Did you find the house easily ? " 
" Why then, not over and above," said 
Kit. "Of course you have come back 
hungry?" " Why then, I do think I am 
rather so." When the " curiosity shop " 
was broken up by Quilp, Kit took service 
under Mr. Garland, Abel Cottage, Finch- 
ley. 

Kit was a shock-headed, shambling, awkward lad, with 
an uncommonly wide mouth, very red cheeks, a turned- 
up nose, and a most comical expression of face. He 
stopped short at the door on seeing a stranger, twirled in 
his hand an old round hat without a vestige of brim, rest- 
ing himself now on one leg, and now on the other, and 
looking with a most extraordinary leer. He was evidently 
the comedy of little Nell's life.— C. Dickens, The Old 
Curiosity Shop, i. (1840). 

Kite (Sergeant), the "recruiting 
officer." He describes his own character 
thus : 

" I was born a gipsy, and bred among that crew till I 
was 10 years old ; there I learnt canting and lying. I 
was bought from my mother by a certain nobleman for 
three pistoles, who . . . made me his page ; there I learnt 
impudence and pimping. Being turned off for wearing 
my lord's linen, and drinking my lady's ratafia, I turned 
bailiff's follower ; there I learnt bullying and swearing. 
I at last got into the army, and there I learnt . . . drinking. 
So that . . . the whole sum is : canting, lying, impudence, 
pimping, bullying, swoaring, drinking, and a halberd." 
— G. Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer, iii. 1 (17v5). 

Sergeant Kite is an original picture of low life and 
humour, rarely surpassed.— R. Chambers, English Litera- 
ture, i. 599. 



KITELY. 



520 



KLAUS. 



The original " sergeant Kite" was R. 
Eastcourt (1668-1713). 

Kitely (2 syl.), a rich City merchant, 
extremely jealous of his wife. — Ben Jon- 
son, Every Man in His Humour (1598). 

Kit-Kat Club, held in Shire Lane, 
now called Lower Serle's Place (London). 
The members were whig " patriots," who, 
at the end of William III.'s reign, met to 
secure the protestant succession. Joseph 
Addison, Steele, Congreve, Garth, Van- 
brugh, Mainwaring, Walpole, Pulteney, 
etc., were members. 

Kit-Kat Pictures, forty-two por- 
traits, painted by sir Godfrey Kneller, 
three-quarter size, to suit the walls of 
Tonson's villa at Barn Elms, where, in 
its latter days, the Kit-Kat Club was 
held. 

*** "Kit-Kat "derives its name from 
Christopher Katt, a pastry-cook, who 
served the club with mutton pies. 

Kitt Henshaw, boatman of sir 
Patrick Charteris of Kinfauns, provost 
of Perth.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Kittlecourt (Sir Thomas), M.P., 
neighbour of the laird of Ellangowan. — 
Sir. W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Kitty, one of the servants of Mr. 
Peregrine Lovel. She spoke French 
like a native, because she was once "a 
half-boarder at Chelsea." Being asked 
if she had read Shakespeare : " Shikspur, 
Skikspur!" she replied. "Who wrote it? 
Nc, I never read that book ; but I promise 
to read it over one afternoon or other." — 
Rev. James Townley, High Life Below 
Stairs (1759). 

Kitty, younger daughter of sir David 
and lad} 7 Dunder of Dunder Hall, near 
Dover. She is young, wild, and of ex- 
uberant spirits, "her mind full of fun, 
her eyes full of fire, her head full of 
novels, and her heart full of love." 
Kitty fell in love with Random at Calais, 
and agreed to elope with him, but the 
fugitives were detected by sir David 
during their preparations for flight, and, 
to prevent scandal, the marriage was 
sanctioned by the parents, and duly 
solemnized at Dunder Hall. — G. Colman, 
Ways and Means (1788). 

Kitty Pry, the waiting-maid of 
Melissa, Very impertinent, very in- 
quisitive, and very free in her tongue. 



She has a partiality to Timothy Sharp 
" the lying valet." — Garrick, The Lying 
Valet (1741). 

Kitty Willis, a " soiled dove," em- 
ployed by Saville to attend a masquerade 
in the same costume as lady Francis, in 
order to dupe Courtall. — Mrs. Cowley, 
The Belle's Stratagem (1780). 

Klabot'ermann, a ship-kobold of 
the Baltic, sometimes heard, but rarely 
seen. Those who have seen him say he 
sits on the bowsprit of a phantom ship 
called Carmilhan, dressed in yellow, wear- 
ing a night-cap, and smoking a cutty pipe. 

Klas (Kaiser), a nickname given to 
Napoleon I. (1769, 1804-1814, 1821). 

Hort m&l ltid, en bitgen still, 
Hort wat ick vertellen will, 
Van den groten kaiser Klas, 
Dat war mal en fixen Bas, 
Ded von Korsika her ten 
Wall de welt mal recht besehn. 

• • • • 

Helena de Jumfer is 
Nu sin Brut, sin Paradis; 
Klas geit mit e'r op de Jagd 
Drbmt nich mehr von krieg un Schlacht, 
Un het he mal Langewil 
Schleit he Rotten d'Ot mil'n Bil. 

Kaiser Kids. 

Klaus (Doctor), hero and title of a 
comedy by Herr Adolph l'Arronge (1878;. 
Dr. Klaus is a gruff, but noble-minded 
and kind-hearted man, whose niece (a 
rich jeweller's daughter) has married a 
poor nobleman of such extravagant 
notions that the wife's property is soon 
dissipated ; but the young spendthrift is 
reformed. The doctor has a coachman, 
who invades his master's province, and 
undertakes to cure a sick peasant. 

Klaus (Peter), the prototype of Rip 
van Winkle. Klaus [Klows] is a goat- 
herd of Sittendorf, who was one day 
accosted by a young man, who beckoned 
him to follow. Peter obeyed, and was 
led into a deep dell, where he found twelve 
knights playing skittles, no one of whom 
uttered a word. Gazing around, he 
noticed a can of wine, and, drinking some 
of its contents, was overpowered with 
sleep. When he awoke, he was amazed 
at the height of the grass, and when he 
entered the village everything seemed 
strange to him. C*ne or two companions 
encountered him, but those whom he 
knew as boys were grown middle-aged 
men, and those whom he knew as middle- 
aged were grey-beards. After much 
perplexity, he discovered he had been 
asleep for twenty years. (See Sleepers.) 

your Epimenides, your somnolent Peter Klaus, since 
named " Rip van Winkle."— T. (Jarlyle. 



KLEINER. 



521 



KNIGHT OF THE SWAN. 



Kleiner (Genera/), governor of 
Prague, brave as a lion, but tender- 
hearted as a girl. It was Kleiner who 
rescued the infant daughter of Mahldenau 
at the siege of Magdeburg. A soldier 
seized the infant's nurse, but Kleiner 
smote him down, saved the child, and 
brought it up as his own daughter. 
Mahldenau being imprisoned in Prague 
as a spy, Meeta his daughter came to 
Prague to beg for his pardon, and it then 
came to light that the governor's adopted 
daughter was Meeta's sister. — S. Knowles, 
The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838). 

Knag (Miss), forewoman of Mde. 
Mantaliiri, milliner, near Cavendish 
Square, London. After doting on Kate 
Nickleby for three whole days, this spite- 
ful creature makes up her mind to hate 
her for ever. — C. Dickens, Nicholas 
Nickleby, xviii. (1838). 

Knickerbocker (Diedrich), nom de 
plunie of Washington Irving, in his 
History of New York (1809). 

Knight of Arts and Industry, 

the hero of Thomson's Castle of Indolence 
(canto ii. 7-13, 1748). 

Knight of La Maneha, don 
Quixote de la Maneha, the hero of 
Cerrantes's novel called Don Quixote, 
etc. (1605, 1615). 

Knight of the Blade, a bully ; so 
called because when swords were worn, a 
bully was for ever asserting his opinions 
by an appeal to his sword. 

Knight of the Ebon Spear, Bri- 
tomart. In the great tournament she 
" sends sir Artegal over his horse's tail." 
then disposes of Cambel, Tri'amond, 
Blan'damour, and several others in the 
same summary way, for " no man could 
bide her enchanted spear." — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, iv. 4 (1596). 

Knight of the Fatal Sword, 

Emedorus of Grana'da. Known for his 
love to the incomparable Alzay'da. 

" Sir," said the lady, " your name is so celebrated in the 
world, that I am persuaded nothing is impossible for your 
arm to execute."— Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tale* (" The 
Knighis-Errant," 1682). 

Knight of the Invincible Sword. 
So Am'adis de Gaul styled himself. — 
Vasco de Lobeira, Arnadis de Gaul (four- 
teenth century). 

Knight of the Leopard. David 
earl of Huntingdon, prince royal of Scot- 
land, assumed the name and disguise of 



sir Kenneth, "Knight of the Leopard," 
in the crusade. — Sir W. Scott, The Talis- 
man (time, Richard I.). 

Knight of the Lions, the appella- 
tion assumed by don Quixote after his 
attack upon the van containing two lions 
sent by the general of Oran as a present 
to the king of Spain. — Cervantes, Dun 
Quixote, II. i. 17 (1615). 

Knight of the Pestle, an apothe- 
cary or druggist. 

Knight of the Post, one who 

haunted the purlieus of the cohiIs, ready 
to be hired to swear anything. So called 
because these mercenaries hung about the 
posts to which the sheriffs affixed their 
announcements. 

I'll be no knight of the post, to sell my soul for a bribe ; 
Tho' all my fortunes be crossed, yet I scorn the cheater'f 
tribe. 

Ragged and Torn and True (a ballad). 

Also a man in the pillory, or one that 
has been publicly tied to a post and 
whipped. 

Knight of the Rainbow, a foot- 
man ; so called from his gorgeous rai- 
ment. 

Knight of the Roads, a foot-pad 
or highwayman ; so termed by a pun on 
the military order entitled "The Knights 
of Rhodes." 

Knight of the Rueful Counten- 
ance. Don Quixote de la Maneha, the 
hero of Cervantes's novel, is so called by 
Sancho Panza his 'squire. 

Knight of the Shears, a tailor. 
Shires (counties), pronounced shears, gives 
birth to the pun. 

Knight of the Sun, Almanzor 
prince of Tunis. So called because the 
sun was the device he bore on his shield. 
— Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("Prin- 
cess Zamea," 1682). 

Knight of the Swan, Lohengrin, 
son of Parzival. He went to Brabant 
in a ship drawn by a swan. Here he 
liberated the princess Elsen, who was a 
captive, and then married her, but de- 
clined to tell his mime. After a time, he 
joined an expedition against the Hun- 
garians, and after performing miracles of 
valour, returned to Brabant covered with 
glory. Some of Elsen's friends laughed 
at her for not knowing her husband's 
name, so she implored him to tell her of 
his family ; but no sooner was the ques- 
tion asked than the white swan re-ap- 
peared and conveyed him away. — 



KNIGHT OF THE TOMB. 



522 KNIGHTS OF OUR LADY, ETC. 



Wolfram von Eschenbach (a minnesinger), 
Lohengrin (thirteeenth century). (See 
Knights of the Swan.) 

Knight of the Tomb (The), sir 
James Douglas, usually called " The 
Black Douglas." — Sir W. Scott, Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Knight of the Whip, a coach- 
man. 

Knight of the White Moon, 

the title assumed by Samson Carrasco, 
when he tilted with don Quixote, on the 
condition that if the don were worsted in 
the encounter he should quit knight- 
errantry and live peaceably at home for 
twelve months. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
II. iv. 12-14 (1615). 

Knight of the Woeful Coun- 
tenance, don Quixote de la Mancha. 

Knight with Two Swords, 

sir Balin le Savage, brother of sir Balan. 
—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 27, 33 (1470). 

Knights. The three bravest of 
king Arthur's knights were sir Launcelot 
du Lac, sir Tristram de Liones or 
Lyones, and sir Lamorake de Galis (i.e. 
Wales). — Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 132 (1470). 

*** The complement of the knights of 
the Round Table was 150 (ditto, i. 120). 
But in Lancelot of the Lake, ii. 81, they 
are said to have amounted to 250. 

Knights ('Prentice), a secret society 
established to avenge the wrongs of ap- 
prentices on their " tyrant masters." Mr. 
Sim Tappertit was captain of this " noble 
association," and their meetings were held 
in a cellar in Stagg's house, in the Bar- 
bican. The name was afterwards changed 
into " The United Bull-dogs," and the 
members joined the anti-popery rout of 
lord George Gordon. — C. Dickens, Barnaby 
Pudge, viii. (1841). 

Knights of Alean'tara, a mili- 
tary order of Spain, which took its name 
from the city of Alcantara, in Estrema- 
dura. These knights were previously 
called " Knights of the Pear Tree," and 
subsequently " Knights of St. Julian." 
The order was founded in 1156 for the 
defence of Estremadura against the 
Moors. In 1197 pope Celestine III. 
raised it to the rank of a religious order 
of knighthood. 

Knights of Calatra'va, a mili- 
tary order of Spain, instituted by Sancho 



III. of Castile. When Sancho took the 
strong fort of Calatrava from the Moors, 
he gave it to the Knights Templars, who, 
wanting courage to defend it, returned it 
to the king again. Then don Reymond 
of the Cistercian order, with several 
cavelleros of quality, volunteered to 
defend the fort, whereupon the king 
constituted them " Knights of Cala- 
trava." 

Knights of Christian Charity, 
instituted by Henri III. of France, for 
the benefit of poor military officers and 
maimed soldiers. This order was founded 
at the same time as that of the " Holy 
Ghost," which was meant for princes and 
men of distinction. The order was com- 
pleted by Henri IV., and resembled our 
" Poor Knights of Windsor," now called 
" The Military Knights of Windsor." 

Knights of Malta, otherwise called 
" Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem," 
a religious military order, whose residence 
was in the island of Malta. Some time 
before the journey of Godfrey of Bouil- 
lon into the Holy Land, some Neapolitan 
merchants built a house for those of their 
countrymen who came thither on pil- 
grimage. Afterwards they built a 
church to St. John, and an hospital for 
the sick, whence they took the name of 
"Hospitallers." In 1104 the order became 
military, and changed the term " Hos- 
pitallers " into that of "Knights Hos- 
pitallers." In 1310 they took Rhodes, and 
the order was then called " The Knights 
of Rhodes." In 1523 they were expelled 
from Rhodes by the Turks, and took up 
their residence in Malta. 

Knights of Montesa, a Spanish 
order of knighthood, instituted by James 
II. of Aragon in 1317. 

Knights of Nova Scotia, in the 

West Indies, created by James I. of 
Great Britain. These knights wore a 
ribbon of an orange tawny colour. 

Knights of Our Lady of 
Mount Carmel (Chevaliers de TOrdre 
de Not?*e Dame du Mont Carrnel), insti- 
tuted by Henri IV. of France in 1607, 
and consisting of a hundred French 
gentlemen. 

N.B. — These knights must not be con- 
founded with the Carmelites or VOrdre 
des Cannes, founded by Bertholde count 
of Limoges in 1 156 ; said by legend to have 
been founded by the prophet Elijah, and 
to have been revived by the Virgin Mary. 



KNIGHTS OF RHODES. 



523 KNIGHTS OF THE BROOM, ETC. 



The religious house of Carmclwas founded 
in 400 by -John patriarcli of Jerusalem, 
in honour of Elijah, and this gave rise to 
the legend. 

Knights of Rhodes. The " Knights 
of Malta" were so called between 1310 
and 1523. (See Knights of Malta.) 

Knights of St. Andrew, insti- 
tuted by Peter the Great of Moscovy, in 
1698. Their badge is a gold medal, 
having St. Andrew's cross on one side, 
with these words, Cazar Pierre monarqiie 
de tout le Jiussie. 

Knights of St. Genette (Cheva- 
liers de VOrdre de St. Genette), the most 
ancient order of knighthood in France, 
instituted by Charles Martel, after his 
victory over the Saracens in 782, where a 
vast number of (jennets, like Spanish cats 
(civet cats), were found in the enemy's 
camp. 

Knights of St. George. There 
are several orders so called : 

1. St. George of Alfama, founded by 
the kings of Aragon. 

2. St. George of Austria and Corinthia, 
instituted by the emperor Frederick III. 
first archduke of Austria. 

3. Another founded by the same em- 
peror in 1470, to guard the frontiers of 
Bohemia and Hungary against the 
Turks. 

4. St. George, generally called ' ' Knights 
of the Garter " (q.v.). 

5. An order in the old republic of 
Genoa. 

6. The Teutonic knights were originally 
called " Knights of St. George." 

Knights of St. Jago, a Spanish 
order, instituted under pope Alexander 
III., the grand-master of which is next 
in rank to the sovereign. St. Jago or 
James (the Greater) is the patron saint 
of Spain. 

Knights of St. John at Jeru- 
salem, instituted in 1120. This order 
took its name from John patriarch of 
Alexandria, and from the place of their 
abode (Jerusalem). These knights sub- 
sequently resided at Rhodes (between 
1310 and 1523). Being driven out by the 
Turks in 1523, they took up their abode 
in Malta, and were called " Knights of 
Malta." 

Knights of St. Lazare (2 syl.), 
a religious and military order of Knights 
Hospitallers, established in the twelfth 
century, and confirmed by the pope in 



1255. Their special mission was to take 
care of lepers. The name is derived 
from Lazarus the beggar who lay at the 
gate of DivQfl. The order was intro- 
duced into France under Louis VII., and 
was abolished in the iirst Revolution. 

Knights of St. Magdalene (3 
si/l.), a French order, instituted by St. 
Louis (IX.), to suppress duels. 

Knights of St. Maria de Mer- 
cede (3 s;/L), a Spanish order, for the 
redemption of captives. 

Knights of St. Michael the 
Archangel (Chevaliers de VOrdre de St. 
Michel), a French order, instituted by 
Louis XI. in 1409. The king was at the 
head of the order. M. Bouillet says : 
" St. Michel est regarde comme le pro- 
tecteur et l'ange tute'laire de hi France." 

Knights of St. Patrick, instituted 
in 1783. The ruling sovereign of Great 
Britain and Ireland, and the lord-lieu- 
tenant of Ireland, are ex-oflicio members 
of this order. The order is named after 
St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. 

Knights of St. Salvador, in 
Aragon, instituted by Alphonso I. in 
1118. 

Knights of Windsor, formerly 
called "Poor Knights of Windsor," but 
now entitled " The Military Knights of 
Windsor," a body of military pensioners, 
who have their residence within the pre- 
cincts of Windsor Castle. 

Knights of the Bath, an order of 
knighthood derived from the ancient 
Franks, and so termed because the mem- 
bers originally " bathed " before they 
performed their vigils. The last knights 
created in this ancient form were at the 
coronation of Charles II. in 1661. 

G.C.B. stands for Grand Cross of the 
Bath (the first class) ; K.C.B. for Anight 
Commander of the Bath (the second 
class) ; and C.B. for Companion of t/te 
Bath (the third class). 

Knights of the Blood of Our 

Saviour, an order of knighthood in 
Mantua, instituted by duke Vincent 
Goncaga in 1608, on his marriage. It 
consisted of twenty Mantuan dukes. The 
name originated in the belief that in St. 
Andrew's Church, Mantua, certain drops 
of our Saviour's blood are preserved as a 
relic. 

Knights of the Broom Flower 

(Chevaliers de VOrdre de la Geneste), insti- 



KNIGHTS OF THE CARPET. 524 KNIGHTS OF THE PORCUPINE. 



tuted by St. Louis (IX.) of France on 
his marriage. The collar was decorated 
with broom flowers, intermixed with 
floors de lys in gold. The motto was 

Exaltat humiles. 

Knights of the Carpet or Carpet 
Knights, i.e. non-military or civil 
knights, such as mayors, lawyers, authors, 
artists, physicians, and so on, who receive 
their knighthood kneeling on a carpet, 
and not in the tented field. 

Knights of the Chamber or 
Chamber Knights, knights bachelors 
made in times of peace in the presence 
chamber, and not in the camp. These are 
always military men, and therefore differ 
from " Carpet Knights," who are always 
civilians. 

Knights of the Cock and Dog, 

founded by Philippe I., Auguste, of 
France. 

Knights of the Crescent, a mili- 
tary order, instituted by Renatus of Anjou, 
king of Sicily, etc., in 1448. So called 
from the badge, which is a crescent of 
gold enamelled. What gave rise to this 
institution was that Renatus took for his 
device a crescent, with the word loz 
(" praise"), which, in the style of rebus, 
makes loz in crescent, i.e. " by advancing 
in virtue one merits praise." 

Knights of the Dove, a Spanish 
order, instituted in 1379 by John I. of 
Castile. 

Knights of the Dragon, created 
by the emperor Sigismond in 1417, upon 
the condemnation of Huss and Jerome of 
Prague " the heretics." 

Knights of the Ermine (Cheva- 
liers de I' Ordre de VEpic), instituted in 1450 
by Francois I. due de Bretagne. The 
collar was of gold, composed of ears of 
corn in saltier, at the end of which hung 
an ermine, with the legend a ma vie. The 
order expired when the dukedom was 
annexed to the crown of France. 

Knights of the Garter, insti- 
tuted by Edward III. of England in 1844. 
According to Selden, "it exceeds in 
majesty, honour, and fame, all chivalrous 
orders in the world." The story is that 
Joan countess of Salisbury, while danc- 
ing with the king, let fall her garter, and 
the gallant Edward, perceiving a smile 
on the face of the courtiers, picked it up, 
bound it round his own knee, and ex- 
claimed, "Honi soit qui mal y pense." 



The blue garter and the motto of the order 
are thus accounted for. 

Knights of the Golden Fleece, 
a military order of knighthood, insti- 
tuted by Philippe le Bon of Burgundy 
in 1429. It took its name from a repre- 
sentation of the golden fleece on the 
collar of the order. The king of Spain 
is grand-master, and the motto is Ante 
feret quam flamma micet. 

Knights of the Golden Shield, 

an order instituted by Louis II. of France, 
for the defence of the country. The 
motto is Allons (i.e. " Let us go in defence 
of our country "). 

Knights of the Hare, an order of 
twelve knights, instituted by Edward III. 
while he was in France. The French 
raised a tremendous shout, and Edward 
thought it was the cry of battle, but it 
was occasioned by a hare running be- 
tween the two armies. From this in- 
cident the knights created on the field 
after this battle were termed "Knights of 
the Order of the Hare." 

Knights of the Holy Ghost 

(Chevaliers de P Ordre du Saint Esprit), in- 
stituted by Henri III. of France on his 
return from Poland. Henri III. was both 
born and crowned on Whit-Sunday, and 
hence the origin of the order. 

Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, 

an order of knighthood founded by St. 
Hel'ena, when she visited Jerusalem at 
the age of 80, and found (as it is said) 
the cross on which Christ was crucified in 
a cavern under the temple of Venus, a.d. 
328. This order was confirmed by pope 
Pascal II. in 1114. 

Knights of the Lily, an order of 
knighthood in Navarre, founded by 
Garcia in 1048. 

Knights of the Order of Fools, 

established November, 1381, and con- 
tinued to the beginning of the sixteenth 
century. The insignia was a jester or 
fool embroidered on the left side of their 
mantles, cap and bells, yellow stockings, 
a cup of fruit in the right hand, and a 
gold key in the left. It resembled the 
" Oddfellows " of more modern times. 

Knights of the Porcupine 

(Chevaliers de V Ordre du Porce'pic), a 
French order of knighthood. The ori- 
ginal motto was Cominus et eminus, 
changed by Louis XII. into Vitus avos 
Trojas. 



KNIGHTS OF THE RED STAFF. 525 



KOH-I-NOOR. 



Knights of the Red Staff, an 
order instituted by Alfonso XI. of Cas- 
tile and Leon in 1330. 

Knights of the Round Table. 

King Arthur's knights were so called, 
because they sat with him at a round 
table made by Merlin for king Leode- 
graunce. This king gave it to Arthur on 
his marriage with Guinever, his daughter. 
It contained seats for 150 knights, 100 of 
which king Leodegraunce furnished when 
he sent the table. 

Knights of the Shell. The argo- 
nauts of St. Nicholas were so called from 
the shells worked on the collar of the 
order. 

Knights of the Ship, an order of 
knighthood founded by St. Louis (IX.) 
of France in his expedition to Egypt. 

Knights of the Star (Chevaliers 

de VOrare dc VKtoile), an ancient order of 
knighthood in France. The motto of the 
order was Monstrant regibus astro, viam. 

Knights of the Swan (Chevaliers 
dc VOrare du Cygne), an order of knight- 
hood founded in 1443 by the elector 
Frederick II. of Brandenburg, and re- 
stored in 1843 by Frederick William IV. 
of Prussia. Its object is the relief of dis- 
tress generally. The king of Prussia is 
grand-master. The motto is Gott mit 
uns (" God be with you ") ; and the collar 
is of gold. The white swan is the badge 
of the house of Cleves (Westphalia). 

Lord Berners has a novel called The 
Knight of the Swan (sixteenth century) . 

Knights of the Thistle, said to 
be founded by Archaicus king of the Scots 
in 809 ; revived in 1540 by James V. of 
Scotland ; again in 1687 by James II. of 
Great Britain ; and again by queen Anne, 
who placed the order on a permanent 
footing. The decoration consists of a 
collar of enamelled gold, composed of 
sixteen thistles interlaced with sprigs of 
rue, and a small golden image of St. 
Andrew within a circle. The motto is 
Nemo me impune lacessit. The members 
are sometimes called "Knights of St. 
Andrew." 

The rue mixed with the thistles is 
a pun on the word "Andrew," thistles 
And-rue. 

%* There was at one time a French 
11 Order of the Thistle " in the house of 
Bourbon, with the same decoration and 
motto. 

K nights of the Virgin's Look- 



ing-glass, an order instituted in 1410 
by Ferdinand of Castile. 

Knights Teutonic, originally called 
" Knights of St. George." then " Knights 
of the Virgin Maty," and lastly "Teutonic 
Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary the 
Virgin." This order was instituted by 
Henry king of Jerusalem, in compliment 
to the German volunteers who accom- 
panied Frederick Barbarossa on his cru- 
sade. The knights were soon afterwards 
placed under the tutelage of the Virgin. 
to whom a hospital had been dedicated 
for the relief of German pilgrims ; and 
in 1191 pope Celcstine III. confirmed the 
privileges, and changed the name of the 
order into the "Teutonic Knights," etc. 
Abolished by Napoleon in 1809. 

Knighton, groom of the duke of 
Buckingham. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 
Nijet (time, James I.). 

Kuockwinnoek (Sybil), wife of sir 
Richard of the Kedhand, and mother of 
Malcolm Misbegot. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Know. Nut tn kno>c me argues your- 
selves Unknown. The words of Satan to 
Zephon and Ithu'riel, when they dis- 
• levered him lurking in the garden of 
Eden.— Milton, Faradise Lost, iv. 830 
(1H65). 

Kochla'ni, a race of Arabian horses, 
whose genealogy for "2000 years has been 
most strictly preserved. They are derived 
^rom Solomon's studs. This race of horses 
cau l>ear ilic greatest fatigue, can pass uays 
without food, show undaunted courage 
in battle, and when their riders are slain 
will carry them from the field to a place 
of safety. — Niebuhr. 

(The~Kadi$chiis another celebrated race 
of horses, but not equal to the Kochlani.) 

Koh-i-noor (" mountain of light"), a 
diamond once called " The Great Mogul." 
Held in the fourteenth century by the 
rajah of Malwa. Later it fell into the 
hands of the sultans of Delhi, after their 
conquest of Malwa. It belonged in the 
seventeenth century to Aurungzebe the 
Great. The schah Jihan sent it to 
Hortensio Borgio to be cut, but the 
Venetian lapidary reduced it from 793 § 
carats to 186, and left it dull and lustre- 
less. It next passed into the hands of 
Aurungzebe's great-grandson, who hid it 
in his turban. Nadir Schah invited the 
possessor to a feast, and insisted on 
changing turbans, " to cement their love,'' 



KOHLHAAS. 



526 



KUDRUN. 



and thus it fell into Nadir's hands, who 
gaveitthename of " Koh-i-noor." Itnext 
passed into the hands of Ahmed Shah, 
founder of the Cabul dynasty ; was ex- 
torted from shah Shuja by Run jet Singh, 
who wore it set in a bracelet. After the 
murder of Shu Singh, it was deposited in 
the Lahore treasury, and after the annex- 
ation of the Punjaub was presented to 
queen Victoria in 1850. It has been re- 
cut, and, though reduced to 100 carats, is 
supposed to be worth £140,000. 

*** There is another diamond of the 
game name belonging to the shah of 
Persia. 

Kohlhaas (Michael), an excellent 
historical novel of the Lutheran period, 
by Henry Kleist, a German (1776-1811). 

Kolao, the wild man of Misamichis. 
He had a son who died in early youth, and 
he went to Pat-Koot-Parout to crave his 
son's restoration to life. Pat-Koot-Parout 
put the soul of the dead body in a leather 
Dag, which he fastened with packthread, 
and hung round the neck of Kolao, telling 
him to lay the body in a new hut, put the 
bag near the mouth, and so let the soul 
return to it, but on no account to open 
the bag before everything was ready. 
Kolao placed the bag in his wife's hands 
while he built the hut, strictly enjoining 
her not to open it ; but curiosity led her 
to open the bag, and out flew the soul to 
the country of Pat-Koot-Parout again. — 
T. S. Gueulette, Chinese Tales (" Kolao, 
the Wild Man," 1723). 

*„* Orpheus, having lost his wife 
Eurydlce by the bite of a serpent, 
obtained permission of Pluto for her 
restoration, provided he looked not back 
till he reached the upper world. He had 
got to the end of his journey when he 
turned round to see if Pluto had kept 
his word. As he turned he just caught 
sight of Eurydice, who was instantly 
caught back again to the infernal regions. 

Koppeiiberg, the mountain of West- 
phalia to which the pied piper (Bunting) 
led the children, when the people of 
Htimelin refused to pay him for killing 
their rats. 

*** The Old Man of the Mountain led 
the children of Lorch into the Tannenberg, 
for a similar offence. 

Korigans or Korrigans, nine fays of 
Brittany, who can predict future events, 
assume any shape, and move from place 
to place as quick as thought. They do 
not exceed two feet in height, sing like 



syrens, and comb their long hair like 
mermaids. They haunt fountains, flee 
at the sound of bells, and their breath is 
deadly. — Breton Mythology. 

Kosciusko (Thaddceus), the Polish 
general, who contended against the allied 
army of Russia under the command of 
Suwarrow, in 1794. He was taken 
prisoner and sent to Russia, but in 1796 
was set at liberty by the czar. 

Hope for a season bade the world farewell, 
And Freedom shrieked — as Koschiusko fell. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, L (1799). 

Krakamal, the Danish death-song. 

Kriemhild [Kreem.hild] , daughter of 
Dancrat, and sister of Giinther king of 
Burgundy. She first married Siegfried 
king of the Netherlanders, who was mur- 
dered by Hagan. Thirteen years after- 
wards, she married Etzel (Attila) king of 
the Huns. Some time after her marriage, 
she invited Giinther, Hagan, and others to 
visit her, and Hagan slew Etzcl's young 
son. Kriemhild now became a perfect 
fury, and cut off the head of both Giinther 
and Hagan with her own hand, but was 
herself slain by Hildebrand. Till the 
death of Siegfried, Kriemhild was gentle, 
modest, and lovable, but afterwards she 
became vindictive, bold, and hateful. — 
The Nibelungen Lied (by the German 
minnesingers, 1210). 

Krook, proprietor of a rag and bone 
warehouse, where everything seems to be 
bought and nothing sold. He is a 
grasping drunkard, who eventually dies 
of spontaneous combustion. Krook is 
always attended by a large cat, which he 
calls " Lady Jane," as uncanny as her 
master. — C. Dickens, Bleak House (1852). 

Kruitz'ner, or the " German's Tale," 
in Miss H. Lee's Canterbury Tales. Lord 
Byron founded his tragedy of Werner on 
this tale. 

The drama [of Werner] is taken entirely from the 
" German's Tale " [Kruitzner], published in Lee's Canter- 
bury Tales, written by two sisters ... I have adopted 
the characters, plan, and even the language of many parts 
of the story. — Lord Byron, Preface to Werner (1822). 

Kubla Khan. Coleridge says that 
he composed the poem in a dream im- 
mediately after reading in Purchases 
Pilgrimage a description of the Khan 
Kubla's palace, and he wrote it down on 
awaking in its present fragmentary state. 

Kudrun, called the German Cdyssey 
(thirteenth century) ; divided into three 
parts called Hagen, Hilde (2 syL), and 
Kudrnn — same as Gudrun (q. v.). 



KWASIND. 



527 



LACK ITT. 



Hagen is the son of Siegebrand king of 
Irland, and is carried oil by a griffin to 
a distant island, where three princesses 
take charge of him. In due time a ship 
touches on the island, takes all the four 
to Irland, and Hagen marries Hilda, the 
youngest of the three sisters. 

Hilda. In due time Hilda has a 
daughter, who is called by the same name, 
and at a marriageable age she becomes 
the wife of lledel king of Friesland. 

Kudrun. Hilda has two children, 
Otweia [Ot.viiw] a son, and Kudrun a 
daughter. Kudrun is affianced to ller- 
wig, but, while preparing the wedding 
dresses, is carried off by Ilartmut, son of 
Ludwig king of Normandy. Her father 
goes in pursuit, but is slain by Ludwig. 
On reaching Normandy, Gerlinde (8 *.'//.), 
the queen-mother, treats Kudrun with the 
greatest cruelty, and puts her to the most 
menial work, because she refuses to marry 
her son. At length, succour is at hand. 
Her lover and brother arrive and slay 
Ludwig. Gerlinde is just about to put 
Kudrun to death, when Watt Long-beard 
rushes in, slays the queen, and rescues 
Kudrun, who is forthwith married to 
Herwig her affianced lover. — Author 
unknown (some of the minnesingers). 

Kwa'sind, the strongest man that 
ever lived, the Hercules of the North 
American Indians. He could pull up 
cedars and pines by the roots, and toss 
huge rocks about like playthings. His 
wondrous strength was "seated in his 
crown," and there of course lay his point 
of weakness, but the only weapon which 
could injure him was the "blue cone of 
the fir tree," a secret known only to the 
pygmies or Little-folk. This mischievous 
race, out of jealousy, determined to kill 
the strong man, and one day, finding him 
asleep in a boat, pelted him with fir 
cones till he died ; and now, whenever the 
tempest rages through the forests, and the 
branches of the trees creak and groan and 
split, they say " Kwasind is gathering in 
his fire-wood." 

Dear, too, unto Hiawatha 

Was the very strong man Kwasind ; 

He the strongest of all mortals. 

Longfellow, I/iawatha, vi. and xviii. 

Kyrie Elyson de Montalban 
(Don) or "don Quirieleyson de Mon- 
talvan," brother of Thomas de Montalban, 
in the romance called Tirante le Blanc, 
author unknown. 

*** Dr. Warburton, in his essay on the 
old romances, falls into the strange error 
of calling this character an " e^rly 



romance of chivalry." As well might he 
call Claudius king of Denmark a play of 
Shakespeare's, instead of a character in 
the tragedy of Hamlet. 

A large quarto dropped at the barber's feet ... it 
was the history of that famous knight Tirante le Blanc. 

"Pray let mo look at that book," (Bid the prioit; "wo 
shall find in it a fund of luntlMment. Here shall we find 
the famous knight dim Kyrio DyaOll of Montalhau. and 

his brother Tbomai. . . . This is one of Hu moat 

amusing hooks ever written." — Cervantes, l/on (Quixote, 
I. i. 6 (1605). 



Lab'arum, the imperial standard 
carried before the Roman emperor* in 
war. Constantine, having seen a luminous 
cross in the sky the night before the 
battle of Saxa Rubra, added the sacred 
monogram XP ( Christos). — Gibbon, Decline 
and Fall, etc., xx. note (1788). 

K. Browning erroneously calls the word 
tabu' rum. 

. . . stars would write his will in heaven, 
As once when a labarum ma Dot deemed 
Too much for the old founder of these walls [Constanti- 
nople], 

R. Browning, Paracelsus, ii. 

Labe (2 syl.), the sorceress-queen of 
the Island of Enchantments. She tried 
to change Beder, the young king of Per- 
sia, into a halting, one-eyed hack ; but 
lieder was forewarned, and" changed Labe 
herself into a mare. — Arabian Nights 
(" Beder and Giauhare "). 

Labe'rius, a Roman writer of panto- 
mimes, contemporary with Julius Caesar. 

Laberius would be always sure of more followers than 
Sophocles. — J. Macpherson, Dissertation on Ossiin. 

La Creevy (Miss), a little talka- 
tive, bustling, cheery miniature-painter. 
Simple-minded, kind-hearted, and bright 
as a lark. She marries Tim Linkinwater, 
the old clerk of the brothers Cheeryble. — 
C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Lackitt (Widoic), the widow of an 

Indian planter. This rich vulgar widow 

falls in love with Charlotte Weldon, who 

assumes the dress of a young man and 

calls herself Mr. Weldon. Charlotte 

even marries the widow, but then informs 

her that she is a girl in male apparel, 

engaged to Mr. Stanmore. The widow 

I consoles herself by marrying Jack Stan- 

I more. — Thomas Southern, Oroonoko 

I (1696).. 



LACY. 



528 



LADY OF LYONS. 



Lacy (Sir Hugo de), constable of 
Chester, a crusader. 

Sir Damian de Lacy, nephew of sir 
Hugo. He marries lady Eveline. 

Randal de Lacy, sir Hugo's cousin, 
'ntroduced in several disguises, as a 
merchant, a hawk-seller, and a robber- 
captain. — Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

La' das, Alexander's messenger, noted 
for his swiftness of foot. 

Ladislaus, a cynic, whose humour is 
healthy and amusing. — Massinger, The 
Picture (1629). 

Ladon, the dragon or hydra that 
asssisted the Hesperides in keeping 
watch over the golden apples of the 
Hesperian grove. 

So oft th' unamiable drason hath slept 

That the garden's imperfectly watched after all. 

T. Moore, Irish Melodies (1814). 

Ladrone Islands, i.e. "thieves' 
islands ; " so called by Magellan in 1519, 
from the thievish disposition of the 
natives. 

Ladur'lad, the father of Kail'yal (2 
syl.). He killed Ar'valan for attempting 
to dishonour his daughter, and thereby in- 
curred the " curse of Keha'ma "(Arvalan's 
father). The curse was that water should 
not wet him nor fire consume him, that 
sleep should not visit him nor death 
release him, etc. After enduring a time 
of agony, these curses turned to blessings. 
Thus, when his daughter was exposed to 
the fire of the burning pagoda, he was 
enabled to rescue her, because he was 
" charmed from fire." When her lover 
was carried by the witch Lorrimite (3 
syl.) to the city of Baly under the 
ocean, he was able to deliver the captive, 
because he was " charmed from water, 
the serpent's tooth, and all beasts of 
blood." He could even descend to the 
infernal regions to crave vengeance 
against Kehama, because "he was 
charmed against death." When Kehama 
drank the cup of "immortal death," 
Ladurlad was taken to paradise. — 
Southey, The Curse of Kehama (1809). 

Lady (A), authoress of A New Sys- 
tem of Domestic Cookery (1S0S), is Mrs. 
Rundell. 

Lady (A), authoress of The Diary of 
an Ennuye'e (1826), is Mrs. Anna Jame- 
son. 

Several other authoresses have adopted 
the same signature, as Miss Gunn of 
Christchurch, Co7iver sat ions on Church 



Polity (1833) ; Mrs. Palmer, A Dialogue 
in the Devonshire Dialect (1837) ; Miss S. 
Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours (1854) 
Julia Ward, Passion-flowers, etc. (1854) 
Miss E. M. Sewell, Amy Herbert (1865) 
etc. 

Lady Bountiful (A). The benevo- 
lent lady of a village is so called, from 
"lady Bountiful" in the Beaux' Stratagem, 
by Farquhar. (See Bountiful, p. 125.) 

Lady Freemason, the Hon. Miss 
Elizabeth St. Leger, daughter of lord 
Doneraile. The tale is that, in order to 
witness the proceedings of a Freemason's 
lodge, she hid herself in an empty clock- 
case when the lodge was held in her 
father's house ; but, being discovered, she 
was compelled to submit to initiation as 
a member of the craft. 

Lady Magistrate, lady Berkley, 
made j ustice of the peace for Gloucester- 
shire by queen Mary. She sat on the 
bench at assizes and sessions girt with a 
sword. 

Lady Margaret, mother of Henry 
VII. She founded a professorship of 
divinity in the University of Cambridge, 
1502 ; and a preachership in both uni- 
versities. 

Lady in the Sacque. The appa- 
rition of this hag forms the story of the 
Tapestried Chamber, by sir W. Scott. 

Lady of England, Maud, daughter 
of Henry I. The title of Domina Anglo- 
rum was conferred upon her by the 
council of Winchester, held April 7, 
1141.— See Rymer's Fccdera, i. (1703). 

Lady of Lyons (The), Pauline 
Deschappelles, daughter of a Lyonese 
merchant. She rejected the suits of 
Beauseant, Glavis, and Claude Melnotte, 
who therefore combined on vengeance. 
To this end, Claude, who was a gar- 
dener's son, aided by the other two, 
passed himself off as prince Como, 
married Pauline, and brought her home 
to his mother's cottage. The proud 
beauty was very indignant, and Claude 
left her to join the French army. In 
two years and a half he became a colonel, 
and returned to Lyons. He found his 
father-in-law on the eve of bankruptcy, 
and that Beauseant had promised to 
satisfy the creditors if Pauline would con- 
sent to marry him. Pauline was heart- 
broken ; Claude revealed himself, paid 
the money required, and carried home 



LADY OF MERCY 



5!*) 



LADIES' ROCK 



Pauline as his loving and true-hearted 
wife. — Lord L. B. Lytton, Lady of Lyons 
(1838). 

Lady of Mercy (Our), an order of 
knighthood in Spain, instituted in 1218 
by James I. of A'ragon, for the deliver- 
ance of Christian captives amongst the 
Moors. As many as 400 captives were 
rescued in six years by these knights. 

Lady of Shalott, a maiden who 
died for love of sir Lancelot of the Lake. 
Tennyson has a poem so entitled. 

%* The story of Elaine, "the lily 
maid of Astolat," in Tennyson's Idylls 
of the King, is substantially the same. 

Lady of the Bleeding Heart, 
Ellen Douglas. The cognizance of the 
Douglas familv is a "bleeding heart." — 
Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake (1810). 

Lady of the Lake (A), a harlot. 
(Anglo-Saxon, lac, " a present.") A 
"guinea-fowl" or "guinea-hen" is a 
similar term. 

But for the difference marriage makes 
'Twixt wives and " ladies of the lake." 

S. Butler, Uudibrai, iii. 1 (1678). 

Lady of the Lake [The), Nimue [sic], 
one of the damsels of the lake, that king 
Pellinore took to his court. Merlin, in 
his dotage, fell in love with her, when 
she wheedled him out of all his secrets, 
and enclosed him in a rock, where he 
died (pt. i. 60). Subsequently, Nimue 
married sir Pelleas (pt. i. 81, 82). (See 
next art.) 

So upon a time it happened that Merlin shewed 
Nimue In a rock whereas was a great wonder, and 
wrought by enchantment, which went under a stone. 
So, hy her subtle craft and working, she made Merlin 
go under that stone . . . and so wrought that he never 
c&me out again. So she departed, and left Merlin. — Sir 
T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur. L 60 (1470). 

%* Tennyson, in his Idylls of the King 
("Merlin and Vivien"), makes Vivien 
the enchantress who wheedled old Merlin 
out of his secrets; and then, "in a hollow 
oak," she shut him fast, and there "he 
lay as dead, and lost to life, and use, and 
name, and fame." 

This seems to be an error. At any rate, 
it is not in accordance with the Mort 
d' Arthur of Caxton renown. 

Lady of the Lake {The), Nineve. It is 
not evident from the narrative whether 
Nineve is not the same person as Nimue, 
and that one of the two (probably the 
latter) is not a typographical error. 

Then the Lady of the Lake, that was always friendly 
unto king Arthur, understood by her subtle crafts that 
king Arthur was like to have been destroyed ; and there- 
fore this Lady of the Lake, that hight Nineve, came into 



the forest to seek sir Launeelot du Lake.— Sir T. Malory, 

JTMOf-y of I'ri nee Arthur, ii. 57 (147''). 

The Enatl that underground Uie facTy did him [Arthur] 

make. 
And there how he enjoyed the Lady of the Lake. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Lady of the Lake {The). Vivienne (3 
syl.) is called La Dame du Lac, and 
dwelt en la marche de la petite Bretaigne. 
She stole Lancelot in his infancy, and 
plunged with him into her home lake ; 
hence was Lancelot called du Lac. When 
her protege* was grown to manhood, she 
presented him to king Arthur. 

Lady of the Lake (The), Ellen Douglas, 
once a favourite of king James ; but 
when her father fell into disgrace, she 
retired wiih him into the vicinity of 
Loch Katrine. — Sir W. Scott, Lady of 
tlie Lalie (1810). 

Lady of the Lake and Arthur's 

Sword. The Lady of the Lake gave to 
king Arthur the sword " Excalibur." 
" Well," said she, " go into yonder barge 
and row yourself to the sword, and take 
it." So Arthur and Merlin came to the 
sword that a hand held up, and took it 
by the handles, and the arm and hand 
went under the lake again (pt. i. 23). 

This Lady of the Lake asked in re- 
compense the head of sir Balin, because 
he had slain her brother ; but the king 
refused the request. Then said Balin, 
'• Evil be ye found ! Ye would have my 
head ; therefore ye shall lose thine own." 
So saying, with his sword he smote off 
her head in the presence of king Arthur. 
— Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 28 (1470). 

Lady of the Mercians, iEthelfted 
or El'nida, daughter of king Alfred. 
She married /Ethelred chief of that por- 
tion of Mercia not claimed by the Danes. 

Lady of the Sun, Alice Perrers 
(or Pierce), a mistress of Edward III. of 
England. She was a married woman, 
and had been lady of the bed-chamber 
to queen Philippa. Edward lavished on 
her both riches and honours ; but Avhen 
the king was dying, she stole his jewels, 
and even the rings from his fingers. 

Lady with a Lamp, Florence 
Nightingale (1820- ). 

On England's annals . . . 

A Lady with a Lamp shall stand . . . 

A noble type of good. 

Heroic womanhood. 

Longfellow, Santa Filomeia 

Ladies' Rock, Stirling (Scotland) 

In the castle hill is a hollow called " The Valley." com- 
prehending about an acre, ... for justings and tourna- 
ments. . . . Closely adjoining ... is a small rocky . . . 
2 M 



LAERTES. 



530 



LAKE POETS. 



mount called " The Ladies' Hill," where the fair ones of 
the court took their station to behold these feats. — 
Nimmo, History of Stirlingshire, 282. 

Laer'tes (3 syl.), son of Polonius 
lord chamberlain of Denmark, and 
brother of Ophelia. He is induced by 
the king to challenge Hamlet to a 
"friendly" duel, but poisons his own 
rapier. He wounds Hamlet ; and in the 
scuffle which ensues, the combatants 
change swords, and Hamlet wounds 
Laertes, so that both die. — Shakespeare, 
Hamlet (1596). 

Laer'tes (3 syl.), a Dane, whose life 
Gustavus Vasa had spared in battle. He 
becomes the trusty attendant of Chris- 
ti'na, daughter of the king of Sweden, 
and never proves ungrateful to the noble 
Swede. — H. Brooke, Gustavus Vasa 
(1730). 

Laer'tes's Son, Ulysses. 

But when his strings with mournful magic tell 
What dire distress Laertes' son befell, 
The streams, meandering thro' the maze of woe, 
Bid sacred sympathy the heart o'erflow. 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 1 (1756). 

Lafeu, an old French lord, sent to 
conduct Bertram count of Rousillon to 
the king of France, by whom he was 
invited to the royal court. — Shakespeare, 
AlPs Well that Ends Well (1598). 

Lafontaine (The Banish), Hans 
Christian Andersen (1805-1875). 

Lafontaine of the Vaudeville. 
So C. F. Panard is called (1691-1765). 

iag'ado, capital of Balnibarbi, cele- 
brated for its grand school of projectors, 
where the scholars have a technical edu- 
cation, being taught to make pincushions 
from softened granite, to extract from 
cucumbers the sunbeams which ripened 
them, and to convert ice into gunpowder. 
— Swift, Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage to 
Lapu'ta," 1726). 

La Grange and his friend Du 
Croisy pay their addresses to two young 
ladies whose heads have been turned 
by novels. The girls think their man- 
ners too natural to be aristocratic, so the 
gentlemen send to them their lackeys, as 
"the marquis of Mascarille" and "the 
viscount of Jodelet." The girls are de- 
lighted with their "aristocratic visitors;" 
but when the game has been played far 
enough, the masters enter and unmask 
the whole trick. By this means the girls 
are taught a most useful lesson, without 
•uffering any serious ill consequences. — 
Moliere, Lcs Pr€cieuses Ridicules (1659). 



Laider (Donald), one of the prisoners 
at Portanferry. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- 
nering (time, George II.). 

Laila (2 syl.), a Moorish maiden, of 
great beauty and purity, who loved 
Manuel, a youth worthy of her. The 
father disapproved of the match ; and 
they eloped, were pursued, and overtaken 
near a precipice on the Guadalhorce (4 
syl.). They climbed to the top of the 
precipice, and the father bade his fol- 
lowers discharge their arrows at them. 
Laila and Manuel, seeing death to be 
inevitable, threw themselves from the 
precipice, and perished in the fall. It is 
from this incident that the rock was 
called "The Lovers' Leap." 

And every Moorish maid can tell 
Where Laila lies who loved so well ; 
And every youth who passes there, 
Says for Manuel's soul a prayer. 
Southey, The Lovers' Rock (a ballad, 1798, taken from 
Mariana, fie la PeJia de los Mnamorados. 

Laila, daughter of Okba the sorcerer. It 
was decreed that either Laila or Talaba 
must die. Talaba refused to redeem 
his own life by killing Laila ; and Okba 
exultingly cried, "As thou hast disobeyed 
the voice of Allah, God hath abandoned 
thee, and this hour is mine." So saying, 
he rushed on the N youth ; but Laila, inter- 
vening to protect him, received the blow, 
and was killed. Talaba lived on, and 
the spirit of Laila, in the form of a green 
bird, conducted him to the simorg (q. v.), 
which he sought, that he might be directed 
to Dom-Daniel, the cavern "under the 
roots of the ocean."- Southey, Thalaba the 
Destroyer, x. (1797). 

La'is (2 syl.), a generic name for a 
courtezan. Lai's was a Greek hetaera, 
who sold her favours for £200 English 
money. When Demosthenes was told 
the amount of the fee, he said he had 
"no mind to buy repentance at such a 
price." One of her great admirers was 
Diog'enes the cynic. 

This is the cause 
That Lais leads a lady's life aloft 
G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Lake Poets (Tlie), Wordsworth, 
Southey, and Coleridge, who lived about 
the lakes of Cumberland. According to 
Mr. Jeffrey, the conductor of the Edin- 
burgh Review, they combined the senti- 
mentality of Rousseau with the simplicity 
of Kotzebue and the homeliness of Cow- 

Eer. Of the same school were Lamb, 
,loyd, and Wilson. Also called ' ' Lakers : ' 
and " Lukists." 



LAKEDION. 



531 



LAMIRA. 



Laked'ion (Isaac), the name given 
in France to the Wandering Jew (q.v.). 

Lalla Rookh, the supposed daughter 
of Aurungzebe emperor of Delhi. She 
was betrothed to Aliris sultan of Lesser 
Bucharia. On her journey from Delhi 
to Cashmere, she was entertained by 
Fer'amorz, a young Persian poet, with 
whom she fell in love, and unbounded 
was her delight when she discovered that 
the young poet was the sultan to whom 
she was betrothed. — T. Moore, Lalla 
liookh (1817). 

Lambert (General), parliamentary 
leader. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Lambert (Sir John), the dupe of Dr. 
Cantwell "the hypocrite." He entertains 
him as his guest, settles on him £400 a 
year, and tries to make his daughter 
Charlotte marry him, although he is 59 
and she is under 20. His eyes are opened 
at length by the mercenary and licentious 
conduct of the doctor. Lady Lambert 
assists in exposing him, but old lady 
Lambert remains to the last a believer 
in the " saint." In Molicre's comedy, 
"Orgon" takes the place of Lambert, 
"Mde. Parnelle" of the old ladv, and 
" Tartuffe " of Dr. Cantwell. 

Lady Lambert, the gentle, loving wife 
of sir John. By a stratagem, she convinces 
her husband of Dr. Cantwell's true cha- 
racter. 

Colonel Lambert, son of sir John and 
lady Lambert. He assists in unmasking 
" the hypocrite." 

Charlotte Lambert, daughter of sir John 
and lady Lambert. A prett}', bright girl, 
somewhat giddy and fond of teasing her 
sweetheart Darnley (see act i. 1). — I. 
Bickerstaff, The Hypocrite (1769). 

Lambourne (Michael), a retainer of 
the earl of Leicester. — Sir W. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Lambro, a Greek pirate, father of 
Haide'e (q.v.). — Byron, Don Juan, iii. 26, 
etc. (1820). 

We confess that our sympathy is most excited by the 
silent, wolf-like suffering of Lambro, when he experiences 
'* the solitude of passing his own door without a welcome," 
and finds " the innocence of that sweet child " polluted. — 
Finden, Byron Beauties. 

*** The original of this character was 
major Lambro, who was captain (1791) 
of a Russian piratical squadron, which 
plundered the islands of the Greek 
Archipelago, and did great damage. "When 
his squadron was attacked by seven 
Algerine corsairs, major Lambro was 



wounded, but escaped. The incidents 
referred to in canto vi., etc., are historical. 

Lamderg and Gelchossa. Gel- 

chossa was beloved by Lamderg and 
Ullin son of Cairbar. The rivals fought, 
and Ullin fell. Lamderg, all bleeding 
with wounds, just reached Gelchossa to 
announce the death of his rival, and ex- 
pired also. " Three days Gelchossa 
mourned, and then the hunters found her 
cold," and all three were buried in one 
grave. — Ossian, Fingal, ii. 

Lame (The). 

Jehan de Meung, called "Clopinel," 
because he was lame and hobbled. 

Tyrtseus, the Greek poet, was called the 
lame or hobbling poet, because he intro- 
duced the pentameter verse alternately 
with the hexameter. Thus his distich 
consisted of one line with six feet and 
one line with only five. 

The Lame Kimj, Charles II. of Naples, 
Boiteux (1248, 1289-1309). 

Lamech's Song. "Ye wives of 
Lamech, hearken unto my speech : for I 
have slain a man to my wounding, and a 
young man to my hurt ! If Cain shall be 
avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy 
and sevenfold." — Gen. fv. 23, 24. 

As Lemech crew old, his eyes became dim, and finally 
all sight was taken from them, and Tubal-cain, his son, 
led him by the hand when he walked abroad. And it 
came to pass . . . that he led his father into the fields to 
hunt, and said to his father : " Lo ! yonder is a beast of 
prey; shoot thine arrow in that direction." Lemech did 
as his son had spoken, and the arrow struck Cain, who 
was walking afar off, and killed him, . . . Now when 
Lemech . . . saw [sic] that he had killed Cain, he 
trembled exceedingly, . . . and being blind, he saw not 
his son, but struck the lad's head between his hands, and 
killed him. . . . And he cried to his wives, Ada and 
Zillah, "Listen to my voice, ye wives of Lemech. ... I 
have slain a man to my hurt, and a child to my wound- 
ing ! "—The Talmud, i. 

Lamin'ak, Basque fairies, little 
folk, who live under ground, and some- 
times come into houses down the chimney, 
in order to change a fairy child for "a 
human one. They bring good luck with 
them, but insist on great cleanliness, and 
always give their orders in words the 
very opposite of their intention. They 
hate church bells. Every Basque Lamihak 
is named Guillen (William). (See Say 
and Mean.) 

Lamington, a follower of sir Geoffrey 
Peveril. — SirW. Scott, P ever il of the Peak 
(time, Charles II. ). 

Lami'ra, wife of Cham pern el, and 
daughter of Vertaigne' (2 syl.) a noble- 
man and a judge - -Beaumont and Flet- 
cher, Tlie Little Preach Lawyer (1647). 



LAMKIN. 



532 



LANCELOT. 



Iiamkin (Mrs. Alice), companion to 
Mrs. Bethune Baliol.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Highland Widow (time, George II.). 

Lammas. At latter Lammas, never ; 
equivalent to Suetonius's "Greek kalends." 

Lammikin, a blood-thirsty builder, 
who built and baptized his castle with 
blood. He was long a nursery ogre, like 
Lunsford. — Scotch Ballad. 

Lammle (Alfred), a "mature young 
gentleman, with too much nose on his 
face, too much ginger in his whiskers, 
too much torso in his waistcoat, too much 
sparkle in his studs, his eyes, his buttons, 
his talk, his teeth." He married Miss 
Akershem, thinking she had money, and 
she married him under the same de- 
lusion ; and the two kept up a fine 
appearance on nothing at all. Alfred 
Lammle had many schemes for making 
money : one was to oust Rokesmith from 
his post of secretary to Mr. Boffin, and 
get his wife adopted by Mrs. Boffin in the 
place of Bella Wilfer; but Mr. Boffin 
saw through the scheme, and Lammle, 
with his wife, retired to live on the Con- 
tinent. In public they appeared very 
loving and amiable to each other, but led 
at home a cat-and-dog life. 

Sophronia Lammle, wife of Alfred 
Lammle. "A mature young lady, with 
raven locks, and complexion that lit up 
well when well powdered." — C. Dickens, 
Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

Lamoracke (Sir), Lamerocke, La- 
morake, Lamorock, or Lamarecke, 
one of the knights of the Round Table, and 
one of the three most noted for deeds of 
prowess. The other two were sir Launcelot 
and sir Tristram. . Sir Lamoracke's father 
was king Pellinore of Wales, who slew king 
Lot. His brothers were sir Aglavale and 
sir Percival ; sir Tor, whose mother was 
the wife of Aries the cowherd, was his 
half-brother (pt. ii. 108). Sir Lamoracke 
was detected by the sons of king Lot in 
adultery with their mother, and they 
conspired his death. 

Sir Gawain and his three brethren, sir Agrawain, sir 
GahCris, and sir Modred, met him [sir Lamoracke] in a 
privy place, and there they slew his horse; then they 
fought with him on foot for more than three hours, both 
before him and behind his back, and all-to hewed him in 
pieces.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 144 
(1470). 

Roger Ascham says: "The whole pleasure of La Aforte 
d' Arthur standeth in two special poyntes : in open man- 
slaughter and bold bawdye, in which booke they are 
counted the noblest knights that doe kill most men with- 
out any quarrell, and commit foulest adulteries by sutlest 
Aiftes : as sir Launcelote with the wife of king Arthur his 
master, sir Tristram with the wife of king Marke his 



uncle, and sir Lamerocke with the wife of king Lot© 
that was his aunt."— Works, 254 (fourth edit.). 

Lamorce' (2 syl.), a woman of bad 
reputation, who inveigles young Mirabel 
into her house, where he would have been 
murdered by four bravoes, if Oriana, 
dressed as a page, had not been by. — 
G. Farquhar, The Inconstant (1702). 

Lamourette's Kiss (A), a kiss of 
peace when there is no peace ; a kiss of 
apparent reconciliation, but with secret 
hostility. On July 7, 1792, the abbe' 
Lamourette induced the different factions 
of the Legislative Assembly of France to 
lay aside their differences ; so the deputies 
of the Royalists, Constitutionalists, 
Girondists, Jacobins, and Orleanists, 
rushed into each others' arms, and the 
king was sent for, that he might see 
"how these Christians loved one another ;" 
but the reconciliation was hardly made 
when the old animosities burst forth more 
furiously than ever. 

Lampad'ion, a lively, petulant 
courtezan. A name common in the later 
Greek comedy 

Lam/pedo, of Lacedaemon. She was 
daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a 
king. Agrippina was granddaughter, 
wife, sister, and -mother of a king. — 
Tacitus, Annates, xii. 22, 37. 

*** The wife of Raymond Ber'eager 
(count of Provence) was grandmother of 
four kings, for her four daughters 
married four kings: Margaret married 
Louis IX. king of France ; Eleanor 
married Henry III. king of England ; 
Sancha married Richard king of the 
Romans ; and Beatrice married Charles I. 
king of Naples and cily. 

Lam'pedo, a country apothecary-sur- 
geon, without practice ; so poor and ill- 
fed that he was but " the sketch and 
outline of a man." He says of himself : 

Altho' to cure men be beyond ray skill, 
'Tis hard, indeed, if I can't keep them ill. 

J. Tobin, The Honeymoon, iii. 3 (1804). 

Lamplugh (Will), a smuggler.— Sir 
W. Scott, Bedgauntlct (time, George 
III.). 

Lance (1 syl.), falconer and ancient 
servant to the father of Valentine the 
gallant who would not be persuaded to 
keep his estate. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
Wit without Money (1G22). 

Lancelot or Launcelot Gobbo, 

servant of Shylock, famous for his soli- 
loquy whether or not he should run away 



LANCELOT DU LAC. 



583 



LANGUAGE. 



from his master. — Shakespeare, Men-hunt 
of Venice (1598). 

Tarleton (1530-15881 was Inimitable in such parts as 
" Utinirlot," and "Touchstone" in At i'ou like It. In 
clowns' j.;trts he never had his equal, and never will.— 
linker, Chronicle*. 

Lancelot du Lac, by Ulrich of 
Zazikoven, the most ancient poem of the 
Arthurian series. It is the adventures 
of a young knight, gay ami joyous with 
animal spirits and "light-hcartedness. 
(See Launcelot.) — One of the minne- 
songs of Germany (twelfth century). 

Lancelot du Lac and Tarquin. 

Sir Lancelot, seeking adventures, met 
with a lady who prayed him to deliver 
certain knights of the Round Table from 
the power of Tarquin. Coming to a 
river, he saw a copper basin hung on a 
tree for gong, and he struck it so hard that 
it broke. This brought out Tarquin, and 
a furious combat ensued, in which Tarquin 
was slain. Sir Lancelot then liberated 
three score and four knights, who had 
been made captives. by Tarquin. (See 
Lauxcklot.) — Percy, 'Reliques, I. ii. 9. 

Lancelot of the Laik, a Scotch 
metrical romance, taken from the French 
Launcefot du Lac. Galiot, a neighbour- 
ing king, invaded Arthur's territories, and 
captured the castle of lady Melyhalt 
among others. When sir Lancelot Vent 
to chastise Galiot, he saw queen Guine- 
vere, and fell in love with her. The, 
French romance makes Galiot submit to 
king Arthur ; but the Scotch tale termi- 
nates with his capture. (See Launce- 

LOT.) 

Land of Beulah, land of rest, re- 
presenting that peace of mind which some 
true Christians experience prior to death 
(Isaiah lxii. 4). — iiunyan, Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress, i. (1678). 

Land of Joy. Worms, in Germany, 
was so called by the minnesingers, from 
its excellent wine. 

Landey'da ("the desolation of the 
country "), the miraculous banner of the 
ancient Danes, on which was wrought a 
raven by the daughters of Regner Lod- 
brok. It was under this banner that 
Hardrada and Tostig attacked Harold at 
the battle of Stamford Bridge, a little 
before the battle of Senlac (Bastings). 

Land! (The Fete of the) Charle- 
magne showed to pilgrims once a year 
the relics of the chapel in Aix-la-Chapelle. 
Charles le Chance removed the relics to 
Paris, and exhibited them once a year in 



a iargo field near the boulevard St. Denis 
[//«<■<■]. A procession was subsequently 
formed, and a fair held the first Monday 
after St. Barnabas's Day. 

Le mot Latin tndtetum tkntfle on jour et un lieu 
imtii/ii.':i pour ouelque biuiupIob du peuple. L'<, changrf 
d'ahord an <•, I.- fut deBnitirement en a. On .lit done 
Nicceeslvenient, an lieu i'lndictum; \' indict?, W-ndi't, 
tandtt, et enfln luiuii.— A. Dumas, /.7/oro*.-. /..-, i. 

Landois (Peter), the favourite minis- 
ter of the due de Rretagne. — Sir W. 
Scott, Anne of Geierstcia (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Landscape Gardening (Father 
of), Lenotre (1613-1700). 

Lane (Jane), daughter of Thomas, 
and sister of colonel John Lane. To save 
king Charles II. after the battle of 
Worcester, she rode behind him from 
Bentley, in Staffordshire, to the house 
of her cousin Mrs. Norton, near Bristol. 
For this act of loyalty, the king granted 
the family the following armorial device: 
A strawberry horse saliant (couped at the 
flank), bridled, bitted, and garnished, 
supporting between its feet a royal crown 
proper. Motto : Garde le roy. 

Lane (The), Drury Lane. 

There were married actresses in his company when he 
managed the Garden and afterwards the Lajie. — ffemple 
Liar (W. C. Macready). 76 (1375). 

Laneham (Master Robert), clerk of 
the council-chamber door. 

Sybil Laneham, his wife, one of the 
revellers at Kenilworth Castle. — Sir W. 
Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Langcale (The laird of), a leader in 
the covenanters' army. — Sir W. Scott, 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Langley (Sir Frederick), a suitor to 
Miss Vere, and one of the Jacobite con- 
spirators with the laird of Ellieslaw. — Sir 
W. Scott, Tlie Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Langosta (Duke of), the Spanish 
nickname of Aosta the elected king of 
Spain. The word means "a locust" or 
" plunderer." 

Language (The Primeval). 

Psametichus, an Egyptian king, wish- 
ing to ascertain what language Nature 
gave to man, shut up two infants where 
no word was ever uttered in their hear- 
ing. When brought before the king, they 
said, bekos ("toast"). — Herodotos, ii. 2. 

Frederick II. of Sweden tried the same 
experiment. 

James IV. of Scotland, in the fifteenth 
century, shut up two infants in the Isle 
of Inchkeith, with only a dumb attendant 



LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS. 534 



LAPUTA. 



to wait on them, with the same object in 
view. 

Language Characteristics. 

Charles Quint used to say, " I speak 
German to my horses, Spanish to my 
household, French to my friends, and 
Italian to my mistress." 

The Persians say, the serpent in paradise 
spoke Arabic (the most suasive of all 
languages) ; Adam and Eve spoke Per- 
sian (the most poetic of all languages) ; 
and the angel Gabriel spoke Turkish (the 
most menacing of all languages). — Char- 
din, Travels (1686). 

Language given to Man to 
Conceal His Thoughts. Said by 
Montrond, but generally ascribed to 
Talleyrand. (See Talleyrand.) 

Languish (Lydia), a romantic young 
Jady, who is for ever reading sensational 
novels, and moulding her behaviour on 
the characters which she reads of in these 
books of fiction. Hence she is a very 
female Quixote in romantic notions of a 
sentimental type (see act i. 2). — Sheri- 
dan, The Rivals (1775). 

Miss Mellon [1775-1837] called on Sheridan, and was 
requested to read the scenes of Lydia Languish and 
Mrs. Malaprop from The Rivals. She felt frightened, 
and answered, with the naive, unaffected manner which 
she retained through life, "I dare not, sir; I would rather 
read to all England. But suppose, sir, you do me the 
honour of reading them to me 1 " There was something 
so unassuming and childlike in the request, that the 
manager entered into the oddity of it, and read to her 
nearly the whole play.— Boaden. 

Lan'o, a Scandinavian lake, which 
emitted in autumn noxious vapours. 

He dwells by the waters of Lano, which sends forth the 
vapour of death.— Ossian, The War of Inis-Thona. 

Lanternize (To) is to spend one's 
time in literary trifles, to write books, 
to waste time in " brown studies," etc. — 
Rabelais, Pantagruel, v. 33 (1545). 

Lantern-Land, the land of authors, 
whose works are their lanterns. The in- 
habitants, called "Lanterners" (Lanter- 
nois), are bachelors and masters of arts, 
doctors, and professors, prelates and 
divines of the council of Trent, and all 
other wise ones of the earth. Here are the 
lanterns of Aristotle, Epicuros, and Aris- 
tophanes ; the dark earthen lantern of 
Epictetos, the duplex lantern of Martial, 
and many others. The sovereign was a 
queen when Pantag'ruel visited the realm 
to make inquiry about the " Oracle of 
the Holy Bottle." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, 
v. 32, 33 (1545). 

Lanternois, pretenders to science, 
quacks of all sorts, and authors generally. 



j They are the inhabitants of Lantern- 
land, and their literary productions are 
"lanterns." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, v. 32, 
33 (1545). 

Laocoon [La.ok' '.o.onj, a Trojan 
priest, who, with his two sons, was 
crushed to death by serpents. Thomson, 
in his Liberty, iv., has described the 
group, which represents these three in 
their death agony. It was discovered in 
1506, in the baths of Titus, and is now 
in the Vatican. This exquisite group 
was sculptured at the command of Titus 
by Agesander, Polydorus, and Atheno- 
dorus, in the fifth century b.c. — Virgil, 
Mneid, ii. 201-227. 

Laodami'a, wife of Protesila'os who 
was slain at the siege of Troy. She 
prayed that she might be allowed to 
converse with her dead husband for three 
hours, and her request was granted ; but 
when her husband returned to hades, she 
accompanied him thither. 

%* Wordsworth has a poem on this 
subject, entitled Laodamia. 

Laodice'a, now Lataki'a, noted for 
its tobacco and sponge. — See Rev. iii. 
14-18. 

Lapet (Mons.), a model of pol- 
troonery, the very " Ercles' Vein" of 
fanatical cowardice. M. Lapet would 
fancy the world out of joint if no one 
gave him a tweak of the nose or lug of 
the ear. He was the author of a book on 
the "punctilios of duelling." — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, Nice Valour or The Pas- 
sionate Madman (1647). 

Lappet, the "glory of all chamber- 
maids." — H. Fielding, The Miser. 

Lapraick [Laurie), friend of Steenie 
Steenson, in Wandering Willie's tale. — 
Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 

Laprel, the rabbit, in the beast-epic 

entitled Reynard the Fox (1498) 

Lapu'ta, the flying island, inhabited 
by scientific quacks. This is the " Lan- 
tern-land " of Rabelais, where wise ones 
lanternized, and were so absorbed in 
thought, that certain attendants, called 
" Flappers," were appointed to flap them 
on the mouth and ears with blown 
bladders, when their attention to mun- 
dane matters was required. — Swift, 
Gulliver's 'Travels (" Voyage to Laputa," 
1726). 



LARA. 



535 



LAST MAN. 



Lara, the name assumed by Conrad 
the corsair after the death of Medo'ra. 
On his return to his native country, he 
was recognized by sir Ezzelin at the 
table of lord Otho, and charged home by 
him. Lara arranged a duel for the day 
following, but sir Ezzelin disappeared 
mysteriously. Subsequently, Lara headed 
a rebellion, and was shot by Otho. — 
Byron, Lara (1814). 

Lara (The Seven Sons of), sons of 
Gonzalez Gustios de Lara, a Castilian 
hero, brother of Ferdinand Gonzalez 
count of Castile. A quarrel having arisen 
between Gustios and Rodrigo Velasquez 
his brother-in-law, Rodrigo caused him 
to be imprisoned in Cor'dova, and then 
allured his seven nephews into a ravine, 
where they were all slain by an ambus- 
cade, after performing prodigies of valour. 
While in prison, Zai'da, daughter of 
Almanzor the Moorish prince, fell in love 
with Gustios, and became the mother of 
Mudarra, who avenged the death of his 
seven brothers (a.d. 993). 

*** Lope de Vega has made this the 
subject of a Spanish drama, which has 
several imitations, one by Malletille, in 
1836. — See Ferd. Denis, Chroniques Cheva- 
leresques dTUspagne (1839). 

Larder (The Dowjlas), the flour, 
meal, wheat, and malt of Douglas Castle, 
emptied on the floor by good lord James 
Douglas, in 1307, when he took the 
castle from the English garrison. Hav- 
ing staved in all the barrels of food, he 
next emptied all the wine and ale, and 
then, having slain the garrison, threw the 
dead bodies into this disgusting mess, 
"to eat, drink, and be merry." — Sir W. 
Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, ix. 

Wallace's Larder is a similar mess. 
It consisted of the dead bodies of the 
garrison of Ardrossan, in Ayrshire, cast 
into the dungeon keep. The castle was 
surprised by him in the reign of Edward I. 

Lardoon (Lady Bab), a caricature of 
fine life, the " princess of dissipation," 
and the "greatest gamester of the times." 
She becomes engaged to sir Charles 
Dupely, and says, "to follow fashion 
where we feel shame, is the strongest of 
all hypocrisy, and from this moment I 
renounce it."— J. Burgoyne, The Maid of 
the Oaks. 

La Roche, a Swiss pastor, travelling 
through France with his daughter 
Margaret, was taken ill, and like to die. 
There was only a -,,-ayside inn in the 



place, but Home the philosopher heard 

of the circumstance, and removed tie 
sick man to his own house. Here, with 
good nursing, La Roche recovered, and a 
strong friendship sprang up between the 
two. Hume even accompanied La Roche 
to his manse in Heme. After the lapse of 
three years, Hume was informed that 
Mademoiselle was about to be married 
to a young Swiss officer, and hastened to 
Berne to be present at the wedding. On 
reaching the neighbourhood, he observed 
some men rilling up a grave, and found 
on inquiry that Mademoiselle had just 
died of a broken heart. In fact, her 
lover had been shot in a duel, and the 
shock was too much for her. The old 
pastor bore up heroically, and Hume 
admired the faith which could sustain a 
man in such an affliction. — H. Mackenzie, 
" Story of La Roche " (in The Mirror). 

Lars, the emperor or over-king of the 
ancient Etruscans. A khedive, satrap, 
or under-king, was called lucumo. Thus 
the king of Prussia, as emperor of 
Germany, is lars, but the king of Bavaria 
is a lucumo. 

There be thirty chosen prophets. 

The widest of the land. 
Who alway by Lars For'sena, 
Both morn and evening staid. 

'Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome 
C'Horatius,"U£., 1842). 

Larthmor, petty king of Ber'rathon, 
one of the Scandinavian islands. He 
was dethroned by his son Uthal, but 
Fingal sent Ossian and Toscar to his aid. 
Uthal was slain in single combat, and 
Larthmor was restored to his throne. — 
Ossian, Berrathon. 

Larthon, the leader of the Fir-bolg 
or Belgae of Britain who settled in the 
southern parts of Ireland. 

Larthon, Uie first of Bolga's race who travelled in the 
winds. White-bosomed spread the sails of the king 
towards streamy Inisfail [Ireland], Dun night was 
rolled before him, with its skirts of mist Unconstant 
blew the winds and rolled him from wave to wave.— 
Ossian, Temora, vii. 

Lascaris, a citizen. — Sir W. Scott, 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Las-Ca'sas, a noble old Spaniard, 
who vainly attempted to put a stop to 
the barbarities of his countrymen, and 
even denounced them (act i. 1). — Sheri- 
dan, Pizarro (1799, altered from Kotze- 
bue). 

Lascslles (Lady Caroline), supposed 
to be Miss M. E. Braddon. — Athen&um, 
2073, p. 82 (C. R. Jackson). 

Last Man ( Tlic), Charles I. ; so 



LAST OF THE FATHERS. 



536 



LATONA. 



called by the parliamentarians, meaning 

the last man who would wear a crown in 
Great Britain. Charles II. was called 
" The Son of the Last Man." 

Last of the Fathers, St. Bernard 
abbot of Clairvaux (1091-1153). 

Last of the Goths, Roderick, the 
thirty-fourth and last of the Visigothic 
line of kings in Spain (414-711). He was 
dethroned by the African Moors. 

*** Southey has an historical tale in 
blank verse, entitled Roderick, the Last of 
the Goths. 

Last of the Greeks (The), Philo- 
poemen of Arcadia (b.c. 253-183). 

Last of the Knights, Maximilian 
I. the Penniless, emperor of Germany 
(1459, 1493-1519). 

Last of the Mo'hieans. Uncas 
the Indian chief is so called by F. 
Cooper in his novel of that title. 

*** The word ought to be pronounced 
Mo.hec'.kanz, but custom has ruled it 
otherwise. 

Last of the Romans, Marcus 
Junius Brutus, one of the assassins of 
Caesar (b.c. 85-42). 

Caius Cassius Longinus is so called by 
Brutus (n.c. *-42). 

Aetius, a general who defended the 
Gauls against the Franks, and defeated 
Attila in 451, is so called by Proco'pius. 

Congreve is called by Pope, Ultimus 
Romanus (1670-1729). 

Horace Walpole is called Ultimus 
Ramanorum (1717-1797). 

Francois Joseph Terrasse Desbillons 
was called Ultimus Romanus, from his 
elegant and pure Latinity (1751-1789). 

Last of the Tribunes, Cola di 
Rienzi (1313-1354). 

*** Lord Lytton has a novel so 
entitled (1835). 

Last of the Troubadours, 

Jacques Jasmin of Gascony (1798-1864). 

Last who Spoke Cornish {The), 
Doll Pentreath (1686-1777). 

Last Words. (See Dying Say- 
ings.) 

Lath'eruin, the barber at the Black 
Bear inn, at Darlington. — Sir W. Scott, 
Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Latbmon, son of Nuath a British 
prince. He invades Morven while Fingal 
is in Ireland with hi3 army ; but Fingal 



returns unexpectedly. At dead of night, 
Ossian (Fingal's son) and his friend Gaul 
the son of Morni go to the enemy's camp, 
and "strike the shield" to arouse the 
sleepers ; then rush on, and a great 
slaughter ensues in the panic. Lathmon 
sees the two opponents moving off, and 
sends a challenge to Ossian ; so Ossian 
returns, and the duel begins. Lathmon 
flings down his sword, and submits ; and 
Fingal, coming up, conducts Lathmon to 
his "feast of shells." After passing the 
night in banquet and song, Fingal dis- 
misses his guest next morning, saying, 
" Lathmon, retire to thy place ; turn thy 
battles to ^ther lands. The race of Mor- 
ven are ren .wned, and their foes are the 
sons of the unhappy." — Ossian, Lathmon. 
*** In Oithona he is again introduced, 
and Oithona is called Lathmon's brother. 

[Dunrommath] feared the returning Lathmon, the 
brother of unhappy Oithona. — Ossian, Oithona. 

Lat'imer (Mr. Ralph), the supposed 
father of Darsie Latimer, alias sir Arthur 
Darsie Redgauntlet. 

Darsie Latimer, alias sir Arthur Darsie 
Redgauntlet, supposed to be the son of 
Ralph Latimer, but really the son of sir 
Henry Darsie Redgauntlet, and grandson 
of sir Redwald Redgauntlet. — Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Latin Clrureh (Fathers of the): 
Lactantius, Hilary, Ambrose of Milan, 
Jer'ome, Augustin of Hippo, and St. 
Bernard " Last of the Fathers." 

Lati'nus, king of the Laurentians, 
who first opposed iEne'as, but after- 
wards formed an alliance with him, and 
gave him his daughter Lavinia in mar- 
riage. — Virgil, JEncid. 

Lati'nus, an Italian, who went with 
his five sons to the siege of Jerusalem. 
His eldest son was slain by Solyman ; 
the second son, Aramantes, running to 
his brother's aid, was next slain ; then 
the third "son, Sabi'nus ; and lastly Picus 
and Laureates, who were twins. The 
father, having lost his five sons, rushed 
madly on the soldan, and was slain also. 
In one hour fell the father and his five 
sons. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Latmian Swain (The), Endym'ion. 
So called because it was on mount Lat- 
inos, in Caria,- that Cinthia (the moon) 
descended to hold converse with him. 

Thou didst not, Cinthia, scorn the Latmian swain. 

Ovid, Art of Love, ill. 

Lato'na, mother of Apollo (the sun) 
and Diana (the moon). Some Lycian 



,ATORCH. 



537 



LAUNCKLOT. 



hinds jeered at her as she knelt by a 
fountain in Delos to drink, and were 
changed into frogs. 

As when those hinds that were transformed to frogs, 
Railed at Latona'a twin-born progeny, 
Which after held the sun and moon in fee. 

Milton, Sonnets. 

Latorch, duke Rollo's "earwig," in 
the tragedy called The Blood// Brother, 
by Beaumont and Fletcher (1639). 

Latro (Marcus Fortius), a Roman 
rhetorician in the reign of Augustus ; a 
Spaniard by birth. 

I became as mad as the disciples of Porclus Latro, 
who, when they had made themselves as pale U their 
master by drinking decoctions of cumin, imagined them- 
selves as learned.— Lesage, Gil Mas, vii. S (1735). 

Laud (Archbishop). One day, when 
the archbishop was t>bout to say grace 
before dinner, Archie Armstrong, the 
royal jester, begged permission of Charles 
I. to perform the office instead. The re- 
quest being granted, the wise fool said, 
" All praise to God, and little Laud to 
the devil ! " the point of which is much 
increased by the fact that the archbishop 
was a very small man. 

Lauderdale (The duke of), president 
of the privy council. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Laugh (Jupiter's). Jupiter, we are 
told, laughed incessantly for seven days 
after he was born. — JPtol. Hephajstion, 
Nov. Hist., vii. 

Laugh where you Must, be 
Candid where you Can.— J. Bur- 
goyne, The Maid of the Oaks, i. 2. 

Laughing Philosopher (The), 
Democ'ritos of Abde'ra (i?.c. 460-357). 

*** He laughed or jeered at the feeble 
powers of man so wholly in the hands 
of fate, that nothing he did or said was 
uncontrolled. The "Crying Philosopher" 
was Heraclitos. 

Dr. Jeddler, the philosopher, who 
locked upon the world as a "great prac- 
tical joke, something too absurd to be 
considered seriously by any rational 
mar." — C. Dickens, The Battle of Life 
(1846). 

Laughter is situated in the midriff. 

Here sportful laughter dwells, here, ever sitting, 
Defies all lumpish griefs and wrinkled care. 

Ph. Fletcher, The Purple Island (1633). 

Laughter (Death from). A fellow in 
rags told Chalchas the soothsaj^er that he 
would never drink the wine of the grapes 
growing in his vineyard ; and added, 
" If these words do not come true, you 
may claim me for your slave." When 



the wine was made, Chalchas made a feast, 
and sent for the fellow to see how his 
prediction had failed ; and when he ap- 
peared, the soothsayer laughed so im- 
moderately at the would-be prophet that 
he died. — Lord Lytton, Tales of Miletus, 
iv. 

Somewhat similar is the tale of An- 
caeos. This king of the Leleges, in 
Samoa, planted a vineyard, but was 
warned by one of his slaves that he 
would never live to taste the wine there- 
of. Wine was made from the grapes, 
and the king sent for his slave, and said, 
" What do you think of your prophecy 
now V " The slave made answer, 
"There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and 
the lip ;" and the words were scarcely 
uttered, when the king rushed from table 
to drive out of his vineyard a boar 
which was laying waste the vines, but 
was killed in the encounter. — Pausanias. 

Crassus died from laughter on seeing 
an ass eat thistles. Margutte the giant 
died of laughter on seeing an ape trying 
to pull on his boots. Philemon or Phi- 
lomenes died of laughter on seeing an 
ass eat the figs provided for his own 
dinner (Lucian, i. 2). Zeuxis died of 
laughter at sight of a hag which he had 
just depicted. 

Launay (Vicomte de), pseudonym of 
Mde. Emile de Girardin (ne'e Delphine 
Cay). 

Launce, the clownish servant of 
Protheus one of the two " gentlemen 
of Verona." He is in love with Julia. 
Launce is especially famous for solilo- 
quies to his dog Crab, " the sourest- 
natured dog that lives." Speed is the 
serving-man of Valentine the other 
"gentleman." — Shakespeare, The Two 
Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 

Launeelot, bard to the countess 
Brenhilda's father. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
Robert of Bar is (time, Rufus). 

Launeelot (Sir), originally called Gala- 
had, was the son of Ban king of Ben- 
wick (Brittany) and his wife Elein (pt. i. 
60). He was stolen in infancy by 
Vivienne the Lady of the Lake, who 
brought him up till he was presented to 
king Arthur and knighted. In conse- 
quence, he is usually called sir Launeelot 
du Lac. He was in " the eighth degree 
[or generation] of our Saviour " (pt. iii. 
35) ; was uncle to sir Bors de Ganis 
(pt. iii. 4) ; his brother was sir Ector de 
Maris (pt. ii. 127) ; and his son, by 



LAUNCELOT. 



538 



LAUNCELOT. 



Elaine daughter of king Pelles, was sir | 
Galahad, the chastest of the 150 knights | 
of the Round Table, and therefore al- 
lotted to the " Siege Perilous " and the 
quest of the holy graal, which he 
achieved. Sir Launcelot had from time 
to time a glimpse of the holy graal ; but 
in consequence of his amours with queen 
Guenever, was never allowed more than 
a distant and fleeting glance of it (pt. iii. 
18, 22, 45). 

Sir Launcelot was the strongest and 
bravest of the 150 knights of the Round 
Table ; the two next were sir Tristram 
and sir Lamoracke. His adultery with 
queen Guenever was directly or indirectly 
the cause of the death of king Arthur, 
the breaking up of the Round Table, and 
the death of most of the knights. The 
tale runs thus : Mordred and Agravain 
hated sir Launcelot, told the king he was 
too familiar with the queen, and, in order 
to make good their charge, persuaded 
Arthur to go a-hunting. While absent in 
the chase, the queen sent for sir Launce- 
lot to her private chamber, when Mor- 
dred, Agravain, and twelve other knights 
beset the door, and commanded him to 
come forth. In coming forth he slew 
sir Agravain and the twelve knights ; 
but Mordred escaped, and told the king, 
who condemned Guenever to be burnt to 
death. She was brought to the stake, 
but rescued by sir Launcelot, who carried 
her off to Joyous Guard, near Carlisle. 
The king besieged the castle, but received 
a bull from the pope, commanding him to 
take back the queen. This he did, but 
refused to be reconciled to sir Launcelot, 
who accordingly left the realm and went 
to Benwick. Arthur crossed over with an 
army to besiege Benwick, leaving Mor- 
dred regent. The traitor Mordred usurped 
the crown, and tried to make the queen 
marry bim ; but she rejected his pro- 
posal with contempt. When Arthur 
heard thereof, he returned, and fought 
three battles with his nephew, in the 
last of which Mordred was slain, and 
the king received from his nephew his 
death-wound. The queen now retired to 
the convent of Almesbury, where she 
was visited by sir Launcelot ; but as she 
refused to leave the convent, sir Launce- 
lot turned monk, died "in the odour of 
sanctity," andv was buried in Joyous 
Guard (pt. iii. 143-175). 

" Ah! sir Launcelot," said sir Ector; " thou were [sir] 

head of all Christian knights. I dare say, "said sir Burs, 

" that sir Launcelot there thou liest, thou were never 
matched of none earthly knight's hand ; and tliou were 
the courteoust knight that ever hare shield ; and thou were 



the truest friend to thy lover that ever bestrode Lowe > 
and thou were the truest lover of sinfull man that ever 
loved woman ; and thou were the kindest man that ever 
struck with sword ; and thou were the goodliest person 
that ever came among press of knights ; and thou were 
the meekest man and the gentlest that ever eat in hall 
among ladies ; and thou were Uie sternest knight to thy 
mortal foe that ever put spear in rest. '—Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, iii. 176 (1470). 

N.B. — The Elaine above referred to is 
not the Elaine of Astolat, the heroine of 
Tennyson's Idyll. Sir Ector de Maris is 
not sir Ector the foster-father of king 
Arthur; and sir Bors de Ganis must be 
kept distinct from sir Bors of Gaul, and 
also from sir Borre or sir Bors a natural 
son of king Arthur by Lyonors daughter 
of the earl Sanam (pt." i. 15). 

Sir Launcelot and Elaine. The Elaine 
of Tennyson's Idyll, called the "fair 
maid of Astolat," was the daughter of 
sir Bernard lord of Astolat, and her two 
brothers were sir Tirre (not sir Torre, as 
Tennyson writes the word) and Lavaine 
(pt. iii. 122). The whole tale, and the 
beautiful picture of Elaine propelled by 
the old dumb servitor down the river to 
the king's palace, is all borrowed from 
sir T. Malory's compilation. "The fair 
maid of Astolat " asked sir Launcelot to 
marry her, but the knight replied, " Fair 
damsel, I thank you, but certainly cast 
me never to be married ; " and when the 
maid asked if she might be ever with 
him without being wed, he made answer, 
" Mercy defend me, no ! " " Then," 
said Elaine, " I needs must die for love of 
you ; " and when sir Launcelot quitted 
Astolat, she drooped and died. But before 
she died she called her brother, sir Tirre 
(not sir Lavaine, as Tennyson says, be- 
cause sir Lavaine went with sir Launcelot 
as his 'squire), and dictated the letter 
that her brother was to write, and spake 
thus : 

" While my body is whole, let this letter be put into my 
right hand, and my hand bound fast with the letter until 
that I he cold, and let me be put in a fair bed, with all 
my richest clothes . . . and be laid in a chariot to the 
next place, whereas the Thames is, and there let me be 
put in a barge, and but one man with me ... to steer 
me thither, and that my barge be covered with black 
samite." ... So her father granted . . . that all this 
should be done, . . . and she died. And so. when she 
was dead, the corpse and the bed . . . were put in a 
barge, . . and the man steered the barge to Westmin- 
ster.— Pt. iii. 123. 

The narrative then goes on to say that 
king Arthur had the letter read*, and 
commanded the corpse to be buried right 
royally, and all the knights then present 
made offerings over her grave. Not only 
the tale, but much of the verbiage has 
been appropriated by the laureate. — Sir 
T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur 
(1470). 



LAUNCELOT. 



>so 



LAURA. 



Launcelot and Guenever. Sir Launce- 
lot was chosen by king Arthur to conduct 
Gucnever (his bride) to court ; and then 
began that disloyalty between them 
which lasted to the end. Gottfried, the 
German minnesinger (twelfth century), 
who wrote the tale of sir Tristan [our 
Tristram], makes king Mark send Tris- 
tan to Ireland, to conduct Yseult to 
Cornwall, and then commenced that dis- 
loyalty between sir Tristram and his 
uncle's wife, which also lasted to the end, 
and was the death of both. 

Launcdot Mad. Sir Launcelot, having 
offended the queen, was so vexed, that he 
went mad for two years, half raving and 
half melancholy. Being partly cured by 
a vision of the holy graal, he settled 
for a time in Joyous Isle, under the 
assumed name of Le Chevalier Mal-Fet. 
His deeds of prowess soon got blazed 
abroad, and brought about him certain 
knights of the Round Table, who pre- 
vailed on him to return to court. Then 
followed the famous quest of the holy 
graal. The quest of the graal is the 
subject of a minnesong by Wolfram 
(thirteenth century), entitled Parzival. 
(In the History of Prince Arthur, com- 
piled by sir T. Malory, it is Galahad son 
of sir Launcelot, not Percival, who ac- 
complished the quest.) 

*** The madness of Orlando, by 
Ariosto, resembles that of sir Launcelot. 

Launcelot a Monk. "When sir Launcelot 
discovered that Guenever was resolved to 
remain a nun, he himself retired to a 
monastery, and was consecrated a hermit 
by the bishop of Canterbury. After 
twelve months, he was miraculously 
summoned to Almesbury, to remove to 
Glastonbury the queen, who was at the 
point of death. Guenever died half an 
hour before sir Launcelot arrived, and 
he himself died soon afterwards (pt. iii. 
174). The bishop in attendance on the 
dying knight affirmed that " he saw 
angels heave sir Launcelot up to heaven, 
and the gates of paradise open to receive 
him " (pt. iii. 175). Sir Bors, his nephew, 
discovered the dead body in the cell, and 
had it buried with all honours at Joyous 
Guard (pt. iii. 175). — Sir. T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur (1470), and also 
Walter Ma pes. 

When sir Bors and his fellows came to his (sir Launce- 
lot's) bed, they found him stark dead, and he lay as he 
had smiled, and the sweetest savour about him that ever 
they smelied. — Sir X. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, 
lu. 175 (147ft). 

N.B. — Sir Launcelot intended, when 
he quitted the court of Arthur and re- 



tired to Benwick, to found religious 
houses every ten miles between Sand- 
wich and Carlisle, and to visit every one 
of them barefoot ; but king Arthur made 
Avar upon him, and put an end to this 
intention. 

%* Other particulars of sir Launcelot. 
The tale of sir Launcelot was first com- 
posed in monkish Latin, and was trans- 
lated by Walter Mapea (about 1180). 
Robert de Borron wrote a French version, 
and sir T. Malory took his History of 
Prince Arthur from the French, the third 
part being chiefly confined to the adven- 
tures and death of this favourite knight. 
There is a metrical romance called La 
Charrette, begun by Chrestiens de Troyeg 
(twelfth century), and finished by Geof- 
frey de Ligny. 

Laun'celot, the man of Mons. Thomas. 
(See Lancelot.)— Beaumontand Fletcher, 
Mons. Thomas (1619). 

Launfal (Sir), steward of king 
Arthur. Detesting queen Gwennere, he 
retired to Carlyoun, and fell in love with 
a lady named Tryamour. She gave him 
an unfailing purse, and told him if he 
ever wished to see her, all he had to do 
was to retire into a private room, and she 
would be instantly with him. Sir Launfal 
now returned to court, and excited much 
attention by his great wealth. Gwen- 
nere made advances to him, but he told 
her she was not worthy to kiss the feet 
of the lady to whom he was devoted. 
At this repulse, the angry queen com- 
plained to the king, and declared to him 
that she had been most grossly insulted 
by his steward. Arthur bade sir Launfal 
produce this paragon of women. On 
her arrival, sir Launfal was alloAved to 
accompany her to the isle of Ole'ron ; 
and no one ever saw him afterwards. — 
Thomas Chestre, Sir Launfal (a metrical 
romance, time, Henry VI.). 

*** James Russell Lowell has a poem 
entitled The Vision of Sir Launfal. 

Laura, niece of duke Gondibert, 
loved by two brothers, Arnold and Hugo, 
the latter dwarfed in stature. Laura 
herself loved Arnold ; but both brothers 
were slain in the faction fight stirred up 
by prince Oswald against duke Gondi- 
bert, his rival in the love of Rhodalind 
only child of Aribert king of Lombardy. 
On the death of Arnold and Hugo, Laura 
became attached to Tybalt. As the tale- 
was never finished, Ave have no key to 
the poet's intention respecting Laura and 



LAURA. 



540 



LAVINIA. 



Tvbalt. — Sir Wm. Davenant, Gondibert 
(died 1668). 

Laura, a Venetian • lady, who married 
Beppo. Beppo, being taken captive, 
turned Turk, joined a band of pirates, 
and grew rich. He then returned to his 
wife, made himself known to her, and 
"had his claim allowed." Laura is 
represented ae a frivolous mixture of 
millinery and religion. She admires her 
husband's turban, and dreads his new 
religion. " Are you really, truly now a 
Turk?" she says. "Well, that's the 
prettiest shawl ! Will you give it me ? 
They say you eat no pork. Bless me ! 
Did I ever? No, I never saw a man 
groAvn so yellow ! How's your liver ? " 
and so she rattles on. — Byron, Beppo 
(1820). 

We never read of Laura without being reminded of 
Addison's Dissection of a Coquette's Heart, in the endless 
intricacies of which nothing could be distinctly made out 
but the image of a flame-coloured hood.— Finden, Byron 
Beauties. 

Laura and Petrarch. Some say 
La belle Laure was only an hypothetical 
name used by the poet to hang the inci- 
dents of his life and love on. If a real 
person, it was Laura de Noves, the wife 
of Hugues de Sade of Avignon, and she 
died of the plague in 1348. 

Think you, if Laura had been Petrarch's wife, 
He would have written sonnets all his life? 

Byron, Don Juan, iii. 8 (1820). 

Laurana, the lady-love of prince 
Parismus of Bohemia. — Emanuel Foord, 
The History of Parismus (1598). 

Laureate of the Gentle Craft, 
Hans Sachs, the cobbler-poet of Nurem- 
berg. (See Twelve Wise Masters.) 

Laurence (F?-iar), the good friar 
who promises to marry Romeo and 
Juliet. He supplies Juliet with the 
sleeping draught, to enable her to quit 
her home without arousing scandal or 
suspicion. (See Lawrence.) — Shake- 
speare, Borneo and Juliet (1597). 

Laurringtons (The), a novel by 
Mrs. Trollope, a satire on "superior 
people," the bustling Bothebys of so- 
ciety (1843). 

Lauzun (The duke de), a courtier in 
the court of Louis XIV. Licentious, 
light-hearted, unprincipled, and extrava- 
gant. In order to make a market, he 
supplanted La Valliere by Mde. de 
Montespan in the king's favour. Montes- 
pan thought he loved her ; but when he 
proposed to La Valliere the discarded 
favourite, Montespan kicked him over. 



The duke, in revenge, persuaded the 
king to banish the lady, and Avhen La 
Valliere took the veil, the king sent Mde. 
de Montespan this cutting epistle : 

We do not blame you ; blame belongs to love, 
And love had nought with you. 
The duke de Lauzun, of these lines the bearer, 
Confirms their purport. From our royal court 
We do excuse your presence. 

Lord E. L. B. Lytton, The Duchess de la 
Valliere, v. 5 (1836). 

Lavaine (Sir), brother of Elaine, and 
son of the lord of As'tolat. Young, brave, 
and knightly. He accompanied sir 
Lancelot when he went to tilt for the 
ninth diamond.— Tennyson, Idylls of the 
King (" Elaine"). 

Lavalette (3 syl.), condemned to 
death for sending to Napoleon secret 
intelligence of Government despatches. 
He was set at liberty by his wife, who 
took his place in prison, but became a 
confirmed lunatic. 

Lord Nithsdale escaped in a similar 
manner from the Tower of London. His 
wife disguised him as her maid, and he 
passed the sentries without being de- 
tected. 

La Valliere (Louise duchess de), 
betrothed to the marquis de Bragelone 
(4 syl.), but in love with Louis XIV., 
whose mistress she became. Conscience 
accused her, and" she fled to a convent ; 
but the king took her out, and brought 
her to Versailles. He soon forsook her 
for Mde. de Montespan, and advised 
her to marry. This message almost 
broke her heart, and she said, " I will 
choose a bridegroom without delay." 
Accordingly she took the veil of a Car- 
melite nun, and discovered that Brage- 
lone was a monk. Mde. de Montespan 
was banished from the court by the 
capricious monarch. — Lord E. L. B. 
Lytton, The Duchess de la Valliere (1836). 

Lavender's Blue 

" Lavender's blue, little finger, rosemary's green. 
When I am king, little finger, you shall be queen." 
" Who told you so, thumby ? Thumby, who told you so?" 
" 'Twas my own heart, little finger, that told me so." 

" When you are dead, little finger, as it may hap, 
You shall be buried, little finger, under the tap." 
"For why? for why, thumby? Thumby, for why?" 
" That you may drink, little finger, when you are dry." 
J a Old Nursery Ditty. 

Lavin'ia, daughter of Latinus, be- 
trothed to Turnus king of the Rutuli. When 
yEne'as landed in Italy, Latinus made an 
alliance with him, and promised to give 
him Lavinia to wife. This brought on a 
war between Turnus and vEneas, that was 
decided by single combat, in which yEneas 
was the victor. — Virgil, jEneid. 



LAVINIA. 



541 



LAW'S TALE. 



Lnrit'oi, daughter of Titus Andron'- 
icua !i Roman general employed against 
thti Goths. She was betrothed to Bassia'- 
nus, brother of Saturnius emperor of 
Rome. Being defiled by the sons of 
Tam'ora queen of the Goths, her hands 
were cut off and her tongue plucked out. 
At length her father Titus killed her, 
saying, " I am as woeful as Virginius was, 
and have a thousand times more cause 
than he to do this outrage." — (?) Shake- 
speare, Titus Andron'icus (1593). 

In the play, Andronicus is always 
called An.Jrun'.i.kus, but in classic 
authors it is An.Jro.7iV.kus. 

Lavin'ia, sister of lord Al'tamont, and 
wife of Horatio. — N. Rowe, The Fair 
Penitent (1703). 

Ijavinia and Pale'mon. Lavinia 
was the daughter of Acasto patron of 
Palemon, from whom his "liberal fortune 
took its rise." Acasto lost his property, 
and dying, left a widow and daughter in 
very indigent circumstances. Palemon 
often sought them out, but coidd never 
find them. One day, a lovely modest 
maiden came to glean in Palemon's 
fields. The young squire was greatly 
struck with her exceeding beauty and 
modesty, but did not dare ally himself 
with a pauper. Upon inquiry, he found 
that the beautiful gleaner was the daugh- 
ter of Acasto ; he proposed marriage, and 
Lavinia "blushed assent." — Thomson, 
Seasons ("Autumn," 1730). 

*** The resemblance between this tale 
and the Bible story of Ruth and Boaz 
must be obvious to every one. 

Lavinian Shore {The), Italy. La- 
vinium was a town of Latium, founded 
by ^Ene'as in honour of his wife Lavinia. 

From the rich Lavinian shore, 
I your market come to store. 

Shakespeare. 

Law of Athens (The). By Athe- 
nian law, a father could dispose of his 
daughter in marriage as he liked. Egeus 
pleaded this law, and demanded that his 
daughter Hermia should marry Demetrius 
or suffer the penalty of the law; if she 
will not 

Consent to marry with Demetrius, 
I beg the ancient privilege of Athens ; 
As she is mine, I may dispose of her : 
Which shall be either to this gentleman, 
Or to her death ; according to our law. 

Shakespeare, Midsummer A'iqht's Dream, 
act i. sc. 1 (1592). 

Law of Flanders {The). Charles 
" the Good," earl of Flanders made a law 
that a serf, unless legally emancipated, was 



always a serf, and that whoever married 
a serf became a serf. S. Knowles has 
founded his tragedy called The Trovostof 
Bruges on this law (1^3(3). 

Law of Lombardy (TJie). 

We huve a law peculiar to tbii realm, 
That ubjeeti to a mortal penalty 

All women nobly born . . . who, to the shame 
Of chastity, o'erUap its thorny BOOlldS, 
To wanton in the tlowery path ul pleasure. 

Act ii. 2. 

On this law Robert Jephson has founded 
the following tragedy: The duke Bire'no, 
heir to the crown, falsely charges the 
princess Sophia of incontinence. The 
villainy of the duke being discovered, he 
is slain in combat by a Briton named 
Paladore, and the victor marries the 
princess (1779). 

Law's Bubble, the famous Missis- 
sippi scheme, devised by John Law 
(171l)-1720). 

Law's Tale (The Man of), the tale 
about Custance, daughter of the emperor 
of Koine, affianced to the sultan of Syria. 
On the wedding ni<;ht the sultan's mother 
murdered all the bridal party for apos- 
tacy, except Custance, whom she turned 
adrift in a ship. The ship stranded on 
the shores of Britain, where Custance was 
rescued by the lord-constable of North- 
umberland, whose wife, Hermegild, be- 
come much attached to her. A young 
knight wished to marry Custance, but 
she declined his suit ; whereupon hs 
murdered Hermegild, and then laid the 
knife beside Custance, to make it appear 
that she had committed the deed. King 
Alia, who tried the case, soon discovered 
the truth, executed the knight, and 
married Custance. Now was repeated 
the same infamy as occurred to her in 
Syria : the queen-mother Donegild dis- 
approved of the match, and, during the 
absence of her son in Scotland, embarked 
Custance and her infant son in the same 
ship, which she turned adrift. After 
floating about for five years, it was taken 
in tow by the Roman fleet on its return 
from Syria, and Custance was put under 
the charge of a Roman senator. It so 
happened that Alia was at Rome at the 
very time on a pilgrimage, met his wife, 
and they returned to Northumberland 
together. 

This story is found in Gower, who 
probably took it from the French chro- 
nicle of Nicholas Trivet. 

A similar story forms the outline of 
Enxare (3 syl.), a romance in Ritson's 
collection. 



LAWFORD. 



542 



LEA. 



The knight murdering Hermegild, etc., 
resembles an incident in the French Ro- 
man de la Violette, the English metrical 
romance of Le Bone Florence of Rome (in 
Ritson), and also a tale in the Gesta 
Romanorum, 69. 

Lawford (Mr.), the town clerk of 
Middlemas. — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Lawrence (Friar), a Franciscan who 
undertakes to marry Romeo and Juliet. 
(See Laurence.) 

Lawrence (Tom), alias " Tyburn Tom " 
or Tuck, a highwayman. (See Lau- 
rence.) — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

La Writ, a little wrangling French 
advocate. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Little French Lawyer (1647). 

Lawson (Sandie), landlord of the 
Spa hotel. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Lawyers' Bags. In the Common 
Law bar, barristers' bags are either red or 
dark blue. " Red bags " are reserved for 
queen's counsel and Serjeants, but a stuff- 
gownsman may carry one "if presented 
with it by a ' silk.' " Only red bags may 
be taken into Common Law courts, blue 
ones must be carried no further than the 
robing-room. In Chancery courts the 
etiquette is not so strict. 

Lay of the Last Minstrel. 
Ladye Margaret [Scott] of Branksome 
Hall, the "flower of Teviot," was beloved 
by baron Henry of Cranstown, but a 
deadly feud existed between the two 
families. One day, an elfin page allured 
ladye Margaret's brother (the heir of 
Branksome Hall) into a wood, where he 
fell into the hands of the Southerners. 
At the same time an army of 3000 
English marched to Branksome Hall to 
take it, but hearing that Douglas, with 
10,000 men, was on the march against 
them, the two chiefs agreed to decide the 
contest by single combat. The English 
champion was sir Richard Musgrave, the 
Scotch champion called himself sir 
William Deloraine. Victory fell to the 
Scotch, when it was discovered that "sir 
William Deloraine " was in reality lord 
Cranstown, who then claimed and. re- 
ceived the hand of ladye Margaret as his 
reward. — Sir W. Scott, Lay of the Last 
Minstrel (1805). 

Layers-over for Meddlers, 



nothing that concerns you. Said to 
children when they want to know some- 
thing which the person asked does not 
think proper to explain to them. A 
layer-over means "a whip," and a layer- 
over for meddlers means a "rod for the 
meddlesome." 

Lazarillo, a humoursome varlet, who 
serves two masters, " don Felix " and 
Octavio. Lazarillo makes the usual 
quota of mistakes, such as giving letters 
and money to the wrong master ; but it 
turns out that don Felix is donna Clara, 
the fiancee of Octavio, and so all comes 
right. — Jephson, Two Strings to your Bow 
(1792). 

Joseph Munden [1758-1832] was the original " Lazarillo." 
— Memoir of J. S. Munden (1832). 

Lazarillo de Tormes, the hero of a 
romance of roguery by don Diego de 
Mendo'za(1553). Lazarillo is a compound 
of poverty and pride, full of stratagems 
and devices. The "hidalgo" walks the 
streets (as he says) " like the duke of 
Arcos," but is occupied at home "to pro- 
cure a crust of dry bread, and, having 
munched it, he is equally puzzled how to 
appear in public with due decorum. He 
fits out a ruffle so as to suggest the idea 
of a shirt, and so adjusts a cloak as to 
look as if there were clothes under it." 
We find him bagging bread, " not for 
food," but simply for experiments. He 
eats it to see "if it is digestible and 
wholesome ; " yet is he gay withal and 
always rakish. 

Lazarus and Dives. Lazarus was 
a blotched beggar, who implored the aid of 
Dives. At death, Lazarus went to heaven, 
and Dives to hell, where he implored that 
the beggar might be suffered to bring 
him a drop of water to cool his lips withal. 
—Luke xvi. 19-31. 

*** Lazarus is the only proper name 
given in any of the New Testament 
parables. 

Lazy Lawrence of Lubber- 
Land, the hero of a popular tale. He 
served the schoolmaster, the squire's cook, 
the farmer, and his own wife, all which 
was accounted treason in Lubber-land. 

Lea, one of the "daughters of men," 
beloved by one of the " sons of God." 
The angel who loved her ranked with the 
least of the spirits of light, whose post 
around the throne was in the outermost 
circle. Sent to earth on a message, he 
saw Lea bathing, and fell in love with 
her ; but Lea was so heavenly minded 



LEAD APES IN HELL. 



543 LEAGUE OF PUBLIC WEAL. 



that her only wish was to "dwell in 
purity and serve God in singleness of 
heart." Her angel lover, in the madness 
of his passion, told Lea the spell-word 
that gave him admittance into heaven. 
The moment Lea uttered it, her hody 
became spiritual, rose through the air, 
and vanished from eight. On the other 
hand, the angel k>6t his ethereal nature, 
and became altogether earthly, like a 
child of clay. — T. Moore, Loves of the 
Angels, i. (1822). 

Lead Apes in Hell, i.e. die an old 
maid. 

And now Tatlanthl, thou art all my care . . . 
Pity that you, who've served so long and well, 
Should die a virgin, and lead apes in hell. 
Choose for yourself, dear girl, our empire round ; 
Your portion Li twelve hundred thousand pound. 

Carey, Chrononhotontholoyot. 

League {The), *a league formed at 
Peronne in 1576, to prevent the accession 
of Henri IV. to the throne of France, 
because he was of the reformed religion. 
This league was mainly due to the Guises. 
It is occasionally called "The Holy 
League;" but the "Holy League" 
strictly so called is quite another thing, 
and it is better not to confound different 
events by giving them the same name. 
(See League, Holy.) 

League {The Achaean), B.C. 281-146. 
The old league consisted of the twelve 
Achaean cities confederated for self- 
defence from the remotest times. The 
league properly so called was formed 
against the Macedonians. 

League {The JEtolian), formed some 
three centuries B.C., when it became a 
formidable rival to the Macedonian mon- 
archs and the Achaean League. 

League {The Grey), 1424, called Lia 
Grischa or Graubiind, from the grey 
homespun dress of the confederate 
peasants, the Grisons, in Switzerland. 
This league combined with the League 
Caddee (1401) and the League of the Ten 
Jurisdictions (1436), in a perpetual 
alliance in 1471. The object of these 
leagues was to resist domestic tyranny. 

League { The Hanse or Hanseatic), 1241- 
1630, a great commercial confederation of 
German towns, to protect their merchan- 
dise against the Baltic pirates, and defend 
their rights against the German barons 
and princes. It began with Hamburg 
and Lubeck, and was joined by Bremen, 
Bruges, Bergon. Novogorod, London, 
Cologne, Brunswick, Danzig; and, after- 
wards by Dunkerque, Anrers, Ostend, 



Dordrecht, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, etc. ; 
still later by Calais, Rouen, St. Malo, 
Bordeaux, Bayonne, Marseilles, Barce- 
lona, Seville, Cadiz, and Lisbon ; and 
lastly by Messina, Naples, etc. ; in all 
eighty cities. 

League {The Holy). Several leagues 
are so denominated, but that emphatically 
so called is the league of 1511 against 
Louis XII., formed by pope Julius 11., 
Ferdinaud "the Catholic," Henry VIII. , 
the Venetians, and the Swiss. Gaston de 
Foix obtained a victory over the league 
at Ravenna in 1512, but died in the midst 
of his triumph. 

League {The Solemn), 1638, formed in 
Scotland against the episcopal govern- 
ment of the Church. 

League Caddee {TJie) or Ligue de 
la Mai son de Dieu (1401), a confederation 
of the Grisons for the purpose of resisting 
domestic tyranny. (See League, Gkey.) 

League of Augsburg (1686), a 
confederation of the house of Austria 
with Sweden, Saxony, Bavaria, the 
circles of Swabia and Franconia, etc., 
against Louis XIV. This league was 
the beginning of that war which termi- 
nated in the peace of Ryswick (1698). 

League of Cambray (1508), formed 
by the emperor Maximilian I., Louis XII. 
of France, Ferdinand " the Catholic " and 
pope Julius II., against the republic of 
Venice. 

League of Ratisbonne (1524), by 
the catholic powers of Germany against 
the progress of the Reformation. 

League of Smalkalde (December 
31, 1530), the protestant states of Ger- 
many leagued against Charles Quint. It 
was almost broken up by the victory 
obtained over it at Miihlberg in 1547. 

League of "Wurtzburg (1610), 
formed by the catholic states of Germany 
against the " Protestant Union" of Had. 
Maximilian I. of Bavaria was at its head. 

League of the Beggars (1560), a 
combination formed against the Inquisi- 
tion in Flanders. 

League of the Cities of Lorn- 
bardy (1167), under the patronage of 
pope Alexander III., against Frederick 
Barbarossa emperor of Germany. In 
1225, the cities combined against Fre- 
derick II. of Germany. 

League of the Public Weal 



LEANDER. 



544 



LEAR. 



(Ligue du Bien Public), 14G4, a league 
between the dukes of Burgundy, Brit- 
tany, Bourbon, and other princes, against 
Louis XL of France. 

Lean'der (3 syl.), a young man of 
Aby'dos, who swam nightly across the 
Hellespont to visit his lady-love, Hero 
a priestess of Sestos. One night he was 
drowned in his attempt, and Hero leaped 
into the Hellespont and died also. 

The story is told \>y Musaeus in his 
poem called Hero and Leander. Schiller 
has made it the subject of a ballad. 

%* Lord Byron and lieutenant Eken- 
head repeated the feat of Leander, and 
accomplished it in 1 hr. 10 min. ; the 
distance (allowing for drifting) would be 
about four miles. 

A young native of St. Croix, in 1817, 
swam across the Sound in 2 hr. 40 min., 
the distance being six miles. 

Captain Webb, August 24, 1875, swam 
from Dover to Calais in 22 hr. 40 min., 
the distance being thirty miles, including 
drifting. 

Lean'der, a young Spanish scholar, 
smitten with Leonora, a maiden under 
the charge of don Diego, and whom the 
don wished to make his wife. The 
young scholar disguised himself as a 
minstrel to amuse Mungo the slave, and 
with a little flattery and a few gold pieces 
lulled the vigilance of Ursula the duenna, 
and gained admittance to the lady. As 
the lovers were about to elope, don Diego 
unexpectedly returned ; but being a man 
of GO. aud, what is more, a man of 
sense, he at once perceived that Leander 
was a more suitable husband for Leonora 
than himself, and accordingly sanctioned 
their union and gave the bride a hand- 
some dowry. — I. Bickerstaff, The Pad- 
lock. 

Leaudra, daughter of an opulent 
Spanish farmer, who eloped with Vincent 
de la Rosa, a heartless adventurer, who 
robbed her of all her money, jewels, and 
ot'ie*' valuables, and then left her to make 
he' ,,ay home as best she could. Leandra 
was placed in a convent till the scandal 
had blown over. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
I. iv. 20 ("The Goat-herd's Story," 1605). 

Leandre (2 syl.), sou of Ge'ronte 
(2 syl.). During the absence of his father, 
he fell in love with Zerbinette, whom he 
supposed to be a young gipsy, but who 
was in reality the. daughter of Argante 
(2 syl,) his father's friend. Some gipsies 
had stolen the child when only four 



years old, and required £1500 for b<£ 
ransom — a sum of money which Scapin 
contrived to obtain from Le'andre's father 
under false pretences. When Ge'ronte 
discovered that his son's bride was the 
daughter of his friend Argante, he was 
quite willing to excuse Scapin for the 
deceit practised on him. — Moliere, Les 
Fourberies de Scapin (1671). 

(In Otway's version of this comedy, 
called The Cheats of Scapin, Le'andre is 
Anglicized into "Leander;" Geronte is 
called " Gripe ; " Zerbinette is " Lucia ; " 
Argante is "Thrifty;" and the sum of 
money, is £200.) 

Le'andre, the lover of Lucinde daugh- 
ter of Ge'ronte (2 syl.). Being forbidden 
the house, Lucinde pretended to be dumb, 
and Le'andre, being introduced in the guise 
of an apothecary, effects a cure by " pills 
matrimoniac." — Moliere, Le " Me'decin 
Malgre Lui (1666). 

Lean'dro, a gentleman who wantonly 
loves Amaranta (the wife of Bar'tolus 
a covetous lawyer). — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Spanish Curate (1622). 

Lean'dro the Fair (The Exploits 
and Adventures of), part of the series 
called Le Soman des Romans, pertaining 
to "Am'adis of Gaul." This part was 
added by Pedro de Lujan. 

Lear, mythical king of Britain, son 
of Bladud. He had three daughters, and 
when four score } r ears old, wishing to re- 
tire from the active duties of sovereignty, 
resolved to divide his kingdom between 
them in proportion to their love. The 
two elder said they loved him more than 
their tongue could express, but Cordelia 
the youngest said she loved him as it 
became a daughter to love her father. 
The old king, displeased with her answer, 
disinherited Cordelia, and divided his 
kingdom between the other two, with the 
condition that each alternately, month by 
month, should give him a home, with a 
suite of a hundred knights. He spent the 
first month with his eldest daughter, who 
showed him scant hospitality. Then going 
to the second, she refused to entertain so 
large a suite; whereupon the old man 
would not enter her house, but spent the 
night abroad in a storm. When Cordelia, 
who had married the king of France, 
heard of this, she brought an army over to 
dethrone her sisters, but was taken prisoner 
and died in jail. In the mean time, the 
elder sister (Goneril) first poisoned her 
ycunger sister from jealousy, and after- 



LEAR. 



545 



LEGEND. 



wards pot an end to her own life. Lear 
also died. — Shakespeare, King Lear 
(1605). 

(The hest performers of "king Lear" 
were David Garrick (171(5-177!)) and \V. 
C. Maeready (1793-1873). The stage Lear 
is a corrupt version by Nahum Tate (Tate 
and Brady) ; as the stage Richard 111. 
is Colley Gibber's travesty.) 

*** Percy, in his Reliques of Ancient 
English Poetry, has a ballad about " King 
Leir and His Three Daughters " (series I. 
ii.). 

The story is given by Geoffrey of Mon- 
mouth, in his British History. Spenser 
has introduced the tale in his Faery 
Queen (ii. 10). 

Camden tells a similar story of Ina 
the king of the West Saxons {Remains, 
306). 

Lear (King), Shakespeare's drama, 
first printed in quarto (1608), is founded 
on The Tme Chronicle History of King 
Leir and His Three Daughters, Gonorill, 
Ragan, and Cordelia (1605). 

Learned (The), Coloman king of 
Hungary (*, 1095-1114). 

Learned Blacksmith (The), Elihu 
Burritt, the linguist (1811-1879). 

Learned Painter (The), Charles 
Lebrun, noted for the accuracy of his 
costumes (1619-1690). 

Learned Tailor (The), Henry 
"Wild of Norwich, who mastered, while 
he worked at his trade, Greek, Latin, 
Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, Persian, and 
Arabic (1684-1734). 

Learned Theban (^4), a guesser of 
riddles or dark sayings ; in allusion to 
Qidipos king of Thebes, who solved the 
riddle of the Sphinx. 

I'll talk a word with this same learned Theban. 
Shakespeare, King Lear, act iii. sc. 4 (1G05). 

Leather-stockings, the nickname 
of Natty Bumppo, a half-savage and 
half-Christian chevalier of American 
wild-life. He appears in five of J. P. 
Cooper's novels, hence called the Leath- 
er-stocking Tales. — See Bumppo. 

Leather-stockings stands half-way between savage and 
•ivilized life. He has the freshness of nature and the 
first-fruits of Christianity ; the seed dropped into vigorous 
soil. These are the elements of one of the most original 
characters in fiction.— Duyckinck. 

Le Castre, the indulgent father of 
Mirabel "the wild goose." — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase 
(1652). 



L'Eclair (Philippe), orderly of cap- 
tain Florian. L'Eclair is a groat boaster, 
who masks his brag under the guise of 
modesty. He pays his court to Rosa- 
belle, the lady's-maid of lady Geraldine. 
— AY. Dimond, The foundling of the 
Forest. 

Led Captain (A), an obsequious 
person, who styles himself "Captain;" 
and, out of cupboard love, dances attend- 
ance on the master and mistress of a 
house. 

Mr. Wagg, the celebrated wit. and a led captain and 
trencherman of my lord Su-vno. w;i< caused by the ladles 
to make the assault.— Thackeray, Vanity Fair. Ii. (1S48). 

Lee (Sir Henry), an officer in attend- 
ance at Greenwich Palace. — Sir W. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Lee (Sir Henry), an old royalist, and 
head-ranger of Woodstock Forest. 

Alice Lee, daughter of the old knight. 
She marries Markham Everard. 

Colonel Albert Lee, her brother, the 
friend of Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Leek, worn on St. David's Day. The 
general tale is that king Cadwallader, in 
640, gained a complete victory over the 
Saxons by the special interposition of 
St. David, who ordered the Britons to 
wear leeks in their caps, that they might 
recognize each other. The Saxons, for 
want of some common cognizance, often 
mistook friends for foes. Drayton gives 
another version : He says the saint lived 
in the valley Ewias (2 syl.), situate be- 
tween the Hatterill Hills, in Monmouth- 
shire. It was here " that reverend British 
saint to contemplation lived," 

. . . and did so truly fast. 
As he did only drink what crystal Hodney yields. 
And fed upon the leeks he gathered in the fields. 
In memory of whom, in each revolving year. 
The Welshmen, on his day \_ilarch 1], that sacred herb do 
wear. 

Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Lefevre (Lieutenant), a poor officer 
dying from want and sickness. His 
pathetic story is told by Sterne, in a novel 
called The Life and Opinions of Tristram 
Shandy (1759). 

" Mr. Fulmer, I have borrowed a book from your shop. 
'Tis the sixth volume of my deceased friend, Tristram . . . 
The divine story of Lefevre. which makes part of this book, 
. . . does honour, not to its author only, but to human 
nature." — Cumberland, The West Indian, ii X. 

Legend (Sir Sampson), a foolish, 
testy, prejudiced, and obstinate old man, 
between 50 and 60. His favourite oath 
is " Odd ! " He tries to disinherit his 
elder son Valentine, for his favourite son 
Ben, a sailor; and he fancies Angelica 
2 N 



LEGEND. 



546 



LELIE. 



is in love with, him, when she only intends 
to fool him. 

He says : " I know the length of the emperor of China's 
foot, have kissed the Great Mogul's slipper, and have rid 
a-hunting upon an elephant with the cham of Tartary." — 
W. Congreve, Love for Love, ii. (1695). 

"Sir Sampson Legend" is such another lying, over- 
bearing character, but he does not come up to " sir 
Epicure Mammon " [Ben Jonsou, The A Ichemist]. — C. 
Lamb. 

Legend (The Golden), a semi-dramatic 
poem by Longfellow, taken from an old 
German tale by Hartmann von der Aue 
[Our], called Poor Henry (1851). Hart- 
maun was one of the minnesingers, and 
lived in the twelfth century. (See 
Henry, Poor.) 

Legend of Montrose, a novel' by 
sir W. Scott (1819). This brief, im- 
perfect story contains one of Scott's best 
characters, the redoubted Rittmaster, 
Dugald Dalgetty, a combination of sol- 
dado and pedantic student of Mareschal 
College, Aberdeen. 

Legends (Golden), a collection of 
monkish legends, in Latin, by Jacob de 
Voragine or Varagine, born at Varaggio, 
in Genoa. He wrote Legenda Sancta, 
which was so popular that it was called 
" Legenda Aurea " (1230-1298). 

Legion of Honour, an order of 
merit, instituted by Napoleon I. when 
" first consul," in 1802. The undress 
badges are, for : 

Chevaliers, a bow of red ribbon in the 
button-hole of their coat, to which a 
medal is attached. 

Officers, a rosette of red ribbon, etc., 
with medal. 

Commanders, a collar-ribbon. 

Grand-officers, a broad ribbon under 
the waistcoat. 

Grand-cross, a broad ribbon, with a 
star on the breast, and a jewel-cross 
pendent. 

*** Napoleon III. instituted a lower 
degree than Chevalier, called Me'daille 
Militaire, distinguished by a yellow rib- 
bon. 

Legree, a slave-dealer and hideous 
villain, brutalized by slave-dealing and 
slave - driving. — Mrs. Beecher Stowe, 
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853). 

Leicester (The earl of), in the court 
of queen Elizabeth. 

The countess of Leicester (born Amy 
Robsart), but previously betrothed to 
Edmund Tressilian. — Sir W. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). . 

Leigh. (Aurora), the heroine and title 



of a poem by Mrs. Browning. The 
design of this poem is to show the noble 
aim of true art. 

Leila, the young Turkish child rescued 
by don Juan at the siege of Ismail (canto 
viii. 93-102). She went with him to St. 
Petersburg, and then he brought her to 
England. As Bon Juan was never com- 
pleted, the future history of Leila has no 
sequel. 

... at his side 
Sat little Leila, who survived the parries 
He made 'gainst Cossack sabres, in the wide 
Slaughter of Ismail. 

Byron, Don Juan, x. 61 (1824). 

Lei' la (2 syl.), the beautiful slave of 
the caliph Hassan. She falls in love 
with "the Giaour" [djow'.er], flees from 
the seraglio, is overtaken, and cast into 
the sea. 

Her eyes' dark charm 'twere vain to tell ; 
But gaze on that of the gazelle — 
It will assist thy fancy well. 

Byron, The Giaour (1813). 

Leilah, the Oriental type of female 
loveliness, chastity, and impassioned 
affection. Her love for Mejnoun, in Mo- 
hammedan romance, is held in much the 
same light as that of the bride for the 
bridegroom in Solomon's song, or Cupid 
and Psyche among the Greeks. 

When he sang the loves of Megn5un and Leileh [sic] 
. . . tears insensibly overflowed the cheeks of his auditors. 
— W. Beckford, Vatliek (1786). 

Leipsic. So-and-so was my Lcipsic, my 
fall, my irrevocable disaster, my ruin ; re- 
ferring to the battle of Leipsic (October, 
1813), in which Napoleon I. was defeated 
and compelled to retreat. This was the 
" beginning of his end." 

Juan was my Moscow [turning-point], and Faliero (3 $yl.) 
My Leipsic. 

Byron, Don Juan, xi. 56 (1824). 

L. E. L., initialism of Letitia Eliza- 
beth Landon (afterwards Mrs. Maclean), 
poetess (1802-1838). 

Lela Marien, the Virgin Mary. 

In my childhood, my father kept a slave, who, in my 
own tongue [Arabic], instructed me in the Christian 
worship, and informed me of many things of Lela 
Marien. —Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 10 (1605). 

Le'lia, a cunning, wanton widow, 
with whom Julio is in love. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Captain (1613). 

Lelie (2 syL), a young man engaged 
to Ce'lie daughter of Gorgibus ; but 
Gorgibus insists that his daughter shall 
give up Le'lie for Valere, a much richer 
raau. Ce'lie faints on hearing this, and 
drops the miniature of Ldie, which is 
picked up by Sgan.-jrelle's wife. Sgana- 
relle finds it, and, supposing it to be a 



LELIE. 



547 



LEON. 



lover of his wife, takes possession of it, 
and recognizes Le'lie as the living ori- 
ginal. Le'lie asks how he came by it, 
is told he took it from his wife, and con- 
cludes that he means Ce'lie. He accuses 
her of infidelity in the presenoc of Sgana- 
relle, and the whole mystery is cleared 
up. — Moliere, Syanarelte (lUGO). 

Le'lie, an inconsequential, light-headed, 
but gentlemanlv coxcomb. — Moliere, 
L'Etourdi (1653). 

Le'mail {Lake), the lake of Geneva ; 
called in Latin Lemannus. 

Lake Lenian woos me with its cry-tal face. 
The mirror where the star* and monntlllM view 
The ?tillness of their Mpect in each trace 
lie clear depth yields uf their far height and hue. 

Byron. Child* Harold, iii. 68 (1816). 

Lemnian Deed {A), one of un- 
paralleled cruelty and barbarity. This 
Greek phrase owes its origin to the 
legend that the Lemnian women rose 
oue night, and put to death every man 
and male child in the island. 

On another occasion they slew all the 
men and all the children born of Athenian 
parents. 

Lienore, a name which Edgar Poe 
has introduced in two of his poems ; one 
called I'he Haven, and the other called 
Lenore (1811-1849). 

Lenore, the heroine of Burgers ballad 
of that name, in which a spectral lover 
appears to his mistress after death, 
and carries her on horseback behind him 
to the graveyard, where their marriage is 
celebrated amid a crew of howling gob- 
lins. 

V' : " The Suffolk Miracle is an old 
English ballad of like character. 

Lenonnand ( JMA?.), a famous tireuse 
de cartes. She was a squat, fussy, little 
bid woman, Avith a gnarled and knotted 
visage, and an imperturbable eye. She 
wore her hair cut short and parted on one 
side, like that of a man ; dressed in an 
odd-looking casaquin, embroidered and 
frogged like the jacket of an hussar ; 
and snuffed continually. This was the 
little old woman whom Napoleon I. 
regularly consulted before setting out on 
a campaign. Mdlle. Lenormand foretold 
to Josephine her divorce ; and when 
Mu rat king of Naples visited her in 
disguise, she gave him the cards to cut, 
and he cut four times in succession le 
grand pendu (king of diamonds) ; where- 
upon Mdlle. rose and said, " La seance 
tst tenuinee ; e'est dix louis poux les 



rois ; " pocketed the fee, and left the 
room taking snuff. 

(In cartomancy, le grand pendu signifies 
that the person to which it is dealt, or 
who cuts it, will die by the hands of the 
executioner. See Gkand Pbhdc.) 

Lent (Galeazzo's), a form of torture 
devised by Galeazzo Visconti, calculated 
to prolong the victim's life for forty 
days. 

Len'ville (2 syl.), first tragedian at 
the Portsmouth Theatre. When Nicholas 
Nickleby joined the company, Mr. Len- 
ville was jealous, and attempted to pull 
his nose ; but Nicholas pulled the nose 
of Mr. Lenville instead. — C. Dickens, 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Leodegraunce or Leodograx, king 
of Camelyard, father of Guenever (king 
Arthur's wife). Uther the pendragon 
gave him the famous Pound Table, which 
would seat 150 knights (pt. i. 45) ; and 
when Arthur married Guenever, Leode- 
graunce gave him the table and 1<mj 
knights as a wedding gift (pt. i. 45). 
The table was made by Merlin, and each 
seat had on it the name of the knight to 
whom it belonged. One of the seats was 
called ihe ''Siege Perilous," because no 
one could sit on it without " peril of his 
life " except sir Galahad the virtuous 
and chaste, who accomplished the quest 
of the holv graal. — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur (1470). 

Leodogran. the king of Cameliard [tie], 
Had one fair daughter and none other child; 
And she was fairest of all flesh on earth, 
Guinevere, and in her his oue delight 

Tennyson, Coming of Arthur. 

Le'olirie (3 syl.), one of the male 
attendants of Dionys'ia wife of Cleon 
governor of Tarsus, and employed by his 
mistress to nrtirder Mari'na the orphan 
daughter of prince Pericles, who had 
been committed to her charge to bring 
up. Leoline took Marina to the shore 
with this view, when some pirates seized 
her, and sold her at Metali'ne for a slave. 
Leoline told his mistress that the orphan 
was dead, and Dionysia raised a splendid 
sepulchre to her memory. — Shakespeare, 
Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Leon, son of Constantine the Greek 
emperor. Amon and Beatrice, the parents 
of Bradamant, promise to him their 
daughter Bradamant in marriage ; but 
the lady is in love with Roge'ro. When 
Leon discovers this attachment, he 
withdraws his suit, and Bradamant max- 



LEON. 



548 



LEONORA. 



ries Rogero. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Leon, the hero who rules Margaritta 
his wife wisely, and wins her esteem and 
wifely obedience. Margaritta is a wealthy 
Spanish heiress, who married in order to 
indulge in wanton intrigues more freely. 
She selected Leon because he was sup- 
posed to be a milksop whom she could 
bend to her will ; but no sooner is she 
married than Leon acts with manly firm- 
ness and determination, but with great 
affection also. He wins the esteem of every 
one, and Margaritta becomes a loving, 
devoted, virtuous, and obedient wife. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Rule a Wife 
and Have a Wife (1640). 

Edward Kynaston [1619-1687] executed the part of 
"leou " with a determined manliness, well worth the best 
actor's imitation. He had a piercing eye, and a quick, 
imperious vivacity of voice. — Colley Cibber. 

Leonard, a real scholar, forced for 
daily bread to keep a common school. — 
Crabbe, Borough, xxiv. (1810). 

Leonardo [Gonzaga], duke of 
Mantua. Travelling in Switzerland, an 
avalanche fell on him, and he was nursed 
through a severe illness by Mariana the 
daughter of a Swiss burgher, and they 
fell in love with each other. On his re- 
turn home, he was entrapped by brigands, 
and kept prisoner for two years. Mariana, 
seeking him, went to Mantua, where 
count Florio fell in love with her, and 
obtained her guardian's consent to their 
union ; but Mariana refused to comply. 
The case was referred to the duke (Fer- 
rardo), who gave judgment in favour of 
the count. Leonardo happened to be 
present, and, throwing off his disguise, 
assumed his rank as duke, and married 
Mariana ; but, being called away to the 
camp, left Ferrardo regent. Ferrardo 
laid a most villainous scheme to prove 
Mariana guilty of adultery with Julian 
St. Pierre ; but Leonardo refused to 
credit her guilt. Julian turned out to 
be her brother, exposed the whole plot, 
and amply vindicated Mariana of the 
slightest indiscretion. — S. Knowles, The 
Wife (1833). 

Leona'to, governor of Messina, 
father of Hero, and uncle of Beatrice. — 
Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing 
(1600). 

Leonesse (3 syl.), Leonnesse, 
Leonnais, Leones, Leonnoys, Lyon- 
noys, etc., a mythical country belonging 
to Cornwall, supposed to have been sunk 



under the sea since the time of king 
Arthur. It is very frequently mentioned 
in the Arthurian romances. 

Leonidas of Modern Greece, 

Marco Bozzaris, a Greek patriot, who, 
with 1200 men, put to rout 4000 Turco- 
Albanians, at Kerpenisi, but was killed 
in the attack (1823). He was buried at 
Mesolonghi. 

Le'onine (3 syl.), servant to Dio- 
nyza. — Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of 
Tyre (1608). 

Leonine Verse. So called from 
Leonius, a canon of the church of St. 
Victor, in Paris, in the twelfth century, 
who first composed them. It is a verse 
with a rhyme in the middle, as : 

Pepper is black, though it hath a good smack. 
Est avis in dextra melior quam quatuor extra. 

Leonnoys or Leonesse (q.v.), a 
country once joining Cornwall, but now 
sunk in the sea full forty fathoms deep. 
Sir Tristram was born in Leones or Leon- 
noys, and is always called a Cornish 
knight. 

*** Tennyson calls the word " Lyon- 
nesse," but sir T. Malory " Leones." 

Leo'no's Head (or Liono's Head), 
Porto Leono, the ancient Piraeus. So 
called from a huge lion of white marble, 
removed by the Venetians to their 
arsenal. 

The wandering stranger near the port descries 
A milk-white lion of stupendous size, 
Of antique marble,— hence the haven's name. 
Unknown to modern natives whence it came. 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 3 (1756). 

Leonor, sister of Isabelle, an orphan ; 
brought up by Ariste (2 syl.) according 
to his notions of training a girl to make 
him a good wife. He put her on her 
honour, tried to win her confidence and 
love, gave her all the liberty consistent 
with propriety and social etiquette, and 
found that she loved him, and made him 
a fond and faithful wife. (See Isa- 
belle.) — Moliere, He'cole des Maris 
(1661). 

Leono'ra, the usurping queen of 
Aragon, betrothed to Bertran a prince 
of the blood-royal, but in love with 
Torrismond general of the forces. It 
turns out that Torrismond is son and 
heir of Sancho the deposed king. San- 
cho is restored, and Torrismond marries 
Leonora. — Dryden, The Spanish Fryar 
(1680). 

Leono'ra, betrothed to don Carlos, but 
don Carlos resigned her to don Alouzo, 



LEONORA. 



549 



LEONTES 



to whom she proved a very tender and 
loving wife. Zanga the Moor, out of 
revenge, poisoned the mind of Alonzo 
against his wife, by insinuating her 
criminal love for don Carlos. Out of 
jealousy, Alonzo had his friend put to 
death, and Leonora, knowing herself sus- 
pected, put an end to her life. — Edward 
Young, The Revcmje (1721). 

Leono'ra, the daughter of poor parents, 
who struck, the fancy of don Diego. The 
don made a compact with her parents to 
take her home with him and place her 
under a duenna for three months, to ascer- 
tain if her temper was as sweet as her 
face was pretty, and at the expiration of 
that time, either to return her spotless or 
to make her his wife. At the end of 
three months, don Diego (a man of 60) 
goes to arrange for the marriage, lock- 
ing his house and garden, as he sup- 
poses, securely ; but Leander, a young 
student, smitten with Leonora, makes his 
way into the house, and is about to elope 
with her when the don returns. Like a man 
of sense, don Diego at once sees the suit- 
ability of the match, consents to the union 
of the young people, and even settles a 
marriage portion on Leonora, his ward 
if not his wife. — I. Bickerstaff, The 
Padlock. 

Leonora, betrothed to Ferdinand a 
fiery young Spaniard (jealous of donna 
Clara, who has assumed boy's clothes for 
a time). Ferdinand despises the " am- 
phibious coxcomb," and calls his rival 
"a vile compound of fringe, lace, and 
powder." — Jephson, Two Strings to your 
Bow (1792). 

Leono'ra, the heroine of Miss Edge- 
worth's novel of the same name. The 
object of the tale is to make the reader 
feel what is good, and desirous of being 
so (1806). 

Leonora, wife of Fernando Florestan 
a State prisoner in Seville. In order to 
effect her husband's release, she assumed 
the attire of a man, and the name 
of Fidelio. In this disguise she entered 
the service of Rocco the jailer, and 
Marcellina the jailer's daughter fell in 
love with her. Pizarro, the governor of 
the prison, resolving to assassinate Fer- 
nando Florestan, sent Rocco and Fidelio 
to dig his grave in the prison-cell. When 
Pizarro descended to perpetrate the deed 
of blood, Fidelio drew a pistol on him ; 
and the minister of state, arriving at this 
crisis, ordered the prisoner to be released. 



Leonora (Fidelio) was allowed to un- 
lock her husband's chains, and l'izarro's 
revenge came to naught. — Beethoven, 
Fidelio (an opera, 1791). 

Leono'ra, a princess, who falls in love 
with Manri'co, the supposed son of 
Azuce'na a gipsy, but in reality the son 
of Garcia (brother of the conte di Luna). 
The conte di Luna entertains a base 
passion for the princess, and, getting 
Manrico into his power, is about to kill 
him, when Leonora intercedes, and pro- 
mises to give herself to the count if he 
will spare his nephew's life. The count 
consents ; but while he goes to release 
Manrico, Leonora kills herself by suck- 
ing poison from a ring, and Manrico 
dies also. — Verdi, // Trovato're (an opera, 
1853). 

Leonora (The History of), an episode 
in the novel of Joseph Andrews, by 
Fielding (1742). 

Leono'ra [d'Estb] (2 syl.), sister of 
Alfonso II. reigning duke of Ferrara. 
The poet Tasso conceived a violent 
passion for this princess, but " she knew 
it not or viewed it with disdain." 
Leonora never married, but lived with 
her eldest sister, Lauretta duchess of 
Urbino, who was separated from her 
husband. The episode of Sophronia and 
Olindo (Jerusalem Delivered, ii.) is based 
on this love incident. The description of 
Sophronia is that of Leonora, and her 
ignorance of Olindo's love points to the 
poet's unregarded devotion. 

But thou . . . shalt have 

One-half the laurel which o'ershades my grave . . . 

Yes, Leonora, it shall be our fate 

To be entwined for ever,— but too late. 

B.iron, The Lament of Tasso (1817). 

Leonora de Guzman, the 
"favourite" of Alfonzo XL of Castile. 
Ferdinando, not knowing that she was the 
king's mistress, fell in love with her ; 
and Alfonzo, to reward Ferdinando's ser- 
vices, gave her to him in marriage. No 
sooner was this done, than the bride- 
groom learned the character of his bride, 
rejected her with scorn, and became a 
monk. Leonora became a noviciate in 
the same convent, obtained her husband's 
forgiveness, and died. — Donizetti, La 
Favorita (an opera, 1842). 

Leon'tes (3 syl.), king of Sicily. 
He invited his old friend Polixen6s 
king of Bohemia to come and stay with 
him, but became so jealous of him that 
he commanded Camillo to poison him. 
Instead of doing so, Camillo warned 



LEONTIUS. 



550 



LETHE. 



Polixenes of his danger, and fled with 
him to Bohemia. The rage of Leontes 
was now unbounded, and he cast his wife 
Hermione into prison, where she gave 
birth to a daughter. The king ordered 
the infant to be cast out on a desert 
shore, and then brought his wife to a 
public trial. Hermione fainted in court, 
the king had her removed, and Paulina 
soon came to announce that the queen 
was dead. Ultimately, the infant daugh- 
ter was discovered under the name of 
Perdlta, and was married to Florizel the 
son of Polixenes. Hermione was also 
discovered to the king in a tableau vivant, 
and the joy of Leontes was complete. — 
Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 

Leon'tius, a brave but merry old 
soldier. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Humorous Lieutenant (1647). 

Le'opold, a sea-captain, enamoured 
of Hippol'yta, a rich lady wantonly in 
love with Arnoldo. Arnoldo, however, is 
contracted to the chaste Zeno'cia, who is 
'basely pursued by the governor count 
Clodio. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Custom of the Country (1647). 

Leopold, archduke of Austria, a 
crusader who arrested Richard I. on his 
way home from the Holy Land. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Leopold, nicknamed Peu-a-peu by 
George IV. Stein, speaking of Leopold's 
vacillating conduct in reference to the 
Greek throne, says of him : " He has no 
colour," i.e. no fixed plan of his own, but 
only reflects the colour of those around 
him ; in other wcrds, he is " blown about 
by every wind." 

Lepol'emo {The Exploits and Ad- 
ventures of), part of the series called Le 
Roman des Romans, pertaining to " Amadis 
of Gaul." This part was added by Pedro 
de Lujan. 

Leporello, in The Libertine, by 
Shad well (1676). 

The following advertisement from 
Liston appeared in June, 1817 : — 

"My benefit takes place this evening at Covent Garden 
Theatre, and I doubt not will be splendidly attended. . . . 
I shall perform ' Fogrun ' in The Slave, and * Leporello ' 
in The Libertine. In the delineation of these arduous 
characters I shall display much feeling and discrimination, 
together with great taste in my dresses and elegance of 
manner. The audiences will be delighted, and will testify 
their approbation by rapturous applause. When, in 
addition to my professional merits, regard is had to the 
loveliness of my person and the fascination of my face, 
. . . there can be no doubt that this announcement will 
receive the attention it deserves."— J. Liston. 

Leporello, the valet of don Giovanni. 
—Mozart, Don Giovanni (an opera, 1787). 



termites and Martafax, two 

rats that conspired against the White 
Cat. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
("The White Gat," 1682).' 

Lesbia, the poetic name given by the 
poet Catullus to his favourite lady Clodia. 

Lesbian Kiss (A), an immodest 
kiss. The ancient Lesbians were noted 
for their licentiousness, and hence to 
" Lesbianize " became synonymous with 
licentious sexual indulgence, and "Les- 
bia " meant a harlot. 

Lesbian Poets (The), Terpander, 
Alcaeus, Ari'on, and the poetess Sappho. 

Lesbian Rule, squaring the rule 
from the act, and not the act from the 
rule ; like correcting a sun-dial by a clock, 
and not the clock by the sun-dial. A 
Jesuit excuse for doing or not doing as 
inclination dictates. 

Lesley (Captain), a friend of captain 
M'Intyre. — Sir W. Scott. The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Leslie (General), a parliamentary 
leader. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Lesly (Ludovic), surnamed Le Ba- 
lafre, an old archer in the Scotch guard 
of Louis XI. of France. Uncle of Quen- 
tin Durward.— Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Lesurques (Jerome), a solicitor, who, 
being in greatly reduced circumstances, 
holds the White Lion inn, unknown to 
his son (act i. 2). 

Joseph Lesurques (2 syl.), son of the 
solicitor, and father of Julie. He is so 
like Dubosc the highwayman, that he is 
accused of robbing the night-mail from 
Lyons, and murdering the courier. 

Julie Lesurques, daughter of Joseph 
Lesurques, in love with Didier. Wheu 
her father is imprisoned, she offers to 
release Didier from his engagement ; but 
he remains loyal throughout. — Edward 
Stirling, The Courier of Lyons (1852). 

Le'the (2 syl.), one of the five rivers 
of hell. The word means ' ' f orgetf ulness." 
The other rivers are Styx, Ach'eron, 
Cocy'tus, and Phleg'ethon. Dante makes 
Lethe the boundary between purgatory 
and paradise. 

Far off from these [four] a slow and silent stream, 
Lcth6. the river of oblivion, rolls 
Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drinks 
Forthwith' bis former state and being forgets— 
Forgets boih joy and.gr.irf. pleasure and pain. 

Milton, J'unnlisc Lost, ii. 683, etc. (1666). 



LETHEAN DEWS. 



551 



LEWIS. 



Lethe'an Dews, that which pro- 
duces a dreamy langour and obliviousness 
of the troubles of life. Lethe personitied 
oblivion in Grecian mythology, and the 
soul, at the death of the body, drank of 
the river Lethe that it might carry into 
the world of shadows no remembrance of 
earth and its concerns. 

The soul with tender luxury you [the Mute*] fill, 
And o'er ttie sense Lethean dews distill. 

Falconer, J ?te Shipwreck, ill. 4 (1756). 

Letters {Greek). Cadmus, the Phoeni- 
cian, introduced sixteen ; Simonides and 
Epicharmos (the poets) introduced six or 
eight others ; but there is the greatest 
diversity upon what letters, or how many, 
are to be attributed to them. Aristotle 
says Epicharmos introduced 0, x ; others 
ascribe to him (, n, ^, a>. Dr. Smith, in 
his Classical Dictionary, tells us Simoni- 
des introduced "the long vowels and 
double letters " (n, «», #, x , <p, £). Lempriere, 
under "Cadmus," ascribes to him tf, £, <p, 
x; and under "Simonides," n, a>, ?. ^. 
Others maintain that the Simonides' 
letters are n, <o, £ <k 

Letters (Father of), Francois I. of 
France, Fire des Lettres (1494, 1515- 
1547). Lorenzo de' Medici, "the Mag- 
nificent" (1448-1492). 

Letters of the Sepulchre, the 

laws made by Godfrey and the patriarchs 
of the court of Jerusalem. There were 
two codes, one respecting the privileges 
of the nobles, and the other respecting 
the rights and duties of burghers. These 
codes were laid up in a coffer with the 
treasures of the Church of the Holy 
Sepulchre. 

Leuca'dia's Rock, a promontory, 
the south extremity of the island Leucas 
or Leucadia, in the Ionian Sea. Sappho 
leapt from this rock when she found 
her love for Pha'on unrequited. At the 
annual festival of Apollo, a criminal was 
hurled from Leucadia' s Rock into the sea ; 
but birds of various sorts were attached to 
him, in order to break his fall, and if he 
was not killed he was set free. The leap 
from this rock is called " The Lovers' 
Leap." 

All those may leap who rather would be neuter 
(Leucadia's Kock still overlooks the wave). 

Byron, Don Juan, ii. 205 (1919) 

Leucip'pe (3 syl.), wife of Menippus ; 
a bawd who caters for king Antig'onus, 
who, although an old man, indulges in 
the amorous follies of a youth. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Humorous Lieu- 
tenant (K547). 



Leucoth'ea, once called "Ino." Ath'- 
amas son of iEolus had by her two sons, 
one of whom was named Melicer'tes. 
Athamas being driven mad, Ino and 
Melicertes threw themselves into the sea ; 
Ino became Leucothea, and Melicertes 
became Pahemon or Portumnus the god 
of ports or strands. Leucothea means 
the "white goddess," and is used for 
"Matuta"or the dawn, which precedes 
sunrise, i.e. Aurora. 

By Leucothea's lovely hands. 

And her son that rules the strands. 

Milton. Comu*. 875 (1634). 
To resalute the world with sacred light, 
Leucothea waked, and with fresh dew« embalmed 
The earth. 

Milton, ParndUe Lott, xi. 135 (1665). 

Lev'ant Wind (The), the east wind, 
from levant ("the sunrise"). Ponent is 
the west wind, or wind from the sunset. 

Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds. 

Milton, Paradise Lost. x. 704 (1665). 

Leven (The earl of), a parliamentary 
leader. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose 
(time, Charles I.). 

Leviathan of Literature (The), 
Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). 

Levites (The), in Dryden's Absalom 
and Achitophel, means the nonconformist 
ministers expelled by the Act of Con- 
formity (1681-2). 

Levitt (Frank), a highwayman. — Sir 
W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Lewis (Don), brother of Antonio, and 
uncle of Carlos the bookworm, of whom 
he is dotingly fond. Don Lewis is no 
scholar himself, but he adores scholar- 
ship. He is headstrong and testy, simple- 
hearted and kind. 

John Quick's great parts were "don Lewis," "Tony 
Lumpkin," and "Bob Acres" [1748-1831 ].— Records of 
a Stage Veteran. 

*** " Tony Lumpkin " in She Stoops to 
Conquer (Goldsmith); "Bob Acres" in 
The Rivals (Sheridan). 

Fjew'is (Lord), father of Angeli'na. — • 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Elder 
Brother (1637). 

Lewis (Matthew Gregory), generally 
called "Monk Lewis," from his romance 
The Monk (1794). His best-known verses 
are the ballads of Alonzo the Brave and 
Bill Jones. He also wrote a drama en- 
titled Timour the Tartar (1775-1818). 

Oh 1 wonder-working Lewis! Monk or ')ard, 
Who fain would make Parnassus a chuiohyard 1 
Lo ! wreaths of yew, not laurel, bind thy brow ; 
Thy Muse a sprite, Apollo"s sexton thou. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewer* (18^9). 



LEWIS BABOON. 



552 



LIBERTY HALL. 



Xiewis Baboon. Louis XIV. of 
France is so called by Dr. Arbuthnot in 
his History of John Bull. Baboon is a 
pun on the word Bourbon, specially appro- 
priate to this royal "posture-master" 
(1712). 

Lewkner's Lane (London), now 
called Charles Street, Drury Lane; always 
noted for its " soiled doves." 

The nymphs of chaste Diana's train. 
The same with those in Lewkner's Lane. 

S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 1 (1678). 

Lew'some (2 syL), a young surgeon 
and general practitioner. He forms the 
acquaintance of Jonas Chuzzlewit, and 
supplies him with the poison which he 
employs. — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit 
(1844). 

Lewson, a noble, honest character. 
He is in love with Charlotte Beverley, 
and marries her, although her brother has 
gambled away all her fortune. — Edward 
Moore, T/w Gamester (1753). 

Leycippes and Clitophonta, a 

romance in Greek, by Achilles Tatius, in 
the fifth century ; borrowed largely from 
the Theag'enes and Chariclea of Helio- 
dorus bishop of Trikka. 

Liar (The), a farce by Samuel Foote 
(1761). John Wilding, a young gentle- 
man fresh from Oxford, has an extra- 
ordinary propensity for romancing. He 
invents the most marvellous tales, utterly 
regardless of truth, and thereby involves 
both himself and others in endless per- 
plexities. He pretends to fall in love 
with a Miss Grantam, whom he acci- 
dentally meets, and, wishing to know 
her name, is told it is Godfrey, and that 
she is an heiress. Now it so happens 
that his father wants him to marry the 
real Miss Grantam, and, in order to 
avoid so doing, he says he is already 
married to a Miss Sibtho-rpe. He after- 
wards tells his father he invented this 
tale because he really wished to marry 
Miss Godfrey. When Miss Godfrey is 
introduced, he does not know her, and 
while in this perplexity a woman enters, 
who declares she is his wife, and that her 
maiden name was Sibthorpe. Again he 
is dumfounded, declares he never saw her 
in his life, and rushes out, exclaiming, 
"All the world is gone mad, and is in 
league against me ! " 

* + * The plofof . this farce is from the 
Spanish. It had been already taken by 
Corncille in La Menteur (1642), and by 
Steele in his Lying Lover (1704). 



Liar (The), Al Aswad ; also called 
"The Impostor," and "The Weather- 
cock." He set himself up as a prophet 
against Mahomet ; but frequently changed 
his creed. 

Moseilma was also called " The Liar." 
He wrote a letter to Mahomet, which 
began thus : " From Moseilma prophet of 
Allah, to Mahomet prophet of Allah ; " 
and received an answer beginning thus : 
" From Mahomet the prophet of Allah, to 
Moseilma the Liar." 

Liars (The Prince of), Ferdinand Men- 
dez Pinto, a Portuguese traveller, whose 
narratives deal so much in the marvellous 
that Cervantes dubbed him "The Prince 
of Liars." He is alluded to in the Tatler 
as a man " of infinite adventure and un- 
bounded imagination." 

Sir John Mandeville is called "The 
Lying Traveller" (1300-1372). 

Liban'iel (4 syl.), the guardian angel 
of Philip the apostle. — Klopstock, The 
Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Libec'chio, the ventus Lyb'icus or 
south-west wind ; called in Latin A'fcr. 
The word occurs in Paradise Lost, x. 706 
(1665). 

Liberator (The). Daniel O'Connell 
was so called because he was the leader 
of the Irish party, which sought to sever 
Ireland from England. Also called "The 
Irish Agitator " (1776-1847). 

Simon Bolivar, who established the 
independence of Peru, is so called by the 
Peruvians (1785-1831). 

Liberator of the New World 
(The), Dr. Franklin (1706-1790). 

Liberty (Goddess of). On December 
20, 1793, the French installed the wor- 
ship of reason for the worship of God, 
and M. Chaumette induced Mdlle. Mal- 
liard, an actress, to personify the "god- 
dess of Liberty." She was borne in a 
palanquin, dressed with buskins, a Phry- 
gian cap, and a blue chlamys over a 
white tunic. Being brought to Notre 
Dame, she was placed on the high altar, 
and a huge candle was placed behind her. 
Mdlle. Malliard lighted the candle, to 
signify that liberty frees the mind from 
darkness, and is the " light of the world ; " 
then M. Chaumette fell on his knees to 
her and offered incense as to a god. 

Liberty ( The goddess of). The statue so 
called, placed over the entrance of the 
Palais Royal, represented Mde. Tallien. 

Liberty HalL Squire Hardcastle 



LIBITINA. 



553 



LIGHT OF THE AGE. 



says to young Marlow and Hastings, when 
they mistake his house for an "inn," 
and give themselves airs, " This is 
Liberty Hall, gentlemen ; you may do 
just as you please here." — Goldsmith, She 
Stoops to Conquer, i. 2 (1773). 

Libiti'na, the goddess who presides 
over funerals, and hence in Latin an un- 
dertaker is called libitina'rius. 

He brought two physicians to visit mo, who, by their 
nppaanuice, seemed zealous ministers of the goddess Libi- 
tina.— Lcsage. Gil Mas, ix. 8 U7:j. r >). 

Library (St. Victor's), in Paris. 
Joseph Scaliger says "it had absolutely 
nothing in it but trash and rubbish." 
Kabelais gives a long list of its books, 
amongst which may be mentioned the 
Tumbril of Salvation, the Pomegranate of 
Vice, the Henbane of Bishops, the Mus- 
tard-pot of Penance, the Crucible of Con- 
templation, the Goad of Wine, the Spur 
of Cheese, the Cobblcd-Shoe of Humility, 
the Trivet of Thought, the Curc"s Pap on 
the Knuckles, the Pilgrims' Spectacles, the 
Prelates' Bagpipes, the Lawyers' Furred 
Cat, the Cardinals' Rasp, etc. — Rabelais, 
Pantagruel, ii. 7 (1533). 

Lichas, servant of Hercules, who 
brought to him from Dejani'ra the 
poisoned shirt of Nessus. He was thrown 
by Hercules from the top of mount Etna 
into the sea. Seneca says (Hercules) that 
Lichas was tossed aloft into the air, and 
sprinkled the clouds with his blood. 
Ovid says : " He congealed, like hail, in 
mid-air, and turned to stone ; then, falling 
into the Euboic Sea, became a rock, which 
still bears his name and retains the 
human form " (Met., ix.). 

Let me lodge Lichas on the horns of the moon. 
Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act iv. sc. 10 (1608). 

Licked into Shape. According to 
legend, the young bear is born a shapeless 
mass, and the dam licks her cub into its 
proper shape. 

The she-bear licks her cubs into a sort 
Of shape. 
Byron, The Deformed Transformed, L 1 (1821). 

Liekitup (The laird of), friend of 
Neil Blanc the town piper. — Sir W. 
Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Lie. The four P's disputed as to 
wnich could tell the greatest lie. The 
Palmer asserted that he had never seen a 
woman out of patience ; the other three 
P's (a Pardoner, a Poticary, and a Pedlar) 
were so taken aback by this assertion that 
they instantly gave up the contest, saying 
that it was certainly the greatest false- 



hood they had ever heard. — John Hey- 
wood, The Four P's (1520). 

Lie. Tennyson says : 

A lie which is half a truth is ever the blackest of lies. 
A h> which is all a lie may bo met and fought with out- 
right; 
But a lie which is part a truth is a harder matter to fight. 
The Grandmother. 

Liebenstein and Sternfels, two 
ruined castles on the Rhine. Leoline the 
orphan was the sole surviving child o_ 
the lord of Liebenstein, and two brothers 
(Warbeck and Otto) were the only sur- 
viving children of the lord of Sternfels. 
Botfi these brothers fell in love with Leo- 
line, but as the lady gave Otto the pre- 
ference, Warbeck joined the crusades. 
Otto followed his brother to Palestine, 
but the war was over, and Otto brought 
back with him a Greek girl, whom he 
had made his bride. Warbeck now sent 
a challenge to his brother for this insult 
to Leoline, but Leoline interposed to stop 
the tight. Soon after this the Greek wife 
eloped, and Otto died childless. Leoline 
retired to the adjacent convent of Born- 
hofen, which was attacked by robbers, 
and Warbeck, in repelling them, received 
his death-wound, and died in the lap of 
Leoline. — Traditions of the Rhine. 

Life (The Battle of), a Christmas 
story, by C. Dickens (1846). It is the 
story of Grace and Marion, the two 
daughters of Dr. Jeddler, both of whom 
loved Alfred Heathrield, their father's 
ward. Alfred loved the younger daugh- 
ter ; but Marion, knowing of her sister's 
love, left her home clandestinely, and all 
thought she had eloped with Michae,' 
Warden. Alfred then married Grace, 
and in due time Marion made it known 
to her sister that she had given up Alfred 
to her, and had gone to live with her aunt 
Martha till they were married. It is 
said that Marion subsequently married 
Michael Warden, and found with him a 
happy home. 

Lige'a, one of the three syrens. Mil- 
ton gives the classic syrens combs ; but 
this is mixing Greek syrens with Scandi- 
navian mermaids. (Ligea or Largeia 
means "shrill," or " sweet-voiced.") 

[By] fair Ligea's golden comb, 
Wherewith she sits on diamond rocks, 
Sleeking her soft alluring locks. 

Milton, Comus, 880 (1634). 

(The three syrens were Parthen'ope, 
Ligea, and Leucos'ia, not Leucothea, q.v.) 

Light of the Age, Maimon'ides or 
Rabbi Moses ben Mainion of Cor'dova 
(1135-1204). 



LIGHT OF THE HARAM. 



554 



LILIS. 



Light of the Haram [sic], the 
sultana Nour'mahal', afterwards called 
Nourj eham ( ' ' light of the world ") . She 
was the bride of Selim son of Acbar. — T. 
Moore, Lalla Eookh (1817). 

Light o' Heel {Janet), mother of 
Godfrey Bertram Hewit. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Lightbody (Luckie), alias " Marian 
Loup-the-Dyke," mother of Jean Girder 
the cooper's wife. — Sir W. Scott, Bride 
of Larnmermoor (time, William III.). 

Lightbom, the murderer who assas- 
sinated Edward II. — C. Marlowe, Ed- 
ward II. (1592). 

Lightfoot, one of the seven attend- 
ants of Fortunio. So swift was he of 
foot, that he was obliged to tie his legs 
when he went hunting, or else he always 
outran the game, and so lost it. — Com- 
tesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 
1682). 

Lightning. Benjamin Franklin in- 
vented lightning conductors ; hence 
Campbell says it is allotted to man, with 
Newton to mark the speed of light, with 
Herschel to discover planets, and 

With Franklin grasp the lightning's fiery wing. 

Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

Lightning {Lovers killed by). (See under 
Lovers.) 

Lightning Protectors. Jupiter 
chose the eagle as the most approved 
preservative against lightning, Augustus 
Caesar the sea-calf, and Tiberius the 
laurel. — Collwnella, x. ; Suetonius, In 
Vit. Aug., xc. ; Suetonius, In Vita Tib., 
lxix. 

Houseleek, called "Jupiter's Beard," is 
a defence against lightning and evil spirits ; 
hence Charlemagne's edict : 

Et habeat quisque supra domum suum Jovis barbam. 

Lightwood {Mortimer), a solicitor, 
who conducts the "Harmon murder" 
case. He is the great friend of Eugene 
Wrayburn, barrister-at-law, and it is the 
great ambition of his heart to imitate the 
nonchalance of his friend. At one time 
Mortimer Lightwood admired Bella 
Wilfer.— C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend 
(1864). 

Ligurian Republic {The), Ve- 
netia, Genoa, and part of Sardinia, 
formed by Napoleon I. in 1797. 

Ligurian Sage {The), Aulus Per- 
sius Flaccus, the satirist (.'54-62). 



Likeness. Strabo (father of Pom- 
pey) and his cook were exactly alike. 

Sura (pro-consul of Sicily) and a fisher- 
man were so much alike that Sura asked 
the fisherman if his mother had ever 
been in Rome. "No," said the man, 
" but my father has." 

Walter de Hempsham abbot of Canter- 
bury and his shepherd were so alike that 
when the shepherd was dressed in the 
abbot's gown, even king John was deluded 
by the resemblance. — Percy, Heliques 
("King John and the Abbot of Canter- 
bury"). 

*** The brothers Antipholus, the 
brothers Dromio, the brothers Meniech- 
mus (called by Plautus. Sosicles and 
Menaechmus), etc. 

Lik'strond, the abode, after death, 
of perjurers, assassins, and seducers. 
The word means " strand of corpses." 
Nestrond is the strand or shore of the 
dead. — Scandinavian Mythology. 

Lilburn {John), a contentious leveller 
in the Commonwealth, of whom it was 
said, If no one else were alive, John icould 
quarrel with Lilburn. The epigrammatic 
epitaph of John Lilburn is as follows : — 

Is John departed, and is Lilburn gone? 
Farewell to both, to Lilburn and to John t 
Yet being gone, take this advice from me: 
Let them not both in one grave buried be. 
Here lay ye John ; lay Lilburn thereabout; 
For if they both should meet, they would fall out. 

Lili, immortalized by Goethe, was 
Anna Elizabeth Schonemann, daughter 
of a Frankfort banker. She was 16 when 
Goethe first knew her. 

Lilies {City of), Florence. 

Lil'inau, a woman wooed by a phan- 
tom that lived in her father's pines. At 
night-fall the phantom whispered love, 
and won the fair Lilinau, who followed 
his green waving plume through the 
forest, but never more was seen. — Ameri- 
can-Indian Legend. 

Told she the tale of the fair Lilinau, who was wooed by a 

phantom 
That through the pines o'er her father's lodge, in the hush 

of the twilight, 
Breathed like the evening wind, and whispered love to the 

maiden ; 
Till she followed his green and waving plume thro' the 

forest. 
And never more returned, nor was seen ag^in by her 

people. 

Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 4 (1849). 

Lilis or Lilith, Adam's wife before 
Eve was created. Lilis refused to submit 
to Adam, and was turned out of paradise ; 
but she still haunts the air, and is 
especially hostile to new-born children. 

*** Goethe has introduced her in his 
Faint (1790). 



LILLIA-BIANCA. 



555 



LIMBO. 



LilTia-Bianca, the bright airy 
daughter of Xantolet, beloved by Pinac 
the fellow-traveller of Mirabel " the 
wild goose." — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Wild-goose Chase (1652). 

Xiilliput, the country of the Lilli- 
putians, a race of pygmies of very di- 
minutive size, to whom Gulliver appeared 
a monstrous giant. — Swift, GuJliver's 
Travels ("Voyage to Lilliput," 1726). 

%* The voyage to Lilliput is a satire 
on the manners and habits of George I. 

Lilly, the wife of Andrew. Andrew is 
the servant of Charles Brisac a scholar. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Tlie Elder Brother 
(1637). 

Lilly (William), an English astrologer, 
who was employed during the Civil Wars 
by both parties ; and even Charles I. 
consulted him about his projected escape 
from Carisbrooke Castle (1602-1681). 

He talks of Raymond Lully [g.r.] and the ghost of lolly. 
— W. Cingreve, Love/or Love, i Li. (1695). 

Lillyvick, the collector of water- 
rates, and uncle to Mrs. Kenwigs. He 
considered himself far superior in a social 
point of view to Mr. Kenwigs, ,vho was 
only an ivory turner ; but he deigned to 
acknowledge the relative, and confessed 
him to be "an honest, well-behaved, 
respectable sort of a man." Mr. Lilly- 
vick looked on himself as one of the 
elite of society. " If ever an old gentle- 
man made a point of appearing in public 
shaved close and clean, that old gentle- 
man was Mr. Lillyvick. If ever a col- 
lector had borne himself like a collector, 
and assumed a solemn and portentous 
dignity, as if he had the whole world on 
his books, that collector was Mr. Lilly- 
vick." Mr. Kenwigs thought the collec- 
tor, who was a bachelor, would leave 
each of the Kenwigses £100 ; but he "had 
the baseness " to marry Miss Petowker 
of the Theatre Royal, and " swindle the 
Kenwigses of their golden expecta- 
tions."— C. Dickens, Nicholas Xickleby 
(1838). 

Lily (The), the French king for the 
time being. So called from the lilies, 
which, from the time of Clovis, formed 
the royal device of France. Tasso 
(Jerusalem Delivered) calls them gigli 
(Tore ("golden lilies") ; but lord Lytton 
calls them " silver lilies : " 

Lord of the silver liUes, canst thou tell 
If the same fate await not thy descendant ? 
lord E. L. B. Lytton, The Duchets de la Valliere (1836). 



Lily Maid of Astolat, Elaine (q.r.). 
(See also Lauxcelot and Elaine.) 

Lily of Medicine (The), a treatise 
written by Bernard Gordon, called Lilium 
Medicines' (1480). (See Gordonius.) 

LirQ.berh.am, a tame, foolish keeper. 
Supposed to be meant for the duke of 
Lauderdale. — Dryden, Lmberham or Tfie 
Kind Keeper. 

Limbo (Latin, limbus, "an edge"), 
a sort of neutral land on the confines of 
paradise, for those who are not good 
enough for heaven and not bad enough 
for hell, or rather for those who cannot 
(according to the Church "system") be 
admitted into paradise, either because 
they have never heard the gospel or else 
have never been baptized. 

These of sin 
Were blameless ; and if aught they merited. 
It profits not, since baptism was not theirs. 
... If they before 

The gospel lived, they served not God aright. 
. . . For these defects 
And for no other eviL we are lost 

Dante, Inferno, iv. (1300). 

Limbo of the Moon. Ariosto, in his Or- 
lando Furioso, xxxiv. 70, says, in the moon 
are treasured up the precious time misspent 
in play, all vain efforts, all vows never 
paid, all counsel thrown away, all desires 
that lead to nothing, the vanity of titles, 
flatten.-, great men's promises, court 
services, and death-bed alms. Pope 
says : 

There heroes' wits are kept in ponderous vases. 
And beaus' in snuff-boxes and tweezer-cases ; 
There broken vows and death-bed alms are found. 
And lovers' hearts with ends of ribbon bound ; 
The courtier's promises, and sick man's prayers, 
The smiles of harlots, and the tears of heirs; 
Cages for gnats, and chains to yoke a flea. 
Dried batterflies, and tomes of casuistry. 

Rape of the Lock, t. (1712). 

Limbo Fat uo rum or the "Fools' Para- 
dise,' for idiots, madmen, and others 
who are not responsible for their sins, 
but yet have done nothing worthy of 
salvation. Milton says, from the earth 
fly to the Paradise of Fools 

All things transitory and vain . . . th« fruits 

Of painful superstition and blind zeal . . . 

All the unaccomplished works of Nature's hand. 

Abortive, monstrous, or unkindly mixed . . . 

The builders here of Babel ... 

Others come single. He who to be deemed 

A god, leaped fondly into Etna's flames, 

Empedocles ; and he who to enjoy 

Plato's elysium. leaped into the sea . . . 

Embryos and idiots, eremites and friars. 

Paradise Lott. in. 443 (1665). 

Limbo Patrum, that half-way house 
between purgatory and paradise, where 
patriarchs and prophets, saints, mar- 
tyrs, and confessors, await the "second 
coming." This, according to some, is the 



LIMISSO. 



556 



LINET. 



hades or "hell" into which Christ de- 
scended when " He preached to the 
spirits in prison." Dante places Limbo 
on the confines of hell, but tells us those 
doomed to dwell there are "only so far 
afflicted as that they live without hope " 
{Inferno, iv.). 

I have some of them in Limbo Patrum, and there they 
are like to dance these three days. — Shakespeare, Henry 
YUI, act v. sc. 3 (1601). 

Limbo Puerorum or "Child's Paradise," 
for unbaptized infants too young to com- 
mit actual sin but not eligible for heaven 
because they have not been baptized. 

* + * According to Dante, Limbo is 
between hell and that border-land where 
dwell "the praiseless and the blameless 
dead." (See Inferno, p. 472.) 

Limisso, the city of Cyprus called 
Caria by Ptolemy. — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Lincius. (See Lynceus.) 

Lincoln {The bishop of), in the court 
of queen Elizabeth. He was Thomas Cow- 
per. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Lincoln Green. Lincoln at one 
time dyed the best green of all England, 
and Coventry the best blue. 

. . . and girls in Lincoln green. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. (1622). 

*** Kendal was also at one time noted 
for its green. Hence Falstaff speaks of 
"three misbegotten knaves in Kendal 
green." — Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV. act 
ii. sc. 4 (1597). 

Here be a sort of ragged knaves come in, 
Clothed all in Kendale greene. 

Playe of Jlobyn Hood. 

Lincolnshire Grazier {A). The 
Rev. Thomas Hartwell Home published 
The Complete Grazier under this pseu- 
donym (1805). 

Linco'ya (3 syl.), husband of Co'atel, 
and a captive of the Az'tecas. " Once, 
when a chief was feasting Madoc, a 
captive served the food." Madoc says, 
" I marked the youth, for he had features 
of a gentler race ; and oftentimes his eye 
was fixed on me with looks of more than 
wonder." This young man, " the flower 
Of all his nation," was to be immolated 
to the god Tezcalipo'ca; but on the eve of 
sacrifice he made his escape, and flew to 
Madoc for protection. The fugitive 
proved both useful and faithful, but 
when he heard of the death of Coatel, he 
was quite heart-hroken. Ayaya'ca, to 



divert him, told him about the spirit- 
land; and Lincoya asked, "Is the way 
thither long ? " 

The old man replied, " A way of many moons. 
" I know a shorter path," exclaimed the youth ; 
And up he sprang, and from the precipice 
Darted. A moment ; and Ayaya'ca heard 
His body fall upon the rocks ljelow. 

Southey, Madoc, ii. 22 (1805). 

Lindab'rides (4 syl.), a euphemism 
for a female of no repute, a courtezan. 
Lindabrides is the heroine of the romance 
entitled The Mirror of Knighthood, one of 
the books in don Quixote's library (pt. I. 
i. 6), and the name became a household 
word for a mistress. It occurs in two of 
sir W. Scott's novels, Kenilworth and 
Woodstock. 

Lindesay, an archer in the Scotch 
guard of Louis XL of France.— Sir W. 
Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Lindesay {Lord), one of the embassy to 
queen Mary of Scotland. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Lindor, a poetic swain or lover en 

bergere. 

Do not, for Heaven's sake, bring down Corydon and 
Lindor upon us. — Sir W. Scott. 

Lindsay {Margaret), the heroine of a 
novel by professor John Wilson, entitled 
Trials of Margaret Lindsay, a very 
pathetic story (i785-1854). 

Linet', daughter of sir Persaunt, and 
sister of Liones of Castle Perilous 
(ch. 131). Her sister was held captive 
by sir Ironside, the Red Knight of the 
Red Lands. Linet went to king Arthur to 
entreat that one of his knights might be 
sent to liberate her ; but as she refused to 
give up the name of her sister, the king 
said no knight of the Round Table could 
undertake the adventure. At this, a young 
man nicknamed "Beaumains" {Gareth), 
who had been serving in the kitchen for 
twelve months, entreated that he might be 
allowed the quest, which the king granted. 
Linet, however, treated him with the ut- 
most contumely, calling him dish-washer, 
kitchen knave, and lout ; but he over- 
threw all the knights opposed to him, 
delivered the lady Liones, and married 
her. (See Lynette.) — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 120-153 
(1470)'. 

* + * Some men nicknamed her "The 
Savage" (ch. 151). Tennyson, in his 
Gareth and Lynette, makes Gareth marry 
Lynette, which spoils the allegory. 
(See p. 365.) 



LINGO. 



557 LION ATTENDING ON MAN, 



Lingo, in O'Keefe's comedy Agreeable 
Surprise (1798). 

Linkinwater {Tim), confidential 
clerk to the brothers Cheeryble. A kind- 
hearted old bachelor, fossilized in ideas, 
but most kind-hearted, and devoted to 
his masters almost to idolatry. He is 
much attached to a blind blackbird called 
"Dick," which he keeps in a large cage. 
The bird has lost its voice from old age ; 
but, in Tim's opinion, there is no equal 
to it in the whole world. The old clerk 
marries Miss La Creevy, a miniature- 
painter. 

Punctual as Uie counting-house dial, ... he performed 
the minutest actions, and arranged the minutest articles 
of his little room in a precise and regular order. Paper', 
pens, ink, ruler, sealing-wax. wafers, . . . Tims hat, Tim's 
scrupulously folded gloves. Tim's other coat, ... all had 
their accustomed inches of space. . . . There was ndl a 
more accurate instrument in existence than Tim Linkin- 
water.— €. Dickens, Xicholaj Sicklcby. xxxvii. (183d). 

Linklater (Laurie), yeoman of the 
king's kitchen. A friend to Ritchie 
Moniplies. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 
Nigel (time, James I.). 

Linne ( Tlie Heir of), a great spend- 
thrift, who sold his estates to John-o'-the- 
Scales, his steward, reserving for himself 
only a " poor and lonesome lodge in a 
lonely glen." Here he found a rope, with 
a running noose, and put it round his 
neck, with the intention of hanging him- 
self. The weight of his body broke 
the rope, and he fell to the ground. He 
now found two chests of gold and one of 
silver, with this inscription : " Once 
more, my son, I set thee clear. Amend 
thy life, or a rope must end it." The heir 
of Linne now went to the steward for the 
loan of forty pence, which was denied 
him. One of the guests said, " Why, 
John, you ought to lend it, for you had 
the estates cheap enough." "Cheap! 
say you. Why, he shall have them back 
for a hundred marks less than the money 
I gave for them." " Done ! " said the 
heir of Linne ; and counted out the 
money. Thus he recovered his estates, 
and made the kind guest his forester. — 
Percy, Eeliques, II. ii. 5. 

Lion (A), emblem of the tribe of 
Judah. In the old church at Totnes is a 
stone pulpit divided into compartments 
containing shields, decorated with the 
several emblems of the Jewish tribes, of 
which this is one. 

Judah is a lion's whelp • . . . he couched as a lion, 
and as an old lion ; who shall rouse him up 2 — Gen. 
xlix. 9. 

Lion (The), symbol of ambition. When 
Dante began the ascent of fame, he was 



met first by a panther (plcasine), and then 
by a lion (ambition!), which tried to stop 
his further progress. 

A lion came 
With head erect, and hunger rrmd. 

DantA, Beit, i. (1300). 

Lion (The), Henry duke of Havana 
and Saxony, son of Henry "the Proud" 
(1129-1195), 

Louis VIII. of France, born under the 
sign Leo (1187, 1223-1226). 

William of Scotland, who chose a 
red lion ramjxint for his cognizance 
(*, 1165-1214). 

Lion (The Golden), emblem of ancient 
Assyria. The bear was that of ancient 
Persia. 

Where is th' Assyrian lion's golden hide. 
That all the East once gras|>ed in lordly paw? 

Where that great Persian l>ear. who.-e swelling pride 
The lion's self tore out with rav'nous jaw i 

Phin. Fletcher, The Purple l$laiut, vli. (1633). 

Lion (The Valiant), Alep Arslan, son 
of Togrul Beg the Perso-Turkish mon- 
arch (*, 1063-1072). 

Lion Attending on Man. 

Una was attended by a lion. Spenser 
says that Una was seeking St. George, 
and as she sat to rest herself, a lion 
rushed suddenly out of a thicket, with 
gaping mouth and lashing tail ; but as it 
drew near, it was awe-struck, licked her 
feet and hands, and followed her like a 
dog. Sansloy slew the faithful bea6t. — 
Faery Queen, I. iii. 42 (1590). 

%* This is an allegory of the Refor- 
mation. The "lion" means England, 
and " Una " means truth or the reformed 
religion. England (the lion) waited on 
truth or the Reformation. "Sansloy" 
means queen Mary or false faith, which 
killed the lion, or separated England 
from truth (or the true faith). It might 
seem to some that Sansfoy should have 
been substituted for Sansloy ; but this 
could not be, because Sansfoy had been 
slain already. 

Sir Evcain de Gallis or Twain de Galles 
was attended by a lion, which, in grati- 
tude to the knight, who had delivered it 
from a serpent, ever after became his 
faithful servant, approaching the knight 
with tears, and rising on its hind feet. 

Sir Geoffrey de Latour was aided by 
a lion against the Saracens ; but the 
faithful brute was drowned in attempting 
to follow the vessel in which the knight 
had embarked on his departure from the 
Holy Land. 

St. Jerome is represented as attended 
by a lion. (See Androclus, p. 37.) 



LION OF GOD. 



558 



LIR. 



Lion of God {The), Ali, son-in-law 
of Mahomet. He was called at birth 
"The Rugged Lion" (al Haidara) (602, 
655-661). 

Hamza, called "The Lion of God and 
of His Prophet." So Gabriel told Ma- 
homet his uncle was registered in heaven. 

Lion of Janina, Ali Pasha, over- 
thrown in 1822 by Ibrahim Pasha (1741, 
1788-1822). 

Lion of the North (The), Gus- 
tavus Adolphus (1594, 1611-1632). 

Lion-Heart. Richard I. was called 
Cceur de Lion because he plucked out a 
lion's heart, to which beast he had been 
exposed by the duke of Austria, for 
having slain his son. 

It is sayd that a lyon was put to kynge Richarde, beying 
in prison, ... to devour him ; and when the lyon was 
gapynge, he put his arme in his mouth, and pulled the 
lyon hy the harte so hard that he slewe the lyon ; and 
therefore ... he is called Kicharde Cure de Lyon.— 
Kastal. Chronicle (1532). 

Lion King of Assyria, Arioch al 
Asser (b.c. 1927-1897). 

Lion Rouge (Le), marshal Ney, 
who had red hair and red whiskers 
(1769-1815). 

Lion-Tamer. One of the most re- 
markable was Ellen Bright, who ex- 
hibited in Wombwell's menagerie. She 
was killed by a tiger in 1850, aged 37 
years. 

Lions ( White and Bed). Prester 
John, in his letter to Manuel Comnenus 
emperor of Constantinople, says his land 
is the "home of white and red lions" 
(1165). 

Lion's Provider (The), the jackal, 
which often starts prey that the lion 
appropriates. 

. . . the poor jackals are less foul 
(As being the brave lion's keen providers) 
Than human inlets catering for spiders. 

Byron, Don Juan, ix. 27 (1824). 

Lionel and Clarissa, an opera by 
Bickerstafr*. Sir John Flowerdale has a 
daughter named Clarissa, whose tutor is 
Lionel, an Oxford graduate. Colonel 
Oldboy, his neighbour, has a son named 
Jessamy, a noodle and a fop ; and a 
daughter, Diana. A proposal is made 
for Clarissa Flowerdale to marry Jessamy ; 
but she despises the prig, and loves Lionel. 
After a little embroglio, sir John gives his 
consent to this match. Now for Diana : 
Harman, a guest of Oldboy's, tells him 
he is in love, but that the father of the 
lady will not consent to his marriage. 
Oldboy advises him to elope, lends his 



carnage and horses, and writes a letter 
for Harman, which he is to send to the 
girl's father. Harman follows this advice, 
and elopes with Diana ; but Diana repents, 
returns home unmarried, and craves her 
father's forgiveness. The old colonel 
yields, the lovers are united, and Oldboy 
says he likes Harman the better for his 
pluck and manliness. 

Lionell (Sir), brother of sir Launce- 
lot, son of Ban king of Benwici 
(Brittany). 

Liones (3 syl.), daughter of sir Per- 
saunt of Castle Perilous, where she was 
held captive by sir Ironside, the Red 
Knight of the Red Lands. Her sister 
Linet' went to the court of king Arthur 
to request that some knight would under- 
take to deliver her from her oppressor ; 
but as she refused to give up the name of 
the lady, the king said no knight of the 
Round Table could undertake the quest. 
On this, a stranger, nicknamed " Beau- 
mains " from the unusual size of his hands, 
and who had served in the kitchen for 
twelve months, begged to be sent, and 
his request was granted. He was very 
scornfully treated by Linet ; but suc- 
ceeded in overthrowing every knight who 
opposed him, and, after combating from 
dawn to sunset with sir Ironside, made 
him also do homage. The lady, being 
now free, married the "kitchen knight," 
who was, in fact, sir Gareth, son of Lot 
king of Orkney, and Linet married his 
brother Ga'heris. (See Lyonoks of 
Castle Perilous.) — Sir T. Malory, History 
of Brince Arthur, i. 120-153 (1470). 

Li'onesse (3 syl.), Lyonesse, or 
Liones, a tract of land between Land's 
End and the Scilly Isles, now submerged 
"full forty fathoms under water." It 
formed a part of Cornwall. Thus sir 
Tristram de Liones is always called a 
Cornish knight. When asked his name, 
he tells sir Kay that he is sir Tristram 
de Liones ; to which the seneschal answers, 
"Yet heard I never in no place that any 
good knight came out of Cornwall." — Sir 
T. Malory, History of Brince Arthur, ii. 
56 (1470). (See Leonesse, p. 548.) 

*** Respecting the knights of Corn- 
wall, sir Mark the king of Cornwall had 
thrown the whole district into bad odour. 
He was false, cowardly, mean, and most 
uuknightly. 

Lir. The Death of the Children of Lir. 
This is one of the three tragic stories of 
the ancient Irish. The other two are The 



LIRIS. 



559 



LITTLE CORPORAL. 



Death of the Children of Touran and The 
Death of the Children of Usnach. (See 
FlON xuala.) — O'Flanagan, Transactions 
of the Gaelic Society, i. 

%* Lir (Kiny) father of Fionnuala. 
On the death of Fingula (the mother of 
his daughter), he married the wicked 
Aoife, who, through spite, transformed 
the children of Lir into swans, doomed 
to float on the water for centuries, till 
they hear the first mass-bell ring. Tom 
Moore has versified this legend. 

Silent, Moyle, be the roar of thy water ; 

Break not, ye breezes, your chain of repose — 
While murmuring mournfully Ltr's lonely daughter 

Tells to the night-star her tale of woes. 
Moore, Irish Melodies ("Song of Fionnuala," 1814). 

Liris, a proud but lovely daughter of 
the race of man, beloved by Rubi, first 
of the angel host. Her passion was the 
love of knowledge, and she was capti- 
vated by all her angel lover told her of 
heaven and the works of God. At last 
she requested Rubi to appear before her 
in all his glory, and, as she fell into his 
embrace, was burnt to ashes by the rays 
which issued from him. — T. Moore, Loves 
of the Angels, ii. (1822). 

Lisa, an innkeeper's daughter, who 
wishes to marry Elvi'no a wealthy far- 
mer ; but Elvino is in love with Ami'na. 
Suspicious circumstances make Elvino 
renounce his true love and promise 
marriage to Lisa; but the suspicion is 
shown to be causeless, and Lisa is dis- 
covered to be the paramour of another. 
So Elvino returns to his first love, and Lisa 
is left to Alessio, with whom she had been 
living previously. — Bellini's opera, La 
Bonnambula (1831). 

LisTboa or Lisbo'a, Lisbon. 

Lisette. Les Infide'lites de Lisette and 
La Gueux are the two songs which, in 
1813, gained for Be'ranger admission to 
the "Caveau,"a club of Paris, established 
in 1729 and broken up in 1749, but re- 
established in 1806 and finally closed in 
1817. 

Les Lnfide'lite's supposes that Be'ranger 
loved Lisette, who bestowed her favours 
on sundry admirers ; and Be'ranger, at 
each new proof of infidelity, " drowned 
his sorrow in the bowl." 

Lisette, ma Lisette, 
Tu m'as tronipe toujours ; 
Mais vive la grisette 1 
Je veux, Lisette, 
Boire a nos amours. 

Les Infid&itis de Lisette. 

Lismaha'go (Captain), a super- 
annuated officer on half -pay, who marries 
2L'iss Tabitha Bramble for the sake of 



her £4000. Ho, is a hard-featured, for- 
bidding Scotchman, singular in dress, 
I eccentric in manners, self-conceited, 
pedantic, disputatious, and rude. Though 
most tenacious in argument, he can yield 
to Miss Tabitha, whom he wishes to con- 
ciliate. Lismahago reminds one of don 
Quixote, but is sufficiently unlike to be 
original. — T. Smollett, The Expedition of 
Humphry Clinker (1771). 

Lissardo, valet to don Felix. He 
is a conceited high-life-below-stairs fop, 
who makes love to Inis and Flora. — Mrs. 
Centlivre, The Wonder (1713). 

Lee Lewes [1740-18031 played " Lissardo " in the style of 
his great master I »'oodward\, and most divertingly. — 
Boaden, Life of Mrs. Siddons. 

Lis'uarte (The Exploits and Adven- 
tures of), part of the series of Le Roman 
des Romans, or that pertaining to 
" Am'adis of Gaul." This part was 
added by Juan Diaz. 

Literary Forgers. (See Forgers.) 

Literature ( Fa ther of Modern French), 
Claude de Seyssel (1450-1520). 

Literature (Father of German), Gott- 
hold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781). 

Littimer, the painfully irreproach- 
able valet of Steerforth ; in whose 
presence David Copperfield feels always 
most uncomfortably small. Though as 
a valet he is propriety in Sunday best, he 
is nevertheless cunning and deceitful. 
Steerforth, tired of "Little Em'ly," 
wishes to marry her to Littimer ; but 
from this lot she is rescued, and migrates 
to Australia. — C. Dickens, David Copper- 
field (1849). 

Little ( Thomas) . Thomas Moore pub- 
lished, in 1808, a volume of amatory 
poems under this nom de plume. The 
preface is signed J. H. H. H. 

"Tis Little ! — young Catullus of his day, 
As sweet but as immoral as his lay. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Little Britain, Brittany ; also called 
Armor'ica, and in Arthurian romance 
Benwicke or Benwick. 

*** There is a part of London called 
"Little Britain." It lies between Christ's 
Hospital (the Blue-coat School) and 
Aldersgate Street. It was here that Mr. 
Jaggers had his chambers. (See Jag- 
gers, p. 486.) 

Little Corporal (The). General 
Bonaparte was so called after the battle 
of Lodi in 1796, from his youthful age 
and low stature. 



LITTLE DORRIT. 



560 LITTLE RED RIDING-HOOD. 



Little Dorrit, the heroine and title 
of a novel by G. Dickens (1857). Little 
Dorrit was born and brought up in the 
Marshalsea prison, Bermondsey, where 
her father was confined for debt ; and 
when about 14 years of age she used to 
do needlework, to earn a subsistence for 
herself and her father. The child had a 
pale, transparent face ; quick in expres- 
sion, though not beautiful in feature. Her 
eyes were a soft hazel, and her figure 
slight. The little dove of the prison was 
idolized by the prisoners, and when she 
walked out, every man in Bermondsey 
who passed her, touched or took off his 
hat out of respect to her good works and 
active benevolence. Her father, coming 
into a property, was set free at length, 
and Little Dorrit married Arthur Clen- 
nam, the marriage service being celebrated 
in the Marshalsea, by the prison chaplain. 

Little-Endians and Big-En- 
dians, two religious factions, which 
waged incessant war with each other on 
the right interpretation of the fifty-fourth 
chapter of the Blun'decral : "All true 
believers break their eggs at the con- 
venient end." The godfather of Calin 
Defl'ar Plune, the reigning emperor of 
Lilliput, happened to cut his finger while 
breaking his egg at the big end, and 
therefore commanded all faithful Lilli- 
putians to break their eggs in future at 
the small end. The Blefuscudians called 
this decree rank heresy, and determined 
to exterminate the believers of such an 
abominable practice from the face of the 
earth. Hundreds of treatises were pub- 
lished on both sides, but each empire 
put all those books opposed to its own 
views into the Index Expurgatorius, and 
not a few of the more zealous sort died 
as martyrs for daring to follow their 
private judgment in the matter. — Swift, 
Gulliver's Travels (" Voyage to Lilliput," 
1726). 

Little French Lawyer {The), a 
comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). 
The person so called is La Writ, a 
wrangling French advocate. 

Little Gentleman in Velvet 
{To the), a favourite Jacobite toast in the 
reign of queen Anne. The reference is to 
the mole that raised the hill against which 
the horse of William III. stumbled while 
riding in the park of Hampton Court. By 
this accident the king broke his collar- 
bone, a severe illness ensued, and he died 
early in 1702. 

Little John (whose surname was , 



Nailor), the • fidus Achates of Robin Hood. 
He could shoot an arrow a measured 
mile and somewhat more. So could 
Robin Hood ; but no other man ever 
lived who could perform the same feat. 
In one of the Robin Hood ballads we are 
told that the name of this free-shooter 
was John Little, and that William Stutely, 
in merry mood, reversed the names. 

"O, here is my hand," the stranger replied; 

"I'll serve you with all my whole heart. 
My name is John Little, a man of good mettle ; 

Ne'er doubt me, for 111 play my part." 
He was, I must tell you, full seven foot high, 

And maybe an ell in the waste . . . 
Brave Stutely said then . . . 
" This infant was called John Little," quoth he ; 

" Which name shall be changed anon : 
The words we'll transpose, so wherever he goes 

His name shall be called Little John." 
Ritson, Robin Hood Ballads, ii. 21 (before 1G89). 

*** A bow (says Ritson) which be- 
longed to Little John, with the name 
Naylor on it, is now in the possession of 
a gentleman in the west riding of York- 
shire. Scott has introduced Little John 
in The Talisman (time, Richard I.) 

Little John {Hugh). John Hugh Lock- 
hart, grandson of sir W. Scott, is so called 
by sir Walter in his Tales of a Grand- 
father, written for his grandson. 

Little Marlborough, count von 
Schwerin, a Prussian field-marshal and 
a companion of the duke of Marlborough 

(1684-1757). 

Little Nell, a child distinguished 
for her purity of character, though living 
in the midst of selfishness, impurity, and 
crime. She was brought up by her 
grandfather, who was in his dotage, and 
having lost his property, tried to eke out 
a narrow living by selling lumber or 
curiosities. At length, through terror of 
Quilp, the old man and his grandchild 
stole away, and led a vagrant life, the 
one idea of both being to get as far as 
possible from the reach of Quilp. They 
finally settled down in a cottage overlook- 
ing a country churchyard, where Nell 
died. — C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity 
Shop (1840). 

Little Peddlington, an imaginary 
place, the village of quackery and cant, 
egotism and humbug, affectation and 
flattery. — John Poole, Little Peddlington. 

Little Queen, Isabella of Valois, 
who was married at the age of eight years 
to Richard II. of England, and was a 
widow at 13 years of age (1887-1410). 

Little Red Riding-Hood {Le 

Petit Chaperon Pou<jc). from Les Contes of 



LITTLEJOHN. 



581 LOCAL DESIGNATIONS, ETC. 



Charles Perrault (1(597). Ludwig Tieck 
reproduced the same tale in his Volks- 
fnarchen (Popular Stories), in 1795, under 
the German title Lebcn und Tod des 
Kleinen RUthkappchen. A little girl 
takes a present to her grandmother ; but 
a wolf has assumed the place of the old 
woman, and, when the child gets into bed. 
.devours her. The brothers Grimm have 
• reproduced this tale in German. In the 
Swedish version, Red Riding-Hood is a 
young woman, who takes refuge in a 
tree, the wolf gnaws the tree, and the 
lnver arrives just in time to see his 
mistress devoured by the monster. 

Littlejohn {Bailie), a magistrate at 
Fairport. — Sir \V. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Live to Please . . . Dr. Johnson, in 
the prologue spoken by Garrick at the 
opening of Drury Lane in 1747, says : 

The Urania's laws the drama's patrons give. 
For we that live to please, must please to live. 

Livy (The Russian), Nicholas Mi- 
chaeloviteh Karamzin (17G5-1826). 

Livy of France, Juan de Mariana 
(1537-1624). 

Livy of Portugal, Joao de Barros 
(1496-1570). 

Lizard Islands, fabulous islands, 
where damsels, outcast from the rest of 
the world, find a home and welcome. — 
Torquemada, Garden of Flowers. 

Lizard Point (Cornwall), a corrup- 
tion of Lazar's Point, being a place of 
retirement for lazars or lepers. 

Lla'ian, the unwed mother of prince 
Hoel. His father was prince Hoel, the 
illegitimate son of king Owen of North 
"Wales. Hoel the father was slain in battle 
by his half-brother David, successor to 
the throne ; and Llaian, with her young 
son, also called Hoel, accompanied prince 
Madoc to America. — Southey, Madoc 
(1805). 

Llewellyn, son of Yorwerth, and 
grandson of Owen king of North Wales. 
Yorwerth was the eldest son, but was 
set aside because he had a blemish in the 
face, and his half-brother David was 
king. David began his reign by killing 
or banishing all the family of his father 
who- might disturb his succession. 
Amongst those he killed was Yorwerth, 
in consequence of which Llewellyn re- 
solved to avenge his father's death ; and 
bis hatred against his uncle was un- 
bounded. — Southey, Madoc (1805). 



Lloyd with an " L." 

One morning, a Welsh coach-maker came with his hill 
to my lord [the earl of Brentford]. "You called, I 
think. Mr. Llovd?" "At your lordship's sen ire. mv 
lord." " Wbai ! Lloyd with an ■ L?" It was with an "L." 
" In your part of the world I have beard that Lloyd Mid 
Fllowi are -yuonyiiK.us ; is it so?" inquired his lordship. 
"Very often, indeed, my lord." was the reply. "Too 
say that you spell your name with an ' L ' ? " " Always, my 
lord." "That, my Lloyd, is a little unlucky; for I am 
paying my debts alphahetically. and in four or five years 
you might have come in with the ' FV ; but I am afraid 
I can give you no hopes for your • L.' Good morning." — 
S. Foote, The Lame Lover. 

Lloyd's Books, two enormous 
ledger-looking volumes, raised on desks 
at right and left of the entrance to Lloyd's 
Rooms. These books give the principal 
arrivals, and all losses by wreck, fire, or 
other accident at sea. The entries are 
written in a fine, bold, Roman hand, 
legible to all readers. 

%* Lloyd's List is a London periodical, 
in which the shipping news received at 
Lloyd's Rooms is regularly published. 

L. W. R., initialism of Mrs. Ranyard, 

authoress of The Book and Its Story, The 
Missing Link, etc. Died 1879. 

Loathly Lady (The), a hideous 
creature, whom sir Gaw'ain marries, and 
who immediately becomes a most beau- 
tiful woman. — The Marriage of Sir 
Gauain (a ballad). 

The walls . . . were clothed with grim old tapestry, 
representing the memorable story of sir Gawain's wedding 
. . . with the Loathly Lady.— Sir W. Scott 

Lobalba, one of the sorcerers in 
the caverns of Dom-Daniel, " under the 
roots of the ocean." These spirits were 
destined to be destroyed by one of the race 
of Hodeirah, and, therefore, they perse- 
cuted the whole of that race even to death. 
Tal'aba, however, escaped their malice, 
and became their destroyer. Okba tried 
to kill him, but failed. Abdaldar was 
next sent against him, and would have 
struck the lad in prayer, but was himself 
killed by a simoom. Lobaba was the 
third envoy sent to compass his death. 
He assumed the guise of an old merchant, 
and beguiled the young man into the 
wilderness, where he roused up a furious 
whirlwind ; but Talaba was saved, and 
Lobaba himself fell a victim to the storm 
which he had raised.-Southe}-, Thalaba 
tlie Destroyer (1797). 

Local Designations and Lan- 
cashire Manufactures, etc 

Ash'X [Ashton-under-Lyne], felloes. 

BoWTON [Bolton], Billy or trotters. 

Bowdex [Bolton J, dovrns (i.e. potatoes). 

BURY, muffert. 

BCKT, cymblins. 

Cheadle, swingert ia peculiar coat). 

2o 



LOCHAW. 



562 



LODBROG. 



Congleton, points. 
ECCLES, cakes. 
EVERTON, toffeys. 
Glasgow, canons. 
Gorton, bull-dogs. 
Liverpool, gentlemen. 
London, gents. 
Manchester, men. 
Manchester, cottons. 

MlDDLETON, moones. 
ORMSKIRK, gingerbread. 
Owdan [Oldham], chaps. 
Paisley, bodies. 

RADCLIFFE, napers. 

Rochdale, gawbies. 
Stretford, black-puddings. 
Warrington, ale. 

Manchester Guardian. 

Locliaw. IPs a far cry to Lochaw, 
i.e. his lands are very extensive. Lochaw 
was the original seat of the Campbells ; 
and so extensive were their possessions, 
that no cry or challenge could reach from 
one end of them to the other. 

Tjochiel' (2 syl). Sir Evan Cameron, 
lord of Lochiel, surnamed " The Black " 
and " The Ulysses of the Highlands," 
died 1719. His son, called "The 
Gentle Lochiel," is the one referred to 
by Thomas Campbell in Lochiel' s Warn- 
ing. He fought in the battle of Cullo'den 
for prince Charles, the Young Pretender 
(174(5). 

Lochiel, Lochiel, beware of the day 
When the Lowlands shnll meet thee in battle array I 
For a field of the dead rushes red on my sight, 
And the clans of Cullo'den are scattered in fight. 

Campbell, Lochiel's Warning. 
And Cameron, in the shock of steel. 
Die like the offspring of Lochiel. 

Sir W. Scott, Field of Waterloo. 

Lochinvar', a young Highlander, 
in love with a lady at Netherby Hall 
(condemned to marry a "laggard in 
love and a dastard in war"). Her 
young chevalier induced the too-willing 
lassie to be his partner in a dance ; and 
while the guest3 were intent on their 
amusements, swung her into his saddle 
and made off with her before the bride- 
groom could recover from his amaze- 
ment.— Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808). 

Lochleven (The lady of), mother of 
the regent Murray.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Lochlin, the Gaelic name for Scan- 
dinavia. It generally means Denmark. 
— Ossian, Fingal. 

Loekit, the jailer in Gay's Beggar's 
Opera. He was an inhuman brute, who 
refused to allow captain Macheath any 
more candles in bis cell, and threatened to 
clap on e::tra fetters, unless he supplied 
him with more " garnish " (jail fees). 
Loekit loaded his prisoners with fetters 



in inverse proportion to the fees which 
they paid, ranging "from one guinea to 
ten." (See Lucy.) — J. Gay, The Beggar's 
Opera (1727). 

The quarrel between Peachum and Loekit was an 
allusion to a personal collision between Walpole and his 
colleague lord Townsend.— R. Chambers, English Litera- 
ture, i. 571. 

Locksley, in Nottinghamshire, the 
birthplace of Robin Hood. 

In Locksly town, in merry Nottinghamshire, 

In merry, sweet Locksly town, 
There bold Robin Hood was born and was bred, 

Bold Robin of famous renown. 

Ritson, Robin Hood, ii. 1 (1795). 

Locksley, alias " Robin Hood," an 
archer at the tournament (ch. xiii.). 
Said to have been the name of the village 
where the outlaw was born. — Sir W. 
Scott, Lvanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Locksley Hall, a poem by Tenny- 
son, in which the hero, the lord of 
Locksley Hall, having been jilted by his 
cousin Amy for a rich boor, pours forth 
his feelings in a flood of vehement scorn 
and indignation. The poem is under- 
stood to have been occasioned by a sim- 
ilar incident in the poet's own life. 

Locrine (2 syl.), father of Sabri'na, 
and eldest son of the mythical Brutus 
king of ancient Britain. On the death 
of his father, Locrine became king of 
Loe'gria (England). 

Locusta, a by-word of infamy. She 
lived in the early part of the Roman 
empire. Locusta poisoned Claudius and 
Britannicus, and attempted to destroy 
Nero, but, being found out, was put to 
death. 

Loda or Cruth-IiOda, a Scandi- 
navian god, which dwelt " on the misty 
top of U-thorno . . . the house of the 
spirits of men." Fingal did not worship 
at the " stone of this power," but looked 
on it as hostile to himself and friendly 
to his foes. Hence, when Loda appeared 
to him on one occasion, Fingal knew it 
was with no friendly intent, and with his 
sword he cleft the intrenchant spirit in 
twain. Whereupon it uttered a terrible 
shriek, which made the island tremble ; 
and, " rolling itself up, rose upon the 
wings of the wind," and departed. (See 
Mars Wounded.) — Ossian, Carric- 
Tliura. 

(In Oina-Morul, "Loda" seems to be a 
place : 

They stretch their hands to the shells in Loda.) 

Lodbrog, king of Denmark (eighth 



LODGING. 



563 



LOHENGRIN. 



century), famous for his wars and vic- 
tories. He was also an excellent scald 
or bard, like Ossian. Falling into the 
hands of his enemies, he was cast into 
jail, and devoured by serpents. 

Lodging. "My lodging is on the 
cold ground." — W. B. Rhodes, Bombastea 
Furioso (1790). 

Lodois'ka (4 syl.), a beautiful Polish 
princess, in love with count Floreski. 
She is the daughter of prince Lupauski, 
who places her under the protection of a 
friend (baron Lovinski) during a war be- 
tween the Roles and Tartars. Here her 
lover finds her a prisoner at large ; but 
the baron seeks to poison him. At this 
crisis, the Tartars arrive and invade the 
castle. The baron is killed, the lady 
released, and all ends happily. — J. P. 
Kemble, Lodoiska (a melodrame). 

Lodc'na, a nymph, fond of the 
chase. One day, Pan saw her, and tried 
to catch her; but she fled, and implored 
Cynthia to save her. Her prayer was 
heard, and she was instantly converted 
into " a silver stream, which ever keeps 
its "irgin coolness." Lodona is an af- 
fluent of the Thames. — Pope, Windsor 
Forest (1713). 

Lodore (2 syl.), a cataract of the 
Tarn, in France, rendered famous for 
Southev's piece of word-painting called 
The Cataract of Lodore (1820). This 
and Edgar Poe's Bells are the best pieces 
of word-painting in the language, at least 
of a similar length. 

Lodovi'co, kinsman to Brabantio 
the father of Desdemona. — Shakespeare, 
Othello (1611). 

Lodovico and Piso, two cowardly 
gulls. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Captain (1613). 

Lodowick, the name assumed by the 
duke of Vienna, when he retired for a 
while from State affairs, and dressed as 
a friar, to watch the carrying out of a 
law recently enforced against prostitu- 
tion. — Shakespeare, Measure for Measure 
(1603). 

Loe'gria (4 syl.), England, the king- 
dom of Logris or Locrine, eldest son of 
Brute the mythical king of Britain. 

Thus Cambria [Wales] to her right that would herself 

restore, 
And rather than to lose Loegria, looks for more. 

U. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 



II est cVrit qu'fl est une heure 
OH tone It- rajTMMM Ue Logres, 

Qui j;.ilii fut la tern- it ogres 
Sent dctruil par cette lance. 

Curetk-n de Troyes, Parzival (1170). 

Lofty, a detestable prig, always 
boasting of his intimacy with people of 
quality.— Goldsmith, The Good-natured 
Man (1767). 

Lofty (Sir Thomas), a caricature of lord 
Melcombe. Sir Thomas is a man utterly 
destitute of all capacity, yet sets himself 
up for a Mecsenas, and is well sponged 
by needy scribblers, who ply him with 
fulsome "dedications. — Samuel Foote, The 
Fat r on. 

Log (Kiny), a roi faineant. The frogs 
prayed to Jove to send them a king, and 
the god threw a log into the pool, the 
splash of which terribly alarmed them 
tor a time ; but they soon learnt to de- 
spise a monarch who allowed them to 
jump upon its back, and never resented 
their familiarities. The croakers com- 
plained to Jove for sending them so 
worthless a king, and prayed him to 
send one more active and imperious ; so 
he sent them a stork, which devoured 
them. — JE sop's Fables. 

Logistil'la, a good fain-, sister of 
Aici'na the sorceress. She taught Rug- 
gie'ro (3 syl.) to manage the hippogriff, 
and gave Astolpho a magic book and horn. 
Logistilla is human reason personified. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Logothete (The), or chancellor of 
the Grecian empire. — SirW. Scott, Count 
Robert of Far is (time, Rufus). 

Logres (2 syl.). England is so called 
from Logris or Locrine, eldest bon of the 
mythical king Brute. 

. . . le royaume de Logres, 
Qui jadis fut la terre es ogres. 

Chretien de Troyes, Parzival (1170). 

Logria, England. (See Logres.) 

Logris or Locris, same as Locrin or 
Locrine, eldest son of Brute the mythical 
king of Britain. 

Logris, England. 

I am banished out of the country of Logris for ever; 
that is to say, out of the country of England. — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. IS (1470). 

Lohengrin, "Knight of the Swan," 
son of Parzival. He came to Brabante 
in a ship drawn by a swan, and having 
liberated the duchess Elsen, who was a 
captive, he married her, but declined to 
reveal his name. Not long after hia 
marriage, he went against the Huns 



L'OISELEUR. 



564 



LONGEVITY. 



and Saracens, performed marvels of 
bravery, and returned to Germany covered 
with glory. Elsen, being laughed at by 
her friends for not knowing the name of 
her husband, resolved to ask him of his 
family ; but no sooner had she done so 
than the white swan re-appeared and 
carried him away. — Wolfram von Eschen- 
bach (a minnesinger, thirteenth century). 
L'Oiseleur ("the bird-catcher "), the 
person who plavs the magic flute. — Mo- 
zart, Die Zauberflote (1791). 

Loki, the god of strife and spirit of 
all evil. His wife is Angerbode (4 syL), 
i.e. " messenger of wrath," and his three 
sons are Fenris, Midgard, and Hela. 
Loki gave the blind god Hoder an arrow 
of mistletoe, and told him to try it ; so the 
blind Hoder discharged the arrow and 
slew Baldr (the Scandinavian Apollo). 
This calamity was so grievous to the 
gods, that they unanimously agreed to 
restore him to life again. — Scandinavian 
Mythology. 

Lolan, one of the three beauties of 
the harem, into which don Juan in female 
disguise was admitted. She ' ' was dusk as 
India and as warm." The other two were 
Katin'ka and Dudu. — Byron, Bon Juan, 
vi. 40, 41 (1824). 

Lol'lius, an author often referred to 
by writers of the Middle Ages, but pro- 
bably a "Mrs. Harris" of Kennotwhere. 

Lollius, if a writer of that name existed at all, was a 
somewhat somewhere. — Coleridge. 

London Antiquary (A). John 
Camden Hotten published his Dictionary 
of Modern Slang, etc., under this pseu- 
donym. 

London Bridge is Built on 
Wooipaeks. In the reign of Henry 
II., Pious Peter, a chaplain of St. Mary 
Colechurch, in the Poultry, built a stone 
bridge in lieu of the wooden one which 
had been destroyed by fire. The king 
helped him by a tax on wool, and hence 
the saying referred to above. 

Long (Tom), the hero of an old 
popular tale entitled The Merry Conceits 
of Tom Long the Carrier, etc. 

Long Peter, Peter Aartsen, the 
Flemish painter. He was so called from 
his extraordinary height (1507-1573). 

Long-Sword (Richard), son of the 
"fair Rosamond" and Henry II. His 
brother was Geoffroy archbishop of York. 

long-sword, the brave son of beauteous Rosamond. 
Drayton, J'oiyo!bion, xviii. (1613). 

Long-Sword, William I. of Normandy, 



son of Rollo, assassinated by the count of 
Flanders (920-943). 

Long Tom Coffin, a sailor of 
heroic character and most amiable dis- 
position, introduced by Fenimore Cooper 
of New York in his novel called The Pilot. 
Fitzball has dramatized the story. 

Longaville (3 syL), a young lord 
attending on Ferdinand king of Navarre. 
He promises to spend three years in study 
with the king, during which time no 
woman is to approach the court ; but 
no sooner has he signed the compact than 
he falls in love with Maria. When he 
proposes to her, she defers his suit for 
twelve months, and she promises to 
change her " black gown for a faithful 
friend " if he then remains of the same 
mind. 

A man of sovereign parts he is esteemed ; 
Well fitted in arts, glorious in arms : 
Nothing becomes him ill, that he would well 
The only soil of his fair virtue's gloss . . . 
Is a sharp wit matched with too blunt a will ; 
Whose edge . . . none spares that come within his power. 
Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act ii. sc. 1 (15W). 

Longchamp, bishop of Ely, high 
justiciary of England during the absence 
of king Richard Coeur de Lion. — Sir W. 
Scott, Hie Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Longevity. The following have 
exceeded a hundred years : — 

Thomas Cam x (207!!), according to 
the parish register of St. Leonard's 
Church, Shoreditch, died January 22, 
1588, aged 207 years. If so, he was bora 
1381, in 4th Richard II., and died 13th 
Elizabeth. 

Thomas Parr (152), born 1483, died 
1635. 

Henry Jenkins (169), born 1591, 
died 1760. 

Catharine countess of Desmond 
(140), fifteenth century. 

Henry Hastings (102), forester to 
Charles I. (1537-1639). 

Henry Evans (129), a Welshman 
(1642-1771). 

Jane Scrimshaw (127) lived in the 
reigns of eight sovereigns (1584- 1711). 

Alice of Philadelphia (116), born 
1686, died 1802. 

Thomas Laugher of Marklev, Wor- 
cestershire (107), born 1700, died 1807. 
His mother died at the age of 108. 

Margaret Patten or Batten of 
Glasgow (136). She was born in the 
rei^-n of Elizabeth (1603), and died 
1739. She was buried at Margaret's, 
Westminster, and a portrait of her is in 
St. Margaret's workhouse. 



LONGIUS. 



565 



LOKEDANO. 



In Shiffnal (Salop) St. Andrew's 
Church are these tablets : 

William Waklky (124), baptized at 
Idsall, otherwise Shiffnal, May 1, 1590 ; 
and was buried at Adbaston, November 28, 
1714. He lived in the reign of eight 
sovereigns. 

Maky Yates (127). wife of Joseph 
Yates of Lizard Common, Shiffnal, was 
born 1049, and buried August 7, 1776. 
She walked to London just after the fire 
in 10(56, was hearty and strong at 120 
years, and married, at 92 years of age, 
her third husband. 

Loilgius, the name of the Roman 
soldier who pierced the crucified Saviour 
with a spear. The spear came into the 
possession of Joseph of Arimathea. — Sir 
T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 41 
(1470). 

Longomonta'nus (Christian), of 

Jutland, a Danish astronomer (1562- 
1647). 

What did your Cardan [an Italian astronomer], and 
your Ptolemy, your Me sahalab, and your Longomontanus, 
your harmony of chiromancy with astrology? — W. Con- 
greve. Love for Love, iv. [1895). 

Lonna, that is, Colonna, the most 
southern point of Attica, called " Su- 
nium's marbled steep." Here once stood 
a temple to Minerva, called by Falconer, 
in The Shipwreck, " Tritonia's sacred 
fane." The ship Britannia struck 
against "the cape's projecting verge," 
and was wrecked. 

Yes, at the dead of night, by Lonna's steep, 
The seaman's cry was heard along the deep. 

Campbell, The PUaiuret of Hope, ii. (1799). 

Loose-Coat Field. The battle of 
Stamford (1470) was so called, because the 
men led by lord Wells, being attacked by 
the Yorkists, threw off their coats, that 
they might flee the faster. 

Cast off their country's coats, to haste their speed away. 
Which "Loose-Coat Field" is called e'en to this day. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxii. (1622). 

Iio'pe de Vega (Felix), a Spanish 
poet, born at Madrid. He was one of 
those who came in the famous " Armada " 
to invade England. Lope (2 syl.) wrote 
altogether 1800 tragedies, comedies, 
dramas, or religious pieces called autos 
sacramentales (1562-1635). 

Her memory was a mine. She knew by heart 
All Calderon and greater part of Lope. 

Byron, Don Juan, i. 11 (1819). 

Lopez, the " Spanish curate." — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish 
Curate (1622). 

Lopez (Dun), a Portuguese nobleman, 
the father of don Felix and donna 



Isal>ella. — Mrs. Centlivre, The Wonder 
(1714). 

Lorbrul'grud, the capital of Brob- 
dingnag. The word is humorously said 
to mean " Pride of the Universe." — 
Swift, Gullivers Travels ("Voyage to 
Brobdingnag," 1726). 

Lord, a hunchback. (Greek, lordos, 
" crooked.") 

Lord Peter. The pope is so called in 
Dr. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. 
Swift, in his Tale of a Tub, introduces the 
three brothers Peter, John, and Martin, 
meaning the pope, Calvin, and Luther. 

Lord Strutt. Charles II. of Spain 
is so called bv Dr. Arbuthnot, in his 
History of John Bull (1712). 

Every one must remember the paroxysm of rage into 
which poor lord Strutt fell, on bearing that his runaway 
servant Nic. Frog, his clothier John Bull, and his old 
enemy Lewis Baboon, had come with quadrants, poles, 
and ink-horns, to survey his estate, and to draw his will 
for him. — Macaulay. 

Lord Thomas and Annet bad 
a lovers' quarrel ; whereupon, lord 
Thomas, in his temper, went and offered 
marriage to the nut-brown maid who had 
houses and lands. On the wedding day, 
Annet went to the church, and lord 
Thomas gave her a rose, but the nut- 
brown maid killed her with a "bodkin 
from her head-gear." Lord Thomas, see- 
ing Annet fall, plunged his dagger into 
the heart of the murderess, and then 
stabbed himself. Over the graves of lord 
Thomas and the fair Annet grew " a 
bonny briar, and by this ye may ken that 
they were lovers dear." In some ver- 
sions of this story Annet is called 
"Elinor." — Percy, Beliques, etc., III. iii. 

Lord of Crazy Castle, John Hall 
Stevenson, author of Crazy Tales (in 
verse). J. H. Stevenson lived at Skelton 
Castle, which was nicknamed "Crazy 
Castle " (1718-17S3). 

Lord of the Isles, Donald of Islay, 
who in 1346 reduced the Hebrides under 
his sway. The title of "lord of the 
Isles" had been borne by others for 
centuries before, was borne by Steven- 
son's successors, and is now one of the 
titles of the prince of Wales. 

Sir \Y. Scott has a metrical romance 
entitled The Lord of the Jsles (1815). 

Loredani (Giacomo), interpreter of 
king Richard I.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Talisman (time, Eichard I.). 

Loreda'no (James), a Venetian 
patrician, and one of the Council of 



LORENZO. 



566 



LOT. 



Ten. Loredano was the personal enemy 
of the Fos'cari. — Byron, The Two Foscari 
(1820). 

Loren'zo, a young man with whom 
Jes'sica, the daughter of the Jew Sh}-- 
lock, elopes. — Shakespeare, The Merchant 
of Venice (1698). 

Lorenzo, an atheist and reprobate, 
whose remorse ends in despair. — Dr. 
Young, Night Thoughts ( 1742-6) ._ 

*** Some affirm that Lorenzo is meant 
for the poet's own son. 

Lorenzo (Colonel), a young libertine in 
Dryden's drama, The Spanish Fryar 
(1680). 

Loretto (The House of). The Santa 
Casa is the reputed house of the virgin 
Mary at Nazareth. It was miraculously 
translated to Fiume, in Dalmatia, in 
1291, thence to Recana'ti in 1294, and 
finally to Macera'ta, in Italy, to a plot of 
land belonging to the lady Loretto. 

Our house may have travelled through the air, like the 
house of Loretto, for aught I care.— Goldsmith, The Good- 
natured Man, iv. 1 (1768). 

Loretto of Austria, Mariazel 
( ' ' Marj r in the cell '*) , in Sty ria. So called 
from the miracle-working image of the 
Virgin. The image is old and very ugly. 
Two pilgrimages are made to it yearly. 

Loretto of Switzerland. Ein- 
siedlen, a village containing a shrine of 
the " Black Lady of Switzerland." The 
church is of black marble, and the image 
of ebony. 

Lorimer, one of the guard at Arden- 
vohr Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of 
Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Loriot, " the confidante and ser- 
vante" of Louis XV. Loriot was the 
inventor of lifts, by which tables de- 
scended, and rose again covered with 
viands and wines. 

The shifting sideboard plays its humble part, 
Beyond the triumphs of a Loriot's art 

S. Rogers, Epiitle to a Friend (1798). 

Lor ma, wife of Erragon king of 
Sora, in Scandinavia. She fell in love 
with Aldo, a Caledonian officer in the 
king's army. The guilty pair escaped to 
Morven, which Erragon forthwith in- 
vaded. Erragon encountered Aldo in 
single combat, and slew him ; was him- 
self slain in battle by Gaul son of 
Morni ; and Lorma died of grief. — Ossian, 
The Battle of Lora. 

Lorn (31'Dougal of), a Highland 
chief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 



Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 

Lorrequer (Harry), the hero and 
title of a military novel by Charles 
Lever. 

Lor'rimite (3 syl.), a malignant 
witch, who abetted and aided Ar'valan 
in his persecutions of Kail'yal the beau- 
tiful and holy daughter of Ladur'lad. — 
Southey, Curse of Kehama, xi. (1809). 

Lorry (Jarvis), one of the firm in 
Tellson's bank, Temple Bar, and a 
friend of Dr. Manette. Jarvis Lorry was 
orderly, precise, and methodical, but 
tender-hearted and affectionate. 

He had a good leg, and was a little vain of it . . . and 
his little sleek, crisp, flaxen wig looked as if it was spun silk. 
. . . His face, habitually suppressed and quiet, was lighted 
up by a pair of moist bright eyes.— C. Dickens, A Tale of 
Two Cities, i. 4 (1859). 

Losberne (2 syl.), the medical man 
called in by Mrs. Maylie to attend Oliver 
Twist, after the attempted burglary by 
Bill Sikes and his associates. — C. Dickens, 
Oliver Twist (1837). 

Lost Island. Cephalo'nia is so 
called, because "it was only by chance 
that those who visited it could find it 
again." It is sometimes called "The 
Hidden Island." 

Lot, consul of Londonesia, and after- 
wards king of Norway. He was brother 
of Urian and Augusel, and married Anne 
(own sister of king Arthur), by whom he 
had two sons, Walgan and Modred. — 
Geoffrey, British History, viii. 21 ; ix. 9, 
10 (1142). 

*** This account differs so widely 
from that of Arthurian romance, that it 
is not possible to reconcile them. In the 
History of Prince Arthur, Lot king of 
Orkney marries Margawse the " sister of 
king Arthur" (pt. i. 2). Tennyson, in 
his Gareth and Lynette, says that Lot's 
wife was Bellicent. Again, the sons of Lot 
are called, in the History, Gaw'ain, Agra- 
vain, Ga'heris, and Gareth ; Mordred is 
their half-brother, being the son of king 
Arthur and the same mother. — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 2, 35, 
36 (1470). 

Lot, king of Orkney. According to the 
Morte d' Arthur, king Lot's wife Avas 
Margawse or Morgawse, sister of king 
Arthur, and their sons were sir Gaw'ain, 
sir Ag'ravain, sir Ga'heris, and sir 
Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 36 (1470). 

Once or twice Elain is called the wife 



LOT. 



667 



LOUIS IX. 



©f Lot, but this is a mistake. Elain was 
Arthur's sister by the same mother, and 
was the wife of sir Nentres of Carlot. 
Mordred was the son of Morgawse by 
her brother Arthur, and consequently 
Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris, and Gareth 
were his half-brothers. 

Lot, king of Orkney. According to 
Tennyson, king Lot's wife was Bellicent, 
daughter of Gorioi's lord of Tintag'il 
Castle, in Cornwall, and Lot was the father 
of Gaw'ain (2 syl.) and Modred. This 
account differs entirely from the History 
of Prince Arthur, by sir T. Malory. 
There the wife of Lot is called Margawse 
or Morgawse (Arthur's sister). Geoffrey 
of Monmouth, on the other hand, calls 
her Anne (Arthur's sister). The sons of 
Lot, according to the History, were 
Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris, and Gareth ; 
Modred or Mordred being the offspring of 
Morgawse and Arthur. This ignoble 
birth the History assigns as the reason of 
Mordred's hatred to king Arthur, his adul- 
terous father and uncle. Lot was sub- 
dued by king Arthur, fighting on behalf 
of Leodogran or Leodogrance king of 
Cam'eliard. — See Tennyson, Coming of 
Arthur. 

Lot's Wife, Wahela, who was con- 
federate with the men of Sodom, and 
gave them notice when any stranger came 
to lodge in the house. Her sign was 
smoke by day and fire by night. Lot's 
wife was turned into a pillar of salt. — 
Jallalo'ddin, Al Zamakh. 

Lotha'rio, a noble cavalier of Flo- 
rence, the friend of Anselmo. Anselmo 
induced him to put the fidelity of his 
wife Camilla to the test, that he might 
rejoice in her incorruptible virtue; but 
Camilla was not trial-proof, and eloped 
with Lothario. Anselmo then died of 
grief, Lothario was slain in battle, and 
Camilla died in a convent. — Cervantes, 
Don Quixote, I. iv. 5, 6 ("Fatal Curiosity," 
1605). 

Lothario, a young Genoese nobleman, 
"haughty, gallant, gay, and perfidious." 
He seduced Calista, daughter of Sciol'to 
(3 syl.) a Genoese nobleman, and was 
killed in a duel by Altamont the husband. 
This is the "gay Lothario," which has 
become a household word for a libertine 
and male coquette. — N. Rowe, The Fair 
Penitent (1703). 

Is this the haughty, gallant, gay Lothario ? 

Rowe, The Fair Penitent. 

%* The Fair Penitent is taken from 



Massinger's Fatal Dowry, in which Lo- 
thario is called " Novall, Junior." 

Lothian (Scotland). So named from 
Llew, second son of Arthur ; also called 
Lotus and Lothus. Arthur's eldest son 
was Urian, and his youngest Arawn. 

%* In some legends, Lothian is made 
the father of Modred or Medraut, leader 
of the rebellious army which fought at 
Cam Ian, A.r>. 537, in which Arthur re- 
ceived his death-wound ; but in Malory's 
collection, called The History of Prince 
Arthur, Modred is called the son of 
Arthur by his own sister the wife of king 
Lot. 

Lotte (2 syl.), a young woman of 
strong affection and domestic winning 
ways, the wife of Albert a young German 
farmer. Werther loved Lotte when she 
was only betrothed to Albert, and con- 
tinued to love her after she became a 
young wife. His mewling and puling 
after this "forbidden fruit," which ter- 
minates in suicide, make up the sum and 
substance of the tale, which is told in 
the form of letters addressed to divers 
persons. — Goethe, Sorrows of Werther 
(1774). 

"Lotte" was Charlotte Buff, who 
married Kestner, Goethe's friend, the 
"Albert" of the novel. Goethe was in 
love with Charlotte Buff, and her mar- 
riage with Kestner soured the temper of 
his over-sensitive mind. 

Lotus-Eaters or Lotoph'agi, a people 
who ate of the lotus tree, the effect of 
which was to make them forget *;heir 
friends and homes, and to lose all desire 
of returning to their native land. The 
lotus-eater only cares to live in ease, 
luxury, and idleness. — Homer, Odyssey, 
xt. 

%* Tennyson has a poem called The 
Lotos-Eaters, a set of islanders who live 
in a dreamy idleness, weary of life, and 
regardless of all its stirring events. 

Louis, due d'Orleans.— Sir W. Scott, 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Louis de Bourbon, the prince- 
bishop of Liege \_Le.age~\. — Sir W. Scott, 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Louis IX. The sum of the figures 
which designate the birth-date of this 
king will give his titular number. Thus, 
he w r as born in 1215, the sum of which 
figures is 9. This is true of several other 
kings. The discovery might form an 
occasional diversion on a dull evening. 
(See Louis XIV. and XVIII.) 



LOUIS XI. 



568 



LOUISE. 



Louis XI. of France, introduced by 
sir W. Scott in two novels, Quentin Dur- 
ward and Anne of Geierstein (time, Ed- 
ward IV.). 

* + * In Quentin Durward he appears 
first disguised as Mai tre Pierre, a merchant. 

Louis XIII. of France, "infirm in 
health, in mind more feeble, and Riche- 
lieu's plaything." — Lord Lytton, Richelieu 
(1839). 

Louis XIV. It is rather remarkable 
that the number 14 is obtained by adding 
together the figures of his age at death, 
the figures which make the date of his 
coronation, and the figures of the date 
of his death. For example : 

Age 77, which added together=14. 

Crowned 11543, which added together=14. 

Died 1715, which added together =14 

Louis XIV. and La Valliere. Louis 
XIV. fell in love with La Valliere, a 
young lady in the queen's train. He 
overheard the ladies chatting. One 
said, "How handsome looks the duke 
de Guiche to-night ! " Another said, 
" Well, to my taste, the graceful Gram- 
mont bears the bell from all." A third 
remarked, " But, then, that charming 
Lauzun has so much Wit." But La 
Valliere said, " I scarcely marked them. 
When the king is by, who can have eyes, 
or ears, or thought for others ? " and when 
the others chaffed her, she replied: 

Who spoke of love ? 
The sunflower, gazing on the lord of heaven, 
Asks but its sun to shine. Who spoke of love ? 
And who would wish the bright and lofty Louis 
To stoop from glory J 

Act i. 5. 

Louis degraded this ethereal spirit into a 
"soiled dove," and when she fled to a con- 
vent to quiet remorse, he fetched her out 
and took her to Versailles. Wholly un- 
able to appreciate such love as that of La 
Valliere, he discarded her for Mde. de 
Montespan, and bade La Valliere marry 
some one. She obeyed the selfish mon- 
arch in word, by taking the veil of a Car- 
melite nun.— Lord Lytton, The Duchess de 
la Valliere (1836). 

Louis XIV. and his Coach. It was 
lord Stair and not the duke of Chester- 
field whom the Grand Monarque com- 
mended for his tact in entering the royal 
carriage before his majesty, when politely 
bidden by him so to do. 

Louis XVIII., nicknamed Des-hui- 
tres, because he was a great feeder, like 
all the Bourbons, and especially fond of 
oysters. Of course the pun is on dixhuit 
(18). 



As in the case of Louis IX. (q.v.), the 
sum of the figures which designate the 
birth-date of Louis XVIII. give his 
titular number. Thus, he was born 1755, 
which added together equal 18. 

Louis Philippe of France. It is 
somewhat curious that the year of his 
birth, or the year of the queen's birth, or 
the year of his flight, added to the year of 
his coronation, will give the year 1848, 
the date of his abdication. He was born 
1773, his queen was born 1782, his flight 
was in 1809 ; whence we get : 

1830 1830 1830 year of coronation. 



[}**■ i}s' s §} 



flight. 



1848 1848 1848 year of abdication. 

(See Napoleon III. for a somewhat 
similar coincidence.) 

Louisa, daughter of don Jerome of 
Seville, in love with don Antonio. Her 
father insists on her marrying Isaac 
Mendoza, a Portuguese Jew, and, as she 
refuses to obey him, he determines to 
lock her up in her chamber. In his blind 
rage, he makes a great mistake, for he 
locks up the duenna, and turns his 
daughter out of doors. Isaac arrives, is 
introduced to the locked-up lady, elopes 
with her, and marries her. Louisa takes 
refuge in St Catherine's Convent, and 
writes to her father for his consent to her 
marriage with the man of her choice. As 
don Jerome takes it for granted she 
means Isaac the Jew, he gives his consent 
freely. At breakfast-time it is dis- 
covered by the old man that Isaac has 
married the duenna, and Louisa don 
Antonio ; but don Jerome is well pleased 
and fully satisfied. — Sheridan, The Duenna 
(1775). 

Mrs. Mattocks (1745-1826) was the 
first "Louisa." 

Louisa, daughter of Russet bailiff to 
the duchess. She was engaged to Henry, 
a private in the king's army. Hearing a 
rumour of gallantry to the disadvantage 
of her lover, she consented to put his 
love to the test by pretending that she 
was about to marry Simkin. When 
Henry heard thereof, he gave himself up 
as a deserter, and was condemned to 
death. Louisa then went to the king to 
explain the whole matter, and returned 
with the young man's pardon just as the 
muffled drums began the death march. — 
Dibdin, The Deserter (1770). 

Louise (2 syl.), the glee-maiden. — 



LOUISE. 



569 



LOVE-CHASE. 



Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Louise [de Lascours], wife of 
Kalph captain of the Uniu'ta, and mo- 
ther of Martha (afterwards called ()r- 
gari'ta^. Louise de Lascours sailed with 
her infant daughter and her husband in 
the Urania. Louise and the captain 
were drowned by the breaking up of an 
iceberg ; but Martha was rescued by some 
wild Indians, who brought her up, and 
called her name Orgarita ("withered 
wheat").— E. Stirling, Orphan of the 
Frozen Sea (1856). 

Loupgarou, leader of the army of 
giants in alliance with the Uipsodes 
(2 syL). As he threatened to make 
mincemeat of Pantag'ruel, the prince 
gave him a kick which overthrew him, 
then, lifting him up by his ankles, he 
used him as a quarter-staff. Having 
killed all the giants in the hostile army, 
Pantagruel flung the body of Loungnrou 
on the ground, and, by so doing, crushed 
a tom-cat, a tabby, a duck, and a 
brindled goose. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 
29 (1533). 

Louponheight (The young laird of), 
at the ball at Middlemas.— Sir \V. Scott, 
The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George 

Lourdis, an idiotic scholar of Sor- 
bonne. 

De la Sorbonne un Pocteur amoureux 

Disoit ung jour a sa dume rebelle : 

" Je ne puis rien meriter de vous, belle" . . 

Aryuo sic : "Si mngister Lourdis 

De sa I'atin meriter ne i>eut rien ; 

Ergc ne pent meriter paradis, 

Car, pour le moins, paradis la vaut bien." 

Marot, Epigram. 
When Doctor Lourdis cried, in humble spirit. 
The hand of Katu'rine lie could never merit, 
"Then heaven to thee," said Kate, "can ne'er be given. 
For less my worth, you must allow, than heaven." 

Lourie (Tarn), the innkeeper at 
Marchthorn. — Sir \V. Scott, St. Ponan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Louvre (The), a corruption of lupara, 
as it is called in old title-deeds. Da- 
gobert built here a hunting-box, the 
nucleus of the present pile of buildings. 

Louvre of St. Petersburg (The), 
the Hermitage, an imperial museum. 

Love, a drama by S. Knowles (1840). 
The countess Catherine is taught by a 
serf named Huon who is her secretary, 
and falls in love with him ; but her pride 
struggles against such an unequal match. 
The duke, her father, hearing of his 
daughter's love, commands Huon, on pain 



of death, to marry Catherine a freed Berf. 
He refuses ; but the countess herself bids 
him obey. He plights his troth to Ca- 
therine, supposing it to be (J atherine the 
quondam serf, rushes to the wars, obtains 
great honours, becomes a prince, and then 
learns that the Catherine he has wed is the 
duke's daughter. 

Love, or rather affection, according to 
Plato, is disposed in the liver. 

Within, some say, Love hath his habitation ; 

Not Cupid's self, but Cupid's better brother ; 
For Cupid's self dwells with a lower nntion, 

But this, more sure, much chaster than the otlier. 
I'b. Fletcher, The Pwrfit island (1K»3). 

Love. "Man's love is of man's life 
a thing apart; 'tis vdomcnfs whole exist- 
ence."— Byron, Don Juan, i. 194 (1819). 

Love. 

It Is better to have loved and lost. 
Than never to have loved at all. 

Tennyson, hi Mcmoriam, ixvii. 

Thomas Moore, in his Irish Melodies, 
expresses an opposite opinion: 

Better far to be 

In endless darkness lying. 
Than be in light and see 

That light for ever flying. 

A I that's Bright mutt Fad 

Love. All for Love or tlie World Well 
Lost, a tragedy by Dryden, on the same 
subject, as Shakespeare's Antony and 
Cleopatra (1679). 

Love a-la-Mode, by C. Macklin 
(1779). The " love a-la-mode" is that of 
fortune-hunters. Charlotte Goodchild is 
courted by a Scotchman " of ponderous 
descent," an Italian Jew broker of great 
fortune, and an Irishman in the Prussian 
army. It is given out that Charlotte has 
lost her money through the bankruptcy 
of sir Theodore Goodchild, her guardian. 
Upon this, the a-la-mode suitors with- 
draw, and leave sir Callaghan O'Bral- 
laghan, the true lover, master of the 
situation. The tale about the bankruptcy 
is of course a mere myth. 

Love cannot Die. 

They sin who tell us Love can die. 
With life all other passions fly . . . 
They perish where they have their birth ; 

But Love is indestnictible. 
Its hoiy flame for ever burneth ; 
From heaven it came, to heaven returnetb . . 

It soweth here in toil and care ; 
But the harvest-time of Love is there. 

Southey, Curse of Kehama, x. 10 (1809). 

Love-Chase (The), a drama by S. 
Knowles (1837). Three lovers chased 
three beloved ones with a view to mar- 
riage. (1) Waller loves Lydia, lady's- 
maid to Widow Green, but in reality the 
sister of Trueworth. She quitted home 



LOVE DOCTOR. 



570 



LOVE-PRODUCERS. 



lo avoid a hateful marriage, and took 
eervice for the nonce with Widow Green. 
(2) Wildrake loves Constance, daughter 
of sir William Fondlove. (3) Sir Wil- 
liam Fondlove, aged 60, loves Widow 
Green, aged 40. The difficulties to be 
overcome were these : The social position 
of Lydia galled the aristocratic pride of 
Waller, but love won the day. Wild- 
rake and Constance sparred with each 
other, and hardly knew they loved till 
it dawned upon them that each might 
prefer some other, and then they felt 
that the loss would be irreparable. 
Widow Green set her heart on marrying 
Waller ; but as Waller preferred Lydia, 
she accepted sir William for better or 
worse. 

Love Doctor {The), D Amour M€- 
decin, a comedy by Moliere (1665). 
Lucinde, the daughter of Sganarelle, is 
in love, and the father calls in four 
doctors to consult upon the nature of 
her malady. They see the patient, and 
retire to consult together, but talk about 
Paris, about their visits, about the topics 
of the day ; and when the father enters 
to know what opinion they have formed, 
they all prescribe different remedies, and 
pronounce different opinions. Lisette 
then calls in a " quack " doctor (Cii- 
tandre, the lover), who says that he must 
act on the imagination, and proposes a 
seeming marriage, to which Sganarelle 
assents, saying, " Voila un grand me'de- 
cin." The assistant being a notary, 
Clitandre and Lucinde are formally mar- 
ried. 

*** This comedy is the basis of the 
Quack Doctor, by Foote and Bickerstaff, 
only in the English version Mr. Ailwood 
is the patient. 

Love in a Village, an opera by 
Isaac Bickerstaff. It contains two plots : 
the loves of Rosetta and young Meadows, 
and the loves of Lucinda and Jack 
Eustace. The entanglement is this : 
Rosctta's father wanted her to marry 
3'oung Meadows, and sir William Meadows 
wanted his son to marry Rosetta ; but as 
the young people had never seen each 
other, they turned restive and ran away. 
It so happened that both took service 
with justice Woodcock — Rosetta as 
chamber-maid, and Meadows as gardener. 
Here they fell in love with each other, 
and ultimately married, to the delight of 
all concerned. The other part of the 
plot is this : 

Lucinda was the daughter of justice 



Woodcock, and fell in love with Jack 
Eustace while nursing her sick mother, 
who died. The justice had never seen 
the young man, but resolutely forbade 
the connection ; whereupon Jack Eustace 
entered the house as a music-master, 
and, by the kind offices of friends, all 
came right at last. 

Love Makes a Man, a comedy 
concocted by Colley Cibber by welding 
together two of the comedies of Beaumont 
and Fletcher, viz., the Elder Brother and 
the Custom of the Country. Carlos, a 
young student (son of Antonio), sees 
Angelina, the daughter of Charino, and 
falls in love with her. His character 
instantly changes, and the modest, diffi- 
dent bookworm becomes energetic, manly, 
and resolute. Angelina is promised by 
her father to Clodio a coxcomb, the 
younger brother of Carlos ; but the 
student elopes with her. They are taken 
captives, but meet after several adven- 
tures, and become duly engaged. Clodio, 
who goes in search of the fugitives, meets 
with Elvira, to whom he engages himself, 
and thus leaves the field open to his 
brother Carlos. 

Love-Produeers. 

It is a Basque superstition that yellow 
hair in a man is irresistible with women ; 
hence every woman who set eyes on 
Ezkabi Fidel, the golden-haired, fell in 
love with him. 

It is a West Highland superstition that 
a beauty spot cannot be resisted ; hence 
Diarmaid inspired masterless love by a 
beauty spot. 

In Greek fable, a cestus worn by a 
woman inspired love ; hence Aphrodite 
was irresistible on account of her cestus. 

In the Middle Ages, love-powders were 
advertised for sale ; and a wise senator 
of Venice was not ashamed to urge on 
his reverend brethren, as a fact, that 
Othello had won the love of Desdemona 
"by foul charms," drugs, minerals, 
spells, potions of mountebanks, or some 
dram "powerful o er the blood" to 
awaken love. 

Theocritos and Virgil have both intro- 
duced in their pastorals women using 
charms and incantations to inspire or 
recover the affection of the opposite sex. 

Gay, in the Shepherd's Week, makes 
the mistress of Lubberkin spend all her 
money in buying a love-powder. Frois- 
6art says that Gaston, son of the count 
de Foix, received a bag of powder from 
his uncle (Charles the Bad) for restoring 



LOVE'S LABOUR'S LOST. 



571 



LOVEL. 



the love of bis father to his mother. 
The love of Tristram and Ysold is at- 
tributed to their drinking on their 
journey a love-potion designed for king 
Mark, the intended husband of the fair 
princess. 

An Irish superstition is that if a lover 
will run a hair of the object beloved 
through the fleshy part of a dead man's 
leg, the person from whom the hair was 
taken will go mad with love. 

We are told that Charlemagne was be- 
witched by a ring, and that he followed 
any one who possessed this ring as a 
needle follows a loadstone (see p. 177). 

%* To do justice to this subject would 
require several pages, and all that can be 
done here is to give a few brief hints and 
examples. 

Love's Labour's Lost. Ferdinand 
king of Navarre, with three lords named 
Biron, Dumain, and Longaville, agreed to 
spend three years in study, during which 
time no woman was to approach the 
court. Scarcely had they signed the 
compact, when the princess of France, 
attended by Rosaline, Maria, and Katha- 
rine, besought an interview respecting 
certain debts said to be due from the 
king of France to the king of Navarro. 
The four gentlemen fell in love with the 
four ladies : the king with the princess, 
Biron with Rosaline, Longaville with 
Maria, and Dumain with Katharine. In 
order to carry their suits, the four gentle- 
men, disguised as Muscovites, presented 
themselves before the ladies ; but the 
ladies, being warned of the masquerade, 
disguised themselves also, so that the 
gentlemen in every case addressed the 
wrong lady. However, it was at length 
arranged "that the suits should be de- 
ferred for twelve months and a day ; and 
if, at the expiration of that time, they 
remained of the same mind, the matter 
should be taken into serious considera- 
tion. — Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost 
(1594). 

Loves of the Angels, the stories 
of three angels, in verse, by T. Moore 
(1822). The stories are founded on the 
Eastern tale of Harut and Marut, and the 
rabbinical fictions of the loves of Uzziel 
and Skamchazai. 

1. The first angel fell in love with Lea, 
whom he saw bathing. She returned love 
for love, but his love was carnal, hers 
heavenly. He loved the woman, she 
loved the angel. One day, the angel told 
her the spell-word which opens the gates 



I of heaven. She pronounced it, and rose 
through the air into paradise, while the 
angel became imbruted, being no longer 
an angel of light, but "of the earth, 
earthy." 

2. The second angel was Rubi, one of 
the seraphs. He fell in love with Liris, 
who asked him to come in all his celestial 
glory. He did so ; and she, rushing into 
his arms, was burnt to death ; but the 
kiss she gave him became a brand on his 
face for ever. 

3. The third angel was Zaraph, who 
loved Nama. It was Nama's desire to 
love without control, and to love holily ; 
but as she fixed her love on a creature, 
and not on the Creator, both she and 
Zaraph were doomed to live among the 
things that perish, till this mortal is 
swallowed up of immortality, when Nama 
and Zaraph will be admitted into the 
realms of everlasting love. 

Love's White Star, the planet 
Venus, which is silvery white. 

Till every daisy slept, and Love's white star 
Beamed thro* the thickened cedar in the dusk. 

Tennyson, The Oardener't Daughter. 

Loved. Who ever loved that loved 
not at first sight? — Marlowe, Hero and 
Leandcr (1637). 

Lovegold, the miser, an old man of 
60, who wants to marry Mariana, his 
son's sweetheart. In order to divert him 
from this folly, Mariana pretends to be 
very extravagant, and orders a necklace 
and ear-rings for £3000, a petticoat and 
gown from a fabric £12 a yard, and besets 
the house with duns. Lovegold gives 
£2000 to be let off the bargain, and 
Mariana marries the son. — A. Fielding, 
The Miser (a rechauffe of L'Avare, by 
Moliere). 

John Emery P 777-1822] made his first appearance at 
Covent Garden Theatre in the year 171(3, in very opposite 
characters, "Frank Oakland" in A Cure for the Heart- 
ache [by Morton], and in " Lovegold." In both which 
parts he obtained great applause. — Memoir (1822). 

Love'good (2 syl.), uncle to Valen- 
tine the gallant who will not be per- 
suaded to keep his estate. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, Wit without Money (1639). 

LoveL once the page of lord Beau- 
fort, in love with lady Frances ; but he 
concealed his love because young Beau- 
fort "cast his affections first upon the 
lady." — Murphy, The Citizen (1757). 

Lovel (Lord), the bridegroom who lost 
his bride on the wedding day from play- 
ing hide-and-seek. The lady hid in an 
old oak chest, the lid of which fell on 
her and closed with a spring-lock. Many 



LOVEL. 



572 



LOVELY OBSCURE. 



years afterwards the chest was sold, and 
the skeleton of the maiden revealed the 
mystery of her disappearance. — T. H. 
Bayley, The Mistletoe Bough. 

Samuel Rogers has introduced this 
story in his Italy (pt. i. 18, 1822). He 
says the bride was Ginevra, only child of 
Orsini " an indulgent father;" and that 
the bridegroom was Francesco Doria, "her 
playmate from birth, and her first love." 
The chest, he says, was an heirloom, 
" richly carved by Antony of Trent, with 
Scripture stories from the life of Christ." 
It came from Venice, and had "held the 
ducal robes of some old ancestor." After 
the accident, Francesco, weary of life, 
flew to Venice, and "flung his life away 
in battle with the Turk ; " Orsini went 
deranged, and spent the life-long day 
"wandering in quest of something he 
could not find." It was fifty years after- 
wards that the skeleton was discovered in 
the chest. 

Collet, in his Relics of Literature, gives 
a similai story. 

In the Causes Ce'lebres is another ex- 
ample. 

A similar story is attached to Harwell 
Old Hall, once the residence of the Sey- 
mours, and subsequently of the Dacre 
family, and "the very chest is now the 
property of the Rev. J. Haygarth, rector 
of Upham." — Post-0 Office Directory. 

The same tale is told of a chest in 
Bramshall, Hampshire ; and also of a 
chest in the great house at Malsanger, 
near Basingstoke. 

Lovel (Lord), in Clara Reeve's tale 
called The Old English Baron, appears as 
a ghost in the obscurity of a dim religious 
light (1777). 

Lovel (Peregrine), a wealthy commoner, 
who suspects his servants of wasting his 
substance in riotous living ; so, giving out 
that he is going down to his country seat 
in Devonshire, he returns in the disguise 
of an Essex bumpkin, and places himself 
under the care of Philip, the butler, to be 
taught the duties of a gentleman's ser- 
vant. Lovel finds that Philip has invited 
a large party to supper, that the servants 
assembled assume the titles and airs of 
their masters and mistresses, and that the 
best wines of the cellar are set before 
them. In the midst of the banquet, he 
appears before the party in his real cha- 
ractei, breaks up the revel, and dismisses 
all the household except Tom, whom he 
places in charge of the cellar and plate. — 



Rev. J. Townley, High Life Below Stairs 
(1759). 

Lovel (William), the hero of a German 
novel so called, by Ludwig Tieck (1773- 
1853). (See Lovell.) 

Lovelace (2 syl.), the chief male cha- 
racter in Richardson's novel of Clarissa 
Harlowe. He is rich, proud, and crafty; 
handsome, brave, and gay ; the most un- 
scrupulous but finished libertine ; always 
self-possessed, insinuating, and polished 
(1749), 

" Lovelace " is as great an improvement on " Lothario," 
from which it was drawn, as Rowe's hero [m the Fair 
Penitent] had been on the vulgar rake of Massinger.— 
Encyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 

Lovelace (2 syl.), a young aristocrat, 
who angles with flattery for the daughter 
of Mr. Drugget, a rich London trades- 
man. He fools the vulgar tradesman to 
the top of his bent, and stands well with 
him ; but, being too confident of his in- 
fluence, demurs to the suggestion of the 
old man to cut two fine yew trees at the 
head of the carriage drive into a Gog and 
Magog. Drugget, is intensely angry, 
throws off the young man, and gives his 
daughter to a Mr. Woodley. — A. Murphy, 
Three Weeks after Marriage. 

Loveless (The Elder), suitor to "The 
Scornful Lady " (no name given). 

The Younger Loveless, a prodigai. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Scornful 
Lady (1616). 

Loveless (Edward), husband of Amanda. 
He pa) T s undue attention to Berinthia, 
a handsome young widow, his wife's 
cousin ; but, seeing the folly of his con- 
duct, he resolves in future to devote him- 
self to his wife with more fidelity. — 
Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 

Lovell (Benjamin), a banker, proud 
of his ancestry, but with a weakness for 
gambling. 

Elsie Lovell, his daughter, in love with 
Victor Orme the poor gentleman. — 
Wybert Reeve, Parted. 

Lovell (Lord). Sir Giles Overreach 
fully expected that his lordship would 
marry his daughter Margaret ; but he 
married lady Allworth, and assisted Mar- 
garet in marrying Tom Allworth, the man 
of her choice." (See Lovel.) — Massinger, 
A New Way to Pay Old Debts (1626). 

Lovely Obscure ( 7V), Am'adis of 
Gaul. Same as Belten'ebros. 

The (treat Am&dis. when he assumed the name of "The 
Kovely Obscure," dwelt either eight years or eight months 
I forget which, upon a naked rock, doiug penanct fo 



LOVEMORE. 



573 



LOVERS, ETC. 



some unkindness shown him by the lady Oria'na. [The 
rock is caJled " The Poor Hock."}— Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, I. Hi. 1 (1606). 

Love'more (2 syl.), a man fond of 
gaiety and pleasure, who sincerely loves 
his wife ; but, finding his home dull, and 
that his wife makes no effort to relieve 
its monotony, seeks pleasure abroad, and 
treats his wife with cold civility and 
formal politeness. He is driven to in- 
trigue, but, being brought to see its folly, 
acknowledges his faults, and his wife re- 
solves "to try to keep him" by making 
his home more lively and agreeable. 

Mrs. Lovemore (2 syl.), wife of Mr. 
Lovemore, who finds if " she would keep 
her husband " to herself, it is not enough 
to " be a prudent manager, careless of her 
own comforts, not much given to plea- 
sure ; grave, retired, and domestic ; to 
govern her household, pay the trades- 
men's bills, and love her husband ; " but 
to these must be added some effort to 
please and amuse him, and to make his 
home bright and agreeable to him. — A. 
Murphy, The Way to Keep Him (1760). 

Lovers (Romantic). The favourites 
of distinguished men : 

Aristotle and Hepyllis. 

Boccaccio and Fiammetta [Maria 
daughter of Robert of Naples] . 

Burns and Highland Mary [either 
Mary Campbell or Alary Robinson]. 

Byron and Teresa [Guiccioli]. 

Catullus and the lady Clodia called 
" Lesbia." 

Charles II. of England and Barbara 
Villiers [duchess of Cleveland] ; Louise 
Rene'e de Kerouaille [duchess of Ports- 
mouth] ; and Nell Gwynne. 

Charles VII. of France and Agnes 
Sorel. 

Cid ( The) and the fair Ximena, after- 
wards his wife. 

Dante and Beatrice [Portinari] . 

Epicurus and Leontium. 

Francois I. and la duchesse d'Etampes 
[Mdlle. d'Heilly]. 

George I. and the duchess of Kendal 
[Erangard Melrose de Schulemberg] . 

George II. and Mary Howard duchess 
of Suffolk. 

George III. and the fair quakeress 
[Hannah Lightfoot] . 

George IV. and Mrs. Marv Darbv 
Robinson called "Perdita" (1758-1800) ; 
Mrs. Fitzherbert, to whom he was pri- 
vately married in 1785 ; and the countess 
of Jersey. 

Goethe and the frau von Stein. 

Habington, the poet, and Castara 



[Lucy Herbert, daughter of lord Powia], 
afterwards his wife. 

Hazlitt and Sarah Walker. 

Henri II. and Diane de Poitiers. 

Henri IV. and La Belle Gabrielle 
[d'Estrc'es]. 

Henry II. and the fair Rosamond 
[Jane Clifford]. 

Horace and Lesbia. 

Johnson (Dr.) and Mrs. Thrale. 

LAMARTiNKand Elvire the Creole girl. 

Louis XIV. and Mdlle. de la Vallibre ; 
Mde. de Montespan ; Mdlle. de Fontage. 

Lovelace and the divine Althea, also 
called Lucasta [Lucy Sachcvcrell]. 

Mirabeau and Mde. Nehra. 

Nelson and lady Hamilton. 

Pericles and Aspasia. 

Petrarch and Laura [wife of Hugues 
de Sade]. 

Plato and Archianassa. 

Prior and Chloe or Cloe the cobbler'* 
wife of Linden Grove. 

Raphael, and La Fornarina the ba- 
ker's daughter. 

Rousseau and Julie [la comtesse 
cTHoudetot]. 

Scarron and Mde. Maintenon, after- 
wards his wife. 

Sidney and Stella [Penelope Devereux]. 

Spenser and Rosalind [Rose Lynde y 
of Kent]. 

Sterne (in his old age) and Eliza [Mrs. 
Draper] . 

Stesechoros and Himcra. 

Surrey (Henry Howard, earl of) and 
Geraldine, who married the earl of Lin- 
coln. (See Geraldine.) 

Swift and (1) Stella [Hester Johnson]; 
(2) Vanessa [Esther Vanhomrigh]. 

Tasso and Leonora or Eleanora 
[d'Este]. 

Theocritos and Myrto. 

Waller and Sacharissa [lady Dorothea 
Sidney] . 

William IV. as duke of Clarence 
and Mrs. Jordan [Dora Bland], 

Wolsey and Mistress Winter. 

Wyat and Anna [Anne Boleyn], purely 
platonic. 

Lovers Struck by Lightning, 
John He wit and Sarah Drew of Stanton 
Harcourt, near Oxford (July 31, 1718). 
Gay gives a full description of the inci- 
dent in one of his letters. On the morn- 
ing that they obtained the consent of 
their parents to the match, they went 
together into a field to gather wild 
flowers, when a thunderstorm overtook 
them and both were killed. Pope wxote 
their epitaph. 



LOVERS' LEAP. 



574 



LUBAR. 






*** Probably Thomson had this in- 
cident in view in his tale of Celadon and 
Amelia. — See Seasons ("Summer," 1727). 

Lovers' Leap. The leap from the 
Leuca'dian promontory into the sea. This 
promontory is in the island of Leucas or 
Leucadia, in the Ionian Sea. Sappho 
threw herself therefrom when she found 
her love for Phaon was not requited. 

A precipice on the Guadalhorce (4 syl.), 
from which Manuel and Laila cast them- 
selves, is also called "The Lovers' Leap." 
(See Laila.) 

Lovers' Vows, altered from Kotze- 
bue's drama by Mrs. Inchbald (1800). 
Baron Wildenhaim, in his youth, seduced 
Agatha Friburg, and then forsook her. 
She had a son Frederick, who in due 
time became a soldier. While on fur- 
lough, he came to spend his time with 
his mother, and found her reduced to 
abject poverty and almost starved to 
death. A poor cottager took her in, 
while Frederick, who had no money, 
went to beg charity. Count Wildenhaim 
was out with his gun, and Frederick 
asked alms of him. The count gave him 
a shilling ; Frederick demanded more, 
and, being refused, seized the baron by 
the throat. The keepers soon came up, 
collared him, and put him in the castle 
dungeon. Here he was visited by the 
chaplain, and it came out that the count 
was his father. The chaplain being ap- 
pealed to, told the count the only repara- 
tion he could make would be to marry 
Agatha and acknowledge the young soldier 
to be his son. This advice he followed, 
and Agatha Friburg, the beggar, became 
the baroness Wildennaim of Wildenhaim 
Castle. 

Love'rule (Sir John), a very pleasant 
gentleman, but wholly incapable of ruling 
his wife, who led him a miserable dance. 

Lady Loverule, a violent termagant, 
who beat her servants, scolded her hus- 
band, and kept her house in constant hot 
water, but was reformed by Zakel Jobson 
the cobbler. (See Devil to Pay.) — C. 
Coffey, The Devil to Pay (died 1745). 

Love'well, the husband of Fanny 
Sterling, to whom he has been clandes- 
tinely married for four months. — Colman 
and Garrick, The Clandestine Marriage 
(1766). 

Loving-Land, a place where Neptune 
held his " nymphall " or feast given to 
the sca-nymphs. 



[He] his Tritons made proclaim, a nymphall to be held 
In honour of himself in Loring-land, where he 
The most selected nymphs appoin ted had to be. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xx. (1622). 

Lovinski (Baron), the friend of 
prince Lupauski, under whose charge the 
princess Lodois'ka (4 syl.) is placed during 
a war between the Poles and the Tartars. 
Lovinski betrays his trust by keeping 
the princess a virtual prisoner because 
she will not accept him as a lover. The 
count Floreski makes his way into the 
castle, and the baron seeks to poison him, 
but at this crisis the Tartars invade the 
castle, the baron is slain, and Floreski 
marries the princess. — J. P. Kemble, 
Lodoiska (a melodrame). 

Low-Heels and High-Heels, 

two factions in Lilliput. The High-heels 
were opposed to the emperor, who wore 
low heels and emploj'ed Low-heels in 
his cabinet. Of course the Low-heels 
are the whigs and low-church party, and 
the High-heels the tories and high-church 
party. (See Big-endians.) — Swift, 
Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage to Lilliput," 
1727). 

Lowestoffe (Reginald), a young 
Templar. — Sir W. Scott, Foriimes of 
Nigel (time, James I.). 

Lowther (Jack), a smuggler. — Sir 
W. Scott, Redqauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Loyal Subject (The), Archas 
general of the Muscovites, and the father 
of colonel Theodore. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). 

Loyale Epee (La), "the honest 
soldier," marshal de MacMahon (1808, 
president of France from 1873 to 1879, . 
died ). 

Loys de Dreux, a young Breton 
nobleman, who joined the Druses, and 
was appointed their prefect. 

Loys (2 st/I.) the boy stood on the leading prow. 
Conspicuous in his gay attire. 

Robert Browning, The Return of the Drutet, i. 

Luath (2 syl.), Cuthullin's "swift- 
footed hound." — Ossian, Finijal, ii. 

Fingal had a dog called "Luath" and 
another called "Bran." 

In Robert Burns's poem, called The Twa 
Bogs, the poor man's dog which repre- 
sents the peasantry is called " Luath," 
and the gentleman's dog is " Caesar." 

Lubar, a river of Ulster, which flows 
between the two mountains Cromleach 
and Cronimal. — Ossian. 



LUBBER-LAND. 



575 



LUCINDA. 






Lubber-Land or Cockagne (2 syl.), 
London. 

The koMpii age was represented In the same ridiculous 
. . mode Of description ;is the I'uy$ de !a Coeagn* of I lit.* 
French minstrels, o* the popular ideas of " Lubber-laud" 
in England.— Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 

LYucan (5Kr), sometimes called "sir 
Lucas," butler of king Arthur, and a 
knight of the Round Table.— Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur (" Lu- 
can," ii. 1(50 ; "Lucas," ii. 78 ; 1470). 

Lucasta, whom Richard Lovelace 
celebrates, was Lucy Sachcverell. {Lucy- 
casta or Lux casta, " chaste light.") 

Lucentio, son of Vicentio of Pisa. 
He marries Bianca sister of Katharina 
" the Shrew " of Padua. — Shakespeare, 
Taming of the Shrew (1594). 

Lucetta, waiting-woman of Julia the 
lady-love of Protheus (one of the heroes 
of the play). — Shakespeare, The Two 
Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 

Lu'cia, daughter of Lucius (one of 
the friends of Cato at UtTca, and a mem- 
ber of the mimic senate). Lucia was 
loved by both the sons of Cato, but she 
preferred the more temperate Porcius to 
the vehement Marcus. Marcus being slain, 
left the held open to the elder brother. — 
Addison, Cato (1713). 

Lu'cia, in Tfie Cheats of Scapin, Otway's 
version of Les Fourberies de Scapin, by 
Moliere. Lucia, in Moliere's comedy, is 
called " Zerbinette ; " her father Thrifty 
is called "Argante;" her brother Octa- 
vian is " Octave ; " and her sweetheart 
Leander son of Gripe is called by 
Moliere " Le'andre son of Ge'ronte " (2 
syl.). 

Lucia (St.). Struck on St. Lucia's 
thorn, on the rack, in torment, much 
perplexed and annoyed. St. Lucia was 
a virgin martyr, put to death at Syracuse 
in 804. Her /ete-day is December 13. 
The "thorn" referred to is in reality the 
point of a sword, shown in all paintings 
of the saint, protruding through the neck. 

If I don't recruit ... I shall be struck upon St. Lucia's 
thorn.— Cervantes, Von Quixote, II. i. 3 (1615). 

Lucia di Lammermoor, called 
by sir W. Scott " Lucy Ashton," sister of 
lord Henry Ashton of Lammermoor. In 
order to retrieve the broken fortune of 
the family, lord Henry arranged a mar- 
riage between his sister and lord Arthur 
Bucklaw, alias Frank Hayston laird of 
Bucklaw. Unknown to the brother, 
Edgardo (Edgar) master of Ravenswood 
(whose family had long had a feud with 



the Lammermoom) was betrothed to 
Lucy. While. Edgardo was absent in 
France, Lucia (Lucy) is made to believe 
that he is unfaithful to her, and in her 
temper she consents to marry the laird of 
Bucklaw, but on the wedding night she 
Btabs liim, goes mad, and dies. — Donizetti, 
Lucia di Lammermoor (an opera, 1835) ; 
sir W. Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William 111.). 

Lucia'na, sister of Adrian'a. She 
marries Antipholus of Syracuse. — Shake- 
speare, Comedy of Errors (1593). 

Lu'cida, the lady-love of sir Ferra- 
mont. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 5 
(159G). 

Lucifer is described by Dante as a 
huge giant, with three faces : one red, 
indicative of anger; one yellow, indicative 
of envy ; and one black, indicative of 
melancholy. Between his shoulders, the 
poet says, there shot forth two enormous 
wings, without plumage, " in texture 
like a bat's." With these "he flapped 
i' the air," and " Cocy'tus to its depth 
was frozen." "At six eyes he went," 
and at every mouth he champed a sinner. 
—Dante, Hell, xxxiv. (1301). 

Lucif era (Pride), daughter of Pluto 
and Proser'plna. Her usher was Vanity. 
Her chariot was drawn by six different 
beasts, on each of which was seated 
one of the queen's counsellors. The 
foremost beast was an ass, ridden by 
Idleness who resembled a monk ; paired 
with the ass was a swine, on which rode 
Gluttony clad in vine leaves. Next 
came a goat, ridden by Lechery arrayed 
in green; paired with the goat was a 
camel, on which rode Avarice in thread- 
bare coat and cobbled shoes. The next 
beast was a wolf, bestrid by Envy 
arrayed in a kirtle full of eyes ; and 
paired with the wolf was a lion, bestrid 
by Wrath in a robe all blood-stained. 
The coachman of the team was Satan. 

Lo 1 underneath her scornful feet was lain 
A dreadful dragon, with a hideous train ; 
And in her hand she held a mirror bright, 
Wherein her face she often viewed fain. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 4 (1590). 

Lucinda, the daughter of opulent 
parents, engaged in marriage to Car- 
denio, a young gentleman of similar rank 
and equal opulence. Lucinda was, how- 
ever, promised by her father in marriage 
to don Fernando, youngest son of the 
duke Ricardo. WTien the wedding day 
arrived, the young lady fell into a swoon, 
and a letter informed don Fernando that 



LUCINDA. 



576 



LUCIUS TIBERIUS. 



the bride was married already to Car- 
denio. Next day, she left "the house 
privately, and took refuge in a convent, 
whence "she was forcibly abducted by don 
Fernando. Stopping at an inn, the party 
found there Dorothea the wife of don 
Fernando, and Cardenio the husband of 
Lucinda, and all things arranged them- 
selves satisfactorily to the parties con- 
cerned. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 
(1605). 

Lucin'da, the bosom friend of Rosetta ; 
merry, coquettish, and fit for any fun. 
She is the daughter of justice Woodcock, 
and falls in love with Jack Eustace, 
against her father's desire. Jack, who is 
unknown to th'e justice, introduces him- 
self into the house as a music-master ; 
and sir William Meadows induces the 
old man to consent to the marriage of 
the young people. — I. Bickerstaff, Love 
in a Village. 

Lucinda., referred to by the poet Thom- 
son in his Spring, was Lucy Fortescue, 
daughter of Hugh Fortescue of Devon- 
shire., and wife of lord George Lyttelton. 

O Lyttelton . . . 

Courting the Muse, thro' Hagley Park thou strayst . . . 

Perhaps thy loved Lucinda shares thy walk, 

With soul to thine attuned. 

Thomson, Tlie Seasons (" Spring," 1728). 

Lucinde (2 syL), daughter of Sgana- 
relle. As she has lost her spirit and 
appetite, her father sends for four physi- 
cians, who all differ as to the nature of 
the malady and the remedy to be applied. 
Lisette (her waiting-woman) sends in the 
mean time for Clitandre, the lover of 
Lucinde, who comes under the guise of a 
mock doctor. He tells Sganarelle the 
disease of the young lady must be reached 
through the imagination, and prescribes 
the semblance of a marriage. As his 
assistant is in reality a notary, the mock 
marriage turns out to be a real one. — 
Moliere, IS Amour Medecin (1665). 

Lucinde (2 syL), daughter of Ge'ronte 
(2 syL). Her father wanted her to marry 
Horace ; but as she was in love with 
Le'andre, she pretended to have lost 
the power of articulate speech, to avoid a 
marriage which she abhorred. Sgana- 
relle, the faggot-maker, was introduced 
as a famous dumb doctor, and soon saw 
the state of affaire ; so he took with him 
Le'andre as an apothecary, and the young 
lady received a perfect cure from ''pills 
nmtri'iioniac." — Moliere, Lc Medecin 
MalgrcLui (1666). 

Lu'eio, a fantastic, not absolutely 



bad, but vicious and dissolute. He is 
unstable, " like a wave of the sea, driven 
by the wind and tossed," and has- no 
restraining principle. — Shakespeare, Mea- 
sure for Measure (1603). 

Lucip'pe (3 syL), a woman attached 
to the suite of the princess Calis (sister of 
Astorax king of Paphos). — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Mad Lover (1618). 

Lu'eius, son of Coillus ; a mythical 
king of Britain. Geoffrey says he sent a 
letter to pope Eleutherius (177-193) de- 
siring to be instructed in the Christian 
religion, whereupon the pope sent over 
Dr. Faganus and Dr. Duvanus for the 
purpose. Lucius was baptized, and 
"people from all countries" with him. 
The pagan temples in Britain were con- 
verted into churches, the archflamens into 
archbishops, and the flamens into bishops. 
So there were twenty-eight bishops and 
three archbishops. — British History, iv. 
19 (1470). 

He oui flamens' seats who turned to bishops' sees. 
Great Lucius, that good king to whom we chiefly owe 
This happiness we have — Christ crucified to know. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Nennius says that king Lucius was 
baptized in 167 by Evaristus ; but this is 
a blunder, as Evaristus lived a century 
before the date mentioned. 

The archflamens were those of London, 
York, and Newport (the City of Legions 
or Caerleon-on-Usk). 

Drayton calls the two legates " Fugatius 
and St. Damian." 

Those goodly Romans . . . who . . . 

Won good king Lucius first to embrace the Christian 

faith : 
Fugatius and his friend St. Damian . . . 
. . . have their remembrance here. 

Drayton, Polt/olbion, xxiv. (1622). 

After baptism, St. Lucius abdicated, 
and became a missionary in Switzerland, 
where he died a martyr's death. 

Luchts (Cains), general of the Roman 
forces in Britain in the reign of king 
Cvm'beline (3 syL). — Shakespeare, Cym- 
beline (1605). 

Lucius Tiberius, general of the 
Roman army, who wrote to king Arthur, 
commanding him to appear at Koine to 
make satisfaction for the conquests he 
had made, and to "eceive such punish- 
ment as the senate might think proper to 
pas>3 on him. This letter induced Arthur 
to declare war with Rome. So, com- 
mitting the care of government to his 
nephew Modred, lie marched to Lyonaise 
(in Gaul), where he won a eoniplet 
victory, and left Lucius dead on the held. 



LUCRETIA. 



577 



LUCY. 



He now started for Rome; but being told 
that Mod red had usurped the crown, he 
hastened back to Britain, and fought the 
great battle of the 'We^t, where he re- 
ceived his death-wound from the hand of 
Modred. — Geoffrey, British History, ix. 
15-20; x. (1142). 

Great Arthur did advance 
To meet, with his allies, that puUsant force in France 
By Lucius thither led. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Lucre'tia, daughter of Spurius Lu- 
cretius prefect of Rome, and wife of 
Tarquinius Collati'nus. She was dis- 
honoured by Sextus, the son of Tar- 
quinius Superbus. Having avowed her 
dishonour in the presence of her father, 
her husband, Junius Brutus, and some 
others, she stabbed herself. 

This subject has been dramatized in 
French by Ant. Vincent Arnault, in a 
tragedy called Lucrece (1792) ; and by 
Francois Ponsard in 1843. In English, 
by Thomas Hcywood, in a tragedy en- 
titled The Rape of Lucrece (1630) ; by 
Nathaniel Lee, entitled Lucius Junius 
Brutus (seventeenth century) ; and by 
John H. Payne, entitled Brutus or The 
Fall of Tarquin (1820). Shakespeare 
selected the same subject for his poem 
entitled The Rape of Lucrece (1594). 

Lucrezia di Borgia, daughter of 
pope Alexander VI. She was thrice 
married, her last husband being Alfonso 
duke of Ferra'ra. P>efore this marriage, 
she had a natural son named Genna'ro, 
who was brought up by a Neapolitan 
fisherman. "When grown to manhood, 
Gennaro had a commission given him in 
the army, and in the battle of Rim'ini he 
saved the life of Orsini. In Venice he 
declaimed freely against the vices of 
Lucrezia di Borgia, and on one occa- 
sion he mutilated the escutcheon of the 
duke by knocking off the B, thus con- 
verting Borgia into Orgia. Lucrezia 
insisted that the perpetrator of this insult 
should suffer death by poison ; but when 
she discovered that the offender was her 
own son, she gave him an antidote, and 
released him from jail. Scarcely, how- 
ever, was he liberated, than he was 
poisoned at a banquet given by the 
princess Neg'roni. Lucrezia now told 
Gennaro that he was her own son, and 
died as her son expired. — Donizetti, 
Lucrezia di Borgia (an opera, 1834). 

*** Victor Hugo has a drama entitled 
Lucrece Borgia. 

Lucullus, a wealthy Roman, noted 
for his banquets and self-indulgence. On 



one occasion, when a superb supper had 
been prepared, being asked who were to 
be his guests, he replied, "Lucullus will 
sup to-night with Lucullus" (b.c. 
110-57). 

Ne'er Falernian threw a richer 
Liyht upon Lucullus' tables. 

Longfellow, Drinking Sony. 

Luc'umo, a satrap, chieftain, or 
khedive among the ancient Etruscans. 
The over-king was called lars. Sen ins 
the grammarian says : " Luciimo rex 
sonat lingua Etrusca ; " but it was such a 
king as that of Bavaria in the empire of 
Germany, where the king of Prussia is 
the tars. 

And plainly and more plainly 

Now might the burghers know. 
By port and vest, by horse and crest. 
Each warlike lucuiuo. 

Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome 
(•• Horatius," xxiii., 1842). 

Lucy, a dowerless girl betrothed to 
Amidas. Being forsaken by him for 
the wealthy Philtra, she threw herself 
into the sea, but was saved by clinging to 
a chest. Both being drifted ashore, it 
was found that the chest contained great 
treasures, which Lucy gave to Bracidas, 
the brother of Amidas, who married her. 
In this marriage, Bracidas found "two 
goodly portions, and the better she." — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 4 (1596). 

Lucy, daughter of Mr. Richard 
Wealthy, a rich London merchant. Her 
father wanted her to marry a wealthy 
tradesman, and as she refused to do so, 
he turned her out of doors. Being intro- 
duced as a file de joie to sir George 
AVealthy " the minor," he soon perceived 
her to be a modest girl who had been 
entrapped, and he proposed marriage. 
"When the facts of the case were known, 
Mr. "Wealthy and the sir "William (the 
father of the young man) were delighted 
at the happy termination of what might 
have proved a most untoward affair. — 
S. Foote, The Minor (1760). 

Lucy [Goodwill], a girl of 16, 
and a child of nature, reared by her 
father who was a widower. "She has 
seen nothing," he says; "she knows 
nothing, and, therefore, has no will of 
her own." Old Goodwill wished her to 
marry one of her relations, that his money 
might be kept in the family ; but Lucy 
had " will" enough of her own to see 
that her relations were boobies, and 
selected for her husband a big, burly 
footman named Thomas. — Fielding, Tlie 
Virgin Unmasked. 

Lucy [Lockit], daughter of Lockit the 

2 F 



LUCY AND COLIN. 



578 



LUKE. 



jailer. A foolish young woman, who, 
decoyed by captain Macheath under the 
specious promise of marriage, effected his 
escape from jail. The captain, however, 
was recaptured, and condemned to death \ 
but being reprieved, confessed himself 
married to Polly Peachum, and Lucy 
was left to seek another mate. 

How happy could I be with either [Luey or Polly], 
Were t'other dear charmer away ! 

J. Gay, The Beggar's Opera, ii. 2 (1727). 



Miss Fenton (duchess of Bolton) was 
the original "Lucy Lockit " (1708-1760). 

Lucy and Colin. Colin was be- 
trothed to Lucy, hut forsook her for a 
bride "thrice as rich as she." Lucy 
drooped, but was present at the wedding ; 
and when Colin saw her, " the damps of 
death bedewed his brow, and he died." 
Both were buried in one tomb, and many 
a hind and plighted maid resorted thither, 
"to deck it with garlands and true-love 
knots." — T. Tickell, Lucy and Colin. 

* + * Vincent Bourne has translated 
this ballad into Latin verse. 

Through all Tickell's works there is a strain of ballad- 
thinking. . . . In this ballad [Lucy and Colin) he seems 
to have surpassed himself. It is, perhaps, the best in our 
language. — Goldsmith, Beauties of English, Poetry (17H7). 

Lucyl'ius (b.c. 148-103), the father 
of Roman satire. 

I have presumed, my lord for to present 

With this poore Clause, which is of trustie Steele [satire'], 

And came to me by wil and testament 

Of one that was a Glassmaker [satirist] indeede : 

Lucylius this worthy man was namde. 

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Lud, son of Heli, who succeeded his 
father as king of Britain. " Lud rebuilt 
the walls of Trinovantum, and surrounded 
the city with innumerable towers . . . 
for which reason it was called Kaer-lud, 
Anglicized into Lud-ton, and softened 
into London. . . . When dead, his bodj r 
was buried by the gate . . . Parth- 
lud, called in Saxon Ludes-gate." — 
Geoffrey, British History, Hi. 20 (1142). 

. . . that mighty Lud, in whose eternal name 
Great London still shall live (by him rehuilded). 

Drayton, Polyolbion, viii.(1612), 

("Parth-lud," in Latin Porta-Lud.) 

Lud (General), the leader of distressed 
and riotous artisans in the manufacturing 
districts of England, who, in 1811, en- 
deavoured to prevent the use of power- 
looms. 

Luddites (2syl.), the riotous artisans 
who followed the leader called general 
Lud. 

Above thirty years before this time, an imbecile named 
Ki.l I. ml, living in a village in Leicestershire, being 
(fermented by snmo boys, . . . pursued one of them inM 
a house, and . . . broke two stocking-frames. His name 



was taken by those who broke power-looms. — H. Mar- 
tineau. 

Lud's Town, London, as if a cor- 
ruption of Lud-ton. Similarly, Ludgate 
is said to be Lud's-gate ; and Ludgate 
prison is called "Lud's Bulwark." Of 
course, the etymologies are only suitable 
for fable. 

King Lud, repairing the city, called it after his name, 
"Lud's town;'' the strong gate which he built in the 
west part he named " Lud-gate." In 1260, the gate was 
beautified with images of Lud and other kings. Those 
images, in the reign of Edward VI., had their heads 
smitten off. . . . Queen Mary did set new heads upon 
their old bodies again. The 28th of queen Elizabeth, the 
gate was newly beautified with images of Lud and others, 
as before.— Stow, Survey of London (1598). 

Ludov'ico, chief minister of Naples. 
He heads a conspiracy to murder the 
king and seize the crown. Ludovico is 
the craftiest of villains, but, being caught 
in his own guile, he is killed. — Sheil, 
Evadne or The Statue (1820). 

Ludwal or Idwal, son of Roderick 
the Great, of North Wales. He refused 
to pay Edgar king of England the tribute 
which had been levied ever since the 
time of yEthelstan. William of Malmes- 
bury tells us that Edgar commuted the 
tribute for 300 wolves' heads yearly ; 
the wolf-tribute was paid for three 
years, and then discontinued, because 
there were no more wolves to be found. 

Edgar ! who compeiledst our Ludwa! hem e to pay 
Three hundred wolves a year for tribute unto tiee. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, in. (1613). 

Lufra, Douglas's dog, "the fleetest 
hound in all the North." — Sir W. Scott, 
Lady of the Lake (1810). 

Ellen, the while, with bursting heart. 
Remained in lordly bower apart . . . 
While Lufra, crouching at her side. 
Her station claimed with jealous pride. 
Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake, vL 23 (1810). 

Luggnagg, an island where the in- 
habitants never die. Swift shows some 
of the evils which would result from 
such a destiny, unless accompanied with 
eternal youth and freshness. — Swift, 
6rM//n?c?r's Travels (172G). 

Lu'gier, the rough, confident tutor of 
Oriana, etc., and chief engine whereby 
"the wild goose" Mirabel is entrapped 
into marriage with her. — Beaumont and 

Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase (1052). 

Luke, brother-in-law of "the City 
madam." He was raised from a state 
of indigence into enormous wealth by 
a deed of gift of the estates of his 
brother, sir John Frugal, a retired mer- 
chant. While dependent on his brother, 
lady Frugal ("the City lady") treated 
Luke with great scorn and rudeness ; but 



LUKE. 



579 



LUMPKIN. 



when she and her daughter became de- 
pendent on him, lie cut down the super- 
fluities of the fine lady to the measure of 
her original state — a3 daughter of Good- 
man Humble, farmer. — Massinger, The 
City Madam (1(339). 

Massingcr's best characters are the hypocritical "Luke" 
and the heroic " Manilla" — W. Spalding. 

Luke, patriarch's nuncio, and bishop of 
the Druses. He terms the Druses 

... the docile crew 
My bezants went to make me bishop of. 
Robert Browning, The lUturn of the Drutet, r. 

Luke (Sir) or Sir Luke Limp, a tuft- 
hunter, a devotee to the bottle, and a 
hanger-on of great men for no other 
reason than mere snobbism. Sir Luke 
will " cling to sir John till the baronet 
is superseded by my lord ; quitting the 
puny peer for an earl, and sacrificing all 
three to a duke." — S. Foote, The Lame 
Lvver. 

Luke's Bird (St.), the ox. 

Luke's Iron Crown. George and 
Luke Dosa headed an unsuccessful revolt 
against the Hungarian nobles in the six- 
teenth century. Luke was put to death 
by a red-hot iron crown, in mockery of 
his having been proclaimed king. 

This was not an unusual punishment 
for those who sought regal honours in 
the Middle Ages. Thus, when Tancred 
usurped the crown of Sicily, kaiser 
Heinrich VI. of Germany set him on a 
red-hot iron throne, and crowned him 
with a red-hot iron crown (twelfth cen- 
tury). 

*** The "iron crown of Lombardy " 
must not be mistaken for an iron crown 
of punishment. The former is one of 
the nails used in the Crucifixion, beaten 
out into a thin rim of iron, magnificently 
set in gold, and adorned with jewels. 
Charlemagne and Napoleon I. were both 
crowned with it. 

Luke's Summer (St.), or Vete de 
S. Martin, a few weeks of fine summerly 
weather, which occur between St. Luke's 
Day (October 18) and St. Martin's Day 
(November 11). 

In such St Luke's short summer lived these men, 
Nearing the goal of three score years and ten. 

W. Morris, The Earthly Paradise [" March"). 

Lully (Raymond), an alchemist who 
searched for the philosopher's stone by 
distillation, and made some useful chemi- 
cal discoveries. Lully was also a magi- 
cian and a philosophic dreamer. He is 
generally called-Docfor Llluminatus (1235- 
1315). 



He talks of Raymond Lully and the trhost of Lilly \-/ ».j. 
W. Congreve, Love for Love, iii. (1695). 

Lumbercourt (Lord), a voluptuary, 
greatly in debt, who consented, for a good 
money consideration, to give his daughter 
to Egerton McSycophant. Egerton, 

however, had no fancy for the lady, but 
married Constantia, the girl of his choice. 
His lordship was in alarm lest this con- 
tretemps should be his ruin ; but sir 
Pertinax told him the bargain should 
still remain good if Egerton'fl younger 
brother, Sandy, were accepted by his 
lordship instead. To this his lordship 
readily agreed. 

Lady Kodalpha Lumbercourt, daughter 
of lord Lumbercourt, who, for a con- 
sideration, consented to marry Egerton 
McSycophant; but as Egerton had no 
fancy for the lady, she agreed to marry 
Egerton'fl brother Sandy on the same 
terms. 

" As I ha' nae reason to have the least affection till my 
cousin Egerton, and as my intended marriage with him 
was entirely an act uf obedience till my grandmother, 
provided my cousin Sandy will be as agreeable till her 
ladyship as my cousin Charles here would have been, I 
have nae the least objection till the change. Ay, ay, one 
brother is as good to Rodolpha as another."— C. Macklin, 
The Man of the World, v. (1764). 

Lumbey (Dr.), a stout, bluff-looking 
gentleman, with no shirt-collar, and a 
beard that had been growing since yester- 
day morning ; for the doctor was very 
popular, and the neighbourhood prolific. 
— C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Lumley (Captain), in the royal army 
under the duke of Montrose. — Sir W. 
Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Lumon, a hill in Inis-Huna, near the 
residence of Sulmalla. Sulmalla was the 
daughter of Conmor (king of Inis-Huna) 
and his wife Clun'-galo. — Ossian, Temora. 

Where art thou, beam of light? Hunters from the 
mossy rock, saw you the blue-eyed fair? Are her steps on 
grassy Lumon. near the bed of roses? Ah me ! I beheld 
her bow in the halL Where art thou, beam of light? 

Bishop has selected these words from 
Temora for a glee of four voices. 

Lumpkin (Tony), the rough, good- 
natured booby son of Mrs. Hardcastle 
by her first husband. Tony dearly loved 
a practical joke, and was fond of loW 
society, where he could air his conceit 
and self-importance. He is described as 
" an awkward booby, reared up and 
spoiled at his mother's apron-string" (act 
i. 2) ; and " if burning the footman's 
shoes, frighting [sic] the maids, and worry- 
ing the kittens, be humorous," then Tony 
was humorous to a degree (act i. 1). — 



LUN. 



580 



LUTHER. 



0. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer 
(1773). 

I feel as Tony Lumpkin felt, who never had the least 
difficulty in reading the outside of his letters, but who 
found it very hard work to decipher the inside. — A. K. H. 
Boyd. 

Quick's great parts were "Isaac," "Tony Lumpkin," 
"Spado," and "sir Christopher Curry."— Records of a 
Stage Veteran. 

Quick n~48-1831] was the original " Tony Lumpkin," 
"Acres," and " Isaac Mendoza."— Memoir of John Quick 
(1832). 

*** " Isaac " in The Duenna, by Sheri- 
dan ; " Spado" in The Castle of Andalusia, 
by O'Keefe ; "sir C. Curry " in Inkle and 
Yarico, by Colman. 

Lun. So John Rich called himself 
when he performed " harlequin." It was 
John Rich who introduced pantomime 
(1681-1761). 

On one side Folly sits, by some called Fun ; 
And on the other his archpatron Lun. 

Churchill. 

Iilina (U conte di), uncle of Manri'co. 
He entertains a base passion for the prin- 
cess Leonora, who is in love with Man- 
fico ; and, in order to rid himself of his 
rival, is about to put him to death, when 
Leonora promises to give herself to him if 
he will spare her lover. The count con- 
sents ; but while he goes to release his 
captive, Leonora poisons herself. — Verdi, 
// Trovato're (an opera, 1853). 

Limdin (Dr. Luke), the chamberlain 
at Kinross.— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Lundin (The Rev. sir Louis), town 
clerk of Perth.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Lunsford (Sir Thomas), governor of 
the Tower. A man of such vindictive 
temper that the name was used as a terror 
to children. 

Made children with your tones to run for't, 
As bad as I'.looilv-bones or Lunsford. 

S. Butler, Budibras, iii. 2, line 1112 (1678). 
From Fielding and from Vavasour, 

Both ill-affected men; 
From Lunsford eke deliver us. 
That eatetli childeren. 

Lupauski (Prince), father of prin- 
cess Lodois'ka (4 syl.). — J. P. Kemble, 
Lodoiska (a mclodrame). 

Lu'pin (Mrs.), hostess of the Blue 
Dragon. A buxom, kind-hearted woman, 
ever ready to help any one over a difli- 
culty. — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit 
(1814). 

Lu'ria, a noble Moor, single-minded, 
Warm-hearted, faithful, and most gene- 
rous ; employed by the Florentines to 
lead (heir army against the Pisans 
(fifteenth century). Luria was entirely 



successful ; but the Florentines, to lessen 
their obligation to the conqueror, hunted 
up every item of scandal they could find 
against him ; and, while he was winning 
their battles, he was informed that he 
was to be brought to trial to answer these 
floating censures. Luria was so disgusted 
at this, that he took poison, to relieve the 
state by his death of a debt of gratitude 
which the republic felt too heavy to be 
borne. — Robert Browning, Luria. 

Lu'siad, the adventures of the Lu- 
sians (Portuguese), under Vasquez da 
Gam a, in their discovery of India. 
Bacchus was the guardian power of the 
Mohammedans, and Venus or Divine 
Love of the Lusians. The fleet first sailed 
to Mozambique, then to Quil'oa, then to 
Melinda (in Africa), where the adven- 
turers were hospitably received and 
provided with a pilot to conduct them to 
India. In the Indian Ocean, Bacchus 
tried to destroy the fleet ; but the " silver 
star of Divine Love" calmed the sea, and 
Gama arrived at India in safety. Having 
accomplished his object, he returned to 
Lisbon. — Camoens, The Lxisiad, in ten 
books (1572). 

*** Vasquez da Gama sailed thrice to 
India : (1) In 1497, with four vessels. 
This expedition lasted two years and two 
months. (2) In 1502, with twenty ships. 
In this expedition he was attacked by 
Zamorin king of Calicut, whom he de- 
feated, and returned to Lisbon the year 
following. (3) When John III. appointed 
him viceroy of India. He established 
his government at Cochin, where he died 
in 1525. The story of The Lusiad is the 
first of these expeditions. 

Lusignan [iVOutremer], king of 
Jerusalem, taken captive by the Saracens, 
and confined in a dungeon for twenty 
years. When 80 years old, he was set 
free by Osman the sultan of the East, 
but died within a few days. — A. Hill, 
Zara (adapted from Voltaire's tragedy). 

Lusita'nia, the ancient name of 
Portugal ; so called from Lusus, the 
companion of Bacchus in his travels. 
This Lusus colonized the country, and 
called it " Lusitania," and the colonists 
" Lusians." — Pliny, Jlistoria Nalfaralis, 
iii. 1. 

Lute'tia (4 Syl.)', ancient Latin name 
of Paris (/.>/t<ii<i 1 ■<<rish>min, "the mud- 
town of the Parisii "). 

Luther (The Danish); Hans Tausen. 
There is a stone in Viborg called " Tau- 



LUTIN. 



581 



LYDIA LANGUISH. 



sensminde," with this inscription: "Upon 
this slone, in 1528, Hans Tausen first 
preached Luther's doctrine in Viborg." 

Lutin, the gipsy page of lord Dal- 
garno. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel 
(time, James I.). 

Lux Mundi, Johann Wessel ; also 

called Mayister Contradictionum, for his 
opposition to the Scholastic philosophy, 
lie was the predecessor of Luther (1419- 
1489). 

Luz, a bone which the Jews affirm 
remains uncorrupted till the last day, 
when it will form the nucleus of the new 
body. This bone Mahomet called Al 
Ajb or the rump-bone. 

Eben Ezra and Manasseh ben Israil 
say this bone is in the rump. 

The leai neil rabbins of the Jews 

Write, there's a bone, which they call luez (1 syl.) 

1' the rump of man. 

S. BuUer, Sudibrat, iii. 2 (1678). 

Lyaeus (" spleen-melter"), one of the 
names of Bacchus. 

He perchance the gifts 
Of young Lyreus, and the dread exploits, 
May sing. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Saiadt (1767). 

Lyb'itlS (Sir), a very young knight, 
who undertook to rescue the lady of 
Sinadone. After overcoming sundry 
knights, giants, and enchanters, he en- 
tered the palace, when the whole edifice 
fell to pieces, and a hornole serpent 
coiled about his neck and kissed him. 
The spell being broken, the serpent turned 
into the lady of Sinadone, who became 
sir Lybius's bride. — Libeaux (a romance). 

Lyca'on, king of Arcadia, instituted 
human sacrifices, and was metamorphosed 
into a wolf. Some say all his sons were 
also changed into wolves, except one 
named ISietimus. Oh that 

Of Arcady the beares 
Might plucke awaye thine ears ; 
The wilde wolfe, Licaon', 
Bite asondre thy backe-bone ! 
J. Skelton, Philip Sparow (time, Henry VIII.). 
For proof, when with Lyca'on 's tyranny 
Man durst not deal, then did Jove . . . 
Him fitly to the greedy- wolf transform. 
Lord Brooke, Declination of Monarchy (1633). 

Lyce'um, a gymnasium on the banks 
of the Ilissus, in Attica, where Aristotle 
taught philosophy as he paced the walks. 

Guide my way 
Through fair Lyceum's walks. 
JAkenside, Pleasures of Imagination, L 715 (1744). 

Lyclior'ida, nurse of Mari'na who 
was born at sea. Marina was the daugh- 
ter of Pericles prince of Tyre and his 
wife Thais'a. — Shakespeare, Pericles 
Prince of Tyre (1608). 



Lyc'idas, the name under which 
Milton celebrates the untimely death of 
Edward King, Fellow of Christ's College, 

Cambridge. F.dward King was drowned 
in the paa8age from Chester to Inland, 
August 1U, 1037. He was the son of sir 
John King, secretary for Ireland. 

%* Lye Idas is the name of a shepherd 
in Virgil's Eclogue, iii. 

Lycome'des (4 syl.), king of Scyros, 
to whose court Achilles was sent, dis- 
guised as a maiden, by his mother Thetis, 
who was anxious to prevent his going to 
the Trojan war. 

Lycore'a {He has slej>t on Lycoreu), 
one of the two chief summits of mount 
Parnassus. Whoever slept there became 
either inspired or mad. 

Lydford Law. " First hang and 
draw, then hear the cause by Lydford 
law." Lydford, in the county of Devon. 

I oft have heard of Lydford law, 
How in the morn they bang and draw, 
And sit in judgment after. 

A Devonshire poet (anon.). 

Jedburgh Justice, Cupar Justice, and 
Abingdon Law, mean the same thing. 

Lynch Law, Burlaw, Mob Law, and 
Club Law, mean summary justice dealt to 
an offender by a self-constituted judge. 

Lydia, daughter of the king of Lydia, 
was sought in marriage by Alcestes a 
Thracian knight. His suit being rejected, 
he repaired to the king of Armenia, who 
gave him an army, with which he be- 
sieged Lydia. He was persuaded to 
raise the siege, and the lady tested the 
sincerity of his love by a series of tasks, 
all of which he accomplished. Lastly, 
she set him to put to death his allies, 
and, being powerless, mocked him. Al- 
cestes pined and died, and Lydia was 
doomed to endless torment in hell. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, xvii. (1516). 

Lydia, lady's-maid to Widow Green. 
She was the sister of Trueworth, ran 
away from home to avoid a hateful 
marriage, took service for the nonce, and 
ultimately married Waller. She was "a 
miracle of virtue, as well as beauty," 
warm-hearted, and wholly without arti- 
fice. — S. Knowles, The Love-Chase (1837). 

Lydia Languish., niece and ward 
of Mrs. Malaprop. She had a fortune of 
£30,000, but, if she married without her 
aunt's consent, forfeited the larger part 
thereof. She was a great novel reader, 
and was courted hy two rival lovers — 
Bob Acres, and captain Absolute whom 



LYDIAN POET. 



LYONOKS. 



she knew only as ensign Beverley. Her 
aunt insisted that she should throw over 
the ensign and marry the son of sir 
Anthony Absolute, and great was her joy 
to find that the man of her own choice 
was that of her aunt's nomine mutato. 
Bob Acres resigned all claim on the lady 
to his rival. — Sheridan, The Rivals (1775). 

Lydian Poet {The), Alcman of 
Lydia (fl. b.c. 670). 

Lygo'nes, father of Spaco'nia. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, A King or No 
King (1611). 

Lying Traveller {The), sir John 
Mandeville (1300-1372). 

Lying Valet {The), Timothy Sharp, 
the lying valet of Charles Gayless. He 
is the Mercury between his master and 
Melissa, to whom Gayless is about to be 
married. The object of his lying is to 
make his master, who has not a sixpence 
in the world, pass for a man of fortune. 
— D. Garrick, The Lying Valet (1741). 

Lyle {Annot), daughter of sir Duncan 
Campbell the knight of Ardenvohr. 
She was brought up by the M'Aulays, 
and was beloved by Allan M'Aulay ; but 
she married the earl of Menteith. — Sir 
W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I.). 

Lyn'ceus, one of the Argonauts ; so 
sharp-sighted that he could discern ob- 
jects at a distance of 130 miles. Varro 
says he could " see through rocks and 
trees ; " and Pliny, that he could see 
" the infernal regions through the earth." 

Strange tale to tel : all officers be blyntle, 
And yet their one eye, suarpe as Lin'ceus sight. 

G. Gaseoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Lynch {Governor) was a great name 
in Galway (Ireland). It is said that he 
hanged his only son out of the window 
of his own house (1526). The very 
window from which the boy was hung is 
carefully preserved, and still pointed out 
to travellers. — Annals of Galway. 

Lynch Law, law administered by 
a self-constituted judge. Webster says 
.lames Lynch, a farmer of Piedmont, in 
Virginia, was selected by his neighbours 
(in 1688} to try offences on the frontier 
summarily, because there were no law 
courts within seven miles of them. 

Lynchno'bians, lantern-sellers, that 
is, booksellers and publishers. Rabelais 

says they inhabit a little hamlet near 



Lantern-land. — Kabelais, Pantag'ruel, v. 
33 (1545). 

Lyndon {Barry), an Irish sharper, 
whose adventures are told by Thackeray. 
The story is full of spirit, variety, and 
humour, reminding one of Gil Bias. It 
first came out in Fraser's Magazine. 

Lynette, sister of lady Lyonors of 
Castle Perilous. She goes to king Arthur, 
and prays him to send sir Lancelot to 
deliver her sister from certain knights. 
The king assigns the quest to Beaumains 
(the nickname given by sir Kay to 
Gareth), who had served for twelve 
months in Arthur's kitchen. Lynette is 
exceedingly indignant, and treats her 
champion with the utmost contumely ; 
but, after each victory, softens towards 
him, and at length marries him. — Tenny- 
son, Idylls of the King ("Gareth and 
Lynette "). 

*** This version of the tale differs 
from that of the History of Prince Arthur 
(sir T. Malory, 1470) in many respects. 
(See Linet, p. 556.)^ 

Lyonnesse (3 syl.), west of Camelot. 
The battle of Lyonnesse was the " last 
great battle of the West," and the scene 
of the final conflict between Arthur and 
sir Modred. The land of Lyonnesse is 
where Arthur came from, and it is now 
submerged full " forty fathoms under 
water." 

Until king Arthur's table [knight*], man by man, 
Had fallen in Lyonnesse about their lord. 

Tennyson, Morte d' Arthur. 

Lyonors, daughter of earl Sanam. 
She came to pay homage to king Arthur, 
and by him became the mother of sir 
Borre (1 syl.), one of the knjghts of the 
Round Table. — Sir T. Malory, History 
of Prince Arthur, i. 15 (1470). 

*** Liones, daughter of sir Persaunt, 
and sister of Linet of Castle Perilous, 
married sir Gareth. Tennyson calls this 
lady " Lyonors," and makes Gareth marry 
her sister, who, we are told in the History, 
was married to sir Gaheris (Gareth's 
brother). 

Lyonors, the lady of Castle Perilous, 
where she was held captive by several 
knights called Morning Star or Phos- 
phorus, Noonday Sun or Merid'ies, Even- 
ing Star or Hesperus, and Night or Nox. 
ller sister Lynette went to king Arthur, 
to crave that sir Lancelot might be sent 
to deliver Lyonorsfrom heroppressor. The 
king gave the quest to Gareth, who was 
knighted, and accompanied Lynette, who 



LYRISTS. 



582 



M. 



used him very scornfully at first ; but at 
every victory which he gained she abated 
somewhat of her contempt ; and married 
him after he had succeeded in delivering 
Lyonors. The lot of Lyonora is not told. 
(See Lionks.) — Tennyson, Idylls of the 
King ("Gareth and Lynette"). 

%* According to the collection of 
tales edited by sir T. Malory, the lady 
Lyonors was quite another person. She 
was daughter of earl Sanam, and mother 
of sir Borre by king Arthur (pt. i. 15). 
It was Lionea who was the >isterof Linet, 
and whose father was sir Persaunt of Castle 
Perilous (pt. i. 153). The History Bays 
that Liones married Gareth, and Linet 
married his brother, sir Gaheris. (See 
Gareth, p. 3G4.) 

Lyrists {Prince of), Franz Schubert 
(1797-1828). 

Ly sander, a young Athenian, in love 
with Hermia daughter of Egeus (3 syl.). 
Egeus had promised her in marriage to 
Demetrius, and insisted that she should 
either marry him or suffer death "ac- 
cording to the Athenian law." In this 
dilemma. Hermia fled from Athens with 
Lysander. Demetrius went in pursuit, 
and was followed by Helena, who doted 
on him. All four fell asleep, and 
"dreamed a dream" about the fairies. 
When Demetrius awoke, he became more 
reasonable, for, seeing that Hermia dis- 
liked him and Helena loved him sin- 
cerely, he consented to forego the former 
and wed the latter. Egeus, being in- 
formed thereof, now readily agreed to 
give his daughter to Lysander, and all 
went merry as a marriage bell. — Shake- 
speare, Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 

Lysim'achus, governor of Metali'ne, 
who marries Marifna the daughter of 
Per'icles prince of Tyre and his wife 
Thais'a. — Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of 
Tyre (1608). 

Lysimachus, the artist, a citizen. — Sir 
W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Enfns). 

Lyttelton, addressed by Thomson in 
" Spring," was lord George Lyttelton of 
Hagley Park, Worcestershire, who pro- 
cured for the poet a pension of £100 a 
year. He was a poet and historian 
(1709-1773). 

O Lyttelton . . . from these, distracted, oft 
You wander thro' the philosophic world ; . . . 
And oft, conducted by historic truth. 
You tread the long extent of backward time ; . . . 
Or, turning thence thy view, these graver thoughts 
Tiie Muses charm. 

Thomson, The Seasons ("Spring," 1728). 



M, said to represent the human face 
without the two eyes. I>y adding these, 
we get mO, the Latin houio, "man." 
Dante, speaking of faces gaunt with star- 
vation, says : 

Who reads the name 
For man upon his forehead, there the M 
Had traced most plainly. 

Dante-, Puroatory, xxiii. (1308). 

%* The two downstrokes stand for 
the contour, and the V of the letter for 
the nose. Thus : l°V°| 

M. This letter is very curiously 
coupled with Napoleon I. and III. 
1. Napoleon I. : 

[a] MACK (General) capitulated at Una (October 19. 

1*<>5). 

Maitland (Captain), of the Bellerophon, was the 
person to whom he surrendered (1S14J. 

Malet conspired against him (181:;). 

MAI.T.IRU was one of Ins ministers, with Maret and 
Montaiivet. 

Marbeif was the first to recognize his genius at the 
military college (1779). 

MABCHAND w;;s his valet ; accompanied him to St. 
Helena ; and assisted Montholon in his MtnmAm*. 

Maret duke of liussauo was his must trusty coun- 
sellor (1804-18141. 

MARIE LOUISE was his wife, the mother of his son, 
and shared his highest fortunes. His son was born 
in March ; so was the son of Napoleon 111. 

Marmont was the second to desert him; Murat the 
first (both in 1814). 
6 Marshals and 26 generals-of-division had M for their 
initial letter. 

IfASSBMA was the general who gained the victory of 
Rivoli (1797), and Napoleon gave him the sobri- 
quet of L Enfant Cheri de la Victvire. 

Melas was the Austrian general conquered at Maren- 
go, and forced back to the Mincio (June 14, 1800). 

Menou lost him Egypt (1801). 

Metteknich vanquished him ia diplomacy. 

Miollis was employed by him to take Pius VII. 
prisoner (1809). 

Montalivet was one of his ministers, with Maret 
and Mallieu. 

Montbel wrote the life of his son, " the king of 
Rome" (1833). 

Montesquieu was his first chamberlain. 

Montholon was his companion at St, Helena, and, 
in conjunction with Marcliaud, wrote his Miinoire*. 

Moreau betrayed him (1813). 

Mortler was one of his best generals. 

MOURAD Bei" was the general he vanquished in the 
battle of the Pyramids (July 23, 1798). 

Murat was his brother-in-law. He was the first 
martyr in his cause, and was the first to desert 
him ; then Marmont. 

Murat was made by him king of Naples (1808). 

(b) Madrid capitulated to him (December 4, 1808). 
Mar li am was one of his famous victories (April 15, 

1796). 

Malm a ISO N was bis last halting-place in France, 
Here the empress Josephine lived after her divorce, 
and here she died (1814). 

Malta taken (June 11, 1797), and while there he 
abolished the order called " The Knights of Malta " 
(1798). 

Mantua was surrendered to him by Wurmser, in 
1797. 

Marengo was his first great victory (June 14. 1800). 

Marseilles is the place he retired to when pro- 
scribed by Paoli (1792). Here, too, was his first 
exploit, when captain, in reducing the "Federal- 
ists " (1793). 



584 



MACABER. 



Mery was a battle gained by bim (February 23, 

1814). 
Milan was the first enemy's capital (1802), and 

Moscow the last, into which he walked victorious 

(1812). 
It was at Milan he was crowned "king of Italy" 

(May 26, 1805). 
MlLLESlMO. a battle won by him (April 14, 1796). 
Mondovi, a battle won by him (April 22, 1796). 
MONTENOTTE was his first battle (1, 96), and Mont St. 

Jean his last (1815). 
Mo.NTEREAU, a battle won by him (February 18, 1814). 
Mo.VfMARTRE was stormed by him (March 29, 1814). 
MoNTMIRAlL, a battle won by him (February 11, 1814). 
Mont St. Jean (Waterloo), his last battle (June 18, 

1815). 
Mont Thabor was where he vanquished 20,000 

Turks with an army not exceeding 2000 men (July 

25, 1799). 
Moravia was the site of a victory (July 11, 1809). 
Moscow was his pitfall. (See " Milan.") 
Mav. In this month he quitted Corsica, ntarrifd 

Josephine, took command of the army of Italy, 

crossed the Alps, assumed the title of emperor, and 

was crowned at Milan. In the same month he was 

defeated at Aspern, he arrived at Elba, and died at 

St. Helena. 
March. In this month he was proclaimed king of 

Italy, made his brother Joseph king of the Two 

Sicilies, married Marie Louise by proxy, his son 

was born, and he arrived at Paris after quitting 

Elba. 
Mav 2, 1813, battle of Ltitzen. 
3, 1793, he quits Corsica. 
4, 1814, he arrives at Elba. 
5, 1821, he dies at St. Helena. 
6, 1800, he takes command of the army of Italy. 
9, 1796, he marries Josephine. 
10, 1796, battle of Lodi. 
13, 1809, he enters Vienna. 

15, 1796, he enters Milan. 

16, 1797, he defeats the arch-duke Charles. 

17, 1800, he begins his passage across the Alps. 

17, 1809, he annexes the States of the Church. 

18, 1804, lie assumes the title of emperor. 
19, 1798, he starts for Egypt. 

19, 1809, he crosses the Danube. 

20, 1800, he finishes his passage across the Alps. 

21, 1813, battle of Bautzen. 

22, 1803, he declares war against England. 
22, 1809, he was defeated at Aspern. 

26, 1805, he was crowned at Milan. 

30, 1805, he annexes Lisbon. 

31, 1803, he seizes Hanover. 

MARCH 1, 1815, he lands on French soil after quitting 
Elba. 

3, 1806. he makes his brother Joseph king of 
the Two Sicilies. 

4, 1799, he invests Jaffa. 
6, 1799, he takes Jaffa. 

11, 1810, he marries by proxy Marie Louise. 
13, 1805, he is proclaimed king of Italy. 
16, 1799, he invests Acre. 
20. 1812, birth of his son. 

20, 1815, he reaches Paris after quitting Elba. 

21, 1804, be shoots the due d'Enghien. 
25, 1802, peace of Amiens. 

31, 1814, Paris entered by the allies. 

Napoleon III. : 

MacMaiion duke of Magenta, his most distinguished 

marshal, and, after a few months, succeeded him as 

ruler of France (1873-1879). 
Mai.akofk (Duke of), next to MacMahon his most 

distinguished marshal. 
Maria of Portugal w;is the lady his friends wanted 

him to marry, but he refused to do so. 
M wi.mii.ian and Mexico, his evil stars (1864-1867). 
Mknschikoff was the Russian general defeated at 

the battle of the Alma (September 20, 1854). 

MlCHAUI), MlCNET, MlCltELliT, and MEIUMEB 
were distinguished historians in the reign of Napo- 
leon III. 

Moi.ki was his destiny. 

UONTHOLON was one of his companions in the esca- 
pade at Boulogne, and was condemned to Im- 
prisonment for twenty yean. 

Mo.ntijii [Qmmteu of), his wife. Her name is Marie 



Eugenie, and his son was born in March ; so was 

the son of Napoleon I. 
Mornv, his greatest friend. 
(b) Magenta, a victory won by him (June 4, 1859). 

Malakofe. Taking the Malakoff tower and the 

Mamelon-vert were the great exploits of the 

Crimean war (September 8, 1855). 
Mamelon-vert. (See above.) 
Mantua. He turned back before the walls of 

Mantua after the battle of the Mincio. 
Marengo. Here he planned his first battle of the 

Italian campaign, but it was not fought till after 

those of Montebello and Magenta. 
Marignano. He drove the Auitrians out of this 

place. 
Metz, the "maiden fortress," was one of the most 

important sieges and losses to him in the Franco- 
Prussian war. 
Mexico and Maximilian, his evil stars. 
MILAN. He made his entrance into Milan, and drove 

the Austrians out of Marignano. 
MINCIO (The battle of the), called also Solferino, a 

great victory. Having won this, he turned back at 

the walls of Mantua (June 24, 1859). 
Montebello, a victory won by him (June, 1859). 
»** The mitrailleuse was to win him Prussia, but 

it lost him France, 
(c) March. In this month his son was born, he was 

deposed by the National Assembly, and was set at 

liberty by the Prussians. The treaty of Paris was 

March 30, 1856. Savoy and Nice were annexed in 

March, 1860. 
Mav. In this month he made his escape from Ham. 

The great French Exhibition was opened in May, 

1855. 
By far his best publication is his Manual of Artillery. 

Mab, queen of the fairies, according 
to the mythology of the English poets of 
the fifteenth century. Shakespeare's 
description is in Romeo and Juliet, act i. 
sc 4 (1598). 

Queen Mob's Maids of Honour. They 
were Hop and Mop, Drap, Pip, Trip, and 
Skip. Her train of waiting-maids were 
Fib and Tib, Pinck and Pin, Tick and 
Quick, Jill and Jin, Tit and Nit, Wap 
and Win. — M. Drayton, Nymphidia 
(1563-1(131). 

Queen Mab, the Fairies 1 Midwife, that is, 
the midwife of men's dreams, employed 
by the fairies. Thus, the queen's or 
king's judges do not judge the sovereign, 
but are employed by the sovereign to 
judge others. 

Mabinogion. A series of Welsh 
tales, chiefly relating to Arthur and the 
Pound Table. A MS. volume of some 
700 pages is preserved in the library of 
Jesus College, Oxford, and is known 
as the lied Booh of llergest, from the 
place where it was discovered. Lady 
Qharlptte Guest published an edition in 
Welsh and English, with notes, three 
vols. (1838-49). The word is the Welsh 
mabinogt, "juvenile instruction" (muhin, 
"juvenile;" mab, "a boy;" and ogi, 
" to use the harrow "). 

Does he [Tennyson] make no use of the MabUxogUm in 
his Arthurian series 1—/fotet and Queries, November 23, 
1878. 

Maca'ber (The Dance) or the 
" Dance of Death " (Arabic, makabir, "a 



MACAIRE. 



585 



MACBETH. 



churchyard"). The dance of death was 
a favourite subject in. the Middle Ages 
for wall-paintings in cemeteries and 
churches, especially in Germany. Death 
is represented as presiding over a round 
of dancers, consisting of rich and poor, 
old and young, male and female. A 
work descriptive of this dance, originally 
in German, has been translated into most 
European languages, and the painting of 
Holbein, in the Dominican convent at 
Basle, has a world-wide reputation. 
Others are at Minden, Lucerne, Lubeck, 
Dresden, and the north side of old St. 
Paul's. 

Elsie. What are these paintings on the walls around us? 
Prince. "The Dance Mucaber" . . . "The Dance of 
Death." 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Macaire (Le Chevalier Richard), a 
French knight, who, aided by lieutenant 
Landry, murdered Aubry de Montdidier 
in the forest of Bondy, in 1371. Mont- 
didier's dog, named Dragon, showed such 
an aversion to Macaire, that suspicion was 
aroused, and the man and dog were pitted 
to single combat. The result was fatal 
to the man, who died confessing his 
guilt. 

There are two French plays on the 
subject, one entitled Le Chien de Mont- 
argiSy and the other Le Chien d Aubry. 
The former of these has been adapted to 
the English stage. Dragon was called 
Chien de Montargis, because the assassi- 
nation took place near this castle, and was 
depicted in the great hall over the 
chimney-piece. 

In the English drama, the sash of the 
murdered man is found in the possession 
of lieutenant Macaire, and is recognized 
by Ursula, who worked the sword-knot, 
and gave it to captain Aubri, who was 
her sweetheart. Macaire then confessed 
the crime. His accomplice, lieutenant 
Landry, trying to escape, was seized by 
the dog Dragon, and bitten to death. 

Macaire (Robert), a cant name for a 
Frenchman. 

Mac Alpine (Jeanie), landlady of the 
Clachan of Aberfoyle. — Sir W. Scott, 
Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Macamut, a sultan of Cambaya, who 
lived so much upon poison that his very 
breath and touch were fatal.— Purchas, 
Pilgrimage (1613). 

MacAnaleister (Eachiri), a follower 
of Bob Boy.— Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy 
(time, George I.), 



Macare (2 syl.), the impersonation 
of good temper. — Voltaire, Thelc/ne and 
Macare (an allegory). 

Macaulay (Angus), a Highland chief, 
in the army of the earl of Montrose. 

Allan Macaul&y or "Allan of the Red 
Hand," brother of Angus. Allan is "a 
seer," and is in love with Annot Lyle. 
He stabs the earl of Menteith on the eve 
of his marriage, out of jealousy, but the 
earl recovers and marries Annot Lyle. — 
Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I.). 

Macbeth', son of Sinel thane of 
Glamis, and grandson of Malcolm II. 
by his second daughter ; the elder 
daughter married Crynin, father of Dun- 
can who succeeded his grandfather on 
the throne. Hence king Duncan and 
Macbeth were cousins. Duncan, staying 
as a guest witli Macbeth at the castle of 
Inverness (1040), was murdered by his 
host, who then usurped the crown. The 
battle which Macbeth had just won was 
this : — Sueno king of Norway had landed 
with an army in Fife, for the purpose of 
invading Scotland ; Macbeth and Banquo 
were sent against him, and defeated him 
with such loss, that only ten men of all 
his army escaped alive. Macbeth was 
promised by the witches (1) that none of 
woman born should kill him, and (2) 
that he should not die till Burham Wood 
removed to Dunsinane. He was slain in 
battle by Macduff, who was ''from his 
mother's womb untimely ripped;" and as 
for the moving wood, the soldiers of 
Macduff, in their march to Dunsinane, 
were commanded to carry boughs of the 
forest before them, to conceal their 
numbers. 

Lady Macbeth, wife of Macbeth, a 
woman of great ambition and inexorable 
will. When her husband told her that 
the witches prophesied he should be king, 
she induced him to murder Duncan, who 
was at the time their guest. She would 
herself have done it, but "he looked in 
sleep so like her father that she could 
not." However, when Macbeth had mur- 
dered the king, she felt no scruple in 
murdering the two grooms that slept with 
him , and throwing the guilt on them. After 
her husband was crowned, she was greatly 
troubled by dreams, and used to walk in 
her sleep, trying to rub from her hands 
imaginary stains of blood. She died, 
probabty, by her own hand. — Shake- 
speare, Macbeth (1606). 

She is a terrible impersonation of evil passions and 
mighty powers, never so far removed from our own nature 



MACBRIAR. 



586 



MACFIN. 



as to be cast beyond the pale of our sympathy ; for she 
remains a woman to the last, and is always linked with 
her sex and with humanity.— Mrs. Jameson. 

"It is related of Mrs. Betterton," says 
C. Dibdin, "that though 'lady Macbeth' 
had been frequently well performed, no 
actress, not even Mrs. Barry, could in 
the smallest degree be compared to her." 
Mrs. Siddons calls Mrs. Pritchard "the 
greatest of all the ' lady Macbeth s ; ' " 
but Mrs. Siddons herself was so great in 
this character, that in the sleep-walking 
scene, in her farewell performance, the 
whole audience stood on the benches, and 
demanded that the performance should 
end with that scene. Since then, Helen 
Faucit has been the best "lady Mac- 
beth." Mrs. Betterton (died 1712) ; Mrs. 
Barry (1682-1783) ; Mrs. Pritchard (1711- 
1768) ; Mrs. Siddons (1755- 1831) ; Helen 
Faucit (born 1820). 

*„;* Dr. Lardner says that the name of 
lady Macbeth was Graoch, and that she 
was the daughter of Kenneth IV. 

MaeBriar (Ephraim), an enthusiast 
and a preacher. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mor- 
tality (time, Charles II.). 

Mae'cabee (Father), the name as- 
sumed by king Roderick after his de- 
thronement. — Southey, Roderick, the Last 
of the Goths (1814). 

MacCallum (Dougal), the auld butler 
of sir Robert Redgauntlet, introduced in 
Wandering Willie's story. — Sir W. Scott, 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

MacCandlish (Mrs.), landlady of 
the Gordon Arms inn at Kippletringan. — 
Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

MacCasquil (Mr.), of Drumquag, a 
relation of Mrs. Margaret Bertram. — Sir 
W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George 

MaeChoak'umchild, schoolmaster 
at Coketown. A man crammed with 
facts. "He and some 140 other school- 
masters had been lately turned at the 
same time, in the same factory, on the 
same principles, like so. many pianoforte 
legs." — C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 

MacCombiell (Evan Dim), foster- 
brother of Fergus M'lvor, both of whom 
were sentenced to death at Carlisle. — 
Sir W. Scott, Waver ley (time, George 

MacCombich (Robin Oig) or M'Gregor, 
a Highland drover, who stabs Harry 
Wakelield, and is found guilty at Car- 



lisle.— Sir W. Scott, The Two Drovers 
(time, George III.). 

MacCrosskie (Deacon), of Creoch- 
stone, a neighbour of the laird of Ellan- 
gowan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

MacDonald's Breed (Lord), ver- 
min or human parasites. Lord Mac- 
Donald, son of the "Lord of the Isles" 
once made a raid on the mainland. He 
and his folloAvers dressed themselves in 
the clothes of the plundered party, but 
their own rags were so full of vermin 
that no one was poor enough to covet 
them. 

MacDougal of Lorn, a Highland 
chief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 
I.). 

Macduff, thane of Fife in the time 
of Edward the Con'fessor. One of the 
witches told Macbeth to "beware of the 
thane of Fife," but another added that 
"none of woman bcrn should have power 
to harm him." Macduff was at this 
moment in England, raising an army to 
dethrone Macbeth, and place Malcolm (son 
of Duncan) on the throne. Macbeth did 
not know of his absence, but with a view 
of cutting him off, attacked his castle, 
and slew lady Macduff with all her 
children. Having raised an army, Mac- 
duff led it to Dunsinane, where a furious 
battle ensued. Macduff encountered 
Macbeth, and being told by the king 
that "none of woman born could prevail 
against him," replied that he (Macduff) 
was not born of a woman, but was taken 
from his mother's womb by the Caesarian 
operation. Whereupon they fought, and 
Macbeth fell. — Shakespeare, Macbeth 
(1606). 

MacEagh (Ranald), one of the 
" Children of the Mist," and an outlaw. 
Ranald is the foe of Allan Macaulay. 

Kenneth M i Eagh, grandson of Ranald 
M'Eagh.— Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles 1.). 

Macedonieus, JEmilius Paulus, 
conqueror of Perseus (b.c. 230-160). 

Macfie, the laird of Gudgeonford, a 

neighbour of the laird of Ellangowan. — 
Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Macfin (Miles), the cadie in the 
Canongate, Edinburgh. — Sir W. Scott, 
Ouy Mannering (time, George II.). 



MACFITTOCH. 



587 



MACILDUY. 



MacFittoch (Mr.), the dancing- 
muster at Middlemas. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

MacFleck'noe, in Dryden's satire so 
called, is meant for Thomas Shadwell, 

who was promoted to the office of poet- 
laureate. The design of Dryden's poem 
is to represent the inauguration of one 
dullard as successor of another in the 
monarchy of nonsense. K. Flecknoe was 
an Irish priest and hackney poet of no 
reputation, and Mac in Celtic being son, 
" MacFlecknoe " means the son of the 
poetaster so named. Flecknoe, seeking 
for a successor to his own dulness, selects 
Shadwell to bear his mantle. 

Shadwell alone my perfect image bears, 
Mature in dulness from his tender years; . . . 
The rest to some faint meaning make r -— c:-.~», 
But Shadwell never deviates into sense. 

Dryden, MacFlecknoe (a satire. 1682). 
An ordinary reader would scarcely suppose that Shad- 
well, who is here meant by MacFlecknoe. was worth 
being chastised ; and that Dryden, descending to such 
game, was like an eagle stooping to catch flies. But the 
truth is that Shadwell at one time held divided reputa- 
tion with this exeat poet. Every age produces its fashion- 
able dunces, who . . . supply talkative ignorance with 
materials for conversation.-- Goldsmith, Heautiet of 
JlngtiMh Poett U7«J7). 

MacGrainer (Master), a dissenting 
minister at Kippletringan. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

MacGregor (Rob Roy) or Kobert 
Camphkix, the outlaw. He was a 
Highland freebooter. 

Helen McGregor, Kob Roy's wife. 

TJamish and Robert Gig. the sons of 
Rob Roy. — Sir W. Scott, Hob Roy (time, 
George I.). 

MacGregor, or Robin Oig M'Combich, 
a Highland drover, who stabbed Harry 
Wakefield at an ale-house. Being tried 
at Carlisle for the murder, he was found 
guilty and condemned. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Two Drovers (time, George III.). 

MacG-ruther (Sandie), a beggar 
imprisoned by Mr. Godfrey Bertram 
laird of Ellangowan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

MacGuffbg (David), keeper of Por- 
tanferry prison. 

Mrs." M*- Guff og, David's wife. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Mach.am (Robert), the discoverer of 
Madeira Island, to which he was driven 
while eloping with his lady-love (a.d. 
1844). The lady soon died, and the 
mariners made off with the ship. Mac- 
ham, after his mourning was over, made 
a rude boat out of a tree, and, with two or 



three men, patting forth to sea. landed on 
the siiores of Africa. The Rev. W. L. 
Bowles lias made t he marvellous adven- 
tures of Robert Macham the subject of 
a poem ; and Drayton, in hi.s Poiyolbion, 
xix., has devoted twenty-two lines to the 
same subject. 

Macheath (Captain), captain of a 
gang of highwaymen ; a tine, bold-faced 
ruffian, " game " to the very last. He is 
married to Polly Peachum, but finds 
himself dreadfully embarrassed between 
Polly his wife, and Lucy to whom he has ; 
promised marriage. Being betrayed by 
eight women at a drinking bout, the 
captain is lodged in Newgate, but Lucy 
effects his escape. He is recaptured, 
tried, and condemned to death ; but 
being reprieved, acknowledges Polly to 
be his wife, and promises to remain 
constant to her for the future. — J. Gay, 
The Beggar's Opera (1727). 

Men will not become highwaymen because Macheath is 
acquitted on the stage.— Dr. Johnson. 

T. Walker was the' original "Mac- 
heath," but Charles Hulet (1701-173(5) 
was allowed to excel him. O'Keefe 
says West Digges (1720-178G) was the 
best " Macheath " he ever saw in person, 
song, and manners. Incledon (1764- 
1826) performed the part well, and in 
1821 Miss Blake delighted play-goers by 
her pretty imitation of the highwayman. 

Machiavelli (Xiccolo del), of Flo- 
rence, author of a book called The 
Prince, the object of which is to show 
that all is fair in diplomacy, as well as in 
"love and war" (1469-1527). 

*%* Machiavellian, political cunning 
and duplicity, the art of tricking and 
overreaching by diplomacy. 

Tiberius, the Roman emperor, is called 
"The Imperial Machiavelli" (b.c. 42 
to a.d. 37). 

Maclan (Gilchrist), father of Ian 
Eachin MTan. 

Jan Eachin (or Hector) M l Ian, called 
Conachar, chief of the clan Quhele, son of 
Gilchrist MTan. Hector is old Glover's 
Highland apprentice, and casts himself 
down a precipice, because Catharine 
Glover loves Henry Smith better than 
himself.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Macllduy, or Mhich Connel Dhu, a 
Highland chief in the army of Montrose. 
— Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose 
(time, Charles I.). 



MACINTYRE. 



588 



MACROBII. 



Maclntyre (Maria), niece of Mr. 
Jonathan Oldbuck "the antiquary." 

Captain Hector M'lntyre, nephew of 
Mr. Jonathan Oldbuck, and brother of 
Maria M'Intyre. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Maelvor (Fergus), or " Yich Ian 
Vohr," chief of Glennaquoich. He is 
executed. 

Flora M'-Ivor, sister of Fergus, and the 
heroine of Waverley. — Sir W. Scott, 
Waverley (time, George II.*). 

Mackitchinson, landlord at the 
Queen's Ferry inn. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Macklin. The real nam e of this great 
actor was Charles MacLaughlin ; but he 
dropped the middle syllable when he 
came to England (1690-1797). 

Macklin (Sir), a priest who preached 
to Tom and Bob and Bilty, on the 
sinfulness of walking on Sundays. At 
his "sixthly" he said, " Ha, ha, I see 
you raise your hands in agony ! " They 
certainly had raised their hands, for they 
were yawning. At his " twenty-firstly " 
he cried, "Ho, ho, I see you bow your 
heads in heartfelt sorrow ! " Truly they 
bowed their heads, for they were sleeping. 
Still on he preached and thumped his hat, 
when the bishop passing by,cried, "Bosh!" 
and walked him off.— W. S. Gilbert, The 
Bab Ballads (" Sir Macklin"). 

Maclean (Sir Hector), a Highland 
chief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
Scott, Leyend of Montrose (time, Charles 
I.). 

Maeleary (Widow), landlady of the 
Tully Veolan village ale-house. — Sir W. 
Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 

MacLeish (Donald), postilion to Mrs. 
Bethune Baliol. — Sir W. Scott, Highland 
Widow (time, George II.). 

Macleod (Colin or Caivdie), a Scotch- 
man, one of the house-servants of lord 
Abberville, entrusted with the financial 
department of his lordship's household. 
Most strictly honest and economical, 
Colin Macleod is hated by his fellow- 
servants, and, having been in the service 
of the family for many years, tries to 
check his young master in his road to 
ruin. 

*** The object of the author in this 
character is "to weed out the unmanly 
prejudice of Englishmen against the 
Scotch," as the object of The Jew 



(another drama) was to weed out the 
prejudice of Christians against that much- 
maligned people. — Cumberland, The 

Fashionable Lover (1780). 

Macleuchar (Mrs.), book-keeper at 
the coach-office in Edinburgh. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

MacLouis, captain of the king's 
guard. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Berth 
(time, Henry IV.). 

Maclure (Elizabeth), an old widow 
and a covenanter. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

MacMorlan (Mr.), deputy-sheriff, 
and guardian to Lucy Bertram. 

Mrs. M'Morlan, his wife. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

MacMurrough, " Nan Fonn," the 
family bard at Glennaquoich to Fergus 
M'lvor. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Ma'coma', a good and wise genius, 
who protects the prudent and pious 
against the wiles of all evil genii. — Sir 
C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the Genii 
("The Enchanter's Tale," vi., 1751). 

Macon, same as Mahoun, that is, 
Mahomet. Mecca, the birthplace of Ma- 
homet, is sometimes called Macon in 
poetry. 

" Praised," quoth he, " be Macon, whom we serve." 
Fairfax. 

MacPhadraick (Miles), a Highland 
officer under Barcaldine or captain Camp- 
bell.— Sir W. Scott, The Highland Widow 
(time, George II.). 

Macraw (Francie), an old domestic 
at the earl of Glenallan's. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Antiquary (time, George 111.). 

Macready (Pate) i a pedlar, the friend 
of Andrew Fairservice gardener at Osbal- 
distone Hall. — Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy 
(time, George I.). 

Mac'reons, the British. Great 
Britain is the "Island of the Macreons." 
The word is a Greek compound, meaning 
"long-lived," "because no one is put to 
death there for his religious opinions." 
Rabelais says the island "is full of 
antique ruins and relics of popery and 
ancient superstitions." — Rabelais, Pan- 
tdt/'rxcl (1546). 

'*** Rabelais describes the persecutions 
which the Reformers met with as a storm 
at sea, in which Pantagrucl aud his licet 
were tempest-tossed. 

Macro'bii (" the - long-lived"), an 



MACROTHUMUS. 



589 



MAD. 



Ethiopian race, said to live to 120 years 
and upwards. They are the handsomest 
and tallest of all men, as weil as the 
longest-lived. 

Macro th'umus, Long-suffering per- 
sonified. Fully described in canto x. 
(Greek, makrotkumia, "long-suffering.") 
— Phiueas Fletcher, The Purple Island 
(1633). 

MacSarcasm {Sir Archy), in Love a- 
la-mode, by C. Macklin (1779). Boaden 
says: "To Covent Garden, G. F. Cooke 
[1746-1812] was a great acquisition, as he 
was a 'Shylock,' an 'Iago,' a ' Kitely,' 
a 'sir Archy,' and a 'sir Pertinax ' [McSy- 
cophanf]." Leigh Hunt says that G. F. 
Cooke was a new kind of Macklin, and, 
like him, excelled in " Shylock " and 
" sir Archy M'Sarcasm." 

%* "Shylock" in the Merchant of 
Venice (Shakespeare) ; " Iago " in Othello 
(Shakespeare) ; " Kitely" in Every Man 
in His Humour (B. Jonson) ; " sir Archy " 
that is, "M'Sarcasm"; "sir Pertinax 
McSycophant " in 'The Man of the World 
(Macklin). 

MacSillergrip, a Scotch pawn- 
broker, in search of Robin Scrawkey, his 
runaway apprentice, whom he pursues 
upstairs and assails with blows. 

Mrs. M l Siller grip, the pawnbroker's 
wife, always in terror lest the manager 
should pay her indecorous attentions. — 
Charles Mathews (At home, in Multiple). 

The skill with which Mathews [1775-1835J carried on a 
conversation between these three persons produced a 
most astonishing effect. — Contemporary Paper. 

MacStin'ger (Mrs.), a widow who 
kept lodgings at No. 9, Brig Place, on 
the brink of a canal near the India Docks. 
Captain Cuttle lodged there. Mrs. Mac- 
Stinger was a termagant, and rendered 
the captain's life miserable. He was 
afraid of her, and, although her lodger, 
was her slave. When her son Alexander 
was refractory, Mrs. MacStinger used to 
seat him on a cold paving-stone. She 
contrived to make captain Bunsby her 
second husband. — C. Dickens, Dombcy 
and Son (1846). 

IVtacSyc'opliant (Sir Pertinax), the 
hot-headed, ambitious father of Charles 
Egerton. His love for Scotland is very 
great, and he is continually quarrelling 
with his family because they do not hold 
his country in sufficient reverence. 

I raised it [my fortune'] by booing ... I never could 
stand straight in the presence of a great mon, but always 
•booed, and booed, and booed, as it were by instinct.— Act 
iiL L 



Charles Egerton M' Sycophant, son of 
sir Pertinax. Kirerton was the mother's 
name. Charles Egerton marries Con- 
Btantia. — C. Macklin, The Man of t/te 
World (1761). 

Mactab (The Hon. Miss Lucretia), 
sister of lord Lofty, and sister-in-law of 
lieutenant Worth ington "the poor gentle- 
man." Miss Lucretia was an old maid, 
"stiff as a ramod." Being very poor, 
she allowed the lieutenant "the honour 
of maintaining aer," for which " she 
handsomely gave l im her countenance ; " 
but when the lieutenant was obliged to 
discontinue his hospitality, she resolved 
to "countenance a tobacconist of Glas- 
gow, who was her sixteenth cousin." — G. 
Colman, The Poor Gentleman (1802). 

MacTavish Mhor or Hamish 
MTavish, a Highland outlaw. 

Elspat M'Tacish, or "The Woman of 
the Tree," -widow of M'Tavish Mhor; 
"the Highland widow." She prevents 
her son from joining his regiment, in 
consequence of which he is shot as a 
deserter, and Elspat goes mad. 

Hamish Bean M'Tavish, son of Elspat 
M'Tavish. He joins a Highland regi- 
ment, and goes to visit his mother, who 
gives him a sleeping draught to detain 
him. As he does not join his regiment in 
time, he is arrested for desertion, tried, 
and shot at Dunbarton Castle. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Highland Widow (time, George 
II.). 

MacTurk (Captain Mungo or Hector), 
"the man of peace," in the managing 
committee of the Spa hotel. — Sir W. 
Scott, St. Ronaris Well (time, George 
III.). 

MacVittie (Ephraim), a Glasgow 
merchant, one of Osbaldistone's creditors. 
— Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy (time, George 

MaeWheeble (Duncan), bailie at 
Tully Veolan to the baron of Bradwar- 
dine. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Mad. The Bedlam of Belgium is 
Gheel, where madmen reside in the houses 
of the inhabitants, generally one in each 
family. 

D\- mphna was a woman of rank, mur- 
dered by her father for resisting his 
incestuous passion, and became the 
tutelar saint of those stricken in spirit. 
A shrine in time rose in her honour, which 
for ten centuries has been consecrated to 



MAD CAVALIER. 



590 



MADOC. 



the relief of mental diseases. This was 
the origin of the insane colony of Gheel. 

Mad Cavalier {The), prince Rupert 
of Bavaria, nephew of Charles I. He 
was noted for his rash courage and im- 
petuosity (1619-1682). 

Mad Lover (The), a drama by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (before 1618). 
The name of the "mad lover" is Mem- 
non, who is general of Astorax king of 
Paphos. 

Mad Poet (The), Nathaniel Lee 
(1657-1690). 

Madasi'ma (Queen), an important 
character in the old romance called Am'- 
adis de Gaul ; her constant attendant was 
Elis'abat, a famous surgeon, with whom 
she roamed in solitary retreats. 

Mad'elon, cousin of Cathos, and 
daughter of Gor'gibus a plain citizen of 
the middle rank of life. These two silly 
girls have had their heads turned by 
novels, and, thinking their names com- 
monplace, Madelon calls herself Po- 
lixSna, and Cathos calls herself Aminta. 
Two gentlemen wish to marry them, but 
the girls fancy their manners are too 
easy to be " stylish ;" so the gentlemen 
send their valets to them, as the " marquis 
of Mascarille" and the "viscount of 
Jodelet." The girls are delighted with 
these "real gentlemen;" but when the 
farce has been carried far enough, the 
masters enter and unmask the trick. 
The girls are thus taught a useful lesson, 
but are not subjected to any serious ill 
consequences. — Moliere, Les Precieuses 
Ridicules (1659). 

Mademoiselle. What is understood 
by this word when it stands alone is 
Mdlle. de Montpensier, daughter of Gas- 
ton due d'Orle'ans, and cousin of Louis 
XIV. 

Anne Marie Louise d'Oileans, duchesse <le Montpensier, 
connue sous le nom de ifademoisi-Ue, nee a Paris, J(>-7; 
m. 1693; etait fille de Gaston d'Oileans frcre de Louis 
XIII.— BouiUet 

Mademoiselle, the French lady's-maid 
waiting on lady Fanciful ; full of the 
grossest flattery, and advising her lady- 
ship to the most unwarrantable intrigues. 
Lady Fanciful saj's, "The French are 
certainly the prettiest and most obliging 
people. They say the most acceptable, 
well-mannered tilings, and never flatter." 
When induced to do what her conscience 
and education revolted at, she would 
playfully rebuke Mdlle. with, "Ah ! la 
oidchante Franchise ! " to which Mdlle. 



would respond, "Ah! la belle Anglaise!" 
— Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife (1697). 

Madge Wildfire, the insane daugh- 
ter of old Meg Murdochson the gipsy 
thief. Madge was a beautiful but gidd) r 
girl, whose brain was crazed by seduction 
and the murder of her infant. — Sir W. 
Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 

Madman (Macedonia's), Alexander 
the Great (n.c. 356, 336-323). 

Heroes are much the same, the point's agreed. 
From Macedonia's Madman to the Swede [CliarJes XII.\ 
Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 219 (1733). 
. How vain, how worse than vain, at length appear 
The madman's wish, the Macedonian tear ! 
He wept for worlds to conquer ; half the earth 
Knows not his name, or but his death and birth. 

Byron, Age of Bronze (1»19). 

Madman (TJie Brilliant), Charles XII. 
of Sweden (1682, 1697-1718). 

Madman of the Worth, Charles 
XII. of Sweden (1682, 1697-1718). 

Madmen (The Worst of). 

For Virtue's self may too much zeal be had ; 
The worst of madmen fo a saint run mad. 

Pope, Imitations of Horace, vi. (1730). 

Ma'doc, j r oungest son of Owain 
Gwynedd king of North Wales (who 
died 1169). He is called "The Perfect 
Prince," " The Lord of Ocean," and is the 
very beau-ideal of a hero. Invincible, 
courageous, strong, and daring, but 
amiable, merciful, and tender-hearted ; 
most pious, but without bigotry ; most 
wise, but without dogmatism ; most 
provident and far-seeing. He left his 
native country in 1170, and ventured 
on the ocean to discover a new world; 
his vessels reached America, and he 
founded a settlement near the Missouri. 
Having made an alliance with the 
Az'tecas, he returned to Wales for a fresh 
supply of colonists, and conducted six 
ships in safety to the new settlement, 
called Caer-Madoc. War soon broke out 
between the natives and the strangers ; 
but the white men proving the con- 
querors, the Az'tecas migrated to Mexico. 
On one occasion, being set upon from 
ambush, Madoc was chained by one foot 
to " the stone of sacrifice," and consigned 
to fight with six volunteers. His first 
opponent was Ocell'opan, whom he slew ; 
his next was Tlalala "the tiger," but 
during this contest Cadwallon came to 
the rescue. — Southey, Madoc (1805). 

. . . Madoc 
Put forth his well-rieged Reel to seek him foreign ground. 
And sailed west so long until that world he found . . . 
Long ere Columbus lived, 

Drayton, I'olyolbion, ix. (1612), 



MADOK. 



591 



MAGIC GARTERS. 



Mador (Sir), a Scotch knight, who 
accused queen Guinever of having poisoned 

his brother. Sir Launcelot du Lac chal- 
lenged him to single combat, and over- 
throw him ; for which service king Arthur 
gave the queen's champion La Joyeuse 
Garde as a residence. 

Maece'nas (Caius Cilnius), a wealthy- 
Roman nobleman, a friend of Augustus, 
and liberal patron of Virgil, Horace, 
Propertius, and other men of genius. 
His name has become proverbial for a 
"munificent friend of literature" (died 

B.C. 8). 

Are vou not called a theatrical quidnunc and a mock 
febecenas to second-hand authors ':— Sheridan, The Critic, 

l i urryj. 

Mae'nad, a Bacchant, plu. Maenads 
or Mae'nades (3 syl.). So called from 
the Greek, mainomai ("to be furious"), 
because they acted like mad women in 
their "religious" festivals. 

Among the boughs did swelling Bacchus ride, 
Whom wild-grown Maenads bore. 
Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 

Maeon'ides (4 syl.). Homer is so 
called, either because he was son of 
Maeon, or because he was a native of 
MaBon'ia (Lydia). He is also called 
McBunius Senex, and his poems ALceonian 
Lays. 

When great Maeonides, in rapid song. 
The thundering tide of battle rolls along, 
E:.ch ravished bosom feels the high alarms, 
And all the burning pulses beat to arms. 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 1 (1756). 

Maeviad, a satire by Gifford, on the 
Delia Cruscan school of poetry (pub- 
lished 179G). The word is from Virgil's 
Eclogue. 

Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina. Maevi, 
Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hirer*. 

Virgil, Eel., iii. aO, 9L 

Who hates not Bavius, or on Maevius dotes. 
Should plough with foxes, or should milk he-goats. 

Masvius, any vile poet. (See Ba- 
vius.) 

But if fond Bavius vent his clouted song. 
Or Maevius chant his thoughts in brothel charm, 

The witless vulgar, in a numerous throng. 

Like summer flies about the dunghill swarm . . . 

Who hates not one may he the other love. 

Phineas Fletcher. The Purple Island, i. (1633). 

Magalo'lia (The Fair), daughter of 
the king of Naples. She is the heroine of 
an old romance of chivalry, originally 
written in French, but translated into 
Spanish in the fifteenth century. Cer- 
vantes alludes to this romance in Bon 
Quixote. The main incident of the story 
turns on a flying horse made by Merlin, 
which came "into the possession of Peter 
of Provence. — The History of the Fair 



Magalona and Teter Son of the Count of 
Provence. 

*** Tieck has reproduced the history 
of Magalona in German (1773-1853). 

Mage Negro King, Caspar king of 
Tarshish, a black Kthiop, and tallest 
of the three Magi. His offering was 
myrrh, indicative of death. 

As the Mage negro kirn; to Christ the babe. 

Kobvrt Browning, Luria, L 

Maggots of the Brains. Swift 
says it was the opinion of certain virtuosi 
that the brain is filled with little mag- 
gots, and that thought is produced by 
their biting the nerves. 

To tickle the maggot born in an empty head. 

Tennyson, Maud, II. v. 3. 

Maggy, the half-witted grand- 
daughter of Little Dorrit's nurse. She 
had had a fever at the age of ten, from 
ill-treatment, and her mind and intellect 
never went beyond that period. Thus, if 
asked her age, she always replied, " Ten ; " 
and she always repeated the last two or 
three words of what was said to her. 
She called Amy Dorrit " Little Mother." 

She was about eight and twenty, with laige bones, 
Large features, large feet and hands, large eyes, and no 
hair. Her large eyes were limpi I and almost colourless; 
they seemed to be very little affected by light, and to 
s'and unnaturally still. There was also that attentive 
listening expression in her face, which is seen in the faces 
of the blind ; but she was not blind, having one tolerably 
serviceable eye. Her face was not exceedingly ugly, being 
re leemed by a smile. ... A great white cap. with a quan- 
tity of opaque frilling . . . apologized for Maggy's bald- 
ness, and made it so difficult for her old black bonnet to 
retain its place upon her head, that it held on round her 
neck like a gipsy's baby. . . . The rest of her dress 
resembled sea-weed, with here and there a gigantic tea- 
leaf. Her shawl looked like a huge tea-leaf after long 
infusion. — C. Dickens, Little Jjorrit, ix. 11857). 

Magi or Three kings of Cologne, the 
14 wise men from the East," who folloAved 
the guiding-star to the manger in Beth- 
lehem with offerings. Melchior king of 
Nubia, the shortest of the three, offered 
gold, indicative of royalty ; Balthazar 
king of Chaldea offered frankincense, in- 
dicative of divinity ; and Gaspar king 
of Tarshish, a black Ethiop, the tallest 
of the three, offered myrrh, symbolic of 
death. 

Melchior means " king of light ; " Bal- 
thazar, " lord of treasures ; " and Gaspar 
or Caspar, "the white one." 

%* Klopstock, in his Messiah, makes 
the Magi six in number, and gives the 
names as Hadad, Selima, Zimri, Mirja, 
Beled, and Sunith.— Bk. v. (1771). 

Magic Garters. No horse can keep 
up with a man furnished Avith these gar- 
ters. They are made thus : Strips of the 
skin of a young hare are cut two inches 



MAGIC KINGS. 



592 



MAGOG. 



wide, and some motherwort, gathered in 
the first degree of the sign Capricorn and 
partially dried, is sewn into these strips, 
which are then folded in two. The 
garters are to be worn as other garters. — 
Les Secrets Merveilleux du Petit Albert. 

Were it not for my magic garters, . . . 

I should not continne the business long. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Magic Rings, like that which Gyges, 
minister to king Candaules of Lydia, 
found in the flanks of a brazen horse. 
By means of this ring, which made its 
wearer invisible, Gyges first dishonored 
the queen, and then, with her assistance, 
assassinated the king and usurped his 
throne. Plato 's Republic ; Cicero's Offices. 

Magic Staff {The). This staff would 
guarantee the bearer from all the perils 
and mishaps incidental to travellers. No 
robber nor wild beast, no mad dog, 
venomous animal, nor accident, could 
hurt its possessor. The staff consisted 
of a willow branch, gathered on the eve of 
All Saints' Day ; the pith being removed, 
two eyes of a young wolf, the tongue 
and heart of a dog, three green lizards, 
the hearts of three swallows, seven leaves 
of vervain gathered on the eve of John 
the Baptist's Day, and a stone taken 
from a lapwing's nest, were inserted in 
the place of the pith. The toe of the 
staff was furnished with an iron ferrule ; 
and the handle was of box, or any other 
material, according to fancy. — Les Secrets 
Merveilleux de Petit Albert, 130. 

Were it not for my magic . . . staff, 
I should not continue the business long. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Magic "Wands. The hermit gave 
Charles the Dane and Ubaldo a w r and, 
which, being shaken, infused terror into 
all who saw it. — Tasso, Jerusalem De- 
livered (1575). 

The palmer who accompanied sir 
Guy on had a wand of like virtue. It 
was made of the same wood as Mercury's 
caduceus. — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 
(1590). 

Magician of the North (The), 
sir Walter Scott (1771-1832). 

How beautifully has the Magician of the North de- 
scribed "The Field of Waterloo ! "—Lord W. P. Lennox, 
Celebrities, etc., i. 16. 

*** Johann Georg Hamann of Prussia 
called himself "The Magician of the 
North " (1730-1788). 

Magliabechi, the greatest book- 
worm that ever lived. lie devoured 
books, and never forgot anything he had 
read, lie had also so exact a memory, 



that he could tell the precise place and 
shelf of a book, as well as the volume and 
page of any passage required. He was 
the librarian of the great-duke Cosmo 
III. His usual dinner was three hard- 
boiled eggs and a draught of water (1633- 
1714). 

Magnm, the coquette of Astracan. 

Though naturally handsome, she used every art to set 
off her beauty. Not a word proceeded from her mouth 
that was not studied. To counterfeit a violent passion, to 
sigh d propos, to make an attractive gesture, to trifle 
agreeably, and collect the various graces of dumb eloquence 
into a smile, were the arts in which she excelled. She 
spent hours before her glass in deciding how a curl might 
be made to hang loose upon her neck to the greatest 
advantage ; how to open and shut her lips so as best to 
show her teeth without, affectation — to turn her face full 
or otherwise, as occasion might require. She looked on 
herself with ceaseless admiration, and always admired 
most the works of her own hand in improving on the 
beauty which nature had bestowed on her. — T. S. Gueu- 
lette, Chinese Tales {" Magmu," 1723). 

Magnanimous (The), Alfonso of 
Aragon (1385, 1416-1458). 

Khosru or Chosroes, the twenty-first of 
the Sassanides, was surnamed Noushir- 
wan ("Magnanimous") (*, 531-579). 

Magnano, one of the leaders of the 
rabble that attacked Hudibras at a bear- 
baiting. The character is designed for 
Simeon Wait, a tinker, as famous an 
independent preacher as Burroughs. He 
used to style Cromwell "the archangel 
who did battle with the deviL," — S. But- 
ler, Hudibras, i. 2 (1663). 

Magnetic Mountain (The). This 
mountain drew out all the nails and iron 
bolts of any ship which approached it, 
thus causing it to fall to pieces. 

This mountain is very steep, and on the summit is a 
large dome made of fine bronze, which is supported upon 
columns of the same metal. On the top of the dome 
there is a bronze horse with the figure of a man upon it. 
. . . There is a tradition that this statue is the principal 
cause of the loss of so many vessels and men, and that it 
will never cease from being destructive . . . till it be over- 
thrown.— Arabian Jiights {" The Third Calender"). 

Magnificent (The), Khosru or Chos- 
roes I. of Persia (*, 531-579). 

Lorenzo de Medici (1448-1492). 

Robert due de Normandie ; called La 
Liable also (*, 1028-1035). 

Soliman I., greatest of the Turkish 
sultans (1493, 1520-1566). 

Magog, according to Ezek. xxxviii., 
xxxix., was a country or people over 
whom Gog was prince. Some say the 
Goths are meant, others the Persians, 
others the Scythians or the northern 
nations of Europe generally. 

Sale says that Magog is the tribe called 
by Ptolemy " Gilan, and by Strabo 
"Celi" or " Gene." — Al Kvnia, xxviii. 
note. (See Gog.) 



MAGOG. 



593 



MAHOMET. 



Mafyog, one of the princes of Satan, 
whose ambition is to destroy hell. 

Magounce (2 syl.), Arundel Castle. 

She drew southward unto the sea-side, till by fortune, 
she came to a castle called Magounce, and now is called 
Arundell. in Bouthsex.— Sir T. Malory, JJistory of Prince 
Arthur, ii. 118 (WTO). 

Magricio, tlie champion of Isabella 
of Portugal, who refused to pay trttage to 
France. He vanquished the French 
champion, and thus liberated his country 
from tribute. 

Magwitch (Abel), a convict for life, 
the unknown father of Estella, wlio was 
adopted from infancy by Miss Havisham, 
the daughter of a rich banker. The 
convict, having made his escape to Aus- 
tralia, became a successful sheep farmer, 
and sent money secretly to Mr. .Taggers, 
a London lawyer, to educate Pip .'s a 
gentleman. When Pip was 23 years old, 
Magwitch returned to England, under the 
assumed name of Provis, and made him- 
self known to Pip. He was tracked by 
Orlick and Compeyson, arrested, con- 
demned to death, and died in jail. All 
his money was confiscated. — C. Dickens, 
Great Expectations (I860). 

Mahmut, the " Turkish Spy," who 
remained undiscovered in Paris for forty- 
five years, revealing to his Government 
all the intrigues of the Christian courts 
(1637-1682). 

Mahomet or Mohammed, the titular 
name taken bv Halabi, founder of Islam 
(570-632). 

Adopted Son : Usma, son of Zaid his freednian. (See 
below, "Zainab."! 

Angel who revealed the Koran to Mahomet : Gabriel. 

Banner: Sanjak-sherif, kept in the Eyab mosque at 
Constantinople. 

Birthplace: Mecca, a.d. 570. 

Bow: Al Catuiu r'the strong"), confiscated from the 
Jews. In his first battle he drew it with such force that 
it snapped in two. 

Camel : Al Adha (" the slit-eared "). the swiftest of his 
camels. One of the ten dumb animals admitted into 
paradise. 

Concubines: Mariyeh, mother of Ibrahim bis son, 
was his favourite ; but he had fourteen others. 

Cousins : Ali, bis best friend ; Abu Sofian ebn al 
Hareth. 

Cuirass : Al Fadha. It was of silver, and was confis- 
cated from the Jews. 

Daughters bv Kadijah : Zainab, Rukaijah, Umm 
Kulthum, and Fatima his favourite (called one of the 
" three perfect women "). 

Defeat : At Ohud, where it was reported that he was 
slain (A.D. 623). 

Died at Medina, on the lap of Ayishah, his favourite 
wife, 11 Hedjrah (June 3, 632). 

Father : Abdallah. of the family of Hashim and tribe 
of Koreish. Abdallah was a small merchant, who died 
when his son was five years old. At the death of his 
father, his grandfather took charge of him ; but he also 
died within two years. He then lived with his uncle Abu 
Taleb ifroni the age of seven to 14). (See Zesbet.) 

Father-in-law: Abu Bekr, father of his favourite 
wife Avishah. 
.. Flight : Hedjrah or HegTira, July 16, 622. 



Followers : called Modem or Mussulmans. 

(..K\NI>><>\ : Ainl-el-Motalleb. 

Hoksk: Al Bbrak l" the lightning"), brought to him 
by Gabriel to carry him lo the seventh heaven. It had 
the wings of an eagle, the htt uf a man, with the cheeks 
of a hnr>e. and spoke Arabic, 

Jol'KNEV to Heaven ( The), on Al Borak. is called Ira. 

Mother: Ainina or Aminta. of the family of Zuhra 
and tribe of Korci>h. iSee Z K*BET. I 

Nickname in BOVHOOD: Kl Amin ('" the safe man"). 

Personal Appearance: Middle height, rather lean, 
broad shoulders, strongly built, abundance of black curly- 
hair, coal-black eyes with thick lashes, noaa buys and 

slightly bent, beard long. He had between his shoulders 
a black mole, " the seal of prophecy.'' 

Poisoned by Zainab, a Jewess, who placed before him 
poisoned meat, in &2i. He tasted it, and ever after 
suffered from its effects, but survived eight yean. 

Scripture : Al Koran r" the leading"). It is divided 
Into 114 chapters. 

Sons bv Kadijah: Al Ka-iin and AM Manaf; both 
died in childhood. By Mariyeh iMary) hi- concubine: 
Ibrahim, who died when 15 months old. Adopted aon: 
tjsnia, the child of his freedman Zaid. (See " Zainab.") 

Standard: Bajura. 

Successor: Aba Bekr, his father-in-law (father of 
Avishah). 

'Swords: Dhul Fakar ("the trenchant"); Al Batter 
("the striker"); Hatel ("the deadly"); Medham ('the 
keen "). 

Tribe : that of the Koraichites or Koraich or Koreish, 
on both sides. 

Uncles: Abu Taleb, a prince of Mecca, but poor; he 
took charge of the boy between the ages of seven and 14, 
and was always his friend. Abu Laheb, who called him 
" a fool," and was always his bitter enemy ; in the 
Kortin, cxi., "tti prophet " denounces him. Hamza, a 
Uiird head of Islam. 

Victories : Be.tr (6i'4» ; Muta (6-2D) ; Taif (630) ; Honein 
(630 or 8 Hedjrah). 

White Mule: Fadda. 

Wives: Ten, and fifteen concubines. 

(1) Kadijah, a rich widow of his own tribe. She had 
been twice married, and was 40 years of age i Mahomet 
being 15). Kadi.'ah was his sole wife for twenty-five years, 
and brought him tw . sons and four daughters. (Fatima 
was her youngest child.) 

(2) Souda. widow of Sokmn. nurse of his daughter 
Fatima. He married her in 621, soon after the death of 
his first wife. The following were simultaneous with 
Souda. 

(3) Ayishah, daughter of Abu Bekr. She was only uir.e 
years old on her wedding day. This was his favourite 
wife, on whose lap he died. He called her one of the 
"three perfect women." 

(4) Heml, a widow, 28 years old. She had a son when 
she married. Her father was Omeya. 

(5) Zainab, divorced wife of Zaid his freed slave. 
Married 627 i5 Hedjrah). 

(6) Barra, a captive, widow of a young Arab chief slain 
in batUe. 

(7 1 Rehana, a Jewish captive. Her father was Simeon. 

(8) Safiya. the espoused wife of Keniua. This wife 
outlived the prophet for forty years. Mahomet put 
Kenana to death in order to marry her. 

i9i Umm Habiba (mother of Habiba), widow of Abu 
Sofian. 

(10) Maimuna. who was 51 when he married her, and a 
widow. She survived all hb ten wives. 

•»• It will be observed that most of Mahomet's wives 
were widows. 

Jlahomet. Toltaire wrote a drama 
so entitled in 1738 ; and James Miller, in 
1740, produced an English version of the 
same, called Mahomet the Impostor. The 
scheme of the play is this : Mahomet is 
laying siege to Mecca, and has in his 
camp Zaphna and Palmira, taken captives 
in childhood and brought up by him. 
They are really the children of Alcanor 
the chief of Mecca, but know it not, and 
love each other. Mahomet is in love 
with Palmira, and sets Zaphna to murder 
2 q 



MAHOMET'S COFFIN. 



594 



MAID OF BATH. 



Alcanor, pretending that it is God's will. 
Zaphna obeys the behest, is told that 
Alcanor is his father, and is poisoned. 
Mahomet asks Palmira in marriage, and 
she stabs herself. 

J. Bannister 11760-1836] began his stage "career in 
tragedy, and played " Mahomet." Garrick . . . asked him 
what character he wished to play next. "Why," said 
Bannister, " ' Oroonoko. ' " " Eh, eh ! " said David, staring 
at Bannister, who was very thin ; " Eh, eh I you will look as 
much like ' Oroonoko ' as a chimney-sweeper in consump- 
tion."—!. Campbell. 

Mahomet's Coffin is said to be 
suspended in mid-air. The wise ones 
affirm that the coffin is of iron, and is 
suspended by the means of loadstones, i 
The faithful assert it is held up by four 
angels. Burckhardt says it is not sus- 
pended at all. A marabout told Labat : 

Que le tombeau de Mahomet etoit portd en l'air par le 
moyen de certains Anges qui se relayent d'heure en heures 
pour soutenir ce fardeau. — Labat, Afrique Occidentale, 
ii. 143 (1728). 

The balance always would hang even, 

Like Mah'met's tomb twixt earth and heaven. 

Prior, Alma, ii. 199 (1717). 

Mahomet's Dove, a dove which 
Mahomet taught to pick seed placed in 
his ear. The bird would perch on the 
prophet's shoulder and thrust its bill into 
his ear to find its food ; but Mahomet 
gave out that it was the Holy Ghost, in 
the form of a dove, sent to impart to him 
the counsels of God. — Dr. Prideaux, Life 
of Mahomet (1697) ; sir W. Raleigh, His- 
tory of the World, I. i. 6 (1614). 

Instance proud Mahomet . . . 
The sacred dove whispering into his ear, 
That what his will imposed, the world must fear. 
Lord Brooke, Declination of Monarchic etc. (1554-1628). 
Was Mahomet inspired With a dove? 
Thou with- an eagle art inspired [Joan of Arc]. 

Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. so. 3 (1589). 

Mahomet's Knowledge of 
Events. Mahomet in his coffin is in- 
formed by an angel of every event which 
occurs respecting the faithful. 

II est vivant dans son tombeau. II fait la priere dans 
ce tombeau a- chacjue fois que le crieur en fait la proclama- 
tion, et au m£me teins qu'on la recite. II y a un ange 
poste sur son tombeau qui a le soin de lui donner avis des 
prieres que les fidcles font pour lui. — Gagnier, Vie de Ma- 
homet, vii. 18 (1723). 

Mahomet of the North, Odin, 
both legislator and supreme deity. 

Mahoud, son of a rich jeweller of 
Delhi, who ran through a large fortune 
in riotous living, and then bound himself 
in service to Bennaskar, who proved to 
be a magician. Mahoud impeached Ben- 
naskar to the cadi, who sent officers to 
seize him ; but, lo ! Mahoud had been 
metamorphosed into the likeness of Ben- 
naskar, and wai condemned to be burnt 
alive. When the pile was set on fire, 
Mahoud became a toad, and in this form 



met the sultan Misnar, his vizier Horam, 
and the princess Hemju'nak of Cassimir, 
who had been changed into toads also. — 
Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the 
Genii (" The Enchanter's Tale," vi., 1751). 

Mahound or Mahoun, a name of 
contempt for Mahomet or any pagan god. 
Hence Ariosto makes Ferrau ''blaspheme 
his Mahoun and Termagant" (Orlando 
Furioso, xii. 59). 

Fitter for a turban for Mahound or Termagant, than a 
head-gear of a reasonable creature. — Sir W. Scott. 

Mahu., the fiend-prince that urges to 
theft. 

Five fiends have been in poor Tom at once : of lust, as 
Phidicut; Hobididance, prince of dumbness; Mahu, of 
stealing; Modo, of murder ; and Flibbertigibbet, of mop- 
ping and mowing. — Shakespeare, King Lear, act iv. sc. 1 
(1605). 

Maid Ma'rian, a name assumed by 
Matilda, daughter of Robert lord Fitz- 
walter, while Robin Hood remained in a 
state of outlawry. She was poisoned 
with a poached egg at Dunmow Priory, 
by a messenger of king John sent for the 
purpose. This was. because Marian was 
loved by the king, but rejected him. 
Drayton has written her legend. 

He to his mistress dear, his loved Marian, 

Was ever constant known ; which wheresoe'er she came, 

Was sovereign of the woods, chief lady of the game. 

Her clothes tucked to the knee, and dainty braided hair. 

With bow and quiver armed, she wandered here and there 

Amongst the forest wild. Diana never knew 

Such pleasures, nor such harts as Mariana slew. 

Polyolbion, xxvi. (1622). 

Maid Marian, introduced into the May- 
day morris-dance, was a boy dressed in 
girl's clothes. She was queen of the May, 
and used to wear a tinsel crown, and 
carry in her left hand a flower. Her coif 
was purple, her surcoat blue, her cuffs 
white, the skirts of her robe yellow, the 
sleeves carnation, and the stomacher red 
with yellow cross bars. (See Morris- 
Dance.) 

Maid of Athens, There'sa Macri, 
rendered famous by Byron's song, " Maid 
of Athens, fare thee well ! " Twenty -four 
years after this song was written, an 
Englishman sought out " the Athenian 
maid," and found a beggar without a 
single vestige of beauty. She was mar- 
ried and had a large family ; but the 
struggle of her life was to find bread 
to keep herself and family from positive 
starvation. 

Maid of Bath (The), Miss Linlcy, 
who married R. B. Sheridan. Samuel 
Foote wrote a farce entitled The Maid of 
Bath, in which he gibbets Mr. Walter 
Lorn; under the name of " Flint." 



MAID OF HONOUR. 



595 



MAIDEN. 



Maid of Honour (The), by P. Mas- 
Binger (1637). Cami'ola, a very wealthy, 
high-minded lady, was in love with prince 
Bertoldo, brother of Roberto king of the 
Two Sicilies ; but Bertoldo, being a knight 
of Malta, could not marry without a 
dispensation from the pope. While 
matters were in this state, Bertoldo led 
an army against Aurelia duchess of 
Sienna, and was taken prisoner. Camilla 
paid his ransom, and Aurelia commanded 
the prisoner to be brought before her. 
Bertoldo came ; the duchess fell in love 
with him and offered marriage, and Ber- 
toldo, forgetful of Camiola, accepted the 
offer. The betrothed then presented 
themselves to the king, when Camiola 
exposed the conduct of Bertoldo. The 
king was indignant at the baseness, 
Aurelia rejected Bertoldo with scorn, and 
Camiola took the veil. 

Maid of Mariendorpt (The),^ a 
drama by S. Knowles, based on Miss 
Porter's novel of The Villaqe of Marien- 
dorpt (1838). The "maid" is Meeta, 
daughter of Mahldenau minister of 
Mariendorpt, and betrothed to major 
Rupert Roselheim. The plot is this : 
Mahldenau starts for Prague in search of 
Meeta's sister, who fell into some soldiers' 
hands in infancy during the siege of Mag- 
deburg. On entering Prague, he is seized 
as a sp}', and condemned to death. Meeta, 
hearing of his capture, walks to Prague 
to plead for his life, and finds that the 
governor's "daughter" is her lost sister. 
Rupert storms the prison and releases 
Mahldenau. 

Maid of Norway, Margaret, daugh- 
ter of Eric II. and Margaret of Norway. 
She was betrothed to Edward, son of 
Edward I. of England, but died on her 
passage (1290). 

Maid of Orleans, Jeanne d'Arc, 
famous for having raised the siege of 
Orleans, held by the English. The general 
tradition is that she was burnt alive as a 
witch, but this is doubted (1412-1431). 

Maid of Perth. [Fair), Catharine 
Glover, daughter of Simon Glover, the 
old glover of Perth. She kisses Henry 
Smith while asleep on St. Valentine's 
morning, and ultimately marries him. — 
Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Maid of Saragoza, Augustina, 
noted for her heroism at the siege of 
Saragoza, 1808-9.— See Southey's His- 
tory of the Peninsular War. 



Her lover sinks— she sheds no ill-timed tear ; 

Her chief is slain— she fills his fatal |K>st ; 
Her fellows flee— she checks th'jir base career ; 

The foe retires— she heads the sallying host. 
. . . the flying Gaul, 
Foiled by a woman's hand before a battered wall. 

Byron. Childe Harold, i. 56 (1809). 

Maid of the MiU {The), an opera 
by Isaac Bickerstaff. Patty, the daugh- 
ter of Fairfield the miller, was brought 
up by lord Aimworth's mother. At the 
death of lady Aimworth, Patty returned 
to the mill, and her father promised her 
in marriage to Farmer Giles ; but Patty 
refused to marry him. Lord Aimworth 
about the same time betrothed himself to 
Theodosia, the daughter of sir Harry 
Sycamore ; but the young lady loved Mr. 
Mervin. "When lord Aimworth knew of 
this attachment, he readily yielded up his 
betrothed to the man of her choice, and 
selected for his bride Patty " the maid of 
the mill " (17G5). 

Maid of the Oaks (The), a two-act 
drama by J. Burgoyne. Maria " the 
maid of the Oaks" is brought up by Old- 
worth of Oldworth Oaks as his ward, but 
is informed on the eve of her marriage 
with sir Harry Groveby that she is Old- 
worth's daughter. The under-plot is 
between sir Charles Dupely and lady Bab 
Lardoon. Dupely professed to despise 
all women, and lady Lardoon was "the 
princess of dissipation;" but after they 
fell in with each other, Dupely confessed 
that he would abjure his creed, and lady 
Lardoon avowed that henceforth she 
renounced the world of fashion and its 
follies. 

Maid's Tragedy (The). The "maid" 
is Aspa'tia the troth-plight wife of Amiu- 
tor, who, at the king's command, is made 
to marry Evad'ne (3 syl.). Her death 
forms the tragical event which gives name 
to the drama. — Beaumont and Fletcher 
(1610). 

(The scene between Antony and Ven- 
tidius, in Dryden's tragedy of All for 
Love, is copied from The Maid's Tragedy, 
where "Melantius" answers to Venti- 
dius.) 

Maiden (TJie), a kind of guillotine, 
introduced into Scotland by the regent 
Morton, who was afterwards beheaded by 
it. The " maiden " resembled in form 
a painter's easel about ten feet high. 
The victim placed 'his head on a cross- 
bar some four feet from the bottom, kept 
in its place by another bar. In the inner 
edges of the frame were grooves, in which 
slid a sharp axe weighted with lead and 



MAIDEN KING. 



596 



MALADE IMAGINAIRE. 



supported by a long cord. When all was 
ready, the cord was cut and down fell the 
axe with a thud. — Pennant, Tour in Scot- 
land, iii. 365 (1771). 

The unfortunate earl [Argyll] was appointed to be 
beheaded by the " maiden."— Sir W. Scott, Tales of a 
Grandfather, ii. 53. 

The Italian instrument of execution was called the 
mannaia. The apparatus was erected on a scaffold ; the 
axe was placed between two perpendiculars. ... In Scot- 
land the instrument of execution was an inferior variety 
of the mannaia. — Memoirs of the Sansons, i. 257. 

It seems pretty clear that the " maiden" ... is merely 
a corruption of the Italian manna'ia. — A. G. Reid. 

Maiden King (The), Malcolm IV. 
of Scotland (1141, 1153-1165). 

Malcolm, ... son of the brave and generous prince 
Kenry, . . . was so kind and gentle in his disposition, 
that lie was usually called Malcolm " the Maiden."— Sir W. 
Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, iv. 

Maiden Queen {The), Elizabeth of 
England (1533, 1558-1603). 

Maiden of the Mist (TJie), Anne 
of Geierstein, daughter of count Albert 
of Geierstein. She is the baroness of 
Arnheim. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Maidens' Castle (The), on the 
Severn. It was taken from a duke by 
seven knights, and held by them till sir 
Galahad expelled them. It was called 
" The Maidens' Castle " because these 
knights made a vow that every maiden 
who passed it should be made a captive. 
This is an allegory. 

The Castle of Maidens betokens the good souls that were 
in prison afore the incarnation of Christ. And the seven 
knights betoken the seven deadly sins which reigned in 
the world. . . . And the good knight sir Galahad may 
be likened to the Son of the High Father, that Light 
within a maiden which brought all souls out of thraldom. 
—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 44 (1470). 

Mailsetter (Mrs.), keeper of the 
Fairport post-office. 

Davie Mailsetter, her son. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Maimou'ne (3 syl.), a fairy, daughter 
of Damriat "king of a legion of genii." 
When the princess Badoura, in her sleep, 
was carried to the bed of prince Camaral'- 
zaman to be shown to him, Maimoune 
Changed herself into a flea, and bit the 
prince's neck to wake him. Whereupon 
he sees the sleeping princess by his side, 
falls in love with her, and afterwards 
marries her. — Arabian Nights ("Cama- 
ralzaman and Badoura"). 

Mai'muna or Maimu'na, one of 
the sorceresses of l>oin-Daniel, who re- 
pents and turns to Allah. Thal'aba first 
encounters her, disguised as an old 
woman spinning the finest thread. He 
greatly marvels at its extreme fineness, 
but she tells him he cannot snap it ; 



whereupon he winds it round his two 
wrists, and becomes powerless. Maimuna, 
with her sister-sorceress Khwala, then 
carry him to the island of Moha'reb, 
where he is held in durance ; but Mai- 
muna releases him, repents, and dies. — 
Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, ix. 
(1797). 

Mainote (2 syl.), a pirate who infests 
the coast of Attica. 

. . . boat 
Of island-pirate or Mainote. 

Byron, The Giaour (1813). 

Mainy (Richard), out of whom the 
Jesuits cast the seven deadly sins, each 
in the form of some representative ani- 
mal. As each devil came forth, Mainy 
indicated the special sin by some trick or 
gesture. Thus, for pride he pretended to 
curl his hair, for gluttony to vomit, for 
sloth to gape, and so on. — Bishop Hars- 
nett, Declaration of Popish Impostures, 
279, 280. 

Maitland (Thomas), the pseudonym 
of Robert Buchanan in The Contemporary 
Review, when he x attacked the "Fleshly 
school." 

Malachi, the canting, preaching 
assistant of Thomas Turnbull a smug- 
gler and schoolmaster. — Sir W. Scott, 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Malaeoda, the fiend sent as an envoy 
to Virgil, when he conducted Dante 
through hell.— Dante, Hell, xxi. (1300). 

Malade Imaginaire (Le), Mons. 
Argan, who took seven mixtures and 
twelve lavements in one month instead 
of twelve mixtures with twenty lave- 
ments, as he had hitherto done. " No 
wonder," he says, "he is not so well." 
He fancies his wife loves him dearly, 
and that his daughter is undutiful, be- 
cause she declines to marry a young 
medical prig instead of Cle'ante (2 syl.) 
whom she loves. His brother persuades 
"the malade" to counterfeit death, in 
order to test the sincerity of his wife and 
daughter. The wife rejoices greatly at 
his death, and proceeds to filch his pro- 
perty, when Argan starts up and puts an 
end to her pillage. Next comes the 
daughter's turn. When she hears of her 
father's death, she bewails him with great 
grief, says she has lost her best friend, 
and that she will devote her whole life 
in prayer for the repose of his soul. 
Argan is delighted, starts up in a frenzy 
of joy, declar«s she is a darling, and 
shall marry the man of her choice freely, 



MALAGIGI. 



597 



MALBROUGH. 



and receive a father's blessing. — Molibre, 
Le Malade Lnajintirc (1673). 

Malagi'gi, son of Buovo, brother of 
Aldiger and Vivian (of Clarmont's race), 
one of Charlemagne's paladins, and cousin 
of Kinaldo. Being Drought up by the 
fairy Orianda, he became a great en- 
chanter. — Ariosto, Orlando Ptirfoso (1516). 

Malagri'da (Gabriel), an Italian 
Jesuit and missionary to Brazil, who 
was accused* of conspiring against the 
king of Portugal (1689-1761). 

Lord Shelburne was nicknamed "Mala- 
grida." He was a zealous oppositionist 
during lord N-" rth's administration (1737- 
1805). 

" Do you know," ?aid Goldsmith to his lordship, " that 
I never could conceive why they call you ' Malagrida.' for 
Malagrida was a very good sort of a man." . . He meant 
to say, a." Malagrila was a "good sort of a man," he could 
not conceive how it became a word of reproach.— W. 
Irving. 

Malagrowth.er (Sir Mungo\ a 
crabbed old courtier, soured by misfor- 
tune, and peevish from infirmities. He 
tries to make every one as sour and dis- 
contented as himself. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Malagroxcther (Malachi), sir Walter 
Scott, " On the proposed change of 
currency, etc. " (1826). 

Lockhart says that these " diatribes pro- 
duced in Scotland a sensation not inferior 
to that of the Drapier's letters in Ire- 
land." They came out in the Edinburgh 
Weekly Journal. 

Malambru'no, a giant, first cousin 
to queen Maguncia of Candaya. " Ex- 
clusive of his natural barbarity, Malam- 
bruno was also a wizard," who enchanted 
don Clavijo and the princess Antono- 
masia — the former into a crocodile of 
some unknown metal, and the latter into 
a monkey of brass. The giant sent don 
Quixote the wooden horse, and was ap- 
peased " by the simple attempt of the 
knight to disenchant the victims of his 
displeasure." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
II. iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

Malaprop (Mrs.), aunt and guardian 
to Lydia Languish the heiress. Mrs. 
Malaprop sets her cap at sir Lucius 
OTrigger, "a tall Irish baronet," and 
corresponds with him under the name of 
Delia. Sir Lucius fancies it is the niece, 
and, when he discovers his mistake, de- 
clines the honour of marriage with the 
aunt. Mrs. Malaprop is a synonym for 
those who misapply words without mis- 
pronouncing them. Thus Mrs. Malaprop 



talks of a Derbyshire putrefaction, ar 
allegory of the Nile, a barbarous Vandyke, 
she requests that no, delusions to the )><ist 
be made, talks of flying with the utmost 
felicity, and would say precipitate one 
down the prejudice instead of " precipice." 
— Sheridan, The Jiivals (1775). 

Mrs. Malaprop's mistakes in what she rails "ortho- 
doxy," have often been objected to as improbable from » 
woman of her rank of life, but . . tile lorlrineaa of Ret 

simile, "as headstrong a* an alio:; ry on the b;uik^ of t lie 
Nile," will be acknowledged as [inimitablc\.— T. Moore. 

Malbecco, "a cankered, crabbed 
carl," very wealthy and very miserly, 
husband of a young wife named Heli- 
nore (3 S'jl.), of whom he is very jealous, 
and not without cause. Helinore, falling 
in love with sir l'andel her guest, sets 
fire to the closet where her husband keeps 
his treasures, and elopes with Paridel, 
while Malbecco stops to put out the 
flames. This done, Malbecco starts in 
pursuit, and finds that Paridel has tired 
of the dame, who has become the satyrs' 
dairy-maid. He soon finds her out, but 
she declines to return with him ; and he, 
in desperation, throws himself from a 
rock, but receives no injury. Malbecco 
then creeps into a cave, feeds on toads 
and frogs, and lives in terror lest the 
rock should crush him or the sea over- 
whelm him. "Dying, he lives on, and 
can never die," for he is no longer Mal- 
becco, "but Jealousy is hi^ht." — - 
Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 9, 10 (1590). 

Malbrough.', corrupted in English 
into Marlbrook, the hero of a popular 
French song. Generally thought to refer 
to John Churchill duke of Marlborough, 
so famous for his victories over the French 
in the reign of Louis XIX. ; but no inci- 
dent of the one corresponds with the life 
of ■ the other. The Malbrough of the 
song was evidently a crusader or ancient 
baron, who died in battle ; and his lady, 
climbing the castle tower and looking 
out for her lord, reminds one of the 
mother of Sisera, who "looked out at a 
window, and cried through the lattice. 
Why is his chariot so long in coming f 
"Why tarry the wheels of his chariots ? 
. . . Have thev not sped ? Have thev not 
divided the spoil?" (Judgesx. 28-30)". The 
following are the words of the song : — 

" Malbrough is gone to the wars. Ah ! when will he 
return?" "He will come back by Easter, lady, or at 
latest by Trinity." "No, no! Easier is past, and 
Trinity is past : but Malbrough has not returned. " Then 
did she climb the castle tower, to look out for his coming. 
She saw his page, but he was clad in black. "My page, 
my bonnie page," cried the lady, "what tidings bring 
you — what tidings of my lord ? " "The news I bring," said 
(he page, "is very sad, and will make you weep. Lay 
aside your gay attire, lady, your ornaments of gold and 



MALBROTJK. 



598 



MALFORT. 



silver, for my lord is dead. He is dead, lady, and laid in 
earth. I saw him borne to his last home by four officers : 
one carried his cuirass, one his shield, one his sword, and 
the fourth walked beside the bier but bore nothing. 
They laid him in earth. I saw his spirit rise through the 
laurels. They planted his grave with rosemary. The 
nightingale sang his dirge. The mourners fell to the 
earth ; and when they rose up again, they chanted his 
victories. Then retired they all to rest." 

This song used to be sung as a lullaby 
to the infant son of Louis XVI. ; and 
Napoleon I. never mounted his charger 
for battle without humming the air of 
Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre. Mon. de 
Las Casas says he heard him hum the 
same air a little before his death. 

Malbrouk, of Basque legend, is a 
child brought up by his godfather of the 
same name. At the age of seven he is 
a tall, full-grown man, and, like Proteus, 
can assume any form by simply naming 
the form he wishes to assume. Thus, by 
saying " Jesus, ant," he becomes an ant ; 
and "Jesus, pigeon," he becomes a 
pigeon. After performing most wonder- 
ful prodigies, and releasing the king's 
three daughters who had been stolen 
by his godfather, he marries the youngest 
of the princesses, and succeeds the king 
on his throne. 

*** The name Malbrouk occurs in the 
Chanson de Gestes, and in the Basque 
Pastorales. (See above, Malbrough.) 

Malcolm, surnamed "Can More" 
("great head"), eldest son of Duncan "the 
Meek " king of Scotland. He, with his 
father and younger brother, was a guest 
of Macbeth at Inverness Castle, when 
Duncan was murdered. The two young 
princes fled — Malcolm to the English 
court, and his brother Donalbain to Ire- 
land. When Macduff slew Macbeth in 
the battle of Dunsin'ane, the son of Dun- 
can was set on the throne of Scotland, 
under the name and title of Malcolm III. 
— Shakespeare, Macbeth (1G0G). 

Malebolge (4 syl.), the eighth circle 
of Dante's inferno. It was divided into 
ten bolyi or pits. 

There is a place, within the depthsof hell, 
Called Malebolg6. 

DantS, Hell, xviii. (1300). 

Mal'ecasta, the mistress of Castle 
Joyous, and the impersonation of lust. 
Britouiart (the heroine of chastity) en- 
tered her bower, after overthrowing four 
of the six knights who guarded it ; and 
Malecasta sought to win the stranger to 
wantonness, not knowing her sex. Of 
course, Britomart resisted all her wiles, 
and left the castle next morning. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 1 (1590). 



Maledisaunt, a damsel who threw 
discredit on her knightly lover to pre- 
vent his encountering the danger of the 
battle-field. Sir Launcelot condoned her 
offence, and gave her the name of Bien- 
pensaunt. 

The Cape of Good Hope was called the 
"Cape of Storms" (Cabo Tormentoso) 
by Bartholomew Diaz, when discovered 
in 1493 ; but the king of Portugal (John 
II.) changed the name to " Good Hope." 

So the Euxine (that is, w the hospit- 
able") Sea was originally called "The 
Axine" (or "the inhospitable") Sea. 

Maleffbrtj seneschal of lady Bria'na ; 
a man of " mickle might," slain by sir 
Calidore. — Spenser, Faery Queen, vi. 1 
(1596). 

Male'ger (3 syl.), captain of the host 
which besieged Body Castle, of which 
Alma was queen. Prince Arthur found 
that his sword was powerless to wound 
him, so he took him up in his arms and 
tried to crush him, but without effect. 
At length the prince remembered that 
the earth Avas the .carl's mother, and sup- 
plied him with new strength and vigour 
as often as he went to her for it ; so he 
carried the body, and flung it into a lake. 
(See Ant^eos.) — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
ii. 11 (1590). 

Malen'gin, Guile personified. When 
attacked by Talus, he changed himself 
into a fox, a bush, a bird, a hedgehog, 
and a snake; but Talus, with his iron 
flail, beat him to powder, and so "deceit 
did the deceiver fail." On his back 
Malengin carried a net " to catch fools " 
with. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 9 (1596). 

Malepardus, the castle of Master 
Reynard the fox, in the beast-epic of 
Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Males and Females. The pro- 
portion in England is 104*5 males to 100 
females; in Russia it is 108*9; and the 
Jews in Livonia give the ratio of 120 
males born to every 100 females. The 
mortality of males in infancj" exceeds that 
of females, and war greatly disturbs the 
balance. 

Mal-Fet (T/ie chevalier), the name 
assumed by sir Launcelot in Joyous Isle, 
during his fit of madness, which lasted 
two years. — Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthtir, iii. (1470). 

Malfort {Mr.), a young man who has 

ruined himself by speculation. 

Mrs. Malfort, the wife of the specula- 



MALFY. 



599 



MALVOLIO. 



tor, "houseless, friendless, defenceless, 
and forlorn." The wants of Malfort are 
temporarily relieved by the bounty of 
Frank Heartall and the kindness of Mrs. 
Cheerly "the soldier's daughter." The 
return of Malfort, senior, from India, 
restores his son to ease and affluence. — 
Cherry, The Soldier's Daughter (1804). 

Malfy (Duchess of), twin-sister of 
Ferdinand duke of Calabria. She fell 
in love with Antonio, her steward, and 
gave thereby mortal offence to her twin- 
brother Ferdinand, and to her brother 
the cardinal, who employed Bosola to 
strangle her. — John Webster, Duchess of 
Malfy (1018). 

Malgo, a mythical king of Britain, 
noted for nis beauty and his vices, his 
munificence and his strength. Malgo 
added Ireland, Iceland, Gothland, the 
Orkneys, Norway, and Dacia to his 
dominions. — Geoffrey, British History, 
xi. 7 (1142). 

Next Malgo . . . first Orkney overran, 
Proud Denmark then subdued, and spacious Norway wan, 
Seized Iceland for his own, and Gothland to each shore. 
Drayton, 1'olyolbion, xix. (1622). 

Malherbe (2 syl.). If any one asked 
Malherbe his opinion about any French 
words, he always sent him to the street 
porters at the Port an Foin, saying that 
they were his "masters in language." — 
Racan, -Fie de Malherbe (1G30). 

It is said that Shakespeare read his 
plays to an oyster-woman when he wished 
to know if they would suit the popular 
taste. 

Mal'inal, brother of Yukid'thiton. 
When the Az'tecas declared Avar against 
Madoc and his colony, Malinal cast in 
his lot with the White strangers. He 
was a noble youth, who received two 
arrow-wounds in his leg while defending 
the white women ; and being unable to 
stand, fought in their defence on his 
knees. "When Malinal was disabled, 
Amal'ahta caught up the princess, and 
ran off with her; but Mervyn the "young 
page " (in fact, a girl) struck him on the 
hamstrings with a bill-hook, and Malinal, 
crawling to the spot, thrust his sword in 
the villain's groin and killed him. — 
Southey, Madoc, ii. 16 (1805). 

Mal'iom. Mahomet is so called in 
some of the old romances. 

"Send five, send six against me ! By Maliom ! I swear 
111 take them all."— Fierabras. 

Malkin. The Maid Marian of the 



morris-dance is so called by Beaumont 
and Fletcher : 

Put on the shape of order and humanity, 
Or you must marry Malkin the May-Lady. 

Monsieur Thomas (1619). 

Mall Cutpurse, Mary Frith, a 
thief and receiver of stolen goods. .John 
Day, in 1610, wrote "a booke called The 
Madde Prancks of Merry Mall of the 
Bankside, with her Walks in Man's 
Apparel, and to what Purpose." It is 
said that she was an androgyne (1584- 
1659). 

Last Sunday, Mall Cutpurse, a notorious baggage, that 
used to go about in man's apparel, and rhallenged the field 
of diverse gallants, was brought to [St. Paul's OrocsJ, 
where she wept bitterly, and seemed very penitent ; but 
it is since doubted she was maudlin drunk, being dis- 
covered to have tippeled of three quarts of sack before 
the came to her penance.— John Chamberlain (loll). 

Mal-Orchol, king of Fuar'fed (an 
island of Scandinavia). Being asked by 
Ton-Thormod to give him his daughter in 
marriage, he refused, and the rejected 
suitor made war on him. Fingal sent his 
son Ossian to assist Mal-Orchol, and on 
the very day of his arrival he took Ton- 
Thormod prisoner. Mal-Orchol, in grati- 
tude, now offered Ossian his daughter in 
marriage ; but Ossian pleaded for Ton- 
Thormod, and the marriage of the lady 
with her original suitor was duly solem- 
nized. (The daughter's name was Oina- 
Morul.) — Ossian, Oina-Morul. 

Maltworm, a tippler. Similarly, 
bookworm means a student. 

Gadshill. I am joined with no foot-land-rakers [foot- 
pads], no long-staff sixpenny strikers [common />ri?/'jers, 
who strike small coin* from the hands of children I ; none 
of these . . . purple-hued maltworms; but with nobility. 
—Shakespeare, 1 Ilenry IV. act ii. sc. 1 (1597). 

Mal'venu, Lucif 'era's porter. — Spen- 
ser, Faery Queen, i. 4 (1590). 

Malvi'na, daughter of Toscar. She 
was betrothed to Oscar son of Ossian ; 
but he was slain in Ulster by Cairbar 
before the day of marriage arrived. — 
Temora, i. 

was a lovely tree in thy presence, Oscar, with all my 
branches round me ; but thy death came like a blast from 
the desert, and laid my green head low. The spring 
returned with its showers ; no leaf of mine arose. . . . 
The tear was in the cheek of Malvina. — Ossian, Crama. 

Malvoisin (Sir Albert de), a pre- 
ceptor of the Knights Templars. 

Sir Philip de Malvoisin, one of the 
knights challengers at the tournament. — 
Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Malvo'lio, Olivia's steward. When 
he reproves sir Toby Belch for riotous 
living, the knight sa^-s to him, "Dost 
thou think, because thou art virtuous, 
there shall be no more cakes and ale?" 



MAMAMOUCHI. 



600 



MAMMOUN. 



Sir Toby and sir Andrew Ague-cheek 
join Maria in a trick against the steward. 
Maria forges a letter in the handwriting 
of , Olivia, leading Malvolio to suppose 
that his mistress is in love with him, 
telling him to dress in yellow stockings, 
and to smile on the lady. Malvolio falls 
into the trap ; and when Olivia shows 
astonishment at his absurd conduct, he 
keeps quoting parts of the letter he has 
received, and is shut up in a dark room 
as a lunatic. — Shakespeare, Twelfth Night 
(1614). 

Clearing his voice with a preliminary "Hem!" he 
addressed his kinsman, checking, as Malvolio proposed 
to do when seated in his state, his familiar smile with an 
austere regard of control. — Sir W. Scott. 

Bensley's "Malvolio" was simply perfection. His legs 
in yellow stockings most villainously cross-gartered, with 
a horrible laugh of ugly conceit to top the whole, ren- 
dered him Shakespeare's "Malvolio "at all points [1738- 
1S17J — Boaden, Life of Jordan. 

Mamamouchi, an imaginary order 
of knighthood. M. Jourdain, the par- 
venu, is persuaded that the grand seignior 
of the order has made him a member, 
and he submits to the ceremony of a 
mock installation. — Moliere, Le Bourgeois 
Gentilhomme (1670). 

All the women most devoutly swear, 
Rich would be rather a poor actress here 
Thau to be made a Mamamouchi there. 

Dryden. 

Mambrino's Helmet, a helmet of 
pure gold, which rendered the wearer 
invisible. It was taken possession of b} r 
Rinaldo, and stolen by Scaripante. 

Cervantes tells us of a barber who was 
caught in a shower of rain, and who, to 
protect his hat, clapped his brazen basin 
on his head. Don Quixote insisted that 
this basin was the helmet of the Moorish 
king ; and, taking possession of it, wore 
it as such. 

*** When the knight set the galley- 
slaves free, the rascals "snatched the 
basin from his head, and broke it to pieces'''' 
(pt. I. iii. 8) ; but we find it sound and 
complete in the next book (ch. 15), when 
the gentlemen at the inn sit in judgment 
on it, to decide whether it is really a 
"helmet or a basin." The judges, of 
course, humour the don, and declare the 
basin to be an undoubted helmet. — 
Cervantes, Don Quixote (1605). 

" I will lead the life I have mentioned, till, by the fo-.vo 
.•ind terror of my arm, I take a helmet from the bead of 
some other knight." . . . The same thing happened about 
Mambrino's helmet, which cost Scaripante so dear. — Cer- 
vantes, Don (luUotc, I. ii. '2 (1605). 

Mamillius, a young prince of Sicilia. 
— Shakespeare, Winter's Tale (1604). 

Mammon, the personification of 
earthly ambition, be it wealth, honours, 



sensuality, or what not. " Ye cannot" 
serve God and mammon" (Matt. vi. 24). 
Milton makes Mammon one of the re- 
bellious angels : 

Mammon, the least-erected spirit that fell 

From heaven ; for e'en in heaven his looks and thoughts 

Were always downward bent, admiring more 

The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden gold, 

Than aught, divine or holy, else enjoyed. 

Paradise Lost, L 679, etc. (1665). 

Mammon tells sir Guyon if he will serve 
him, he shall be the richest man in the 
world ; but the knight replies that money 
has no charm in his sight. The god then 
takes him into his smithy, and tells him 
to give any order he likes ; but sir Guyon 
declines the invitation. Mammon next 
offers to give the knight Philotine to 
wife ; but sir Guyon still declines. 
Lastly, the knight is led to Proserpine's 
bower, and told to pluck some of the 
golden fruit, and to rest him awhile on 
the silver stool ; but sir Guyon resists the 
temptation. After three days' sojourn 
in the infernal regions, the knight is led 
back to earth, and swoons. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, ii. 7 (1590). 

Mammon (Sir Epicure), the rich dupe 
who supplies Subtle "the alchemist" 
with money to carry oh his artifices, 
under pretence of transmuting base metals 
into gold. Sir Epicure believes in the 
possibility, and glories in the mighty 
things he will do when the secret is 
discovered. — Ben Jonson, Tlie Alchemist 
(1610). 

[Sir] Epicure Mammon has the whole "matter and 
copy of the father — eye, nose, lip, the trick of his frown." 
It is just such a swaggerer as contemporaries have described 
Ben to be. . . . He is arrogance personified. . . . What 
a "towering bravery" there is in his sensuality! He 
affects no pleasure under a sultan. — C. Lamb. 

Mammoth (The) or big buffalo is 
an emblem of terror and destruction 
among the American Indians. Hence, 
when Brandt, at the head of a part} r of 
Mohawks and other savages, was laying 
waste Pennsylvania, and approached 
Wyo'ming, Outalissi exclaims : 

The mammoth comes — the foe — the monster Brandt, 
With all his howling, desolating band . . . 
Red is the cup they drink, but not of wine I 

Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, iii. 16 (1809). 

Mammoth Cave (The), in Edmond- 
son County, Kentucky. It is the largest 
in the world. 

Mammoth Grove (The), in Cali- 
fornia. .Some of the trees grow to the 
height of from 2,00 to 30Q feet, and have 
a girth of from 100 to 200 feet. 

Mammoun, eldest of the four sons 
of Corcud. One tlay, lie showed kind- 
ness to a mutilated serpent, which proved 



MAN. 



601 



MAN OF BRASS. 



to be the fairy Gialout, who gave him for 
hia humanity the power of joining and 
mending whatever was broken. He 
mended a pie's egg which was smashed 
into twenty pieces, and so perfectly that 
the egg was hatched. He also mended 
in a moment a ship which had been 
wrecked and broken in a violent storm. — 
T. S. Gueulette, Chinese Tales (" Corcud 
and His Four Sons," 1723). 

Man. His descent according to the 
Darwinian theory: (1) The larvae of 

aseidians, a marine mollusc ; (2) fish 
lowly organized, as the lancelet ; (3) 
ganoids, lepidosiren, and other fish ; (4) 
amphibians ; (5) birds and reptiles ; (6) 
from reptiles we get the monotremata, 
which connects reptiles with the mam- 
malia ; (7) the marsupials ; (8) placental 
mammals ; (9) lemurldae ; (10) siminda? ; 
(11) the New World monkeys called 
platyrhines, and the Old World monkeys 
called catarrhines ; (12) between the catarr- 
hines and the race of man the "missing 
link" is placed by some; but others 
think between the highest organized ape 
and the lowest organized man the grada- 
tion is simple and easy. 

Man (Isle of), a corruption of main-au 
(" little island") ; Latinized into Menav- 
ia. Caesar calls it "Mon-a," the Scotch 
pronunciation of main-au ; and hence 
comes " Monabia"for Menavia. 

Man (Races of). According to the 
Bible, the whole human race sprang 
from one individual, Adam. Virey 
affirms there were two original pairs. 
Jacquinot and Latham divide the race 
into three primordial stocks ; Kant into 
four ; Blumenbach into five ; Buffon into 
six ; Hunter into seven ; Agassiz into 
eight ; Pickering into eleven ; Bory St. 
Vincent into fourteen ; Desmoulins into 
sixteen ; Morton into twenty-two ; Craw- 
furd into, sixty ; and Burke into sixty- 
three. 

Man in Black (The), said to be 
meant for Goldsmith's father. A true 
oddity, with the tongue of a Tim on and 
the heart of an uncle Toby. He declaims 
against beggars, but relieves every one 
he meets ; he ridicules generosity, but 
would share his last cloak with the 
needv. — Goldsmith, Citizen of the World 
(1759). 

*** Washington Irving has a tale called 
The Man in Black. 

Man in the Moon (The). Some 
Bay it is the man who picked up a bundle 



of sticks on the sabbath day (Numb. xv. 
32-3fi). Dante says it is Cain, and that 
the "bush of thorns" is an emblem of 
the curse pronounced on the earth : 
" Thorns also and thistles shall it bring 
forth to thee" (Gen. iii. 18). Some say 
it is Endymion, taken there by Diana. 

The curse pronounced on the "man" 
was this : "As you regarded not 'Sun- 
day ' on earth, you shall keep a perpetual 
' Moon-day ' in heaven." This, of course, 
is a Teutonic tradition. 

The bush of thorns, in the Schaumburg- 
lippe version, is to indicate that the man 
strewed thorns in the church path, to 
hinder people from attending mass on 
Sundays. 

Now doth Cain with fork of thorns confine 
On either hemisphere, touching the wave 
Beneath the lowers of Seville. Yesternight 
The moon was round. 

Dante\ Inferno, xx. (1300). 
Her gite way gray and full of spottis black, 
And on her brest a chorle painted ful even, 
Bering a bush of thomis on his back. 
Which for his theft might clime so ner the heven. 
Chaucer. 

A North Frisian version gives cabbages 
instead of a faggot of wood. 

*** There are other traditions, among 
which may be mentioned " The Story of 
the Hare and the Elephant." In this 
story "the man in the moon" is a hare. 
— Pantschatantra (a collection of San- 
skrit fables). 

Man in the Moon, a man who visits the 
" inland parts of Africa." — W. Thomson, 
Jlm/uHuth or Human Nature Displayed on 
a Grand Scale (1789). 

Man in the Moon, the man who, by the 
aid of a magical glass, shows Charles 
Fox (the man of the people) various 
eminent contemporaries. — W. Thomson, 
The Man in the Moon or Travels into the 
Lunar Regions (1783). 

Man of Blood. Charles I. was so 
called by the puritans, because he made 
war on his parliament. The allusion is 
to 2 Sam. xvi. 7. 

Man of Brass, Talos, the work of 
Hephaestos ( Vidcan). He traversed the 
Isle of Crete thrice a 3-ear. Apollo'nius 
(Argonautica, xv.) says he threw rocks at 
the Argonauts, to prevent their landing. 
It is also said that when a stranger was 
discovered on the island, Talos made him- 
self red hot, and embraced the intruder to 
death. 

That portentous Man of Brass 
Hephaestus made in days of yore, 
Who stalked about the Cretan shore. 
And saw the ships appear and pass, 
And threw stones at the Argonauts. 

Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (1863). 



MAN OF DECEMBER. 



602 



MANCHESTER POET. 



Man of December, Napoleon III. 
So called because he was made president 
December 1.1, 1848; made trie coup 
d'etat, December 2, 1851 ; and was made 
emperor, December 2, 1852. 

(Born in the Rue Lafitte, Paris (not in 
the Tuileries), April 20, 1808 ; reigned 
1852-1870; died at Chiselhurst, Kent, 
January 9, 1878.) 

Man of Destiny, Napoleon L, who 
always looked on himself as an instru- 
T ment in the hands of destiny, and that 
all his acts were predestined. 

The Man of Destiny . . . had power for a time "to 
bind kings with chains, and nobles with fetters of iron." 
—Sir W. Scott. 

Man of Feeling (The), Harley, a 
sensitive, bashful, kind-hearted, senti- 
mental sort of a hero. — H. Mackenzie, 
The Man of Feeling (1771). 

*,,.* Sometimes Henry Mackenzie is 
himself called " The Man of Feeling." 

Man of Ross, John Kyrle, of Ross, 
in Herefordshire, distinguished for his 
benevolence and public spirit. " Richer 
than miser, nobler than king or king- 
polluted lord." — Pope, Epistle, iii. (" On 
the Use of Riches," 1709). 

Man of Salt (A), a man like ^Ene r as, 
always melting into tears called "drops 
of salt." 

This would make a man, a man of salt, 
To use his eyes for garden water-pots. 
Shakespeare, King Lear, act iv. sc. 6 (1605). 

Man of Sedan, Napoleon III. So 
called because he surrendered his sword 
to William king of Prussia after the 
battle of Sedan in September, 1870. 

(Born in the Rue Lafitte, 1808 ; reigned 
1852-1870 ; died at Chiselhurst, 1873.) 

Man of Sin (The), mentioned in 
2 Thess. ii. 3. 

Whitby says the " Man of sin " means 
the Jews as a people. 

Grotius says it means Caius Csesar or 
else Caligula. 

Wetstein says it is Titus. 

Olshauscn thinks it is typical of some 
one yet to come. 

Roman Catholics say it means Anti- 
christ. 

Protestants think it refers to the pope. 

The Fifth-Monarchy men applied it to 
Cromwell. 

Man of the Hill, a tedious "her- 
mit of the vale," introduced by Fielding 
into his novel of Tom Jones (1749). 

Man of the Mountain (Old). 
(See K.OPPENBEHG, p. 526.) 



Man of the People, Charles James 
Fox (1749-1806). 

Man of the Sea (TJie Old), the man 
who got upon the shoulders of Sindbad 
the sailor, and would not get off again, 
but clung there with obstinate pertinacity 
till Sindbad made him drunk, when he 
was easily shaken off. Sindbad then 
crushed him to death with a large stone. 

"You had fallen," said they, "into the hands of the 
Old Man of the Sea, and you are the first whom he has not 
strangled."— Arabian Nights (" Sindbad," fifth voyage). 

Man of the "World (The), sir Per- 
tinax McSycophant, who acquires a for- 
tune by ' ' booing " and fawning on the 
great and rich. He wants his son Eger- 
ton to many the daughter of lord Lum- 
bercourt, but Egerton, to the disgust of 
his father, marries Constantia the pro- 
te'gee of lady McSycophant. Sir Pertinax 
had promised his lordship a good round 
sum of money if the marriage was 
effected ; and when this contretemps 
occurs, his lordship laments the loss of 
money, "which will prove his ruin." 
Sir Pertinax tells lord Lumbercourt that 
his younger son Sandy will prove more 
pliable ; and it is agreed that the bar- 
gain shall stand good if Sandy will 
marry the young lady. — C. Macklin, The 
Man of the World (1764). 

*** This comedy is based on Voltaire's 
Nanine (1749). 

Man without a Skin. Richard 
Cumberland the dramatist was so called 
by Garrick, because he was so extremely 
sensitive that he could not bear "to be 
touched " by the finger of criticism 
(1732-1811). 

Managarm, the most gigantic and 
formidable of the race of hags. He 
dwells m the Iron-wood, Jamvid. Mana- 
garm will first fill himself with the blood 
of man, and then will he swallow up the 
moon. This gigantic hag symbolizes 
War, and the "Iron-wood" in which he 
dwells is the wood of spears. — Prose 
Jidda. 

Manchester (American), Lowell, in 
Massachusetts. So called from its cotton- 
mills. 

Manchester of Belgium, Ghent. 

Manchester of Prussia, Elber- 
feld. The speciality of Prussian Man- 
chester is its " Turkey red." Krupp is 
the chief manufacturer there of steel. 

Manchester Poet (The), Charto 
Swain, born 1803. 



MANCIPLE'S TALE. 



603 



MANETTE. 



Manciple's Tale. Phiebus had a 
crow which he taught to speak ; it was 
white as down, and as big as a swan. 
He had also a wife, whom he dearly 
loved. One day when he came home, 
the crow cried, "Cuckoo, cuckoo, 
cuckoo ! " and Phrebus asked the bird 
what it meant ; whereupon it told the 
god that his wife was unfaithful to him. 
Phaebus, in his wrath, seized his bow, 
and shot his wife through the heart ; but 
to the bird he said, "Curse on thy tell- 
tale tongue ! never more shall it brew 
mischief." So he deprived it of the 
power of speech, and changed its plum- 
age from white to black. Moral — Be no 
tale-bearer, but keep well thy tongue, and 
think upon the crow. 

My sone, bewar, and be noon auctour newe, 
Of tydyngs, whether they ben fals or trewe ; 
Wherso thou comest, amongst high or lowe, 
Kep wel thy tonge, and think upon the crowe. 

Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 17,291-1 (1388). 

*** This is Ovid's tale of "Coronis" 
in the Metamorphoses, ii. 543, etc. 

Manda'ne (3 syl.), wife of Zamti the 
Chinese mandarin, and mother of Hamet. 
Hamet was sent to Corea to be brought 
up by Morat, while Mandane brought up 
Zaphimri (under the name of Etan), the 
orphan prince and only surviving repre- 
sentative of the royal race of China. 
Hamet led a party of insurgents against 
Ti'murkan', was seized, and ordered to 
be put to death as the supposed prince. 
Mandane tried to save him, confessed he 
was not the prince ; and Etan came for- 
ward as the real "orphan of China." 
Timurkan, unable to solve the mystery, 
ordered both to death, and Mandane 
with her husband to the torture ; but 
Mandane stabbed herself. — Murphy, The 
Orphan of China (1759). 

Mandane (2syl.), the heroine of Mdlle. 
Scud'eri's romance called Cyrus the Great 
(1650). 

Manda'ne and Stati'ra, stock 
names of melodramatic romance. When 
a romance writer hangs the world on the 
caprice of a woman, he chooses a Mandane 
or Statira for his heroine. Mandane of 
classic story was the daughter of king 
Astyages, wife of Cambyses, and mother 
of Cyrus the Great. Statira was daugh- 
ter of Darius the Persian, and wife of 
Alexander the Great. 

Man'dans, an Indian tribe of Dacota, 
in the United States, noted for their skill 
in horsemanship. 

Marks not the buffalo's track, nor the Mandans' dexterous 
horse-race. 

Longfellow, Evangeline (1849). 



Mandeville, any one who draws 
the long-bow ; a flam. Sir John Man- 
deville [Man'. devil], an English travel- 
ler, published a narrative of his voyages, 
which abounds in the most extravagant 
fictions (1300-1372). 

Oh ! he Is a modern Mandeville. At Oxford he was 
always distinguished by the facetious appellutiim of "The 
Bouncer."— Samuel Foote, The Liar, ii. 1 (1761). 

Mandeville (Bernard de), a licentious, 
deistical writer, author of The Virgin 
Unmasked (1709), Free Thoughts on Re- 
ligion (1712), Fable of the Bees (1714), etc. 
(1670-1733). 

Man'drabuFs Offering, one that 
decreases at every repetition. Mandrabul 
of Samos, having discovered a gold-mine, 
offered a golden ram to Juno for the dis- 
covery. Next year he offered a silver 
one, the third year a brazen one, and the 
fourth year nothing. 

Mandrag'ora, a narcotic and love- 
philter. 

Nor poppy, normandragora. 
Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world. 
Can ever med'dne thee to that sweet sleep 
Which thou owedst yesterday. 

Shakespeare, Othello, act iil. sc. 3 (1611). 
Have the pygmies made you drunken. 
Bathing in inandragora? 

Mrs. Browning, Dead Pan, ii. 

Mandricardo, king of Tartary, son 
of Agrican. Mandricardo wore Hector's 
cuirass, married Doralis, and was slain 
by Roge'ro in single combat. — Bojardo, 
Orlando Tnnamorato (1495) ; Ariosto, Or- 
lando Furioso (1516). 

Mandriceardo, a knight whose 
adventures are recorded by Barahona 
(Mandriceardo, etc., i. 70, 71). 

Manduce (2 syl.), the idol Gluttony, 
venerated by the Gastrol'aters, a people 
whose god was their belly. 

It is a monstrous figure ; ... its eyes are bigger than 
its belly, and its head larger than all the rest of its body, 
. . . having a goodly pair of wide jaws lined with two 
rows of teeth, which, by the magic of twine, are made to 
clash, chatter, and rattle one against the other, as the 
jaws of St. Clement's dragon on St. Mark's procession at 
Mete.— Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 59 (1545). 

Manette (Dr.), of Beauvais. He 
had been imprisoned eighteen years, and 
had gradually lost his memory. After 
his release he somewhat recovered it, 
but any train of thought connected with 
his prison life produced a relapse. While 
in prison, the doctor made shoes, and, 
whenever the relapse occurred, his desire 
for cobbling returned. 

Lucie Manette, the loving, golden- 
haired, blue-eyed daughter of Dr. Ma- 
nette. She marries Charles Darnay. 

Lucie Manette had a forehead with the singular capacity 



MANEY. 



604 



MANLY. 



of lifting and knitting itself into an expression that was 
not quite one of perplexity, or wonder, or alarm, or 
merely of bright fixed attention, though it included all 
the four expressions. — C. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, 
L 4 (1859). 

Maney or Manny (Sir Walter), a 
native of Belgium, who came to England 
as page to Philippa queen of Edward III. 
When he first began his career of arms, 
he and some young companions of his 
own age put a black patch over their left 
eye, and vowed never to remove it till 
they had performed some memorable act 
in the French wars (died 1372). 

With whom our Maney here deservedly doth stand, 
Which first inventor was of that courageous band 
Who closed their left eyes up, as never to be freed 
Till there they bad achieved some high adventurous deed. 
Drayton, PolyolUon, xviii. (1613). 

MariTred {Count), son of Sig'is- 
mund. He sells himself to the prince 
of darkness, and received from him seven 
spirits to do his bidding. They were the 
spirits of "earth, ocean, air, night, 
mountains, winds, and the star of his 
own destiny." Wholly without human 
sympathies, the count dwelt in splendid 
solitude among the Alpine Mountains. 
He once loved the beautiful As'tarte (2 
syl.), and, after her murder, went to the 
hall of Arima'nes to see her. The spirit 
of Astarte informed him that he would 
die the following day ; and when asked 
if she loved him, she sighed " Manfred," 
and vanished. — Byron, Manfred (1817). 

*** Byron sometimes makes Astarte 
two syllables and sometimes three. The 
usual pronunciation is As.tar-te. 

Mangerton ( The laird of), John 
Armstrong, an old warrior who witnesses 
the. national combat in Liddesdale valley 
between his own son (the Scotch cham- 
pion) and Foster (the English champion). 
The laird's son is vanquished. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Laird's Jock (time, Elizabeth). 

Maniche'an (4 syl), a disciple of 
Manes or Manachee the Persian here- 
siarch. The Manicheans believe in two 
opposing principles — one of good and the 
other of evil. Theodora, wishing to ex- 
tirpate these heretics, put 100,000 of them 
to the sword. 

Vet would she make full many a Manichean. 

Byron, Don Juan, vi. 3 (1824). 

Manicon, a species of nightshade, 
supposed to produce madness. 

Man'ito or Mani'tou, the Great 
Spirit of the North American Indians. 
These Indians acknowledge two supreme 
spirits — a spirit of good and a spirit of 
evil. The former they call (titche- 
Manlto, arid the latter Mitche-Manito. 



The good spirit is symbolized by an egg, 
and the evil one by a serpent. — Long- 
fellow, Hiawatha, xiv. 

As when the evil Manitou that dries 
Th' Ohio woods, coasumes them in bis ire. 
Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 17 (1809). 

Manlius, surnamed Torqtiatus, the 
Roman consul. In the Latin war, he 
gave orders that no Roman, on pain of 
death, should engage in single combat. 
One of the Latins having provoked 
young Manlius by repeated insults, he 
slew him ; but when the young man took 
the spoils to his father, Manlius ordered 
him to be put to death for violating the 
commands of his superior officer. — Roman 
Story. 

Man'lius Capitoli'nus, consul of 
Rome B.C. 392, then military tribune. 
After the battle of Allia (390), seeing 
Rome in the power of the Gauls, he 
threw himself into the capitol with 1000 
men, surprised the Gauls, and put them 
to the sword. It was for this achieve- 
ment he was called Capitolinus. Sub- 
sequently he was charged with aiming 
at sovereignty, and was hurled to death 
from the Tarpeian Rock. 

* + * Lafosse (1G98) has a tragedy called 
Manlius Capitolinus, and "Manlius" was 
one of the favourite characters of Talma 
the French actor. Lafosse's drama is an 
imitation of Otway's tragedy of Venice 
Preserved (1682). 

Manly, the lover of lady Grace 
Townly sister-in-law of lord Townly. 
Manly is the cousin of sir Francis 
Wronghead, whom he saves from utter 
ruin. He is noble, judicious, upright, 
and sets all things right that are going 
wrong. — Vanbrugh and Cibber, The Pro- 
voked Husband (1728). 

The address and manner of Dennis Delane [1700-1753] 
were easy and polite ; and he excelled in the well-bred 
man, such as " Manly."— T. Davies. 

Manly, "the plain dealer." An honest, 
surly sea-captain, who thinks every one 
a rascal, and believes himself to be no 
better. Manly forms a good contrast to 
Olivia, who is a consummate hypocrite 
of most unblushing effrontery. 

"Counterfeit honours." says Manly, "will not be 
current with me. I weigh the nun. not his titles. Tis 
not the king's stamp can make the metal better or 
heavier.'— Wycberly, The Plain Dealer, i. 1 (1677). 

*** Manly, the plain dealer, is a copy 
of Molicre's "Misanthrope," the prototype 
of which was the due de Montuusier 

Manly (Captain), the fiaoct of Ara- 
bella ward of justice Day and an 
heiress. 



MANLY. 



605 



MANSFIELD. 



Arahrlhi. I like him much— he seem* plain and honest. 
JCutk. I'lain enough, In all conscience. 

T. Knight, The Honest Thieves. 

Manly (Colonel), a bluff, honest soldier, 
to whom honour is dearer than life. 
The hero of the drama. — Mrs. Centlivre, 

The Beau's Dml (11 m). 

Mann (Mrs.), a dishonest, grasping 
woman, who kept a branch workhouse, 
where children were farmed. Oliver 
Twist was sent to her child-farm. Mrs. 
Mann systematically starved the children 
placed under her charge. — C. Dickens, 
Oliver Twist (1837). 

Mannaia, goddess of retribution. 
The word in Italian means "an axe." 

All in a terrible moment came the blow 
That beat down Paolo's fence, ended the play 
O' the foil, and brought Mannaia on the stage. 
R. Browning, The Iling and the Hook, iii. (date 
of the story, 1487). 

Mannering (Guy) or colonel Man- 
nering. 

Mrs. Mannering (nee Sophia Well- 
wood), wife of Guy Mannering. 

Julia Mannering, daughter of Guy. 
She marries captain Bertram. " Rather 
a hare-brained girl, but well deserving the 
kindest regards " (act i. 2 of the drama- 
tized version). 

Sir Paul Mannering, uncle to Guy 
Mannering. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- 
ing (time, George II.). 

*** Scott's tale of Guy Mannering has 
been dramatized by Daniel Terry. 

Mano'a, the fabulous capital of El 
Dora'do, the houses of which city were 
roofed with gold. El Dorado was said 
to be situated on the west shore of lake 
Parime, at the mouth of a large river. 

Manon l'Escaut, the heroine of a 
French novel entitled Histoire de Chevalier 
Desgrieux et de Manon Lescot, by A. F. 
Pre'vost (1733). Manon is the "fair mis- 
chief " of the story. Her charms seduce 
and ruin the chevalier des Grieux, who 
marries her. After marriage, the selfish 
mistress becomes converted into the faith- 
ful wife, who follows her husband into 
disgrace and banishment, and dies by his 
side in the wilds of America. 

*** The object of this novel, like that 
of La Dame aux Came'lias, by Dumas fils 
(1848), is to show how true-hearted, how 
self-sacrificing, how attractive, a fille de 
joie may be. 

Manri'co, the supposed son of Azu- 
ce'na the gipsy, but in reality the son 
of Garzia (brother of the conte di Luna). 
Leono'ra is in love with him, but the 



count entertains a base passion for her, 
and, getting Manrico into his power, con- 
demns him to death. Leonora promisee 
the count to give herself to him if he 
will spare the life of Manrico. He con- 
sents, but while he £<>es to release his 
"nephew," Leonora sucks poison from a 
ring and dies. Manrico, on perceiving 
this, dies also. — Verdi, // Trovato're (an 
opera, 1853). 

Man's, a fashionable coffee-house in 
the reign of Charles II. 

Mans (The count of), Roland, nephew 
of Charlemagne. He is also called the 
" knight of Blaives." 

Mansel (Sir Edward), lieutenant of 
the Tower of London. 

Lady Mansel, wife of sir Edward. — Sir 
W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 
I.). 

Mansfield (The Miller of), a hu- 
morous, good-natured countryman, who 
offered Henry VIII. hospitality when he 
had lost himself in a hunting expedition. 
The miller gave the king half a bed with 
his son Richard. Next morning, the 
courtiers were brought to the cottage by 
under-keepers, and Henry, in merry pin, 
knighted his host, who thus became sir 
John Cockle. He then made him " over- 
seer of Sherwood Forest," with a salarv 
of 1000 marks a year.— R. Dodsley, The 
King and the Miller of Mansfield (1737). 

%* In the ballad called The King and 
the Miller of Mansfield, the king is Henry 
II., and there are several other points of 
difference between the ballad and the 
play. In the play, Cockle hears a gun 
fired, and goes out to look for poachers, 
when he lays hold of the king, but, being 
satisfied that he is no poacher, he takes 
him home. In the ballad, the king out- 
rides his lords, gets lost, and, meeting the 
miller, asks of him a night's lodging. 
When the miller feels satisfied with the 
face and bearing of the stranger, he 
entertains him right hospitably. He 
gives him for supper a venison pasty, 
but tells him on no account to tell the 
king " that they made free with his deer." 
Another point of difference is this : In 
the play, the courtiers are seized by the 
under-keepers, and brought to Cockle's 
house ; but in the ballad they track the 
king and appear before him next morning. 
In the play, the king settles on sir John 
Cockle 1000 marks ; in the ballad, £300 a 
year. — Percy, Beliques, III. ii. 20. 

(Of course, as Dodgley introduced the 
"firing of a gun," he was obliged to 



MANSUR. 



606 



MARCELLA. 



bring down his date to more modern 
times, and none of the Henrys between 
Henry II. and Henrj r VIII. would be the 
least likely to indulge in such a prank.) 

Mansur (Elijah), a warrior, prophet, 
and priest, who taught a more tolerant 
form of Islam, but not being an orthodox 
Moslem, he was condemned to impri- 
sonment in the bowels of a mountain. 
Mansur is to re-appear and wave his 
conquering sword, to the terror of the 
Muscovite. — Milner, Gallery of Geo- 
graphy, 781. (See Barbarossa.) 

Mantacci'ni, a charlatan, who pro- 
fessed to restore the dead to life. 

Mantali'ni (Madame), a fashionable 
snilliner near Cavendish Square, London. 
She dotes upon her husband, and supports 
him in idleness. 

Mr. Mantalini, the husband of madame ; 
he is a man-doll and cockney fop, noted 
for his white teeth, his minced oaths, 
and his gorgeous morning gown. This 
"exquisite" lives on his wife's earnings, 
and thinks he confers a favour on her by 
lavishing her money on his selfish in- 
dulgences. — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

Mantle (The Boy and the). One day, 
a little boy presented himself before king 
Arthur, and showed him a curious mantle 
" which would become no wife that was 
not leal" to her true lord. The queen 
tried it on, but it changed its colour and 
fell into shreds ; sir Kay's lady tried it 
on, but with no better success ; others 
followed, but only sir Oradock's wife 
could wear it. — Percy, Beliques. 

Mantuan (The), that is, Baptista 
Spag'nolus, surnamed Mantua' nus, from 
the place of his birth. He wrote poems 
and eclogues in Latin. His works were 
translated into English by George Tuber- 
ville in 1567. He lived 1443-1516. 

Ah, good old Mantuan 1 I may speak of thee as the 
traveller doth of Venice : 

Vinegia, Vinegia, 
Chi mon te vede, ei non te pregia. 
Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. sc. '2 (1594). 

Mantuan Swan (The), Virgil, a 
native of Mantua (u.c. 70-19). 

Mantua me gemiit ; Calabri rajwere ; tenet nunc 
ParthenopG ; cecini pascua, rura, duces. 

On Virgil's Tomb (composed by himself). 
Ages elapsed ere Homer's lamp appeared ; 
And ages ere the Mantuan Swan was heard. 

Cowper. 

Ma'nucodia'ta, a bird resembling a 
swallow, found in the Molucca Islands. 
"It has no feet, and though the body is 
not bi^er than that of a swallow, the 



span of its wings is equal to that of an 
eagle. These birds never approach the 
earth, but the female lays her eggs on 
the back of the male, and hatches them 
in her own breast. They live on the dew 
of heaven, and eat neither animal nor 
vegetable food." — Cardan, Be Rerum 
Varietate (1557). 

Less pu'e the footless fowl of heaven, that never 
Rest upon earth, but on the wing for ever. 
Hovering o'er flowers, their fragrant food inhale, 
Drink the descending dew upon the way. 
And sleep aloft while floating on the gale. 

Southey, Curse of Kehama, xxi. 6 (1809). 

Manuel du Sosa, governor of 
Lisbon, and brother of Guiomar (mother 
of the vainglorious Duarte, 3 syl.). — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Tlie Custom of 
the Country (1647). 

Mapp (Mrs.), bone-setter. She was 
born at Epsom, and at one time was very 
rich, but she died in great poverty at her 
lodgings in Seven Dials, 1737. 

*** Hogarth has introduced her in his 
heraldic picture, "The Undertakers' 
Arms." She is the middle of the three 
figures at the top, the other two being 
Dr. Ward on the right hand of the 
spectator, and Dr. Taylor on the left. 

Maqueda, the queen of the South, 
who visited Solomon, and had by him a 
son named Melech. — Zaga Zabo, Ap. 
Damian a Goes. 

*** Maqueda is generally called Balkis 
queen of Saba or Zaba. 

Marcassin (Prince). This nursery 
tale is from the Nights, of Straporola, an 
Italian (sixteenth century). Translated 
into French in 1585. 

Marce'lia, the "Desdemona" of 
Massinger's Duke of Milan. Sforza 
"the More" doted on his young bride, 
and Marcelia returned his love. During 
Sforza's absence at the camp, Francesco, 
"the lord protector," tried to seduce the 
young bride from her fidelity, and, fail- 
ing in his purpose, accused her to the duke 
of wishing to play the wanton. " I 
laboured to divert her . . . urged your 
much love . . . but hourly she pursued 
me." The duke, in a paroxysm of jea- 
lousy, flew on Marcelia and slew her. — 
Massinger, The Duke of Milan (1622). 

Marcelia, daughter of William a 
farmer. Her father and mother died 
while she was young, leaving her in 
charge of an uncle. She was " the 
most beautiful creature ever sent into the 
world," and every bachelor who saw her 
fell madly in love with her, but she de- 
clined their suits. One of her lovers was 



MARCELLIN DE PEYRAS. 



607 



MARDI-GRAS. 



Chrysostom, the favourite of the village, 
who died of disappointed hope, and the 
Bhepherds wrote on his tombstone : 
" From Chrysostom's fate, learn to abhor 
Mareella, that common enemy of man, 
whose beauty and cruelty are both in 
the extreme." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
I. ii. 4, 5 (1605). 

Marcellin de Peyras. The cheva- 
lier to whom the baron de Peyras gave 
up his estates when he retired to Grenoble. 
De Peyras eloped with lady Ernestine, 
but soon tired of her, and fell in love with 
his cousin Margaret, the baron's daugh- 
ter.— E. Stirling, The Gold-Mine or The 
Miller of Grenoble (1854). 

Marcelli'na, daughter of Rocco 
jailer of the State prison of Seville. She 
fell in love with Fidelio, her father's 
servant ; but this Fidelio turned out to be 
Leonora, wife of the State prisoner Fer- 
nando Florestan. — Beethoven, Fidelio (an 
opera, 1791). 

Marcello, in Meyerbeer's opera of 
Les Huguenots, unites in marriage Valen- 
ti'na and Raoul (1836). 

Marcello, the pseudonym of the duchess 
of Castiglione Colonna, widow of the 
due Charles de Castiglione Aldiovandi. 
The best works of this noted sculptor 
are "The Gorgon," "Marie Antoinette," 
"Hecate," and the "Pythia" in bronze. 
Born 1837. 

Marcellus {M. Claudius), called 
" The Sword of Rome." Fabius " Cunc- 
tator" was " The Shield of Rome." 

Marcel'lus, an officer of Denmark, to 
whom the ghost of the murdered king ap- 
peared before it presented itself to prince 
Hamlet. — Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596). 

Marchioness ( The) , the half-starved 
girl-of-all-work, in the service of Samp- 
son Brass and his sister Sally. She was 
so lonesome and dull, that it afforded her 
relief to peep at Mr. Swiveller even 
through the keyhole of his door. Though 
so dirty and ill cared for, "the mar- 
chioness " was sharp-witted and cunning. 
It was Mr. Swiveller who called her 
the " marchioness," when she played 
cards with him, "because it seemed 
more real and pleasant " to play with a 
marchioness than with a domestic slavy 
(ch. lvii.). When Dick Swiveller was 
turned away and fell sick, the "mar- 
chioness " nursed him carefully, and he 
afterwards married her. — C. Dickens, The 
Old Curiosity Shop (1840). 



Marchmont (Miss Matilda), the con- 
fidante of Julia Mannering. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Marcian, armourer to count Robert 
of Paris. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Marck ( William de la), a French 
nobleman, called " The Wild Boar of 
Ardennes " (Sanglier des Ardennes). — Sir 
W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

MarclifFe (Theophilus), pseudonym 
of William Godwin (author of Caleb 
Williams, 1756-1836). 

Marcomanic War, a war carried 
on by the Marcomanni, under the leader- 
ship of Maroboduus, who made himself 
master of Bohemia, etc. Maroboduus 
was defeated by Arminius, and his con- 
federation broken up (a.d. 20). In the 
second Christian century a new war broke 
out between the Marcomanni and the 
Romans, which lasted thirteen years. In 
a.d. 180 peace was purchased by the 
Romans, and the war for a time ceased. 

Marcos de Obregon, the hero of a 
Spanish romance, from which Lesage has 
borrowed very freely in his Gil bias. — 
Vicente Espinel, V Ida del Escudero Marcos 
de Obregon (1618). 

Marculf, in the comic poem of Salo- 
mon and Marculf, a fool who outwits the 
Sage of Israel by knavery and cunning. 
The earliest version of the poem extant 
is a German one of the twelfth century. 

Marcus, son of Cato of Utica, a 
warm-hearted, impulsive young man, 
passionately in love with Lucia daughter 
of Lucius ; but Lucia loved the more 
temperate brother, Fortius. Marcus was 
slain by Cssar's soldiers when they in- 
vaded Utica. 

Marcus is furious, wild in his complaints ; 

I hear with a secret kind of dread, 

And tremble at his vehemence of temper. 

Addison, Cato, I 1 (1713). 

Mardi-Gras (Le), the last day of the 
carnival, noted in Paris for the travestie 
of a Roman procession marching to offer 
an ox in sacrifice to the gods. The ox, 
which is always the "prize " beast of the 
season, is decorated with gilt horns and 
fillet round its head, mock priests with 
axes, etc., march beside it, a band with 
all sorts of tin instruments or instruments 
of thin brass follow, and lictors, etc., till 
up the procession. 

Tous les ans on vient de Li viile 
Les marchands dans uos cantons. 



MARDONIUS. 



608 



MARGARET CATCHPOLE. 



Pour les mener aux Tuileries, 

Au Manli-Gras, (levant le roi 

£t puis les veudre aux boucheries. 
i'aime Jeanne ma femme, eh, ha ! j'aimerais mieux 
La voir mourir que voir mourir mes boeufs. 

Pierre Dupont, Les Boeufs. 

Mardonius {Captain), in Beaumont 
and Fletcher's drama called A King or 
No King (1619). 

Mareschal of Mareschal "Wells 
(Young), one of the Jacobite conspirators, 
under the leadership of Mr. Richard Vere 
laird of Ellieslaw.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Marfi'sa, an Indian queen. — Bojardo, 
Orlando Innarnorato (1495), and Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Marforio's Statue. This statue 
lies on the ground in Rome, and was at one 
time used for libels, lampoons, and jests, 
but was never so much used as Pasquin's. 

Margar'elon (4 syl.), a Trojan hero 
of modern fable, who performed deeds of 
marvellous bravery. Lydgate, in his Boke 
of Trog (1513), calls him a son of Priam. 
According to this authority, Margarelon 
attacked Achilles, and fell by his hand. 

Margaret, only child and heiress of 
sir Giles Overreach. Her father set his 
heart on her marrying lord Lovel, for the 
summit of his ambition was to see her a 
peeress. But Margaret was modest, and 
could see no happiness in ill-assorted 
marriages ; so she remained faithful to 
Tom Allworth, the man of her choice. 
— Mas singer, A New Way to Pay Old 
Debts (1628). 

Margaret, wife of Vandunke (2 syl.) 
the drunken burgomaster of Bruges. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beggars' 
Bash (1622). 

Margaret (Ladye), " the flower of 
Teviot," daughter of the duchess Mar- 
garet and lord Walter Scott of Branksome 
Flail. The ladye Margaret was beloved 
by Henry of Cranstown, whose family 
had a deadly feud with that of Scott. 
One day, the elfin page of lord Cranstown 
enveigled the heir of Branksome Hall 
(then a lad) into the woods, where the 
boy fell into the hands of the Southerners. 
The captors then marched with 3000 men 
against the castle of the widowed duchess, 
but being told by a spy that Douglas, 
with 10,000 men, was coming to the 
rescue, an arrangement was made to 
decide by single combat whether the boy 
should become king Edward's page, or lie 
delivered ftp into the hands of his mother. 
The English champion (sir Richard Mus- 
grave) fell by the hand of sir William 



Deloraine, and the boy was delivered to 
his mother. It was then discovered that 
sir William was in reality lord Cranstown, 
who claimed and received the hand of the 
fair Margaret as his reward. — Sir W. 
Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805). 

Mar'garet,the heroine of Goethe's Faust. 
Faust first encounters her on her return 
from church, falls in love with her, and 
seduces her. Overcome with shame, she 
destroys the infant to which she gives 
birth, and is condemned to death. Faust 
attempts to save her, and, gaining ad- 
mission to her cell, finds her huddled up 
on a bed of straw, singing, like Ophelia, 
wild snatches of ancient ballads, her 
reason faded, and her death at hand. 
Faust tries to persuade the mad girl to 
flee with him, but in vain. At last the 
day of execution arrives, and with it 
Mephistoph'eles, passionless and grim. 
Faust is hurried off, and Margaret is left 
to her fate. Margaret is often called by 
the pet diminutive "Gretchen," and in 
the opera " Margheri'ta " (q.v.). — Goethe, 
Faust (1790). 

Shakespeare has drawn no such portrait as that of Mar- 
garet ; no such peculiar union of passion, simplicity, 
homeliness, and witchery. The poverty and inferior social 
position of Margaret are never lost sight of — she never be- 
comes an abstraction. It is love alone which exalts her 
above her station. — Lewes. 

Margaret Catehpole, a Suffolk 
celebrity, born at Nacton, in that county, 
in 1773 ; the title and heroine of a tale by 
the Rev. R. Cobbold. She falls in love 
with a smuggler named Will Laud, and 
in 1797, in order to reach him, steals a 
horse from Mr. J. Cobbold, brewer, of 
Ipswich, in whose service she had lived 
much respected. She dresses herself 
in the groom's clothes, and makes her 
way to London, Avhere she is detected 
while selling the horse, and is put in 
prison. She is sentenced to death at the 
Suffolk assizes — a sentence afterwards 
commuted to one of seven years' transpor- 
tation. Owing to a difficulty in sending 
prisoners to New South Wales, she is 
confined in Ipswich jail ; but from here 
she makes her escape, joins Laud, who 
is shot in her defence. Margaret is re- 
captured, and again sentenced to death, 
which is for the second time commuted 
to transportation, this time for life, and 
she arrives at Port Jackson in 1801. 
Here, by her good behaviour, she obtains 
a free pardon, and ultimately marries a 
former lover named John Harry, who had 
emigrated and risen to a high position in 
the colony. She died, much respected) 
in the year 1841i 



MARGARET FINCH. 



MARGHERITA DI VALOIS. 



Margaret Finch, queen of the 
gipsies. She was born at Sutton, in 
Kent (1031), and finally settled in Nor- 
way. From a constant habit of sitting 
on the ground, with her chin on her knees, 
she was unable to stand, and when dead 
was buried in a square box ; 1740, aged 
109 years. 

Margaret Gibson, afterwards 
called ratten, a famous Scotch cook, 
who was employed in the palace of James 
I. She was born in the reign of queen 
Elizabeth, and died June 26, 1739, either 
1315 or 141 years of age. 

Margaret Lamburn, one of the 
servants of Mary queen of Scots, who 
undertook to avenge the death of her 
royal mistress. For this end, she dressed 
in man's clothes and carried two pistols — 
one to shoot queen Elizabeth and the 
other herself. She had reached the 
garden where the queen was walking, 
when she accidentally dropped one of the 
pistols, was seized, carried before the 
queen, and frantically told her tale. 
"When the queen asked how she expected 
to be treated, Margaret replied, " A judge 
would condemn me to death, but it would 
be more royal to grant me pardon." The 
queen did so, and we hear no more of 
this fanatic. 

Margaret Simon, daughter of Mar- 
tin Simon the miller of Grenoble ; a 
brave, beautiful, and noble girl. — E. 
Stirling, The Gold-Mine or Miller of 
Grenoble (1854). 

Margaret Street, Portman Square, 
London. So called from Margaret, 
only child of Edward second earl 
of Oxford and Mortimer. (See Bex- 
tick.) 

Margaret of Anjou, widow of king 
Henry VI. of England. She presents 
herself, disguised as a mendicant, in 
Strasburg Cathedral, to Philipson {i.e. 
the earl of Oxford).— Sir W. Scott, Anne 
of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Margaret's Ghost, a ballad by 
David Mallet (1724). William courted 
the fair Margaret, but jilted her ; he 
promised love, but broke his promise ; 
said her face was fair, her lips sweet, and 
her eyes bright, but left the face to pale, 
the eyes to weep, and the maid to 
languish and die. Her ghost appeared 
to him at night to rebuke his heartless- 
ness ; and next morning, William left his 
bed raving mad, hied him to Margaret's 



grave, thrice called her by name, "and 
never word spake more." 

We shall have h.illads made of it within two months, 
setting lorth how a young <H|iiire beuamo a serving-man of 
low degree, ami it will he stuck Dp with Margaret! 
Qhott against the trails of every cottage in the country. 
—I. Bickerstair, Love in a Village (1763). 

Margaretta, a maiden attached to 
Robin. Her father wanted her to marry 
"a stupid old man, because ht was rich;" 
so she ran away from home and lived as 
a ballad-singer. Robin emigrated for 
three years, and made his fortune. He 
was wrecked on the coast of Cornwall on 
his return, and met Margaretta at the 
house of Farmer Crop his brother-in-law, 
when the acquaintance was renewed. 
(See No Song, etc.) — Hoare, No Song 
no Siqiper (1754-1834). 

Margarit'ta (Donna), a Spanish 
heiress, "fair, young, and wealthy," 
who resolves to marry that she may 
the more freely indulge her wantonness. 
She selects Leon for her husband, because 
she thinks him a milksop, whom she 
can twist round her thumb at pleasure; 
but no sooner is Leon married than he 
shows himself the master. By ruling 
with great firmness and affection, he wins 
the esteem of every one, and the wanton 
coquette becomes a modest, devoted, and 
obedient wife. — Beaumont aud Fletcher, 
Rule a Wife and Have a Wife (1640). 

Margery (Dame), the old nurse of 
lady Eveline Berenger " the betrothed." 
—Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Margheri'ta, a simple, uncultured 
girl, of great fascination, seduced by 
Faust. Margherita killed the infant of 
her shame, and was sent to jail for so 
doing. In jail she lost her reason, and 
was condemned to death. When Faust 
visited her in prison, and tried to per- 
suade her to flee with him, she refused. 
Faust was carried off by demons, and 
Margherita was borne by angels up to 
heaven ; the intended moral being, that 
the repentant sinner is triumphant.— 
Gounod, Faust e Margherita (1859). 

Margheri'ta di Valois, daughter 
of Catherine de Medicis and Henri II. of 
France. She married Henri le Bearnais 
(afterwards Henri IV. of France). It was 
during the wedding solemnities of Mar- 
gherita and Henri that Catherine de 
Medicis carried out the massacre of the 
French huguenots. The bride was at a 
ball during this horrible slaughlev. • 
2 a 



MARGIANA. 



610 



MARIA. 



Meyerbeer, Les Huguenots or Gli Ugonotti 
(183(5). 

%* Francois I. used to call her La 
Marquerite des Marguerites ("The Pearl 
of Pearls"). 

Margia'na (Queen), a mussulman, 
and mortal enemy of the fire-worshippers. 
Prince Assad became her slave, but, being 
stolen by the crew of Behram, was 
carried off. The queen gave chase to the 
ship ; Assad was thrown overboard, and 
swam to shore. The queen with an army 
demanded back her slave, discovered that 
Assad was a prince, and that his half- 
brother was king of the city to which 
she had come ; whereupon she married 
him, and carried him home to her own 
dominions. — Arabian Nights (" Amgiad 
and Assad"). 

Margutte (3 syl.), a low-minded, 
vulgar giant, ten feet high, with enor- 
mous appetite and of the grossest sen- 
suality. He died of laughter on seeing a 
monkey pulling on his boots. — Pulci, 
Morgante Maggiore (1488). 

Chalchas, the Homeric soothsayer, died 
of laughter. (See Laughtek.) 

Marhaus (Sir), a knight of the 
Round Table, a king's son, and brother 
of the queen of Ireland. When sir 
Mark king of Cornwall refused to pay 
tniage to Anguish king of Ireland, sir 
Marhaus was sent to defy sir Mark and 
all his knights to single combat. No one 
durst go against him ; but Tristram said, 
if Mark would knight him, he would 
defend his cause. In the combat, sir 
Tristram was victorious. With his 
sword he cut through his adversary's 
helmet and brain-pan, and his sword 
stuck so fast in the bone that he had to 
pull thrice before he could extricate it. 
Sir Marhaus contrived to get back to 
Ireland, but soon died. — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, ii. 7, 8 (1470). 

%* Sir Marhaus carried a white shield ; 
but as he hated women, twelve damsels 
spat thereon, to show how they dis- 
honoured him. — -Ditto, pt. i. 75. 

Maria, a lad) in attendance on the 
princess of France. Longaville, a young 
lord in the suite of Ferdinand king of 
Navarre, asks her to marry him, but she 
defers her answer for twelve months. 
To this Longaville replies, " I'll stay 
with patience, but the time is long ;" and 
Maria makes answer, "The liker you; 
few taller are so young." — Shakespeare, 
Love's Labour's Lost (15SM). 



Maria, the waiting-woman of the 
countess Olivia. — Shakespeare, Twelfth 
Night (1614). 

Maria, wife of Frederick the un- 
natural and licentious brother of Al- 
phonso king of Naples. She is a virtuous 
lady, and appears in strong contrast to 
her infamous husband. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1624). 

Maria, daughter and only child of 
Thorowgood a wealthy London merchant. 
She is in love with George Barnwell, her 
father's apprentice ; but George is exe- 
cuted for robbery and murder. — George 
Lillo, George Barnwell (1732). 

A dying man sent for David Ross the actor [1728-1790], 
and addressed him thus : " Some forty years ago, like 
' George Barnwell,' I wronged my master to supply the 
unbounded extravagance of a ' Millwood.' I took her to 
see your performance, which so shocke-1 me that I vowed 
to break the connection and return to the path of virtue. 
I kept my resolution, replaced the money I had stolen, 
and found a ' Maria ' in my master's daughter. ... I 
have now left £1000 affixed to your name in my will and 
testament." — Pelhani, Chronicles of Crime. 

Maria, the ward of sir Peter Teazle. 
She is in love with Charles Surface, 
whom she ultimately marries. — Sheridan, 

School for Scandal (1777). 

Maria, " the maid of the Oaks," 
brought up as the ward of Oldworth of 
Oldworth Oaks, but is in reality his 
daughter and heiress. Maria is engaged 
to sir Harry Groveby, and Hurry says, 
" She is the most charmingest, sweetest, 
delightfulest, mildest, beautifulest, nio- 
destest, genteelest young creature in the 
world." — J. Burgoyne, The Maid of the 
Oaks. 

Maria, a maiden whose banns were 
forbidden "by the curate of the parish 
who published them ; " in consequence of 
which, Maria lost her wits, and used 
to sit on the roadside near Moulines 
(2 syl.), playing on a pipe vesper hymns 
to the Virgin. She led by a ribbon a 
little dog named Silvio, of which she 
was very jealous, for at one time she had 
a, favourite goat, that forsook her. — 
Sterne, Sentimental Journey (1768). 

Maria, a foundling, discovered by 
Sulpizio a sergeant of the 11th regi- 
ment of Napoleon's Grand Army, and 
adopted by the regiment as their daugh- 
ter. Tonio, a Tyrolese, saved her life 
and fell in love witli her, but just as they 
were about to be married the marchioness 
of Berkenfield claimed the foundling as 
her own daughter, and the sut tier-girl 
had to quit the regiment for the castle. 
After a time, the castle was taken by the 



MARIA. 



611 



MARIANA. 



French, and although the marchioness 
had promised Maria in marriage to 
another, she consented to her union with 
Tonio, who had risen to the rank of a 
field-officer. — Donizetti, La Figlia del 
Reggimento (an opera, 1840). 

Maria [Delaval}, daughterof colonel 
Delaval. Plighted to Mr. Versatile, but 
just previous to the marriage Mr. Versa- 
tile, by the death of his father, came 
into a large fortune and baronetcy. The 
marriage was deferred ; Mr. (now sir 
George) Versatile went abroad, and became 
a man cf fashion. They met, the attach- 
ment was renewed, and the marriage 
consummated. 

Sweetness and smiles played upon her countenance. 
She wis tfie delight of her friends, the admiration of the 
wurid, and the coveted of every eye. Lovers of fortune and 
fashion contended for her hand, hut she had bestowed her 
heart.— Holcroft. lie') Much to Rlamc, v. *J (1790). 

Maria [Wilding], daughter of sir 
Jasper Wilding. She is in love with 
Beaufort ; and being promised in marriage 
against her will to George Philpot, dis- 
gusts him purposely by her silliness. 
George refuses to marry her, and she 
gives hei hand to Beaufort. — Murphy, 
The Citizen (1757). 

Maria Theresa Panza, wife of 
Sancho Panza. She is sometimes called 
Maria, and sometimes Theresa. — Cer- 
vantes, Don Quixote (1605). 

Mariage Force (Le). Sganarelle, 
a rich man of 64, promises marriage to 
Dorimene (3 syt.), a girl under 20, but, 
having scruples about the matter, consults 
his friend, two philosophers, and the 
gipsies, from none of whom can he obtain 
any practicable advice. At length, he 
overhears Dorimene telling a young lover 
that she only marries the old man for his 
money, and that he cannot live above a 
few months ; so the old man goes to the 
father, and declines the alliance. On this, 
the father sends his son to Sganarelle. 
The young man takes with him two 
6words, and with the utmost politeness 
and samj-froid requests Mons. to choose 
one. When the old man declines to do 
so, the young man gives him a thorough 
drubbing, and again with the utmost 
politeness requests the old man to make 
his choice. On his again declining to do 
so, he is again beaten, and at last con- 
sents to ratifv the marriage. — Moliere, Le 
Mariage Force' (1664). 

Mariamne (4 syl.), a Jewish princess, 
daughter of Alexander and wife of 
Herod u the Great." Mariamne was the 



mother of Alexander and Aristobu'lus, 
both of whom Herod put to death in a 
fit of jealousy, and then fell into a state 
of morbid madness, in which he fancied 
he saAv Mariamne and heard her asking 
for her sons. 

* + * This has been made the subject 
of several tragedies : e.g. A. Hardy, 
Mariamne (1623); Pierre Tristan l'Er- 
mite, Mariamne (1610) ; Voltaire, 
Mariamne (1724). 

Marian, " the Muses* only darling," 
is Margaret countess of Cumberland, 
sister of Anne countess of Warwick. 

Fair Marian, the Muses' only darling. 
Whose beauty shineth as the morning clear. 
With silver dew upon the roses pearling. 
Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1595). 

Marian, " the parson's maid," in love 
with Colin Clout who loves Cicely. 
Marian sings a ditty of dole, in which 
she laments for Colin, and says how he 
gave her once a knife, but " Woe is me ! 
for knives, they tell me, always sever 
love." — Gay, Pastorals, ii. (1714). 

Marian, "the daughter" of Robert a 
wrecker, and betrothed to Edward a 
young sailor. She was fair in person, 
loving, and holy. During the absence of 
Edward at sea, a storm arose, and Robert 
went to the coast to look for plunder. 
Marian followed him, and in the dusk 
saw some one stab another. She thought 
it was her father, but it was Black 
Norris. Her father being taken up, 
Marian gave evidence against him, and 
the old man was condemned to death. 
Norris now told Marian he would save 
her father if she would become his wife. 
She made the promise, but was saved 
the misery of the marriage by the arrest 
of Norris for murder. — S. Knowles, The 
Daughter (1836). 

Marian'a, a lovely and lovable lady, 
betrothed to Angelo, who, during the 
absence of Vincentio the duke of Vienna, 
acted as his lord deputy. Her pleadings 
to the duke for Angelo are wholly un- 
rivalled. — Shakespeare, Measure for Mea- 
sure (1603). 

Timid and shrinking before, she does not now wait to 
be encouraged in her suit. She is instant and impor- 
tunate. She does not reason with the duke ; she begs, 
she implores.— K. G. White 

Mariana, sister of Ludovi'co Sforza 
duke of Milan, and wife of Francesco 
his chief minister of state. — Massinger, 
The Duke of Milan (1622). 

Mariana, daughter of lord Charney ; 
taken prisoner by the English, and "in 



MARIANA. 



612 



MARIDUNUM. 



love with Arnold (friend of the Black 
Prince). Just before the battle of Poi- 
tiers, thinking the English cause hope- 
less, Mariana induces Arnold to desert ; 
but lord Charney will not receive him. 
Arnold returns to the English camp, and 
dies in the battle. Lord Charney is also 
slain, and Mariana dies distracted. — 
Shirley, Edward the Black P?*ince (1640). 

Mariana, the young lady that Lovegold 
the miser wished to marry. As Mariana 
was in love with the miser's son Frede- 
rick, she pretended to be extravagant and 
deeply in debt, which so affected the old 
hunks, that he gave her £2000 to be let 
oft' the bargain. Of coure she assented, 
and married Frederick. — H. Fielding, 
The Miser. 

Mariana, the daughter of a Swiss 
burgher, "the most beautiful of women." 
"Her gentleness a smile without a smile, 
a sweetness of look, speech, act." Leo- 
nardo being crushed by an avalanche, 
she nursed him through his illness, and 
they fell in love with each other. He 
started for Mantua, but was detained for 
two years captive by a gang of thieves ; 
and Mariana followed him, being unable 
to support life where he was not. In 
Mantua count Florio fell in love with 
her, and obtained her guardian's consent 
to their union ; but Mariana refused, was 
summoned before the duke (Ferrardo), 
and judgment was given against her. 
Leonardo, being present at the trial, now 
threw off his disguise, and was acknow- 
ledged to be the real duke. He assumed 
his rank, married Mariana ; but being 
called to the camp, left Ferrardo regent. 
Ferrardo, being a villain, laid a cunning 
scheme to prove Mariana guilty of adul- 
tery with Julian St. Pierre, a country- 
man ; but Leonardo refused to believe 
the charge. Julian, who turned out to 
be Mariana's brother, exposed the whole 
plot of Ferrardo, and amply cleared his 
bister of the slightest taint or thought of 
a revolt.— S. Knowles, The Wife (1833). 

Mariana, daughter of the king of 
Thessaly. She was beloved by sir Alex- 
ander, one of the three sons of St. George 
the patron saint of England. Sir Alex- 
ander married her, and became king of 
Thessaly.— R. Johnson, The Seven Cham- 
pions of Christendom, iii. 2, 3, 11 (1617). 

Mariana in the Mcated Grange, 
a young damsel who sits in the moated 

grange, looking out for her lover, who 
never comes : and the burden of her life- 



song is, "My life is dreary, for he 
cometh not; I am aweary, and would that 
I were dead ! " 

The sequel is called Mariana in the 
South, in which the love-lorn maiden 
looks forward to her death, "when she 
will cease to be alone, to live forgotten, 
and to love forlorn." — Tennyson, Mariana 
(in two parts). 

*** Mariana, the lady betrothed to 
Angelo, passed her sorrowful hours "at 
the Moated Grange." Thus the duke jsays 
to Isabella : 

Haste you speedily to Angelo ... I will presently to St. 
Luke's. There, at the moatod grange, resides the dejected 
Mari:iua. — Shakespeare, Measure far Measure, act iii. sc.*l 
(1603). 

Marianne (3 syl.), a statuette to 
which the red republicans of France pay 
homage. It symbolizes the republic, and 
is arrayed in a red Phrygian cap. This 
statuette is sold at earthenware shops, 
and in republican clubs, enthroned in 
glory, and sometimes it is carried in 
procession to the tune of the Marseillaise. 
(See Maky Anne.) 

The reason seems to be this: Ravaillac, 
the assassin of Henri IV. (the Harmodius 
or AristogTton of France), was honoured 
by the red republicans as " patriot, de- 
liverer, and martyr." This regicide was 
incited to his deed of blood by reading 
the celebrated treatise Be Eege et Hegio 
Jnstitutione, by Mariana the Jesuit, pub- 
lished 1599 (about ten years previously). 
As Mariana inspired Ravaillac "to deliver 
France from her tyrant" (Henri IV.), 
the name was attached to the statuette of 
liberty, and the republican party gene- 
rally. 

The association of the name with the 
guillotine favours this suggestion. 

Marianne (3 syl.), the heroine of a 
French novel so called by Marivaux 
(1688-1763). 

(This novel terminates abruptly, with 
a conclusion like that of Zad'uj, " where 
nothing is concluded.") 

Marianne [Franval], sister of 
Franval the advocate. She is a beautiful, 
loving, gentle creature, full of the deeds 
of kindness, and brimming over with 
charity. Marianne loves captain St. 
Aline, a merchant's son, and though her 
mother opposes the match as beneath the 
rank of the family, the advocate- pleads 
for his sister, and the lovers are duly 
betrothed to each other. — T. Holcioft, 
The Deaf and Inunb (1785). 

Maridu'num, i.e. Caer-Merdin (now 



MARIE. 



613 



MARINI. 



Caennarthen). — Spenser, Fairy Queen, 
iii. 8 (1590). 

Marie (Countess), the mother of Ul'- 
rica (a iove-daughter), the father of 
Ulrica being Ernest de Fridberg, "the 

Erisoner of State." Marie married count 
>'Osborn, on condition of his obtaining 
the acquittal of her lover Ernest de Frid- 
berg ; but the count broke his promise, 
and even attempted to get the prisoner 
smothered in his dungeon. His villainy 
being made known, the king ordered him 
to be executed, and Ernest, being set at 
liberty, duly married the countess Marie. 
— E. Stirling, The Prisoner of State 
(1847). 

Marie de Brabant, daughter of 
Henri III. due de Brabant. She married 
Philippe le Ifardi, king of France, and 
was accused by Labrosse of having poi- 
soued Philippe's son by his former wife. 
Jean de Brabant defended the queen's 
innocence by combat, and being the 
victor, Labrosse was hung (1260-1321). 

Ancelot has made this the subject of 
an historical poem called Marie de Brabant, 
in six chants (1825). 

Marie Kirikitoun, a witch, who 
promised to do a certain task for a lassie, 
in order that she might win a husband, 
provided the lassie either remembered the 
witch's name for a year and a day, or 
submitted to any punishment she might 
choose to inflict. The lassie was married, 
and forgot the witch's name ; but the fay 
was heard singing, "Houpa, houpa, Marie 
Kirikitoun ! Nobody will remember my 
name." The lassie, being able to tell the 
witch's name, was no more troubled. — 
Basque Legend. 

Grimm has a similar tale, but the name 
is Rumpel-stilzchen, and the song was : 

Little dreams my dainty dame, 
KuinpeUtilzohen is my name. 

Mari'na, daughter of Per'icles prince 
of Tyre, born at sea, where her mother 
Thais'a, as it was supposed, died in 
giving her birth. Prince Pericles en- 
trusted the infant to Cleon (governor of 
Tarsus) and his wife Dionys'ia, who 
brought her up excellently well, and she 
became most highly accomplished ; but 
when grown to budding womanhood, 
Dionysia, out of jealousy, employed 
Le'onine (3 syl.) to murder her. Leonine 
took Marina to the coast with this intent, 
but the outcast was seized by pirates, and 
sold at Metali'ne as a slave. Here Peri- 
cles landed on his voyage from Tarsus to 
Tyre, and Marina was introduced to him 



to chase away his melancholy. She told 
him the story of her life, and he perceived 
at once that she was his daughter. 
Marina was now betrothed to Lysimachus 
governor of Metalinl ; but, before the 
espousals, went to visit tbe shrine of 
Diiina of Ephesns, to return thanks to (fie 
goddess, and the priestess was discovered 
to br Thaisa the mother of Marina.— 
Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of Tyre 
(1608). 

Mari'na, wife of Jacopo Fos'cari the 
doge's son. — Byron, The Two Foscari 
(1820). 

Marinda or Maiudah, the fair con- 
cubine of Haroun-al-Kaschid. 

Marine (The Female), Hannah Snell 
of Worcester. She was present at the 
attack of Pondicherry. Ultimately she 
left the service, and opened a public- 
house in Wapping (London), but still 
retained her male attire (born 1723). 

Mar'inel, the beloved of Florimel 
" the Fair." Marinel was the son of 
black-browed Cym'oent (daughter of Ne- 
reus and Dumariu), and allowed no one 
to pass by the rocky cave where he lived 
without doing battle with him. When 
Marinel forbade Britomart to pass, she 
replied, " I mean not thee entreat to 
pass ; " and with her spear knocked him 
" grovelling on the ground." His mother, 
with the sea-nymphs, came to him ; and 
the " lily-handed Liagore," who knew 
leechcraft, feeling his pulse, 6aid life 
was not extinct. So he was carried to 
his mother's bower, " deep in the bottom 
of the sea," where Tryphon (the sea-gods' 
physician) soon restored him to perfect 
health. One day, Proteus asked Marinel 
and his mother to a banquet, and while 
the young man was sauntering about, he 
heard a female voice lamenting her hard 
lot, and saying her hardships were brought 
about for her love to Marinel. The young 
man discovered that the person was 
Florimel, who had been shut up in a 
dungeon by Proteus for rejecting his 
suit ; so he got a warrant of release from 
Neptune, and married her. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, iii. 8; iv. 11, 12 (1590, 
1596). 

Mari'ni {J. B.), called Le cavalier 
Marin, born at Naples. He was a poet, 
and is known by his poem called Adonis 
or L'Adone, in twenty cantos (1623). The 
poem is noted for its description of the 
" Garden of Yenus." 

If the reader .will . . . read over Ariosto's picture of 



MARINO FALIERO. 



614 



MARKSMAN. 



the garden of paradise. Tasso's garden of Armi'da, and 
Marini's garden of Venus, he will be persuaded that 
Milton imitates their manner, but . . . excels the 
originals. — Thy er. 

Mari'no Falie'ro, the forty-ninth 
doge of Venice, elected 1354. A patrician 
named Michel Steno, having behaved in- 
decently to some of the ladies at a great 
civic banquet given by the doge, was turned 
out of the house by order of the duke. 
In revenge, the young man wrote a scur- 
rilous libel against the dogaressa, which 
he fastened to the doge's chair of state. 
The insult being referred to "the Forty," 
Steno was condemned to imprisonment 
for a month. This punishment was thought 
by the doge to be so inadequate to the 
offence, that he joined a conspiracy to 
overthrow the republic. The conspirac)' 
was betrayed by Bertram, one of the 
members, and the doge was beheaded on 
the " Giant's Staircase." — Byron, Marino 
Faliero (1819). 

* + * Casimir Delavigne, in 1829, brought 
out a tragedy on the same subject, and 
with the same title. 

Marion de Lorme, in whose house 
the conspirators met. She betrayed all 
their movements and designs to Richelieu. 
—Lord Lytton, Richelieu (1839). 

Maritor'nes (4 syl.), an A&turian 
chamber-maid at the Crescent Moon tavern, 
to which don Quixote was taken by his 
'squire after their drubbing by the goat- 
herds. The crazy knight insisted that 
the tavern was a castle, and that Mari- 
tornes, "the lord's daughter," was in 
love with him. 

She was broad-faced, fiat-nosed, blind of one eye, and 
hiul a most delightful squint with the other ; the peculiar 
gentility of her shape, however, compensated for every 
defect, "she being about three feet in height, and remark- 
ably hunchbacked. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 2 
(1605). 

Marius (Caius), the Roman general, 
tribune of the people B.C. 119; the rival 
of Sylla. 

Antony Vincent Arnault wrote a tragedy 
in French entitled Marias a Minturnes 
(1791). Thomas Lodge, M.D., in 1594, 
wrote a drama called Wounds of Civil 
War, lively set forth in the True Tragedies 
of Marius and Sylla. 

Mar'ivaux (Pierre de Chamblain de), 
a French writer of comedies and ro- 
mances (1 678-1 7G3). 

S. Richardson is called " The English 
Marivaux" (1689-1761). 

Marjory of Douglas, daughter of 
Archibald earl ot Douglas, and duchess 
of Roth?.ay. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 



Mark (Sir), king of Cornwall, who 
held his court at Tintag'il. He was a 
wily, treacherous coward, hated and 
despised by ail true knights. One day, 
sir Dinadan, in jest, told him that sir 
Launcelot might be recognized by " his 
shield, which was silver with a black 
rim." This was, in fact, the cognizance 
of sir Mordred ; but, to carry out the joke, 
sir Mordred lent it to Dagonet, king 
Arthur's fool. Then, mounting the jester 
on a large horse, and placing a huge spear 
in his hand, the knights sent him to 
offer battle to king Mark. When Da- 
gonet beheld the coward king, he cried 
aloud, " Keep thee, sir knight, for I will 
slay thee ! " King Mark, thinking it to be 
sir Launcelot, spurred his horse to flight. 
The fool gave chase, rating king Mark ' ' as 
a wood man [madman]." All the knights 
who beheld it roared at the jest, told 
king Arthur, and the forest rang with 
their laughter. The wife of king Mark 
was Isond (Ysolde) the Fair of Ireland, 
whose love for sir Tristram was a public 
scandal. — Sir T. Malorv, History of 
Prince Arthur, ii. 96, 97 (1470). 

Mark Tapley, a serving companion 
of Martin Chuzzlewit, who goes out with 
him to Eden, in North America. Mark 
Tapley thinks there is no credit in being 
jolly in easy circumstances ; but when in 
Eden he found every discomfort, lost all 
his money, was swindled by every one, 
and was almost killed by fevers, then 
indeed he felt it would be a real credit " to 
be jolly under the circumstances." — C. 
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1843). 

Marknam, a gentleman in the train 
of the earl of Sussex. — Sir \V. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Markham (Mrs.), pseudonym of Mrs. 
Elizabeth Perrose (born Elizabeth Cart- 
wright), authoress of History of England, 
etc. 

Markieham (Mrs.), the mother of 
Annie. Devoted to pleasure, she always 
maintained that she indulged in it for 
"Annie's sake." Mrs. Markieham is 
generally referred to as " the old soldier." 
— C. Dickens, David Copperjield (1849). 

Marksman, one of Fortunio's seven 
attendants. He saw so clearly and to 
such a distance, that he generally ban- 
daged his eyes in order to temper the 
great keenness of his sight. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 
1682), 



MARLBOROUGH. 



615 



MARPHISA. 



Marlborough. (The duke of), John 
Churchill. He was called bv marshal 
Turenne, Lc Bel Anglais (1650-1722). 
(See Malbkough, p. 597.) 

Marlow (Sir Charles), the kind- 
hearted old friend of squire Hardcastle. 

Young Marlow, son of sir Charles. 
" Among women of reputation and virtue 
he is the modestest man alive ; but his 
acquaintances give him a very different 
character among women of another 
stamp" (act i. 1). Having mistaken 
Hardeastle's house for an inn, and Miss 
Hardcastle for the barmaid, he is quite 
at his ease, and makes love freely. 
When fairly caught, he discovers that 
the supposed "inn" is a private house, 
and the supposed barmaid is the squire's 
daughter ; but the ice of his shyness 
being broken, he has no longer any 
difficulty in loving according to his 
station. — Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer 
(1773). 

When Goldsmith was between 16 and 
17, he set out for Edgworthstown, and 
finding night coming on, asked a man 
which was the " best house " in the town — 
meaning the best inn. The man pointed 
to the house of sir Ralph Fetherstone (or 
Mr. Fetherstone), and Oliver, entering the 
parlour, found the master of the mansion 
sitting at a good fire. Oliver told him he 
desired to pass the night there, and 
ordered him to bring in supper. " Sir 
Ralph " knowing his customer, humoured 
the joke, which Oliver did not discover 
till next day, when he called for his bill. 
(We are told in Notes and Queries that 
Ralph Fetherstone was only Mr., but his 
grandson was sir Thomas.) 

Marmion. Lord Marmion was be- 
trothed to Constance de Beverly, but he 
jilted her for lady Clare an heiress, who 
was in love with Ralph de Wilton. The 
lady Clare rejected lord Marmion' s suit, 
and took refuge from him in the convent 
of St. Hilda, in Whitby. Constance took 
the veil in the convent of St. Cuthbert, 
in Holy Isle, but after a time left the 
convent clandestinely, was captured, 
taken back, and buried alive in the walls 
of a deep cell. In the mean time, lord 
Marmion, being sent by Henry VIII. on 
an embassy to James IV. of Scotland, 
stopped at the hall of sir Hugh de Heron, 
who sent a palmer as his guide. On his 
return, lord Marmion commanded the 
abbess of St. Hilda to release the lady 
Clare, and place her under the charge of 
her kinsman, Fitzclare of Tantallon Hall. 



Here she met the palmer, who was Ralpb 
de Wilton, and as lord Marmion was slain 
in the battle of Flodden Field, she was free 
to marry the man she loved. — Sir W. 
Scott, Marmion (1808). 

Marmion (Lord), a descendant of 
Robert de Marmion, who obtained from 
William the Conqueror the manor of 
Scrivclby, in Lincolnshire. This Robert 
de Marmion was the first royal champion 
of England, and the office remained in 
the family till the reign of Edward I., 
when in default of male issue it passed to 
John Dymoke, son-in-law of Philip Mar- 
mion, in whose family it remains still. 

Ma'ro, Virgil, whose full name was 
Publius Virgilius Maro (B.C. 70-19). 

Oh, were it mine with sacred Maro's art 

To wake to sympathy the feeling heart, 

Like him the smooth and mournful verse to dress 

In all the pomp of exquisite distress . . . 

Then might I . . . 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii 5 (1750). 

Mar'onites (3 syl.), a religious 
semi-Catholic sect of Syria, constantly 
at war with their near neighbours the 
Druses, a semi-Mohammedan sect. Both 
are now tributaries of the sultan, but 
enjoy their own laws. The Maronites 
number about 400,000, and the Druses 
about half that number. The Maronites 
owe their name to J. Maron, their founder ; 
the Druses to Durzi, who led them out of 
Egypt into Syria. The patriarch of the 
Maronites resides at Kanobin ; the hakem 
of the Druses at Deir-el-kamar. The 
Maronites or " Catholics of Lebanon " 
differ from the Roman Catholics in 
several points, and have a pope or patri- 
arch of their own. In 1860 the Druses 
made on them a horrible onslaught, 
which called forth the intervention of 
Europe. 

Marotte (2 syl.), footman of Gor- 
gibus ; a plain bourgeois, who hates affec- 
tation. When the fine ladies of the house 
try to convert him into a fashionable 
flunky, and teach him a little grand- 
eloquence, he bluntly tells them he does 
not understand Latin. 

Marotte. Voila un laquais qui demande si vous fites au 
logis, et dit que son niaitre, vous venir voir. 

Madelon. Apprenez, sotte, a vous enoncer moins 
vulgaiment. Dites : Voila un necessuire qui demande si 
vous etes en commodity d'etre visibles. 

Marotte. Je n'entends point le Latin. — Molieie. Let 
Pre'cieuse Ridicules, vii (1659). 

Marphi'sa, sister of Roge'ro, and a 
female knight of amazing prowess. She 
was brought up by a magician, but being 
stolen at the age of seven, was sold to 
the king of Persia. When she was 18, 
her royal master assailed her honour; 



MARPHUPJUS. 



616 



MARS WOUNDED. 



but she slew him, and usurped the crown. 
Marphisa went to Gaul to join the army 
of Agramant, but subsequently entered 
the camp of Charlemagne, and was 
baptized. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Marphu'rius, a doctor of the Pyr- 
rhohia.ii school. Sganarelle consults him 
about his marriage ; but the philosopher 
replies, " Perhaps ; it is possible ; it may 
be so ; everything is doubtful ; " till at 
last Sganarelle beats him, and Marphurius 
says he shall bring an action against him 
for battery. " Perhaps," replies Sgana- 
relle ; " it is possible ; it may be so," etc., 
using the very words of the philosopher 
(sc. ix.). — Moliere, Le Mariage Force 
(16G4). 

Marplot, "the busy body." A 
blundering, good-natured, meddlesome 
young man, very inquisitive, too officious 
by half, and always bungling whatever 
he interferes in. Marplot is introduced 
by Mrs. Centlivre in two comedies, The 
Busy Body and Marplot in Lisbon. 

That unJucky dog Marplot ... is ever doing mischief, 
and yet (to give him his due) he never designs it. This is 
some blundering adventure, wherein he thought to show 
his friendship, as he calls it.— Mrs. Centlivre, The Busy 
Body, iii. 5 (1709). 

*** This was Henry Woodward's great 
part (1717-1777). His unappeasable 
curiosity, his slow comprehension, his 
annihilation under the sense of his 
dilemmas, were so diverting, that even 
Garrick confessed him the decided " Mar- 
plot " of the stage. — Boaden, Life of Sid- 
dons. 

N.B. — William Cavendish duke of New- 
castle brought out a free translation of 
Moliere's L'Etourdi, which he entitled 
Marplot. 

Marquis de Basqueville, being 
one night at the opera, was told by a 
messenger that his mansion was on fire. 
"Eh bien," he said to the messenger, 
" adressez-vous a Mine, la marquise qui 
est en face dans cette loge ; car e'est 
affaire de mr'nage." — Chapus, Dieppe et 
ses Environs (1853). 

Marrall (Jack), a mean-spirited, 
revengeful time-server. He is the clerk 
and tool of sir Giles Overreach. When 
Marrall thinks Wellborn penniless, he 
treats him like a dog; but immediately 
he fancies he is about to marry the 
wealthy dowager lady Allworth, he is 
most servile, and otters to lend him 
money. Marrall now plays the traitor to 
his master, sir Giles, and reveals to 



Wellborn the scurvy tricks by which he 
has been cheated of his estates. When, 
however, he asks Wellborn to take him 
into his service, Wellborn replies, "He 
who is false to one master will betray 
another ; " and will have nothing to say 
to him. — Massinger, A New Way to Pay 
Old Debts (1628). 

Married Men of Genius. The 
number of men of genius unhappy in 
their wives is very large. The following 
are notorious examples : — Socrates and 
Xantippe ; Sadi the Persian poet ; Dante 
and Gemma Donati ; Milton with both 
his wives ; Marlborough and Sarah Jen- 
nings ; Gustavus Adolphus and his flighty 
queen ; Byron and Miss Milbanke"; 
Dickens and Miss Hogarth ; etc. Every 
reader will be able to add to the list. 

Mars, divine Fortitude personified. 
Bacchus is the tutelary demon of the 
Mohammedans, and Mars the guardian 
potentate of the Christians. — Camoens, 
The Lusiad (1569). 

That Young Mars of Men, Edward the 
Black Prince, who with 8000 men de- 
feated, at Poitiers, the French king John, 
whose army amounted to 60,000 — some 
say even more (a.d. 1356). 

The Mars of Men, Henry Plantagenet 
earl of Derby, third son of Henry carl of 
Lancaster, and near kinsman of Edward 
III. (See Derby.) 

Mars of Portugal (The), Alfonso 
de Alboquerque, viceroy of India (1452- 
1515). 

Mars "Wounded. A very remark- 
able parallel to the encounter of Dionied 
and Mars in the Iliad, v., occurs in Ossian. 
Homer says that Diomed hurled his spear 
against Mars, which, piercing the belt, 
wounded the war-god in the bowels : 
" Loud bellowed Mars, nine thousand 
men, ten thousand, scarce so loud joining 
fierce battle." Then Mars ascending, 
wrapped in clouds^ was borne upwards 
to Olympus. 

Ossian, in Carrie- Thura, says that 
Loda, the god of his foes, came like "a 
blast from the mountain. He came in 
his terror, and shook his dusky spear. 
His eyes were flames, and his voice like 
distant thunder. ' Son of night,' said 
Fingal, ' retire. Do I fear thy gloomy 
form, spirit of dismal Loda? Weak is 
thy shield of cloud, feeble thy meteor 
sword.'" Then cleft he the gloomy 
shadow with his sword. It fell like a 
column of smoke. It shrieked. Then, 



MAR'S YEAR. 



617 



MARTHA. 



rolling itself up, the wounded spirit rose 
on the wind, and the island shook to its 
foundation.. 

Mar's Year, the year 1715, in 
whieli occurred the rebellion of the earl 
of Mar. 

Auld uncle John wha wedlock's joys 
Sin Mar's year did desire. 

R. Burns, Halloween, 27. 

Marseilles' Good Bishop, Henri 
Francois Xavier de Belsunce (1671-1775). 
Immortalized by his philanthropic dili- 
gence in the plague at Marseilles (1720- 
1722). 

Charles Borromeo, archbishop of Milan 
a century previously (1576), was equally 
diligent and self-sacrificing in the plague 
of Milan (1538-1584). 

Sir John Lawrence, lord mayor of 
London during the great plague, sup- 
ported 40,000 dismissed servants, and 
deserves immortal honour. 

Darwin refers to Belsunce and Law- 
rence in his Loves of the Plants, ii. 433. 

Marshal Forwards, Blucher ; so 
called for his dash in battle, and rapidity 
of his movements, in the campaign of 
1813 (1742-1819). 

Marsi, a part of the Sabellian race, 
noted for magic, and said to have been 
descended from Circe. 

Marsis ri quadani genitali datum, ut serpentium viru- 
lentorum domitores sint, et incantationibus herbarumque 
succis faciant medelarum mira. — Gellius, xvi 11. 

Marsiglio, a Saracen king, who 
plotted the attack upon Roland, " under 
the tree on which Judas hanged himself." 
With a force of 600,000 men, divided 
into three companies, Marsiglio attacked 
the paladin in Roncesvalles, and over- 
threw him ; but Charlemagne, coming up, 
routed the Saracen, and hanged him on 
the very tree under which he planned the 
attack. — Turpin, Chronicle (1122)* 

Marsilia, "who bears up great 
Cynthia's train," is the marchioness of 
Northampton, to whom Spenser dedicated 
his Daphnaida. This lady was Helena, 
daughter of Wolfgangus Swavenburgh, a 
Swede. 

Ne less praiseworthy is Marsilia, 

Best known by bearing up great Cynthia's train. 

She is the pattern of true womanhead . . . 

Worthy next after Cynthia [queen Elizabeth] to tread, 

As she is next her in nobility. 

Spenser, Colin Claut't Come Home Again (1595). 

Mar'syas, the Phrygian flute-player. 
He challenged Apollo to a contest of 
skill, but being beaten by the god, was 
flayed alive for his presumption* 



Mar'tafax and Lar'mitss (3 
syl.), two famous rats brought up before 
the White Cat for treason, but acquitted. 
— Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 'Tales ("The 
White Cat," 1682). 

Marta'no, a great coward, who stole 
the armour of Gryphon, and presented 
himself in it before king Norandi'no. 
Having received the honours due to the 
owner, Martano quitted Damascus with 
Origilla ; but Aquilant unmasked the 
villain, and he was hanged (bks. viii., 
ix.). — Ariosto, Orlando Furiuso (1516). 

Marteau des Heretiques, 

Pierre d'Aillv ; also called L'Aiyte de la 
France (1350^1420). 

Martel (Charles), Charles, natural 
son of Pepin d'He'ristal. 

M. Collin de Plancy says that this 
" palace mayor "of France was not called 
"Martel" because he nuirtele' ("ham- 
mered ") the Saracens under Abd-el- 
Rahman in 732, but because his patron 
saint was Martel lus (or St. Martin). — 
Bibliuthequc des Le'yendes. 

Thomas Deli, in his translation of 
Chevereul's Principles of Harmony, etc., 
of Colours (1847), signs himself "Charles 
Martel." 

Martext (Sir Oliver), a vicar in 
Shakespeare's comedv of As You Like It 
(1600). 

Martha, sister to " The Scornful 
Lady " (no name given). — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Scornful Lady (1616). 

Martha, the servant-girl at Shaw's 
Castle.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronarts Well 
(time, George III.). 

Martha, the old housekeeper at Qsbal- 
distone Hall.— Sir W. Scott, Hob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Martha, daughter of Ralph and Louise 
de Lascours, and sister of Diana de Las- 
cours. When the crew of the Urania 
rebelled, Martha, with Ralph de Lascours 
(the captain), Louise de Lascours, and 
Barabas, were put adrift in a boat, and 
cast on an iceberg in "the Frozen Sea." 
The iceberg broke, Ralph and Louise 
were drowned, Barabas was picked up by 
a vessel, and Martha fell into the hands 
of an Indian tribe, who gave her the 
name of Orgari'ta ("withered corn"). 
She married Carlos, but as he married 
under a false name, the marriage was 
illegal, and when Carlos was given up to 



MARTHA. 



618 MARTINMAS WILL COME, ETC. 



the hands of justice, Orgarita was placed 
under the charge of her grandmother 
Mde. de Theringe, and [probably] es- 
poused Horace de Brienne. — E. Stirling, 
The Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Martha, a friend of Margaret. She 
makes love to Mephistopheles with great 
worldly shrewdness. — Goethe, Faust 
(1798). 

Martha, alias Ulrica, mother of 
Bertha who is betrothed to Hereward 
and marries him. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Martha (The abbess), abbess of Elcho 
Nunnery. She is a kinswoman of the 
Glover family. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Martha (Dame), housekeeper to major 
Bddgenorth.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Marthe, a young orphan, in love with 
Frederic Auvray, a young artist, who 
loves her in return, but leaves her, goes 
to Rome, and falls in love with another 
lady, Elena, sister of the duke Strozzi. 
Marthe leaves the Swiss pastor, who is 
her guardian, and travels in midwinter 
to Rome, dressed as a boy, and under the 
name of Piccolino. She tells her tale to 
Elena, who abandons the fickle false one, 
and Frederic forbids the Swiss wanderer 
ever again to approach him. Marthe, in 
despair, throws herself into the Tiber, but 
is rescued. Fre'deric repents, is recon- 
ciled, and marries the forlorn maiden. — 
Mons. Guiraud, Piccolino (an opera, 1875). 

Marthon, an old cook at Arnheim 
Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Marthon, alias Rizpah, a Bohemian 
woman, attendant on the countess Hame- 
line of Croye.— Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Martian Laws (not Mercian, as 
Wharton gives it in his Law Dictionary) 
are the laws collected by Martia, the 
wife of Guithelin great-grandson of 
Mulmutius who established in Britain 
the "Mulmutian Laws" (q.v.). Alfred 
translated both these codes into Saxon- 
English, and called the Martian code Pa 
Marchitle Laye. These laws have no 
connection with the kingdom of Mercia. 
— Geoffrey, British History, iii. 13 (1142). 

CuynUIine, . . . whose queen, ... to show her upright 

iniiiil. 
To wise MubnuUus' laws her Martian first did frame. 

Drayton, Folyollnon. viii. (1C12). 



Martigny (Marie la comptesse de), 
wife of the earl of Etherington. — Sir W. 
Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, George 
III.). 

Martin, in Swift's Tale of the Tub, 
is Martin Luther; "John" is Calvin; 
and " Peter " the pope of Rome (1704). 

In Dryden's Hind and Panther, "Mar- 
tin" means the Lutheran party (1687). 

Martin, the old verdurer near sir 
Henry Lee's lodge. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Martin, the old shepherd, in the service 
of the lady of Avenel.— Sir W. Scott, 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Martin, the ape, in the beast-epic of 
Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Martin (Dame), partner of Darsie 
Latimer at the fishers' dance. — Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Martin (Sarah), the prison reformer of 
Great Yarmouth. This young woman, 
though but a poor dressmaker, conceived 
a device for the reformation of prisoners 
in her native town, and continued for 
twenty-four years her earnest and useful 
labour of love, acting as schoolmistress, 
chaplain, and industrial superintendent. 
In 1835, captain Williams, inspector of 
prisons, brought her plans before the 
Government, under the conviction that the 
nation at large might be benefited by 
their practical good sense (1791-1843). 

Martin Weldeek, the miner. His 
story is read by Lovel to a pic-nic party 
at St. Ruth's ruins.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Mar tine (3 syl.), wife of Sganarelle. 
She has a furious quarrel with her hus- 
band, who beats her, and she screams. 
M. Robert, a neighbour, interferes, says 
to Sganarelle, " Quelle infamie ! Peste 
soit le coquin, de battre ainsie sa femme." 
The woman snubs him for his imperti- 
nence, and says, " Je veux qu'il me battre, 
moi ; " and Sganarelle beats him soundly 
for meddling with what does not concern 
him. — Moliere, Le Me'decin Malgr€ Lui 
(1666). 

Martinmas will Come in Due 
Time, or, give a rogue rope enough, and 
he'll hang himself ; every evil-doer will 
meet his reward. Martinmas used to be 
the time for killing hogs for winter store, 
and the Spanish proverb paraphrased is 
this: "As the time will certainly come 
when hogs will be slain, so the time will 



MARTIN'S SUMMER. 



619 



MARY GRAHAM. 



Certainly come when thy sins or faults 
will bo chastised." 

Martin's Summer (St.), halcyon 
days ; a time of prosperity ; fine weather. 
Vc'te de S. Martin, from October 9 to 
November 11. At the close of autumn 
we generally have a month of magnificent 
summer weather. 

Assigned am I [Join of A re] to bo the English scourge . . . 
Expect St. Martin's summer, halcyon days. 
Since I have entered into these wars. 

Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 3 (1589). 

* + * Also called " St. Luke's Summer." 

Martival (Stephen de), a steward of 
the field at the tournament. — Sir W. Scott, 
Jvanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Martivalle (Martins Galeotti), astro- 
loger to Louis XI. of France. — Sir W. 
Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Martyr King {The), Henry VI., 
buried at Windsor beside Edward IV. 

Here o'er the Martyr King [Menry YI.\ the marble weeps, 
And fast beside him once-feared Edward [/I'.J sleeps; 
The grave unites where e'en the grave finds rest. 
And mingled lie the oppressor and th' opprest. 

Pope. 

Martyr King (The), Charles I. of 
England (1G00, 1626-1649). 

Louis XVI. of Prance is also called 
Louis "the Martyr" (1754, 1774-1793). 

Martyrs to Science. 

Claude Louis count Berthollet, who 
tested on himself the effects of carbonic 
acid on the human frame, and died under 
the experiment (1748-1822). 

Giordano Bruno, who was burnt alive 
for maintaining that matter is the mother 
of all things (1550-1600). 

Galileo, who was imprisoned twice by 
the Inquisition for maintaining that the 
earth moved round the sun and not the 
sun round the earth (1564-1642). 

And scores of others. 

Marvellous Boy (The), Thomas 
Chatterton (1752-1770). 

I thought of Chatterton. the marvellous boy, 
The sleepless soul that perished in his pride. 

Wordsworth. 

Marwood (Alice), daughter of an 
old woman who called herself Mrs. Brown. 
When a mere girl, she was concerned in a 
burglary and was transported. Carker, 
manager in the firm of Dombey and Son, 
seduced her, and both she and her mother 
determined on revenge. Alice bore a 
striking resemblance to Edith (Mr. Dom- 
bey's second wife), and in fact they were 
cousins, for Mrs. Brown was "wife" of 
the brother-in-law of the Hon. Mrs. 



Skewton (Edith's mother). — C. Dickens, 
Dombey and Son (1846). 

Marwood (Mistress), jilted by Fainall 
and soured against the whole male sex. 
She says, "I have done hating those 
vipers — men, and am now come to despise 
them ; " but she thinks of marrying, to 
keep her husband "on the rack of fear 
and jealousy." — W. Congreve, The Way 
of the World (1700). 

Mary, the pretty housemaid of the 
worshipful the mayor of Ipswich (Nup- 
rins). When Arabella ALen marries Mr. 
Winkle, Mary enters her service ; but 
eventually marries Sam Weller, and lives 
at Dulwich as Mr. Pickwick's house- 
keeper. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
(1836). 

Mary, niece of Valentine and his sister 
Alice. In love with Mons. Thomas.— 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas 
(1619). 

Mary. The queen's Marys, four young 
ladies of quality, of the same age as 
Mary afterwards " queen of Scots." 
They embarked with her in 1548, on 
board the French galleys, and were des- 
tined to be her playmates in childhood, 
and her companions when she grew up. 
Their names were Mary Beaton (or 
Bethune), Mary Livingston (or Lciuson), 
Mary Fleming (or Flemyng), and Mary 
Seaton (Seton or Seyton). 

*** Mary Carmichael has no place in 
authentic history, although an old ballad 
says : 

Yestrien the queen had four Marys ; 

This night sue'il hae hut three : 
There w;is Man Beaton, and M;iry Seaton, 

And Mary Carmichael, and me. 

%* One of Whyte Melville's novels is 
called The Queen's Marys. 

Mary Anne, a slang name for the 
guillotine ; also called L'abbaye de monte- 
a-regret ("the mountain of mournful 
ascent "). (See Marianne.) 

Mary Anne, a generic name for a secret 
republican society in France. (See Ma- 
rianne.) — B. Disraeli, Lothair. 

Mary Anne was the red-name for the republic years 
ago, and there always was a sort of myth that thes<» 
secret societies had been founded by a woman. 

The Mary-Anne associations, which are essentially 
republic, are scattered about all the provinces of Franco, 
— Lothair. 

Mary Graham, an orphan adopted 
by old Martin Chuzzlewit. She eventu- 
ally married Martin Chuzzlewit the 
grandson, and hero of the tale. 

"The young girl." said the old man, "is an orphan 
child, whom ... I have bred and educated, or, if you 



MARY STUART. 



620 



MASANIELLO. 



prefer the word, adopted. For a year or two she has 
been my companion, and she is my only one. I have 
taken a solemn oath not to leave her a sixpence when I 
die ; hut while I live, I make her an annual allowance, 
not extravagant in its amount, and yet not stinted." — 
C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlevnt, iii. (1843). 

Mary Stuart, an historical tragedy 
by J. Haynes (1840). The subject is 
the death of David Rizzio. 

*** Schiller has taken Mary Stuart 
for the subject of a tragedy. P. Lebrun 
turned the German drama into a French 
play. Sir W. Scott, in The Abbot, has 
taken for his subject the flight of Mary 
to England. 

Mary Tudor. Victor Hugo has a 
tragedy so called (1833), and Tennyson, in 
1878, issued a play entitled Queen Mary, 
an epitome of the reign of the Tudor 
Mary. 

Mary and Byron. The "Mary" of 
lord Byron was Miss Chaworth. Both 
were under the guardianship of Mr. 
White. Miss Chaworth married John 
Musters, and lord Byron married Miss 
Milbanke ; both equally unfortunate. 
Lord Byron, in The Dream, refers to his 
love-affair with Mary Chaworth. (See 
p. U5.) 

Mary in Heaven ( To) and Highland 
Mary, lyrics addressed by Robert Burns 
to Mary Campbell, between whom and 
the poet there existed a strong attach- 
ment previous to the latter's departure 
from Ayrshire to Nithsdale. Mary Mori- 
son, a youthful effusion, was written to 
the object of a prior passion. The lines 
in the latter 

Those smiles and glances let me see, 
That make the miser's treasure poor, 

resemble those in Highland Mary — 

Still o*er those scenes my mem'ry wakes, 
And fondly broods with miser care. 

Mary of Mode'na, the second wife 
of James II. of England, and mother of 
" The Pretender." 

Mamma was to assume the character and stately way of 
the royal " Mary of Moden.v"— Percy Fitzgerald, The 
Parvenu Family, iii. 239. 

Mary queen of Scots was con- 
fined first at Carlisle ; she was removed 
in 1508 to Bolton; in 15G9 she was con- 
fined at Tutbury, Wingfield, Tutbury, 
Ashby-de-la-Zouche, and Coventry ; in 
1570 she was removed to Tutbury, Chats- 
worth, and Sheffield ; in 1577 to Chats- 
worth ; in 1578 to Sheffield ; in 1584 to 
Wingfield ; in 1585 to Tutbury, Chartley, 
Tixhall, and Chartley ; in 1586 (Septem- 
ber 25) to Fotheringay. 

*k* She is introduced by sir W. Scott 
in his novel entitled The Abbot. 



Schiller has taken Mary Stuart for the 
subject of his best tragedy, and P. Lebrun 
brought out in France a French version 
thereof (1729-1807). 

Mary queen of Scots. The most elegant 
and poetical compliment ever paid to 
woman w r as paid to Mary queen of Scots* 
by Shakespeare, in Midsummer Kirjht's 
Dream. Remember, the mermaid is 
"queen Mary;" the dolphin means the 
"dauphin of France," whom Mary mar- 
ried ; the rude sea means the " Scotch 
rebels ;" and the stars that shot from their 
spheres means "the princes who sprang 
from their allegiance to queen Elizabeth.'' 

Thou remember'st 
Since once I sat upon a promontory. 
And heard a mermaid, on a dtlpfiiris back, 
Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath, 
That the rude sea grew civil at her song ; 
And certain stars shot madly from their tpheret. 
To hear the sea-maid's music. 

Act ii. sc. 1 (1592). 

These " stars " were the earl of North- 
umberland, the earl of Westmoreland, and 
the duke of Norfolk. 

Mary the Maid of the Inn, the 

delight and sunshine of the parish, about 
to be married to Richard, an idle, worth- 
less fellow. One autumn night, two 
guests were drinking at the inn, and one 
remarked he should not much like to go 
to the abbey on such a night. "I'll 
wager that Mary will go," said the other, 
and the bet was accepted. Mary went, 
and,hearing footsteps, stepped into a place 
of concealment, when presently passed 
her two men carrying a young woman 
they had just murdered. The hat of one 
blew off, and fell at Mary's feet. She 
picked it up, flew to the inn, told her 
story, and then, producing the hat, found 
it was Richard's. Her senses gave way, 
and she became a confirmed maniac for 
life. — R. Southey, Mary the Maid of the 
Inn (from Dr. Plot's History of Stafford- 
shire, 



Mar'zavan, foster-brother of the 
princess Badou'ra. — Arabian Nights 
(" Camaralzaman and Badoura "). 

Masaniello, a corruption of [Tom]- 
mas Aniello, a Neapolitan fisherman, who 
headed an insurrection in 1(5-17 against 
the duke of Arcos ; and he resolved to 
kill the duke's son for having seduced 
Fenella his sister, who was deaf and 
dumb. The insurrection succeeded, and 
Masaniello was elected by his rabble 
" chief magistrate of Portiei ; " but he 
became intoxicated with his greatness, 
so the mob shot him, and flung his dead 
body into a ditch. Next day, however, 



MASCARILLE. 



MATABRUNE. 



it was taken out. and interred with much 
ceremony and pomp. When Fenella 
heard of her brother's death, she threw 
herself into the crater of Vesuvius. 

%* Auber has an opera on the subject 
(1831), the libretto by Scribe. Caraifa 
had chosen the same subject for an opera 
previously. 

Mascarille (3 syl.), the valet of La 
Grange. In order to reform two silly, 
romantic girls, La Grange and Du Croisy 
introduce to them their valets, as the 
" marquis of Mascarille " and the " viscount 
of Jodelet." The girls are taken with their 
" aristocratic visitors ; " but when the 
game has gone far enough, the masters 
enter and unmask the trick. By this 
means the girls are taught a most useful 
lesson, and are saved from any serious 
ill consequences. — Moliere, Les Pre'cicuses 
Ridicules (1G59). 

%* Moliere had already introduced 
the same name in two other of his 
comedies, L'Etourdi (1653) and Le De'pit 
Amoureux (1654). 

Masetto, a rustic engaged to Zerlina ; 
but don Giovanni intervenes before the 
wedding, and deludes the foolish girl 
into believing that he means to make h<;r 
a great lady and his wife. — Mozart, Don 
Giovanni (libretto by L. da Ponte, 1787). 

Mask'well, the "double dealer." 
He pretends to love lady Touchwood, 
but it is only to make her a tool for 
breaking the attachment between Melle- 
font (2 syl.) and Cynthia. Maskwell 
pretends friendship for Mellefont merely 
to throw dust in his eyes respecting hfs 
designs to carry off Cynthia, to whom 
Mellefont is betrothed. Cunning and 
hypocrisy are Maskwell's substitutes for 
wisdom and honesty. — W. Congreve, The 
Double Dealer (1700). 

Mason (William). The medallion to 
this poet in Westminster Abbey was by 
Bacon. 

Mast (The Tallest). The mainmast 
of the Merry Dim of Dover was so tall 
"that the boy who climbed it would be 
grey with extreme age before he could 
reach deck again." — Scandinavian My- 
thology. 

Master (27(e). Goethe is called Der 
Meister (1749-1832). 

I beseech you, Mr. Tickler, not to be so sarcastic on 
" The Master."— Noctes A mbrosuina. 

Master Adam, Adam Billaut, the 
French poet (1602-1662). 



Master Humphrey, the narrator 

of the story called "The Old Curiosity 
Shop." — C. Dickens, Master Humphrey's 
Clock (1840). 

Master Leonard, grand-master of 
the nocturnal orgies of the demons. He 
presided at these meetings in the form of 
a three-horned goat with a black human 
face. — Middle Age Demonology. 

Master, like Man (Like). 

Such mistress, such Nan ; 
Such master, such man. 

Tusser. xxxriU. 22. 

Again : 

Such master, such man ; and such mistress, such maid ; 
Such husband and huswife ; such houses arraid. 

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Oood 
Husbandry, xxxix. 22 (1557). 

Master Matthew, a town gull.— 
Ben Jonson, Every Man in His Humour 
(1598). 

We have the cheating humour in the character of " Nym," 
the bragging humour in " Pistol," the melaucholt -humour 
in "Master Stephen," nnd the quarrelling humour in 
" M;ister Matthew." — Edinburgh Uvricw. 

Master Stephen, a country gull of 
melancholy humour. (See Master Mat- 
thew.) — Ben Jonson, Every Man in His 
Humour (1598). 

Master of Sentences, Pierre Lom- 
bard, author of a book called Sentences 
(1100-1164). 

Masters (Doctor), physician to queen 
Elizabeth. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Masters (The Four): (1) Michael 
O'Clerighe (or Clery), who died 1643; 
(2) Cucoirighe O'Clerighe ; (3) Maurice 
Conry 5 (4) Fearfeafa Conry ; authors of 
Annals of Donegal. 

Mat Mizen, mate of H.M. ship 
Tk/cr. The type of a daring, reckless, 
dare-devil English sailor. His adven- 
tures with Harry Clifton in Delhi form 
the main incidents of Barrymore's melo- 
drama, El Hyder, Chief ~pf the Ghaut 
Mountains. 

Mat-o'-the-Mint, a highwayman 
in captain Macheath's gang. Peach um 
says, " He is a promising, sturdy fellow, 
and diligent in his way. Somewhat too 
bold and hasty ; one that may raise good 
contributions on the public, if he does 
not cut himself short by murder." — Gay, 
Tiie Beggar's Opera, i. (1727). 

Matabrune (3 syl.), wife of king * 
Pierron of the Strong Island, and mother 
of prince Oriant one of the ancestors of 
Godfrey of Bouillon. — Mediaeval Eomanos 

of Chivalry. 



MATHEMATICAL CALCULATORS. 622 



MATTHIAS DE SILVA. 



Mathematical Calculators. 

George Parkes Bidder, president of the 
Institution of Civil Engineers (1800- ). 

Jedediah Buxton of Elmeton, in Derby- 
shire. He would tell how many letters 
were in any one of his father's sermons, 
after hearing it from the pulpit. He 
went to hear Garrick, in Richard III., and 
told how many words each actor uttered 
1705-1775). 

Zerah Colburn of Vermont, U.S., came 
to London in 1812, when he was eight 
years old. The duke of Gloucester set 
him to multiply five figures by three, and 
he gave the answer instantly. He would 
extract the cube root of nine figures in a 
few seconds (1804- ). 

Vito Mangiamele, son of a Sicilian shep- 
herd. In 1839 MM. Arago, Lacroix, Libri, 
and Sturm, examined the boy, then 11 
years old, and in half a minute he told 
them the cube root of seven figures, and 
in three seconds of nine figures (1818- ). 

Alfragan, the Arabian astronomer (died 
820). 

Mathilde (2 syl.), heroine of a tale 
so called by Sophie Ristaud, Dame Cottin 
(1773-1807). 

Mathil'de (3 syl.), sister of Gessler the 
tyrannical governor of Switzerland, in 
love with Arnoldo a Swiss, who saved 
her life when it was imperilled by an 
avalanche. After the death of Gessler, 
she married the bold Swiss. — Rossini, 
Guglielmo Tell (an opera, 1829). 

Mathis, a German miller, greatly in 
debt. One Christmas Eve a Polish Jew 
came to his house in a sledge, and, after 
rest and refreshment, started for Nantzig, 
"four leagues off." Mathis followed 
him, killed him with an axe, and burnt 
the body in a lime-kiln. He then paid 
his debts, greatly prospered, and became 
a highly respected burgomaster. On the 
wedding night of his only child, Annette, 
he died of apoplexj', of which he had 
previous warning by the constant sound 
of sledge-bells in his ears. In his dream 
he supposed himself put into a mesmeric 
sleep in open court, Avhen he confessed 
everything, and was executed. — J. R. 
Ware, The Polish Jew. 

%* This is the character which first 
introduced II. Irving to public notice. 

Math'isen, one of the three ana- 
baptists who induced John of Leyden to 
join their rebellion ; but no sooner was 
John proclaimed "the prophet-king" 
than the three rebels betra} r ed him to the 



emperor. When the villains entered the 
banquet-hall to arrest their dupe, they all 
perished in the flames of the burning 
palace. — Meyerbeer, Ze Prophete (an 
opera, 1849). 

Matil'da, sister of Rollo and Otto 
dukes of Normandy, and daughter of 
Sophia. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Bloody Brother (1639). 

Matilda, daughter of lord Robert Fitz- 
walter. 

*** Michael Drayton has a poem of 
some 650 lines so called. 

Matilda, daughter of Rokeby, and niece 
of Mortham. Matilda was beloved by 
Wilfred, son of Oswald ; but she herself 
loved Redmond, her father's page, who 
turned out to be Mortham's son. — Sir W. 
Scott, Rokeby (1812). 

Matsys (Quint in), a blacksmith of 
Antwerp. He fell in love with Liza the 
daughter of Johann Mandyn, the artist. 
The father declared that none but an 
artist should have her to wife ; so Matsys 
relinquished his *rade, and devoted him- 
self to painting. After a while, he went 
into the studio of Mandyn to see his 
picture of the fallen angels ; and on the 
outstretched leg of one of the figures 
painted a bee. This was so life-like 
that, when the old man returned, he 
proceeded to frighten it off with his 
handkerchief. When he discovered the 
deception, and found out it was done 
by Matsys, he was so delighted that he 
at once gave Liza to him for wife. 

Matthew Merrygreek, the ser- 
vant of Ralph Roister Doister. He is a 
flesh -and-blood representative of "vice" 
in the old morality-plays. — Nicholas 
Udall, Ralph Pointer Doister (the first 
English comedy, 1634). 

Matthias de Moncada, a mer- 
cnant. He is the father of Mrs. Wither- 
ington, wife of general Witherington. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter 
(time, George II.). 

Matthias de Silva (Don), a Span- 
ish beau. This exquisite one day re- 
ceived a challenge for defamation soon 
after he had retired to bed, and said to 
his valet, "I would not get up before 
noon to make one in the best party of 
pleasure that was ever projected. Judge, 
then, if I shall rise at six o'clock in the 
morning to get my throat cut." — Lesage, 
Gil Bias, iii. 8 (1715). 

(This reply was borrowed from the 



MATTIK 



623 



MAUPJ-GASIMA. 



romance of Espinel, entitled Vida del 
Escudero Marcos de Obregon, 1618.) 

Mattie, maidservant of Bailie Nieol 
Jarvic, and afterwards his wife. — Sir W. 
Scott, Bob Roy (time, George I.). 

Maud, a young lady, described as : 

Faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null. 
Tennyson, Maud, I. ii. 

Maude (1 sgl.), wife of Peter Prate- 
fast, " who loved cleanliness." 

She kepe her dishes from all foulencs ; 
And when she larked clowtcs witliouten f.iyle. 
She wyjied her dishes with her doggea tayll. 
Stephen Hawes, The Pauc-tymc of 1'leiure, xiix. (1515). 

Maugis, the Nestor of French ro- 
mance. He was one of Charlemagne's 
paladins, a magician and champion. 

%* In Italian romance he is called 

"Malagigi" {q.v.). 

Maugis d'Aygremont, son of 
duke Bevis d'Aygremont, Btolen in in- 
fancy by a female slave. As the slave 
rested under a white-thorn, a lion and 
a leopard devoured her, and then killed 
each other in disputing over the infant. 
Oriande la fee, attracted to the spot by 
the crying of the child, exclaimed, " By 
the powers above, the child is mcU gist 
(' badly nursed ') ! " and ever after it was 
called Mal-gist or Mau-gis'. When grown 
to manhood, he obtained the enchanted 
horse Bayard, and took from Anthenor 
(the Saracen) the sword Flamberge. Sub- 
sequently, he gave both to his cousin 
Renaud (Renaldo). — Romance of Maugis 
(TAygremont et die Vivian son Frere. 

%* In the Italian romance, Maugis is 
called "Malagigi," Bevis is " Buovo," 
Bayard is "Bayardo," Flamberge is 
" Fusberta," and Renaud is "Renaldo." 

Maugrabin (Zamct), a Bohemian 
hung near Plessis le's Tours. 

Jiagraddin Maugrabin, the " Zingaro," 
brother of Zamet Maugrabin. He as- 
sumes the disguise of Rouge Sanglier, 
and pretends to be a herald from Liege 
\Le.aje\. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward 
(time, Kdward IV.). 

Mau'graby, son of Hal-il-Mau- 
grtlby and his wife Yandar. Hal-il- 
Maugraby founded Dom-Daniel "under 
the roots of the ocean " near the coast 
of Tunis, and his son completed it. 
He and his son were the greatest 
magicians that ever lived. Maugraby 
was killed by prince Habed-il-Rouman, 
son of the caliph of Syria, and with his 
death X>om-Daniel ceased to exist. — 



Continuation of Arabian Nights (" His- 
tory of Maugraby "). 

Did they not say to in every day that if we were 
naughty, the Maugraby would take us! — Continuation of 
Aratrtan Xight$, iv. 74. 

Maugys, a giant who kept the bridge 
leading to a castle in which a lady was 
besieged. Sir Lybios, one of the knights 
of the Round Table, did battle with liim, 
slew him, and liberated the lady. — ■ 
Libcaux (a romance). 

Maul, a giant who used to spoil 
young pilgrims with sophistry. He at- 
tacked Mr. Greatheart with a club ; but 
Grcatheart pierced him under the fifth 
rib, and then cut off his head. — Banyan, 
Pilgrim's Progress, ii. (1G8-1). 

Maul of Monks, Thomas Crom- 
well, visitor-general of English monas- 
teries, which he summarily suppressed 
(14i»U-1540). 

Maulstatute (Master), a magistrate. 
— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Maun'drel, a wearisome gossip, a 
chattering woman. 

" Hand your tongue, Maundrel," cried the surgeon, 
throwing the cobweb on the floor and applying a dressing. 
— Saxon and Gael, iii. 81. 

Maundrcls, vagaries, especially those of 
a person in delirium, or the disjointed 
gabble of a sleeper. 

%* The word is said to be a corrup- 
tion of Mandeville (sir John), who pub- 
lished a book of travels, full of idle tales 
and maundering gossip. 

Mauprat (Adrien de), colonel and 
chevalier in the king's army ; " the 
wildest gallant and bravest knight of 
France." He married Julie ; but the 
king accused him of treason for so doing, 
and sent him to the Bastille. Being 
released by the cardinal Richelieu, he 
was forgiven, and made happy with the 
blessing of the king. — Lord Lytton, 
Richelieu (1839). 

Maurice Beevor (Sir), a miser, 
and (failing the children of the countess) 
heir to the Arundel estates. The countess 
having two sons (Arthur and Percy), sir 
Maurice hired assassins to murder them ; 
but his plots were frustrated, and the 
miser went to his grave "a sordid, 
spat-upon, revengeless, worthless, and 
rascally poor cousin." — Lord Lytton, The 
Sea-Captain (1839). 

Mauri- G-asima, an island near 
Formosa, said to have been sunk in the 



MAUSE. 



624 



MAXTMUS. 



*aa in consequence of the great crimes of 
its inhabitants. — Koenipfer, Japan. 

The cities of the plain, we are told in 
the Bible, were sunk under the waters of 
the Dead Sea for a similar reason. 

Mause (Old), mother of Cuddie 
Headrigg, and a covenanter. — Sir W. 
Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Mauso'lus, king of Garia, to whom 
his wife Artemisia erected a sepulchre 
which was one of the " Seven Wonders 
of the World" (b.c. 353). 

The chief mausoleums besides this are 
those of Augustus ; Hadrian (now called 
the castle of St. Angelo) at Rome ; Henri 
II., erected by Catherine de Medicis ; St. 
Peter the Martyr in the church of St. 
Eustatius, by G. Balduccio ; that to the 
memory of Louis XVI. ; and the tomb of 
Napoleon in Les Invalides, Paris. The 
one erected by queen Victoria to prince 
Albert may also be mentioned. 

Mauthe Dog, a black spectre 
spaniel that haunted the guard-room of 
Peeltown in the Isle of Man. Gne day, 
a drunken trooper entered the guard- 
room while the dog was there, but lost 
his speech, and died within three days. — 
Sir W. Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel, 
vi. 26 (1805). 

Mauxalin'da, in love with Moore of 
Moore Hall ; but the valiant combatant 
of the dragon deserts her for Margery, 
daughter of Gubbins, of Roth'ram Green. 
— H. Carey, Dragon of Wantley (1696- 
1743). 

Mavortian, a soldier or son of 
Mavors (Mars). 

Hew dreadfull Mavortian the poor price of a dinner. — 
Richard Brome, Plays (1653). 

Mavournin, Irish for "darling." 
Erin mavournin (" Ireland, my darling "). 

Land of my forefathers i Erin go bragh 1 
Buried and cold,. when my heart stills her motion; 
Green be thy fields, sweetest isle of the ocean ; 
And thy harp-striking bards sing aloud with devotion, 

Erin mavournin 1 Erin go bragh 1 

Campbell, Exile of Erin, 

*^f Bragh = braw, to rhyme with 
"draw," "Erin go bragh!" i.e. "Ire- 
land for ever ! " 

Mawwonn, a vulgar copy of Dr. 
Cantwell " the hypocrite." He is a most 
gross abuser of his mother tongue, but 
believes he has a call to preach. He tells 
old lady Lambert that he has made 
several sermons already, but "always 
does 'em extrumpcry" because he could 
not write. He finds his " religious voca- 
tion " more profitable than selling 



"grocery, tea, small beer, charcoal, 
butter, brickdust, and other spices," and 
so comes to the conclusion that it "is 
sinful to keep shop." He is a convert of 
Dr. Cantwell, and believes in him to the 
last. 

Do de pise me; I'm the prouder for it I like to be 
desuised.— I. Bickerstaff, Tli« Hypocrite, ii. 1 (1763). 

Max, a huntsman, and the best 
marksman in Germany. He was plighted 
to Agatha, who was to be his wife, if he 
won the prize in the annual match. Cas- 
par induced Max to go to the wolf's glen 
at midnight and obtain seven charmed ' 
balls from Samiel the Black Huntsman. 
On the day of contest, while Max was 
shooting, he killed Caspar who was con- 
cealed in a tree, and the king in conse- 
quence abolished this annual fete. — 
Weber, Der Freischiitz (an opera, 1822). 

Maxime (2 syl.), an officer of the 
prefect Almachius. He was ordered to 
put to death Valirian and Tibur'ce, be- 
cause they refused to worship the image 
of Jupiter ; but he took pity on them, 
took them to his- house, became con- 
verted, and was baptized. When Valirian 
and Tiburce were afterwards martyred, 
Maxime said he saw angels come and 
carry them to heaven, whereupon Alma- 
chius caused him to be beaten with rods 
"til he his lif gan lete." — Chaucer, Can- 
terbury Tales (" Second Nun's Tale," 
1388).' 

* + * This is based on the story of 
"Cecilia" in the Legenda Aurea ; and 
both are imitations of the story of Paul 
and the jailer of Philippi (Acts xvi. 
19-34). 

Maximil'ian (son of Frederick III.), 
the hero of the Teuerdank, the Orlando 
Furioso of the Germans, by Melchior 
Pfinzing. 

. . . [here] in old heroic days, 
Sat the poet Melchior, singing kaiser Maximilian's praise. 
Longfellow, Nuremberg. 

Maximin,a Roman tyrant. — Dryden, 

Tyrannic L,ove or The fioyal Martyr. 

Maximus (called by Geoffrey, " Max- 
imian"), a Roman senator, who, in 381, 
was invited to become king of Britain. 
He conquered Annorica (llrctagne), and 
"published a decree for the assembling 
together there of 100,000 of the common 
people of Britain, to colonize the land, 
and 30,000 soldiers to defend the colony." 
Hence Annorica was J led, " The other 
Britain" or " Little Britain." — Geoffrey, 
British History t v. 14 (1142). 



MAXWELL. 



625 



MAYLIE. 



Got Maximus at length the victory in Gaul, 
. . . where, after Gratian'i fall, 
Armorica to them the valiant victor gave . . . 
Which colony ... is "Little Britain " called. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1G12). 

Maxwell, deputy chamberlain at 
Whitehall. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 
Nijel (time, James I.). 

Maxwell {Mr. Pate), laird of Summer- 
trees, called " Pate in Peril ; " one of the 
papist conspirators with Redgauntlet. — 
Sir W. Scott, Redjauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Maxwell {The Eight Hon. William), 
lord Evandale, an officer in the king's 
army. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, 
Charles II.). 

May, a girl who married January, a 
Lombard baron 60 years old. She loved 
Danivan, a young squire ; and one day 
the baron caught Damyan and May fond- 
ling each other, but the young wife told 
her husband his eyes were so defective 
that the}' could not be trusted. The 
old man accepted the solution — for what 
is better than "a fruitful wife and a 
confiding spouse ? " — Chaucer, Canterbury 
Talcs (" The Merchant's Tale," 1388). 

May unlucky for Brides. Mary- 
queen of Scotland married Bothwell, the 
murderer of her husband lord Darnley, 
on May 12. 

Mense malum Maio nubere vulgus ait 

Ovid, Fastorum, v. 

May-Day {Evil), May 1, 1517, when 
the London apprentices rose up against 
the foreign residents and did incalculable 
mischief. This riot began May 1, and 
lasted till May 22. 

May Queen {The), a poem in three 
parts by Tennyson (1842). Alice, a 
bright-eyed, merry child, was chosen 
May queen, and, being afraid she might 
oversleep herself, told her mother to be 
sure to call her early. 

I sleep so sound all night, mother, that I shall never 

wake, 
If you do not call me loud when the day begins to break : 
But I must gather knots of flowers, and buds and garlands 

gay, 
For I'm to be queen o' the May, mother, I'm to be queen 

o' the May. 

The old year passed away, and the black- 
eyed, rustic maiden was dying. She 
hoped to greet the new year before her 
eyes, closed in death, and bade her mother 
once, again to be sure to call her early; 
but it was not now because she slept so 
soundly. Alas ! no. 

Good night, sweet mother : call me before the day is 

born. 
All night I lie awake, but I fall asleep at morn ; 



But I would see the sun rise upon the glad New Year, 
So, if you're waking, call me, call me early, mother dear. 

The day rose and passed away, but 
Alice lingered on till March. The snow- 
drops had gone before her, and the 
violets were in bloom. Robin had dearly 
loved the child, but the thoughtless 
village beauty, in her joyous girlhood, 
tossed her head at him, and never thought 
of love ; but now that she was going to 
the land of shadows, her dying words 
were: 

And say to Robin a kind word, and tell him not to fret ; 
There's many worthier than I, would make him happy 

yet. 
If I had lived— I cannot tell— I might have been his wife ; 
But all these things hare ceased to be, with my desire of 

life. 

Maye {TJic), that subtile and ab- 
struse sense which the goddess Maya 
inspires. Plato, Epicharmos, and some 
other ancient philosophers refer it to the 
presence of divinity. " It is the divinity 
which stirs within us." In poetry it 
gives an inner sense to the outward word, 
and in common minds it degenerates into 
delusion or second sight. Maya is an 
Indian deity, and personates the "power 
of creation." 

Hartmann pos*cde la Maye, . . . il laisse pen^tre dans 
ses ecrits les sentiments, et les pensees dont son ftme est 
remplie. et cherche sans cesse a resoudre les antitheses.— 
G. Weber, HUt. de la Littcrature AUemande. 

Mayeux, a stock name in France for 
a man deformed, vain, and licentious, but 
witty and brave. It occurs in a large 
number of French romances and cari- 
catures. 

Mayflower, a ship of 180 tons, 
which, in December, 1620, started from 
Plymouth, and conveyed to Massachusetts, 
in North America, 102 puritans, called the 
" Pilgrim Fathers," who named their 
settlement New Plymouth. 

. . . the Mayflower sailed from the harbour [Plymouth], 
Took the wind oil her quarter, and stood for the open 

Atlantic, 
Borne on the sand of the sea, and the swelling hearts of 
the pilgrims. 
Longfellow, Courtship of Miles StandUh, v. (1858). 

Men of the Mayflower, the Pilgrim 
Fathers, who went out in the Mayfloicer 
to North America in 1620. 

Mayflower {Phcebe), servant at sir 
Henry Lee's lodge.— Sir "VV. Scott, Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Maylie {Mrs.), the lady of the house 
attacked burglariously by Bill Sikes and 
others. Mrs. Maylie is mother of Harry 
Maylie, and aunt of Rose Fleming Avho 
lives with her. 

She was well advanced in years, but the high-backed 
oaken chair in which she sat was not more upright than 



MAYOR OF GARRATT. 



626 



MEAGLES. 



ahe. Dressed with the utmost nicety and precision in a 
quaint mixture of bygone costume, with some slight con- 
cessions to the prevailing taste, which rather served to 
point the old style pleasantly than to impair its effect, she 
sat in a stately manner, with her hands folded before her. 
— Ch. xxix. 

Harry Maylie, Mrs. Maylie's son. He 
marries his cousin Rose Fleming. — C. 
Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 

Mayor of Garratt {The). Garratt 
is between Wandsworth and Tooting. 
The first mayor of this village was 
elected towards the close of the eigh- 
teenth century, and the election came 
about thus : Garratt Common had often 
been encroached on, and in 1780 the in- 
habitants associated themselves together 
to defend their rights. The chairman 
was called Mayor, and as it happened to 
be the time of a general election, the 
society made it a law that a new 
" mayor " should be elected at every 
general election. The addresses of these 
mayors, written by Foote, Garrick, 
YVilks, and others, are satires and politi- 
cal squibs. The first mayor of Garratt 
was "sir" John Harper, a retailer of 
brickdust ; and the last was " sir" Harry 
Dimsdale, a muffin-seller (1796). In 
Foote's farce so called, Jerry Sneak is 
chosen mayor, son-in-law of the land- 
lord (1763). 

Mayors (Lord) who have founded 
noble houses : 

Lord Mayor. 

A yela.vd (/.orri), from sir Gilbert Heathcote - 1711 

Bacon (Lord), from sir Thomas Cooke, draper 1557 

Bath (Marquis of), from sir Rowland Hey- 
ward, cloth-warier. 1570 

Bhavbrooke (Lord), from sir John Gresham, 
grocer 1547 

Brooke (Lord), from sir Samuel Dashwood, 
vintner 1702 

Buckingham {Duke of), from sir John Gre- 
sham, grocer 1547 

OoMPTON (Lord), from sir Wolston Dixie, 
skinner 1585 

Cranbourne (Viscount), from sir Christopher 
Gnscoigne - - 1753 

Denbigh (Earl of), from sir Godfrey Fielding, 
mercer 1452 

Donne [Viscount), from sir Gilbert Heathcote 1711 

Frrzwii.LlA.U (Earl of), from sir Thomas 
Cooke, draper 1557 

Pajlmerston (Lord), from sir John Houblon, 
grocer 16i)5 

Salisbury (Marquis of), from sir Thomas 
Cooke, draper 1557 

Warwick (Earl of), from sir Samuel Dash- 
wood, vintner 1702 

Wiltshire [Earl of), from sir Godfrey Boteine 1457 
(queen Elizabeth was his granddaughter). 

Maypole (The), the nickname given 
to Erangard Melosine de Sch idem berg, 
duchess of Kendal, the mistress of 
George I., on account of her leanness and 
height (1719, died 1743). 

Mazagran, in Algeria. Ever since 
tbe capture of this town by the French, 



black coffee diluted with cold water for a 
beverage has been called un Mazagran. 

Mazarin of Letters (The), 
D'Alembert (1717-1783). 

Mazarine (A), a common council- 
man of London ; so called from the 
mazarine-blue silk gown worn by this 
civil functionary. 

Mazeppa (Jan), a hetman of the 
Cossacks, born of a noble Polish family 
in Podolia. He was a page in the court 
of Jan Casimir king of Poland, and while 
in this capacity intrigued with Theresia 
the young wife of a Podolian count, who 
discovered the amour, and had the young 
page lashed to a wild horse, and turned 
adrift. The horse rushed in mad fury, 
and dropped down dead in the Ukraine, 
where Mazeppa was released by a Cos- 
sack, who nursed him carefully in his 
own hut. In time the young page 
became a prince of the Ukraine, but 
fought against Russia in the battle of 
Pultowa. Lord Byron (1819) makes 
Mazeppa tell his tale to Charles XI T. 
after the battle (1640-1709). 

"Muster Richardson " had a fine appreciation of genius, 
and left the original "Mazeppa" at Astley's a handsome 
legacy [1766-1836].— Mark Lemon. 

M. B. "Waistcoat, a clerical waist- 
coat. M. B. means "Mark [of the] 
Beast ; " so called because, when these 
waistcoats were first worn by protestant 
clergymen (about 1830), they were stig- 
matized as indicating a popish tendency. 

He smiled at the folly which stigmatized an M. B. 
waistcoat. — Mrs. Oliphant, Phatbe, Jim., ii. 1. 

Meadows (Sir William), a kind 
country gentleman, the friend of Jack 
Eustace and father of young Meadows. 

Young Meadows left his father's home 
because the old gentleman wanted him to 
marry Rosetta, whom he had never seen. 
He called himself Thomas, and entered 
the service of justice Woodcock as gar- 
dener. Here he fell in love with the 
supposed chamber-maid, who proved to 
be Rosetta, and their marriage fulfilled the 
desire of all the parties interested. — I. 
Bickerstaff, Lore in <i Village. 

Charles Dignum made his dSbui at ftrurj lane, in 1784, 
in the character of " Young, Meadows." Hi- voice w:us so 
clear and full-toned, and his manner of singing so judi- 
cious, that he was received with the warmest applause, — 

Diet iu nary of Musivians. 

Meagles (Mr.), an eminently "prac- 
tical man,'' who. being well off, travelled 
over the world for pleasure. His party 
consisted of himself, his daughter Pet, 



MEAL-TUB PLOT. 



627 



MEDECIN MALGRE LUI. 



and his daughter's servant called Tatty- 
coram. A jolly man was Mr. Measles ; 
but clear-headed, shrewd, and perse- 
vering. 

Mrs. Me*gle9, wife of the "practical 
man," and mother of Pet. — C. Dickens, 
Little Dorrit (1857). 

Meal-Tub Plot, a fictitious con- 
spiracy concocted by Dangertield for the 
purpose of cutting oft* those who opposed 
the succession of James duke of York, 
afterwards James II. The scheme was 
concealed in a meal-tub in the house of 
Mrs. Cellier (1685). 

Measure for Measure. There 
was a law in Vienna that made it death 
for a man to live with a woman not his 
wife ; but the law was so little enforced 
that the mothers of Vienna complained to 
the duke of its neglect. So the duke 
deputed Angelo to enforce it ; and, as- 
suming the dress of a friar, absented 
himself awhile, to watch the result. 
Scarcely was the duke gone, when Claudio 
was sentenced to death for violating the 
law. His sister Isabel went to intercede 
on his behalf, and Angelo told her he 
would spare her brother if she would 
become his Phryne. Isabel told her 
brother he must prepare to die, as the 
conditions proposed by Angelo were out 
of the question. The duke, disguised as 
a friar, heard the whole story, and per- 
suaded Isabel to "assent in words," but 
to send Mariana (the divorced wife of 
Angelo) to take her place. This was 
done ; but Angelo sent the provost to 
behead Claudio, a crime which " the 
friar " contrived to avert. Next day, the 
duke returned to the city, and Isabel told 
her tale. The end was, the duke married 
Isabel, Angelo took back his wife, and 
Claudio married Juliet whom he had 
seduced. — Shakespeare, Measure for Mea- 
sure (1(503). 

%* This story is from Whetstone's 
Heptameron (1578). A similar story is 
given also in Giraldi Cinthio's third 
decade of stories. 

Medam'otbi, the island at which the 
fleet of Pantag'ruel landed on the fourth 
day of their voyage. Here many choice 
curiosities were bought, such as " the 
picture of a man's voice," an "echo 
drawn to life," " Plato's ideas," some of 
"Epicuros's atoms," a sample of " Phi- 
lome'la's needlework," and other objects 
of virtu to be obtained nowhere else. — 
Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 3 (1545). 



%* Medamothi is a compound Greek 
word, meaning " never in any place." 
So Utopia is a Greek compound, meaning 
" no place ; " Mermen pihnir is a Scotch 
compound, meaning " I know not where ; " 
and Keniuihtn-har is Anglo-Saxon for the 
same. All these places are in 91° north 
hit. and 180° 1' west long., in the Niltale 
Ocean. 

Medea, a famous sorceress of Colchis, 
who married Jason the leader of the Argo- 
nauts, and aided him in getting possession 
of the golden fleece. After being married 
ten years, Jason repudiated her for Glauce ; 
and Medea, in revenge, sent the bride a 
poisoned robe, which killed both Glauce 
and her father. Medea then tore to pieces 
her two sons, and fled to Athens in a 
chariot drawn by dragons. 

The story has been dramatized in Greek, 
by Euripides ; in Latin, by Seneca and 
by Ovid ; in French, by Corneille (Mcltee, 
1635), Longepierre (1695), and Legouve 
(1849) ; in English, by Glover (1761). 

Mrs. Yates was a superb " Medea." — Thomas Campbell. 

Mede'a and Absyr'tus. When 
Medea fled with Jason from Colchis (in 
Asia), she murdered her brother Absyr- 
tus, and, cutting the body into several 
pieces, strewed the fragments about, that 
the father might be delayed in picking 
them up, and thus be unable to overtake 
the fugitives. 

Meet I an infant of the duke of York, 
Into as many gobbets will I cut it 
As wild Medea young Absyrtus did. 
Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 2 (1591). 

Mede'a's Kettle. Medea the sor- 
ceress cut to pieces an old ram, threw the 
parts into her caldron, and by her incan- 
tations changed the old ram into a young 
lamb. The daughters of Pelias thought 
they would have their father restored to 
youth, as iEson had been. So they 
killed him, and put the body in Medea's 
caldron ; but Medea refused to utter the 
needful incantation, and so the old man 
was not restored to life. 

Change the shape, and shake off age. Get thee Medea's 
kettle, and be boiled anew. — W. Congreve, Love for Love, 
iv. (1695). 

Medecin Malgre Lui (Le), & 
comedy by Moliere (1666). The "enforced 
doctor" is Sganarelle, a faggot-maker, 
who is called in by Geronte to cure his 
daughter of dumbuess. Sganarelle soon 
perceives that the malady is assumed in 
order to prevent a hateful marriage, and 
introduces her lover as an apothecarv. 
The dumb spirit is at once exorcised, and 



MEDHAM. 



628 



MEGISSOGWON. 



the lovers made happy with " pills matri- 
moniac." 

In 1733 Fielding produced a farce 
called The Mock Doctor, which was based 
on this comedy. The doctor he calls 
"Gregory," and Geronte "sir Jasper." 
Lucinde, the dumb girl, he calls "Char- 
lotte," and Anglicizes her lover Leandre 
into " Leander." 

Medham ("the keen"), one of 
Mahomet's swords. 

Medicine. So the alchemists called 
the matter (whatever it might be) by 
which they performed their transforma- 
tions: as, for example, the "philosopher's 
stone," which was to transmute whatever 
it touched into gold ; " the elixir of 
life," which was to renew old age to 
youth. 

How much unlike art thou, Mark Antony ! 
Yet, coming from him, that great medicine hath 
With his tinct gilded thee. 
Shakespeare, Anton}/ and Cleopatra, act i. sc. 5 (1608). 

Medicine (The Father of), Aretseos of 
Cappadocia (second and third centuries). 
%* Also Hippoc'rates of Cos (b.c. 

460-357). 

Medi'na, the Golden Mean personi- 
fied. Step-sister of Elissa (parsimony) 
and Perissa (extravagance). The three 
sisters could never agree on any subject. 
— Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. (1590). 

Mediterranean Sea (TJie Key of 
the), the fortress of Gibraltar. 

Medley (Matthew), the factotum of 
sir Walter Waring. He marries Dolly, 
daughter of Goodman Fairlop the wood- 
man. — Sir H. P. Dudley, The Woodman 
(1771). 

Medo'ra, the beloved wife of Conrad 
the corsair. When Conrad was taken 
captive by the pacha Seyd, Medora sat 
day after day expecting his return, and 
feeling the heart-anguish of hope deferred. 
Still he returned not, and Medora died. 
In the mean time, Gulnare, the favourite 
concubine of Seyd, murdered the pacha, 
liberated Conrad, and sailed with him to 
the corsair's island home. When, however, 
Conrad found his wife dead, he quitted 
the island, and went no one knew whither. 
The sequel of the story forms the poem 
called Lara. — Byron, the Corsair (1814). 

Medo'ro, a Moorish youth of extra- 
ordinary beauty, but of humble race ; 
page to Agramante. Being wounded, 
Angelica dressed his wounds, fell in love 
with hiin, married him, and retired with 
him to Cathay, where, in right of his 



wife, he became king. This was the 
cause of Orlando's madness. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

When don Roldan [Orlando] discovered in a fountain 
proofs of Angelica's dishonourable conduct with Medoro, 
it distracted him to such a degree that he tore up huge 
trees by the roots, sullied the purest streams, destroyed 
flocks, slew shepherds, fired their huts, pulled houses to 
the ground, and committed a thousand other most furious 
exploits worthy of being reported in fame's register. — 
Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 11 (1605). 

Medulla Theologi83, a contro- 
versial treatise by William Ames (1623). 

Medulla Theologica, a theological 
work by Louis Abelli bishop of Rhodes 
(1604-1691). It is alluded to by Boileau, 
in the Lutrin, iv. (1683). 

Medu'sa (The Soft), Mary Stuart 
queen of Scots (1542-1587). 

Rise from thy bloody grave. 

Thou soft Medusa of the "Fated Line," 
Whose evil beauty looked to death the brave ! 

Lord Lytton, Ode, i. (1839). 

Meeta, the "maid of Mariendorpt," 
a true woman and a true heroine. She is 
the daughter of Mahldenau, minister of 
Mariendorpt, whom she loves almost to 
idolatry. Her betrothed is major Rupert 
Roselheim. Hearing of her father's 
captivity at Prague, she goes thither on 
foot to crave his pardon. — S. Knowles, 
The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838). 

Meg, a pretty, bright, dutiful girl, 
daughter of Toby Veck, and engaged to 
Richard, whom she marries on New 
Year's Day. — C. Dickens, The Chimes 
(1844). 

Meg Dods, the old landlady at St. 
Ronan's Well.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Meg Merrilies, a half-crazy sibyl 
or gipsy woman. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Manner ing (time, George II.). 

Meg Murdochson, an old gipsy 
thief, mother of Madge Wildfire. — Sir 
W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Megid'don, the tutelar angel of 
Simon the Canaanite. This Simon, 
"once a shepherd, was called by Jesus 
from the field, and feasted Ilini in his 
hut with a lamb." — Klopstock, The 
Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Megingjard, the belt of Thor, 
whereby his strength was doubled. 

Megissog'won (" the great pearl- 
feather "), a magician, and the Manito of 
wealth. It was Megissogwon who sent 
the fiery fever on man, the white fog, 
and death. Hiawatha slew him, and 



MEGNOUN. 



629 



MELESIGENES. 



taught man the science of medicine. 
This great Pearl- Feather slew the father 
of Niko'mis (the grandmother of Hia- 
watha). Hiawatha all day long fought 
with the magician without effect ; at night- 
fall the woodpecker told him to strike at 
the tuft of hair on the magician's head, 
the only vulnerable place ; accordingly, 
Hiawatha discharged his three remaining 
arrows at the hair tuft, and Megissogwon 
died. 

" Honour be to Hiawatha ! 
He hath slain tlie great Pearl-Feather ; 
Slain the mightiest of magicians — 
Him that sent the fiery fever, . . . 
Sent disease and death among us." 

Longfellow, Hiawatha, ix. (1855). 

Megnoun. (See Mejnoun.) 

Meg'ra, a lascivious lady in the 
drama called Philastcr or Love Lies a- 
bleedin/j, by Beaumont and Fletcher 
(1608)'. 

Meigle, in Strathmore, the place 
where Guinever, Arthur's queen, was 
buried. 

Meiklehose (Isaac), one of the 
elders of Roseneath parish. — Sir W. 
Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Meiklewham (Mr. Saunders), "the 
man of law," in the managing committee 
of the Spa hotel.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Meister ( Wilhehn), the hero and title 
of a novel by Goethe. The object is to 
show that man, despite his errors and 
shortcomings, is led by a guiding hand, 
and reaches some higher aim at last 
(1821). 

Meistersingers, or minstrel trades- 
men of Germany. An association of 
master tradesmen, to revive the national 
minstrelsy, which had fallen into decay 
with the decline of the minnesingers or 
love-minstrels (1350-1523). Their sub- 
jects were chiefly moral or religious, and 
constructed according to rigid rules. 
The three chief were Hans Rosenbliit 
(armorial painter, born 1450), Hans 
Folz (surgeon, born 1479), and Hans 
Sachs (cobbler, 1494-1574). The next 
best were Heinrich von Mueglen, Konrad 
Harder, Master Altschwert, Master Bar- 
thel Regenbogen (the blacksmith), Mus- 
cablut (the tailor), and Hans Blotz (the 
barber). 

Mej'noun and Leilah (2 syl.), 
a Persian love tale, the Romeo and 
Juliet of Eastern romance. They are the 
most beautiful, chaste, and impassionate 



of lovers ; the models of what lovers 
would be if human nature were perfect. 

When he sang the loves of Megnoun and Leileh . . . 
tears Insensibly overflowed the cheeks of lib auditors.— W. 
Beckford, YalUck (178(i). 

Melan'chates (4 syl.), the hound 
that killed Actaeon, and was changed 
into a hart. 

Melanchates, chat hound 
That plucked Acteon to thegrounde, 
Gaue him his mortal wound, . . . 
Was chaunged to a harte. 
J. Skeltou, Philip Sparow (time, Henry VIII.) 

Melantius, a rough, honest soldier, 
who believes every one is true till con- 
victed of crime, and then is he a relentless 
punisher. Melantius and Diph'ilus are 
brothers of Evadne. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy (1610). 

%* The master scene between Antony 
and Ventidius in Dryden's All for Love is 
copied from The Maid's Tragedy. "Ven- 
tidius " is in the place of Melantius. 

Melchior, one of the three kings of 
Cologne. He was the " Wise Man of the 
East" who offered to the infant Jesus 
gold, the emblem of royalty. The other 
two were Gaspar and Balthazar. Mel- 
chior means "king of light." 

Melchior, a monk attending the black 
priest of St. Paul's. — Sir W. Scott, Anne 
of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Melchior (i.e. Melchior Pfinzing), a 
German poet who wrote the Teuerdank, 
an epic poem which has the kaiser Maxi- 
milian (son of Frederick III.) for its 
hero. This poem was the Orlando 
Furioso of the Germans. 

Sat the poet Melchior, singing kaiser Maximilian's praise. 
Longfellow, Nuremberg. 

Melea'ger, son of Althaea, who was 
doomed to live while a certain log re- 
mained unconsumed. Althaea kept the 
log for several years, but being one day 
angry with her son, she cast it on the fire, 
where it was consumed. Her son died at 
the same moment. — Ovid, Metam., viii. 4. 

Sir John Davies uses this to illustrate 
the immortality of the soul. He says 
that the life of the soul does not depend 
on the body as Meleager's life depended 
on the fatal brand. 

Again, if by the body's prop she stand— 
If on the body's life her life depend, 

As Meleager's on the fatal brand ; 
The body's good she only would intend. 

Jieason, iii. (1622). 

Melesig'enes (5 syl.). Homer is so 
called from the river Meles (2 syl.), in 
Asia Minor, on the banks of which, some 
say he was born. 



MELI. 



MELITUS. 



. . . various-measured verse, 
JSolian charms and Dorian lyric odes, 
And his who gave them breath, but higher sung, 
Blind MelesigSnes, thence Homer called, 
Whose poem Phaebus cliallenged for his own. 

Milton, Paradise Regained (1671). 

Me'li (Giovanni), a Sicilian, born at 
Palermo; immortalized by his eclogues 
and idylls. Meli is called " The Sicilian 
Theocritus " (1740-1815). 

Much it pleased him to peruse 
The songs of the Sicilian Muse- 
Bucolic songs by Meli sung. 
Longfellow, The Wayside Jnn (prelude, 1863). 

Meliadus, father of sir Tristan ; 
prince of Lyonnesse, and one of the 
heroes of Arthurian romance. — Tristan de 
Leonois (1489). 

*** Tristan, in the History of Prince 
Arthur, compiled by sir T. Malory (1470), 
is called "Tristram;" but the old minne- 
singers of Germany (twelfth century) 
called the name " Tristan." 

Mel'ibe (3 syl.), a rich young man 
married to Prudens. One day, when 
Melibe was in the fields, some enemies 
broke into his house, beat his wife, and 
wounded his daughter Sophie in her feet, 
hands, ears, nose, and mouth. Melibe 
was furious and vowed vengeance, but 
Prudens persuaded him "to forgive his 
enemies, and to do good to those who 
despitefully used him." So he called 
together his enemies, and forgave them, 
to the end that " God of His endeles 
mercie wole at the tyme of oure deyinge 
forgive us oure giltes that we have 
trespased to Him in this wreeched world." 
—Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (1388). 

%* This prose tale is a literal trans- 
lation of a French story. — See MS. Reg., 
xix. 7 ; and MS. Beg., xix. 11, British 
Museum. 

Melibee, a shepherd, and the re- 
puted father of Pastorella. Pastorella 
married sir Calidore.— Spenser, Faery 
Queen, vi. 9 (1596). 

"Melibee" is sir Francis Walsingham. 
In the Ruins of Time, Spenser calls him 
"Meliboe." Sir Philip Sidney (the " sir 
Calidore" of the Faery Queen) married 
his daughter Frances. Sir Francis Wal- 
singham died in 1590, so poor that he did 
not leave enough to defray his funeral 
expenses. 

Meliboe'an Dye, a rich purple. So 
called because Meliboea of Thessaly was 
famous for the ostrum, a fish used in 
dying purple. 

A military vest of purple flowed. 
Livelier than Meiiboean. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, xi. 242 (1665). 



Meliboeus, one of the shepherds in 
Eclogue, i. of Virgil. 

Spenser, in the Ruins of Time (1591), 
calls sir Francis Walsingham " the good 
Meliboe ; " and in the last book of the 
Faery Queen he calls him " Melibee." 

Melin'da, cousin of Sylvia. She 
loves Worthy, whom she pretends to 
dislike, and coquets with him for twelve 
months. Having driven her modest 
lover to the verge of distraction, she 
relents, and consents to marry him. — G. 
Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer (1705). 

Mel'ior, a lovely fairy, who carried 
off in her magic bark, Parthen'opex of 
Blois to her secret island. — Parthenopex 
de Blois (a French romance, twelfth 
century). 

Melisen'dra (The princess), natural 
daughter of Marsilio, and the "sup- 
posed daughter of Charlemagne." She 
eloped with don Gayferos. The king 
Marsilio sent his troops in pursuit of the 
fugitives. Having made Melisendra his 
wife, don Gayferos delivered her up 
captive to the Moors at Saragossa. This 
was the story of the puppet-show of 
Master Peter, exhibited to don Quixote 
and his 'squire at " the inn beyond the 
hermitage." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. 
ii. 7 (1615). 

Melissa, a prophetess who lived in 
Merlin's cave. Bradamant gave her the 
enchanted ring to take to Roge'ro ; so, 
under the form of Atlantes, she went to 
Alcina's isle, delivered Rogero, and dis- 
enchanted all the captives in the island. 

In bk. xix. Melissa, under the form of 
RodSmont, persuaded Agramant to break 
the league which was to settle the contest 
by single combat, and a general battle 
ensued. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

*** This incident of bk. xix. is 
similar to that in Homer's Biad, iii., iv., 
where Paris and Menelaos agree to settle 
the contest by single combat ; but Minerva 
persuades Pandaros to break the truce, 
and a general battle ensues. 

Me'lita (now Malta). The point to 
which the vessel that carried St. Paul 
was driven was the "Porto de San Paolo," 
and according to tradition the cathedral 
of Citta Vecchia stands on the site of the 
house of Publius the Roman governor. 
St. Paul's grotto, a cave in the vicinity, 
is so named in honour of the great 
apostle. 

Meli'tus, a gentleman of Cyprus, in 



MELIZYUS. 



631 



MELVIL. 



the drama called The Laws of Candy, by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). 

Melizyus, king of Thessaly, in the 
golden em of Saturn. He was the first 
to tame horses for the use of man. 

In whme time reigned nl-<> In Thesviyle (2 st/1.), 

A parte ofGreee, the kyng Melizuis. 
Tliat was right strong and fierce In battai'e ; 

!'•)■ wfaoae laboure, u tbe storye ritevetb us, 
He brake fir>t bones, wilde ami rigorous. 
leaching his men on them rik'ht wel t'l ryde ; 
And he bfanselfe «!i.i first the hone bestride. 
Btephea Bawea, The I'tutc-t^mc of Picture, i. (1515). 

Melitfyus (Kim) held his court in the 
Tower of Chivalry, and there knighted 
Graunde Amoure, after giving him the 
following advice : — 

And first t;<-d Bope his Icg^e harneyes should be ; 
Hi> bahenjton, of ferftet liyg'itruutnet. 
Gird first with the girdle of thatfitie; 
His rich i lacarde >hou!d be good busines, 
Brodred with Atnu . . . 

The helmet Mekenat. and the shelde Good Fayeth, 
Hi> swerde OotF* Word, as St. Paule sayeth. 
Stephen Hawe.s, The rwill fjlllll of J'.esurr, xxviii. (1515). 

Mell [Mr,), the poor, down-trodden 

second master at Salem House, the school 
of Mr. Creakles. Mr. Mell played the 
flute. His mother lived in an almshouse, 
and Steerforth used to taunt Mell with 
this "degradation," and indeed caused 
him to be discharged. Mell emigrated 
to Australia, and succeeded well in the 
new country. — C. Dickens, David Copper^ 
Jfeftf(l84&). 

Melle'font ("2 syl.), in love with 
Cynthia daughter of sir Paul Pliant. 
His aunt, lady Touchwood, had a criminal 
fondness for him, and because he re- 
pelled her advances she vowed his ruin. 
After passing several hair-breadth escapes 
from the "double dealing" of his aunt 
and his "friend" Maskwell, he succeeded 
in winning and marrying the lady of his 
attachment. — W. Congreve, The Double 
Dealer (1700). 

Mellifluous Doctor (The), St. 
Bernard, whose writings were called "a 
river of paradise " (1091-1153). 

Melnotte (Claude), a gardener's son, 
in love with Pauline "the Beauty of 
Lyons," but treated by her with contempt. 
Beauseant and Glavis, two other rejected 
suitors, conspired with him to humble 
the proud fair one. To this end, Claude 
assumed to be the prince of Como, and 
Pauline married him, but was indignant 
when she discovered how she had been 
duped. Claude left her to join the French 
army, and, under the name of Morier, 
rose in two years and a half to the rank 
of colonel. He then returned to Lyons, 
and found his father-in-law on the eve 



of bankruptcy, and Pauline about to be 
s'>ld to Beauseant t<> pay the creditors. 
Claude paid the money required, and 
claimed Pauline as his loving and truthful 
wife.— Lord L. B. Lvtton, Lady of Lyons 

Melo [Juan de), born at Castile in the 
fifteenth century. A dispute having 
arisen at Esalo'na upon the question 
whether Achilles or Hector were the 
braver warrior, the marquis de Ville'na 
called out, "Let us see if the advocates 
of Achilles can fight as well as prate." 
At the word, there appeared in the 
assembly a gigantic fire-hreathing mon- 
ster, which repeated the same challenge. 
Every one shrank back except Juan de 
Melo. who drew his sword and placed 
himself before king Juan II. to protect 
him, "tide life, tide death." The king 
appointed him alcayde of Alcala la Peal, 
in Grana'da, for his loyalty. — Chronic* 
de Don Altaro de Luna. 

Melrose [Vioiet) t an heiress, who 
marries Charles Middlewick. This was 
against the consent of his father, because 
Violet had the bad taste to snub the 
retired tradesman, and considered vul- 
garity as the "unpardonable >in."' 

Mary Melrose, Violet's cousin, but with- 
out a penny. She marries Talbot Chard p- 
neya ; but his father, sir Geoffry, wanted 
him to marry Violet the heiress. — H. J. 
Byron, Our lloys (a comedy, 1875). 

Melusi'na, the most famous of the 
fees of France. Having enclosed her 
father in a mountain for offending her 
mother, she was condemned to become 
a serpent every Saturday. When she 
married the count of Lusignan, she made 
her husband vow never to visit her on 
that day, but the jealousy of the count 
made him break his vow. Melusina was, 
in consequence, obliged to leave her 
mortal husband, and roam about the 
world as a ghost till the day of doom. 
Some say the count immured" her in the 
dungeon wall of his castle. — Jean J Arras 
(fourteenth century). 

*** The cry of despair given by the fee 
when she discovered the indiscreet visit of 
her husband, is the origin of the phrase, 
Un cri de Me'lusine ("A shriek of de- 
spair "). 

Melvil (Sir John), a young baronet, 
engaged to be married to Miss Sterling, 
the elder daughter of a City merchant, 
who promises to settle on her £80,000. 



MELVILLE. 



632 



MENALCAS. 



A little before the marriage, sir John 
finds that he has no regard for Miss 
Sterling, but a great love for her younger 
sister Fanny, to whom he makes a pro- 
posal of marriage. His proposal is re- 
jected ; and it is soon brought to light 
that Miss Fanny has been clandestinely 
married to Lovewell for four months. — 
Colman and Garrick, T/ie Clandestine 
Marriage (1766). 

Melville (Major), a magistrate at 
Cairnvreckan village. — Sir W. Scott, 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Melville (Sir Robert), one of the em- 
bassy from the privy council to Mary 
queen of Scots. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Melville, the father of Constantia. — C. 
Macklin, The Man of the World (1764). 

Melville (Jidia), a truly noble girl, in 
love with Faulkland, who is always 
jealous of her without a shadow of cause. 
She receives his innuendos without resent- 
ment, and treats him Avith sincerity and 
forbearance (see act i. 2). — Sheridan, 
The Rivals (1775). 

Melyhalt (The lady), a powerful 
subject of king Arthur, whose domains 
sir Galiot invaded; notwithstanding 
which the lady chose sir Galiot as her 
fancy knight and chevalier. 

Memnon, king of the Ethiopians. 
He went to the assistance of his uncle 
Priam, and was slain by Achilles. His 
mother Eos, inconsolable at his death, 
weeps for him every morning, and her 
tears constitute what we call dew. 

Memnon, the black statue of king Anien'- 
ophis III. at Thebes, in Egypt, which, 
being struck with the rays of the morning 
sun, gives out musical sounds. Kircher 
says these sounds are due to a sort of 
clavecin or iEolian harp enclosed in the 
statue, the cords of which are acted upon 
by the warmth of the sun. Cambyses, 
resolved to learn the secret, cleft the 
statue from head to waist ; but it con- 
tinued to utter its morning melody not- 
withstanding. 

... old Memnon's image, long renowned 
By fabling Nilus ; to the quivering touch 
Of Titan's ray, with each repulsive string 
Consenting, sounded thro' the warbling air 
Unbidden strains. 
Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (1744). 

Mem'non, "the mad lover," general of 
As'torax king of Paphos. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Mad Lover (1617). 

Mem'non, the title of a novel by Vol- 



taire, the object of which is to show the 
folly of aspiring to too much wisdom. 

Memnon's Sister, He'mera, men- 
tioned by Dictys Cretensis. 

Black, but such as in esteem 

Prince Memnon's sister might beseem. 

Milton, II Penseroso (1638). 

Memorable (The Ever-), John Hales 
of Eton (1584-1656). 

Memory. The persons most noted 
for their memory are : 

Magliabechi of Florence, called " The 
Universal Index and Living Cyclopaedia " 
(1633-1714). 

P. J. Beronicius, the Greek and Latin 
improvisator, who knew by heart Horace, 
Virgil, Cicero, Juvenal, both the Plinys, 
Homer, and AristophSnes. He died at 
Middleburgh, in 1676. 

Andrew Fuller, after hearing 500 lines 
twice, could repeat them without a mis- 
take. He could also repeat verbatim a 
sermon or speech ; could tell either back- 
wards or forwards every shop sign from 
the Temple to the extreme end of Cheap- 
side, and the articles displayed in each of 
the shops. 

"Memory" Woodfall could carry in 
his head a debate, and repeat it a fort- 
night afterwards. 

" Memory " Thompson could repeat 
the names, trades, and particulars of 
everv shop from Ludgate Hill to Picca- 
dilly. 

William Eadcliff, the husband of the 
novelist, could repeat a debate the next 
morning. 

Memory (The Bard of), Samuel Rogers, 
author of the Pleasures of Memory (1762- 
1855). 

Men are but Children of a 
Larger Growth.— Dryden, All for 
Love, etc., iv. 1 (1678). 

Men of Prester John's Country. 

Prester John, in his letter to Manuel Com- 
nCnus, says his land is the home of men 
with horns ; of one-eyed men (the eye 
being in some cases before the head, and 
in some cases behind it) ; of giants forty 
ells in height (i.e. 120 feet) ; of the 
phoenix, etc. ; and of ghouls who feed on 
premature children. He gives the names 
of fifteen different tributary states, 
amongst which are those of Gog and 
Magog (now shut in behind lofty moun- 
tains) ; but at the end of the world these 
fifteen states will overrun the whole earth. 

Menalcas, any shepherd or rustic. 
The namo occurs in the Idylls of Theoc'- 



MENCIA OF MOSQUERA. 



633 



MEPHISTOPHELES. 



ritos, the Eclogues of Virgil, and the 
Shepheardes Calendar of Spenser. 

Men'cia of Mosquera {Donna) 
married don Alvaro de Mello. A few 
days after the marriage, Alvaro hap- 
pened to quarrel with don An'drea de 
Baesa and kill him. He was obliged to 
flee from Spain, leaving his bride behind, 
and his property was confiscated. For 
seven years she received no intelligence of 
his whereabouts (for he was a slave most of 
the time), but when seven years had elapsed 
the report of his death in Fez reached 
her. The young widow now married the 
marquis of Guardia, who lived in a grand 
castle near Burgos, but walking in the 
grounds one morning she was struck with 
the earnestness with which one of the 
under-gardeners looked at her. This man 
proved to be her first husband don Alvaro, 
with whom she now fled from the castle ; 
but on the road a gang of robbers fell 
upon them. Alvaro was killed, and the 
lady taken to the robbers' cave, where 
Gil Bias saw her and heard her sad tale. 
The lady was soon released, and sent to 
the castle of the marquis of Guardia. 
She found the marquis dying from grief, 
and indeed he died the day following, 
and Mencia retired to a convent. — Lesage, 
Gil Bias, i. 11-14 (1715). 

Mendo'za, a Jew prize-fighter, who 
held the belt at the close of the last 
centnry, and in 1791 opened the Lyceum 
in the Strand, to teach " the noble art of 
self-defence." 

I would have dealt the fellow that abused you such a 
recompense in the fifth button, that my friend Mendoza 
should not have placed it better.— E. Cumberland, Shiva 
the Jew. iv. 2 (1776). 

There is a print often seen in old picture shops, of 
Humphreys and Mendoza sparring, and a queer angular 
exhibition it is. What that is to the modern art of boxing. 
Quick's style of acting was to Dowton's. — Records of a 
Stage Veteran. 

Mendoza (Isaac), a rich Jew, who 
thinks himself monstrously wise, but is 
duped by every one. (See under Isaac.) 
— Sheridan, The Duenna (1775). 

John Kemble 1 1757-1823] once designed to play " Mac- 
heath " [Beggar's Opera, by Gay j, a part about as much 
suited to bim as " Isaac Mendoza." It is notorious that 
he persisted in playing "Charles Surface " in the School 
for Scandal | Sheridan], till some wag said to him, " Mr. 
Kemble, you have often given us ' Charles's martyrdom,' 
when shall we have his restoration 2"— W. C. Resell, 
Representative Actors, 243. 

Menecb/mians, persons exactly 
like each other, as the brothers Dromio. 
So called from the Mencechmi of Plautus. 

Menec'rates (4 syl.), a physician of 
Syracuse, of unbounded vanity and arro- 
gance. He assumed to himself the title 



of Jupiter, and in a letter to Philip king 
of Macedon began thus: "Menecrates 
Jupiter to king Philip greeting." Being 
asked by Philip to a banquet, the phy- 
sician was served only with frankincense, 
like the gods ; but Menecrates was greatly 
offended, and hurried home. 

Such was Meuecmtes of little worth. 
Who Jove, the saviour, U> be called presumed, 
To whom of incense Philip made afeu-st, 
And gave pride, scorn, and hunger to digest. 
Lord Brooke, Inquisition upon Fame, etc. (1554-1G28). 

Mene'via, St. David's, in Wales. A 
corruption of Heneinenew, its old British 
name. 

Mengs (John), the surly innkeeper at 
Kirchhoif village. — Sir W. Scott, Anne 
of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Menippee (Satyre), a famous 
political satire, written during the time 
of what is called in French history the 
Holy League, the objects of which were 
to exterminate the huguenots, to confine 
the king (Henri III.) in a monastery, 
and to crown the due de Guise. The 
satire is partly in verse, and partly in 
prose, and its object is to expose the 
perfidious intentions of Philip of Spain 
and the culpable ambition of the Guises. 

It is divided into two parts, the first of 
which is entitled Cat hoi icon d'Espagne, 
by Pierre Leroy (1593), exposing those 
who had been corrupted by the gold of 
Spain ; the second part is entitled Ahre'ge' 
des Etats de la Eigne, by Gillot, Pithou, 
Rapin, and Passerat, published 1594. 

%* Menippus was a cynic philosopher 
and poet of Gadara, in Phoenicia, who 
wrote twelve books of satires in prose 
and verse. 

Varro wrote in Latin a work called 
The Satires of Menippus (Satyrs Menip- 
pco3). 



a North American 



Mennibojou, 

Indian deity. 

Menteith (The earl of), a kinsman 
of the earl of Montrose. — Sir W. Scott, 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Mentor, a wise and faithful adviser 
or guide. So called from Mentor, a 
friend of Ulysses, whose form Minerva 
assumed when she accompanied Tele- 
machos in his search for his father. — 
Fe'nelon, Tele'maque (1700). 

Mephistoph'eles (5 syl.), the 
sneering, jeering, leering attendant 
demon of Faust in Goethe's drama of 
Faust, and Gounod's opera of the same 
name. Marlowe calls the name "Mephts- 



MEPHOSTOPHILIS. 



634 



MERCUTIO OF ACTORS. 



tophi lis" in Ms drama entitled Dr. Faustus, 
Shakespeare, in his Merry Wives of Wind- 
sor, writes the name " Mephostophilus ; " 
and in the opera he is called " Mefistofele " 
(5 syl.). In the old demonology, Mephis- 
topheles was one of the seven chief 
devils, and second of the fallen arch- 
angels. 

Mephostophilis, the attendant 
demon of Faustus, in Marlowe's tragedy 
of Dr. Faustus (1589). 

There is an awful melancholy about Marlowe's " Me- 
phostophilis," perhaps more expressive than the malig- 
nant mirth of that fiend in the renowned work of Goethe. 
— Hallam. 

Mephostophilus, the spirit or 
familiar of sir John Faustus or [Dr.] 
John Faust (Shakespeare, Merry Wives of 
Windsor, 1596). Subsequently it became 
a term of reproach, about equal to " imp 
of the devil." 

Mercer (Major), at the presidency of 
Madras. — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Merchant of Venice (The), An- 
thonio, who borrowed 3000 ducats for 
three months of Shylock a Jew. The 
money was borrowed to lend to a friend 
named Bassanio, and the Jew, "in merry 
sport," instead of interest, agreed to lend 
the money on these conditions : If An- 
thonio paid it within three months, he 
should pay only the principal ; if he did 
not pay it back within that time, the 
merchant should forfeit a pound of his 
own flesh, from any part of his body the 
Jew might choose to cut it off. As 
Anthonio's ships were delayed by con- 
trary winds, he could not pay the money, 
and the Jew demanded the forfeiture. 
On the trial which ensued, Portia, in the 
dress of a law doctor, conducted the case, 
and when the Jew was going to take the 
forfeiture, stopped him by saying that the 
bond stated "a pound of flesh," and that 
therefore he was to shed no drop of blood, 
and. he must cut neither more nor less 
than an exact pound, on forfeit of his 
life. As these conditions were practically 
impossible, the Jew was nonsuited and 
lined for seeking the life, of a citizen. — 
Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice (1598). 

The story is in the Gesta Eoinanorwn, 
the tale of the bond being ch. xlviii., and 
that of the caskets ch. xcix. ; but Shake- 
speare took his plot from a Florentine 
novelette called 7/ Pecorone, written in 
the fourteenth century, but not published 
till the sixteenth. 

There is a ballad on the subject, the 



date of which has not been determined. 
The bargain runs thus : 

" No penny for the loan of it. 

For one year shall you pay — 
You may do me a good turn 

Before my dying day ; 
But we will have a merry jest. 

For to be talked long : 
You shall make me a bond," quoth he, 

" That shall be large or strong." 

Merchant's Tale (The), in Chaucer, 
is substantially the same as the first Latin 
metrical tale of Adolphus, and is not 
unlike a Latin prose tale given in the 
appendix of T. Wright's edition of 
iEsop's fables. The tale is this : 

A girl named May married January, an 
old Lombard baron 60 years of age, but 
entertained the love of Damyan, a young 
squire. She was detected in familiar 
intercourse with Damyan, but persuaded 
her husband that his eyes had deceived 
him, and he believed her. — Chaucer, 
Canterbury Tales (1388). 

Mercian Laws. (See Martian.) 

Mercilla, a " maiden queen of great 
power and majesty, famous through all 
the world, and honoured far and nigh." 
Her kingdom was disturbed by a soldan, 
her powerful neighbour, stirred up by 
his wife AdicTa. The "maiden queen" 
is Elizabeth ; the " soldan," Philip of 
Spain; and "Adicia" is injustice, pre- 
sumption, or the bigotry of popery. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, v. (1596). 

Mercurial Finger (The), the little 
finger. 

The thumb, in chiromancy, we give Venus ; 
The fore-finger to Jove ; the midst to Saturn ; 
The ring to Sol ; the least to Mercury. 

Ben Jonson, The Alchemist, i. 2 (1610). 

Mercu'tio, kinsman of prince Es- 
calus, and Romeo's friend. An airy, 
sprightly, elegant young nobleman, so 
full of wit and fancy that Dryd«n says 
Shakespeare was obliged to kill him in 
the third act, lest the poet himself should 
have been killed by Mercutio. — Shake- 
speare, Borneo and Juliet (1598). 

Mercutio's wit, gaiety, and courage will always procure 
him friends that wish him a longer life ; but his death is 
not precipitated — he has lived out the time allotted hint in 
the construction of the play. — Dr. Johnson. 

The light and fanciful humour of Mercutio serves to 
enhance and illustrate the romantic and passionate 
character of Borneo.— Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 

William Lewis [1748-1811] was the " Mercutio " of the age, 
in every sense of the word mercurial. His airy, breathless 
voice, thrown to the audience before he appeared, was 
the signal of his winged animal spirits ; anil when he 
gave a glance of his eye, or touched with his finger at 
another's ribs, it was the very /murium vMtru of playful- 
ness and innuendo.— Leigh Hunt, Tin- Town (1848). 

Mercutio of Actors (The), William 
Lewis (1748-1811). 



MERCY. 



635 



MERLIN. 



Mr. Lewis displayed In acting a combination rarely to 
be (baud— that of the fop and the reai gcriUenian. With 
a voice, a manner, and a person, all equally graceful and 
air>. and feature) at once whimsical and eenieel, he 
pl.ived cm ihe top of bis profession like a plume. — Leigh 
Hunt, The Town (1S43). 

Mercy, a young pilgrim, who ac- 
companied Christiana in Iter walk to Zion. 
"When Mercy got to the Wicket Gate, she 
swooned from tear of being refused ad- 
mittance. Mr. Brisk proposed to her, 
but being told that she was poor, left 
her, and she was afterwards married to 
Matthew, the eldest son of Christian. — 
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. (1684). 

Merdle [Mr.) t banker, a skit on the 
directors of the Royal British Rank, and 
on Mr. Hudson "the railway king." Mr. 
Merdle. of Harley Street, was called 
the " Master Mind of the Age." He 
became insolvent, and committed suicide. 
Mr. Merdle was a heavily made man, 
with an obtuse head, and coarse, mean, 
common features. His chief butler said 
of him, " Mr. Merdle nerer was a gentle- 
man, and no ungentlemanly act on Mr. 
Merdle's part would surprise me." The 
great banker was " the greatest forger 
and greatest thief that ever cheated the 
gallows. * 

Lord Decimus [Barnacle] began waring Mr. Merdle 
about . . . as Gigantic Enterprise, The- Wealth of Bag- 
land, Credit, Capital, Prosperity, and all manner of 
blessings. — Bk. ii. '24. 

Mrs. Merdle, wife of the bank swindler. 
After the death of her husband, society 
decreed that Mrs. Merdle should still be 
admitted among the sacred few ; so Mrs. 
Merdle was still received and patted on 
the back by the upper ten. — C. Dickens, 
Little Dorrit (1857). 

Meredith (Mr.), one of the con- 
spirators with Redgauntlet. — Sir W. 
Scott, Bedgauntlet (time. George 111.). 

Meredith (Mr. Michael), " the man of 
mirth," in the managing committee of the 
Spa hotel. — Sir W. Scott, St. Bonaris 
Well (time, George HI.). 

Meredith (Sir), a Welsh knight. — Sir 
W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry 
L). 

Meredith (Oiccn), pseudonym of the 
Hon. Edward Robert Bulwer Lytton 
(lord Lvtton), author of The Wanderer 
(1859), "etc. This son of lord Bulwer 
Lytton, poet and novelist, succeeded to 
the peerage in 1873. 

Me'rida (Marchioness), betrothed to 
count Yalantia. — Mrs. Iuchbald, Child of 
Nature. 



Meridarpax, the pride cf mice. 

Saw nob|y towering o'er the rest, appears 

A callant prince that far tranaoBodj nis yean; 

Pride of his sire, and tflorv of his h <u>e. 

And more a Han In rr— hat than a mouse ; 
Hi- action l»>!d. robust his ample frame, 
Aild Meridarpix his reeounding name. 

ParnelL The Batfe of the Fmqt and 
Mice, in. (about 171ft 

Merid'ies or " Noonday Sun," one of 
the four brothers who kept the passages 
of Castle Perilous. So Tennyson has 
named him ; but in the History of Prince 
Arthur, he is called "sir Permdnes, the 
Red Knight." — Tennyson, ////fYs("Gareth 
and Lvnette ") ; sir T. Malory, History 
of Prince Arthur, i. 129 (1470J* 

Merlin {Ambrose)^ prince of enchan- 
ters. His mother was Matilda, a nun, 
who was seduced by a " guileful sprite" 
or incubus, "half angel and half man, 
dwelling in mid-air betwixt the earth 
and moon." Some say his mother was 
the daughter of Pubidius lord of Math- 
traval, in Wales ; and others make her a 
princess, daughter of Demetius king of 
Demet'ia. Blaise baptized the infant, 
and thus rescued it from the powers of 
darkness. 

Merlin died spell-bound, but the author 
and manner of his death are given 
differently by different authorities. Thus, 
in the History of Prince Arthur (sir T. 
Malory, 1470), we are told that the en- 
chantress Nimue or Ninive enveigled the 
old man, and " covered him with a stone 
under a rock." In the Mcrte J' Arthur it 
is said "he sleeps and sighs in an old 
tree, spell-bound by Tivien." Tennyson, 
in his Idylls ("Vivien"), says that 
Tivien induced Merlin to take shelter 
from a storm in a hollow oak tree, and 
left him spell-bound. Others say he was 
spell-bound in a hawthorn bush, but this 
is evidently a blunder. (See Merlix 
the Wild.) 

*** Merlin made "the fountain of 
love," mentioned by Bojardo in Orlando 
Inna/norato, 1. 3. 

Ariosto, in Orlando Furioso, says he 
made "one of the four fountains" (ch. 
xxvi.). 

He also made the Round Table at Car- 
duel for 150 knights, which came into 
the possession of king Arthur on his 
marriage with queen Guinever ; and 
brought from Ireland the stones of 
Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. 

Allusion is made to him in the Faery 
Queen ; in Ellis's Specimens of Early 
English Metrical Romances ; in Drayton's 
Polyolbion; in Kenilvcorth, by sir W. 



MERLIN. 



636 



MERVINIA. 



Scott, etc. T. Heywood has attempted 
to show the fulfilment of Merlin's 
prophecies. 

Of Merlin and his skill what region doth not hear? . . . 
"Who of a British mymph was gotten, whilst she played 
With a reducing sprite . . . 
But all Demefia thro' there was not found her peer. 

Drayton, Polyotbion. v. (1612). 

Merlin {The English), W. Lilly, the 
astrologer, who assumed the nom de plume 
of "Mer'linus Anglicus" (1602-1681). 

Merlin the Wild, a native of Cale- 
donia, who lived in the sixteenth century, 
about a century after the great Ambrose 
Merlin the sorcerer. Fordun, in his 
Scotichronicon, gives particulars about 
him. It was predicted that he would die 
by earth, wood, and water, which pre- 
diction was fulfilled thus : A mob of 
rustics hounded him, and he jumped from 
a rock into the Tweed, and Avas impaled 
on a stake fixed in the river bed. His 
grave is still shown beneath an aged 
hawthorn bush at Drummelzier, a village 
on the Tweed. 

Merlin's Cave, in Dynevor, near 
Carmarthen, noted for its ghastly noises 
of rattling iron chains, brazen caldrons, 
groans, strokes of hammers, and ringing 
of anvils. The cause is this : Merlin set 
his spirits to fabricate a brazen wall to 
encompass the city of Carmarthen, and, 
as he had to call on the Lady of the Lake, 
bade them not slacken their labour till he 
returned ; but he never did return, for 
Vivian by craft got him under the en- 
chanted stone, and kept him there. 
Tennyson says he was spell-bound by 
Vivien in a hollow oak tree, but the 
History of Prince Arthur (sir T. Malory) 
gives tbe other version. — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, iii. 3 (1590). 

Merop's Son, a nobody, a terras 
filius, who thinks himself somebody. 
Thus Phaeton (Merop's son), forgetting 
that his mother was an earth born woman, 
thought he could drive the horses of the 
sun, but not being able to guide them, 
nearly set the earth on fire. Many pre- 
sume, like him, and think themselves 
capable or worthy of great things, for- 
getting all the while that they are only 
"Merop's son." 

Why, Phaeton (for thou art Merop's son), 
Wilt thou aspire to guide the heavenly car, 
Aud with thy daring folly hum the world? 

Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona, 
act iii. sc. 1 (1594). 

Merrilies {Meg), a half-crazy woman, 
part sibyl and part gipsy. She is the 
ruler and terror of the gipsy race. Meg 
Merrilies was the nurse of" Harry Ber- 



tram. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

In the dramatized version of Scott's novel. Miss Chush- 
man [1845-9J made "Meg Merrilies" her own. She 
showed therein indisputably the attributes of genius. 
Such was her power over the intention and feeling of the 
part, that the mere words were quite a secondary matter. 
It was the figure, the gait, the look, the gesture, the tone, 
by which she put beauty and passion into language the 
most indifferent. — Henry Moi'ley. 

Merry. 

Tis merry in hall. 
Where beards wag all. 
T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, xlvi. 26 (1537). 
It's good to be merry and wise. 
Burns, Here's a Health to Them that's A wa'. 

Merry Andrew, Andrew Borde, 
physician to Henry VIII. (1500-1549). 
*** Prior has a poem on Merry Andrew. 

Merry Monarch '{The), Charles II. 
of England (1630, 1660-1685). 

Mer'rylegs, a highly trained per- 
forming dog, belonging to Signor Jupe, 
clown in Sleary's circus. This dog leaves 
the circus when his master disappears, 
but several } r ears afterwards finds its way 
back and dies. — C. Pickens, Hard Times 
(1854). 

Merse (1 syl.), Berwick, the mere or 
frontier of England and Scotland. 

Merthyr Tydvil, a corruption of 
Martyr St. Tidfil, a Welsh princess who 
suffered martyrdom. 

Merton {Tommy), one of the chief 
characters in Sandford and Merton, a tale 
for boys, by Thomas Day (1783-9). 

Merton {Tristram). Thomas Babing- 
ton lord Macaulay so signs the ballads 
and sketches which he inserted in Knight's 

Quarterly Magazine. 

Mertoun {Basil), alias Vaughax, 
formerly a pirate. 

Mvrdaunt Mertoun, son of Basil Mer- 
toun. He marries Brenda Troil. — SirW. 
Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Merveilleuse [Mair.vay'.uze], the 

sword of Doolin of Mayenee. It was so 
Sharp that, if placed edge downwards on 
a block of wood, it would cut through it 
of itself. 

Mervett {Gustavus de), in Charles 
XII. , an historical drama by J. R. 
Blanche (1826). 

Mervinia, Merionethshire. On the 
MervitJ Hills the British found security 
when driven by the Saxons out of Eng- 
land. Here the Welsh laws were re- 
tained the longest. This part of Wales 



MERVYN. 



637 



METOPHIS. 



is peculiarly rich in mountains, meres, 
and springs. 

Mervinia for her hills . . . especial audience craves. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, Ix. (1(512). 

Mer vyn (Mr. Arthur), guardian of 
Julia Mannering. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Mesopota'mia or Cubitopolis, the 
district about Warwick and Eccleston 
Squares, in London, mainly built by 
Cubit. 

Messali'na, wife of the emperor 
Claudius of Rome. Her name is a by- 
word for incontinency (a.d. *-48). 

She is not one of those Messalinas who, belying the 
pride of birth, humble their affections even to the dust, 
and dishonour themselves without a blush. — Lesage, Oil 
Bleu, iv. 1 (1724). 

Oh thou epitonig of thy virtuous sex, Madam Messalina 
II., retire to thy apartment !— Dryden. The Spanish Fryir, 
iii. 1 (1680). 

When I meet a Messalina, tired and unsated in her 
foul desires, — a Clyteninestria, bathed in her husband's 
blood,— an impious Tullia, whirling her chariot over her 
father's breathless body, horror invades my faculties.— C. 
Cibber, Love Makes a Man (1700). 

Messalina (The Modern), Catherine II. 
of Russia (1729-1796). 

Messalina of Germany, Barbary 
of Cilley, second wife of kaiser Sigismund 
of Germany (fifteenth century). 

Messiah (The), an epic poem in 
fifteen books, by F. G. Klopstock. The 
first three were published in 1748, and 
the last in 1773. The subject is the last 
days of Je6us, His crucifixion and resur- 
rection. Bk. i. Jesus ascends the Mount 
of Olives, to spend the night in prayer. 
Bk. ii. John the Beloved, failing to 
exorcise a demoniac, Jesus goes to his 
assistance ; and Satan, rebuked, returns 
to hell, where he tells the fallen angels 
his version of the birth and ministry of 
Christ, whose death he resolves on. Bk. 
iii. Messiah sleeps for the last time on the 
Mount of Olives ; the tutelar angels of 
the twelve apostles, and a description of 
the apostles are given. Satan gives Judas 
a dream, and then enters the heart of 
Caiaphas. Bk. iv. The council in the 
palace of Caiaphas decree that Jesus must 
die ; Jesus sends Peter and John to prepare 
the Passover, and eats His Last Supper 
with His apostles. Bk. v. The three 
hours of agony in the garden. Bk. vi. 
Jesus, bound, is taken before Annas, and 
then before Caiaphas. Peter denies his 
Master. Bk. vii. Christ is brought before 
Pilate ; Judas hangs himself ; Pilate 
sends Jesus to Herod, but Herod sends 
Him airain to Pilate, who delivers Him to 



the Jews. Bk. viii. Christ nailed to the 
cross. Bk. ix. Christ on the cross. 
Bk. x. The death of Christ. Bk. xi. 
The vail of the Temple rent, and the re- 
surrection of many from their graves. 
Bk. xii. The burial of the body, and death 
of Mary the sister of Lazarus. Bk. xiii. 
The resurrection and suicide of Philo. 
Bk. xiv. Jesus shows Himself to His dis- 
ciples. Bk. xv. Many of those who had 
risen from their graves show themselves 
to others. Conclusion. 

Messiah, an oratorio by Handel (1749). 
The libretto was by Charles Jennens, 
nicknamed " Soliman the Magnificent." 

Metanoi'a, Repentance personified, 
by William Browne in Britannia's Fas- 
torals,v. (Greek, metanoia, "repentance.") 

Faire Metanoia is attending 
To croune thee with those joys that know no ending. 
Pastorals, v. 1 (1613). 

Metasta'sio. The real name of this 
Italian poet was Trapassi (death). He 
was brought up by Gravina, who Grecized 
the name (1698-1782). 

*** So "Melancthon" is the Greek 
form of Schwarzerde ("black earth"); 
" (Ecolampadius " is the Greek form of 
the German name Hausschein ; " De- 
siderius Erasmus " is Gheraerd Gheraerd 
(the first "Gheraerd" is Latinized into 
Desiderius, and the latter is Grecized into 
Erasmus). 

Meteoric Stones. In the museum 
of Carlton (Melbourne) is preserved a 
huge meteoric stone twenty-five tons in 
weight. It fell on a large plain between 
Melbourne and Ivilmore in 1860, with 
such force that it sank six feet in the 
ground. Some said it must have been 
shot from a crater of the moon. 

*** The largest in the world is in Brazil, 
and exceeds thirty tons. There is another 
in the Imperial Museum at St. Petersburg, 
of unusual dimensions ; and one is pre- 
served in Paris. 

Meth'os, Drunkenness personified. 
He is twin-brother of Gluttony, their 
mother being Caro (fleshly lust). In the 
battle of Mansoul, Methos is slain by 
Agnei'a (wifely chastity) spouse of En- 
cra'tes (temperance), and sister of Par- 
then'ia (maiden chastity). (Greek, methe 
or methus is "drunkenness.") — Phineas 
Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii., xi. 
(1633). 

Met'ophis, the corrupt chief minister 
of Sesostris. 



MEXITLI. 



638 MICHAEL THE STAMMERER. 



D avait l'onie aussi corrumpne et aussi artificieuse que 
Sesostris etait sincere et genereux.— Fenelon, T6Umag-ue 
(1700). 

Mexit'li, chief god and idol of the 
Az'tecas. He leaped full-grown into life, 
and with a spear slew those who mocked 
his mother Coatlan'tona (4 syl.). 

Already at [his mother's breast] the blow was aimed, 
When forth Mexitli leapt, and in his hand 
The angry spear. 

Southey, iladoc, ii. 21 (1805). 

%* Of course, it will be remembered 
that Minerva, like Mexitli, was born full- 
grown and fully armed. 

Mezen' tills, king of the Tyrrhenians, 
who put criminals to death by tying them 
face to face with dead bodies. — Virgil, 
JEneid, viii. 485. 

Thl« is like Mezentius in Virgil. . . . Such critics are like 
deiid coals ; they may blacken but cannot burn. — Broome, 
Pre/ace to Poems (1730). 

Mezzora'mia, an earthly paradise 
in Africa, accessible by only one road. 
Gaudentio di Lucca discovered the road, 
and lived at Mezzoramia for twenty-five 
years. — Simon Berington, Gaudentio di 
Lucca. 

M. F. H., Master [of the] Fox- 
hounds. 

" He can't stand long before 'em at this pace," said the 
M. F. H., coming up with his huntsman.— AVhyte Mel- 
ville, Uncle John. 

Micaw'ber (Mr. Wilkins), a most 
unpractical, half-clever man, a great 
speechilier, letter-writer, projector of 
bubble schemes, and, though confident of 
success, never succeeding. Having failed 
in everything in the old country, he 
migrated to Australia, and became a 
magistrate at Middlebay. — C. Dickens, 
David Copper field (1849). 

*** This truly amiable, erratic genius 
is a portrait of Dickens's own father, 
"David Copperfield" being Dickens, and 
" Mrs. Nickleby " (one can hardly believe 
it) is said to be Dickens's mother. 

Mi'chael (2 syl.), the special pro- 
tector and guardian of the Jews. This 
archangel is messenger of peace and 
plenty. — Sale's Koran, ii. notes. 

%* That Michael was really the pro- 
tector and guardian angel of the Jews we 
know from Dan. x. 13, 21 ; xii. 1. 

Milton makes Michael the leader of the 
heavenly host in the war in heaven. The 
word means " God's power." Gabriel 
was next in command to the archangel 
M ichael. 

Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince. 

Paradise Lost. vi. 44 (1665). 



%* Longfellow, in his Golden Legend, 
says that Michael is the presiding spirit 
of the planet Mercury, and brings to man 
the gift of prudence ("The Miracle- 
Play," iii., 1851). 

Michael, the "trencher favourite" of 
Arden of Feversham, in love with Maria 
sister of Mosby. A weak man, who both 
loves and honours Arden, but is inveigled 
by Mosby to admit ruffians into Arden's 
house to murder him. — Geo. Lillo, Arden 
of Feversham (1592). 

Michael god of Wind (St.). At 
the promontory of Malea is a chapel built 
to St. Michael, and the sailors say when 
the wind blows from that quarter, it is 
occasioned by the violent motion of St. 
Michael's wings. Whenever they sail by 
that promontory, they pray St. Michael 
to keep his wings still. 

St. Michael's Chair. It is said that any 
woman who has sat on Michael's chair (on 
St. Michael's Mount, in Cornwall), will 
rule her husband ever after. (See Keyne, 
St.) 

Michael Angelo of Battle- 
Scenes ( The), Michael Angelo Cerquozzi 
of Rome (1600-1660). 

Michael Angelo of France ( The), 
Jean Cousin (1500-1590). 

Michael Angelo des Kermesses, 
Peter van Laar, called Le Bamboche, born 
at Laaren (1613-1673). 

Or Michel- Ange des Bamboches. 

Michael Angelo of Music (The), 
Johann Christoph von Gliick (1714-1787). 

Michael Angelo of Sculptors 
{The), Pierre Puget (1623-1694). 

Rene' Michael Slodtz is also called the 
same (1705-1764). 

Michael Angelo Tifcmarsh, one 

of the pseudonyms under which Thackeray 
contributed to Eraser's Magazine (1811- 
1863). 

Michael Armstrong, "the factory 
boj r ." The hero and title of a novel by 
Mrs. Trollopc (1839). The object of this 
novel is to expose what the authoress 
considered to be the evils of the factory 
system. 

Michael Perez, the copper captain. 
(See Pekez.) 

Michael the Stammerer, bom at 

Armorium, in Phrygia, mounted thrj 

I throne as emperor of Greece in a.d. 820. 



MICHAL. 



639 



MIDLOTHIAN. 



He used all his efforts to introduce tjie 
Jewish sabbath and sacrifice. 

I think I have proved . . . 
The error of all those doctrines so vicious . . . 
That are making such terrible work In the Churches 
By Michel the Stammerer. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Michal, in the satire of Absalom and 
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is meant 
for Catharine the wife of Charles II. — Pt. 
ii. (1682). 

Michelot, an unprincipled, cowardly, 
greedy man, who tries to discover the 
secret of " the gold-mine." Being 
procurator of the president of Lyon3, his 
office was "to capture and arrest" those 
charged with civil or criminal offences. — 
K. Stirling, The Gold-Mine or Miller of 
Grenoble (1854). 

Micom'icon, the pretended kingdom 
of Dorothea (daughter of Cleonardo of 
Andalusi'a), a hundred days' journey from 
Meo'tis, and a nine years' voyage from 
Carthagena. 

Micomico'na, the pretended queen 
of Micomicon. Don Quixote's adventure 
to Micomiconnia comes to nothing, for he 
was taken home in a cage, almost as soon 
as he was told of the wonderful enchant- 
ments. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 2 
(1605). 

Mic'romeg'as (" the little-great"), 
Voltaire's imitation of Gulliver's Travels. 

Mi'das (Justice), appointed to adjudge 
a musical contest between Pol and Pan. 
He decides in favour of Pan, whereupon 
Pol throws off his disguise, appears as 
the god Apollo, and, being indignant at 
the decision, gives Midas " the ears of an 
ass." — Kane O'Hara, Midas (1764). 

Edward Shuter (1728-1776) was pro- 
nounced by Garrick " the greatest comic 
actor;" and C. Dibdin says: "Nothing 
on earth could have been superior to his 
'Midas.'" 

Midas's Ears. The servant who used 
to cut the king's hair, discovering the 
deformity, was afraid to whisper the 
secret to any one, but, being unable to 
contain himself, he dug a hole in the 
earth, and, putting his mouth into it, 
cried out, "King Midas has ass's ears !" 
He then filled up the hole, and felt 
relieved. 

Tennyson makes the barber a woman : 

No livelier than the dame 
That whispered "Asses' ears " [sic] among the sedge. 
Tennyson, The Prince**, ii. 

Middle India, Abyssinia, the 
country of Prester John.— Bishop Jor- 
danus. 



Middleburgh (Mr. James), an 
Edinburgh magistrate. — Sir W. Scott, 
Heart of Midlothian .(time, George II.). 

Middlemas [Mr, Matthew), a name 
assumed by general Witherington. 

Mrs. MuJdtem/is, wife of the general 
(born Zelia de Moncada). 

Richard Middlemas, alias Richard Tre- 
sham, a foundling, apprenticed to Dr. 
Gray. He discovers that he is the son of 
general Witherington, and goes to India, 
where he assumes the character of Sadoc, 
a black slave in the service of Mde. 
Montrcville. He delivers MenieGray by 
treachery to Tippoo Saib, and Hydcr Ali 
gives him up to be crushed to death by 
an elephant. — SirW. Scott, The Surgeon's 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Middle wick (Mr. Perb/n), a re- 
tired butterman, the neighbour of sir 
Geoffry Champneys, and the father of 
Charles. The butterman is innately 
vnlgar, drops his A's and inserts them 
out of place, makes the greatest geo- 
graphical and historical blunders, has a 
tyrannical temper, but a tender heart. He 
turns his son adrift for marrying Violet 
Melrose an heiress, who snubbed the 
plebeian father. "When reduced to great 
distress, the old butterman goes to his 
son's squalid lodgings and relents. So 
all ends happily. 

Charles Middlev:ick, son of the retired 
butterman, well educated and a gentle- 
man. His father wanted him to marry 
Mary Melrose, a girl without a pennv, 
but he preferred "\ iolet an heiress. — H. 
J. Byron, Our Boys (1875). 

Midge, the miller's son, one of the 
companions of Robin Hood. (See Much.) 

Then stepped forth brave Little John 
And Midge the miller's son. 

Robin Hood and AUin-a-DaJe. 

Midian Mara, the Celtic mermaid. 

They whispered to each other that they could hear the 
song of Midian Mara.— The Dark Colleen, L 2. 

Midlo'thian (The Heart of), a tale 
of the Porteous riot, in which the inci- 
dents of Effie and Jeanie Deans are of 
absorbing interest. Eftie was seduced 
by Geordie Robertson (alias George 
Staunton), while in the service of Mrs. 
Saddletree. She murdered her infant, 
and was condemned to death ; but her 
half-sister Jeanie went to London, pleaded 
her cause before the queen, and obtained 
her pardon. Jeanie, on her return to 
Scotland, married Reuben Butler ; and 
Geordie Robertson (then sir George 
Staunton) married Effie. Sir George 



MIDSUMMER MOON. 



640 



MILAN DECREE. 



being shot by a gipsy boy, Effie {i.e. lady 
Staunton) retired to a convent on the 
Continent. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

Midsummer Moon. Dogs suffer 
from hydrophobia during the heat of 
midsummer ; hence the term " Mid- 
summer moon " means madness. It will 
be found amongst Ray's proverbs, and 
Olivia (in Twelfth Night) says to Mal- 
volio, " Why, this is very midsummer 
madness ! " 

What's this midsummer moon { Is all the world gone 
a-madding? — Dryden, Amphitryon, iv. 1 (1690). 

Midsummer Night's Dream. 
Shakespeare says there was a law in 
Athens, that if a daughter refused to 
marry the husband selected for her by 
her father, she might be put to death. 
Egeus (3 syl.), an Athenian, promised to 
give his daughter Hermia in marriage 
to Demetrius ; but as the lady loved 
Lysander, she refused to marry the man 
selected by her father, and fled from 
Athens with her lover. Demetrius went 
in pursuit of her, followed by Helena, 
who doted on him. All four came to a 
forest, and fell asleep. In their dreams 
a vision of fairies passed before them, 
and on awaking, Demetrius resolved to 
forego Hermia who disliked him, and to 
take to wife Helena who sincerely loved 
him. When Egeus was informed thereof, 
he readily agreed to give his daughter to 
Lysander, and the force of the law was 
not called into action (1592). 

*** Several of the incidents of this 
comedy are borroAved from the Diana of 
Montemayor, a Spaniard (sixteenth cen- 
tury). 

Midwife of Men's Thoughts. 

So Socrates termed himself (b.c. 468- 
399). 

No other man ever struck out of others so many sparks 
to set light to original thought. — Grote, History of Greece 
(1846-56). 

Miggs (Miss), the handmaiden and 
" comforter " of Mrs. Varden. A tall, 
gaunt young woman, addicted to pattens ; 
slender and shrewish, of a sharp and acid 
visage. She held the male sex in utter 
contempt, but had a secret exception in 
favour of Sim Tappertit, who irreverently 
called her " scraggy." Miss Miggs 
always sided with madam against master, 
and made out that she was a suffering 
martyr, and he an inhuman Nero. She 
called ma'am "mini;" said her sister 
lived at " twenty-sivin ; " Simon she 
called " Simmun." She said Mrs. Var- 



den was "the mildest, amiablest, for- 
givingest-sperited, longest-sufferingest 
female in existence." Baffled in all her 
matrimonial hopes, she was at last ap- 
pointed female turnkey to a county Bride- 
well, which office she held for thirty 
years, when she died. — C. Dickens, 
Barnaby Rudge (1841). 

Miss Miggs, baffled in all her schemes . . . and cast 
upon a thankless, undeserving world, turned very sharp 
and sour . . . but the justices of the peace for Middlesex 
. . . selected her from 124 competitors to the office of 
turnkey for a county Bridewell, which she held till her 
decease, more than thirty years afterwards, remaining 
single all that time.— Last chapt. 

Mign'on, a beautiful, dwarfish, 
fairy-like Italian girl, in love with 
Wilhelm her protector. She glides 
before us in the mazy dance, or whirls 
her tambourine like an Ariel. Full of 
fervour, full of love, full of rapture, she 
is overwhelmed with the torrent of des- 
pair at finding her love is not returned, 
becomes insane, and dies. — Goethe, Wil- 
helm Meister" 1 s Apprenticeship (1794-6). 

Sir W. Scott drew his " Fenella," in 
Peveril of the Peak, from this character ; 
and Victor Hugo has reproduced her in his 
Notre Dame, under the name of "Esme- 
ralda." 

Migonnet, a fairy king, who wished 
to marry the princess brought up by 
Violenta the fairy mother. 

Of all dwarfs he was the smallest. His feet were like an 
eagle's and close to the knees, for legs he had none. His 
royal robes were not above half a yard long, and trailed 
one-third part upon the ground. His head was as big as 
a peck, and his nose long enough foi twelve birds to perch 
on. His beard was bushy enough for a canary's nest, and 
his ears reached a foot above his head. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, 
Fairy Tales (" The White Cat," 1682). 

Mika'do of Japan, the spiritual 
supreme or chief pontiff. The temporal 
supreme is called the koubo, segoon, or 
tycoon. 

But thou, Micado, thou hast spoken 
The word at which all locks are broken. 

St. Paul's (January, 1873). 

Mil'an (The duke of), an Italian 
prince, an ally of the Lancastrians. — Sir 
W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Milan Decree, a decree of Napo- 
leon Bonaparte, dated Milan, December 
27, 1807, declaring "the whole British 
empire to be in a state of blockade, and 
prohibiting all countries from trading 
with Great Britain or using any article 
made therein." 

*** As Britain was the best customer 
of the very nations forbidden to deal 
with her, this very absurd decree was a 
two-edged sword, cutting both ways. 



MILDENDO. 



641 



MILLER. 



Mildendo, the metropolis of Lilli- 
put, the wall of which was two feet and 
a half high and eleven inches thick. The 
city was an exact square, and divided 
into four quarters. The emperor's palace, 
called Belfab'orac, stood in the centre 
of the city. — Swift, Gulliver's Travels 
(" Lilliput," iv., 1726). 

Mile'sian Fables (Milesice Fabulce), 
very wanton and ludicrous tales. Sir 
Edward Bulwer Lytton (lord Lytton) 
published six of the Lost Tales of 
Miletus in rliymeless verse. He says he 
borrowed them from the scattered rem- 
nants preserved by Apollodo'rus and 
Conon, contained in the pages of Pausa'- 
nias and Athemeus, or dispersed through- 
out the Scholiasts. The Milesian tales 
were, for the most part, in prose ; but 
Ovid tells us that Aristi'des rendered 
some of them into verse, and Sisenna 
into Latin. 

Junxit Aristides Milesia carmina secum 
Pulsus Aristides nee tainen urba sua est. 

The original tales by Antonius Diog'- 
enes are described by Photius. It ap- 
pears that they were great favourites 
with the luxurious Sybarites. A com- 
pilation was made by Aristides, by whom 
(according to Ovid) some were versified 
also. The Latin translation by Sisenna 
was made about the time of the civil 
wars of Ma'rius and Sylla. Parthen'ius 
Nice'nus, -who taught Virgil Greek, bor- 
rowed thirty-six of the tales, which he 
dedicated to Cornelius Gallus, and en- 
titled Erotikon Pathematon ("love 
stories "). 

Milesia Crimina, amatory offences. 
Venus was worshipped at Miletus, and 
hence the loose amatory tales of Antonius 
Diogenes were entitled Milesian Fabulw. 

Mile'sians, the "ancient" Irish. 
The legend is that Ireland was once 
peopled by the Fir-bolg or Belgae from 
Britain, who were subdued by Milesians 
from Asia Minor, called the Gaels of 
Ireland. 

My family, by my father's side, are all the true ould 
Milesians, and related to the O'Flahertys, and O'Shaugh- 
nesses, and the M'Lauchlins, the O'Dannaghans, O'Calla- 
gh.ius, O'Geogaghans, and all the tick blood of the 
nation ; and I myself am an O'Brnllaglmn, which is the 
ouldest of them all. — C. Macklin, Love d-la-mode (1779). 
Pat's Milesian blood being roused. 

Very Far West Indeed. 

Milford {Colonel), a friend of sir 
Geoffrey Peveril.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Mil ford (Jack), a natural son of Widow 
Warren's late husband. He was the 



crony of Harry Dornton, with whom 
he ran "the road to ruin/' Jack had a 
fortune left him, but he soon scattered 
it by his extravagant living, and was 
imprisoned for debt. Harry then pro- 
mised to marry Widow Warren if she 
would advance him £6000 to pay off his 
friend's debts with. When Harry's father 
heard of this bargain, he was so moved 
that he advanced the money himself ; 
and Harry, being set free from his bar- 
gain, married the widow's daughter in- 
stead of the widow. Thus all were 
rescued from "the road to ruin." — Hol- 
croft, The Road to Ruin (1792). 

Milk -Pail {The), which was to gain 
a fortune. (See Pekrette.) 

Milk Street (London), the old Milk- 
market. Here sir Thomas More was 
born. 

Millamant, the pre'tendue of Edward 
Mirabell. She is a most brilliant girl, 
who says she "loves to give pain be- 
cause cruelty is a proof of power ; and 
when one parts with one's cruelty, one 
parts with one's power." Millamant is 
far gone in poetry, and her heart is not 
in her own keeping. Sir Wilful Wit- 
would makes love to her, but she detests 
"the superannuated lubber." — W. Con- 
greve, The Way of the World (1700). 

There never was a more perfect representation of 
feminine vivacity than Miss M. Tree's " Millamant" or 
" Lidy Townly " — a vivacity flowing from the ligbt-heart- 
eduess of an intelligent and gentle girl.— Talfourd (18-21). 

Miller (James), the "tiger" of the 
Hon. Mr. Flammer. James was brought 
up in the stable, educated on the turf and 
pave, polished and completed in the fives- 
court. He -was engaged to Mary Chintz, 
the maid of Miss Bloomfield. — C. Selby, 
The Unfinished Gentleman. 

Miller (Joe), James Ballantyne, author 
of Old Joe Miller, by the Editor of New 
J.M., three vols. (1801). 

*** Mottley compiled a jest-book in 
the reign of James II., entitled Joe 
Miller's Jests. The phrase, "That's a 
Joe Miller," means "that's a stale jest " 
or " that's a jest from Mottley's book." 

Miller (Maximilian Christopher), the 
Saxon giant ; height, eight feet. His 
hand measured a foot ; his second finger 
was nine inches long ; his head unusually 
large. He wore a rich Hungarian jacket 
and a huge plumed cap. This giant was 
exhibited in London in the year 1733. 
He died aged 60 ; was born at Leipsic 
(1674-1734). 

2 t 



MILLER OF MANSFIELD. 



642 



MINAGROBIS. 



Miller of Mansfield (The), John 
Cockle, a miller and keeper of Sherwood 
Forest. Hearing the report of a gun, 
John Cockle went into the forest at night 
to find poachers, and came upon the king 
(Henry VIII. ), who had been hunting, 
and had got separated from his courtiers. 
The miller collared him ; but, being told 
he was a wayfarer, who had lost himself 
in the forest, he took him home with him 
for the. night. Next day, the courtiers 
were brought to the same house, having 
been seized as poachers by the under- 
keepers. It was then discovered that the 
miller's guest was the king, who knighted 
the miller, and settled on him 1000 marks 
a year. — R. Dodslev, The King and the 
Miller of Mansfield (1737). 

Miller of Trompington (The), 

Simon Simkin, an arrant thief. Two 
scholars undertook to see that a sack of 
corn was ground for " Solar Hall Col- 
lege " without being tampered with ; so 
one stood at the hopper, and the other at 
the trough below. In the mean time, 
Simon Simkin let loose the scholars' 
horse ; and while they went to catch it 
he purloined half a bushel of the flour, 
which was made into cakes, and sub- 
stituted meal in its stead. But the 
young men had their revenge ; they not 
only made off with the flour, meal, and 
cakes without payment, but left the 
miller well trounced also. — Chaucer, 
Canterbury Tales (" The Reeve's Tale," 
1388). 

A trick something like that played off on the Miller of 
Trumpington.— Review of Kirkton, xix. 253. 

Miller on the Dee. " There was a 
Jolty Miller once lived on the River Dee," 
is a song by Isaac Bickerstaff, introduced 
in Love in a Village, i. 1 (1763). 

Mills (Miss), the bosom friend of 
Dora. Supposed to have been blighted 
in early life in some love affair, and 
hence she looks on the happiness of 
others with a calm, supercilious benignit)', 
and talks of herself as being "in the 
desert of Sahara." — C. Dickens, David 
Copperfield (1849). 

Millwood (Sarah), the courtezan 
who enticed George Barnwell to rob his 
master and murder his uncle. Sarah 
Millwood spent all the money that 
George Barnwell obtained by these 
crimes, then turned him out of doors, 
and impeached against him. Both were 
hanged. — George Lillo. George Barnwell 
(1732). 



David Ross [1728-17M] was once sent for to see a dying 
man, who said to him, " Mr. Ross, some forty years ago, 
like ' George Barnwell,' I wronged my master to supply the 
extravagance of a ' Millwood.' I took her to see your 
performance of ' George Barnwell,' which so shocked me 
that I vowed to break off the connection and return to 
the path of virtue. I kept my resolution, replaced the 
money I had stolen, and found a ' Maria ' in my master's 
daughter. ... I have bequeathed you £1000. Would it 
were a larger sum ! Farewell ! "— Pelham, Chronicles of 
Crime. 

Milly, the wife of William Swidger. 
She is the good angel of the tale. — C. 
Dickens, The Haunted Man (1848). 

Milo, an athlete of Croto'na, noted 
for his amazing strength. He could 
carry on his shoulders a four-year-old 
heifer. When old, Milo attempted to 
tear in twain an oak tree, but the parts, 
closing on his hands, held him fast, till 
he was devoured by wolves. 

Milo (The English), Thomas Topham 
of London (1710-1752). 

Milton, introduced by sir Walter 

Scott in Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Milton of Germany, Frederick 
Gottlieb Klopstock x , author of The Mes- 
siah, an epic poem (1724-1803). 

A very German Milton indeed. 

Coleridge. 

Milton's Monument, in West- 
minster Abbey, was by Rysbrack. 

Milvey (The Rev. Frank), a "young 
man expensively educated and wretch- 
edly paid, with quite a young Avife and 
half a dozen young children. He was 
under the necessity of teaching ... to 
eke out his scanty means, yet was gene- 
rally expected to have more time to 
spare than the idlest person in the parish, 
and more money than the richest." 

Mrs. Milvey (Margaretta), a pretty, 
bright little woman, emphatic and im- 
pulsive, but " something worn by an- 
xiety. She had repressed many pretty 
tastes and bright fancies, and substituted 
instead schools, soup, flannel, coals, and 
all the week-day cares and Sunday 
coughs of a large population, young and 
old." — C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend 
(1864). 

MinagroHbis, admiral of the cats in 
the great sea-fight of the cats and rats. 
Minagrobis won the victory by devouring 
the admiral of the rats, who had made 
three voyages round the world in very 
excellent ships, in which he was neither 
one of the officers nor one of the crew, 
but a kind of interloper. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy, Fairy laics ("The White Cat," 
1682). 



MINCING. 



643 



MINOTTI. 



Min'cing, lady's-maid to Millamant. 
Slie says mem for ma'am, fit for fought, 
la 1 ship for ladyship, etc. — W. Congreve, 
Ths Wag of tile World (1700). 

Mincing Lane (London), a corrup- 
tion of Minicen Lane. So called from 
the Minicens or nuns of St. Helen, -who 
had tenements in Bishopsgate Street. 

Min'cius, a Venetian river which 
falls into the Po. Virgil was born at 
Andes, on the banks of this river. 

Thou honoured flood. 
Smooth -sliding Mincius, crowned with vocal reeds. 
Milton, Lj/ciaun, 85 (1(38). 

Minikin (Lord), married to a cousin 
of sir John Trotley, but, according to bun 
ton, he flirts with Miss Tittup ; and Miss 
Tittup, who is engaged to colonel Trry, 
flirts with a married man. 

Lady Minikin, wife of lord Minikin. 
According to bon ton, she hates her 
husband, and flirts with colonel Tivy ; 
and colonel Tivy, who is engaged to Miss 
Tittup, flirts with a married woman. It 
is buu ton to do so. — Garrick, Bon Ton 
(1760). 

Minjekah'wion, Hiawatha's mittens, 
made of deer-skin. When Hiawatha had 
his mittens on, he could smite the hardest 
rocks asunder. 

He [Huumtha] had mittens, Minjekahwun, 
Magic mittens made of deer-skin ; 
When upon his hands he wore them, 
He could smite the rocks asunder. 

Longfellow, Iliawatha, iv. (1855). 

Minna and Brenda, two beautiful 
girls, the daughters of Magnus Troil the 
old udaller of Zetland. Minna was 
stately in form, with dark eyes and raven 
locks ; credulous and rain, but not 
giddy ; enthusiastic, talented, and warm- 
hearted. She loved captain Clement 
Cleveland ; but Cleveland was killed in 
an encounter on the Spanish main. 
Brenda had golden hair, a bloom on her 
cheeks, a fairy form, and a serene, 
cheerful disposition. She was less the 
heroine than her sister, but more the 
loving and confiding woman. She mar- 
ried Mordaunt Mertoun (ch. iii.).- — Sir 
W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

MinnehaTia ('■'■the laughing water"), 
daughter of the arrow-maker of Daco'tah, 
and wife of Hiawatha. She was called 
Minnehaha from the waterfall of that 
name between St. Anthony and Fort 
Snelling. 

From the waterfall, he named her 
Minnehaha, Laughing Water. 

Longfellow, Hiawatha, \\. (1855). 



Minnesingers, the Troubadours of 
Germany during the Hohcnstaufen pe- 
riod ( 1 13S— 1294), minstrels who com- 
posed and sung short lyrical poems — usu- 
ally in praise of women or in celebration 
of the beauties of nature — called AftfMte, or 
love, songs. The names of nearly three 
hundred of these poets have come down 
to us, including all classes of society, 
the most famous being Dietmar von Aist, 
Ulrich von Lichtenstein, Heinrich von 
Frauenlob, and above all Wulther von 
der Vogelweide (1168-1230). Wolfram 
von Eschenbach, Gottfried von Stras- 
burg, and Hartmann von der Aue are 
also classed among the Minnesingers, 
but their principal fame was won in the 
field of metrical romance. 

Mino'na, "the soft-blushing daugh- 
ter of Torman," a Gaelic bard in the 
Songs of Selma, one of the most famous 
portions of Macpherson's Oaaian. 

Minor (The), a comedy by Samuel 
Foote (1760). Sir George Wealthy, "the 
minor," was the son of sir William 
Wealthy, a retired merchant. He was 
educated at a public school, sent to col- 
lege, and finished his training in Paris. 
His father, hearing of his extravagant 
habits, pretended to be dead, and, 
assuming the guise of a German baron, 
employed several persons to dodge the 
lad, some to be winners in his gambling, 
some to lend money, some to cater to 
other follies, till he was apparently on the 
brink of ruin. His uncle, Mr. Richard 
Wealthy, a City merchant, wanted his 
daughter Lucy to marry a wealthy 
trader, and as she refused to do so, 
he turned her out of doors. This young 
lady was brought to sir George as a file 
de joie, but she touched his heart by her 
manifest innocence, and he not only 
relieved her present necessities, but 
removed her to an asylum where her 
" innocent beauty would be guarded from 
temptation, and her deluded innocence 
would be rescued from infamy." The 
whole scheme now burst as a bubble. 
Sir George's father, proud of his son, told 
him he was his father, and that his losses 
were only fictitious ; and the uncle 
melted into a better mood, gave his 
daughter to his nephew, and blessed the 
boy for rescuing his discarded child. 

Minotti, governor of Corinth, then 
under the power of the doge. In 1715, 
the city was stormed by the Turks ; and 
during the siege one of the magazines in 



MINSTREL. 



644 



MIRABELLA. 



the Turkish camp blew tip, killing 600 
men. Byron says it was Minotti himself 
who fired the train, and that he perished 
in the explosion. — Bvron, Siege of Corinth 
(1816). 

Minstrel (The), an unfinished poem, 
in Spenserian metre, by James Beatie. 
Its design was to trace the progress of a 
poetic genius, born in a rude age, from 
the first dawn of fancy to the fulness of 
poetic rapture. The first canto is de- 
scriptive of Edwin the minstrel ; canto ii. 
is dull philosophy, and there, happily, 
the poem ends. It is a pity it did not 
end with the first canto (1773-4). 

And yet poor Edwin was no vulgar boy. 

Deep thought oft seemed to fix his infant eye. 
Dainties he heeded not, nor gaude, nor toy. 

Save one short pipe of rudest minstrelsy ; 

Silent when sad, affectionate, tho' shy ; 
And now his look was most demurely sad ; 

And now he laughed aloud, yet none knew why. 

The neighbours stared and sighed, jet blessed the lad ; 

Some deemed him wondrous wise, and some believed him 

mad. 

Canto i. 16. 

Minstrel (Lay of the Last). Ladye 
Margaret, "the flower of Teviot," was 
the daughter of lord Walter Scott, of 
Branksome Hall. She loved baron Henry 
of Cranstown ; but between the two 
families a deadly feud existed. One day, 
the elfin page of lord Cranstown enveigled 
the heir of Branksome Hall (then a lad) 
into the woods, where he fell into the 
hands of the English, who marched with 
3000 men to Branksome Hall ; but being 
told that Douglas was coming to the 
rescue with 10,000 men, the two armies 
agreed to settle by single combat whether 
the lad should be given up to the mother 
or be made king Edward's page. The 
two champions were sir Richard Mus- 
grave (English) and sir William Deloraine 
(Scotch). The Scotch champion slew sir 
Richard, and the boy was delivered to 
the mother. It now turned out that sir 
William Deloraine was lord Cranstown, 
who claimed and received the hand of 
ladve Margaret as his reward. — Sir W. 
Scott (1805). 

Minstrel of the Border, sir W. 

Scott; also called "The Border Minstrel" 
(1771-1832). 

My steps the Border Minstrel led. 

Wordsworth, Yarrow RevUited. 
Great Minstrel of the Border. 

Wordsworth. 

Minstrel of the English Stage 

(The Last), James Shirley, last of the 
Shakespeare school (1594-1666). 

* + * Then followed the licentious French 
school, headed by John Dryden. 



Minstrels (Royal Domestic). 

Of William I., Berdic, called Regis 
Jocula'tor. 

Of Henry I., Galfrid and Royer or 
Raher. 

Of Richard I., Blondel. 

Miol'ner (3 syl.), Thor's hammer. 

This is my hammer, Miolner the mighty ; 
Giants and sorcerers cannot withstand it. 

Saemund Sigfusson, Edda (1130). 

Miquelets (Les), soldiers of the 
Pyrenees, sent to co-operate with the 
dragoons of the Grand Monarque against 
the Camisards of the Cevennes. 

Mir'abel, the "wild goose," a tra- 
velled Monsieur, who loves women in a 
loose way, but abhors matrimony, and 
especially dislikes Oria'na ; but Oriana 
"chases" the "wild goose" with her 
woman's wiles, and catches him. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase 
(1652). 

Mirabel (Old). He adores his son, and 
wishes him to marry Oria'na. As the 
young man shilly-shallies, the father 
enters into several schemes to entrap him 
into a declaration of love ; but all his 
schemes are abortive. 

Young Mirabel, the son, called "the 
inconstant." A handsome, dashing 
young rake, who loves Oriana, but does 
not wish to marry. Whenever Oriana 
seems lost to him, the ardour of his love 
revives ; but immediately his path is 
made plain, he holds off. However, he 
ultimately marries her. — G. Farquhar, 
The Inconstant (1702). 

Mirabell (Edward), in love with 
Millamant. He liked her, "with all her 
faults ; nay, liked her for her faults, . . . 
which were so natural that (in his opinion) 
they became her." — W. Congreve, The 
Way of the World (1700). 

Hot all that Drury Lane affords 

Can paint the rakish '•Charles" so well, 

Or give such life to " Mirabell " 

{As Montague Talbot, 1778-1831]. 

Crofton Croker. 

Mirabella, "a maiden fair, clad in 
mourning weeds, upon a mangy jade, 
unmeetly set with a lewd fool called 
Disdain " (canto 6). Timias and Serena, 
after emitting the hermit's cell, met her. 
Though so sorely clad and mounted, the 
maiden was " a lady of great dignity and 
honour, but scornful and proud." Many 
a wretch did languish for her through a 
long life. Being summoned to Cupid's 
judgment hall, the sentence passed on 



MIRAMONT. 



645 



MIRROR. 



her was that she should "ride on a mangy- 
jade, accompanied by a fool, till she had 
saved as many lovers as she had slain " 
(canto 7). Mirabella was also doomed to 
carry a leaky bottle which she was to till 
with tears, and a torn wallet which she 
was to till with repentance ; but her tears 
and her repentance dropped out as fast as 
they were put in, and were trampled 
under foot bv Scorn (canto 8). — Spenser, 
Faer;/ Queen, vi. 6-8 (1596). 

*** " Mirabella" is supposed to be meant 
for Rosalind, who jilted Spenser, and 
who is called by the poet " a widow's 
daughter of the glen, and poor." 

Mir'amont, brother of justice Brisac, 
and uncle of the two brothers Charles 
(the scholar) and Eustace (the courtier). 
Miramont is an ignorant, testy old man, 
but a great admirer of learning and 
scholars. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Elder Brother (1637). 

Miran'da, daughter of Prospero the 
exiled duke of Milan, and niece of An- 
thonio the usurping duke. She is brought 
up on a desert island, with Ariel the fairy 
spirit, and Cal'iban the monster, as her 
only companions. Ferdinand, son of the 
king of Naples, being shipwrecked on 
the island, falls in love with her, and 
marries her. — Shakespeare, The Tempest 
(1609)." 

Identifying herself with the simple yet noble-minded 
Miranda in the isle of wonder and enchantment.— Sir W. 
Scott 

Miranda, an heiress, the ward of sir 
Francis Gripe. As she must obtain his 
consent to her marriage before she could 
obtain possession of her fortune, she 
pretended to love him, although he was 
64 years old ; and the old fool believed it. 
"When, therefore, Miranda asked his con- 
sent to marry, he readily gave it, thinking 
himself to be the man of her choice ; 
but the sly little hussy laughed at her 
old guardian, and plighted her troth to 
sir George Airv, a man of 24. — Mrs. 
Centlivre, The Busy Body (1709). 

Mir'ja, one of the six TVise Men of 
the East, led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
Mirja had five sons, who followed his 
holv life. — Klopstock, The Messiah, v. 
(1771). 

Mirror (Alasnam' s), a mirror which 
showed Alasnam if " a beautiful girl 
was also chaste and virtuous." The 
mirror was called " the touchstone of 
virtue." — Arabian Nights ("Prince Zeyn 
Alasnam"). 



Mirror (Cambuscan' s) , a mirror sent 
to Cambuacan' king of Tartary by the 

king of Araby and Ind. It showed 
those who consulted it if any adversity 
was about to befall them ; if any in- 
dividual they were interested in was 
friend or foe ; and if a person returned 
love for love or not. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
Talcs ("The Squire's Tale," 1388). 

%* Sometimes called " Canacu's 
Mirror," but incorrectly so. 

Mirror {Kelly's), Dr. Dee's speculum. 
Kelly was the doctor's speculator or seer. 
The speculum resembled a "piece of 
polished cannel coal." 

Kelly did all his feats upon 

The devil's looking-glass, a stone. 

S. Butler, Hvulibrn* (1663-78). 

Mirror (Lao's), a looking-glass which 
reflected the mind as well as the outward 
form. — Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, 
xlv. (1759). 

Mirror (Merlin's Magic) or Venus's 
looking-glass, fabricated in South 
Wales, in the days of king Ryence. It 
would show to those that looked therein 
anything which pertained to them, any- 
thing that a friend or foe was doing. It 
was round like a sphere, and was given 
by Merlin to king Ryence. 

That never foes his kingdom might invade 
But he it knew at home before he heard 
Tidings thereof. 

Britomart, who was king Ryence's 
daughter and heiress, saw in the mirror her 
future husband, and also his name, which 
was sir Artegal. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
iii. 2 (1590). 

Mirror (Prester John's), a mirror Avhich 
possessed similar virtues to that made by 
Merlin. Prester John could see therein 
whatever was taking place in any part of 
his dominions. 

%* Dr. Dee's speculum was also 
spherical, and possessed a similar reputed 
virtue. 

Mirror (Reynard's Wonderful). This 
mirror existed only in the brain of 
Master Fox. He told the queen lion that 
whoever looked therein could see what 
was being done a mile off. The wood of 
the frame was part of the same block 
out of which Cram part's magic horse was 
made. — Reynard the Fox, xii. (1498). 

Mirror (Venus's), generally called 
" Yenus's looking-glass," the same as 
Merlin's magic mirror (q.v.). 

Mirror (Vulcan's). Vulcan made a 



MIRROR OF HUMAN SALTATION. 646 



MISHE-MOKWA. 



mirror which showed those who looked 
into it the past, present, and future. 
Sir John Davies says that Cupid handed 
this mirror to Antin'ous when he was 
in the court of Ulysses, and Antinous 
gave it to Penel'ope, who beheld therein 
the court of queen Elizabeth and all its 
grandeur. 

Vulcan, the king of fire, that mirror wrought . . . 
As there did represent in lively show 
Our glorious English court's divine image 
As it should be in this our golden age. 

Sir John Davies, Orchestra (1615). 

Mirror of Human Salvation 
(Speculum Humana Salvationis), a picture 
Bible, with the subjects of the pictures 
explained in rhymes. 

Mirror of king Ryence, a 
mirror made by Merlin. It showed those 
who looked into it whatever they wished 
to see. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 
(1590). 

Mirror of Knighthood, a ro- 
mance of chivalry. It was one of the 
books in don Quixote's library, and the 
cure' said to the barber : 

" In this same Mirror of Knighthood we meet with 
Rinaldo de Montalban and his companions, with the 
twelve peers of France, and Turpin the historian. These 
gentlemen we will condemn only to perpetual exile, as 
they contain something of the famous Bojardo's inven- 
tion, whence the Christian poet Ariosto borrowed the 
groundwork of his ingenious compositions ; to whom 
I should pay little regard if he had not written in his own 
language [Italian]."— Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 6 
(1605). 

Mirror of all Martial Men, 

Thomas earl of Salisbury (died 1428). 

Mirrour for Magistraytes, be- 
gun by Thomas Sackville, and intended 
to be a poetical biography of remarkable 
Englishmen. Sackville wrote the " In- 
duction," and furnished one of the 
sketches, that of Henry Stafford duke of 
Buckingham (the tool of Richard III.). 
Baldwynne, Ferrers, Churchyard, Phair, 
etc., added others. Subseqiiently, John 
Higgins, Richard Nichols, Thomas 
Blenerhasset, etc., supplied additional 
characters ; but Sackville alone stands 
out pre-eminent in merit. In the "In- 
duction," Sackville tells us he was con- 
ducted by Sorrowe into the infernal 
regions. At the porch sat Remorse and 
Dread, and within the porch were 
Revenge, Miserie, Care, and Slepe. 
Passing on, he beheld Old Age, 
Maladie, Famine, and Warre. Sorrowe 
then took him to Acheron, and ordered 
Charon to ferry them across. They 
passed the three-headed Cerberus and 
came to Pluto, where the poet saw 



several ghosts, the last of all being the 
duke of Buckingham, whose " com- 
playnt " finishes the part written by 
Thomas Sackville (1557). (See Buck- 
ingham.) 

*** Henry Stafford duke of Bucking- 
ham must not be mistaken for George 
Villiers duke of Buckingham 150 years 
later. 

Mirza (The Vision of). Mirza, being 
at Grand Cairo on the fifth day of the 
moon, which he always kept holy, 
ascended a high hill, and, falling into a 
trance, beheld a vision of human life. 
First, he saw a prodigious tide of water 
rolling through a valley with a thick 
mist at each end — this was the river of 
time. Over the river were several 
bridges, some broken, and some contain- 
ing three score and ten arches, over 
which men were passing. The arches 
represented the number of years the 
traveller lived before he tumbled into 
the river. Lastly, he saw the happy 
valley, but when he asked to see the 
secrets hidden under the dark clouds on 
the other side, the vision was ended, and 
he only beheld the valley of Bagdad, 
with its oxen, sheep, and camels grazing 
on its sides. — Addison, Vision of Mirza 
(Spectator, 159). 

Misbegot (Malcolm), natural son of 
Sybil Knockwinnock, and an ancestor 
of sir Arthur Wardour. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Miser (The), a comedy by H. Field- 
ing, a rechauffe of Moliere's comedy 
ISAvare. Lovegold is " Harpagon," 
Frederick is " Clean te," Mariana is 
"Mariane," and Ramilie is " La Fle'che. 
Lovegold a man of 60, and his son 
Frederick, both wish to marry Mariana, 
and in order to divert the old miser from 
his foolish passion, Mariana pretends to 
be most extravagant. She orders a 
necklace and ear-rings of the value of 
£3000, a petticoat and gown from a fabric 
which is £12 a yard, and besets the house 
with duns. Lovegold gives £2000 to 
break off the bargain, and Frederick 
becomes the bridegroom of Mariana. 

Misers. — See Dictionary of Ph?'ase 
and Fable, 571). 

Misere're (The) sung on Good 
Fridays in Catholic churches, is the com- 
position of Gregorio Allegri, who died in 
1640. 

Mishe-Mok'wa, the great bear slain 



MISHE-NAHMA. 



647 



MIT A. 



by Mudjekeewis. — Longfellow, Hiawatha, 
ii. (1865). 

Mishe-Nah'ma, the great sturgeon, 
" king of fishes," subdued by Hiawatha. 
With this labour, the "great teacher" 
taught the Indians how to make oil for 
winter. When Hiawatha threw his line 
for the sturgeon, that king of fishes first 
persuaded a pike to swallow the bait and 
try to break the line, but Hiawatha 
threw it back into the water. Next, a 
sun-fish was persuaded to try the bait, 
with the same result. Then the sturgeon, 
in anger, swallowed Hiawatha and canoe 
also; but Hiawatha smote the heart of 
the sturgeon with his fist, and the king 
of fishes swam to the shore and died. 
Then the sea-gulls opened a rift in the 
dead body, ©ut of which Hiawatha made 
his escape. 

" I have slain the Mish.6-Nah.ma. 
Slain the king of fishes," said he. 

Longfellow, Hiawatha, viii. (1855). 

Misnar, sultan of India, transformed 
by Ulin into a toad. " He was disen- 
chanted by the dervise Shemshel'nar, the 
most " pious worshipper of Alia amongst 
all the sons of Asia." By prudence and 
piety, Misnar and his vizier Horam de- 
stroyed all the enchanters which filled 
India with rebellion, and having secured 
peace, married Hem'junah, daughter of 
Zebenezer sultan of Cassimir, to whom 
he had been betrothed when he was 
known only as the prince of Georgia. — 
Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the 
Genii, vi., vii. (1751). 

Misog'onus, by Thomas Rychardes, 
the third English comedy (1560). It is 
written in rhyming quatrains, and not in 
couplets like Ralph Roister Doister and 
Gammer Gurton's Needle. 

Misquote. 

With just enough of learning to misquote. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Miss in Her Teens, a farce by David 
Garrick (1753). Miss Biddy Bellair is in 
love with captain Loveit, who is known 
to her only by the name of Rhodophil ; 
but she coquets with captain Flash and 
Mr. Fribble, while her aunt wants her to 
marry an elderly man by the name of 
Stephen Loveit, whom she detests. When 
the captain returns from the wars, she 
sets captain Flash and Mr. Fribble to- 
gether by the ears ; and while they stand 
fronting each other but afraid to fight, 
captain Loveit enters, recognizes Flash 
as a deserter, takes away his sword, and 
dismisses Fribble as beneath contempt. 



Mississippi Bubble, the "South 
Sea scheme " of France, projected by 
John Law, a Scotchman. So called be- 
cause the projector was to have the 
exclusive trade of Lousiana, on the banks 
of the Mississippi, on condition of his 
taking on himself the National Debt 
(incorporated 1717, failed 1720). 

The debt was 208 millions sterling. 
Law made himself sole creditor of this 
debt, and was allowed to issue ten times 
the amount in paper money, and to 
open "the Royal Bank of France" em- 
powered to issue this paper currency. 
So long as a 20-franc note was worth 
20 francs, the scheme was a prodigious 
success, but immediately the paper 
money was at a discount, a run on the 
bank set in, and the whole scheme 
burst. 

Mistletoe Bough {The). The 
song so called is by Thomas Havnes 
Bayley, who died 1839. The tale is this: 
Lord Lovel married a young lady, a 
baron's daughter, and on the wedding 
night the bride proposed that the guests 
should play " hide-and-seek." The bride 
hid in an old oak chest, and the lid, 
falling down, shut her in, for it went 
with a spring-lock. Lord Lovel sought 
her that night and sought her next day, 
and so on for a week, but nowhere could 
he find her. Some years after, the old 
oak chest was sold, which, on being 
opened, was found to contain the skeleton 
of the bride. 

Rogers, in his Italy, gives the same 
story, and calls the lady " Ginevra " of 
Modena. 

Collet, in his Relics of Literature, has a 
similar story. 

Another is inserted in the Causes Ce'le- 
bres. 

Marwell Old Hall (near Winchester), 
once the residence of the Seymours, and 
afterwards of the Dacre family, has a 
similar tradition attached to it, and 
(according to the Post- Office Directory) 
" the very chest is now the property of 
the Rev. J. II ay garth, rector of Upham " 
(which joins Marwell). 

Bramshall, Hampshire, has a similar 
tale and chest. 

The great house at Malsanger, near 
Basingstoke, also in Hampshire, has a 
similar tradition connected with it. 

Mi'ta, sister of Aude. She married 
sir Miton de Rennes, and became the 
mother of Mitaine. (See next art.) — 
Croquemitaine, xv. 



MITAINE. 



648 



MOCK DOCTOR. 



Mitaine, daughter of Mita and 
Miton, and godchild of Charlemagne. 
She went in search of Fear Fortress, and 
found that it existed only in the imagi- 
nation, for as she boldly advanced 
towards it, the castle gradually faded 
into thin air. Charlemagne made Mi- 
taine, for this achievement, Roland's 
'squire, and she fell with him in the 
memorable attack at Roncesvalles. (See 
previous art.) — Croquemitaine, iii. 

Mite (Sir Matthew), a returned East 
Indian merchant, dissolute, dogmatical, 
ashamed of his former acquaintances, 
hating the aristocracy, yet longing to be 
acknowledged by them. He squanders 
his wealth on toadies, dresses his livery 
servants most gorgeously, and gives his 
chairmen the most costly exotics to wear 
in their coats. Sir Matthew is for ever 
astonishing weak minds with his talk 
about rupees, lacs, jaghires, and so on. — 
S. Foote, Tlie Nabob. 

Sir John Malcolm gives us a letter worthy of sir 
Matthew Mite, in which Clive orders "200 shirts, the 
best and finest that can be got for love or money." — 
Macaulay. 

Mithra or Mithras, a supreme 
divinity of the ancient Persians, con- 
founded by the Greeks and Romans with 
the sun. He is the personification of 
Ormuzd, representing fecundity and per- 
petual renovation. Mithra is represented 
as a young man with a Phrygian cap, 
a tunic, a mantle on his left shoulder, 
and lunging a sword into the neck of a 
bull. Scaliger says the word means 
"greatest" or "supreme." Mithra is 
the middle of the triplasian deity : the 
Mediator, Eternal Intellect, and Archi- 
tect of the world. 

Her towers, where Mithra once had burned, 
To Moslem shrines— oh, shame !— were turned ; 
Where slaves, converted by the sword, 
Their mean apostate worship poured, 
And cursed the faith their sires adored. 
Moore, lalla Rookh ("The Fire-Worshippers," 1817). 

Mith'ridate (3 syl.), a medicinal 
confection, invented by Damoc'rates, 
physician to Mithrida'tes king of Pontus, 
aud supposed to be an antidote to all 
poisons and contagion. It contained 
seventy-two ingredients. Any panacea 
is called a " mithridate;" 

Their kinsman garlic bring, the poor man's mithridate. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xx. {1&.V2). 

Mith'ridate (3 syl.), a tragedy by Racine 
(1673). " Monime" (2 syl.), in this drama, 
was one of Mdlle. Rachel's great charac- 
ters. 

Mithrida'tes (4 syl.), sumamed 
M the Great," Being conquered by the 



Romans, he tried to poison himself, but 
poison had no effect on him, and he was 
slain by a Gaul. Mithridates was active, 
intrepid, indefatigable, and fruitful in 
resources ; but he had to oppose such 
generals as Sulla, Lucullus, and Pompey. 
His ferocity was unbounded, his perfidy 
was even grand. 

*** Racine has written a French 
tragedy on the subject, called Mithridate 
(1673) ; and N. Lee brought out his 
Mithridates in English about the same 
time. 

Mixit (Dr.), the apothecary at the 
Black Bear inn at Darlington. — Sir W. 
Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

M. M. Sketch (An), a memoran- 
dum sketch. 

" Stay just a minute," said Kelly, who was making an 
M. M. sketch of the group.— B. H. Buxton, Jennie of 
the Prinee's, i. 156. 

Mne'me (2 syl.), a well-spring of 
Boeo'tia, which quickens the memory. 
The other well-spring in the same vicinity, 
called Le'the, has the opposite effect, 
causing blank forgetfulness. — Pliny. 

Dante calls this river Eu'noe. It had 
the power of calling to the memory all 
the good acts done, all the graces be- 
stowed, all the mercies received, but no 
evil. — Dante, Purgatory, xxxiii. (1308). 

Mo'ath, a well-to-do Bedouin, father 
of Onei'za (3 syl.) the beloved of Thal'- 
aba. Oneiza, having married Thalaba, 
died on the bridal night, and Moath 
arrived just in time to witness the mad 
grief of his son-in-law. — Southey, Thal- 
aba the Destroyer, ii., viii. (1797). 

Moce'asins, an Indian buskin. 

He laced his mocasins [sic] in act to go. 
Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 24 (1809). 

Mochingo, an ignorant servant of 
the princess Ero'ta. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Laws of Candy (1647). 

Mock Doctor (The) K a farce by 
H. Fielding (1733), epitomized from Le 
Me'decin Malgre' Lui, of Moliere (1666). 
Sir Jasper wants to make his daughter 
marry a Mr. Dapper ; but she is in love 
with Leander, and pretends to be dumb. 
Sir Jasper hears of a dumb doctor, and 
sends his two flunkies to fetch him. They 
ask one Dorcas to direct them to him, 
and she points them to her husband 
Gregor} r , a faggot-maker ; but tells them 
he is very eccentric, and must be well 
beaten, or he will deny being a physician. 
The l'aggot-maker is accordingly beaten 



MOCKING-BIRD. 



649 



MODRED. 



into compliance, and taken to the patient. 
He soon learns the facts of the case, and 
employs Leander as apothecary. Lean- 
der makes the lady speak, and completes 
his cure with " pills matrimoniac." Sir 
Jasper takes the joke in good part, and 
becomes reconciled to the alliance. 

Mocking-Bird. " During the space 
of a minute, I have heard it imitate the 
woodlark, chaffinch, blackbird, thrush, 
and sparrow. . . . Their few natural 
notes resemble those of the nightingale, 
but their song is of greater compass and 
more varied." — Ashe, Travels in America, 
ii. 73. 

Moclas, a famous Arabian robber, 
whose name is synonymous with "thief." 
(See Almanzor, the caliph, p. 24.) 

Mode (Sir William), in Mrs. Cent- 
livre's drama The Beau's Duel (1703). 

Mode 'love (Sir Philip), one of the 
four guardians of Anne Lovely the 
heiress. Sir Philip is an " old beau, that 
has May in his fancy and dress, but 
December in his face and his heels. He 
admires all new fashions . . . loves 
operas, balls, and masquerades" (act i. 1). 
Colonel Freeman personates a French 
fop, and obtains his consent to marr} r his 
ward, the heiress. — Mrs. Centlivre, A 
Bold Stroke for a Wife (1717). 

Modely, a man of the world, gay, 
fashionable, and a libertine. He had 
scores of "lovers," but never loved till 
he saw the little rustic lass named Aura 
Freehold, a farmer's daughter, to whom 
he proposed matrimony. — John Philip 
Kemble, The Farm-house. 

Modish (Lady Betty), really in love 
with lord Morelove, but treats him with 
assumed scorn or indifference, because 
her pride prefers " power to ease." 
Hence she coquets with lord Foppington 
(a married man), to mortify Morelove 
and arouse his jealousy. By the advice 
of sir Charles Easy, lord Morelove pays 
her out in her own coin, by flirting with 
lady Graveairs, and assuming an air of 
indifference. Ultimately, lady Betty is 
reduced to common sense, and gives her 
heart and hand to lord Morelove. — Coiley 
Cibber, The Careless Husband (1704). 

Mrs. Oldfield excellently acted "lad3^ 
Betty Modish " (says Walpole) ; and 
T. Davies says of Mrs. Pritchard (1711 — 
1768) : " She conceived accurately and 
acted pleasanth' ' lady Townly , ' ' lady 
Betty Modish,' and 'Maria' in The Non- 



juror." Mrs. Blofield is called "lady 
Betty Modish " in The Tatler, No. x. 

Modo, the fiend that urges to murder, 
and one of the five that possessed " poor 
Tom." — Shakespeare, King Lear, act iv. 
sc. 1 (1605). 

Modred, son of Lot king of Norway 
and Anne own sister of king Arthur 
(pt. viii. 21 ; ix. 9). He is always called 
"the traitor." While king Arthur was 
absent, warring with the Romans, Mo- 
dred was left regent, but usurped the 
crown, and married his aunt the queen 
(pt. x. 13). When Arthur heard thereof, he 
returned, and attacked the usurper, who 
fled to Winchester (pt. xi. 1). The king 
followed him, and Modred drew up his 
army at Cambula, in Cornwall, where 
another battle was fought. In this engage- 
ment Modred was slain, and Arthur also 
received his death-wound (pt. xi. 2). The 
queen, called Guanhuma'ra (but better 
known as Guen'ever), retired to a convent 
in the City of Legions, and entered the 
order of Julius the Martyr (pt. xi. 1). — 
Geoffrey, British History (1142). 

* + * This is so very different to the 
accounts given in Arthurian romance of 
Mordred, that it is better to give the 
two names as if they were different 
individuals. 

Modred (Sir), nephew of king 
Arthur. He hated sir Lancelot, and 
sowed discord among the knights of the 
Round Table. Tennyson says that 
Modred " tampered with the lords of 
the White Horse," the brood that Hen- 
gist left. Geoffrey of Monmouth says, 
he made a league with Cheldric the 
Saxon leader in Germany, and promised 
to give him all that part of England 
which lies between the Humber and 
Scotland, together with all that Hengist 
and Horsa held in Kent, if he would aid 
him against king Arthur. Accordingly, 
Cheldric came over with 800 ships, filled 
"with pagan soldiers" (British History, 
xi. 1). 

When the king was in Brittany, whither 
he had gone to chastise sir Lancelot for 
adultery with the queen, he left sir 
Modred regent, and sir Modred raised a 
revolt. The king returned, drew up his 
army against the traitor, and in this 
"great battle of the West" Modred Avas 
slain, and Arthur received his death- 
wound. — Tennyson, Ldylls of the Xing 
(" Guinevere," 1858). 

*** This version is in accordance 
neither with Geoffrey of Monmouth (see 



MODU. 



650 



MOHUN. 



previous art.), nor with Arthurian romance 
(see Mordred), and is, therefore, given 
separately. 

Modu, the prince of all devils that 
take possession of a human being. 

Maho was the chief devil that had possession of Sarah 
Williams ; but . . . Richard Mainy was molested by a 
still more considerable fiend called Modu, . . . the 
prince of all other devils. — Harsnett, Declaration of 
Popish Impostures, 268. 

Modus, cousin of Helen ; a "musty 
library, who loved Greek and Latin ; " 
but cousin Helen loved the bookworm, 
and taught him how to love far better 
than Ovid could with his Art of Love. 
Having so good a teacher, Modus became 
an apt scholar, and eloped with cousin 
Helen.— S.Knowles, TJieHunchback (1831). 

Moe'chus, Adultery personified ; one 
of the four sons of Caro (fleshly lust). 
His brothers were Pornei'us (fornication), 
Acath'arus, and Asel'ges (lasciviousness). 
In the battle of Mansoul, Moechus is slain 
by Agnei'a (wifely chastity), the spouse 
of Encra'tes (tcmparctnce) and sister of 
Parthen'ia (maidenly chastity). (Greek, 
moiohos, " an adulterer.") — Phineas Flet- 
cher, The Purple Island, xi. (1633). 

Mosli'ades (4 syL). Under this name 
"William Drummond signalized Henry 
prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., 
in the monody entitled Tears on the Death 
of Mceliades. The word is an anagram 
of Miles a Deo. The prince, in his mas- 
querades and martial sports, used to call 
himself " Mceliades of the Isles." 

Mceliades, bright day-star of the West. 
W. Drummond, Tears on the Death of Mccliad&s (1612). 

The burden of the monody is : 

Mceliades sweet courtly nymphs deplore, 
From Thule to HydaspeV pearly shore. 

Moffat (Mabel), domestic of Edward 
Redgauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Moha'di (Mahommed), the twelfth 
imaum, whom the Orientals believe is 
not dead, but is destined to return and 
combat Antichrist before the consum- 
mation of all things. 

*#* Prince Arthur, Merlin, Charle- 
magne, Barbarossa, dom Sebastian, 
Charles V., Elijah Mansur, Desmond of 
Kilraallock, etc., are traditionally not 
dead, but only sleeping till the fulness 
of time, when each will awake and effect 
most wondrous restorations. 

Mohair (The Men of), the citizens of 
France. 

The men of mohair, as the citizens were called.— 
Asylum Christi, viii. 



Moha'reb, one of the evil spirits of 
Dom-Daniel, a cave "under the roots of 
the ocean." It was given out that these 
spirits would be extirpated by one of 
the f amity of Hodei'rah (3 syl.), so they 
leagued against the whole race. First, 
Okba was sent against the obnoxious 
race, and succeeded in killing eight of 
them, Thal'aba alone having escaped 
alive. Next, Abdaldar was sent against 
Thalaba, but was killed by a simoom. 
Then Loba'ba was sent to cut him off, 
but perished in a whirlwind. Lastly, 
Mohareb undertook to destroy him. He 
assumed the guise of a warrior, and suc- 
ceeded in alluring the youth to the very 
"mouth of hell;" but Thalaba, being 
alive to the deceit, flung Mohareb into 
the abyss. — Southey, Thalaba the De- 
stroyer, v. (1797). 

Mohicans (Last of the), Tineas the 
Indian chief, son of Chingachook, and 
called " Deerfoot."— J. F. Cooper, The 
Last of the Mohicans (a novel, 1826). 

The word ought, to be pronounced 
Mo.hek'.kanz, but is usually called Mo'.- 
he.kanz. 

Mohocks, a class of ruffians who at 
one time infested the streets of London. 
So called from the Indian Mohocks. At 
the Restoration, the street bullies were 
called Muns and Tityre Tus ; they were 
next called Hectors and Scourers ; later 
still, Nickers and Hawcabites ; and lastly, 
Mohocks. 

Now is the time that rakes their revels keep, 
Kindlers of riot, enemies of sleep : 
His scattered pence the flying Nicker flings, 
And with the copper shower the casement rings; 
Who has not heard the Scowerer's midnight fame? 
Who has not trembled at the Mohock's name ? 

Gay, Trivia, iii. 321, etc. (1712). 

Mohun (Lord), the person who 
joined captain Hill in a dastardly attack 
on the actor Mountford on his way to 
Mrs. Bracegirdle's house, in Howard 
Street. Captain Hill was jealous of 
Mountford, and induced lord Mohun to 
join him in this "valiant exploit." 
Mountford died next day, captain Hill 
fled from the country, and Mohun was 
tried but acquitted. 

The general features of this cowardly 
attack are very like that of the count 
Koningsmark on Thomas Thynne of 
Lingleate Hill. Count Koningsiuark was 
in love with Elizabeth Percy (widow of 
the earl of Ogle), who was contracted to 
Mr. Thynne ; but before the wedding 
day arrived, the count, with some hired 
ruffians, assassinated his rival in his 



MOIDART. 



6f)l 



MOLOCH. 



carnage as it was passing down Pall 
Mall. 

* + * Elizabeth Percy, within three 
months of the murder, married the duke 
of Somerset. 

Moidart {John of), captain of the 
clan Ronald, and a chief in the army of 
Montrose. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of 
Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Moi'na (2 syl.), daughter of Rcutha'- 
mir the principal man of Balclu'tha, a 
to\rn on the Clyde, belonging to the 
Britons. Moina married Clessammor 
(the maternal uncle of Fingal), and died 
in childbirth of her son Carthon, during 
the absence of her husband. — Ossian, 
Carthon. 

Mokanna, the name given to Hakem 
ben Haschem, from a silver gauze 
veil worn by him "to dim the lustre of 
his face," or rather to hide its extreme 
ugliness. The history of this impostor 
is given by D'Herbelot, Bibliothcque 
Orientate (1697). 

*** Mokanna forms the first storv of 
Lalla Eookh ("The Veiled Prophet of 
Khorassan "), by Thomas Moore (1817). 

Mokattam {Mount), near Cairo 
(Egypt), noted for the massacre of the 
caliph Hakem B'amr-ellah, who was 
given out to be incarnate deity and the 
last prophet who communicated between 
God and man (eleventh century). Here, 
also, fell in the same massacre his chief 
prophet, and many of his followers. In 
consequence of this persecution, Durzi, 
one of the "prophet's" chief apostles, 
led the survivors into Syria, where they 
settled between the Libanus and Anti- 
Libanus, and took the name of Durzis 
corrupted into Druses. 

As the khalif vanished erst, 
In what seemed death to uninstructed eyes, 
On red Mokattam's verge. 
Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, i. 

Molay {Jacques), grand-master of 
the Knights Templars, as he was led to 
the stake, summoned the pope (Clement 
V.) within forty days, and the king 
(Philippe IV.) within forty weeks, to 
appear before the throne of God to answer 
for his death. They both died within 
the stated periods. (See Summons to 
Death.) 

Moliere {The Italian), Charlo Gol- 
doni (1707-1793). 

Moliere {The Spanish), Leandro Fer- 
nandez Moratin (1760-1828). 

Moll Cutpurse, Mary Frith, who 



once attacked general Fairfax on Houiw- 
low Heath. 

Moll Flanders, a woman of great 
beauty, born in the Old Bailey. She 
was twelve years a courtezan, live years 
a wife, twelve years a thief, eight years a 
convict in Virginia ; but ultimately grew 
rich, and died a penitent in the reign of 
Charles II. 

* + * Daniel Defoe wrote her life and 
adventures, which he called The Fortunes 
of Moll Flanders (1722). 

Molly, Jaggers's housekeeper. A 
mysterious, scared-looking woman, with 
a deep scar across one of her wrists. 
Her antecedents were full of mystery, 
and Pip suspected her of being Estella's 
mother. — C. Dickens, Great Expectations 
(1860). 

Molly Maggs, a pert young house- 
maid, in love with Robin. She hates 
Polyglot the tutor of " Master Charles," 
but is very fond of Charles. Molly tries 
to get "the tuterer Poly pot" into a 
scrape, but finds, to her consternation, 
that Master Charles is in reality the 
party to be blamed. — J. Poole," The 
Scapegoat. 

Molly Maguires, stout, active 
young men dressed up in women's 
clothes, with faces blackened, or other- 
wise disguised. This secret society was 
organized in 1843, to terrify the officials 
employed by Irish landlords to distrain 
for rent, either b3 r grippers {bumbailiffs), 
process-servers, keepers, or drivers {per- 
sons who impound cattle till the rent is 
paid). — W. S. Trench, Realities of Irish 
Life, 82. 

Molly Mog, an innkeeper's daughter 
at Oakingham, Berks. Molly Mog was 
the toast of all the gay sparks in the 
former half of the eighteenth century ; 
but died a spinster at the age of 67 
(1699-1766). 

*** Gay has a ballad on this Fair Maid 
of the Inn. Mr. Standen of Arborfield, 
the "enamoured swain," died in 1730. 
Molly's sister was quite as beautiful as 
"the fair maid" herself. A portrait of 
Gay still hangs in Oakingham inn. 

Molnm'tius. (See Mulmutius.) 

Moloch {ch = k), the third in rank 
of the Satanic hierarchy, Satan being first, 
and Beelzebub second. The Avord means 
"king." The rabbins say the idol was 
of brass, with the head of a calf. 



MOLY. 



652 



MONEY. 



Moloch was the god of the Am'monites 
(3 syl.), and was worshipped in Rabba, 
their chief city. 

First Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood 
Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears, 
Though, for the noise of drums and timbrels loud, 
Their children's cries unheard, that passed thro' fire 
To his grim idol. Him the Ammonite 
Worshipped in Rabba. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 392, etc. (1665). 

Mo'ly (Greek, mdlu), mentioned in 
Homer's Odyssey. A herb with a black 
root and white blossom, given by Hermes 
to Ulysses, to counteract the spells of 
Circe. (See ILemony.) 

. . . that Moly 
That Hermfis once to wise Ulysses gave. 

Milton, Comus (1634). 
The root was black, 
Milk-white the blossom ; M&ly is its name 
In heaven. 

Homer, Odyssey, x. (Cowper's trans.). 

Mommur, the capital of the empire 
of Oberon king of the fairies. It is 
here he held his court. 

Momus's Lattice. Mom us, son of 
Nox, blamed Vulcan, because, in making 
the human form, he had not placed a 
window in the breast for the discerning 
of secret thoughts. 

Were Momus' lattice in our breasts, 

My soul might brook to open it more widely 

Than theirs [i.e. the nobles]. 

Byron, Werner, iii. 1 (1822). 

Mon or Mona, Anglesea, the resi- 
dence of the druids. Suetonius Paullnus, 
who had the command of Britain in the 
reign of Nero (from a.d. 59 to 62), attacked 
Mona, because it gave succour to the 
rebellious. The frantic inhabitants ran 
about with fire-brands, their long hair 
streaming to the wind, and the druids 
invoked vengeance on the Roman army. 
— See Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

*** "Mona" is the Latinized form of 
the British word mon-au ("remote isle"). 
The "Isle of Man "is Mon-au or mona 
(" remote isle") corrupted by misconcep- 
tion of the meaning of the word. 

Mon'aco (The king of), noted because 
whatever he did was never right in the 
opinion of his people, especially in that 
of Rabagas the demagogue : If he went 
out, he was "given to pleasure;" if he 
stayed at home, he was "given to idle- 
ness ; " if he declared war, he was 
"wasteful of the public money;" if he 
did not, he was " pusillanimous ; " if he 
ate, he was " self-indulgent ;" if he ab- 
stained, he was " priest-ridden." — M. 
Sardon, Rabagas (1872). 

^ Monaco. Proud as a Moncgasque. A 
Trench phrase. The tradition is that 



Charles Quint ennobled every one of the 
inhabitants of Monaco. 

Monarch of Mont Blanc, Albert 
Smith ; so called because for many years 
he amused a large London audience, night 
after night, by relating "his ascent up 
Mont Blanc " (1816-1860). 

Monarque (Le Grand), Louis XIV. 
of France (1638, 1643-1715). 

Monastery (The), a novel by sir W. 
Scott (1820). The Abbot appeared the 
same year. These two stories are tame 
and very defective in plot ; but the cha- 
racter of Mary queen of Scots, in The 
Abbot, is a correct and beautiful historical 
portrait. The portrait of queen Elizabeth 
is in Kenilworth. 

Moncada (Matthias de), a merchant, 
stern and relentless. He arrests his 
daughter the day after her confinement 
of a natural son. 

Zilia de Moncada, daughter of Matthias, 
and wife of general Witherington. — Sir 
W. .Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter (time, 
George II.). 

Moncaster. Newcastle, in Northum- 
berland, was so called from the number of 
monks settled there in Saxon times. The 
name was changed, in 1080, to New-castle, 
from the castle built by Robert (son of 
the Conqueror), to defend the borderland 
from the Scotch. 

Monda'min, maize or Indian corn 
(mon-da-min, "the Spirit's grain "). 

Sing the mysteries of mondamin. 
Sing the blessing of the corn-fields. 

Longfellow, HUxwatlia, xiii. (1855). 

Mone'ses (3 syl.), a Greek prince, 
betrothed to Arpasia, whom for the 
nonce he called his sister. Both were 
taken captive by Baj'azet. Bajazet fell 
in love with Arpasia, and gave Moneses 
a command in his army. When Tamer- 
lane overthrew Bajazet, Moneses ex- 
plained to the Tartar king how it was 
that he was found in arms against him, 
and said his best wish was to serve 
Tamerlane. Bajazet now hated the 
Greek ; and, as Arpasia proved obdurate, 
thought to frighten her into compliance 
by having Moneses bow-strung in her 
presence ; but the sight was so terrihle 
that it killed her. — N. Rowe, TamcrUtne 
(1702). 

Money, a drama, by lord E. L. B. 
Lytton (1840). Alfred Evelyn, a poor 
scholar, was secretary and factotum of 
sir John Vesey, but received no wages. 



MONEYTRAP. 



653 



MONKBARNS. 



He loved Clara Douglas, a poor de- 
pendent of lady Franklin, proposed to her, 
but was not accepted, "because both 
were too poor to keep house." A large 
fortune being left to the poor scholar, he 
proposed to Georgina, the daughter of sir 
John Vesey ; but Georgina loved sir 
Frederick Blount, and married him. 
Evelyn, who loved Clara, pretended to 
have lost his fortune, and, being satisfied 
that she really loved him, proposed a 
second time, and was accepted. 

Moneytrap, husband of Araminta, 
but with a tendre for Clarissa the wife of 
his friend Gripe. — Sir John Vanbrugh, 
The Confederacy (1695). 

None who ever saw Parsons [1736-1795] . . . can forget 
his effective mode of exclaiming, while representing the 
character of the amorous old '•Moneytrap," "Eh I how 
long will it be, Flippanta ? "— C. Dibdin. 

Monflathers (Miss), mistress of a 
boarding and day establishment, to whom 
Mrs. Jarley sent little Nell, to ask her to 
patronize the wax-work collection. Miss 
Monflathers received the child with frigid 
virtue, and said to her, " Don't you think 
you must be very wicked to be a wax- 
work child ? Don't j r ou know it is very 
naughty to be a wax child when you 
might have the proud consciousness of 
assisting, to the extent of your infant 
powers, the noble manufactures of your 
country ? " One of the teachers here 

chimed in with "How doth the little ;" 

but Miss Monflathers remarked, with an 
indignant frown, that " the little busy 
bee" applied only to genteel children, and 
the "works of labour and of skill" to 
painting and embroidery, not to vulgar 
children and wax-work shows. — Charles 
Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, xxxi. 
(1840). 

Monford, the lover of Charlotte 
Whimsey. He plans various devices to 
hoodwink her old father, in order to elope 
with the daughter. — James Cobb, The 
First Floor (1756-1818). 

Monime (2 syl.), in Racine's tragedy 
of Mithridate. This was one of Mdlle. 
Rachel's great characters, first performed 
by her in 1838. ' 

Monim'ia, "the orphan," sister of 
Chamont and ward of lord Acasto. 
Monimia was in love with Acasto' s son 
Castalio, and privately married him. 
Polydore (the brother of Castalio) also 
loved her, but his love was dishonourable 
love. By treachery, Polydore obtained 
admission to Monimia's chamber, and 
passed the bridal night with her, Monimia 



supposing him to be her husband; but 
when next day she discovered the deceit, 
she poisoned herself ; and Polydore, being 
apprised that Monimia was his brother's 
wife, provoked a quarrel witli hi in, ran 
on his brother's sword, and died. — Otwav, 
The Orphan (1680). 

More tears have been shed for the sorrows of " Belvi- 
dera" and '•Monimia," than for those of " Juliet " and 
" Desdemona." — Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 

Monim'ia, in Smollett's novel of Count 
Fathom (1754). 

Moniplies (Richie), the honest, self- 
willed Scotch servant of lord Nigel Oli- 
faunt of Glenvarloch. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Monk (General), introduced by sir 
Walter Scott in Woodstock (time, Com- 
monwealth). 

Monk (The Bird Singing to a). The 
monk is Felix, who listened to a bird for 
a hundred years, and thought the time 
only an hour. — Longfellow, The Golden 
Legend, ii. (1851). 

Monk (The), a novel, by Matthew G. 
Lewis (1794). 

Monk Lewis, Matthew Gregory 
Lewis ; so called from his novel (1773- 
1818). 

Monk of Bury, John Lydgate, poet, 
who wrote the Siege of Troy, the Story of 
Thebes, and the Fall of Princes (1375- 
1460). 

Nothynge I am experte in poetry, 
As the monke of Bury, floure of eloquence. 
Stephen Hawes, The Passe-tyine of Plesure (1515). 

Monk of Westminster, Richard 
of Cirencester, the chronicler (fourteenth 
century). 

This chronicle, On the Ancient State of 
Britain, was first brought to light in 
1747, by Dr. Charles Julius Bertram, 
professor of English at Copenhagen ; but 
the original being no better known than 
that of Thomas Rowley's poems, pub- 
lished by Chatterton, grave suspicions 
exist that Dr. Bertram was himself the 
author of the chronicle. 

Monks (The Father of), Ethelwold of 
Winchester (*-984). 

Monks, alias Edward Leeford, a violent 
man, subject to fits. Edward Leeford, 
though half-brother to Oliver Twist, was 
in collusion with Bill Sikes to ruin him. 
Failing in this, he retired to America, 
and died in jail. — 0. Dickens, Oliver 
Twist (1837). 

Monkbarns (Laird of), Mr. Jonathan 



MONKER AND NAKIR. 



G54 



MONT ROGNON. 



Oldbuck, the antiquary. — Sir \V. Scott, 
The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Mon'ker and Wakir [Na.keer'], 
the two examiners of the dead, who put 
questions to departed spirits respecting 
their belief in God and Mahomet, and 
award their state in after-life according 
to their answers. — Al Koran. 

" Do you not see those spectres that are stirring the 
burning coals? Are they Monkir and Nakir come to 
throw us into them ? "— W. Beckford, Vathek (1786). 

Monmouth, the surname of Henry 
V. of England, who was born in that 
town (1388, 1413-1422). 

*** Mon-mouth is the mouth of the 
Monnow. 

Monmouth (Tlie duke of), commander- 
in-chief of the royal army. — Sir W. Scott, 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

*#* The duke of Monmouth was nick- 
named "The Little Duke," because he 
was diminutive in size. Having no name 
of his own, he took that of his wife, 
" Scott," countess of Buccleuch. Pepys 
says : "It is reported that the king will 
be tempted to set the crown on the Little 
Duke" (Diary, seventeenth century). 

Monmouth Caps v "Thebestcaps" 
(says Fuller, in his Worthies of Wales, 
50) " were formerly made at Monmouth, 
where the Capperts Chapel doth still 
remain." 

The soldiers that the Monmouth wear, 
On castle top their ensigns rear. 

Reed, The Caps (1661). 

Monmouth Street (London), called 
after the duke of Monmouth, natural son 
of Charles II., executed for rebellion in 
1685. It is now called Dudley Street. 

Mon'nema, wife of Quia'ra, the only 
persons of the whole of the Guiirani race 
who escaped the small-pox plague which 
ravaged that part of Paraguay. They 
left the fatal spot, and settled in the 
Mondai woods. Here they had one son 
Yeruti, and one daughter Mooma, but 
Quiara was killed by a jaguar before the 
latter was born. MonnSma left the 
Mondai woods, and went to live at St. 
Jouchin, in Paraguay, but soon died from 
the effects of a house and city life. — 
Southey, A Tale of Paraguay (1814). 

Monomot'apa, an empire of South 
Africa, joining Mozambique. 

All, sir, you never saw the Gangfis; 
There dwell the nation of Quidnuiikis 
(So Monomotapa calls monkeys). 

Gay, The QuidnunkU. 

Mononia, Munster, in Ireland. 



Mononia, when nature embellished the tint 
Of thy fields and thy mountains so fair, 

Did she ever intend that a tyrant should print 
The footstep of slavery there ? 
T. Moore, Irish Melodies, i. (" War Song," 1814). 

Monsieur, Philippe due d'Orle'ans, 
brother of Louis XIV. (1674-1723). 

*** Other gentlemen were Mons. A Oi 
Mons. B, but the regent was Mons. with- 
out any adjunct. 

Similarly, the daughter of the due de 
Chartres (the regent's grandson) was 
Mademoiselle. 

Monsieur le Coadjuteur, Paul 
de Gondi, afterwards cardinal de Retz 
(1614-1679). 

Monsieur le due, Louis Henri de 
Bourbon, eldest son of the prince de 
Conde (1692-1740). 

Monsieur Thomas, a drama by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1619). 

Monsieur Tonson, a farce by 
Moncrieff. Jack Ardourly falls in love 
with Adolphine de Courcy in the street, 
and gets Tom King to assist in ferreting 
her out. Tom King discovers that his 
sweeting lives in the house of a French 
refugee, a barber, named Mon. Morbleu ; 
but not knowing the name of the young 
lady, he inquires for Mr. Thompson, 
hoping to pick up information. Mon. 
Morbleu says no Mon. Tonson lives in 
the house, but only Mde. Bellegarde and 
Mdlle. Adolphine de Courcy. The old 
Frenchman is driven almost crazy by 
different persons inquiring for Mon. Ton- 
son ; but ultimately Jack Ardourly marries 
Adolphine, whose mother is Mrs. Thomp- 
son after all. 

Taylor wrote a drama of the same title 
in 1767. 

Monster {The), Renwick Williams, 
a wretch who used to prowl about London 
by night, armed with a double-edged 
knife, with which he mutilated women. 
He was condemned July 8, 1790. 

Mont Dieu, a solitary mound close 
to Dumfermline, owes its origin, accord- 
ing to story, to some unfortunate monks 
who, by way of penance, carried the sand 
in baskets from the sea-shore at Inver- 
ness. 

At Linton is a fine conical hill attri- 
buted to two sisters, nuns, who were 
compelled to pass the whole of the sand 
through a sieve, br way of penance, to 
obtain pardon for some crime committed 
by their brother. 

Mont Rognon (Baron of), a giant 



MONT ST. JEAN. 



655 



MONTESINOS. 



of enormous strength and insatiable appe- 
tite. He was bandy-legged, had an 

elastic stomach, and lour rows of teeth. 
lie was a paladin of Charlemagne, and 
one of the four sent in search of Croque- 
mitaine and Fear Fortress. — Groquemi- 
taine. 

Mont St. Jean or Waterloo. So- 
and-so was my Mont St. Jean, means it 
was my oottJJ ae [/race, my final blow, the 
end of the end. 

Juan wits mv Moscow [turving-i'oint], and Faliero 

[Fa.leef.ro] 
My Leipsic [downfall], anil my Mont St. Jean seems 

Cain. 

Byron, Don Juan, xi. 56 (1824). 

Mont St. Michel, in Normandy. 
Here nine druidesses used to sell arrows 
to sailors to charm away storms. The 
arrows had to be discharged by a young 
man 25 years of age. 

The Laplanders drove a profitable trade 
by selling winds to sailors. Even so late 
as 1814, Bessie Millie, of Pomona (Ork- 
ney Islands), helped to eke out a liveli- 
hood by selling winds for sixpence. 

Eric king of Sweden could make the 
winds blow from any quarter he liked by 
a turn of his cap. Hence he was nick- 
named " Windy Cap." 

Mont Tresor, in France ; so called 
by Gontran " the Good," king of Bur- 
gundy (sixteenth century). One day, 
weary with the chase, Gontran laid him- 
self down near a small river, and fell 
asleep. The 'squire, who watched his 
master, saw a little animal come from the 
king's mouth, and walk to the stream, 
over which the 'squire laid his sword, and 
the animal, running across, entered a hole 
in the mountain. When Gontran was 
told of this incident, he said he had 
dreamt that he crossed a bridge of steel, 
and, having entered a cave at the foot of 
a mountain, entered a palace of gold. 
Gontran employed men to undermine the 
hill, and found there vast treasures, which 
he employed in works of charity and re- 
ligion. In order to commemorate this 
event, he called the hill Mont Tresor. — 
Claud Paradin, Symbola Heroica. 

*** This story has been ascribed to 
numerous persons. 

Mon'tague (3 syl.), head of a noble 
house in Verona, at feudal enmity with 
the house of Captilet. Romeo belonged 
to the former, and Juliet to the latter 
house. 

Lady Montague, wife of lord Montague, 
and mother of Romeo. — Shakespeare, 
Borneo and Juliet (1598). 



Montalban. 

Don Kyrie L'lyson de Montalban, a hero 
of romance, in the History of Tirante the 
White. 

Thomas de Montalban, brother of don 
Kyrie Elyson, in the same romance of 
chivalry. 

Rinaldode Montalban. a hero of romance, 
in the Mirror of Knighthood, from which 
work both Bojardo and Ariosto have 
largely borrowed. 

Mon'talban', now called Montauban (a 
contraction of Mons Alba'nns), in France, 
in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne. 

Jousted in Aspramont <t Mon'talban'. 

Milton, Paradise lost. i. fS& [16CSJ. 

Montal'ban (The count), in love with 
Volante (3 syl.) daughter of Balthazar. 
In order to sound her, the count disguised 
himself as a father confessor; but Vo- 
lante detected the trick instantly, and 
said to him, "Come, come, count, pull off 
your lion's hide, and confess yourself an 
ass." However, as Volante really loved 
him, all came right at last. — J. Tobin, 
The Honeymoon (1804). 

Montanto (Signor), a master of fence 
and a great braggart. — Ben Jonson, Leery 
Man in His Humour (1598). 

Montargis {The Dog of), named 
Dragon. It belonged to captain Aubri 
de Montdidier, and is especially noted for 
his fight with the chevalier Richard 
Macaire. The dog was called Montargis, 
because the encounter was depicted over 
the chimney of the great hall in the 
castle of Montargis. It was in the forest 
of Bondi, close by this castle, that Aubri 
was assassinated. 

Montenay (Sir Philip de), an old 
English knight. — Sir W. Scott, Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Montenegro. The natives say: 
"When God was distributing stones over 
the earth, the bag that held them burst 
over Montenegro," which accounts for 
the stoniness of the land. 

Montesi'nos, a legendary hero, who 
received some affront at the French 
court, and retired to La Mancha, in 
Spain. Here he lived in a cavern, some 
sixty feet deep, called ' ' The Cavern of 
Montesinos." Don Quixote descended 
part of the way down this cavern, and 
fell into a trance, in which he saw Mon- 
tesinos himself, Durandarte and Belerma 
under the speil of Merlin, Dulcin'ea del 
Toboso enchanted into a country wench, 



MONTESPAN. 



656 



MONTROSE. 



and other visions, which he more than 
half believed to be realities. — Cervantes, 
Don Quixote, II. ii. 5, 6 (1615). 

*** This Durandarte was the cousin 
of Montesinos, and Belerma the lady he 
served for seven years. When he fell at 
Roncesvalles, he prayed his cousin to 
carry his heart to Belerma. 

Montespan (The marquis de), a 
conceited court fop, silly and heartless. 
When Louis XIV. took Mde. de Montes- 
pan for his concubine, he banished the 
marquis, saying: 

Your strange and countless follies — 
The scenes you make — your loud domestic broils- 
Bring scandal on our court. Decorum needs 
Your banishment. ... Go ! 
And for your separate household, which entails 
A double cost, our treasure shall accord you 
A hundred thousand crowns. 

Act iv. 1. 

The foolish old marquis says, in his self- 
conceit : 

A hundred thousand crowns for being civil 
To one another ! Well now, that's a thing 
That happens but to marquises. It shows 
My value in the state. The king esteems 
My comfort of such consequence to France, 
He pays me down a hundred thousand crowns, 
Rather than let my wife disturb my temper ! 

Act v. 2. 

Madame de Montespan, wife of the 
marquis. She supplanted La Valliere in 
the base love of Louis XIV. La Valliere 
loved the man, Montespan the king. She 
had wit to warm but not to burn, energy 
which passed for feeling, a head to check 
her heart, and not too much principle for 
a French court. Mde. de Montespan 
was the protegee of the duke de Lauzun, 
who used her as a stepping-stone to 
wealth ; but when in favour, she kicked 
doAvn the ladder by which she had 
climbed to power. However, Lauzun 
had his revenge ; and when La Valliere 
took the veil, Mde. de Montespan was 
banished from the court. — Lord E. L. B. 
Lytton, The Duchess de la Valliere 
(1836). 

Montfaucon (The lady Calista of), 
attendant of 'queen Berengaria. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Mont-Fitchet {Sir Conrade), a pre- 
ceptor of the Knights Templars. — Sir W. 
Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Montfort (De), the hero and title of 
a t^igcdy, intended to depict the passion 
of hate, by Joanna Baillie (1798). The 
object of De Montfort's hatred is Rezen- 
velt, and his passion drives him on to 
murder. 

*** De Montfort was probably the 



suggestive inspiration of Byron's Man- 
fred (1817). 

Montgomery (Mr.), lord Godol- 
phin, lord high treasurer of England in 
the reign of queen Anne. The queen 
called herself "Mrs. Morley," and Sarah 
Jennings duchess of Marlborough was 
" Mrs. Freeman." 

Monthermer (Guy), a nobleman, 
and the pursuivant of king Henry II. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Months (Symbols of the), frequently 
carved on church portals, misericords (as 
at Worcester), ceilings (as at' Salisbury), 
etc. 

1. Pocula Janus amat. 

2. Et Februus algeo clamat 

3. Martius arva fodit. 

4. Aprilis florida nutrit. 

5. Jlos et/los nemoruni Maio sunt fomes amorum. 

6. Dat J u nius fena. 

7. Julio resecatur avena. 

8. Augustus spicas. 

9. September content uvas. 

10. Seminat October. 

11. Spoliat virgulta November. 

12. Querit habere cibum porcum mqctando December. 

Utrecht Missal (1515), and the 
Breviary of at. A Iban's. 

Montjoie, chief herald of France. — 
Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Montorio, the hero of a novel, who 
persuades his " brother's sons " to murder 
their father by working on their fears, 
and urging on them the doctrines of 
fatalism. When the deed was com- 
mitted, Montorio discovered that the 
young murderers were not his nephews, 
but his own sons. — Rev. C. R. Maturin, 
Fatal Revenge (1807). 

Montreal d'Albano, called " Fra 
Moriale," knight of St. John of Jerusalem, 
and captain of the Grand Com pan}' in the 
fourteenth century, when sentenced to 
death by Rienzi, summoned his judge to 
follow him within the month. Rienzi 
was killed by the fickle mob within the 
stated period. (See Summons to 
Death.) 

Montreville (Mde. Adela), or the 
Begum Mootee Mahul, called "the queen 
of Sheba." — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Montrose (The duke of), com- 
mander-in-chief of the king's army. — Sir 
W. Scott, Hob Roy, xxxii.(time, George I.). 

Montrose (The marquis of). — Sir W. 
Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Montrose (James Grahame, earl of), the 
king's lieutenant in Scotland. He ap- 



MONTSERRAT. 



657 



MOON-DROP. 



pears first disguised as Anderson, servant 
of the earl of Menteith. — Sir W. Scott, 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Montserrat {Comrade marquis of), 
a crusader. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Moody (John), the guardian of Peggy 
Thrift an heiress, whom he brings up 
in the country, wholly without society. 
John Moody is morose, suspicious, and 
unsocial. When 50 years of age, and 
Peggy 19, he wants to marry her, but 
is outwitted by "the country girl," who 
prefers Belville, a young man of more 
suitable age. 

Alithea Mood;/, sister of John. She 
jilts Sparkish a conceited fop, and mar- 
ries Harcourt. — The Country Girl (Gar- 
rick, altered from Wycherly). 

Mooma, younger sister of Yeruti. 
Their father and mother were the only 
persons of the whole Guarani race who 
escaped a small-pox plague which 
ravished that part of Paraguay. They 
left the fatal spot and lived in the Mondai 
woods, where both their children were 
born. Before the birth of Mooma, her 
father was eaten by a jagiiar, and the 
three survivors lived in the woods alone. 
When grown to a youthful age, a Jesuit 
priest persuaded them to come and live at 
St. Joachin (3 syl.) ; so they left the wild 
woods for a city life. Here the mother 
soon flagged and died. Mooma lost her 
spirits, was haunted with thick-coming 
fancies of good and bad angels, and died. 
Yeruti begged to be baptized, received 
the rite, cried, " Ye are come for me ! I 
am readv ; " and died also. — Southey, A 
Tale of Paraguay (1814). 

Moon (The) increases with horns 
towards the east, but wanes with horns 
towards the west. 

The Moon. Dante makes the moon the 
first planetary heaven, "the tardiest 
sphere of all the ten," and assigned to 
those whose vows "were in some part 
neglected and made void" (canto iii.). 

It seemed to me as if a cloud had covered us, 
Translucent, solid, firm, and polished bright 
Like adamant which the sun's beam had smit. 
Within itself the ever-during pearl [the moon] 
Received us, as the wave a ray of light 
Receives, and rests unbroken 

Dantfi, Paradise, ii. (1311). 

Moon (Blue) " Once in a blue moon," 
very occasionally, once in a while. 
Similar to " Greek kalends." 

"Does he often come of an evening?" asks Jennie. 
" Oh, just once in a blue moon, and then always with a 
friend."— B. H. Buxton, Jennie of the Pi ince's, ii. 140. 



Moon (Man in the), said to be Cain, 
with a bundle of thorns. 

Now doth Cain with fork of thorns confine 
On either hemisphere, touching the wave 
Beneath the towers of Seville. Yesternight 
The moon was round. 

Dante\ Bell, xx. (1300). 

Moon (Spots in the). Dante makes 
Beatrice say that these spots are not due 
to diversity of density or rarity, for, if 
so, in eclipses of the sun, the sun would 
be seen through the rare portions of the 
moon more or less distinctly. She says 
the spots are wholly due to the different 
essences of the " planet," which reflect 
in different ways the effluence of the 
heaven, "which peace divine inhabits." 

From hence proceeds that which from light to light 
Seems different, and not from dense to rare. 

Dante, Paradise, ii. (1311). 

Milton makes Raphael tell Adam that 
the spots on the moon are due to clouds 
and vapours "not yet into the moon's 
substance turned," that is, undigested 
aliment. 

For know whatever was created, needs 

To be sustained and fed. Of elements. 

The grosser feeds the purer, — earth the sea — 

Earth and the sea feed air — the air those fires 

Ethereal — and as lowest, first the moon ; 

Whence, in her visage round, those spots,— unpurged 

Vapours not yet into her substance turned. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, v. 415, etc. ; see also 
viii. 145, etc. (1665). 

Moon (Minions of the), thieves or high- 
waymen. (See Moon's Men.) 

Moon and Mahomet. Mahomet 
made the moon perform seven circuits 
round Caaba or the holy shrine of Mecca, 
then enter the right sleeve of his mantle 
and go out at the left. At its exit, 
it split into two pieces, which re-united 
in the centre of the firmament. This 
miracle was performed for the conversion 
of Hahab the Wise. 

Moon-Calf, an inanimate, shapeless 
human mass, said by Pliny to be en- 
gendered of woman only. — Nat. Hist., x. 
64. 

Moon Depository. Astolpho found 
the moon to be the great depository of 
misspent time, wasted wealth, broken 
vows, unanswered prayers, fruitless tears, 
abortive attempts, unfulfilled desires and 
intentions, etc. Bribes, he tells us, were 
hung on gold and silver hooks ; princes' 
favours were kept in bellows ; wasted 
talent was stored away in urns ; but 
every article was duly labelled. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso, xviii. (1516). 

Moon-Drop (in Latin virus lunare), 
a vaporous drop supposed to be shed by 
2 u 



MOON OF BRIGHT NIGHTS. 



658 



MORAT. 



the moon on certain herbs and other 
objects, when powerfully influenced by 
incantations. Lucan says, Erictho used 
it : Virus large lunare ministrat. 

Hecate. Upon the corner of the moon 
There hangs a vaporous drop, profound ; 
I'll catch it ere it come to ground. 

Shakespeare. Macbeth, act iii. sc. 5 (1606). 

Moon of Bright Wights, a sy- 
nonym for April ; the moon of leaves, a 
synonym for May ; the moon of straw- 
berries is June ; the moon of falling 
leaves is September ; and the moon of 
snow-shoes is the synonym for November. 
— Longfellow, Hiawatha (1855). 

Moon's Men, thieves or highway- 
men, who ply their vocation by night. 

The fortune of us that are but moon's men doth ebb 
and flow like the sea.— Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV. act i. 
sc. 2 (1597). 

Moonshine (Saunders), a smuggler. 
— Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

Moore (Mr. John), of the Pestle and 
Mortar, Abchurch Lane, immortalized by 
his " worm-powder," and called the 
" AVorm Doctor." 

O learned friend of Abchurch Lane, 

Who set'st our entrails free ! 
Vain is thy art, thy powder vain, 

Since worms shall eat e'en thee. 

Pope, To Mr. John Moore (1733). 

Moorfields. Here stood Bethlehem 
Hospital or Bedlam at one time. 

Subtle. Remember the feigned madness I have taught 
thee. . . . 

Tricksey. Fear not, he shall think me fresh slipped 
from the regions of Moorfields. — Ben Jonson, The 
Alchemist, i. (1610). 

Moors. The Moors of Aragon are 
called Tangarins ; those of Granada are 
Mudajares ; and those of Fez are called 
Elches. They are the best soldiers 
of the Spanish dominions. In the 
Middle Ages all Mohammedans were 
called Moors ; and hence Camoens, in the 
Jjusiad, viii., calls the Indians so. 

Mopes (Mr.), the hermit who lived 
on Tom Tiddler's Ground. He was dirty, 
vain, and nasty, "like all hermits," but 
had landed property, and was said to be 
rich and learned. He dressed in a 
blanket and skewer, and, by steeping 
himself in soot and grease, soon acquired 
immense fame. Rumour said he mur- 
dered his beautiful young wife, and aban- 
doned the Avorld. Be this as it may, he 
certainly lived a nasty life. Mr. Traveller 
tried to bring him back into society, but 
a tinker said to him, " Take my word for 
it, when iron is thoroughly rotten, you 
can never botch it, do what you may." 



— C. Dickens, A Christmas Number 
(18G1). 

Mopsus, a shepherd, who, with 
Menalcas, celebrates the funeral eulogy 
of Daphnis. — Virgil, Eclogue, v. 

Mora, a hill in Ulster, on the borders 
of a heath called Moi-lena. — Ossian, 
Ternora. 

* + * Near Upsa'la is what is called 
"The Mora Stone," where the Swedes 
used of old to elect their kings. 

Mora, the betrothed of Oscar who 
mysteriously disappears on his bridal 
eve, and is mourned for as dead. His 
younger brother Allan, hoping to secure 
the lands and fortune of Mora, proposes 
marriage, and is accepted. At the wed- 
ding banquet, a stranger demands "a 
pledge to the lost Oscar," and all accept 
it except Allan, who is there and then 
denounced as the murderer of his brother. 
Oscar then vanishes, and Allan dies. — 
Byron, Oscar of Alva. 

Moradbak, daughter of Fitead a 
widower. Hudjadge king of Persia 
could not sleep, and commanded Fitead, 
his porter and jailer, under pain of death, 
to find some one to tell him tales. 
Fitead's daughter, who was only 14, 
undertook to amuse the king with tales, 
and was assisted in private by the sage 
Abou'melek. After a perfect success, 
Hudjadge married Moradbak, and at her 
recommendation, Aboumelek was ap- 
pointed overseer of the whole empire. — 
Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales (1743). 

Morakan'abad, grand vizier of 
the caliph Vathek. — Beckford, Vathek 
(1784). 

Moral Philosophy (The Father 
of), Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). 

Moran Son of Fithil, one of the 

scouts in the army of Swaran king of 
Lochlin (Denmark). — Ossian, Finjal. 

Moran's Collar, a collar for magis- 
trates, which had the supernatural power 
of pressing the neck of the wearer if his 
judgments deviated from strict justice, 
and even of causing strangulation if he 
persevered in wrong doing. Moran, 
surnamed " the Just," was the wise coun- 
sellor of Feredach an early king of 
Ireland. 

Morat, in Aurungzebe, a drama by 
Dryden (1675). 

Edward Ky:iaston P619-1SS7] shone with uncommon 
lustre in " Morat " and " Muley Moloch." In both theso 



MORAT. 



659 



MORDURE. 



parts he had a fierce, lion-like majesty in his port and 
utterance, that gave the spectators a kind of tre mb l in g 
admiration. — Colley Cibber. 

Morat, in Switzerland, famous for the 
battle fought there in M7ti, in which 
the Swiss defeated Charles te Tcmc'rairc, 
of Burgundy. 

Morat and Marathon twin names shall stand. 

Byron, Child* IJarold, iii. 04 (1816). 

Morbleu ! This French oath is a 
corrupt contraction of Mau'graby ; thus, 
tnaugre bleu, viaublcu. Maugraby was 
the great Arabian enchanter, and the 
word means "barbarous," hence a bar- 
barous man or a barbarian. The oath is 
common in Provence, Languedoe, and 
Gascoigne. I have often heard it used 
by the medical students at Paris. 

Probably it is a punning corruption of 
Mart de Dieu. 

Mordaunt, the secretary at Aix of 
queen Margaret the widow of Henry VI. 
of England. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Mor'decai (Beau), a rich Italian 
Jew, one of the suitors of Charlotte 
Goodehild, but, supposing the report to 
be true that she has lost her fortune, he 
calls off and retires. — C. Macklin, Love 
u-la-mode (1759). 

The part that first brought John Quick [1748-1831] into 
notice w;is " Beau Mordecai," in which be appeared as far 
back as 1770. — Record* 0/ a stayc Veteran. 

Mordent, father of Joanna by a 
formerwife. In orderto marry lady Anne, 
he " deserts " Joanna and leaves her to be 
brought up by strangers. Joanna is 
placed under Mrs. Enfield, a crimp, and 
Mordent consents to a proposal of 
Lennox to run off with her. Mordent is 
a spirit embittered with the world — a bad 
man, with a goading conscience. He sins 
and suffers the anguish of remorse ; does 
wrong, and blames Providence because 
■when he " sows the storm he reaps the 
whirlwind." 

Lady Anne, the wife of Mordent, 
daughter of the earl of Oldcrest, sister 
of a viscount, niece of lady Mary, and 
one of her uncles is a bishop. She is 
wholly neglected by her husband, but, like 
Grisifda (q.v.), bears it without complaint. 
— Holcroft, The Deserted Daughter (1784, 
altered into The Steward). 

Mordred (Sir), son of Margawse 
(sister of king Arthur) and Arthur her 
brother, while she was the wife of Lot 
king of Orkney (pt. i. 2, 35, 36). The 
sons of Lot himself and his wife were 
Gaw'ain, Agravam, Ga'heris, and Gareth, 



all knights of the Round Table. Out of 
haired to sir Launcelot, Mordred and 
Agravain accuse him t<> the king of too 
great familiarity with queen Guenever, 
and induce the king to spend a day in 
hunting. During his absence, the queen 
semis for sir Launcelot to her private 
chamber, and Mordred and Agravain, with 
twelve other knights, putting the wont 
construction on the interview, clamorously 
assail the chamber, and call on sir Launce- 
lot to come out. This he does, and kills 
Agravain with the twelve knights, but 
Mordred makes his escape and tells the 
king, who orders the queen to be burnt 
alive. She is brought to the stake, but is 
rescued by sir Launcelot, who carries her 
off to Joyous Guard, near Carlisle, which 
the king besieges. While lying before the 
castle, king Arthur receives a bull from 
the pope, commanding him to take back 
his queen. This he does, but as he 
refuses to be reconciled to sir Launcelot, 
the knight betakes himself to Benwick, 
in Brittany. The king lays siege to 
Benwick, and during his absence leaves 
Mordred regent. Mordred usurps the 
crown, and tries, but in vain, to induce 
the queen to marry him. When the king 
hears thereof, he raises the siege of 
Benwick, and returns to England. He 
defeats Mordred at Dover, and at Baron- 
down, but at Salisbury (Camlan) Mor- 
dred is slain fighting with the king, and 
Arthur receives his death-wound. The 
queen then retires to a convent at Almes- 
bury, is visited by sir Launcelot, declines 
to marry him, and dies. — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, iii. 143-174 
(1470). 

%* The wife of Lot is called " Anne " 
by Geoffrey of Monmouth (British His- 
tory, viii. 20, 21) ; and " Bellicent " by 
Tennyson, in Gareth and Lynette. 

This tale is so very different to those 
of Geoffrey of Monmouth and Tennyson, 
that all three are given (see Modked). 

Mor'dure (2 syL), son of the em- 
peror of Germany. He was guilty of 
illicit love with the mother of sir Bevis 
of Southampton, who murdered her 
husband and then married sir Mordure. 
Sir Bevis, when a mere lad, reproved his 
mother for the murder of his father, 
and she employed Saber to kill him ; 
but the murder was not committed, and 
young Bevis was brought up as a shep- 
herd. One day, entering the hall where 
Mordure sat with his bride, Bevis struck 
at him with his axe. Mordure slipped 



MORDURE. 



660 



MORGANTE. 



aside, and the chair "was " split to 
shivers." Bevis was then sold to an 
Armenian, and was presented to the kins:, 
who knighted him and gave him his 
daughter Josian in marriage. — M. Dray- 
ton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 

Mor'dure (2 syl.), Arthur's sword, made 
by Merlin. No enchantment had power 
over it, no stone or steel was proof 
against it, and it would neither break 
nor bend. (The word means "hard 
biter.") — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 8 
(1590). 

More {Margareta), the heroine and 
feigned authoress of Household of Sir 
Thomas More, by Miss Manning (1851). 

More of More Hall, a legendary 
hero, who armed himself with armour 
full of spikes, and, concealing himself in 
the cave where the dragon of Wantley 
dwelt, slew the monster by kicking it in 
the mouth, where alone it was mortal. 

*** In the burlesque of H. Carey, en- 
titled The Dragon of Wantley, the hero 
is called " Moore of Moore Hall," and 
he is made to be in love with Gubbins's 
daughter, Margery of Roth'ram Green 
(1696-1743). 

Moreeraft, at first a miser, but 
after losing most of his money he became 
a spendthrift. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Scornful Lady (1616). 

*** "Luke,"inMassinger's City Madam, 
is the exact opposite. He was at first a 
poor spendthrift, but coming into a for- 
tune he turned miser. 

Morell (Sir Charles), the pseudonym 
of the Rev. James Ridley, affixed to some 
of the early editions of The Tales of the 
Genii, from 1764. 

More'love (Lord), in love with lady 
Betty Modish, who torments him almost 
to madness by an assumed indifference, 
and rouses his jealousy by coquetting 
with lord Foppington. By the advice 
of sir Charles Easy, lord Morelove pays 
the lady in her own coin, assumes an 
indifference to her, and flirts with lady 
Grave'airs. This brings lady Betty to 
her senses, and all ends happily. — Colley 
Gibber, The Careless Husband (1704). 

More'no (Don Antonio), a gentleman 
of Barcelona, who entertained don Quixote 
with mock-heroic hospitality. — Cervantes, 
Don Quixote, II. iv. 10 (1615). 

Morfiri (Mr.), a cheerful bachelor in 
the office of Mr. Donlbey, merchant. 



He calls himself "a creature of habit," 
has a great respect for the head of the 
house, and befriends John Carker when 
he falls into disgrace by robbing his em- 
ployer. Mr. Morfin is a musical amateur, 
and" finds in his violoncello a solace for 
all cares and worries. He marries Har- 
riet Carker, the sister of John and James. 
— C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 

Morgan le Fay, one of the sisters 
of king Arthur (pt. i. 18) ; the others 
were Margawse, Elain, and Anne (Belli- 
cent was his half-sister). Morgan calls 
herself "queen of the land of Gore" 
(pt. i. 103). She was the wife of king 
Vrience (pt. i. 63), the mother of sir 
Ew'ain (pt. i. 73). and lived in the castle 
of La Belle Regard (pt. ii. 122). 

On one occasion, Morgan le Fay stole 
her brother's sword "Excalibur," with its 
scabbard, and sent them to sir Accolon of 
Gaul, her paramour, that he might kill her 
brother Arthur in mortal combat. If this 
villainy had succeeded, Morgan intended 
to murder her husband, marry sir Acco- 
lon, and " devise to N make him king of 
Britain ; " but sir Accolon, during the 
combat, dropped the sword, and Arthur, 
snatching it up, would have slain him 
had he not craved mercy and confessed 
the treasonable design (pt. i. 70). After 
this, Morgan stole the scabbard, and threw 
it into the lake (pt. i. 73). Lastly, she 
tried to murder her brother by means of 
a poisoned robe ; but Arthur told the mes- 
senger to try it on, that he might see it, 
and when he did so he dropped down 
dead, "being burnt to a coal" (pt. i. 75). 
— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur 
(1470). 

W. Morris, in his Earthly Paradise 
(" August "), makes Morgan la Fee the 
bride of Ogier the Dane, after his earthly 
career was ended. 

Morgan, a feigned name adopted by 
Belarius a banished lord. — Shakespeare, 
Cymbeline (1605). 

Morgan, one of the soldiers of prince 
Gwenwyn of Powys-land. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Morgane (2 syl.), a fay, to whose 
charge Zephyr committed young Passe- 
lyon and his cousin Bennucq. Passelyon 
fell in love with the fay's daughter, and 
the adventures of these young lovers are 
related in the romance of Perceforest, 
iii. 

Morgante (3 syl.), a ferocious giant. 



MORGANY. 



661 



MORXA. 



converted to Christianity by Orlando. 
After performing the most wonderful 
feats, ho died at last from the bite of a 
crab. — Pulci, Morgante Maggiore (1488). 

He [don Quixote] spoke favourably of Morgante. who, 
though of gigantic rare, was most gentle in his manners. 
—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i 1 (1605). 

Morgany, Glamorgan. 

Not a brook of Morgnny. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Morgause or Margaavse, -wife of 
king Lot. Their four sons were Gaw'ain, 
Agravain, Ga'heris, and Gareth (ch. 36) ; 
but Morgause had another son by prince 
Arthur, named Mordred. Her son Ga- 
heris, having caught his mother in adul- 
tery with sir Lamorake, cut off her head. 

King Lot had wedded king Arthur's sister, but king 
Arthur had ... by her Mordred. therefore king Lot held 
against kin-r Arthur (ch. 35l.— Sir T. Malory, Jliftory of 
Prince Arthur, I So. 36 (1470). 

Morgia'na, the female slave, first 
of Cassim, and then of Ali Baba, 
"crafty, cunning, and fruitful in in- 
ventions." When the thief marked the 
door of her master's house with white 
chalk in order to recognize it, Morgiana 
marked several other doors in the same 
manner ; next day, she observed a red 
mark on the door, and made a similar 
one on others, as before. A few nights 
afterwards, a merchant with thirty-eight 
oil-jars begged a night's lodging ; and as 
Morgiana wanted oil for a lamp, she went 
to get some from one of the leather jars. 
" Is it time?" asked a voice. "Not yet," 
replied Morgiana, and going to the others. 
she discovered that a man was concealed 
in thirty-seven of the jars. From the 
last jar she took oil, which she made 
boiling hot, and with it killed the 
thirty-seven thieves. "When the captain 
discovered that all his men were dead, 
he decamped without a moment's delay. 
Soon afterwards, he settled in the city as 
a merchant, and got invited by Ali Baba 
to supper, but refused to eat salt. This 
excited the suspicion of Morgiana, who 
detected in the pretended merchant the 
captain of the forty thieves. She danced 
awhile for his amusement, playfully 
sported with his dagger, and suddenly 
plunged it into his heart. When Ali 
Baba knew who it was that she had slain, 
he not only gave the damsel her liberty, 
but also married her to his own son. — 
Arabian Kijhts ("Ali Baba or the Forty 
Thieves "). 

" M .-irgiaua," said A!i Baba, " these two packets contain 
the body of your master [Cassim], and we must endeavour 
to bury hiiu as if he died a natural death. Let me speak 
to your niUtress." — "Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves." 



Morglay, the sword of sir Bevis of 
Hamptoun, i.e. Southampton, given to 
him by his wife Josiao, daughter of the 
king of Armenia. — Dravton, Polyolbion, 
ii. (1612). 

You talk of Morglay. Excalibur [Arthur's sword], and 
Durindana [Orlando's $teord\ or so. Tut : I lend no 
credit to that is faliled of 'cm. — Ben Jonson, Lveru Man 
in His Uuinour, iii. 1 (]&«). 

Morgue la Faye, a fee who watched 
over the birth of Ogier'the Dane, and, 
after he had finished his earthly career, 
restored him to perpetual youth, and took 
him to live with her in everlasting love in 
the isle and castle of Av'alon. — Ojier le 
Danois (a romance). 

Mor'ice (Gil or Child), the natural 
son of lady Barnard, " brought forth in 
her father's house wi' mickle sin and 
shame." One day, Gil Morice sent Willie 
to the baron's hall, with a request that 
lady Barnard would go at once to Green- 
wood to .=ee the child. Lord Barnard, 
fancying the "child" to be some par- 
amour, forbade his wife to leave the hall, 
and went himself to Greenwood, where 
he slew Gil Morice, and sent his head to 
lady Barnard. On his return, the lady told 
her lord he had slain her son, and added, 
"Wi' that same spear, oh, pierce my 
heart, and put me out o' pain ! " But the 
baron repented of his hasty deed, and 
cried, " I'll ay lament for Gil Morice, as 
gin he were mine ain." — Percv, Reliqucs, 
etc., III. i. 

%* This tale suggested to Home the 
plot of his tragedy called Douglas. 

Morisco, a Moorish dance, a kind of 
hornpipe. 

Facieru plerumque inficiunt fuligine. et peregriuum 
vestium cultum :iss miunt, qui ludicris talibus indulge in. 
aut Mauri esse videantur, aut e longjus remota patria 
credantur advolasse. — Junius. 

Mor'land, in Lend Me Five Shillings, 
by J. M. Morton (1838). 

Morland (Henry), "the heir-at-law" 
of baron Duberly. It was generally 
supposed that he had perished at sea ; 
but he was cast on cape Breton, and 
afterwards returned to England, and mar- 
ried Caroline Dormer an orphan. — G. 
Colman, The Heir-at-Laic (1797). 

Mr. Beverley behaved like a father to me [B. Webster], 
and engaged me as a walking gentleman for his London 
theatre, where I made my first appearance as " Henry 
Morland," in The Jleir-at-Law, which, to avoid legal 
proceedings, he called The Lord's Warming-pan.— Peter 
Patersou. 

Morley (Jlrs.), the name under which 
queen Anne corresponded with Mrs. Free- 
man (the duchess of Marlboroujh). 

Morna, daughter of Cormac king of 



MORNA. 



662 



MORREL. 



Ireland. She was in love with Cathba, 
youngest son of Torman. Duchomar, 
out of jealousy, slew his rival, and then 
asked Morna to be his bride. She replied, 
" Thou art dark to me, O Duchomar, and 
cruel is thine arm to Morna." She then 
begged him for his sword, and when " he 
gave it to her she thrust it into his heart." 
Duchomar fell, and begged the maid to 
pull out the sword that he might die, but 
when she did so he seized it from her and 
plunged it into her side. Whereupon 
Cuthullin said : 

" Peace to the souls of the heroes ! Their deeds were 
great in fight. Let them ride around me in clouds. Let 
them show their features in war. My soul shall then be 
firm in danger, mine arm like the thunder of heaven. 
But be thou on a moonbeam, Morna, near the window 
of my rest, when my thoughts are at peace, when the 
din of war is past." — Ossian, Fingal, i. 

Morna, wife of Comhal and mother 
of Fingal. Her father Avas Thaddu, and 
her brother Clessammor. — Ossian. 

Mornay, the old seneschal at earl 
Herbert's tower at Peronne. — Sir W. 
Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Morning Star of the Refor- 
mation, John Wycliffe (1 324-1 884). 

Wycliffe will ever be remembered as a good and great 
man. . . . May he not be justly styled, " The Morning 
Star of the Reformation " ? — Eadie. 

Morocco or Maroccus, the perform- 
ing horse, generally called " Bankes's 
Horse." Among other exploits, we are 
told that " it went up to the top of St. 
Paul's." Both horse and man were burnt 
alive at Rome, by order of the pope, as 
magicians. — Don Zara del Togo, 114 
(1660). 

*** Among the entries at Stationers' 
Hall is the following -.—Nov. 14, 1595 : 
A Ballad showing the Strange Qualities of 
a Young Nagg called Morocco. 

In 1595 was published the pamphlet 
Maroccus Extaticus or Bankes's Horse in 
a Trance. 

Morocco Men, agents of lottery 
assurances. In 1796, the great State 
lottery employed 7500 morocco men. 
Their business was to go from house to 
house among the customers of the as- 
surances, or to attend in the back parlours 
of public-houses, where the customers 
came to meet them. 

Morolt (Dennis), the old 'squire of sir 
Raymond Berenger. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Morose (2 syl.), a miserly old hunks, 
who hates to heat any voice but his own. 
His nephew, sir Dauphine, wants to wring 



out of him a third of his property, and 
proceeds thus : He gets a lad to personate 
"a silent woman," and the phenomenon 
so delights the old man, that he consents 
to a marriage. No sooner is the ceremony 
over, than the boy-wife assumes the cha- 
racter of a virago of loud and ceaseless 
tongue. Morose is half mad, and pro- 
mises to give his nephew a third of his 
income if he will take this intolerable 
plague off his hands. The trick being re- 
vealed, Morose retires into private life, 
and leaves his nephew master of the situ- 
ation. — Ben Jonson, The Silent Woman 
(1609). 

Benjamin Johnson [1665-1742] seemed to be proud to 
wear the poet's double name, and was particularly great 
in all that author's plays that were usually performed, 
viz., "Wasp," "Corbaccio," " Morose," and "Ananias." 
— Chetwood. 

(" Wasp " in Bartholomew Fair, " Cor- 
baccio " in The Fox, and "Ananias "in 
The Alchemist. ) 

Moroug, the monkey mistaken for 
the devil. A woman of Cambalu died, and 
Moroug, wishing to imitate her, slipped 
into her bed, and dressed himself in her 
night-clothes, while the body was carried 
to the cemetery. When the funeral party 
returned, and began the usual lamenta- 
tions for the dead, pug stretched his 
night-capped head out of the bed and 
began moaning and grimacing most hide- 
ously. All the mourners thought it was 
the devil, and scampered out as fast as 
they could run. The priests assembled, 
and resolved to exorcise Satan ; but pug, 
noting their terror, flew on the chief of 
the bonzes, and bit his nose and ears 
most viciously. All the others fled in 
disorder ; and when pug had satisfied his 
humour, he escaped out of the window. 
After a while, the bonzes returned, with 
a goodly company well armed, when the 
chief bonze told them how he had fought 
with Satan, and prevailed against him. So 
he was canonized, and made a saint in 
the calendar for ever. — T. S. Gueulette, 
Chinese Tales (" The Ape Moroug," 1723). 

Morrel or Morell, a goat-herd who 
invites Thomalin, a shepherd, to come to 
the higher grounds, and leave the low- 
lying lands. He tells Thomalin that many 
hills have been canonized, as St. Michael's 
Mount, St. Bridget's Bower in Kent, and 
so on ; then there Avas mount Sinah and 
mount Parnass, where the Muses dwelt. 
Thomalin replies, " The lowlands are safer, 
and hills are not for shepherds." lie then 
illustrates his remark by the tale of shop- 
herd Algriud, who sat like Morrel on a 



MORRIS. 



663 



MORTE D'ARTHUR. 



hill, when an eagle, taking his white head 
for a stone, let on it a slicll-iish in order 
to break it, and all-to cracked his skull. 
[jEschylus was killed by a tortoise 
dropped on his head by an eagle.] — ■ 
Spenser, Skepheardes Calendar, vii. 

(This is an allegory of the high and 
low church parties. Morel is an anagram 
of Elmer or Aylmer bishop of London, 
who " sat on a hill," and was the leader 
of the high-church party. Algrind is 
Grindal archbishop of Canterbury, head 
of the low-church party, who in 1578 
was sequestrated for writing a letter to 
the queen on the subject of puritanism. 
Thomalin represents the puritans. This 
could not have been written before 1578, 
unless the reference to Algrind was added 
in some later edition.) 

Morris, a domestic of the earl of 
Derby. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II.). 

Morris (Mr.), the timid fellow-traveller 
of Frank Osbaldistone, who carried the 
portmanteau. Osbaldistone says, con- 
cerning him, " Of all the propensities 
which teach mankind to torment them- 
selves, that of causeless fear is the most 
irritating, busy, painful, and pitiable. ' — 
Sir W. Scott, Rob Hoy (time, George I.). 

Morris (Peter), the pseudonym of John 
G. Lockhart, in Peter's Letters to His 
Kinsfolk (1819). 

Morris-Dance, a comic representa- 
tion of every grade of society. The 
characters were dressed partly in Spanish 
and partly in English costume. Thus, 
the huge sleeves were Spanish, but the 
laced stomacher English. Hobby-horse 
represented the king and all the knightly 
order ; Maid Marian, the queen ; the 
friar, the clergy generally ; the fool, the 
court jester. The other characters repre- 
sented a franklin or private gentleman, 
a churl or farmer, and the lower grades 
were represented by a clown. The Span- 
ish costume is to show the origin of the 
dance. 

A representation of a morris-dance 
may still be seen at Betley, in Stafford- 
shire, in a window placed in the house of 
George Toilet, Esq., in about 1620. 

Morrison (Hugh), a Lowland drover, 
the friend of Robin Oig.— Sir W. Scott, 
The Two Drovers (time, George III.). 

Mortality (Old), a religious itine- 
rant, who frequented country church- 
yards and the graves of the covenanters. 



He was first discovered in the burial- 
ground at Gandercleugh, clearing the 
moss from the grey tombstones, renewing 
with his chisel the half-defaced inscrip- 
tions, and repairing the decorations of 
the tombs.— Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

*** "Old Mortality" is said to be 
meant for Robert Patterson. 

Morta'ra, the boy who died from 
being covered all over with gold-leaf by 
Leo XII., to adorn a pageant. 

Mortcloke (Mr.), the undertaker at 
the funeral of Mrs. Margaret Bertram of 
Singleside. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannerimj 
(time, George II.). 

Morte d' Arthur, a compilation of 
Arthurian tales, called on the title-page 
The History of Prince Arthur, compiled 
from the French by sir Thomas Malory, 
and printed by William Caxton in 1470. 
It is divided into three parts. The first 
part contains the birth of king Arthur, 
the establishment of the Round Table, 
the romance of Balin and Balan, and the 
beautifid allegory of Gareth and Linet'. 
The second part is mainly the romance 
of sir Tristram. The third part is the 
romance of sir Launcelot, the quest of 
the holy graal, and the death of Arthur, 
Guenever, Tristram, Lamorake, and 
Launcelot. 

%* The difference of style in the third 
part is very striking. The end of ch. 44, 
pt. i. is manifestly the close of a romance. 
It is a pity that each romance is not 
marked by some formal indication, 
thus, pt. i. bk. 1, etc. ; and each book 
might be subdivided into chapters. 

This book was finished the nintii year of the reiim 
of king Edward IV. hy sir Thomas Malory, knight. Thus 
endeth this noble and joyous book, entitled la Morte 
d' Arthur, notwithstanding it treateth of the birth, life, 
and acts of the said king Arthur, and of his noble knights 
of the Round Table . . . and the achieving of the holy 
Sancgreall, and in the end the dolorous death and de- 
parting out of the world of them all. — Concluding para- 
graph. 

Morte <T Arthur, by Tennyson. The 
poet supposes Arthur (wounded in the 
great battle of the West) to be borne off 
the field by sir Bedivere. The wounded 
monarch directed sir Bedivere to cast Ex- 
calibur into the mere. Twice the knight 
disobeyed the command, intending to save 
the sword ; but the dying king detected 
the fraud, and insisted on being obeyed. 
So sir Bedivere cast the sword into the 
mere, and "an arm, clothed in white 
samite, caught it by the hilt, brandished 
it three times, and drew it into the mere." 



MORTEMAR. 



664 



MORVEN. 



Sir Bedivere then carried the dying king 
to a barge, in which were three queens, 
who conveyed him to the island-valley 
of Avil'ion, "where falls not hail, or 
rain, or any snow, nor ever wind blows 
loudly." Here was he taken to be healed 
of his grievous wound ; but whether he 
lived or died we are not told. 

The idyll called The Passing of Arthur 
is verbatim, like the Morte oV Arthur, with 
an introduction tacked on ; but from 
" So all day long ..." (twelfth para- 
graph) to the line, " So on the mere the 
wailing died away" (a,bout 270 lines), the 
two are identical. 

%* This idyll is merely chs. 167, 168 
(pt. iii.) of the History of Prince Arthur, 
compiled by sir T. Malory, put into 
metre, much being a verbatim rendering. 

See Notes and Queries, July 13, 1878, 
where the parallels are shown paragraph 
by paragraph. 

Mortemar (Alberick of), an exiled 
nobleman, alias Theodorick the hermit of 
Engaddi, the enthusiast. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Mor 'timer (Mr.), executor of lord 
Abberville, and uncle of Frances Tyrrell. 
" He sheathed a soft heart in a rough 
case." Externally, Mr. Mortimer seemed 
unsympathetic, brusque, and rugged ; but 
in reality he was most benevolent, deli- 
cate, and tender-hearted. " He did a 
thousand noble acts Avithout the credit of 
a single one." In fact, his tongue belied 
his heart, and his heart his tongue. — 
Cumberland, The Fashionable Lover 
(1780). 

Mortimer (Sir Edward), a most bene- 
volent man, oppressed with some secret 
sorrow. In fact, he knew himself to be 
a murderer. The case was this : Being 
in a county assembly, the uncle of lady 
Helen insulted him, struck him down, 
and kicked him. Sir Edward rode home 
to send a challenge to the ruffian ; but 
meeting him on the road drunk, he mur- 
dered him, was tried for the crime, 
but was honourably acquitted. He wrote 
a statement of the case, and kept the 
papers connected with it in an iron chest. 
One day, Wilford, his secretarj r , whose 
curiosity had been aroused, saw the chest 
unlocked, and was just about to take out 
the documents when sir Edward entered, 
and threatened to shoot him ; but he 
relented, made Wilford swear secrecy, 
and then told him the whole story. The 
young man, unable to live under the 
jealous eye of sir Edward, ran away ; 



but sir Edward dogged him, and at 
length arrested him on the charge of 
robbery. The charge broke down, Wil- 
ford was acquitted, sir Edward confessed 
himself a murderer, and died. — G. Col- 
man, The Iron Chest (1796). 

Mortimer Lightwood, solicitor, 
employed in the "Harmon murder " case. 
He was the great friend of Eugene Wray- 
burn, barrister-at-law, and it was the 
ambition of his life to imitate the non- 
chalance and other eccentricities of his 
friend. At one time he was a great ad- 
mirer of Bella Wilfer. Mr. Veneering 
called him "one of his oldest friends ; " 
but Mortimer was never in the merchant's 
house but once in his life, and resolved 
never to enter it again. — C. Dickens, Our 
Mutual Friend (1864). 

Mortimer Street (London) ; so 
called from Harley, earl of Oxford and 
Mortimer, and baron of Wigmore, in 
Herefordshire. 

Morton, a retainer of the earl of 
Northumberland. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry 
IV. (1598). 

Morton (Henry), a leader in the 
covenanters' army with Balfour. While 
abroad, he is major-general Melville. 
Henry Morton marries Miss Eden Bel- 
lenden. 

Old Ralph Morton of Milnwood, uncle 
of Henry Morton. 

Colonel Silas Morton of Milnwood, 
father of Henry Morton. — Sir W. Scott, 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Morton (The earl of), in the service 
of Mary queen of Scots, and a member 
of the privy council of Scotland. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Monastery and The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Morton (The Rev. Mr.), the presby- 
terian pastor of Cairnvreckan village. — 
Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 

Mortskeugh (Johnie), the old 
sexton of Wolf's Hope village. — Sir AV. 
Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Morven ("a ridge of high hills"), all 
the north-west of Scotland ; called in 
Ossian "windy Morven," "resounding 
Morven," "echoing Morven," "rocky 
Morven." Fingal is called indifferently 
" king of Selma " and " king of 
Morven." Selma was the capital of 
Morven. Probably it was Argyllshire 
extended north and east. . 



MORVIDUS. 



665 



MOSES SLOW OF SPEECH. 



Morvi'dus, son of Danius by his 
concubin3 Tangustela. In his reign, 
there "came from the Irish coasts a most 
cruel monster, which devoured the people 
continually, but as soon as Morvidus 
heard thereof, ho ventured to encounter it 
alone. When all his darts were spent, 
the monster rushed upon him, and 
swallowed him up like a small fish." — 
Geoffrey of Monmouth, British Uistory, 
iii. 15 (1142). 

. . . that valiant bastard . . . 
Morvidus (Danius' son), who with that monster fought. 
His subjects that devoured. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

(Morvidus is erroneously printed 
"Morindus" in Drayton, but has been 
corrected in the quotation given above.) 

Mosby, an unmitigated villain. He 
seduced Alicia, the wife of Arden of 
Feversham. Thrice he tried to murder 
Arden, but was baffled, and then fright- 
ened Alicia into conniving at a most 
villainous scheme of murder. Pretending 
friendship, Mosby hired two ruffians to 
murder Arden while he Avas playing a 
game of draughts. The villains, who 
were concealed in an adjacent room, were 
to rush on their victim when Mosby 
said, "Now I take you." The whole 
gang was apprehended and executed. — 
Arden of Feversham (1592), altered by 
George Lillo (1739). 

Mosca, the knavish confederate of 
Vol'pone (2 syl.) the rich Venetian 
"fox." — Ben Jonson, Yolpone or The 
Fox (1605). 

If your mother, in hopes to ruin me, should consent to 
marry my pretended uncle, he might, like "Mosca" in 
The J-'ox, stand upon terms.— W. Congreve, The Way of 
the World, ii 1 (1700). 

Mosce'ra, a most stately convent 
built by the abbot Rodulfo, on the ruins 
of a dilapidated fabric. On the day of 
opening, an immense crowd assembled, 
and the abbot felt proud of his noble 
edifice. Amongst others came St. Gual- 
ber'to (3 syl.), who, when the abbot 
showed him the pile and the beauty 
thereof, said in prayer, " If this convent 
is built for God's glory, may it abide to 
the end of time ; but if it is a monument 
of man's pride, may that little brook 
which flows hard by overwhelm it with 
its waters." At the word, the brook 
ceased to flow, the waters piled up 
mountain high, then dashing on the 
convent overthrew it, nor left one stone 
upon another, so complete was the ruin. 
— Southey, St. Gualberto. 

Moscow. So-and-so was my Moscow, 



that is, the turning-point of my good 
fortune, leading to future "shoals and 
misery." The reference is to Napoleon 
Bonaparte's disastrous Russian expe- 
dition, when his star hastened to its 
" set." 

Juan was my Moscow [the ruin of my reputation and 
fame\ 

Byron, Don Juan, xi. 56 (1824). 

Mo'ses, the Jew money-lender in 
Sheridan's comedy The School for 
Scandal (1777). 

Moses' Cloth.es. The Koran says : 
" God cleared Moses from the scandal 
which was rumoured against him" (ch. 
xxxiii.). The scandal was that his 
body was not properly formed, and 
therefore he would never bathe in the 
presence of others. One day, he went to 
bathe, and laid his clothes on a stone, but 
the stone ran away with them into the 
camp. Moses went after it as fast as he 
could run. but the Israelites saw his 
naked body, and perceived the untruth- 
fulness of the common scandal. — Sale, 
Al Koran, xxxiii. notes. 

Moses' Horns. The Vulgate gives 
quod cornuta esset fades sua, for what 
our version has translated "he wist not 
that the skin of his face shone." The 
Hebrew word used means both a "horn " 
and an "irradiation." Michael Angelo 
followed the Vulgate. 

Moses' Rod- 
While Moses was living with Ke'uel [Jithro] the 
Midianite, he noticed a staff in the garden, and he took 
it to be his walking-stick. This staff was Joseph's, and 
Re'uel curried it away when he fled from Egypt. This 
same stiff Adam carried with him out of Eden. Noah 
inherited it, and gave it to Shem. It passed into the 
hands of Abraham, and Abraham left it to Isaac ; and 
when Jacob fled from his brother's anger into Mesopo- 
tamia, he carried it in his band, and gave it at death 
to his son Joseph.— The Talmud, vi. 

Moses Slow of Speech. The 

tradition is this : One day, Pharaoh was 
carrying Moses in his arms, when the 
child plucked the royal beard so roughly 
that the king, in a passion, ordered him 
to be put to death. Queen Asia said to 
her husband, the child was only a babe, 
and was so young he could not dis- 
cern between a ruby and a live coal. 
Pharaoh put it to the test, and the 
child clapped into his mouth the burn- 
ing coal, thinking it something good 
to eat. Pharaoh's anger was appeased, 
but the child burnt its tongue so severely 
that ever after it was " slow of speech." 
— Shalshel, Hakkabala, 11. 

Moses Slow of Speech. The account 
given in the Talmud is somewhat different. 



MOST CHRISTIAN KING. 



666 



MOTHER HUBBARD. 



It is therein stated that Pharaoh was sitting 
one day with Moses on his lap, when the 
child took the crown from the king's head 
and placed it on his own. The "wise 
men " of Egypt persuaded Pharaoh that 
this act was treasonable, and that the child 
should be put to death. Jithro [sic'] the 
priest of Midian said it was the act of a 
child who knew no better. " Let two 
plates," said he, " be set before the child, 
one containing gold and the other live 
coals, and you will presently see that he 
will choose the coals in preference to the 
gold." The advice of Jithro being fol- 
lowed, the boy Moses snatched at the 
coals, and putting one of them into his 
mouth, burnt his tongue so severely that 
ever after he was "heavy of speech." — 
The Talmud, vi. 

Most Christian King (Le Roy 

Tres-Christien). The king of France is so 
called by others, either with or without 
his proper name ; but he never styles 
himself so in any letter, grant, or re- 
script. 

In St. Rcmigius or Remy's Testament, 
king Clovis is called Christianissimus 
Ludovicus. — Flodoard, Historia Remensis, 
i. 18 (a.d. 940). 

Motallab (Abdal), one of the four 
husbands of Zesbet the mother of Ma- 
homet. He was not to know her as a 
wife till he had seen Mahomet in his 
pre-existing state. Mahomet appeared 
to him as an old man, and told him he 
had chosen Zesbet for her virtue and 
beauty to be his mother. — Comte de 
Caylus, Oriental Tales (" History of 
Abdal Motallab," 1743). 

Mo'tar (" one doomed or devoted to 
sacrifice''''). So prince Assad was called, 
when he fell into the hands of the old 
fire-worshipper, and was destined by him 
to be sacrificed on the fiery mountain. — 
Arabian Nights (" Amgiad and Assad"). 

Moth, page to don Adriano de 
Arma'do the fantastical Spaniard. He 
is cunning and versatile, facetious and 
playful. — Shakespeare, Love's Labour's 
Lost (1594). 

Moth, one of the fairies. — Shakespeare, 
Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 

Moths and Candles. The moths 
fell in love with the night-fly ; and the 
night-fly, to get rid of their importunity, 
maliciously bade them to go and fetch 
fire for her adornment. The blind lovers 
flew to the first flame to obtain the love- 



token, and few escaped injury or death. 
— Ksempfer, Account of Japan, vii. (1727). 

Mother Ann, Ann Lee, the 
"spiritual mother" of the shakers 
(1784-1784). 

*** Mother Ann is regarded as the 
female form, and Jesus as the male form, 
of the Messiah. 

Mother Bunch, a celebrated ale- 
wife in Dekker's Satiromaster (1602). 

*#* In 1604 was published Pasquil's 
Jests, mixed with Mother Bunch's Merri- 
ments. In 1760 was published, in two 
parts, Mother Bunch's Closet newly Broke 
Open, etc., by a "Lover of Mirth and 
Hater of Treason." 

Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales are known 
in every nursery. 

Mother Carey's Chickens. The 

fish-fags of Paris in the first Great 
Revolution were so called, because, like 
the "stormy petrel," whenever they 
appeared in force in the streets of Paris, 
they always foreboded a tumult or poli- 
tical storm. 

Mother Carey's Goose, the great 
black petrel or gigantic fulmar of the 
Pacific Ocean. 

Mother Douglas, a noted crimp, 
who lived at the north-east corner of 
Covent Garden. Her house was superbly 
furnished. She died 1761. 

*.jf* Foote introduces her in The Minor, 
as "Mrs. Cole" (1760) ; and Hogarth in 
his picture called " The March to Finch- 
ley." 

Mother Goose, in French Contes de 
Ma Mere I'Oye, by Charles Perrault 
(1097). 

*** There are ten stories in this book, 
seven of which are from the Penta- 



Mother Goose, a native of Boston, 
in Massachusetts, authoress of nursery 
rhymes. Mother Goose used to sing her 
rhymes to her grandson, and Thomas 
Fleet, her brother-in-law, printed and 
published the first edition of her nursery 
rhymes, entitled Songs for the Nursery or 
Mother Goose's Melodies, in 1719.; 

*** Dibdin wrote a pantomime entitled 
Mother Goose. 

Mother Hubbard, an old lady 
whose whole time and attention were 
taken up by her dog, who was most 
wilful ; but the dame never lost her tem- 
per, nor forgot her politeness. After 



MOTHER HUBBERD. 



667 



MOUNTAIN. 



running about all day to supply Master 



The d.une made a curtsey, the dog made a bow ; 
The dame said, " Your servant ! " the dug said, " Bow, 
wow ! " 

A Nursery Tale in Rhyme. 

Mother Hubberd, the supposed 
narrator of a tale called The Fox and 
the Aj>e, related to the poet Spenser to 
beguile the weary hours of sickness. 
Several persons told him tales, but 

Amongst the rest a good old woman was 

Higlit Mother Hubberd, who did far surpass 

The rest in honest mirth that seemed her well ; 

She, when her turn was come her tale to tell. 

Told of a strange adventure that betided 

Betwixt a fox and ape by him misguided ; 

The which, for that my sense it greatly pleased, . . . 

I'll write it as she the same did say. 

Spenser. 

Mother Hubberd's Tale. A fox 
and an ape determined to travel about the 
■world as chevaliers de Vindustrie. First, 
Ape dressed as a broken-down soldier, and 
Fox as his servant. A fanner agreed to 
take them for his shepherds ; but they 
devoured all his lambs and then decamped. 
They next " went in for holy orders." 
Reynard contrived to get a living given 
him, and appointed the ape as his clerk ; 
but they soon made the parish too hot to 
hold them, and again sheered off. They 
next tried their fortune at court ; the 
ape set himself up as a foreigner of dis- 
tinction, with Fox for his groom. They 
played the part of rakes, but being found 
to be desperate rogues, had to flee with 
all despatch, and seek another field of 
action. As they journeyed on, they saw 
a lion sleeping, and Master Fox persuaded 
his companion to steal the crown, sceptre, 
and royal robes. The ape, arrayed in 
these, assumed to be king, and Fox was 
his prime minister ; but so ill did they 
govern that Jupiter interfered, the lion 
was restored, and the ape was docked of 
his tail and had his ears cropt. 

Since which, all apes but half their ears have left, 

And of their tails are utterly bereft. 

So Mother Hubberd her discourse did end. 

Spenser, Mother Hubberd's Tale. 

Mother Shipton, T. Evan Preece, 
of South Wales, a prophetess, whose pre- 
dictions (generally in rhymes) were at 
one time in everybody's mouth in South 
Wales, especially in Glamorganshire. 

* + * She predicted the death of Wolsey, 
lord Percy, and others. Her prophecies 
are still extant, and contain the announce- 
ment that " the end of the world shall 
come in eighteen hundred and eighty-one." 

Mother of the People {The), Mar- 
guerite of France, la Mere des Peuples, 
daughter of Francois I. (1523-1574). 



Mother's Three Joys (A). "The 
three holy days allowed to the fond mo- 
ther's heart," passing by the ecstasy of 
the birth of her child, are : 

1. When first the white hlntim! of his teeth appear, 
breaking the crimson buds that did encase them ; that is 
a d»y of joy. 

8. Next, when from his father's arms he runs without 
support, ami clings, laughing and deliuhted, to his mo- 
ther's knee; that is the mother's heart's next hohday. 

:{. And sweeter still the third, whenever his little 
stammering tongue shall utter the grateful sound of 
"father," "mother;" oh, that is the dearest joy of all I 
— Sheridan, I'imrro (altered from KoUebue, \7M). 

Mould {Mr.), undertaker. His face 
had a queer attempt at melancholy, sadly 
at variance with a smirk of satisfaction 
which might be read between the lines. 
Though his calling was not a lively one, 
it did not depress his spirits, as in the 
bosom of his family he was the most 
cheery of men, and to him the "tap, tap" 
of coffin-making was as sweet and exhila- 
rating as the tapping of a woodpecker. — 
C. Dickens, Martin. Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Mouldy {Ralph), " a good-limbed 
fellow, young, strong, and of good friends." 
Ralph was pricked for a recruit in sir 
John Falstaffs regiment. He promised 
Bardolph forty shillings " to stand his 
friend." Sir John, being told this, sent 
Mouldy home, and when justice Shallow 
remonstrated, saying that Ralph " was 
the likeliest man of the lot," Falstaff 
replied, "Will you tell me, Master Shal- 
low, how to choose a man ? Care I for the 
limb, the thews, the stature, bulk, and big 
assemblance of a man ? Give me the 
spirit, Master Shallow." — Shakespeare, 2 
Henry IV. act iii. sc. 2 (1598). 

MouHahs, Mohammedan lawyers, 
from which are selected the judges. 

Mountain {T/ie), a name given in 
the French Revolution to a faction which 
sat on the benches most elevated in the 
Hall of Assembly. The Girondins sat 
in the centre or lowest part of the hall, 
and were nicknamed the " plain." The 
"mountain" for a long time was the 
dominant part; it utterly overthrew the 
"plain" on August 31, 1793, but was in 
turn overthrown at the fall of Robespierre 
(9 Thermidor ii. or July 27, 1794). 

Mountain {The Old Man of the), 
the imaum Hassan ben Sabbah el Homairi. 
The sheik Al Jebal was so called. He 
was the prince of the Assassins. 

*** In Rymer's Faidera (vol. i.), Dr. 
Clarke, the editor, has added two letters 
of this sheik ; but the doctor must be 
responsible for their genuineness. 



MOUNTAIN BRUTUS, 



668 



MOWIS. 



Mountain Brutus {The), William 
Tell (1282-1350). 

Mountain-Monarch of Europe, 
mont Blanc. 

Mountain of Flowers, the site of 
the palace of Violenta, the mother fairy 
who brought up the young princess after- 
wards metamorphosed into " The White 
Cat." — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
("The White Cat," 1682). 

Mountain of Miseries. Jupiter 
gave permission for all men to bring their 
grievances to a certain plain, and to ex- 
change them with any others that had been 
cast off. Fancy helped them ; but though 
the heap was so enormous, not one single 
vice was to be found amongst the rubbish. 
Old women threw away their wrinkles, 
and young ones their mole-spots ; some 
cast on the heap poverty ; many their red 
noses and bad teeth ; but no one his 
crimes. Now came the choice. A galley- 
slave picked up gout, poverty picked up 
sickness, care picked up pain, snub noses 
picked up long ones, and so on. Soon 
all were bewailing the change they had 
made ; and Jupiter sent Patience to tell 
them they might, if they liked, resume their 
own grievances again. Every one gladly 
accepted the permission, and Patience 
helped them to take up their own bundle, 
and bear it without murmuring. — Addi- 
son, The Spectator (1711, 1712, 1714). 

Mountains {Prince of German), 
Schneekoppe (5235 feet), in Eastern 
Prussia. 

Mourning. In Colman's Heir-at-Law 
(1797), every character is in mourning : 
the Dowlases as relatives of the deceased 
lord Duberly ; Henry Morland as heir 
of lord Duberty ; Steadfast as the chief 
friend of the family ; Dr. Pangloss as 
a clergyman ; Caroline Dormer for her 
father recently buried ; Zekiel and Cicely 
Homespun for the same reason ; Kenrick 
for his deceased master. — James Smith, 
Memoirs (1840). 

Mourning Bride {The), a drama 
by W. Congreve (1697). "The mourn- 
ing bride" is Alme'ria daughter of Manuel 
king of Grana'da, and her husband was 
Alphonso prince of Valentia. On the day 
of their espousals they were shipwrecked, 
and each thought the other had perished ; 
but they met together in the court of 
Granada, where Alphonso was taken cap- 
tive under the assumed name of Osmyn. 
Osmyn, having effected his escape, 



marched to Granada at the head of an 
army, found the king dead, and "the 
mourning bride " became his joyful wife. 

Mouse-Tower {The), on the Rhine. 
It was here that bishop Hatto was de- 
voured by mice. (See Hatto, p. 429.) 

*** Mauth is a toll or custom house, 
and the mauth or toll-house for collecting 
duty on corn being very unpopular, gave 
rise to the tradition. 

Moussa, Moses. 

Mowbray {Mr. John), lord of the 
manor of St. Ronan's. 

Clara Mowbray, sister of John Mow- 
bray. She was betrothed to Frank 
Tyrrel, but married Valentine Bulmer. — 
Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, 
George III.). 

Mowbray {Sir Miles), a dogmatical, 
self-opinionated old man, who fancied he 
could read character, and had a natural 
instinct for doing the right thing ; but he 
would have been much wiser if he had 
paid more heed to" the proverb, "Mind 
your own business and not another's." 

Frederick Mowbray, his eldest son, a 
young man of fine principle, and greatly 
liked. His "first love" was Clara Mid- 
dleton, who, being poor, married the rich 
lord Ruby. His lordship soon died, leav- 
ing all his substance to his widow, who 
bestowed it with herself on Frederick 
Mowbray, her first and only love. 

David Mowbray, younger brother of 
Frederick. He was in the navy, and 
was a fine open-hearted, frank, and honest 
British tar. 

Lydia Mowbray, sister of Frederick and 
David, and the wife of Mr. Wrangle. — 
R. Cumberland, First Love (1796). 

Mow'cher {Miss), a benevolent little 
dwarf, patronized by Steerforth. She is 
full of humour and comic vulgarity. 
Her chief occupation is that of hair- 
dressing. — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
(1849). 

Mowis, the bridegroom of snow, who 
wooed and won a beautiful bride, but at 
dawn melted in the sun. The bride 
hunted for him night and day, but never 
saw him more. — American- Indian Legend. 

Mowis, the bridegroom of snow, who won and wedded a 
maiden, 

But when the morning came, arose and passed from the 
wigwam, 

Fading and melting away, and dissolving into the sun- 
shine, 

Till she beheld him no more, tho" she followed far into 
the forest. 

Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 4 (1849). 



MOZAIDE. 



669 



MUDJEKEEWIS. 



Mozaide (2 syl.), the Moor who be- 
friended Vasco de Gama when he first 
landed on the Indian continent. 

The Moor attends. Mozaide, whose zealous rare 
To Gama's eyes revealed each treacherous snare. 

Camoens, Lutiad, ix. (1509). 

Mozart (Tlie English), sir Henry 
Bishop (1780-1855). 

Mozart (The Italian), Cherubini of 
Florence (1760-1842). 

Much, the miller's son, the bailiff or 
"acater" of Robin Hood. (See Midge.) 

Robyn stode In Bernysdale, 

And lened hym to a tree ; 
And by hym stode Lytell Johan, 

A good yeman was he ; 
And also dyde good Scathelock, 

And Much the miller's sone. 
Ritson, Jiobin Hood Ballad*, i. 1 (1594). 

Much, the miller's son, in the morris- 
dance. His feat was to bang, with an 
inflated bladder, the heads of gaping 
spectators. He represented the fool or 
jester. 

Much Ado about Nothing, a 
comedy by Shakespeare (1600). Hero, 
the daughter of Leonato, is engaged to be 
married to Claudio of Aragon ; but don 
John, out of hatred to his brother Leonato, 
determines to mar the happiness of the 
lovers. Accordingly, he bribes the wait- 
ing-maid of Hero to dress in her mistress's 
clothes, and to talk with him by moon- 
light from the chamber balcony. The 
villain tells Claudio that Hero has made 
an assignation with him, and invites him 
to witness it. Claudio is fully persuaded 
that the woman he sees is Hero, and 
when next day she presents herself at 
the altar, he rejects her with scorn. The 
priest feels assured there is some mistake, 
so he takes Hero apart, and gives out that 
she is dead. Then don John takes to 
flight, the waiting-woman confesses, 
Claudio repents, and by way of amend- 
ment (as Hero is dead) promises to 
marry her cousin, but this cousin turns 
out to be Hero herself. 

*** A similar tale is told by Ariosto in 
his Orlando Furioso, v. (1516). 

Another occurs in the Faery Queen, by 
Spenser, bk. ii. 4, 38, etc. (1590). 

George Turbervil's Geneura (1576) is still 
more like Shakespeare's tale. Belief orest 
and Bandello have also similar tales (see 
Hist., xviii.). 

Mucklebacket (Saunders), the old 
fisherman at Musselcrag. 

Old Elspeth Mucklebacket, mother of 
Saunders, and formerly servant to lady 
Glenallan. 



Maggie Mucklebacket, wife of Saunders. 

Steenie Mucklebacket, eldest son of 
Saunders. He is drowned. 

Little Jennie Mucklebacket, Saunders's 
child. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Mucklethrift (Bailie), ironmonger 
and brazier of Kippletringan, in Scotland. 
— Sir VV. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Mucklewrath (Habukkuk), a fanatic 
preacher. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Mucklewrath (John), smith at Caira- 
vreckan village. 

Dame Mucklewrath, wife of John. A 
terrible virago. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Muckworm (Sir Penurious), the 
miserly old uncle and guardian of Ar- 
bella. He wants her to marry squire 
Sapskull, a raw Yorkshire tike ; but she 
loves Gaylove, a young barrister, and, of 
course, Muckworm is outwitted. — Carey, 
The Honest Yorkshireman (1736). 

Mudarra, son of Goncalo Bustos de 
Salas de Lara, who murdered his uncle 
Rodri'go while hunting, to avenge the 
death of his seven half-brothers. The 
tale is, that Rodrigo Velasquez invited 
his seven nephews to a feast, when a fray 
took place in which a Moor was slain ; 
the aunt, who was a Moorish lady, de- 
manded vengeance, whereupon the seven 
boys were allured into a ravine and 
cruelly murdered. Mudarra was the son 
of the same father as " the seven sons 
of Lara," but not of the same mother. 
— Romance of the Eleventh Century. 

Muddle, the carpenter under captain 
Savage and lieutenant O'Brien. — Captain 
Marryat, Peter Simple (1833). 

Muddlewick (Triptolemus), in 
Charles XII. , an historical drama by 
J. R. Planche (1826). 

Mudjekee'wis, the father of Hia- 
watha, and subsequently potentate of the 
winds. He gave all the winds but one 
to his children to rule ; the one he re- 
served was the west wind, which he him- 
self ruled over. The dominion of the 
winds was given to Mudjekeewis because 
he slew the great bear called the Mishe- 
Mokwa. 

Thus was slain the Mishe-Mokwa . . 
" Honour be to Mudjekeewis ! 
Henceforth he shall be the west wind. 



MUG. 



670 



MULMUTIUS. 



And hereafter, e'en for ever. 
Shall he hold supreme dominion, 
Over all the winds of heaven." 

Longfellow, Hiawatha, ii. (1855). 

Mug (Matthew), a caricature of the 
duke of Newcastle. — S. Foote, The Mayor 
of Garratt (1763). 

Mugello, the giant slain by Averardo 
de Medici, a commander under Charle- 
magne. This giant wielded a mace from 
which hung three balls, which the Medici 
adopted as their device. 

*** They have been adopted by pawn- 
brokers as a symbol of their trade. 

Muggins {Dr.), a sapient physician, 
who had the art "to suit his physic to 
his patients' taste ; " so when king Artax- 
aminous felt a little seedy after a night's 
debauch, the doctor prescribed to his 
majesty " to take a morning whet." — W. 
B. Rhodes, Bombastes Furioso (1790). 

Muhldenau, the minister of Marien- 
dorpt, and father of Meeta and Adolpha. 
When Adolpha was an infant, she was 
lost in the siege of Magdeburg ; and 
Muhldenau, having reason to suppose that 
the child was not killed, went to Prague 
in search of her. Here Muhldenau was 
seized as a spy, and condemned to death. 
Meeta, hearing of his capture, walked to 
Prague to beg him off, and was introduced 
to the governor's supposed daughter, who, 
in reality, was Meeta's sister Adolpha. 
Rupert Roselheim, who was betrothed to 
Meeta, stormed the prison and released 
Muhldenau.— S. Knowles, The Maid of 
Mariendorpt (1838). 

Mulatto, a half-caste. Strictly speak- 
ing, Zambo is the issue of an Indian and 
a Negress ; Mulatto, of a Whiteman and a 
Negress ; Terzeron, of a Whiteman and a 
Mulatto woman ; Quadroon, of a Terzeron 
and a White. 

Mul'ciber, Vulcan, who was black- 
smith, architect, and god of fire. 

In Ausonian land 
Men called him Mulciher ; and how he fell 
From heaven, they fabled, thrown by angry Jove 
Sheer o'er the crystal battlements ; from morn 
To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve, 
A summer's day ; and with the setting sun 
Dropt from the zenith like a falling star, 
On Lemnos, the ^gean ile. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, 739, etc. (1665). 

Muley Bugentuf, king of Morocco, 
a blood-and-thunder hero. He is the 
chief character of a tragedy of the same 
name, by Thomas de la Fuenta. 

In the first act, the king of Morocco, by way of re- 
creation, shot a hundred Moorisli slaves with arrows ; in 
the second, lie beheaded thirty Portuguese officers, 
prisoners of war ; and in the third and last act, Muley, 
mad with his wives, set fire with his own hand to a 
detached palace, in which they were shut up, and reduced 



them all to ashes. . . . This conflagration, accompanied 
with a thousand shrieks, closed the piece in a very divert- 
ing manner.— Lesage, Gil Bias, ii. 9 (1715). 

Mull Sack. John Cottington, in the 
time of the Commonwealth, was so called, 
from his favourite beverage. John 
Cottington emptied the pockets of Oliver 
Cromwell when lord protector ; stripped 
Charles II. of £1500 ; and stole a watch 
and chain from lady Fairfax. 

*** Mull sack is spiced sherry negus. 

Mulla's Bard, Spenser, author of 
the Faery Queen. The Mulla, a tributary 
of the Blackwater, in Ireland, flowed close 
by the spot where the poet's house stood. 
He was born and died in London (1553- 
1599). 

... it irks me while I write, 
As erst the bard of Mulla's silver stream, 
Oft as he told of deadly dolorous plight 
Sighed as he sung, and did in tears indite. 

Shenstone, The Schoolmistress (1758). 

Mulla. Thomas Campbell, in his poem 
on the Spanish Parrot, calls the island of 
Mull " Mulla's Shore." 

Mullet (Professor), the "most re- 
markable man" of North America. He 
denounced his own father for voting on 
the wrong side at an election for presi- 
dent, and wrote thunderbolts, in the form 
of pamphlets, under the signature of 
" Suturb " or Brutus reversed. — C. 
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

MuTmutine Laws, the code of 
Dunvallo Mulmutius, sixteenth king of the 
Britons (about B.C. 400). This code was 
translated by Gildas from British into 
Latin, and by Alfred into English. The 
Mulmutine laws obtained in this country 
till the Conquest. — Holinshed, History of 
England, etc., iii. 1 (1577). 

Mulmutius made our laws. 
Who was the first of Britain which did put 
His brows within a golden crown, and call'd 
Himself a king. 

Shakespeare, Cymbelinc, act iii. sc. 1 (1605) 

Mulmutius (Dunwallo), son of 
Cloten king of Cornwall. " He excelled 
all the kings of Britain in valour and 
gracefulness of person." In a battle 
fought against the allied Welsh and 
Scotch armies, Mulmutius tried the very 
scheme which Virgil (JEneid, ii.) says 
was attempted by ^Eneas and his com- 
panions — that is, they dressed in the 
clothes and bore the arms of the enemy 
slain, and thus disguised committed very 
great slaughter. Mulmutius, in his dis- 
guise, killed both the Cambrian and 
Albanian kings, and put the allied army 
to thorough rout. — Geoffrey, British His- 
tory, ii. 17. 



MULTON. 



671 



MUSCAROL. 



Mulmutitis this land in such estate maintained 
As his great belsire lirute. 

Drajton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Multoil (Sir Thomas de), of Gilsland. 
He is lord de Vaux, a crusader, and 
master of the horse to king Richard 
I. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.). 

Mumblazen (Master Michael), the 
old herald, a dependent of sir Hugh 
Robsart. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Mumbo Jumbo, an African bogie, 
hideous and malignant, the terror of 
women and children. 

Mumps (Tib), keeper of the 
"Mumps' Ha' ale-hous'," on the road to 
Charlie's Hope farm. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Munchau'sen (The baron), a hero 
of most marvellous adventures. — Rudolf 
Erich Raspe (a German, but storekeeper 
of the Dolcoath mines, in Cornwall, 1792). 

*** The name is said to refer to 
Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von Miinch- 
hansen, a German officer in the Russian 
army, noted for his marvellous stories 
(1720-1797). It is also supposed to be an 
implied satire on the travellers' tales of 
baron de Tott in his Me'moircs sur les 
Turcs ct Tartares (1784), and those of 
James Bruce "The African Traveller" 
in his Travels to Discover the Sources of 
the Nile (1790). 

Munchausen (TJie baron). The French 
baron Munchausen is represented by M. 
de Crac, the hero of a French operetta. 

Mu'nera, daughter of Pollente the 
Saracen, to whom he gave all the spoils 
he could lay his hands on. Munera was 
beautiful and rich exceedingly ; but Talus, 
having chopped off her golden hands and 
silver feet, tossed her into the moat. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 2 (1596). 

Mungo, a black slave of don Diego. 

Dear heart, what a terrible life am I led ! 

A dog has a better dat's sheltered and fed . . . 

Mungo here, Mungo dere, 

Mungo everywhere . . . 
Me wish to de Lord me was dead. 

|I. Bickerstaff, The Padlock (1768). 

Murat (The Russian), Michael Milo- 
radowitch (1770-1820). 

Murdstone (Edward), the second 
husband of Mrs. Copperfield. His cha- 
racter was "firmness," that is, an un- 
bending self-will, which rendered the 
young life of David intolerably wretched. 

Jane Murdstone, sister of Edward, as 
hard and heartless as her brother. Jane 



Murdstone became the companion of Dora 
Spenlow, and told Mr. Spenlow of David's 
love for Dora, hoping to annoy David. 
At the death of Mr. Spenlow, Jane re- 
turned to live with her brother. — Dickens, 
David Copperfield (1849). 

Murray or Moray ( The bonnic earl 
of), James Stuart, the "Good Regent," 
a natural son of James V. of Scotland by 
Margaret daughter of John lord Erskine. 
He joined the reform party in 1556, and 
went to France in 1561 to invite Mary 
queen of Scots to come and reside in 
her kingdom. He was an accomplice in 
the murder of Rizzio, and during the 
queen's imprisonment was appointed 
regent. According to an ancient ballad, 
this bonny earl "was the queen's love," 
i.e. queen Anne of Denmark, daughter of 
Frederick II., and wife of James I. of Eng- 
land. It is said that James, being jealous 
of the handsome earl, instigated the earl 
of Huntly to murder him (1531-1570). 

Introduced by sir W. Scott in Tlie 
Monastery and The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Murray (John), of Broughton, secre- 
tary to Charles Edward, the Young Pre- 
tender. He turned king's evidence, and 
revealed to Government all the circum- 
stances which gave rise to the rebellion, 
and the persons most active in its organi- 
zation. 

If crimes like these hereafter are forgiven, 
Judas and Murray both may go to heaven. 

Jacobite Relics, ii. 374 

Musseus, the poet (b.c. 1410), author 
of the elegant tale of Leander and Hero. 
Mrgil places him in the Elysian fields, 
attended by a vast multitude of ghosts, 
'Musaeus being taller by a head than any 
of them (JEneid, vi. 677). 

Swarm ... as the infernal spirits 

On sweet Musieus when he came to hell. 

C. Marlowe, Dr. Faastut (1590). 

Muscadins of Paris, Paris exqui- 
sites, who aped the London cockneys in the 
first French Revolution. Their dress was 
top-boots with thick soles, knee-breeches, 
a dress-coat with long tails and high stiff 
collar, and a thick cudgel called a con- 
stitution. It was thought John Bull-like 
to assume a huskiness of voice, a dis- 
courtesy of manners, and a swaggering 
vulgarity of speech and behaviour. 

Cockneys of London ! Muscadins of Paris ! 

Byron, Don Juan, viii 124 (1824). 

Mus'earol, king of flies, and father 
of Clarion the most beautiful of the race. 
— Spenser, Muiopotmos or The Butterfly's 
Fate (1590). 



MUSE. 



672 



MUSIDORA. 



Muse (The Tenth), Marie Lejars de 
Gournay, a French writer (1566-1645). 

Antoinette Deshoulieres ; also called 
" The French Calliope." Her best work 
is an allegory called Les Moutons (1633- 
1694). 

Mdlle. Scuderi was preposterously so 
called (1607-1701). 

Also Delphine Gay, afterwards Mde. 
Emile de Girardin. Her nom de plume 
was " viconte de Launay." Be'ranger 
sang of " the beauty of her shoulders," 
and Chateaubriand of " the charms of 
her smile " (1804-1855). 

Muse-Mother, Mnemosyne, god- 
dess of memory and mother of the Muses. 

Memory, 
That sweet Muse-mother. 
K. B. Browning, Prometlieus Bound (1850). 

Muses (Symbols of the). 

Cal/liope [Kal'.'ly.&.py], the epic 
Muse: a tablet and stylus, sometimes a 
scroll. 

Clio, Muse of history : a scroll, or 
open chest of books. 

Er'ato, Muse of love ditties : a lyre. 

Euter'pe\ Muse of lvric poetry: a 
flute. - y y 

Melpom'ene, Muse of tragedy: a 
tragic mask, the club of Hercules, or a 
sword. She wears the cothurnus, and 
her head is wreathed with vine leaves. 

Pol/yhym'nia, Muse of sacred poetry : 
sits pensive, but has no attribute, because 
deity is not to be represented by any 
visible symbol. 

Terpsic'hore [Terp.sick'.o.ry'], Muse 
of choral song and dance : a lyre and the 
plectrum. 

Thali'a, Muse of comedy and idyllic 
poetry : a comic mask, a shepherd's staff, 
or a wreath of ivy. 

Uran'ia, Muse of astronomy : carries 
a staff pointing to a globe. 

Museum (A Walking), Longinus, 
author of a work on The Sublime (213- 
273). 

Musgrave (Sir Richard), the English 
champion who fought with sir William 
Deloraine the Scotch champion, to de- 
cide by combat whether young Scott, the 
heir of Branksome Hall, should become 
the page of king Edward or be delivered 
up to his mother. In the combat, sir 
Richard was slain, and the boy was 
delivered over to his mother.— Sir W. 
Scott, Lay of tlie Last Minstrel (1805). 

Musgrave (Sir Miles), an officer in the 
king's service under the earl of Mont- 



rose. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose 
(time, Charles I.). 

Music. Amphion is said to havo 
built the walls of Thebes by the music 
of his lyre. Ilium and the capital of 
Arthur's kingdom were also built to 
divine music. The city of Jericho was 
destroyed by music (Joshua vi. 20). 

They were building still, seeing the city was built 
To music. 

Tennyson. 

Music and Men of Genius. Hume, Dr. 
Johnson, sir W. Scott, Robert Peel, and 
lord Byron had no ear for music, and 
neither vocal nor instrumental music 
gave them the slightest pleasure. To the 
poet Rogers it gave actual discomfort. 
Even the harmonious Pope preferred the 
harsh dissonance of a street organ to 
Handel's oratorios. 

Music (Father of), Giovanni Battista 
Pietro Aloisio da Palestri'na (1529-1594). 

Music (Father of Greek), Terpander (fl. 
B.C. 676). 

Music and Madness. Persons 
bitten by the tarantula are said to be 
cured by music. — See Burton, Anatomy 
of Melancholy, ii. 2 (1624). 

Music's First Martyr. Menaphon 
says that when he was in Thessaly he saw 
a youth challenge the birds in music ; 
and a nightingale took up the challenge. 
For a time the contest was uncertain ; 
but then the youth, "in a rapture," played 
so cunningly, that the bird, despairing, 
" down dropped upon his lute, and brake 
her heart." 

*** This beautiful tale by Strada (in 
Latin) has been translated in rhyme 
by R. Crashaw. Versions have been 
given by Ambrose Philips, and others ; 
but none can compare with the exquisite 
relation of John Ford, in his drama 
entitled The Lover's Melancholy (162-8). 

Music hath Charms to soothe 
the stubborn breast. — Congreve, The 
Mourning Bride, i. 1 (1697). 

If Music be the Food of Love, play on ; 
Give me excess of it 
Shakespeare, Twelfth A'ight, act i. sc. 1 (1614). 

Musical Small-Coal Man, Thos. 
Britton, who used to sell small coals, 
and keep a musical club (1654-1714). 

Musicians (Prince of), Giovanni 
Battista Pietro Aloisio da Palestri'na 
(1529-1594). 

Musidora, the dame du occur of 
Damon. Damon thought her coyness 
was scorn 7 but one day he caught her 



MUSIDORUS. 



MY LITTLE ALL. 



bathing, and his delicacy on the occasion 
80 enchanted her that she at once ac- 
cepted his proffered love. — Thomson, 
Seasons ("Summer," 1727). 

Musido'rus, a hero whose exploits 
are told by sir Philip Sidney, in his 
Arcadia (1581). 

Musketeer, a soldier armed with a 
musket, but specially applied to a com- 
pany of gentlemen who were a mounted 
guard in the service of the king of 
France from 1661. 

They formed two companies, the grey 
and the black ; so called from the colour 
of their hair. Both were clad in scarlet, 
and hence their quarters were called the 
Maison rouge. In peace they followed 
the king in the chase to protect him ; in 
war they fought either on foot or horge- 
back. They were suppressed in 17I>1 \ 
restored in 1814, but only for a few 
months ; and after the restoration of 
Louis XVIII., we hear no more of them. 
Many Scotch gentlemen enrolled them- 
selves among these dandy soldiers, who 
went to war with curled hair, white 
gloves, and perfumed like milliners. 

* + * A. Dumas has a novel called The 
Three Musketeers (1844), the first of a 
series ; the second is Twenty Years After- 
wards; and the third, Vicvnte de Brage- 
lonne. 

Muslin, the talkative, impertinent, 
intriguing snivante of Mrs. Lovemore. 
Mistress Muslin is sweet upon "William 
the footman ; and loves cards. — A. Mur- 
phy, Tlie Way to Keep Him (1760). 

Mussel, a fountain near the waterless 
sea, which purges from transgression. 
So called because it is contained in a 
hollow stone like a mussel-shell. It is 
mentioned by Prester John, in his letter 
to Manuel Comnenus emperor of Con- 
stantinople. Those who test it enter the 
water, and, if they are true men, it rises 
till it covers their heads three times. 

Mus'tafa, a poor tailor of China, 
father of Aladdin, killed by illness 
brought on by the idle vagabondism of 
his son. — Arabian Nights ("Aladdin and 
the Wonderful Lamp "). 

Mutton, a courtezan, sometimes 
called a "laced mutton." "Mutton 
Lane," in Clerkenwell, was so called 
because it was a suburra or quarter for 
harlots. The courtezan was called a 
"Mutton" even in the reign of Henry 
III., for Bracton speaks of them as oves. 
— De Legibits, etc., ii. (1569). 



Mutton ( Who Stole the) '/ This was a 
common street jeer flung on policemen 
when the force was first organized, and rose 
thus : The first case the force had to deal 
with was the thief of a leg of mutton ; 
but they wholly failed to detect the thief, 
and the laugh turned against them. 

Mutton - Eating King (The), 
Charles II. of England (1630, 1659- 
1685). 

Here lies our mutton-eating king. 
Whose word no man relies on ; 

He never said a foolish thing, 
And never did a wise on'. 

Earl of Rochester. 

Mutual Friend (Our), a novel bv 
Charles Dickens (1864). The "mutual 
friend" is Mr. Boffin "the golden dust- 
man," who was the mutual friend of 
John Harmon and of Bella Wilfer. The 
tale is this : John Harmon was supposed 
to have been murdered by Julius Hand- 
ford ; but it was Ratford, who was 
murdered bj r Rogue Riderhood, and the 
mistake arose from a resemblance be- 
tween the two persons. By his father's 
will, John Harmon was to marry Bella 
Wilfer ; but John Harmon knew not the 
person destined by his father for his 
wife, and made up his mind to dislike 
her. After his supposed murder, he 
assumed the name of John Rokesmith, 
and became the secretary of Mr. Boffin 
" the golden dustman," residuary legatee 
of old John Harmon, by which he became 
possessor of £100,000. Boffin knew 
Rokesmith, but concealed his knowledge 
for a time. At Boffin's house, John Har- 
mon (as Rokesmith) met Bella Wilfer, 
and fell in love with her. Mr. Boffin, in 
order to test Bella's love, pretended to 
be angry with Rokesmith for presuming 
to love Bella ; and as Bella married him, 
he cast them both off " for a time," to 
live on John's earnings. A babe was 
born, and then the husband took the 
young mother to a beautiful house, and 
told her he was John Harmon, that the 
house was their house, that he was 
the possessor of £100,000 through the 
disinterested conduct of their " mutual 
friend" Mr. Boffin ; and the young couple 
live happily with Mr. and Mrs. Boffin, in 
wealth and luxury. 

My-Book (Dr.). Dr. John Aber- 
ne'thy (1765-1830) was so called, because 
he used to say to his patients, " Read my 
book" (On Surgical Observations). 

My Little All. 

I was twice burnt out, and lost my little all both times. 
—Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1 (1779). 

2 x 



MYREBEAU. 



674 



NADGETT. 



Myrebeau (Le sieure de), one of the 
committee of the states of Burgundy. — 
Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Myro, a statuary of Eleu'thene, who 
carved a cow so true to nature that even 
bulls mistook it for a living animal. (See 
Horse Painted.) 

E'en Myro's statues, which for art surpass 
All others, once were but a shapeless mass. 

Ovid, Art of Love, iii. 

Myrob'alan Comfits (Greek, muron 
balanon, "myrrh fruit"), dried fruits of 
various kinds, sometimes used as pur- 
gatives. The citrins resemble the French 
" prunes de Mirabelle ; " the belerins have 
a noyau flavour ; the indis are acidulated. 
There are several other varieties. 

She is sweeter to me than the mvrabolan [sic] comfit. 
W. Beckford, Vathek (1786). 

Myrra, an Ionian slave, and the be- 
loved concubine of Sardanapa'lus the 
Assyrian king. She roused him from his 
indolence to resist Arba'ces the Mede, 
who aspired to his throne, and when she 
found his cause hopeless, induced him to 
mount a funeral pile, which she fired with 
her own hand, and then springing into 
the flames she perished with the tyrant. — 
Byron, Sanlanapalus (1819). 

At once brave and tender, enamoured of her lord, yet 
yearning to be free ; worshipping at once her distant 
land and the soft barbarian. . . . The heroism of this 
fair Ionian is never above nature, yet always on the 
highest verge. The proud melancholy that mingles with 
her character, recalling her fatherland ; her warm and 
generous love, without, one tinge of self ; her passionate 
desire to elevate the nature of Sardanapa'lus, — are the 
result of the purest sentiment and the noblest art. — Ed- 
ward Lytton Bulwer (lord Lytton). 

Mysie, the female attendant of lady 
Margaret Bellenden of the Tower of Til- 
lietudlem. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Mysie, the old housekeeper at Wolf's 
Crag Tower. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of 
Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

Mysis, the scolding wife of Sile'no, 
and mother of Daph'ne and Nysa. It is 
to Mysis that Apollo sings that popular 
song, " Pray, Goody, please to moderate 
the rancour of your tongue" (act i. 3). 
—Kane O'Hara, Midas (1764). 

Mysterious Husband (The), a 
tragedy by Cumberland (1788). Lord 
Davenant was a bigamist. His first wife 
was Marianne Dormer, whom he forsook 
in three months to marry Louisa Travers. 
Marianne, supposing her husband to be 
dead, married lord Davenant's son ; and 
Miss Dormer's brother was the betrothed of 
the second ladv Davenant before her mar- 



riage with his lordship, but was told that 
he had proved faithless and had married 
another. The report of lord Davenant's 
death and the marriage of captain Dormer 
were both false. When the villainy of 
lord Davenant could be concealed no 
longer, he destroyed himself. 



W. 



Nab, the fairy that addressed Orpheus 
in the infernal regions, and offered him 
for food a roasted ant, a flea's thigh, 
butterflies' brains, some sucking mites, a 
rainbow tart, etc., to be washed down with 
dew-drops and beer made from seven 
barleycorns — a very heady liquor. — King, 
Orpheus and Eurydice (17o0-1805). 

H"ab-man (The)? a sheriff's officer. 

Old Dornton has sent the nab-man after him at last. 
— truy JIanncrhiff, ii. 3. 

*** This is the dramatized version of 
sir W. Scott's novel, by Terry (1816). 

!N"acien, the holy hermit who intro- 
duced Galahad to the " Siege Perilous," 
the only vacant seat in the Round Table. 
This seat was reserved for the knight who 
was destined to achieve the quest of the 
holy graal. Nacien told the king and 
his knights that no one but a virgin 
knight could achieve that quest. — Sir T. 
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 
(1470). 

!N"adab, in Dryden's satire of Absa- 
lom and Achitophel, is meant for lord 
Howard, a profligate, who laid claim to 
great piety. As Nadab offered incense 
with strange fire and was slain, so lord 
Howard, it is said, mixed the consecrated 
wafer with some roast apples and sugar. 
— Pt. i. (1681). 

Na'dalet, a peculiar peal rung at 
Christmas-time by the church bells of 
Languedoc. 

Christmas is come ... a coming which is announced on 
all sides of us . . . by our charming nadalet. — Oornhitl 
magazine (Eugenie de Gueriu, 1S<>3). 

!N"adgett, a man employed by Mon- 
tague Tigg (manager of the " Anglo- 
Bengalee Company") to make private 
inquiries. He was a dried-up, shrivelled 
old man. Where he lived and how he 
lived, nobody knew ; but- he was always 



NAG'S HEAD CONSECRATION. 675 



NAMES OF TERROR. 



to be seen waiting for some one who never 
appeared ; and he would glide along ap- 
parently taking no notice of any one. — 
C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Wag's Head Consecration, a 

scandal perpetuated by Pennant on the 
dogma of "apostolic succession." The 
" high-church clergy " assert that the 
ceremony called holy orders has been 
transmitted without interruption from 
the apostles. Thus, the apostles laid 
hands on certain persons, who (say they) 
became ministers of the gospel ; these 
persons "ordained" others in the same 
manner ; and the succession has never 
been broken. Pennant says, at the Re- 
formation the bishops came to a fix. 
There was only one bishop, viz., Anthony 
Kitchen of Llandaff, and Bonner would 
not allow him to perform the ceremony. 
In this predicament, the fourteen candi- 
dates for episcopal ordination rummaged 
up Story, a deposed bishop, and got him 
to " lay hands " on Parker, as archbishop 
of Canterbury. As it would have been 
profanation for Story to do this in a 
cathedral or church, the ceremony was 
performed in a tavern called the Nag's 
Head, corner of Friday Street, Cheapside. 
Strype refutes this scandalous tale in his 
Life of Archbishop Parker, and so does 
Dr. Hook ; but it will never be stamped 
out. 

Naggleton {Mr. and Mrs.), types of 
a nagging husband and wife. They are 
for ever jangling at trifles and wilful 
misunderstandings. — Punch (1864-5). 

Naked Bear ( The). Hush I the naked 
bear trill hear you I a threat and reproof to 
unruly children in North America. The 
naked bear, saj's the legend, was larger 
and more ferocious than any of the species. 
It was quite naked, save and except one 
spot on its back, where was a tuft of 
white hair. — Heckewelder, Transactions 
of the American Phil. Soc, iv. 260. 

Thus the wrinkled old Nokomis 

Nursed the little Hiawatha, 

Rocked him in his linden cradle, 

Stilled his fretful wail by saying, 

" Hush ! the naked bear will get thee ! " 

Longfellow, Jliawatha, iii. (1855). 

*** Even to the present hour the threat, 
" I'll see your naked nose ! " is used 
occasionally in England to quiet fretful 
and unruly children. I have myself 
heard it scores of times. 

Nakir', Nekir, or Nakeer. (See 

MONKER AND NAKIR.) 

Nala, a legendary king of India, 



noted for his love of Damavanti, and his 
subsequent misfortunes. This legendary 
king has been the subject of numerous 
poems. 

*** Dean Milman has translated into 
English the episode from the Mahabhd rata, 
and \V. Yates has translated the Nalodaya 
of the great Sanskrit poem. 

Nama, a daughter of man, beloved 
by the angel Zaraph. Her wish was to 
love intensely and to love holily, but as 
she fixed her love on a seraph, and not. 
on God, she was doomed to abide on 
earth, "unchanged in heart and frame," 
so long as the earth endureth ; but at the 
great consummation both Nama and her 
seraph will be received into those courts 
of love, where " love never dieth." — 
Moore, Loves of the Angels, ii. (1822). 

Namancos, Numantia, a town of 
Old Castile, in Spain. Milton says the 
"guarded mount looks towards Naman- 
cos," that is, the fortified mount called 
St. Michael, at the Land's End, faces Old 
Castile.— Milton, Lycidas, 161 (1638). 

Namby (Major), a retired officer, 
living in the suburbs of London. He 
had been twice married ; his first wife 
had four children, and his second wife 
three. Major Namby, though he lived 
in a row, always transacted his domestic 
affairs by bawling out his orders from 
the front garden, to the annoyance of his 
neighbours. He used to stalk half-way 
down the garden path, with his head high 
in the air, his chest stuck out, and flour- 
ishing his military cane. Suddenly he 
would stop, stamp with one foot, knock 
up the hinder brim of his hat, begin to 
scratch the nape of his neck, Avait a 
moment, then wheel round, look at the 
first-floor window, and roar out, " Ma- 
tilda ! " (the name of his wife) " don't do 
so-and-so ;" or " Matilda! do so-and-so." 
Then would he bellow to the servants to 
buy this, or not to let the children eat 
that, and so on. — Wilkie Collins, Pray 
Employ Major Namby (a sketch). 

Name. To tell one's name to an enemy 
about to challenge you to combat was 
deemed by the ancient Scotch heroes a 
mark of cowardice ; because, if the pre- 
decessors of the combatants had shown 
hospitality, no combat could ensue. Hence 
" to tell one's name to an enemy " was an 
ignominious synonym of craven or coward. 

"I have been renowned in hattle," said Cless'ammor, 
"but I never told my name to a foe."— Ossian, Cartlton. 

Names of Terror. The following, 



NAMES OF TERROR. 



676 



NANCY OF THE VALE. 



amongst others, have been employed as 
bogie-names to frighten children with : — 

Attila was a bogie-name to the latter 
Romans. 

Bo or Boh, son of Odin, was a fierce 
Gothic captain. His name was used by 
his soldiers when they would fight or 
surprise the enemy.— Sir William Temple. 

* # * Warton tells us that the Dutch 
scared their children with the name of 
Boh. 

Bonaparte, at the close of the 
eighteenth and beginning of the nine- 
teenth centuries, was a name of terror in 
Europe. 

Corvi'ntjs (Mathias), the Hungarian, 
was a scare-name to the Turks. 

Lilis or Lilith was a bogie-name used 
by the ancient Jews to unruly children. 
The rabbinical writers tell us that Lilith 
was Adam's wife before the creation of 
Eve. She refused to submit to him, and 
became a horrible night-spectre, especi- 
ally hostile to young children. 

Lunsford, a name employed to frighten 
children in England. Sir Thomas Luns- 
ford, governor of the Tower, was a man 
of most vindictive temper, and the dread 
of every one. 

Made children with your tones to run for't, 
As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford. 

S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 2, line 1112 (1678). 

Narses (2 syl.) was the name used by 
Assj'rian mothers to scare their children 
with. 

The name of Narses was the formidable sound with 
which the Assyrian mothers were accustomed to terrify 
their infants. — Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman 
Empire, viii. 219 (1776-88). 

Rawhead and Bloody-bones were 
at one time bogie-names to children. 

Servants awe children and keep them in subjection by 
telling them of Rawhead and Bloody-bones.— Locke. 

Richard L, " Coeur de Lion." This 
name, says Camden (Remains), was em- 
ployed by the Saracens as a "name of 
dread and terror." 

His tremendous name was employed by the Syrian 
mothers to silence their infants; and if a horse suddenly 
started from the way, his rider was wont to exclaim, 

Post thou think king Richard is in the bush ?"— Gibbon, 
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, xi. 146 (1776-88). 

Sebastian ( Bom), a name of terror 
once used by the Moors. 

Nor shall Sebastian's formidable name 
Be longer used to still the crying babe. 

Dryden, Don Sebastian (1690). 

Talbot (John), a name used in France 
in terrorem to unruly children. 

They in France to feare their young children crye, " The 
Talbot commeth ! "—Hall, Chronicles (154. r >). 

. Here (said they) is the. terror of the French, 
The scarecrow that affrights our children so. 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 4 (15S9). 



Is this the Talbot so much feared abroad, 
That with his name the mothers still their babes J 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act iv. sc. 5 (1589*. 

Tamerlane, a name used by the lYr- 
sians in terrorem. 

Tarquin, a name of terror in Roman 
nurseries. 

The nurse, to still her child, will tell my story, 
And fright her crying babe with Tarquin's name. 

Shakespeare, Rape of Lucrece (1594). 

(See also Naked Bear.) 

Namo, duke of Bavaria, and one of 
Charlemagne's twelve paladins. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Namou'na, an enchantress. Though 
first of created beings, she is still as 
young and beautiful as ever. — Persian 
Mythology. 

Famous, the envoy of Mahomet in 
paradise. 

Nancy, servant to Mrs. Pattypan. A 
pretty little flirt, who coquets with Tim 
Tartlet and young Whimsey, and helps 
Charlotte Whimsev in her "love affairs." 
—James Cobb, The First Floor (1756- 
1818). 

Nancy, a poor misguided girl, who 
really loved the villain Bill Sikes (1 syl.). 
In spite of her surroundings, she had 
still some good feelings, and tried to 
prevent a burglary planned by Fagin and 
his associates. Bill Sikes, in a fit of 
passion, struck her twice upon the face 
with the butt-end of a pistol, and she fell 
dead at his feet. — C. Dfekens, Oliver 
Twist (1837). 

Nancy, the sailor's fancy. At half- 
past four he parted from her ; at eight 
next morn he bade her adieu. Next day 
a storm arose, and when it lulled the 
enemy appeared ; but when the fight was 
hottest, the jolly tar "put up a prayer 
for Nancy." — Dibdin, Sea Songs ("'Twas 
post meridian half-past four," 1790). 

Nancy (Miss), Mrs. Anna Oldfield, a 
celebrated actress, buried in Westminster 
Abbey. She died in 1730, and lay in 
state, attended by two noblemen. Mrs. 
Oldfield was buried in a " very fine 
Brussels lace head-dress, a new pair of 
kid gloves, and a robe with lace rufHcs 
and a lace collar." (See Narctssa.) 

Nancy Dawson, a famous actress, 
who took London by storm. Her father 
was a poster in Clare Market (1728-1767). 

Her easy mien, her shape so neat, 
She foots, she trips, she looks so swoet ; 
I die for Nancy Dawson. 

Nancy of the Vale, a village 



NANNIE. 



677 NAPOLEON AND TALLEYRAND. 



maiden, who preferred Strephon to the 
gay lordlings who sought her hand in 
marriage. — Shenstone, A. Ballad (1554). 

Nannie, Miss Fleming, daughter of 
a farmer in the parish of Tarbolton, in 
Ayrshire. Immortalized by R. Burns. 

Nan'tolet, father of Rosalura and 
Lillia-Bianca. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Wild-ijovsc Chase (1052). 

Napoleon I., called by the Germans 

" kaiser Kliis " ('/.«.). 

"M" is curiously coupled with the 

history of Napoleon I. and III. (See 

M., p. 583.) 

The following is a curious play on the 

word Napoleon : — 

N:i|>ole0n apoleOn poleAn oledn le6n edn 

Hapoieon ApoUyon cities destroying a-liutt going-about 
on. 
being. That is : 

Napoleon-Apollyon [being] is a lion going about destroy- 
ing cities. 

Chauvinism, Napoleon idolatry. Chau- 
vin is a blind idolater of Napoleon I., in 
Scribe's drama entitled Soldat Lubuurcur. 

The picture of Napoleon galloping up 
the Alps on a rampant war-charger, is by 
David. The war-horse is a poetical 
representation of a patient mule trudging 
wearily up the steep ascent. The cocked 
hat and cut-away coat, which the emperor 
wore on gala days, are poetical repre- 
sentations of the fur cap pulled over his 
ears, and the thick great coat, " close- 
buttoned to the chin," during his passage 
over the mountains. 

Napoleon III. His Nicknames. 

Akenenbekg {Comte d*). So he called himself after 
his escape from the fortress of Hani. 

Badixgcet, the name of the man he shot in his 
Boulogne escapade. 

Bolstrapa, a compound of Boulogne], Strasbourg], 
and PafrisJ, the places of his noted escapades. 

Gkosbec So called from the rather unusual size of 
his nose. 

Man of December. So called because December wis 
his month of glory. Thus, he was elected president 
December 11, 1848 ; made his coup d'etat December 2, 
IS-Vl : and was created emperor December 2, 185-J. 

Man of Sedan. So called because at Sedan he sur- 
rendered his sword to the king of Prussia (September, 

isro). 

Ratipoie, same as the West of England Rantipoie, 
a harum-scarum, half idiot, half madcap. I myself in 
1856 saw a man forbidden to remain a single night in 
Paris, because he addressed his dog as "Batipole." We 
were dining at the same table. 

The Little. Victor Hugo gave him this title; but 
the hatred of Hugo to Napoleon was a monomania. 

Vebhuel, the name of his supposed father. 

Number 2. The second of the month 
was Louis Napoleon's day. It was also 
one of the days of his uncle, the other 
being the fifteenth. 

The coup d'etat was December 2 ; he 
was made emperor December 2, 1852 ; 



the Franco-Prussian war opened at Saar- 
briick, August 2, 1870; he surrendered 
his sword to William of Prussia, Septem- 
ber 2, 1X70. 

Napoleon I. was crowned December 2, 
1804; and the victory of Austerlitz was 
December 2, 1805. 

Numerical Curiosities. 1. I860, the 
last year of Napoleon's glory ; the next 
year was that of his downfall. As a 
matter of curiosity, it may be observed that 
if the day of his birth, or the day of the 
empress's birth, or the date of the capi- 
tulation of Paris, be added to that of the 
coronation of Napoleon III., the result 
always points to 18»!9. Thus, he was 
crowned 1852 ; he was born 1*08 ; the 
empress Eugenie was born 182<> ; the 
capitulation of Paris was 1871. Whence: 

1852 1852 1852 coronation. 

1 ) l } l ) 

8 ' birth of 8 < y birth of 8 [ capitulation 

("Napoleon. 2 I Eugenie. 7 ( of Paris. 

8) 6) l) 



2. 1870, the year of his downfall. By 
adding the numerical values of the birth- 
date either of Napoleon or Euge'nie to the 
date of the marriage, we get their fatal 
year of 1870. Thus, Napoleon was born 
1808 ; Euge'nie, 1826 ; married, 1853. 

1853 1S53 year of marriage. 

x ) l , 

8 { birth of 8 \ birth of 

(Napoleon. 2 t Eugenie. 

Sj 6) 

1870 1870 

3. Empereur. The votes for the presi- 
dent to be emperor were 7,119,791 ; those 
against him were 1,119,000. If, now, 
the numbers 711979 r,lTT9 be Avritten on a 
piece of paper, and held up to the light, 
the reverse side will show the word 
empereur. (The dash is the dividing 
mark, and forms the long stroke of the 
"P.") 

Napoleon and Talleyrand. Na- 
poleon I. one day entered a roadside inn, 
and called for breakfast. There was 
nothing in the house but eggs and cider 
(which Napoleon detested). " What 
shall we do ? " said the emperor to 
Talleyrand. In answer to this, the 
grand chambellan improvised the rhymes 
following :— 

Le bon roi Dagobert 
Aimait le bon vin au dessert. 

Le grand St. Eloi 

Lui dit, " O mon roi. 

Le droit reuni 

L'a bien rencheri." 
" Eh bien I ■ lui dit le roi . . . 

But he could get no further. WTiereupon 



NAPOLEON OF THE DRAMA. 678 



NATIONAL CONVENTION. 



Napoleon himself instantly capped the 
line thus : 

" Je boirai du cidre avec toi." 

Chapus, Dieppe, etc. (1853). 
Otir royal master Dagobert 
Good wine loved at his dessert. 

But St. Eloi 

Once said, " Mon roi, 

We here prepare 

No dainty fare." 
" Well," cried the king, " so let it be, 
Cider to-day we'll drink with thee." 

Napoleon of the Drama. Alfred 
Bunn, lessee of Drury Lane Theatre 
(1819-1826) was so called ; and so was 
Robert William Elliston, his predecessor 
(1774-1826, died 1831). 

Napoleon of Mexico, the emperor 
Augusto Iturbide (1784-1824). 

Napoleon of Oratory, W. E. 

Gladstone (1809- ). 

Napoleon of Peace, Louis Phil- 
lippe of France (1773, reigned 1830-1848, 
died 1850). 

Narcissa, meant for Elizabeth Lee, 
the step-daughter of Dr. Young. In 
Night ii. the poet says she was clan- 
destinely buried at Montpellier, because 
she was a protestant. — Dr. Young, Night 
Thoughts (1742-6). 

Narcissa, Mrs. Oldfield, the actress, 
who insisted on being rouged and dressed 
in Brussels lace when she was "laid out." 
(See Nancy.) 

" Odious ! In woollen ? 'Twould a saint provoke 1 " 
Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke. 
" No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace 
Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face ; 
One would not, sure, be frightful when one's dead! 
And, Betty, give this cheek a litt'e red." 

Pope, Moral Essays, i. (1731). 

Narcissus, a flower. According to 
Grecian fable, Narcissus fell in love with 
his own reflection in a fountain, and, 
having pined away because he could not 
kiss it, was changed into the flower which 
bears his name. — Ovid, Metamorphoses, 
iii. 346, etc. 

Echo was in love with Narcissus, and 
died, of grief because he would not return 
her love. 

Narcissus fair. 
As o'er the fabled fountain hanging still. 

Thomson, Seasons (" Spring," 1728). 

*** Gliick, in 1779, produced an opera 
called Echo et Narcisse. 

Narren-Schiff (" the ship of fools "), 
a satirical poem in German, by Brandt 
(1491), lashing the follies and vices of 
the period. Brandt makes knowledge 
of one's self the beginning of wisdom ; 
maintains the equality of man ; and speaks 
of life as a brief passage only. The 



book at one time enjoyed unbounded 
popularity. 

Narses (2 syh), a Roman general 
against the Goths ; the terror of children. 

The name of Narses was the formidable sound with 
which the Assyrian mothers were accustomed to terrify 
their infants. — Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman 
Empire, viii. 2U) (1776-88). 

Narses, a domestic slave of Alexius 
Comnenus emperor of Greece. — Sir W. 
Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Rufus). 

Naso, Ovid, the Roman poet, whose 
full name was Publius Ovidius Naso. 
(Naso means "nose.") Hence the pun 
of Holofernes : 

And why Naso, but for smelling out the odoriferous 
flowers of fancy ?— Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act 
iv. sc. 2 (1594). 

Nathaniel (Sir), the grotesque curate 
of Holofernes. — Shakespeare, Love's 
Labour's Lost (1594). 

Nathos, one of the three sons of 
Usnoth lord of Etha (in Argyllshire), 
made commander of the Irish army at 
the death of Cuthullin. For a time he 
propped up the fortune of the youthful 
Cormac, but the rebel Cairbar increased 
in strength and found means to murder 
the young king. The army under Nathos 
then deserted to the usurper, and Nathos 
with his two brothers was obliged to 
quit Ireland. Dar'-Thula, the daughter 
of Colla, went with them to avoid Cairbar, 
who persisted in offering her his love. 
The wind drove the vessel back to Ulster, 
where Cairbar lay encamped, and the 
three young men, being overpowered, were 
slain. As for Dar-Thula, she was pierced 
with an arrow, and died also. — Ossian, 
l)ar~Thula. 

Nation of Gentlemen. The 
Scotch were so called by George IV., 
when he visited Scotland in 1822. 

Nation of Shopkeepers. The 
English were so called by Napoleon I. 

National Assembly. (1) The 
French deputies which met in the year 
1789. The states-general was convened, 
but the clergy and nobles refused to sit in 
the same chamber with the commons, so 
the commons or deputies of the tiers e'tat 
withdrew, constituted themselves into a 
deliberative body, and assumed the name 
of the Assemble'e Nativnale. (2) The 
democratic French parliament of 1848, 
consisting of 900 members elected by 
manhood suffrage, was so called also. 

National Convention, the French 



NATTY BUMPPO. 



079 



NEGUS. 



parliament of 1792. H consisted of 721 
members, but was reduced first to 500, 
then to boO. It succeeded the National 

Assembly. 

Natty Bumppo, called "Leather- 
BtockingS." He appears in five of F. 
Cooper's novels: (1) The Deerslayer ; 
(2) The Pathfinder; (3) "The Hawk- 
eye," in The Last of the Mohicans ; (4) 
" Natty Bnmppo," in The Pioneers; and 
(5) "the Trapper," in The Prairie, in 
which he dies. 

Nature Abhors a Vacuum. 
This was an axiom of the peripatetic 
philosophy, and was repeated by Galileo, 
as an explanation of the rise of water 
for about thirty-two feet in wells, etc. 

Nausic'aa (4 s.y/.)» daughter of 
Alcinous king of the Phoea'eians, who 
conducted Ulysses to the court of her 
father when lie was shipwrecked on the 
coast. 

Nausicaa. as she had cone down through the orchards 
and the olive gardens to the sea. holding the golden cruse 
of oil in one hand, with her feet lure so that she might 
wii.le in the waves, aid in her eyes the '.treat soft wonder 
that must have come there when Odysseus awoke.— Ouida, 
Ariadu£, L lu. 

Navigation (The Father of), don 
Henrique duke of "Viseo, the greatest 
man that Portugal has produced (1394- 
1460). 

Navigation (The Father of British In- 
land), Francis Egerton, duke of Bridge- 
water (173G-1803). 

Naviget Anticyram (Horace, Sat, 
ii. o, 100), Anticyra, in Thessaly, famous 
for hellebore, a remedy for madness ; 
hence, when a person acted foolishly, he 
was told to go to Anticyra, as we should 
say, "to get his simples cut." 

Naxian Groves. Naxos (now 
Naxia), an island of the /Egeau Sea or 
the Archipelago, was noted for its wines. 

. . . fair Baccantes, 
Wild from Naxian groves. 

Longfellow, Driytking Sou*/. 

Nesera, a fancy name used by Horace, 
Virgil, and Tibullus, as a synonym of 
sweetheart. 

To sport with Amaryllis in the shade, 
Or with the tangles of Nea;ra's hair. 

Milton, Lycldas (1638). 

Neal'liny (4 syL), a suttee, the young 
widow of Ar'valan son of Keha'ma. — 
Southey, Curse of Kehama, i. 11 (1809). 

Nebuchadnezzar [Ne-boch-ad-ne- 
Tiar], in Russian, means "there is no 
God but the czar." — M. D., Notes and 
Queries (21st July, 1877). 



Necessity. Longfellow, in The Way- 
side Inn (18B3), says the student : 
Quoted Horace, where he sings 
The dire He< esdtj of things. 

That drives into the roof v.ihhme 

Of oew-built bouses of the great, 

The adamantine nails of Kate. 

He refers to : 

Si figit adamantines 

Bomniis verticlbua dira Necessitas 

t'lavos. 

Ode*, iii. 24. 

Neck. Colig'ula the Roman emperor 
used to say, "Oh that the Roman people 
had but one neck, that I might cut it oif 
at a blow ! " 

I love the sex, and sometimes would reverse 
The tyrant's wish, that "mankind only had 
One neck, which he with one fell stroke might pierce." 
Byron, Dun Jwin, vi. 27 (1824). 

Neck or Nothing, a farce by Gar- 
rick (I70(i). Mr. Stock well promises to 
give his daughter in marriage to the son 
of sir Harry Harlowe of Dorsetshire, 
with a dot of £10,000 ; but it so happens 
that the young man is privately married. 
The two servants of Mr. Belford and sir 
Harry Harlowe try to get possession of 
the money, by passing off Martin (Bel- 
ford's servant) as sir Harry's son ; but it 
so happens that P>elford is in love with 
Miss Stockwell, and hearing of the plot 
through Jenny, the young lady's-maid, 
arrests the two servants as vagabonds, 
and old Stockwell gladly consents to his 
marriage with Nancy, and thinks himself 
well out of a terrible scrape. 

Neetaba'nus, the dwarf at the cell 
of the hermit of Engaddi.— Sir W. Scott, 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Nectar, the beverage of the gods. 
It was white as cream, for when Hebe 
spilt some of it, the white arch of heaven, 
called the Milky Way, was made. The 
food of the gods was ambrosia. 

Ned (Lying), "the chimney-sweeper 
of Savoy." that is, the duke of Savoy, 
who joined the allied army against France 
in the war of the Spanish Succession. — ■ 
Dr. Arbuthnot, History of John Bull 
(1712). 

Negro'ni, a princess, the friend of 
Lucrezia di Borgia. She invited the 
notables who had insulted the Borgia to 
a banquet, and killed them with poisoned 
wine. — Donizetti, Lucrezia di Borgia 
(an opera, 1834). 

Ne'gus, sovereign of Abyssinia. 
Erco'eo or Erquico on the Red Sea marks 
the north-east boundary of this empire. 



NEHEMIAH HOLDENOUGH. 



680 



NEPENTHE. 



The empire of Negus to his utmost port, 
Ercoco. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, xi. 397 (1665). 

Nehemiah Holdenough, a pres- 
byterian preacher. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Weilson (Mr. Christopher), a surgeon 
at Glasgow. — Sir W. Scott, Bob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Neim'heid. (2 syl.) employed four 
architects to build him a palace in 
Ireland ; and, that they might not build 
another like it or superior to it for some 
other monarch, had them all secretly 
murdered. — O'Halloran, History of Ire- 
land. 

*** A similar story is told of Noman- 
al-A6uar king of Hirah, who employed 
Senna'mar to build him a palace. When 
finished, he cast the architect headlong 
from the highest tower, to prevent his 
building another to rival it. — D'Herbelot, 
Bibliotheque Orientate (1697). 

Nekayah, sister of Rasselas prince 
of Ab) T ssinia. She escapes with her 
brother from the "happy valley," and 
wanders about with him to find what 
condition or rank of life is the most 
happy. After roaming for a time, and 
finding no condition of life free from its 
drawbacks, the brother and sister resolve 
to return to the "happy valley." — Dr. 
Johnson, Rasselas (1759). 

Nell, the meek and obedient wife of 
Jobson ; taught by the strap to know 
who was lord and master. Lady Love- 
rule was the imperious, headstrong bride 
of sir John Loverule. The two women, 
by a magical hocus-pocus, were changed 
for a time, without any of the four know- 
ing it. Lady Loverule was placed with 
Jobson, who soon brought down her tur- 
bulent temper with the strap, and when 
she was reduced to submission, the two 
women were restored again to their re- 
spective husbands. — C. Coffey, The Devil 
to Fay (1731).. 

The merit of Mrs. Clive [1711-1785] as an actress first 
showed itself in " Nell " the cobbler's wife.— T. Dairies. 

Nell (Little) or Nelly Trent, a 
sweet, innocent, loving child of 14 sum- 
mers, brought up by her old miserly 
grandfather, who gambled away all his 
money. Her days were monotonous and 
without youthful companionship, her 
evenings gloomy and solitary ; there were 
no child-sympathies in her dreary home, 
but dejection, despondence akin to mad- 
ness, watchfulness, suspicion, and im- 
becility. The grandfather being wholly 



ruined by gaming, the two went forth as 
beggars, and ultimately settled down in 
a cottage adjoining a country churchyard. 
Here Nelly died, and the old grandfather 
soon afterwards was found dead upon her 
grave. — C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity 
Shop (1840). 

*** The solution of the grandfather's 
story is given in ch. lxix. 

Nelly, the servant-girl of Mrs. Din- 
mont. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner ing 
(time, George II.). 

Nelson's Ship, the Victory. 

Now from the fleet of the foemen past 

Ahead of the Victory, 
A four-decked ship, with a flagless mast, 

An Anak of the sea. 
His gaze on the ship lord Nelson cast ; 

" Oh, oh ! my old friend ! " quoth he. 
"Since again we have met, we must all be glad 
To pay our respects to the Trinidad." 
So, full on the bow of the giant foe, 

Our gallant Victory runs ; 
Thro' the dark'ning smoke the thunder broke 

O'er her deck from a hundred guns. 

Lord Lytton, Ode, iii. 9 (1839). 

Nem'ean Lion, a lion of ArgSlis, 
slain by Hercul.es. 

In this word Shakespeare has pre- 
served the correct accent : " As hardy as 
the Nem'ean lion's nerve " (Hamlet, act i. 
sc. 5) ; but Spenser incorrectly throws 
the accent on the second syllable, which 
is e short : " Into the great Neme'an 
lion's grove " (Faery Queen, v. 1). 

Ere Nemea's boast resigned his shaggy spoils. 

Statius, The Thebaid, i. 

Neni'esis, the Greek personification 
of retribution, or that punishment fur 
sin which sooner or later overtakes the 
offender. 

. . . and some great Nemesis 
Break from a darkened future. 

Tennyson, The Princess, vi. (1847). 

Ne'mo, the name by which captain 
Hawdon was known at Krook's. He had 
once won the love of the future lady 
Dedlock, by whom he had a child called 
Esther Summerson ; but he was compelled 
to copy law-writings for daily bread, and 
died a miserable death from an overdose 
of opium. — C. Dickens, Bleak Huuse 
(1852). 

Nepen'the (3 syl,) or Nepenthes, a 
care-dispelling drug, which Polydamna, 
wife of Tho'nis king of Egypt gave to 
Helen (daughter of Jove and Leda). A 
drink containing this drug "changed 
grief to mirth, melancholy to joyfuiness, 
and hatred to love." The water of Ar- 
denne had the opposite effects. Homer 
mentions the drug nepenthe in his 
Odyssey, iv. 228. 



NEPHELO-COCCYGIA. 



681 



NESTOR, ETC. 



That nepenthes which the wife of Thone 

In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena. 

Milton, Comas, 075 (1634). 
Nepenthe is a drink of sovereign grace, 

Devisdil by the gods for to assuage 
Heart's grief, and bitter gall away to chase 

Which stirs up anger and contentious rage ; 

Instead thereof sweet peace and quietage 
It doth establish in the troubled mind . . . 
And such as drink, eternal happiness do find. 

Spenser. Fairy Queen, iv. 2 (1596). 

Neph'elo-Coccyg'ia, the cloud- 
land of air castles. The word means 
" cuckoo cloudland." The city of Nephe- 
lo-Coccygia was built by cuckoos and 
gulls, and was so fortified by clouds 
that the gods could not meddle with the 
affairs of its inhabitants.— Aristophanes, 
The Birds. 

*#* The name occurs also in Lucian's 
Verce Historian. 

Without flying to Nephelo-Coccygia, or to the court of 
queen Mab, we can meet with sharpers, bullies, . . . 
impudent debauchees, and women worthy of such par- 



-Macaulay. 

Nep'omuk or Nep'omuck (St. 
John), canon of Prague. He was thrown 
from a bridge in 1381, and drowned by 
order of king Wenceslaus, because he 
refused to betray the secrets confided to 
him by the queen in the holy rite of con- 
fession. The spot whence he was cast 
into the Moldau is still marked by a 
cross with five stars on the parapet, in- 
dicative of the miraculous flames seen 
flickering over the dead body for three 
days. Nepomuk was canonized in 1729, 
and became the patron saint of bridges. 
His statue in stone usually occupies a 
similar position on bridges as it does at 
Prague. 

Like St. John Nep'omuck in stone. 
Looking down into the stream. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

*** The word is often accented on 
the second syllable. 

Neptune (Old Father), the ocean or 
sea-god. 

Nerestan, son of Gui Lusignan 
D'Outremer king of Jerusalem, and 
brother of Zara. Nerestan was sent on 
his parole to France, to obtain ransom for 
certain Christians who had fallen into 
the hands of the Saracens. When Osman, 
the sultan, was informed of his relation- 
ship to Zara, he ordered all Christian 
captives to be at once liberated " without 
money and without price." — A. Hill, 
Zara (adapted from Voltaire's tragedj'). 

Ne'reus (2 syl.), father of the water- 
nymphs. A very old prophetic god of 
great kindliness. The scalp, chin, and 
breast of Nereus were covered with sea- 
weed instead of hair. 



By hoary Nfireus' wrinkled look. 

Milton, Comas, 871 (1634). 

Neri'ne, Doto, and Nyse, the 
three nereids who guarded the fleet, of 
Vasco da Gama. When the treacherous 
pilot had run Vasco's ship upon a sunken 
rock, these three sea-nymphs lifted up 
the prow and turned it round. 

The lovely Nyse and Nerine spring 

With all the vehemence and speed of wing. 

Camoens, Lutiad, ii. (1569). 

Nerissa, the clever confidential wait- 
ing-woman of Portia the Venetian heiress. 
Nerissa is the counterfeit of her mistress, 
with a fair share of the lady's elegance 
and wit. She marries Gratiano a friend 
of the merchant Anthonio. — Shakespeare, 
The Merchant of Venice (1698). 

Nero of the North, Christian II. 
of Denmark (1480, reigned 1534-1558, 
died 1559). 

Nesle (Blondel de), the favourite 
minstrel of Richard Coeur de Lion 
[Nesle = Nccl].— Sir W. Scott, The Talis- 
man (time, Richard I.). 

Nessus's Shirt. Nessos (in Latin 
Nessus), the centaur, carried the wife of 
Hercules over a river, and, attempting to 
run away with her, was shot by Hercules. 
As the centaur was d}dng, he told Dei- 
ani'ra (5 syl.) that if she steeped in his 
blood her husband's shirt, she would secure 
his love for ever. This she did, but 
when Hercules put the shirt on, his body 
suffered such agony, that he rushed to 
mount G£ta, collected together a pile of 
wood, set it on fire, and, rushing into the 
midst of the flames, was burnt to death. 

When Creusa (3 syl.), the daughter of 
king Creon, was about to be married to 
Jason, Medea sent her a splendid wedding 
robe ; but when Creusa put it on, she was 
burnt to death by it in excruciating pain. 

Morgan le Fay, hoping to kill king 
Arthur, sent him a superb royal robe. 
Arthur told the messenger to try it on, 
that he might see its effect ; but no 
sooner had the messenger done so, than 
he dropped down dead, " burnt to mere 
coal." — Sir T. Malory, History of Fiance 
Arthur, i. 75 (1470). 

Eros, ho ! the shirt of Nessus is upon me [i.e. I am in 

agony]. 
Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act iv. sc. 10 (1608). 

Nestor (A), a w r ise old man. Nestor 
of Pylos was the oldest and most ex- 
perienced of all the Greek chieftains who 
went to the siege of Troy. — Homer, Iliad. 

Nestor of the Chemical Revo- 



NESTOR OF EUROPE. 



682 



NEW WAY, ETC. 



lution. Dr. Black is so called by 
Lavoisier (1728-1799). 

Nestor of Europe, Leopold king 
of Belgium (1790, 1831-1865). 

Neu'ha, a native of Toobouai, one of 
the Society Islands. It was at Too- 
bouai that the mutineers of the Bounty 
landed, and Torquil married Neuha. 
When a vessel was sent to capture the 
mutineers, Neuha conducted Torquil to a 
secret cave, where they lay perdu till all 
danger Avas over, when they returned to 
their island home. — Byron, The Island. 
(The character of Neuha is given in canto 
ii. 7.) 

Never. 

On the Greek Kalends. (There are no 
Greek Kalends.) When the Spanish am- 
bassador announced in Latin the terms 
on which queen Elizabeth might hope to 
avert the threatened invasion, her majesty 
replied : 

Ad Grfficas, bone rex, fient mandate calendas. 

On St. Tibs's Eve. (There is no such 
saint as T"tbs.) 

On the 31st of June, 1879 (or any other 
impossible date). 

At latter Lammas. (There is no such 
time.) Fuller thus renders the speech of 
the Spanish ambassador : 

These to you are our commands : 
Send no help to th' Netherlands; 
Of the treasure ta'en by Drake 
Restitution you must make ; 
And those abbeys build anew 
Which your father overthrew. 

The queen's reply : 

Worthy king, know this : Your will 
At latter Lammas we'll fulfil. 

On the year of the coronation of 
Napoleon III. 

In the reign of queen Dick. 

Once in a blue moon. 

When two Sundays meet. 

When the Yellow River runs clear 
(Chinese). 

In that memorable week which had 
three Thursdays. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, 
ii. 1. 

The year when the middle of August 
was in May. — Rabelais,- Pantagruel, ii. 1. 

The year of the great medlars, three of 
which would fill a bushel. — Rabelais, 
Pantagruel, ii. 1. 

At the coming of the Cocklicranes 
(3 syl.). — Rabelais, Gargantua, 49. 

Nevers (Comte de), to whom Valen- 
ti'na (daughter of the governor of the 
Louvre) was affianced, and whom she 



married in a fit of jealousy. The cou it 
having been shot in the Bartholomew 
slaughter, Valentina married Raoul [Pawl] 
her first love, but both were killed by a 
party of musketeers commanded by the 
governor of the Louvre. — Meyerbeer, 
Les Huguenots (opera, 1836). 

*** The duke [not count] de Nevers, 
being asked by the governor of the 
Louvre to join in the Bartholomew Mas- 
sacre, replied that his family con- 
tained a long list of warriors, but not one 
assassin. 

Neville (Major), an assumed name 
of lord Geraldin, son of the earl of 
Geraldin. He first appears as Mr. 
William Lovell. 

Mr. Geraldin Neville, undo to lord 
Geraldin. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Neville (Miss), the friend and confidante 
of Miss Hardcastle. A handsome co- 
quettish girl, destined by Mrs. Hard- 
castle for her son Tony Lumpkin, but 
Tony did not care for her, and she 
dearly loved Mr. Hastings ; so Hastings 
and Tony plotted together to outwit 
madam, and of course won the day. — O. 
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer (1773). 

Neville (Sir Henry), chamberlain of 
Richard Coeur de Lion. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

New Atlantis (TJie), an imaginary 
island in the middle of the Atlantic. 
Bacon, in his allegorical fiction so called, 
supposes himself wrecked on this island, 
where he finds an association for the cul- 
tivation of natural science and the pro- 
motion of arts. — Lord Bacon, The New 
Atlantis (1626). 

*** Called the New Atlantis to dis- 
tinguish it from Plato's Atlantis, an 
imaginary island of fabulous charms. 

New Inn (The) or The Light 
Heart, a comedy by Ben Jonson 

(1628). 

New "Way to Pay Old Debts, a 
drama by Philip Massinger (1625). 
Wellborn, the nephew of sir Giles Over- 
reach, having run through his fortune 
and got into debt, induces lady Allworth, 
out of respect and gratitude to his father, 
to give him countenance. This induces 
sir Giles to suppose that his nephew was 
about to marry the wealthy dowager. 
Feeling convinced that he will then be 
able to swindle him of all the dowager's 
property, as he had ousted him out of 



NEW ZEALANDER. 



683 



NEWSPAPERS. 



his paternal estates, sir Giles pays his 
nephew's debts, and supplies him liberally 
with ready money, to bring about the 
marriage as soon as possible. Having 
paid Wellborn's debts, the overreach- 
ing old man is compelled, through the 
treachery of his clerk, to restore the 
estates also, for the deeds of conveyance 
are found to be only blank sheets of 
parchment, the writing having been 
erased by some chemical acids. 

New Zealander. It was Macaulay 
who said the time might come when 
some " New Zealand artist shall, in the 
midst of a vast solitude, take his stand on 
a broken arch of London bridge to sketch 
the ruins of St. Paul's." 

*** Shelley was before Macaulay in 
the same conceit. — See Dedication of Peter 
Bell the Third. 

Newcastle {The duchess of), in the 
court of Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, 
Teveril of the Teak (time, Charles II.). 

Newcastle (The marquis of), a royalist 
in the service of Charles I. — Sir W. Scott, 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Newcastle Apothecary (The), Mr. 
Bolus of Newcastle used to write his pre- 
scriptions in rhyme. A bottle bearing the 
couplet, " When taken to be well shaken," 
was sent to a patient, and when Bolus called 
next day to inquire about its effect, John 
told the apothecary his master was dead. 
The fact is, John had shaken the sick man 
instead of the bottle, and had shaken the 
life out of him. — G. Colman, junior. 

Newcome (Clemency), about 30 
years old, with a plump and cheerful face, 
but twisted into a tightness that made 
it comical. Her gait was very homely, 
her limbs seemed all odd ones ; her shoes 
were so self-willed that they never 
wanted to go where her feet went. She 
wore blue stockings, a printed gown of 
hideous pattern and many colours, and a 
white apron. Her sleeves were short, 
her elbows always grazed, her cap any- 
where but in the right place ; but she 
was scrupulously clean, and "maintained 
a kind of dislocated tidiness." She 
carried in her pocket " a handkerchief, 
a piece of wax-candle, an apple, an 
orange, a lucky penny, a cramp-bone, 
a padlock, a pair of scissors, a handful 
of loose beads, several balls of worsted 
and cotton, a needle-case, a collection of 
curl-papers, a biscuit, a thimble, a 
nutmeg-grater, and a few miscellaneous 



articles." Clemency Newcome married 
Benjamin Britain, her fellow-servant at 
Dr. Jeddler's, and opened a country 
inn called the Nutmeg-G rater, a cozy, 
well-to-do place as any one could wish to 
see, and there were few married people so 
well assorted as Clemency and Ben 
Britain. — C. Dickens, The Battle of Life 
(1846). 

Newcome (Colonel), a widower, dis- 
tinguished for the moral beauty of his 
life. He loses his money and enters the 
Charter House. 

Ctive Newcome, his son. He is in love 
with Ethel Newcome, his cousin, whom 
he marries as his second wife. — Thacke- 
ray, The Newcomcs (1855). 

Newcome (Johnny), any raw youth 
when he first enters the army or navy. 

Newgate Fashion (To March), 
two and two, as the prisoners were at one 
time conveyed to Newgate two and two 
together. 

FaUtaff. Must we all march? 

Bardol/>li. Yea, two and two, Newgate fashion. 

Shakespeare, 1 Henry I V. act iii. sc. 3 (1597). 

Newgate Fringe, a beard worn only 
under the chin, as the hangman's rope is 
fastened round the neck of those about to 
be hanged. Sometimes called the New- 
gate Frill, and sometimes the Tyburn 
'Collar. 

The Nevgate Knocker, a lock of hair 
worn especially by costermongers, twisted 
towards the ear. It is supposed to re- 
mind one of the knocker on the prison 
door of Newgate. The cow-lick is a curl 
worn on the temples. 

Newland (Abraham), one of the 
governors of the Bank of England, to 
whom, in the early part of the nineteenth 
century, ail Bank of England notes were 
made payable. A bank-note was called 
an " Abraham Newland ; " and hence the 
popularsong, " I've often heard say, sham 
Ab'ram }*ou may, but must not sham 
Abraham Newland." 

Trees are notes issued from the bank of nature, and as 
current as those payable to Abraham Newland.— G. Col- 
man, The Pour Gentleman, i. 2 11802). 

Newspapers (The Oldest). 

Stamford Mercury, 1695. The editor 
says that No. 6833, July 7, 1826, means 
that the paper had arrived at the 6833rd 
week of issue, or the 131st year of its 
existence. 

Nottingham Journal, 1710. 

Northampton Mercury, 1720. 

Gloucester Journal, 1722. 

*#* Chalmers says that the first 



NEWTON. 



684 



NIBELUNGEN NOT. 



English newspaper was called the 
English Mercury, 1588 ; but Mr. Watts 
has proved that the papers so called, 
now in the British Museum, are forgeries, 
because they bear the paper-mark of 
George I. The English Mercuries consist 
of seven distinct articles, three printed, 
and four in MS. 
Newton. 

Newton . . . declared, with all his grand discoveries recent. 
That he himself felt only "like a youth 
Ticking up shells by the great ocean, truth." 

Byron, Don Juan, vii. 5 (1824). 

Newton discovered the prismatic 

colours of light, and explained the 
phenomenon by the emission theory. 

Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night. 
God said, "Let Newton be , " and all was light. 
Pope, Xpitaph, intended for Newton's Monument in 
Westminster A bbey (1727). 

Newton is called by Campbell "The 
Priest of Nature." — Pleasures of Hope, i. 
(1799). 

Newton and the Apple. It is 

said that Newton was standing in the 
garden of Mrs. Conduitt of Woolsthorpe, 
in the year 1665, when an apple fell from 
a tree and set him thinking. From this 
incident he ultimately developed his 
theory of gravitation. 

When Newton saw an apple fall, he found, 
In that slight startle from his contemplation. . . . 
A mode of proving that the earth turned round, 
In a most natural whirl culled gravitation. 

Byron, Don Juan, x. 1 (1824). 

Nibelung, a mythical king of Nibe- 
lungenland {Norway). He had twelve 
paladins, all giants. Siegfried \_Sege.- 
freed], prince of the Netherlands, slew 
the giants, and made Nibelungenland 
tributary. — Ntbelungen Lied, iii. (1210). 

Nibelungen Hoard, a mythical 
mass of gold and precious stones, which 
Siegfried [Sege.freed], prince of the 
Netherlands, took from Nibelungenland 
and gave to his wife as a dowry. The 
hoard rilled thirty-six waggons. After 
the murder of Siegfried, Hagan seized 
the hoard, and, for concealment, sank it 
in the "Rhine at Lockham," intending 
to recover it at a future period, but 
Hagan was assassinated, and the hoard 
was lost for ever. — Nibelungen Lied, xix. 

Nibelungen Lied [Ne. by-lung ,'n 
leed], the German Lliad (1210). It is 
divided into two parts, and thirty-two 
liuds or cantos. The first part ends with 
the death of Siegfried, and the second 
part with the death of Kriemhild. 

Siegfried, the youngest of the kings 
of the Netherlands, went to Worms, 
to crave the hand of Kriemhild in 



marriage. While he was staying with 
Gunther king of Burgundy (the lady's 
brother), he assisted him to obtain in 
marriage Brunhild queen of Issland, 
who announced publicly that he only 
should be her husband who could beat 
her in hurling a spear, throwing a huge 
stone, and in leaping. Siegfried, who 
possessed a cloak of invisibility, aided 
Gunther in these three contests, and 
Brunhild became his wife. In return for 
these services, Gunther gave Siegfried his 
sister Kriemhild in marriage. After a 
time, the bride and bridegroom went to 
visit Gunther, when the two ladies dis- 
puted about the relative merits of their 
respective husbands, and Kriemhild, to 
exalt Siegfried, boasted that Gunther 
owed to him his victories and his wife. 
Brunhild, in great anger, now employed 
Hagan to murder Siegfried, and this he 
did by stabbing him in the back while 
he was drinking from a brook. 

Thirteen years elapsed, and the widow 
married Etzel king of the Huns. After 
a time, she invited Brunhild and Hagan 
to a visit. Hagan^ in this visit, killed 
Etzel's young son, and Kriemhild was 
like a fury. A battle ensued, in which 
Gunther and Hagan were made prisoners, 
and Kriemhild cut off both their heads 
with her own hand. Hildebrand, hor- 
rified at this act of blood, slew Kriemhild ; 
and so the poem ends. — Authors un- 
known (but the story was pieced together 
by the minnesingers). 

*#* The Volsunga Saga is the Icelandic 
version of the Nibelungen Lied. This 
saga has been translated into English by 
William Morris. 

The Nibelungen Lied has been ascribed 
to Heinrkh von Ofterdingen, a minne- 
singer ; but it certainly existed before 
that epoch, if not as a complete whole, 
in separate lays, and all that Heinrich 
von Ofterdingen could have done was to 
collect the floating lays, connect them, 
and form them into a complete story. 

F. A. Wolf, in 1795, wrote a learned 
book to prove that Homer did for the 
Lliad and Odyssey what Ofterdingen did 
for the Nibelungenlied. 

Richard Wagner composed, in 1850, an 
opera called Lie Niebelungen. 

Nibelungen Not, the second part 
of the Nibelungen Lied, containing the 
marriage of Kriemhild with Etzel, the 
visit of the Burgundians to the court of 
the Han, and the death of Giinther, 
I lagan, Kriemhild, and others. This part 
contains eighty-three four-line stanzas 



NIBELUNGERS. 



685 



NICKLEBY. 



more than the first part. The number of 
lines in the two parts is 9836 ; so that 
the poem is almost as long as Milton's 

Paradise Lost. 

Nibelungers, whoever possessed 
the Nibelungen hoard. When it was in 
Norway, the Norwegians were so called : 
when Siegfried [Sege.freed] got the pos- 
session of it, the Netherlanders were so 
called ; and when the hoard was removed 
to Burgundy, the Burgundians were the 
Nibelungers. 

Nic. Frog, the Dutch, as a nation ; 
as the English are called John Bull. — Dr. 
Arbuthnot, History of John Bull (171-2). 

Nica'nor, "the Protospathaire," a 
Greek general. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
Itobert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Nice (Sir Courtly), the chief character 
and title of a drama by Croune (1685). 

Nicholas, a poor scholar, who boarded 
with John, a rich old miserly carpenter. 
The poor scholar fell in love with Alison, 
his landlord's young wife, who joined 
him in duping the foolish old carpenter. 
Nicholas told John that such a rain 
would fall on the ensuing Monday as 
would drown every one in "less than 
an hour ; " and he persuaded the old 
fool to provide three large tubs, one for 
himself, one for his wife, and the other for 
his lodger. In these tubs, said Nicholas, 
they would be saved ; and when the flood 
abated, they would then be lords and 
masters of the whole earth. A few hours 
before the time of the "flood," the old 
carpenter went to the top chamber of his 
house to repeat his pater nosters. He fell 
asleep over his prayers, and was roused 
by the cry of "Water! water! Help! 
help ! " Supposing the rain had come, 
he jumped into his tub, and was let down 
by Nicholas and Alison into the street. 
A crowd soon assembled, were delighted 
at the joke, and pronounced the old man 
an idiot and fool. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
Tales ("The Miller's Tale," 1388). 

Nicholas, the barber of the village in 
which don Quixote lived. — Cervantes, 
Don Quixote, I. (1605). 

Nicholas (Brother), a monk at St. 
Mary's Convent. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Nicholas (St.), patron saint of boys, 
parish clerks, sailors, thieves, and of 
Aberdeen, Russia, etc. 

Nicholas (St.). The legend is, that an 



angel told him a father was so poor he 
was about to raise money by the prostitu- 
tion of his three daughters. On hearing 
this, St. Nicholas threw in at the cottage 
window three bags of money, sufficient 
to portion each of the three damsels. 

The Kirt 
Of Nicholas, which on the maidens lie 
Bounteous bestowed, to save their youthful prime 
Unblemished. 

Dante, Purgatory, xx. (1:408). 

Nicholas of the Tower {The), 
the duke of Exeter, constable of the 
Tower. 

He was encountered with a shippe of warre apper- 
teinyng to the duke of Exeter, the constable i>f the Towre 
oi London, called The A'icholut of the Towre. — Hall, 
Chronicle (1542). 

Nicholas's Clerks, highwaymen ; 
so called by a pun on the phrase Old 
Nick and St. Nicholas who presided over 
scholars. 

1 think yonder come, prancing down the hill from 
Kingston, a couple ot St. Nicholas's clerks. — Rowley, 
Match (it Midnijht (1&«). 

St. Nicholas's Clerks, scholars ; so called 
because St. Nicholas was the patron of 
scholars. The statutes of Paul's School 
require the scholars to attend divine 
service on St. Nicholas's Day. — Knight, 
Life of Dean Colet, 362 (1726). 

Nickleby (Nicholas), the chief cha- 
racter and title of a novel by C. Dickens 
(1838). He is the son of a poor country 
gentleman, and has to make his own war 
in the world. He first goes as usher to 
Mr. Squeers, schoolmaster at Dotheboys 
Hall, in Yorkshire ; but leaves in dis- 
gust with the tyranny of Squeers and 
his wife, especially to a poor boy named 
Smike. Smike runs away from the school 
to follow Nicholas, and remains his 
humble follower till death. At Ports- 
mouth, Nicholas joins the theatrical 
company of Mr. Crummies, but leaves 
the profession for other adventures. He 
falls in with the brothers Cherrj'ble, who 
make him their clerk ; and in this post 
he rises to become a merchant, and ulti- 
mately marries Madeline Bray. 

Mrs. Nickleby, mother of Nicholas, and 
a widow. She i» an enormous talker, 
fond of telling long stories with no con- 
nection. Mrs. Nickleby is a weak, vain 
woman, who imagines an idiot neighbour 
is in love with her because he tosses 
cabbages and other articles over the gar- 
den wall. In conversation, Mrs. Nickleby 
rides oif from the main point at every 
word suggestive of some new idea. As 
a specimen of her sequence of ideas, 
take the following example : — "The name 
began with ' B ' and ended with ' g,' I 



NICNEVEN. 



686 



NIMUE. 



am sure. Perhaps it was Waters " (p. 
198). 

*** "The original of 'Mrs. Nickleby,'" 
says John Foster, "was the mother of 
Charles Dickens." — Life of Dickens, iii. 8. 

Kate Nickleby, sister of Nicholas ; 
beautiful, pure-minded, and loving. Kate 
works hard to assist in the expenses of 
housekeeping, but shuns every attempt 
of Ralph and others to allure her from 
the path of virgin innocence. She ulti- 
mately marries Frank, the nephew of the 
Cheeryble brothers. 

Ralph Nickleby, of Golden Square 
(London), uncle to Nicholas and Kate. 
A hard, grasping money-broker, with 
no ambition but the love of saving, no 
spirit beyond the thirst of gold, and no 
principle except that of fleecing every 
one who comes into his power. This 
villain is the father of Smike, and ulti- 
mately hangs himself, because he loses 
money, and sees his schemes one after 
another burst into thin air. — C. Dickens, 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Nicneven, a gigantic malignant hag 
of Scotch superstition. 

*** Dunbar, the Scotch poet, describes 
her in his Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy 
(1508). 

Nieode'nms, one of the servants of 
general Harrison. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Nicole (2 syl.), a female servant of 
M. Jourdain, who sees the folly of her 
master, and exposes it in a natural and 
amusing manner. — Moliere, Le Bourgeois 
Gentilhomme (1670). 

Night or Nox. So Tennyson calls 
sir Peread, the Black Knight of the Black 
Lands, one of the four brothers who kept 
the passages to Castle Perilous.— Tenny- 
son, Idylls of the King (" Gareth and 
Lvnette ") ; sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 126 (1470). 

Nightingale {The), unknown in 
Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. It does 
not visit Cornwall, nor even the west of 
Devon, nor does it cross the Trent. 

Nightingale {The Arcadian), an ass. 

Nightingale {The Cambridgeshire), the 
edible frog, once common in the fen 
district; also called the " Whaddon 
organ." 

Nightingale {The Fen), the edible frog. 

Nightingale {The Italian), Angelica 
Gatala'ni ; also called "The Queen of 

Song" (1782-1819). 



Nightingale {The Liege), the edible frog. 

Nightingale {Tlie Swedish), Jenny Lind, 
afterwards Mde. Goldschmidt. She ap- 
peared in London 1847, and retired 1861 
(born 1821- ). 

Nightingale and the Lutist. 
The tale is, that a lute-master challenged 
a nightingale in song. The bird, after 
sustaining the contest for some time, 
feeling itself outdone, fell on the lute, and 
died broken-hearted. 

*** This tale is from the Latin of 
Strada, translated by Richard Crashaw, 
and called Music's Duel (1650). It is 
most beautifully told by John Ford, in 
his drama entitled The Lover's Melan- 
choly, where Men'aphon is supposed to 
tell it to Ame'thus (1628). 

Nightingale and the Thorn. 

As it fell upon a day 
In the merry month of May, 
Sitting in a pleasant shade 
Which a grove of myrtles made — 
Beasts did leap, and birds did sing. 
Trees did grow, and plants did spring. 
Everything did banish moan, 
Save the nightingale alone ; 
She, poor bird, sis all forlorn, 
Leaned her breast up-till a thorn. 
Richard Barnfield, Address to the Nightingale (1594). 
So Philomel, perched on an aspen sprig, 
Weeps all the night her lost virginity. 
And sings her sad ta'.e to the merry twig, 
That dances at such joyful mysery. 
Ne ever lets sweet rest invade her eye ; 
But leaning on a thorn her dainty chest. 
For fear soft sleep should steal into her breast. 
Expresses in her song grief not to be expressed. 
Giles Fletcher, Christ's Triumph over Death (1610). 
The nightingale that sings with the deep thorn, 
Which fable places in [sic] her breast 

Byron, Don Juan, vi. 87 (1824). 

Nightmare of Europe {The), 
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769, reigned 1804- 
1814, died 1821). 

Nightshade {Deadly). We are told 
that the berries of this plant so intoxi- 
cated the soldiers of Sweno the Danish 
king, that they became an easy prey to 
the Scotch, who cut them to pieces. 

*** Called " deadly," not from its 
poisonous qualities, but because it was 
used at one time for blackening the eyes 
in mourning. 

Nimrod, pseudonym of Charles James 
Apperley, author of The Chase, The Road, 
The Turf (1852), etc. 

Nim/ue, a " damsel of the lake," who 
cajoled Merlin in his dotage to tell her 
the secret "whereby he could be rendered 
powerless ; " and then, like Delilah, she 
overpowered him, by " confining him 
under a stone." 

Then after these quests, Merlin fell in a dotage on . . . 
one of the damsels of the lake, bight Nimue, and Merlin 



NINA-THOMA. 



G87 



NINON DE LENCLOS. 



would let her have no rest, but always he would be with 
bar in even- place. And she made him good cheer till 
she had learned of him what she desired. . . . And Mer- 
lin shewed to her in a rock, whereas was a great won- 
der . . . which went under a stone. So by her subtle 
craft, she made Merlin go under that stone . . . and he 
never came out, for all the cratt that he could do. — Sir 
T. Malory. History of Prince Arthur, i. tiO (1470). 

It is not unlikely that this name is a 
clerical error for Jsineve or Ninive. It 
occurs only once in the three volumes. 
(See Nineve.) 

%* Tennyson makes Vivien the seduc- 
tive betrayer of Merlin, and says she 
enclosed him "in the four walls of a 
hollow tower ; " but the Histun/ says 
" Nimue put him under the stone " (pt. i. 
GO). 

Nina-Thoriia, daughter of Tor- 
Thoma (chief of one of the Scandinavian 
islands). She eloped with Uthal (son of 
Larthmor a petty king of Berrathon, a 
neighbouring island) ; but Uthal soon 
tired of her, and, having tixed his affec- 
tions on another, confined her in a desert 
island. Uthal, who had also dethroned 
his father, was slain in single combat by 
Ossian, who had come to restore the 
deposed monarch to his throne. When 
Nina-Thoma heard of her husband's 
death, she languished and died, "for 
though mo3t cruelly entreated, her love for 
Uthal was not abated." — Ossian, Berra- 
thon. 

Nine. "It is by nines that Eastern 
presents are given, when they would ex- 
tend their magnificence to the highest 
degree." Thus, when Dakianos wished to 
ingratiate himself with the shah, 

He caused himself to be preceded by nine superb camels. 
The first was loaded with nine suits of gold adorned with 
jewels ; the second bore nine sabres, the hilts and scab- 
bards of which were adorned with diamonds; upon the 
third camel were nine suits of armour ; the fourth had 
nine suits of horse furniture ; the fifth had nine cases full 
of sapphires ; the sixth had nine cases full of rubies ; the 
seventh nine cases full of emeralds ; the eighth had nine 
cases full of amethysts ; and the ninth had nine cases full 
of diamonds.— Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales (" Dakia- 
nos and the Seven Sleepers," 1743). 

Nine G-ods ( The) of the Etruscans : 
Juno, Minerva, and Tin'ia (the three chief). 
The other six were Yulcan, Mars, Saturn, 
Hercules, Summa'nus, and Vedius. (See 
Novexsiles.) 

Lars Por'sSna of Clusium, 

By the nine gods he swore 
That the great house of Tarquin 
Should suffer wrong no more. 
By the nine gods he swore it, 
And named a tiysring day . . . 
To summon his array. 

Lord Macaulay. Lays of Ancient Rome 
("Horatius,"i., 184i). 

Nine Orders of Angels ( The) : 
(1) Seraphim, (2) Cherubim (in the fit^st 
circle) ; (3) Thrones, (4) Dominions* (in 



the second circle) ; (5) Virtues, (G) Powers, 
(7) Principalities, (8) Archangels, (9) 
Angels (in the third circle). 

In heaven above 
The effulgent bands in triple circles move. 

Tasso, Jerusalem DeHwend, xi. 13 (1575). 
Novem vero nngelorum ordines dicimus ; . . . scimus 
(i) Angelas, (2) Arahangelos, (8) Vlrtutes, (41 Potastates, 
(51 I'riiuipatus, ((j) Douiinatioiies, (7) Thronos, (s) Cheru- 
bim, (9) Seraphim.— Gregory, Homily. 34 (A.D. 381). 

Nine Planets (The): Mercury, 
Venus, the Earth, Mars, the Planetoids, 
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 

* + * According to the Ptolemaic system, 
there are only seven planets, or more 
strictly speaking, "planetary heavens," 
viz., the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, 
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Peyond these 
were three other spheres, that of the fixed 
stars, the priraum mobile, and the em- 
pyrean. This is the system Dante follows 
in his Paradise. 

Nine "Worthies (TJte). Three were 
pagans : Hector, Alexander, and Julius 
C«sar. Three were Jews : Joshua, David, 
and Judas Maccabaeus. Three were 
Christians : Arthur, Charlemagne, and 
Godfrej' of Bouillon. 

Nine Worthies (privy councillors to 
William III.). Four were Whigs : 
Devonshire, Dorset, Monmouth, and 
Edward Russell. Five were Tories : 
Caermarthen, Pembroke, Nottingham, 
Marlborough, and Lowther. 

Nine Worthies of London (The) : 
sir William Walworth, sir Henry Prit- 
chard, sir William Sevenoke, sir Thomas 
White, sir John Bonham, Christopher 
Croker, sir John Hawkwood, sir Hugh 
Caverley, and sir Henry Maleverer. 

*„.* The chronicles of these nine 
worthies are written in prose and verse 
by Richard Johnson (1.592), author of 
The Seven Champions of Christendom. 

Nineve (2 syl.), the Lady of the Lake, 
in Arthurian romance. 

Then the Lady of the Lake, that was always friendly unto 
king Arthur, understood by her subtle crafts that he was 
like" to have been destroyed ; and so the Lady of the Lake, 
that bight Nineve, came into the forest to seek sir 
Launcelot du Lake.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, ii. 57 (1470). 

%* This name occurs three times in 
the Morte d' Arthur — once as " Nimue," 
once as "Nineve," and once as "Ninive." 
Probably "Nimue" (q.v.) is a clerical 
error. 

Ninon de Lenclos, a beautiful 
Parisian, rich, spirituelle, and an atheist, 
who abandoned herself to epicurean in- 
dulgence, and preserved her charms to a 



NIOBE. 



688 



very advanced age. Ninon de Lenclos 
renounced marriage, and had numberless 
lovers. Her house was the rendezvous 
of all the most illustrious persons of the 
period, as Moliere, St. Evreniont, Fonte- 
nelle, Voltaire, and so on (1G15-1705). 

Some never grow 
Ugly ; for instance, Ninon de Lenclos. 

Byron, Don Joan, v. 98 (1820). 

Niobe [Ne'.o.by], the beau-ideal of 
grief. After losing her twelve children, 
she was changed into a stone, from which 
ran water. 

*** The group of " Niobe and her 
Children" in Florence, discovered at 
Rome in 1583, was the work either of 
Praxit'eles or Scopas. 

She followed my poor father's body, 
Like Niobe, all tears. 

Shakespeare, Hamlet, act i. sc. 2 (1596). 

Niobe of Nations {The). Rome is 
so called by Byron. — Childe Harold, iv. 
79 (1817). 

Nipha'tes (3 syl.), a mountain on the 
borders of Mesopotamia. It was on this 
mountain that Satan lighted, when he 
came from the sun to visit our earth. 

. . . toward the coast of earth beneath, 
Down from the ecliptic, sped with hoped success . . . 
Nor stayed till on Niphates' top he lights. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 739, etc. (1665). 

Nipper (Susan), generally called 
" Spitfire," from her snappish disposition. 
She was the nurse of Florence Dombey, 
to whom she was much attached. Susan 
Nipper married Mr. Toots (after he had 
got over his infatuation for Florence). 

Susan Nipper says, "I may wish to take a voyage to 
Chaney, but I mayn't know how to leave the London 
Docks."— C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 

Nippotate (4 syl.), "a live lion 
stuffed Avith straw," exhibited in a raree- 
show. So called from the body of a tame 
hedgehog exhibited by Old Harry, a 
notorious character in London at the 
beginning of the eighteenth century (died 
1710). 

Of monsters stranger than can be expressed. 
There's Nippotatg lies amongst the rest. 

Sutton Nichoin. 

Niquee [Ne'.kay], the sister of Anas- 
terax, with whom she lived in incest. 
The fairy Zorphee was her godmother, 
and enchanted her, in order to break off 
this connection. — Vasco de Lobeira, 
Amadis de Gaul (thirteenth century). 

Nisroch [Niz'.rok], " of principalities 
the prince." A god of the Assyrians. 
In the book of Kings the " Seventy " call 
him " Meserach," and in Isaiah " Nasa- 
rach." Josephus calls him " AraskOs." 
One of the rebel angels in Milton's 
Paradise Lost. He says : 



NO SONG NO SUPPER. 

Sense of pleasure we may well 
Spare out of life, perhaps, and not repine. 
But live content, which is the calmest life : 
But pain is perfect misery, the worst 
Of evils, and, excessive, overturns 
All patience. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 459, etc. (1665). 

Nit, one of the attendants of queen 
Mab. 

Hop, and Mop, and Drap so clear, 
Pip. and Trip, and Skip, that were 
To Mab their sovereign dear — 

Her special maids of honour. 
Fib, and Tib. and Pinck, and Pin, 
Tick, and Quick, and Jill, and Jin, 
Tit, and Nit. and Wap. and Win— 

The train that wait upon her. 

Drayton, Jfymphidia (1568-1631). 

Nixon (Christal), agent to Mr. 
Edward Redgauntlet the Jacobite. — Sir 
W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Nixon (Martha), the old nurse of the 
earl of Oxford.— Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

No One (Ccesar or). Julius Caesar 
said, "Aut Caesar aut nullus." And 
again, " I would sooner be first in a 
village than second? at Rome." 

Milton makes Satan say, "Better to 
reign in hell than serve in heaven." 

Jonathan Wild used to say, " I'd rather 
stand on the top of a dunghill than at the 
bottom of a hill in paradise." 

Tennyson says, "All in all or not at 
all." — Idylls ("Vivien"). 

" Six thrice or three dice" (aces were 
called dice, and did not count). 

No Song no Supper, a musical 
drama by Prince Hoare, F.S.A. (1790). 
Crop the farmer has married a second 
wife called Dorothy, who has an amiable 
weakness for a rascally lawyer named 
Endless. During the absence of her 
husband, Dorothy provides a supper for 
Endless, consisting of roast lamb and a 
cake ; but just as the lawyer sits down 
to it, Crop, with Margaretta, knocks at 
the door. Endless is concealed in a sack, 
and the supper is carried away. Pre- 
sently, Robin the sweetheart of Margaretta 
arrives, and Crop regrets there is nothing 
but bread and cheese to offer him. Mar- 
garetta now volunteers a song, the first 
verse of which tells Crop there is roast 
lamb in the house, which is accordingly 
produced ; the second verse tells him 
there is a cake, which is produced also ; 
and the third verse tells him that Endless 
is concealed in a sack. Had there been 
no song there would have been no supper, 
but the song produced the roast lamb and 
new cake. 



NOAH'S WIFE. 



689 



NORLAND. 



Noah's Wife, Waila (3 syl), who 
endeavoured to persuade the people that 
her husband was distraught. 

The wife of Noali [Wdila] and the wife of Lot 
\\YitUvla] were both unbelievers . . . and deceived tluar 
husbands . . . and it shall be said to them at the last day, 
•' Enter ye into hell fire."— Sale, Al Kordn, Ixvi. 

Nobbs, the horse of "Dr. Dove of 
Doncaster." — Southey, The Doctor (1834) . 

Noble {The), Charles III. of Navarre 
(1361, 1387-1420). 

Soliman, Tchelibi, the Turk (died 
1410). 

%* Khosrou or Chosroes I. was called 
"The Noble Soul " (*, 531-579). 

Nodel, the lion, in the beast-epic 
called Reynard the Fox. Nodel, the lion, 
represents the regal element of Germany ; 
Isengrin, the wolf, represents the baronial 
element ; and Reynard, the fox, the 
Church element (1498). 

Noel (Euscbe), schoolmaster of Bout 
du Monde. "His clothes are old and 
worn, and his manner vacant" (act i. 2). 
— E. Stirling, The Gold-Mine or Miller of 
Grenoble (1854). 

NoggS (Newman), Ralph Nickleby's 
clerk. A tall man, of middle age, with 
two goggle eyes (one of which was 
fixed), a rubicund nose, a cadaverous 
face, and a suit of clothes decidedly the 
worse for wear. He had the gift of dis- 
torting and cracking his iinger-joints. 
This kind-hearted, dilapidated fellow 
" kept his hunter and hounds once," but 
ran through his fortune. He discovered 
a plot of old Ralph, which he confided to 
the Cheeryble brothers, who frustrated it 
and then provided for Newman. — C. 
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Noko'mis, mother of Weno'nah, and 
grandmother of Hiawatha. Nikomis 
was the daughter of the Moon. While 
she was swinging one day, some of her 
companions, out of jealousy, cut the ropes, 
and she fell to earth in a meadow. The 
same night her first child, a daughter, 
was born, and was named Wenonah. 

There among the ferns and mosses . . . 
Fair Nokomis bore a daughter. 
And she called her name Wenonah. 

Longfellow, Biawatha, iii, (1855). 

Noil Mi Bicordo, the usual 
answer of the Italian courier and other 
Italian witnesses when on examination at 
the trial of queen Charlotte (the wife of 
George IV.), in 1820. 

The Italian witnesses often created amusement, when 
under examination, by the frequent answer, " Non mi 
rieoido."— Cassell's History of England, VII. iV. 16 
(1S63). 



" Lord Flint," in Such Things Arc, by 
Mrs. Inch bald (1786), when asked a 
question he Wished to evade, used to 
reply, "My people know, no doubt, but 
I cannot recollect." 

"Pierre Choppard," in The Courier of 
Lyons, by Edward Stirling (1852), when 
asked an ugly question, always answered, 
" I'll ask my wife, my memory's so 
slippery." 

The North American society called the 
" Know Nothings," founded in 1853, used 
to reply to every question about them- 
selves, " I know nothing about it." 

Nona'cris' Stream, the river 
Styx, in Arcadia. Cassandor says he 
has in a phial some of this "horrid 
spring," one drop of which, mixed with 
wine, would act as a deadly poison. To 
this Polyperchon replies : 

I know its power, for I have seen it tried. 
Pailis of all sorts thro* every nerve and artery 
At once it scatters, — burns at once and freezes,— 
Till, by extremity of torture forced, 
The soul consents to leave her joyless home. 

N. Lee, Alexander the Great, iv. 1 (1678). 

Nonentity {Dr.), a metaphysician, 
and thought by most people to be a pro- 
found scholar. He generally spreads 
himself before the fire, sucks his pipe, 
talks little, drinks much, and is reckoned 
verv good company. You may know him 
by nis long grey wig, and the blue hand- 
kerchief round his neck. 

Dr. Nonentity, I am told, writes indexes to perfection, 
makes essays, and reviews any work with a single day's 
warning.— Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, xxix. 
(1753). 

Nones and Ides (each 1 syl.). 

On March the 7th, June, July, 
October, too, the Nones yon spy ; 
Except in these, those Nones appear 
On the 5th day of all the year. 
If to the Nones you add an 8, 
Of all the Ides you"ll find the date. 

Hence we have the 15th for the Ides of 
March, June,. July, and October; and the 
loth for every other month. 

N 'orbert (Father), Pierre ParisotNor- 
bert, the French missionary (1697-1769). 

Norfolk Street (Strand), with 
Arundel, Surrey, and Howard Streets, 
occupy the site of the house and grounds 
of the Howards (earls of Arundel and 
Surrey). 

Norland (Lord), father of lady 
Eleanor Irwin, and guardian of lady 
Ramble (Miss Maria Wooburn). He 
disinherited his daughter for marrying 
against his will, and left her to starve, 
but subsequently relented, and relieved 
her wants and those of her young hua- 
2 Y 



NORMA. 



690 



NORTHERN WAGGONER. 



band. — Inchbald, Every One has His 
Fault (1794). 

Norma, a vestal who had been 
seduced, and discovers her paramour 
trying to seduce a sister vestal. In 
despair, she contemplates the murder of 
her base-born children. — Bellini, Norma 
(1831) ; libretto by Romani. 

Norman, forester of sir William 
Ashton lord-keeper of Scotland. — Sir W. 
Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Norman, a " sea-captain," in love 
with Violet the ward of lady Arundel. 
It turns out that this Norman is her 
ladyship's son by her first husband, and 
heir to the title and estates ; but lady 
Arundel, having married a second hus- 
band, had a son named Percy, whom she 
wished to make her heir. Norman's 
father was murdered, and Norman, who 
was born three days afterwards, was 
brought up bj r Onslow, a village priest. 
At the age of 14 he went to sea, and 
became captain of a man-of-war. Ten 
years later, he returned to Arundel, and 
though at first his mother ignored him, 
and Percy flouted him, his noble and 
generous conduct disarmed hostility, and 
he not only reconciled his half-brother, 
but won his mother's affection, and 
married Violet, his heart's " sweet sweet- 
ing." — Lord Lytton, TJie Sea-Captain 
(1839). 

Norman-nan-Ord or Norman of 
the Hammer, one of the eight sons of 
Torquil of the Oak.— Sir W. Scott, 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Normandy {The Gem of), Emma, 
daughter of Richard I. (died 1052). 

Noma of the Fitful Head, 
" The Reimkennar." Her real name was 
Ulla Troil, but after her seduction by 
Basil Mertoun (Vaughan), and the birth 
of a son named Clement Cleveland (the 
future pirate), she changed her name. 
Towards the end of the novel, Noma 
gradually recovered her senses. She was 
the aunt of Minna and Brenda Troil. 
— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

[One] cannot fail to trace in Noma— the victim of re- 
morse and insanity, and the dupe of her own imposture, 
her mind too flooded with all the wild literature and 
extravagant superstitions of the north — something distinct 
from the Dumfriesshire gipsy, whose pretensions to super- 
natural powers are not beyond those of a Norwood 
prophetess.— The Pirate (introduction, 1821). 

Norris, a family to whom Martin 



Chuzzlewit was introduced while he was 
in America. They were friends of Mr. 
Bevan, rabid abolitionists, and yet 
hankering after titles as the gilt of the 
gingerbread of life. — C. Dickens, Mar-tin 
Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Norris {Black), a dark, surly man 
and a wrecker. He wanted to marry 
Marian, "the daughter" of Robert (also 
a wrecker) ; but Marian was betrothed to 
Edward, a young sailor. Robert, being 
taken up for murder, was condemned to 
death ; but Norris told Marian he would 
save his life if she would promise to 
marry him. Marian consented, but was 
saved by the arrest of Black Norris for 
murder. — S. Knowles, The Daughter 
(1836). 

North. {Christopher), pseudonym of 
John Wilson, professor of moral philo- 
sophy, Edinburgh, editor of Blackwood's 
Magazine, in which appeared the "Noctes 
Ambrosianse" (1805-1861). 

North {Lord), one of the judges in the 
State trial of Geoffrey Peveril, Julian, 
and the dwarf, for being concerned in the 
popish plot. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

North Britain, Scotland. 

North Britain {The), a radical periodi- 
cal, conducted by John Wilkes. The 
celebrated number of this serial was No. 
45, in which the ministers are charged 
"with putting a lie in the king's mouth." 

Northampton, a contraction of 
North-Avon-town (Northavonton), the 
town on the north of the Avon (Nen). 
As Dra} r ton says, " Nen was Avon 
called." — Polyolbion, xxiii. (1622). 

Northamptonshire Poet (The), 
John Clare (1793-1864). 

Northern Harlot {The), Elizabeth 
Petrowna, empress of Russia ; also called 
" The Infamous " (1709-1761). 

Northern Waggoner, Ursa major 
or Charles's waggon, a corruption of the 
churl's waggon. It contains seven large 
stars, designated by the Greek letters, 
a, (i, 7, a, e, C. n. The first four form the 
waggon and the rest the pole or shaft. 
The "driver of the team is Bootes. 

By this the northern wagoner has set 

His sevenfold team behind the steadfast star [the pole-stur\ 

That was in ocean waves jet never wet. 

But. firm is fixed, and sendcth light from far 

To all that on the wide deep wandering are. 

Spenser, Fairy queen, I. ii. 1 (1000). 



NORUMBEGA. 



G91 



NOTTINGHAM. 



Norum"be'ga, a province of North 
America. 

Now from the north 
Of Norumbega and the Samoed shore . . . 
Boreas iuul (facias, and Argestfis loud, 
And Thrascias rend the woods, and seas upturn. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, x. W5 (16G5). 

*** " Samoed shore," the shore con- 
tiguous to the frozen ocean; "Boreas," 
north wind ; " Cajcias," north-west wind; 
"Argestes," north-east wind; " Thras- 
cias," wind from Thrace. 

Norval (Old), a shepherd, who brings 
up lady Randolph's son (Douglas) as his 
own. He was hidden at birth in a basket, 
because sir Malcolm (her father) hated 
Douglas, whom she had privately mar- 
ried. The child being found by old 
Norval, was brought up as his own, but 
the old man discovered that the foundling 
was " sir Malcolm's heir and Douglas's 
son." When 18 years old, the foster-son 
saved the life of lord Randolph. Lady 
Randolph took great interest in the young 
man, and when old Norval told her his 
tale, she instantly perceived that the 
young hero was in fact her own son. 

Pathos rendered the voice of William Bensley [1738- 
1817J in "Old Norval" rugged as well as repulsive ; and 
he never, as to his feet, either stood or walked with the 
oharacter of .age. His helpless action had a character of 
restrained vigour; he implored pity in the noisy shout 
of defiance. — Boaden. 

Young Norval, the infant exposed, and 
brought up by the old shepherd as his 
own son. He turned out to be sir Mal- 
colm's heir. His mother was lady Ran- 
dolph, and his father lord Douglas, her 
first husband. Young Norval, having 
saved the life of lord Randolph, was 
given by^ him a commission in the army. 
Glenalvon, the heir-presumptive of lord 
Randolph, hated the new favourite, and 
persuaded his lordship that the young 
man was too familiar with lady Randolph. 
Being waylaid, Norval was attacked, slew 
Glenalvon, but was in turn slain by lord 
Randolph. After the death of Norval, 
lord Randolph discovered that he had 
killed the son of his wife by a former 
marriage. The mother, in her distrac- 
tion, threw herself headlong from a lofty 
precipice, and lord Randolph went to the 
war then raging between Denmark and 
Scotland. — J. Home, Douglas (1757). 

(This was a favourite character with 
John Kemble, 1757-1823.) 

Henry Johnston selected "Young Norval" for his 
maiden part. His youthful form and handsome expres- 
sive countenance won for him universal approbation. 
Previously the young shepherd had been dressed in the 
trews and Scotch jacket ; but when Johnston appeared in 
full Highland costume, kilt, breastplate, shield, claymore, 
and bonnet, the whole house rose en masse, and s.ich a 
reception was never witnessed within the walls of a 
provincial theatre before.— W. Donaldson, Jiecollections. 



Norway (The Fair Maid of), Mar- 
garet, granddaughter of Alexander III. 
of Scotland. She died (1290) of Bea- 
sicknesa on her passage from Norway to 
Scotland. Her father was Eric II. king 
of Norway, and her mother was Margaret 
only daughter of Alexander III. 

Nose (Golden), Tycho Brahe, the 
Danish astronomer. Having lost his nose 
in a duel with one Passberg, he adopted 
a golden one, and attached it to his face 
by a cement which he carried about with 
him. 

That eminent man who had a golden nose, Tycho 
Brand, lost his nose in a duel, and a golden one was 
supplied, which gave him the appearance of a wizard.— 
Mairvat, Jutland and the Danish Isles, 305. 

Nosebag (Mrs.), wife of a lieutenant 
in the dragoons. She is the inquisitive 
travelling companion of Waverley when 
he travels by stage to London. — Sir W. 
Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 

Nosey (Play up) ! This exclamation 
was common in our theatres in the days 
of Macklin, etc. M. Nozay was the 
leader of the orchestra in Covent Garden 
Theatre. 

*** Some persons affirm that " Old 
Nosey" was Cervetto, the violoncello 
player at Drury Lane (1753), and say 
that he was so called from his long nose. 

Napoleon III. was nicknamed Grosbec 
("Nosey"). 

Nosxiot-Bocai [Bo'.Ay'], prince of 
purgatory. 

Sir, I last night received command 
To see you out of Fairy-land 
Into the realm of Nosnot-Bocai. 

King, Orpheus and Eurydice. 

Nostrada'mus (Michael), an as- 
trologer of the sixteenth century, who 
published an annual Almanac and a He- 
cueil of Prophecies, in verse (1503-1566). 

Nostrada'mus of Portugal, Gon- 
calo Annes Bandarra, a poet-cobbler, 
whose career was stopped, in 1556, by the 
Inquisition. 

Nottingham (The countess of), a 
quondam sweetheart of the earl of Essex, 
and his worst enemy when she heard that 
he had married the countess of Rutland. 
The queen sent her to the Tower to ask 
Essex if he had no petition to make, and 
the earl requested her to take back a ring, 
which the queen had given him as a pledge 
of mercy in time of need. As the coun- 
tess out of jealousy forbore to deliver it, 
the earl was executed. — Henry Jones, 
The Earl of Essex (1745). 



NOTTINGHAM LAMBS, 



692 



NOURONIHAR. 



Nottingham Lambs {The), the 
Nottingham roughs. 

Nottingham Poet {The), Philip 
James Bailey, the author of Festus, etc. 
(1816- ). 

No'tus, the south wind ; Afer is the 
south-west wind. 

Notus and Afer, black with thundrous clouds. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 702 (1665). 

Noukhail, the angel of day and 
night. 

The day and night are trusted to my care. I hold the 
day in my right hand, and the night in my left; and I 
maintain the just equilibrium between them, for if either 
were to overbalance the other, the universe would either 
be consumed by the heat of the sun, or would perish with 
the cold of darkness. — Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales 
(•' History of Abdal Motallab," 1743). 

Ifouman {Sidl), an Arab who married 
Amine, a very beautiful woman, who ate 
her rice with a bodkin. Sidi, wishing to 
know how his wife could support life and 
health without more food than she par- 
took of in his presence, watched her 
narrowly, and discovered that she was a 
ghoul, who went by stealth every night 
and feasted on the fresh-buried dead. 
When Sidi made this discovery, Amine 
changed him into a dog. After he was 
restored to his normal shape, he changed 
Amine into a mare, which every day he 
rode almost to death. — Arabian Nights 
("History of Sidi Nouman"). 

Your majesty knows that ghouls of either sex are 
demons which wander about the fields. They commonly 
inhabit ruinous buildings, whence they issue suddenly on 
unwary travellers, whom they kill and devour. If they 
fail to meet with travellers, they go by night into burying- 
grounds, and dig up dead bodies, on which they feed. — 
•' History of Sidi Nouman." 

Noureddin, son of Khacan (vizier 
of Zinebi" king of Balsora). He got 
possession of the "beautiful Persian" 
purchased for the king. At his father's 
death he soon squandered away his patri- 
mony in the wildest extravagance, and 
fled with his beautiful slave to Bagdad. 
Here he encountered Haroun Alraschid 
in disguise, and so pleased the caliph, 
that he was placed in the number of 
those courtiers most intimate with his 
majesty, who also bestowed on him so 
plentiful a fortune, that he lived with the 
" beautiful Persian " in affluence all the 
rest of his life. — Arabian Nights ("Nou- 
reddin and the Beautiful Persian"). 

Nour'eddin' Ali, younger son of 
the vizier of Egypt. " He was possessed 
of as much merit as can fall to the lot of 
man." Having quarrelled with his elder 
brother, he travelled to Baso'ra, where he 
married the vizier's daughter, and suc- 
ceeded his father-in-law in office. A son 



was born to him in due time, and on the 
very same day the wife of his elder 
brother had a daughter. Noureddin 
died when his son was barely twenty and 
unmarried. — Arabian Nights\" Noureddin 
Ali," etc.). 

Nourgehan's Bracelet. Nourge- 
han emperor of the Moguls had a brace- 
let which had the property of discovering 
poison, even at a considerable distance. 
When poison was anywhere near the 
wearer, the stones of the bracelet seemed 
agitated, and the agitation increased as 
the poison approached them. — Comte de 
Caylus, Oriental Tales ("The Four Talis- 
mans," 1743). 

Nour'jahad, a sleeper, like Rip 
van Winkle, Epimen'ides, etc. (See 
Sleepers.) 

Nourjeham (" light of the world"). 
So the sultana Nourmahal was subse- 
quently called. — T. Moore, Lalla Mookh 
("The Light of the Haram," 1817). 

Nourmahal'" {The sultana), i.e. 
" Light of the Haram," afterwards called 
Nourjehan ("light of the world"). She 
was for a season estranged from the sul- 
tan, till he gave a grand banquet, at which 
she appeared in disguise as a lute-player 
and singer. The sultan was so enchanted 
with her performance, that he exclaimed, 
" If Nourmahal had so phiyed and sung, 
I could forgive her all ; " whereupon the 
sultana threw off her mask, and Selim 
"caught her to his heart." — T. Moore, 
Lalla Jiookh ("The Light of the Haram," 
1817). 

Wouron'ihar, daughter of the emir 
Fakreddin ; a laughing, beautiful girl, 
full of fun and pretty mischief, dotingly 
fond of Gulchenrouz, her cousin, a boy of 
13. She married the caliph Vathek, with 
whom she descended into the abyss of 
Eblis, whence she never after returned to 
the light of day. 

The trick she played Bababalouk was 
this : Vathek the caliph was on a visit to 
Fakreddin the emir', and Bababalouk his 
chief eunuch intruded into the bath-room, 
where Nouronihar and her damsels were 
bathing. Nouronihar induced the old 
eunuch to rest himself awhile on the 
swing, when the girls set it going with 
all their might. The cords broke, the 
eunuch fell into the bath, the girls made 
off with their lamps, and left the meddle- 
some old fool to flounder about till 
morning, when assistance came, but not 



N0UR0UNN1HAR. 



693 



NUMBER NIP. 



before he was half dead. — W. Beckford, 
Vathek (1784). 

Nouroun'nihar, niece of a sultan 
of India, who had three sons all in love 
with her. The sultan said he would give 
her to him who, in twelve months, gave 
him the most valuable present. The 
three princes met in a certain inn at the 
expiration of the time, when one prince 
looked through a tube, which showed 
Nourounnihar at the point of death ; 
another of the brothers transported all 
three instantaneously on a magic carpet to 
the princess's chamber ; and the third 
brother gave her an apple to smell of, 
which effected an instant cure. It was 
impossible to decide which of these 
presents was the most valuable ; so the 
sultan said he should have her who shot 
an arrow to the greatest distance. The 
eldest (Houssain) shot first ; AH overshot 
the arrow of his elder brother ; but that 
of the youngest brother (Ahmed) could 
nowhere be found. So the award was 
given to AH. — Arabian Nights ("Ahmed 
and Pari-Banou"). 

Novel {Father of the English) . Henry 
Fielding is so called by sir W. Scott 
(1707-1754). 

November or Blot-monath, i.e. 
" blood month," meaning the month in 
which oxen, sheep, and swine were 
slaughtered, and afterwards salted down 
for winter use. Some idea may be formed 
of the enormous stores provided, from 
the fact that the elder Spencer, in 1327, 
when the season was over, had a surplus, 
in May, of "80 salted beeves, 500 bacons, 
and 600 muttons." In Chichester the 
October fair is called " Slo-fair," i.e. 
the fair when beasts were sold for the 
slaughter of Blot-month (Old English, 
slean sldh, " to slaughter "). 

Noven'dial Ashes, the ashes of 
the dead just consigned, or about to be 
consigned, to the grave. The Romans 
kept the body seven days, burnt it on the 
eighth, and buried the ashes on the 
ninth. 

A Noven'dial holiday, nine days set 
apart by the Romans, in expiation of a 
shower of stones. 

Noven'siles (4 syl.), the nine Sabine 
gods : viz., Hercules, Romulus, Escu- 
lapius, Bacchus, ^Eneas, Vesta, Santa, 
Fortuna, and Fides or Faith. (See Nine 
Gods of the Etruscans.) 

Novit {Mr. Nichil) the lawyer of the 



old laird of Dumbiedikes. — Sir W. Scott, 
Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Novius, the usurer, famous for the 
loudness of his voice. 

... at hie si plaustra durcnta 
Concurrantque foro tria funera magna sonablt 
Cornua quod vincatque tubas. 

Horace, Satires, L 6. 
These people seem to be of the race of Novius. that 
Roman hanker, whose voice exceeded the noise of carmen. 
— Lesage, Oil Bias. vii. 13 (1735). 

Now-now {Old Anthony), an itine- 
rant fiddler. The character is a skit on 
Anthony Munday, the dramatist. — Chettle, 
Kindhcarfs Dream (15!'2). 

Nuath (2 syl.), father of Lathmon 
and Oith'ona {q.v.). — Ossian, Oithona. 

Nubbles (Mrs.), a poor widow woman, 
who was much given to going to Little 
Bethel. 

Christopher or Kit Nubbles, her son, the 
servant in attendance on little Nell, 
whom he adored. After the death of 
little Nell, Kit married Barbara, a fellow- 
servant. — C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity 
Shop (1840). 

Nudio'si, small stones, which pre- 
vent the sight of those who carry them 
about their person from waxing dim. 
They will even restore the sight after it 
is lost or impaired. The more these 
stones are gazed on, the keener will be 
the gazer's vision. Prester John, in his 
letter to Manuel Comne'nus emperor of 
Constantinople, says they are found in 
his country. 

Nugget. The largest ever found : 

1. The Sarah Sands nugget, found at 
Ballarat. It weighed 130 lbs. troy or 
1560 oz. This, at £4 per ounce, would 
be worth £6240. 

2. The Blanche Barkly nugget, dug up 
at Kingower. It weighed 145 lbs., and 
was worth £6960. 

3. The Welcome nugget, found at Bal- 
larat. It weighed 184 lbs., and was sold 
for £10,000. This was the largest ever 
found. 

%* The first nugget was discovered in 
New South Wales, in 1851 ; the next in 
Victoria, in 1852. The former of these 
two weighed a hundredweight, and was 
purchased of a shepherd for £10. 

Nulla Fides Fronti. 

There is no art 
To find the mind's construction in the face. 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, act i. sc. 4 (lb'06). 

Number Nip, the name of the 
gnome king of the Giant Mountains. — 
Muaaeus, Popular Tales (1782). 



NUMBERS. 



694 



NUTSHELL. 



*** Musaeus was a German, uncle of 
Koteebue (died 1788). 

Numbers. The symbolism of the 
first thirteen numbers : 

1 symbolizes the unity of the Godhead. 

2 symbolizes the hypostatic union of Christ. 

3 symbolizes Ihe Trinity. 

4 symbolizes the Evangelists. 

5 symbolizes the five wounds (two in the hands, two in 

the feet, and one in the side). 

6 is the number of sin. 

7 is that of the gifts of the Spirit (Rev. i. 12). Seven 

times Christ spoke on the cross. 

8 is the number of the beatitudes ( Matt. v. 3-11). 

9 is the number of the orders of angels (q.v.). 

10 is the number of the commandments. 

11 apostles after the loss of Judas. 

12 the original apostolic college 

13 the complete apostolic college, after the call of St. 

Paul. 

Nun, the fish on which the faithful 
feed in paradise. The lobes of its liver 
will suflice for 70,000 men. The ox 
provided for them is called Balam. 

Nun's Tale {The), the tale of the 
cock and the fox. One day, dan Russell, 
the fox, came into the poultry-yard, and 
told Master Chanteclere he could not 
resist the pleasure of hearing him sing, 
for his voice was so divinely ravishing. 
The cock, pleased with this flattery, shut 
his eyes, and began to crow most lustily ; 
whereupon dan Russell seized him by the 
throat, and ran off with him. When 
they got to the wood, the cock said to 
the fox, " I would recommend you to eat 
me at once, for I think I can hear your 
pursuers." " I am going to do so," said 
the fox ; but when he opened his mouth 
to reply, off flew the cock into a tree, 
and while the fox was deliberating how 
he might regain his prey, up came the 
farmer and his men with scythes, flails, 
and pitchforks, with which they de- 
spatched the fox without mercy.— Chau- 
cer, Canterbury Tales (1388). 

*** This fable is one of those by Marie 
of France, called Don Coc and Don 
Werpil. 

Nun's Tale (The Second). This is the 
tale about Maxim e and the martyrs 
Valirian and Tiburce. The prefect or- 
dered Maxime (2 syl.) to put Valirian 
and Tiburce" to death, because they 
refused to worship the image of Jupiter ; 
but Maxime showed kindness to the two 
Christians, took them home, became con- 
verted, and was baptized. When Valirian 
and Tiburce were put to death, Maxime 
declared that he saw angels come and 
carry them up to heaven, whereupon the 
prefect caused him to be beaten to death 
with whips of lead. — Chaucer, Canter- 
bury Tales (1388). 

*** This tale is very similar to that 



of St. Cecilia in the Legenda Aurea. See 
also Acts xvi. 25-34. 

Nupkins, mayor of Ipswich, a man 
who has 'a most excellent opinion of 
himself, but who, in all magisterial 
matters, really depends almost entirely 
on Jinks, his half-starved clerk. — C. 
Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Nush'ka [i.e. "look!"), the cry of 
young men and maidens of North Ameri- 
can Indian tribes when they find a red 
ear of maize, the symbol of wedlock. 

And whene'er some lucky maiden 
Found a red ear in the husking, . . . 
" Nushka ! " cried they altogether ; 
" Nushka ! you shall have a sweetheart, 
You shall have a handsome husband ! " 

Longfellow, Hiawatha, xiii. (1855). 

Nut-Brown Maid (The), the maid 
wooed by the " banished man." The 
"banished man" describes to her the 
hardships she would have to undergo if 
she married him ; but finding that she 
accounted these hardships as nothing 
compared with his love, he revealed 
himself to be an earl's son, with large 
hereditary estates in Westmoreland, and 
married her. — Percy, Beliques, II. 

This ballad is based on the legendary 
history of lord Henry Clifford, called "The 
Shepherd Lord." It was modernized by 
Prior, who called his version of the story 
Henry and Emma. The oldest form of 
the ballad extant is contained in Arnolde's 
Chronicle (1502). 

Nutshell (The Iliad in a). George 
P. Marsh tells us he had seen the whole 
Koran in Arabic inscribed on a piece of 
parchment four inches wide and half an 
inch in diameter. In any photographer's 
shop may be seen a page of the Times 
newspaper reduced to about an inch long, 
and three-quarters of an inch in breadth, 
or even to smaller dimensions. Charles 
Toppan, of New York, engraved on a 
plate one-eighth of an inch square 12,000 
letters. The Iliad contains 501,930 letters, 
and would, therefore, require forty-two 
such plates, both sides being used. Huet, 
bishop of Avranches, wrote eighty verses 
of the Iliad on a -space equal to that occu- 
pied by a single line of this dictionary. 
Thus written, 2000 lines more than the 
entire Iliad might be contained in one 
page. The Toppan engraving would re- 
quire only one of these columns for tho 
entire Iliad. 

So that when Pliny (Natural History, 
vii. 21) says the whole Iliad was written 
on a parchment which might be put into 
a nutshell, we can credit the possibility, 



NYM. 



695 



OATHS. 



as, by the Toppan process, the entire Iliad 
might be engraved on less than half a 
column of this dictionary, provided both 
sides were used. (See Iliad, p. 408.) 

Nym, corporal in the army under 
captain sir John Falstaff, introduced in 
Tiic Herri/ Wives of Windsor and in 
Henry V., but not in Henry IV. It 
seems that lieutenant Peto had died, and 
given a step to the officers under him. 
Thus ensign Pistol becomes lieutenant, 
corporal Bardolph becomes ensign, and 
Nym takes the place of Bardolph. He 
is an arrant rogue, and both he and 
Bardolph are hanged (Henry V.). The 
word means to " pilfer." 

It would be difficult to give any other reply save that of 
corporal Nym— it was the author's humour or caprice.— 
Sir W. Scott 

jN"ymphid'ia, a mock-heroic by 
Drayton. The fairy Pigwiggen is so 
gallant to queen Mab as to arouse the 
jealousy of king Oberon. One day, 
coming home and finding his queen 
absent, Oberon vows vengeance on the 
gallant, and sends Puck to ascertain the 
whereabouts of Mab and Pigwiggen. In 
the mean time, Nymphidia gives the 
queen warning, and the queen, with all 
her maids of honour, creep into a hollow 
nut for concealment. Puck, coming up, 
sets foot in the enchanted circle which 
Nymphidia had charmed, and, after 
stumbling about for a time, tumbles into 
a ditch. Pigwiggen seconded by Tomalin, 
encounters Oberon seconded by Tom 
Thum, and the fight is "both fast and 
furious." Queen Mab, in alarm, craves 
the interference of Proserpine, who first 
envelopes the combatants in a thick 
smoke, which compels them to desist ; 
and then gives them a draught "to as- 
suage their thirst." The draught was 
from the river Lethe ; and immediately 
the combatants had tasted it, they forgot 
not only the cause of the quarrel, but 
even that they had quarrelled at all. — M. 
Drayton, Nymphidia (1593). 

Wysa, daughter of Sileno and Mys'is, 
and sister of Daphne. Justice Mi'das is 
in love with her ; but she loves Apollo, 
her father's guest. — Kane O'Hara, Midas 
(1764). 

BTyse, Doto, and Neri'ne, the 
three nereids who went before the fleet 
of Yasco da Gama. When the treacherous 
pilot steered the ship of Yasco towards a 
sunken rock, these three sea-nymphs 
lifted up the prow and turned it round. — 
Caoioens, Lusiad, ii. (1569). 



O (Our Lady of). The Yirgin Mary 
is so called in some old Roman rituals, 
from the ejaculation at the beginning of 
the seven anthems preceding the Mag- 
nificat, as: "0 when will the day ar- 
rive . . . ?" "Owhen shall I see . . . ?" 
" O when . . . ? " and so on. 

Oak. The Romans gave a crown of 
oak leaves to him who saved the life of a 
citizen. 

To a cruel war I sent him ; from whence he returned, 
his brows bound with oak. — Shakespeare, Coriolanut, 
act i. sc. 3 (1609). 

Oakly (3fajor), brother to Mr. Oakly, 
and uncle to Charles. He assists his 
brother in curing his "jealous wife." 

Mr. Oakly, husband of the "jealous 
wife." A very amiable man, but de- 
ficient in that strength of mind which 
is needed to cure the idiosyncrasy of 
his wife ; so he obtains the assistance 
of his brother, the major. 

Mrs. Oakly, " the jealous wife" of Mr. 
Oakly. A woman of such suspicious 
temper, that every remark of her husband 
is distorted into a proof of his infidelity. 
She watches him like a tiger, and makes 
both her own and her husband's life 
utterly wretched. 

Charles Oakly, nephew of the majrr. 
A line, noble-spirited young fellow, who 
would never stand by and see a woman 
insulted ; but a desperate debauchee and 
drunkard. He aspires to the love of 
Harriot Russet, whose influence over him 
is sufficiently powerful to reclaim him. — 
George Colman, The Jealous Wife (1761). 

Oates (Dr. Titus), the champion of 
the popish plot. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Forth came the notorious Dr. Oates, rustling in the full 
silken canonicals of priesthood, for . . . he affected no 
small dignity of exterior decoration and deportment. . . . 
His exterior was portentous. A fleece of white periwig 
showed a most uncouth visage, of great length, having tha 
mouth . . : placed in the very centre of the countenance, 
and exhibiting to the astonished spectator as much chin 
below as there was nose and brow above it. His pronun- 
ciation was after a conceited fashion of his own, in whick. 
he accented the vowels in a manner altogether peculiar 
to himself.— Ch. xli. 

Oaths. 

John Perrot, a natural son of Henry 
VIII., was the first to employ the pro- 
fane oath of God's Wounds, which queen 
Elizabeth adopted, but the ladies of he* 
court minced and softened it into zound* 
and zouterkins. 



OBADDON. 



696 



OBERTHAL. 



William the Conqueror swore by 
the Splendour of God. 

William Rufus, by St. Luke" 's face. 

King John, by Goofs Tooth. 

Henry VIII., by God's Wounds. 

Charles II., by Ods fish [God's Flesh.]. 

Louis XI. of France, by God's Easter. 

Charles VIII. of France, by God's 
Light. 

Louis XII., by Tlie Devil take me 
{Diable m 'emporte) . 

The chevalier Bayard, by God 1 s Holy- 
day. 

Francois I. used for asseveration, On 
the word! of a gentleman. 

Henry III. of England, when he con- 
firmed " Magna Charta," used the ex- 
pression, On t/ie word of a gentleman, a 
king, and, a knight. 

Earl of Angus (reign of queen Mary), 
when incensed, used to say, By t/ie might 
of God, but at other times his oath was 
By St. Bride of Douglas. — Godscroft, 
275. 

St. Winfred or Boni'face used to 
swear by St. Peter's tomb. 

In the reign of Charles II. fancy oaths 
were the fashion. (For specimens, see 
Foppington, p. 346.) 

The most common oath of the ancient 
Romans was By Hercules ! for men ; and 
By Castor ! for women. 

Viri per Herculem, mulieres per Castorem, utrique per 
Pollucem jurare soliti. — Gellius, Noctcs AUicce, ii. 6. 

Obad'don, the angel of death. This 
is not the same angel as Abbad'ona, one 
of the fallen angels and once the friend 
of Ab'diel (bk. vi.). 

My name is Ephod Obaddon or Sevenfold Revenge. I 
am an angel of destruction. It was I who destroyed the 
first-born of Egypt. It was I who slew the army of Sen- 
nacherib.— Klopstock, The Messiah, xiii. (1771). 

Obadi'ah, "the foolish fat scullion" 
in Sterne's novel of Tristram Shandy 
(1759). 

Obadfah, clerk to justice Day. A nin- 
compoop, fond of drinking, but with just 
a shade more brains than Abel Day, who 
is "a thorough ass" (act i. 1). — T. 
Knight, The Honest Thieves (died 1820). 

This farce is a mere rcchaujfe' of The 
Committee (1670), a comedy by the Hon. 
sir R. Howard, the names and much of 
the conversation being identical. Colonel 
Blunt is called in the farce " captain 
Manly." 

Every play-goer must have seen Mnnden ri75S-1832] in 
"Obadiah," in The Committee or Honest Thieves; if not, 
Uiey are to be pitied.— Mrs. C. Mathews, Tea-TuMe TaUb. 

Mnnden was one night playing "Obadiah," and Jack 
Johnstone, as "Teague," was plying him with liquor from 
n black little. The grimaces nf Munden were w (rre- 
llstibly comical, that not only did the house shriek with 



laughter, but Johnstone himself was too convulsed to 
proceed. When "Obadiah" was borne off, he shouted, 
" Where's the villain that filled that bottle? Lamp oil ! 
lamp oil ! every drop of it ! " The fact is, the property- 
man had given the bottle of lamp oil instead of the bottle 
filled with sherry and water. Johnstone asked Munden 
why he had not given him a hint of the mistake, and 
Munden replied, " There was such a glorious roar at the 
faces I made, that I had not the heart to spoil it." — 
Theatrical Anecdotes. 

Obadiah Prim, a canting, knavish 
hypocrite ; one of the four guardians of 
Anne Lovely the heiress. Colonel Feign- 
well personates Simon Pure, and obtains 
the quaker's consent to his marriage with 
Anne Lovelv. — Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold 
Stroke for a "Wife (1717). 

Obermann, the impersonation of 
high moral worth without talent, and 
the tortures endured by the consciousness 
of this defect. — Etienne Pivert de Sen'- 
ancour, Obermann (1804). 

Oberon, king of the fairies, quarrelled 
with his wife Titania about a " change- 
ling" which Oberon wanted for a page, 
but Titania refused to give up. Oberon, 
in revenge, anointed her eyes in sleep 
with the extract of " Love in Idleness," 
the effect of which was to make the 
sleeper in love with the first object 
beheld on waking. Titania happened 
to see a country bumpkin, whom Puck 
had dressed up with an ass's head. 
Oberon came upon her while she was 
fondling the clown, sprinkled on her an 
antidote, and she was so ashamed of her 
folly that she readily consented to give 
up the boy to her spouse for his page. — 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream 
(1592). 

Oberon the Fay, king of Mommur, 
a humpty dwarf, three feet high, of 
angelic face. He told sir Huon that 
the Lady of the Hidden Isle (Cephalonia) 
married Neptanebus king of Egypt, by 
whom she had a son named Alexander 
"the Great." Seven hundred years later 
she had another son, Oberon, by Julius 
Caesar, who stopped in Cephalonia on 
his way to Thcssaly. At the birth of 
Oberon, the fairies bestowed their gifts 
on him. One was insight into men's 
thoughts, and another was the power of 
transporting himself instantaneously to 
any place. At death, he made Huon his 
successor, and was borne to paradise. — 
Huon de Bordeaux (a romance). 

Oberthal (Count), lord of Dordrecht, 
near the Meuse. When Bertha, one of 
his vassals, asked permission to marry 
•John of Lcyden, the count withheld his 
consent, as he designed to make Bertha 



OBI. 



697 



OCTAVIAN. 



his mistress. This drove John into re- 
bellion, and he joined the anabaptists. 
The count was taken prisoner by Gio'na, 
a discarded servant, hut was liberated by 
John. When John was crowned prophet- 
king, the count entered the banquet-hall 
to arrest him, and perished with him in 
the flames of the burning palace. — Meyer- 
beer, Lc Prophete (opera, 1849). 

Obi. Among the negroes of the West 
Indies, "Obi" is the name of a magical 
-power, supposed to affect men with all 
the curses of an " evil eye." 

Obi-Woman (An), an African sor- 
ceress, a worshipper of Mumbo Jumbo. 

Obi'dah, a young man who meets 
with various adventures and misfortunes 
allegorical of human life. — Dr. Johnson, 
The Mambler (1750-2). 

Obid'icut, the fiend of lust, and one 
of the live which possessed "poor Tom." 
— Shakespeare, King Lear, act iv. sc. 1 
(1G05). 

O'Brallaghan (Sir Catlaghan), "a 

wild Irish soldier in the Prussian army. 
His military humour makes one fancy he 
was not only born in a siege, but that 
Bellona had been his nurse, Mars his 
schoolmaster, and the Furies his play- 
fellows" (act i. 1). He is the successful 
suitor of Charlotte Goodchild. — Macklin, 
Love a-la-mode (1759). 

O'Brien, the Irish lieutenant under 
captain Savage. — Captain Marryat, Peter 
Simple (1833). 

Observant Friars, those friars 
who observe the rule of St. Francis : to 
abjure books, land, house, and chapel, 
to live' on alms, dress in rags, feed on 
scraps, and sleep anywhere. 

Obsid'ian Stone, the lapis Obsidia'- 
nus of Pliny (Nat, Hist., xxxvi. 67 and 
xxxvii. 76). A black diaphanous stone, 
discovered by Obsidius in Ethiopia. 

For with Obsidian stone 'twas chiefly lined. 
Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert, ii. 6 {died 1668). 

Obstinate, an inhabitant of the City 
of "Destruction, who advised Christian to 
return to his family, and not run on a 
wild-goose chase. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's 
Progress, i. (1678). 

Obstinate as a Breton, a French 
proverbial phrase. 

Occasion, the mother of Furor ; an 
ugly, wrinkled old hag, lame of one foot. 
Her head was bald behind, but in front 
she had a few hoary locks. Sir Guy on 



seized her, gagged her, and bound her. — ■ 
Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 4 (1590), 

Oce'ana, an ideal republic, on the 
plan of Plato's Atlantis. It represents 
the author's notion of a model com- 
monwealth. — James Harrington, Oceana 
(1656). 

Ochiltree (Old Edic), a king's bedes- 
man or blue-gown. Edie is a garrulous, 
kind-hearted, wandering beggar, who 
assures Mr. Lovel that the supposed ruins 
of a Roman camp is no such thing. The 
old bedesman delighted "to daunder 
down the burnsides and green shaws." 
He is a well-drawn character. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Ocnus ( The Rope of), profitless labour. 
Ocnus is represented as twisting with 
unwearied diligence a rope, which an ass 
eats as fast as it is made. The allegory 
signifies that Ocnus worked hard to earn 
money, which his wife spent by her ex- 
travagance. 

Octa, a mountain from which the 
Latin poets say the sun rises. 

Octave (2 syl.), the son of Argante 
(2 syl.). During the absence of his 
father, Octave fell in love with Hya- 
cinthe daughter of Ge'ronte, and married 
her, supposing her to be the daughter 
of signior Pandolphe of Tarentum. His 
father wanted him to marry the daughter 
of his friend Ge'ronte, but Octave would 
not listen to it. It turned out, however, 
that the daughter of Pandolphe and the 
daughter of Ge'ronte were one and the 
same person, for Ge'ronte had assumed 
the name of Pandolphe while he lived in 
Tarentum, and his wife and daughter 
stayed behind after the father went to 
live at Naples. — Moliere, Les Fourberies 
de Scapin (1671). 

*** In the English version, called The 
Cheats of Scapin, by Thomas Otway, 
Octave is called "Octavian," Argante 
is called "Thrifty," Hyacinthe is called 
" Clara," and Ge'ronte is " Gripe." 

Octavian, the lover of Floranthe. 
He goes mad because he fancies that 
Floranthe loves another ; but Roque, a 
blunt, kind-hearted old man, assures him 
that dona Floranthe is true to him, and 
induces him to return home. — Colrnan 
the younger, Octavian (1824). 

Octavian, the English form of ' ' Octave " 
(2 syl.), in Otway's Cheats of Scapin, 
(See Octave.) 



OCTAVIO. 



698 



ODYSSEY. 



Octa'vio, the supposed husband of 
Jacintha. This Jacintha was at one time 
contracted to don Henrique, but Violante 
(4 syl.) passed for don Henrique's wife. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish 
Curate (1622). ■ 

Octavio, the betrothed of donna Clara. 
— Jephson, Two Strings to your Bow 
(1792). 

Octer, a sea-captain in the reign of 
king Alfred, who traversed the Norwegian 
mountains, and sailed to the Dwina in 
the north of Russia. 

The Saxon swaying all, in Alfred's powerful reign, 
Our English Octer put a fleet to sea again. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xix. (1622). 

O'Cutter (Captain), a ridiculous 
Irish captain, befriended by lady Free- 
love and lord Trinket. He speaks with 
a great brogue, and interlards his speech 
with sea terms. — George Colman, The 
Jealous Wife (1761). 

Oc'ypus, son of Podalirius and 
Astasia, noted for his strength, agility, 
and beauty. Ocypus used to jeer at the 
gout, and the goddess of that disease 
caused him to suffer from it for ever. — 
Lucian. 

Oda, the dormitory of the sultan's 
seraglio. 

It was a spacious chamber (Oda is 

The Turkish title), and ranged round the wall 

Were couches. 

Byron, Don Juan, vi. 51 (1824). 

Odalisque, in Turkey, one of the 
female slaves in the sultan's harem 
(odalik, Arabic, "a chamber companion," 
oda, "a chamber"). 

He went forth with the lovely odalisques. 

Byron, Don Juan, vi. 29 (1824). 

Odd Numbers. Among the 
Chinese, heaven is odd, earth is even ; 
heaven is round, earth is square. The 
numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, belong to yang 
("heaven"); but 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, belong 
to yin ("earth"). — Rev. Mr. Edkins. 

Ode {Prince of the), Pierre de Ronsard 
(1524-1585). 

Odoar, the venerable abbot of St. 
Felix, who sheltered king Roderick after 
his dethronement. — Southey, Roderick, 
Last of the Goths, iv. (1814). 

*** Southey sometimes makes the 
word Odoar' [O'.dur], and sometimes 
O'doar (3 syl.), e.g. : 

Odour', the venerable abbot, sat ('2 syJ.). . . . 

Odoar' and Urban eyed lii.n while he spake. . . . 

Theladj Adosinda, O'doar cried (3 . <»//.). . . . 

Tell him in O'doar's nnmc the hour is cornel 



O'Doh/erty (Sir Morgan), a pseu- 
donym of W. Maginn, LL.D., in Black- 
wood's Magazine (1819-1842). 

O'Donohue's White Horses. 

The boatmen of Killarney so call those 
waves which, on a windy day, come 
crested with foam. The spirit of 
O'Donohue is supposed to glide over the 
lake of Killarney every May-day on his 
favourite white horse, to the sound of 
unearthly music. 

Odori'co, a Biscayan, to whom Zer- 
bi'no commits Isabella. He proves a 
traitor, and tries to defile her, but is 
interrupted in his base endeavour. 
Almonio defies him to single combat, 
and he is delivered bound to Zerbino, 
who condemns him, in punishment, to 
attend on Gabrina for twelve months, as 
her 'squire. He accepts the charge, but 
hangs Gabrina on an elm, and is himself 
hung by Almonio to the same tree. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Odour of Sanctity. To die "in 

the odour of sanctity " did not mean 
simply in " good repute." It was a 
prevalent notion that the dead body of 
a saint positively emitted a sweet- 
smelling savour, and the dead body of 
the unbaptized an offensive smell. 

Then he smote off his head ; and therewithall came a 
stench out of the body when the soul departed, so that 
there might nobody abide the savour. So was the corpse 
had away and buried in a wood, because lie was a panim. 
. . . Then the haughty prince said unto sir Palimedes, 
" Here have ye seen this day a great miracle hy sir Corsa- 
brin, what savour there was when the sold departed from 
tlie body, therefore we require you for to take the holy 
baptism upon you [that when you die, you may die in the 
odour of sanctity, and not, like sir Corsabrin, in the dis~ 
odour of the unbaptized)." — Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, ii. 133 (1470). 

When sir Bors and his fellows came to sir Launcelot's 
bed, they found him stark dead, . . . and the sweetest 
savour about him that ever they smelled. [This was the 
odour of sanctity. J— History of Prince Arthur, iii. 175. 

Odours for Food. Plutarch, 
Pliny, and divers other ancients tell us 
of a nation in India that lived only upon 
pleasing odours. Democ'ritos lived for 
several days together on the mere effluvia 
of hot bread.— Dr. John Wilkins (1614- 
1672). 

O'Dowd (Cornelius), the pseudonym 
of Charles James Lever, in Blackwood's 
Magazine (1809-1872). 

Odyssey. Homer's epic, recording 
the adventures of Odysseus ( Ulysses) in 
his voyage home from Troy. 

Hook I. The poem opens in the island 
of Calypso, with a coin plaint against 
Neptune and Calypso for preventing the 
return of Odysseus (3 syl.) to Ithaca. 



ODYSSEY. 



699 



OFFA'S DYKE. 



II. Telemachos, the son of Odysseus, 
starts in search of his father, accom- 
panied by Pallas in the guise of Mentor. 

III. Goes to Pylos, to consult old 
Nestor, and 

IV. Is sent by him to Sparta; where 
he is told by Menelaos that Odysseus is 
detained in the island of Calypso. 

V. In the mean time, Odysseus leaves 
the island, and, being shipwrecked, is cast 
on the shore of Phaeacia, 

VI. Where Nausicaa, the king's 
daughter, finds him asleep, and 

VII. Takes him to the court of her 
father Alcinoos, who 

VIII. Entertains him hospitabl) r . 

IX. At a banquet, Odysseus relates his 
adventures since he started from Troy. 
Tells about the Lotus-eaters and the 
Cyclops, with his adventures in the cave 
of Polyphemos. He tells how 

X. The wind-god gave him the winds 
in a bag. In the island of Circe, he says, 
his crew were changed to swine, but 
Mercury gave him a herb called Moly, 
which disenchanted them. 

XL He tells the king how he de- 
scended into hades ; 

XII. Gives an account of the syrens ; of 
Scylla and Charybdis ; and of his being 
cast on the island of Calypso. 

XIII. Alcinoos gives Odysseus a ship 
which conveys him to Ithaca, where he 
assumes the disguise of a beggar, 

XIV. And is lodged in the house of 
Eumceos, a faithful old domestic. 

XV. Telemachos, having returned to 
Ithaca, is lodged in the same house, 

XVI. And becomes known to his 
father. 

XVII. Odysseus goes to his palace, is 
recognized by his dog Argos ; but 

XVIII. The beggar Iros insults him, 
and Odysseus breaks his jaw-bone. 

XIX. While bathing, the returned mon- 
arch is recognized by a scar on his leg ; 

XX. And when he enters his palace, 
becomes an eye-witness to the disorders 
of the court, and to the way in which 

XXI. Penelope is pestered by suitors. 
To excuse herself, Penelope tells her 
suitors he only shall be her husband who 
can bend Odysseus's bow. None can do 
so but the stranger, who bends it with 
ease. Concealment is no longer possible 
or desirable ; \ 

XXII. He falls on the suitors hip and 
thigh ;> 

XXIII. Is recognized by his wife ; 

XXIV. Visits his old father Laertes ; 
and the poem ends. 



CEa'grian Harpist {The), Or- 
pheus son of GLa'gros and Cal'litfpe. 

. . . can no lesse 
Tame the fierce walkers of the wildernesse, 
Than that CEagrian harpist, for whose lay 
Tigers witli hunger pined and left their ]>rey. 
Wm. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, v. (1613). 

CE'dipos (in Latin (Edipus), son of 
Lai' us and Jocasta. The most mournful 
tale of classic story. 

*** This tale has furnished the subject 
matter of several tragedies. In Greek 
we have (Edipus Tyrannus and (Edipus at 
Colonus, by Soph'ocles. In French, 
(Edipe, by Corneille (1659) ; (Edipe, by 
Voltaire (1718) ; (Edipe chez Ad mete, by 
J. F. Ducis (1778) ; (Edipe lioi and (Eiliae 
a Colone, by Che'nier ; etc. In English, 
(Edipus, by Dryden and Lee. 

GEno'ne (3 s;/L), a nymph of mount 
Ida, who had the gift of prophecy, and 
told her husband, Paris, that his voyage 
to Greece would involve him and his 
country (Troy) in ruin. When the dead 
body of old Priam's son was laid at her 
feet, she stabbed herself. 

Hither came at noon 
Mournful Ginone, wandering forlorn 
Of Paris, once her playmate on the hills [Ida\ 

Tennyson, (£none. 

*** Kalkbrenner, in 1804, made this 
the subject of an opera. 

GEno'pian, father of Mer'ope, to 
whom the giant Orion made advances. 
(Enopian, unwilling to give his daughter 
to him, put out the giant's eyes in a 
drunken fit. 

Orion . . . 
Reeled as of yore beside the sea, 
When blinded by GEnopion. 

Longfellow, The Occultation of Orion. 

CEte'an Knight {The). Her'culesis 
so called, because he burnt himself to 
death on mount (Eta or CEtaea, in Thessaly. 

So also did that great CEtean knight 
For his love's sake his lion's skin undight. 

Spenser, Faery queen, v. 8 (1596). 

Offa, king of Mercia, was the son of 
Thingferth, and the eleventh in descent 
from Woden. Thus : Woden, (1) his son 
Wihtkeg, (2) his son Waermund, (3) Offa 
I., (4) Angeltheow, (5) Eomser, (6) Icel, 
(7) Pybba, (8) Osmod, (9) Enwulf, (10) 
Thingferth, (11) Offa, whose son was 
Egfert who died within a year of his 
father. His daughter, Eadburga, married 
Bertric king of the West Saxons ; and 
after the death of her husband, she went 
to the court of king Charlemagne. Offa 
reigned thirty-nine years (755-794). 

Offa's Dyke, a dyke from Beachley 
to Flintshire, repaired by Offa king of 



O'FLAHERTY. 



700 



OINA-MORUL. 



Mercia, and used as a rough boundary of 
his territory. Asser, however, says : 

There was in Mercia (a.d. 855) a certain valiant king 
who was feared by all the kings and neighbouring states 
around. His name was Offa. He it was who had the great 
rampart made from sea to sea between Britain and Mercia. 
— Life of Alfred (ninth century). 

Offa, ... to keep the Britons back, 

Cast up that mighty mound of eighty miles in length, 

Athwart from sea to sea. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 

OTlaherty (Dennis), called " major 
O'Flaherty." A soldier, says he, is "no 
livery for a knave," and Ireland is "not 
the country of dishonour." The major 
pays court to old lady Rusport, hut when 
he detects her dishonest purposes in brib- 
ing her lawyer to make away with sir 
Oliver's will, and cheating Charles Dudley 
of his fortune, he not only abandons his 
suit, but exposes her dishonesty. — Cum- 
berland, The West Indian (1771). 

Og, king of Basan. Thus saith the 
rabbis : 

The height of his stature was 23,033 cubits [nearly six 
mi(«l He used to drink water from the clouds, and 
toast fish by holding them before the orb of the sun. He 
asked Noah to take him into the ark, but Noah would 
not. When the flood was at its deepest, it did not reach 
to the knees of this giant. Og lived 3000 years, and then 
was he slain by the hand of Moses. 

Moses was himself ten cubits in stature [fifteen feet], 
and he took a spear ten cubits long, and threw it ten 
cubits high, and yet it only reached the heel of Og. . . . 
When dead, his body reached as far as the river Nile, in 
Egypt. 

Og's mother was Enac, a daughter of Adam. Her fingers 
were two cubits long [one yard], and on each finger she 
had two sharp nails. She was devoured by wild beasts. — 
Maracci. 

In the satire of Absalom and Achitophel, 
by Dryden and Tate, Thomas Shadwell, 
who was a very large man, is called 
" Og." 

O'gier the Dane, one of the pala- 
dins of the Charlemagne epoch. When 
100 years old, Morgue the fay took 
him to the island of Av'alon, "hard by 
the terrestrial paradise ;" gave him a 
ring which restored him to ripe manhood, 
a crown which made him forget his past 
life, and introduced him to king Arthur. 
Two hundred years afterwards, she sent 
him to defend France from the paynims, 
who had invaded it ; and having routed 
tbe invaders, he returned to Avalon again. 
— Ogier le Danois (a romance). 

In a pack of French cards, Ogier tbe 
Dane is knave of spades. His exploits 
are related in the Chansons de Geste ; he is 
introduced by Ariosto in Orlando Furioso, 
and by Morris in his Earthly Paradise 
("August"). 

Ogier's Swords, Curtana (" the cutter ") 
and Sauvagine. 

Ogier's Horse, Papillon. 



Ogle (Miss), friend of Mrs. Racket ; 
she is very jealous of young girls, and 
even of Mrs. Racket, because she was 
some six years her junior. — Mrs. Cowlev, 
The Belle's Stratagem (1780). 

O'gleby (Lord), an old fop, vain to 
excess, but good-natured withal, and 
quite the slave of the fair sex, were they 
but young and fair. At the age of 70, 
his lordship fancied himself an Adonis, 
notwithstanding his qualms and his rheu- 
matism. He required a great deal of 
" brushing, oiling, screwing, and winding 
up before he appeared in public," but, 
when fully made up, was game for the 
part of " lover, rake, or fine gentleman." 
Lord Ogleby made his bow to Fanny 
Sterling, and promised to make her a 
countess ; but the young lady had been 
privately married to Lovewell for four 
months. — Colman and Garrick, The Clan- 
destine Marriage (1766). 

No one could deliver such a dialogue as is found in 
"lord Ogleby" and in "sir Peter Teazle" [School for 
Scandal, Sheridan] with such point as Thomas King 
[1730-1805].— Life of Sheridan, 

O'gri, giants who fed on human flesh. 

O'Groat (John), with his two brothers, 
Malcolm and Gavin, settled in Caithness 
in the reign of James IV. The families 
lived together in harmony for a time, and 
met once a year at John's house. On one 
occasion a dispute arose about precedency 
— who was to take the head of the table, 
and who was to go out first. The old 
man said he would settle the question at 
the next annual muster ; accordingly he 
made as many doors to his house as there 
were families, and placed his guests at a 
round table. 

*** The legend is sometimes told some- 
what differently (see p. 498). 

Oig M'Combich (Robin) or M'Gre- 
gor, a Highland drover, who quarrels 
with Harry Wakefield an English drover, 
about a pasture-field, and stabs him. 
Being tried at Carlisle for murder, Robin 
is condemned to death. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Two Drovers (time, George III.). 

Oina-Morul, daughter of Mal- 
Orchol king of Fuarfed (a Scandinavian 
island). Ton-Thorniod asked her in mar- 
riage, and being refused by the father, 
made war upon him. Fingal sent his son 
Ossian to the aid of Mal-Orchol, and he 
took Ton-Thormod prisoner. The king 
now offered Ossian his daughter to wife, 
but the warrior-bard discovered that the 
lady had given her heart to Ton-Thormod ; 
whereupon he resigned his claim, and 



OITHONA. 



701 



OLD GLORY. 



brought about a happy reconciliation. — 
Ossian, Oina-Morul. 

Oith'ona, daughter of Nuiith, be- 
trothed to Gaul son of Morni, and the 
day of their marriage was fixed ; but 
before the time arrived, Fingal sent for 
Gaul to aid him in an expedition against 
the Britons. Gaul promised Oithona, if 
he survived, to return by a certain day. 
Lathmon, the brother of Oithona. was 
called away from home at the same time, 
to attend his father on an expedition ; so 
the damsel was left alone in Dunlathmon. 
It was now that Dunrommath lord of 
Uthal (one of the Orkneys) came and 
carried her off by force to Trom'athon, a 
desert island, where he concealed her in 
a cave. Gaul returned on the day ap- 
pointed, heard of the rape, sailed for 
Trom'athon, and found the lady, who 
told him her tale of woe ; but scarcely 
had she ended when Dunrommath entered 
the cave with his followers. Gaul in- 
stantly fell on him, and slew him. While 
the battle was raging, Oithona, arrayed 
as a warrior, rushed into the thickest of 
the light, and was slain. When Gaul had 
cut off the head of Dunrommath, he saw 
what he thought a youth dying of a 
wound, and taking off the helmet, per- 
ceived it was Oithona. She died, and 
Gaul returned disconsolate to Dunlath- 
mon. — Ossian, Oithona. 

O. K., all correct. 

"You are quite safe now, and we shall be off in a 
minute.™ says Harry. " The door is locked, and the guard 
0. K. '— B. H. Buxton, Jennie of the Princes, iii. 302. 

Okba, one of the sorcerers in the caves 
of Dom-Daniel " under the roots of the 
ocean." It was decreed by fate that one 
of the race of Hodei'rah (3 syl.) would 
be fatal to the sorcerers ; so Okba was 
sent forth to kill the whole race both 
root and branch. He succeeded in cutting 
off eight of them, but Thal'aba contrived 
to escape. Abdaldar was sent to hunt 
down the survivor, but was himself killed 
by a simoom. 

"Curse on thee, Okba ! " Khawla cried. . . . 
"Okba, wert thou weak of heart? 
Okba, wert thou b!ind of eye '! 
Thy fate and ours were on the lot . . . 
Thou hast let slip the reins of Destiny. 
Curse thee, curse thee. Okba ! " 

Southey, Ttialaba the Destroyer, ii. 7 (1797). 

O'Kean (Lieutenant) , a quondam 
admirer of Mrs. Margaret Bertram of 
Singleside. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- 
ing (time, George II.). 

Olave, brother of Noma, and grand- 
father of Minna and Brenda Troil. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.). 



Old Age restored to Youth. 

The following means arc efficacious : — 

The fontaine de joteoence, "cui lit rajo- 
venir la gent ; " the fountain of Ui'mini ; 
the river of juvescence at the foot of 
Olympiifl ; the dancing water, presented 
by prince Chary to Fairstar ; the broth of 
Medea, etc. 

We are also told of grinding old men 
into young. Ogier, at 100 years old, was 
restored to the vigour of manhood by a 
ring given him by Morgue the fay. And 
Hebe had the power of restoring youth 
and beauty to whom she chose. 

Old Bags. John Scott, lord Eldon ; 
so called because he carried home with 
him in sundry bags the cases pending his 
judgment (1751-1838). 

Old Bona Fide (2 syl.), Louis XIV. 
(1G38, 1643-1715). 

Old Curiosity Shop ( The), a tale 
by C. Dickens (1840). An old man, 
having run through his fortune, opened 
a curiosity shop in order to earn a living, 
and brought up a granddaughter, named 
Nell [Trent], 14 years of age. The child 
was the darling of the old man, but 
deluding himself with the hope of making 
a fortune by gaming, he lost everything, 
and went forth, with the child, a beggar. 
Their wanderings and adventures are 
recounted till they reach a quiet country 
village, where the old clergyman gives 
them a cottage to live in. Here Nell soon 
dies, and the grandfather is found dead 
upon her grave. The main character 
next to Nell is that of a lad named Kit 
[Nubbles], employed in the curiosity 
shop, who adored Nell as "an angel." 
This boy gets in the service of Mr. Gar- 
land, a genial, benevolent, well-to-do 
man, in the suburbs of London ; but 
Quilp hates the lad, and induces Brass, a 
solicitor of Be vis Marks, to put a £5 
bank-note in the boy's hat, and then 
accuse him of theft. Kit is tried, and 
condemned to transportation, but the 
villainy being exposed by a girl-of-all- 
work nicknamed "The Marchioness," 
Kit is liberated and restored to his place, 
and Quilp drowns himself. 

Old Cutty Soames (1 syl.), the 
fairy of the mine. 

Old Fox (The), marshal Soult ; so 
called from his strategic abilities and 
never-failing resources (1769-1851). 

Old Gib., Gibraltar Rock. 

Old Grlory, sir Francis Burdett ; so 



OLD GIB. 



702 



OLD MORTALITY. 



called by the radicals, because at one 
time he was their leader. In his latter 
years sir Francis joined the tories (1770- 
1844). 

Old Grog, admiral Edward Vernon ; 
so called from his wearing a grogram 
coat in foul weather (1684-1757). 

Old Harry, the devil. The Hebrew 
seirim ( ' ' hairy ones") is translated " devils" 
in Lev. xvii. 7, probably meaning "he- 
goats." 

Old Hickory. General Andrew 
Johnson was so called in 1813. He was 
first called " Tough," then " Tough as 
Hickory," then "Hickory," and lastly 
" Old Hickory." 

Old Humphrey, the pseudonym 
of George Mogridge of London (died 
1854). 

Old Maid (The), a farce by Murphy 
(1761). Miss Harlow is the "old maid," 
aged 45, living with her brother and his 
bride a beautiful young woman of 23. 
A young man of fortune, having seen 
them at Ranelagh, falls in love with the 
younger lady; and, inquiring their names, 
is told they are " Mrs. and Miss Harlow." 
He takes it for granted that the elder 
lady is the mother, and the younger the 
daughter ; so asks permission to pay his 
addresses to "Miss Harlow." The re- 
quest is granted, but it turns out that the 
young man meant Mrs. Harlow, and the 
worst of the matter is, that the elder 
spinster was engaged to be married to 
captain Cape, but turned him off for the 
younger man ; and, when the mistake 
was discovered, was left like the last rose 
of summer to "pine on the stem," for 
neither felt inclined to pluck and wear 
the flower. 

Old Maids, a comedy by S. Knowles 
(1841). The "old maids" are lady 
Blanche and lady Anne, two young ladies 
who resolve to die old maids. Their 
resolutions, however, are but ropes of 
sand, for lady Blanche falls in love with 
colonel Blount, and lady Anne with sir 
Philip Brilliant. 

Old Man (An), sir Francis Bond 
Head, bart., who published his Bubbles 
from the Brunnen of Nassau under this 
signature (1793- ). 

Old Man Eloquent (The), Isoc'- 
rates the orator. The defeat of the 
Athenians at Cherome'a had such an effect 
on his spirits, that he languished and 
died within four days, in the 99th year 
of his age. 



. . . that dishonest victory 
At Cheronaea, fatal to liberty, 
Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent. 

Milton, Sonnet, ix. 

Old Man of Hoy (The), a tall pillar 
of old red conglomerate in the island of 
Hoy. The softer parts have been washed 
away by the action of the waves. 

Old Man of the Mountains, 

Hassan-ben-Sabah, sheik al Jebal ; also 
called subah of Nishapour, the founder 
of the band (1090). Two letters are 
inserted in Rymer's Fozdera by Dr. Adam 
Clarke, the editor, said to be written by 
this sheik. 

Aloaddin, " prince of the Assassins " 
(thirteenth century). 

Old Man of the Sea (The), a mon- 
ster which contrived to get on the back of 
Sindbad the sailor, and refused to dis- 
mount. Sindbad at length made him 
drunk, and then shook him off. — Arabian 
Nights ("Sindbad the Sailor," fifth 
voyage). 

Old Man of the Sea (The), Phorcus. 
He had three daughters, with only one 
eye and one tooth between 'em. — Greek 
Mythology. 

Old Manor-House ( The), a novel 
by Charlotte Smith. Mrs. Rayland is the 
lady of the manor (1793). 

Old Moll, the beautiful daughter of 
John Overie or Audery (contracted into 
Overs) a miserly ferryman. "Old 
Moll " is a standing toast with the parish 
officers of St. Mary Overs'. 

Old Mortality, the best of Scott's 
historical novels (1816). Morton is the 
best of his young heroes, and serves as 
an excellent foil to the fanatical and 
gloomy Burley. The two classes of 
actors, viz., the brave and dissolute 
cavaliers, and the resolute oppressed 
covenanters, are drawn in bold relief. 
The most striking incidents are the 
terrible encounter with Burley in his 
rocky fastness ; the dejection and anxiety 
of Morton on his return from Holland ; 
and the rural comfort of Cuddie Head- 
rigg's cottage on the banks of the Clyde, 
with its thin blue smoke among the 
trees, "showing that the evening meal 
was being made ready." 

Old Mortality always appeared to me the " Marmion " 
of Scott's novels.— Chambers, Ertfflith Literature, ii. 587. 

Old Mortality, an itinerant antiquary, 
whose craze is to clean the moss from 
gravestones, and keep their letters and 
effigies in good condition. — Sir W. Scott, 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 



OLD NOLL. 



703 



OLIXDO. 



\* The prototype of " Old Mortality " 
was Robert Patterson. 

Old Noll, Oliver Cromwell (1599- 
1658). 

Old NolVs Fiddler, sir Roger Lestrange, 
who played the bass-viol at the musical 
parties held at John Hingston's house, 
where Oliver Cromwell was a constant 
guest. 

Old Rowley, Charles II. ; so called 
from his favourite race-horse (1630, 
1600-1085). 

*** A portion of Newmarket race- 
course is still called " Rowley mile." 

Old Stone, Henry Stone, statuary 
and painter (died 1653). 

Old Tom, cordial gin. So called 
from Tom Chamberlain (one of the firm 
of Messrs. Hodges' gin distillery), who 
first concocted it. 

Oldboy (Colonel), a manly retired 
officer, foud of his glass, and not averse 
to a little spice of the Lothario spirit. 

Lady Mar;/ Oldboy, daughter of lord 
Jessamy and wife of the colonel. A 
sickly nonentity, " ever complaining, ever 
having something the matter with her 
head, back, or legs." Afraid of the 
slightest breath of wind, jarred by a loud 
voice, and incapable of the least ex- 
ertion. 

Diana Oldboy, daughter of the colonel. 
She marries Harman. 

Jessamy, son of the colonel and lady 
Mary. An insufferable prig. — Bicker- 
staff, Lionel and Clarissa. 

Oldbuck (Jonathan), the antiquary, 
devoted to the study and accumulation 
of old coins and medals, etc. He is 
sarcastic, irritable, and a woman-hater ; 
but kind-hearted, faithful to his friends, 
and a humorist. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Antiquary {time George HI.). 

An excellent temper, with a slight degree of subacid 
humour ; learning, wit, and drollery, the more poignant 
that they were a littie marked by the peculiarities of an 
old bachelor; a soundness of thought, rendered more 
forcible by an occasional quaintness of expression. — these 
were the qualities in which the creature of my imagina- 
tion resembled my benevolent and excellent old friend. 
—Sir W. Scott. 

The merit of The Antiquary as a novel rests on the 
inimitable delineation of Oldbuck, that model of black- 
letter and Koman-camp antiquaries, whose oddities and 
conversation are rich and racy as any of the old crusted 
port that John of the Girnel might have held in his 
monastic cellars. —Chambers, English Literature, ii. 586. 

Oldcastle (Sir John), a drama bv 
Anthony Munday (1600). This play 
appeared with the name of Shakespeare 
on the title-page. 

Oldworth, of Oldworth Oaks, a 



wealthy squire, liberally educated, very 
hospitable, benevolent, humorous, and 
whimsical, lie brings up Maria "the 
maid of the Oaks" as his ward, but she 
is bis daughter and heiress. —J. Burgoyne, 
The Maid of the Oaks (1779). 

Olifant, the horn of Roland or 
Orlando. This horn and the sword 
" Durinda'na " were buried with the 
hero. Turpin tells us in his Chronicle 
that Charlemagne heard the blare of this 
horn at the distance of eight miles. 

Olifant (B'isll), a kinsman of lady 
Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower of 
Tillietudlem.— Sir W. Scott, Old Mor- 
tality (time, Charles II.). 

Olifaunt (Lord Niyel), of Glenvar- 
loch. On going to court to present 
a petition to James I., he aroused the 
dislike of the duke of Buckingham. 
Lord Dalgarno gave him the cut direct, 
and Nigel struck him, but was obliged to 
seek refuge in Alsatia. After various 
adventures, he married Margaret Ramsay, 
the watchmaker's daughter, and obtained 
the title-deeds of his estates.— Sir W. 
Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 
I.). 

Olim'pia, the wife of Bireno, uncom- 
promising in love, and relentless in hate. 
— Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Olim'pia, a proud Roman lady of high 
rank. When Rome was sacked by Bour- 
bon, she flew for refuge to the high altar 
of St. Peter's, where she clung to a golden 
cross. On the advance of certain soldiers 
in the army of Bourbon to seize her, she 
cast the huge cross from its stand, and as 
it fell it crushed to death the foremost 
soldier. Others then attempted to seize 
her, when Arnold dispersed them and 
rescued the lady ; but the proud beauty 
would not allow the foe of her countrv to 
touch her, and flung herself from the high 
altar on the pavement. Apparently life- 
less, she was borne off ; but whether she 
recovered or not we are not informed, as 
the drama was never finished. — Byron, 
The Deformed Transformed (1821). 

Olindo, the lover of Sophronia. Ala- 
dine king of Jerusalem, at the advice 
of his magicians, stole an image of the 
Virgin, and set it up as a palladium in 
the chief mosque. During the night it was 
carried off. and the king, unable to dis- 
cover the thief, ordered all his Christian 
subjects to be put to death. To prevent 
this massacre, Sophronia delivered up her- 



OLIPHANT. 



704 



OLIVIA. 



self as the perpetrator of the deed, and 
Olindo, hearing thereof, went to the king 
and declared Sophronia innocent, as he 
himself had stolen the image. The king 
commanded both to be put to death, but 
by the intercession of Clorinda they were 
both set free. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, 
ii. (1575). 

Oliphant or Ollyphant, the twin- 
brother of Argan'te the giantess. Their 
father was Typhaeus, and their mother 
Earth. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 7, 11 
(1590). 

Olive, emblem of peace. In Greece 
and Rome, those who desired peace used 
to carry an olive branch in their hand 
(see Gen. viii. 11). 

Peace sitting under her olive, and slurring the days gone 
by. 

Tennyson, Maud, I. i. 9 (1855). 

Olive Tree {The), emblem of Athens, 
in memory of the famous dispute between 
Minerva (the patron goddess of Athens) 
and Neptune. Both deities wished to 
found a city on the same spot ; and 
referring the'matter to Jove, the king of 
gods and men decreed that the privilege 
should be granted to whichever would 
bestow the most useful gift on the future 
inhabitants. Neptune struck the earth 
with his trident, and forth came a war- 
horse ; Minerva produced an olive tree, 
emblem of peace ; and Jove gave the ver- 
dict in favour of Minerva. 

Oliver, the elder son of sir Rowland 
de Boys [2?w?or], left in charge of his 
younger brother Orlando, whom he hated 
and tried indirectly to murder. Orlando, 
finding it impossible to live in his 
brother's house, fled to the forest of 
Arden, where he joined the society of 
the banished duke. One morning, he 
saw a man sleeping, and a serpent and 
lioness bent on making him their prey. 
He slew both the serpent and the lioness, 
and then found that the sleeper was his 
brother Oliver. Oliver's disposition from 
this moment underwent a complete 
change, and he loved his brother as much 
as he had before hated him. In the 
forest, the two brothers met Rosalind 
and Celia. The former, who was the 
daughter of the banished duke, married 
Orlando ; and the latter, who was the 
daughter of the usurping duke, married 
Oliver. — Shakespeare, As You Like It 
(1598). 

Oliver and Rowland, the two 



chief paladins of Charlemagne. Shake- 
speare makes the duke of Alencon say : 

Froissart, a countryman of ours, records, 
England all Olivers and Rowlands bred 
During the tune Edward the Third did reign. 

1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2 (1589). 

Oliver's Horse, Ferrant d'Espagne. 
Oliver's Sword, Haute-claire. 

Oliver le Dain or Oliver le Diable, 
court barber, and favourite minister of 
Louis XI. Introduced by sir W. Scott 
in Quentin Burvoard and Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Oliv'ia, a rich countess, whose love 
was sought by Orsino duke of Illyria ; 
but having lost her brother, Olivia lived 
for a time in entire seclusion, and in no 
wise reciprocated the duke's love ; in 
consequence of which Viola nicknamed 
her " Fair Cruelty." Strange as it may 
seem, Olivia fell desperately in love with 
Viola, who was dressed as the duke's 
page, and sent her a ring. Mistaking 
Sebastian (Viola's brother) for Viola, she 
married him out of hand. — Shakespeare, 
Twelfth Night (1614). 

Never were Shakespeare's words more finely given than 
by Miss M. Tree [1802-186:2] in the speech to " Olivia," be- 
ginning, " Make me a willow cabin at thy gate." — Talfourd 
(1821). 

Olivia, a female Tartuffe (2 syl.), and 
consummate hypocrite of most unblushing 
effrontery. — Wycherly, The Plain Dealer 
(1G77). 

The due de Montausier was the proto- 
type of Wycherly's "Mr. Manly" the 
"plain dealer," and of Moliere's " Misan- 
thrope." 

Olivia, daughter of sir James Wood- 
ville, left in charge of a mercenary 
wretch, who, to secure to himself her 
fortune, shut her up in a convent in Paris. 
She was rescued by Leontine Croaker, 
brought to England, and became his 
bride. — Goldsmith, The Good-natured 
Man (1768). 

Olivia, the tool of LudovTco. She 
loved Vicentio, but Vicentio was plighted 
to Evadne sister of Colonna. Ludovico 
induced Evadne to substitute the king's 
miniature for that of Vicentio, which she 
was accustomed to wear. "When Vicentio 
returned, and found Evadne with the 
king's miniature, he believed what Ludo- 
vico had told him, that she was the 
king's wanton, and he cast her off. Olivia 
repented of her duplicity, and explained 
it all to Vicentio, whereby a reconcilia- 
tion took place, and Vicentio married 
his troth-plighted lady " more sinned 



OLIVIA. 



705 



OMAWHAWS. 



against than sinning." — Shiel, Evadne or 
The Statue (1820). 

Olivia, " the rose of Aragon," was the 
daughter of Ruphi'no, a peasant, and 
bride of prince Alonzo of Aragon. The 
king refused to recognize the marriage, 
and, sending his son to the army, com- 
pelled the cortez to pass an act of divorce. 
This brought to a head a general revolt. 
The king was dethroned, and Almagro 
made regent. Almagro tried to make 
Olivia marry him ; ordered her father to 
the rack, and her brother to death. Mean- 
while the prince returned at the head of 
his arm}', made himself master of the city, 
put down the revolt, and had his mar- 
riage duly recognized. Almagro took 
poison and died. — S. Knowles, The Hose 
of Arayon (1842). 

Olivia [Puimkose], the elder daugh- 
ter of the vicar of Wakefield. She was 
a sort of Hebe in beauty, open, sprightly, 
and commanding. Olivia Primrose 
"wished for many lovers," and eloped 
with squire Thornhill. Her father went 
in search of her, and, on his return home- 
ward, stopped at a roadside inn, called 
the Harrow, and there found her turned 
out of the house b} r the landlady. It was 
ultimately discovered that she was legally 
married to the squire. — Goldsmith. Vicar 
of Wakefield (1765). 

Olivia de Zuniga, daughter of don 
Caesar. She fixed her heart on having 
Julio de Melessina for her husband, and 
so behaved to all other suitors as to drive 
them away. Thus to don Garcia, she 
pretended to be a termagant ; to don 
Vincentio, who was music mad, she pro- 
fessed to love a Jew's-harp above every 
other instrument. At last Julio appeared, 
and her "bold stroke" obtained as its 
reward "the husband of her choice." — 
Mrs. Cowley, A Bold Stroke for a Hus- 
band (1782). 

Olla, bard of Cairbar. These bards 
acted as heralds. — Ossian. 

Ol'lapod (Cornet), at the Galen's 
Head. An eccentric country apothecary, 
"a jumble of physic and shooting." Dr. 
Ollapod is very fond of " wit," and when 
he has said what he thinks a smart thing, 
he calls attention to it, with "He! he! 
he ! " and some such expression as, " Do 
you take, good sir ? do you take ? " But 
when another says a smart thing, he 
titters, and cries, "That's well! that's 
very well ! Thank you, good sir, I owe 
you one ! " He is a regular rattle 5 de- 



tails all the scandal of the village ; boasts 
of his achievements or misadventures ; 
is very mercenary, and wholly without 
principle. — G. Colman, The Toor Gentle- 
man (1802). 

%* This character is evidently a copy 
of Dibdin's "doctor Pother" in The 
Farmer's Wife (1780). 

Ol'lomand, an enchanter, who per- 
suaded Ahu'bal, the rebellions brother of 
Misnar sultan of Delhi, to try by bribery 
to corrupt the troops of the sultan. By 
an unlimited supply of gold, he soon 
made himself master of the southern pro- 
vinces, and Misnar marched to give him 
battle. Ollomand, with 5000 men, went 
in advance and concealed his company in 
a forest ; but Misnar, apprized thereof by 
spies, set fire to the forest, and Ollo- 
mand was shot by the discharge of his 
own cannons, fired spontaneously by the 
flames : " For enchantment has no power 
except over those who are first deceived 
by the enchanter." — Sir C. Morell [J. 
Ridley], Tales of the Genii ("The En- 
chanter's Tale," vi., 1751). 

Olof (Sir), a bridegroom who rode 
late to collect guests to his wedding. On 
his ride, the daughter of the erl king 
met him, and invited him to dance a 
measure, but sir Olof declined. She then 
offered him a pair of gold spurs, a silk 
doublet, and a heap of gold, if he would 
dance with her ; and when he refused to 
do so, she struck him " with an elf- 
stroke." On the morrow, when all the 
bridal party -was assembled, sir Olof was 
found dead* in a wood. — A Danish Legend 
(Herder). 

Olympia, countess of Holland and 
wife of Bire'no. Being deserted by 
Bireno, she was bound naked to a rock by 
pirates, but was delivered by Orlando, 
who took her to Ireland, where she mar- 
ried king Oberto (bks. iv., v.). — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Olym'pia, sister to the great-duke of 
Muscovia. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Loyal Subject (1618). 

Olympus, of Greece, was on the 
confines of Macedonia and Thessaly. 
Here the court of Jupiter was held. 

Olympus, in the dominions of Prester 
John, was "three daj-s' journey from 
paradise." This Olympus is a corrupt 
form of Alumbo, the same as Columbo, 
in Ceylon. 

Omawliaws lOm'.a.u-aws'] or Om'- 
2 z 



OMBRELIA. 



706 ORACLE OF THE HOLY BOTTLE. 



ahas, an Indian tribe of Dacota (United 
States). 

O chief of the mighty Omawhaws ! 

Longfellow, To the Driving Cloud. 

Ombre'lia, the rival of Smilinda for 
the love of Sharper; "strong as the 
footman, as the master sweet." — Pope, 
Eclogues (" The Basset Table," 1715). 

One Side. All on one side, like the 
Bridge-north election. Bridgenorth was a 
pocket borough in the hands of the Apley 
family. 

One Thing at a Time. This was 
De Witt's great maxim. 

The famous De Witt, being asked how he was able to 
despatch that multitude of affairs in which he was en- 
gaged, replied, that his whole art consisted in doing one 
thing at a time.— Spectator ("Art of Growing Rich"). 

O'Neal {Shan), leader of the Irish 
insurgents in 1567. Shan O'Neal was 
notorious for profligacy. 

Onei'za (3 syl.), daughter of Moath 
a well-to-do Bedouin, in love with 
Thal'aba "the destroyer" of sor- 
cerers. Thalaba, being raised to the office 
of vizier, married Oneiza, but she died 
on the bridal night. — Southey, Thalaba 
the Destroyer, ii., vii. (1797). 

Oneyda Warrior (The), Outalissi 
(a. v.). — Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming 
(1809). 

Only {The), Johann Paul Friedrich 
Richter, called by the Germans Der Ein- 
zige, from the unique character of his 
writings. 

Not without reason have his panegyrists named him 
Jean Paul der Einzige, "Je;i» Paul the Only," ... for 
surely, in the whole circle of literature, we look in vain 
for his parallel.— Carlyle. 

*** The Italians call Bernardo Accolti, 
an Italian poet of the sixteenth century, 
" Aretino the Only" or V Unico Aretino. 

Open, Ses'ame (3 syl.) ! the magic 
words which caused the cave door of the 
" forty thieves" to open of itself. "Shut, 
Sesame ! " were the words which caused it 
to shut. Sesame" is a grain, and hence 
Cassim, when he forgot the word, cried, 
"Open, Wheat!" "Open, Rye!" "Open, 
Barley ! " but the door obeyed no sound 
but " Open, Sesame ! " — Arabian Nights 
(" Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves"). 

Opening a handkerchief, in which he had a sample of 
sesaiu#, lie showed it me, and inquired how much a large 
measure of the grain was worth. ... 1 told him that, 
according to the present price, it would be worth one 
hundred drachms of silver. — Arabian Nights ("The 
Christian Merchant's Story "). 

Ophe'lia, the young, beautiful, and 
pious daughter of Polo'nius lord chamber- 
lain to the king of Denmark. Hamlet 



fell in love with her, but, finding marriage 
inconsistent with his views of vengeance 
against "his murderous, adulterous, and 
usurping uncle," he affected madness ; 
and Ophelia was so wrought upon by his 
strange behaviour to her, that her intellect 
gave way. In an attempt to gather 
flowers from a brook, the branch of a tree 
she was holding snapped, and, falling 
into the water, she was drowned. — Shake- 
speare, Hamlet (1596). 

Tate Wilkinson, speaking of Mrs. 
Cibber (Dr. Arne's daughter, 1710-1766), 
says: "Her features, figure, and singing, 
made her the best ' Ophelia ' that ever 
appeared either before or since." 

Ophiuchus [Of.i.u'. hits'], the con- 
stellation Serpentarius. Ophiuchus is a 
man who holds a serpent (Greek, ophis) 
in his hands. The constellation is situated 
to the south of Hercules ; and the prin- 
cipal star, called " Ras Alhague," is in 
the man's head. {Has Alhague is from 
the Arabic, rds-al-hawicd, "the serpent- 
charmer's head.") 

Satan stood 
Unterrified, and like a comet burned. 
That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge 
In the Arctic sky. 

Milton, Paradise Lost. ii. 709, etc. (1665). 

Ophiu'sa, island of serpents near 
Crete ; called by the Romans Colubra'ria. 
The inhabitants were obliged to quit it, 
because the snakes were so abundant. 
Milton refers to it in Paradise Lost, x. 
528 (1665). 

Opium-Eater ( The English), Thomas 
de Quincey, who published Confessions of 
an English Opium-Eater (1845). 

O. P. Q., Robert Merry (1755-1798) ; 

object of Gift'ord's satire in the Baviad 
and M&viad, and of Byron's in his English 
Bards and Scotch Reviewers. He married 
Miss Brunton, the actress. 

And Merry's metaphors appear anew, 
Chained to the signature of 0. P. Q. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewer* (1809). 

Oracle (To Work the), to raise money 
by some dodge. The " Oracle " was a 
factory established at Reading, by John 
Kendrick, in 1624. It was designed for 
returned convicts, and any one out of 
emploj'ment. So when a workman " had 
no work to do," he would say, "I must 
go and work tbe Oracle," i.e. 1 must go to 
the Oracle for work. 

Oracle of the Church (TJie), St. 
Bernard (1091-1153). 

Oracle of the HolyBottle (The), 
an oracle sought for by Rabelais, to solve 



ORACLE OF THE SIEVE, ETC. 707 



OREADES. 



the knotty point " whether Panurge (2 
syl.) should marry or not." The question 
had been put to sibyl and poet, monk and 
fool, philosopher and witch, but none 
could answer it. The oracle was ultimately 
found in Lantern-land. 

This, of course, is a satire on the 
celibacy of the clergy and the withhold- 
ing of the cup from the laity. Shall the 
clergy marry or not? — that was the moot 
point; and the "Bottle of Tent Wine," 
or the clergy, who kept the bottle to them- 
selves, alone could solve it. The oracle 
and priestess of the bottle were both called 
Bacbuc (Hebrewfor "bottle"). — Rabelais, 
Pantay'rucl, iv., v. (1545). 

Oracle of the Sieve and Shears 

(The), a method of divination known to 
the Greeks. The modus operamli in the 
Middle Ages was as follows: — The points 
of a pair of shears were stuck in the rim 
of a sieve, and two persons supported the 
shears with their finger-tips. A verse of 
the Bible was then read aloud, and while 
the names of persons suspected were called 
over, the sieve was supposed to turn when 
the right name was suggested. (See Key 
and Bible, p. 509.) 

Searching for things lost with a sieve and shears.— Ben 
Jonson, Alchemist, i. 1 (1610). 

Oracle of Truth, the magnet. 

And by the oracle of truth below. 
The wondrous magnet, guides the wayward prow. 
Falconer, The Shipwreck, ii. 2 (1756). 

Orange (Prince of), a title given to 
the heir-apparent of the king of Holland. 
"Orange" is a pett} r principality in the 
territory of Avignon, in the possession of 
the Nassau family. 

Orania, the lady-love of Am'adis of 
Gaul. — Lobeira, Aniadis of Gaul (four- 
teenth century). 

Orator Eenley, the Rev. John 
Henley, who for about thirty years de- 
livered lectures on theological, political, 
and literary subjects (1692-1756). 

*** Hogarth has introduced him into 
several of his pictures ; and Pope sa}^s of 
him : 

Imbround with native bronze, lo ! Henley stands. 
Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands. 
How fluent nonsense trickle? from his tongue! 
How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung ! . . . 
Oh, great restorer of the good old stage, 
Preacher at once and zany of thy age ! 
Oh, worthy thou of Egypt's wise abodes; 
A decent priest where monkeys were the gods ! 

The Dunciad, iii. 199, etc. (1742). 

Orator Hunt, the great demagogue 
in the time of the Wellington and. Peel 
administration. Henry Hunt, M. P., used 
to wear a grey hat, and these hats were 



for the time a badge of democratic prin- 
ciples, and called "radical hats" (1773- 

1835). 

Orbaneja, the painter of Ube'da, who 
painted so preposterously that he inscribed 
under his objects what he meant them 
for. 

Orbaneja would paint a cock so wretchedly designed, 
that he was obliged to inscribe under it, "This is a cock." 
—Cervantes, Don. Quixote, II. i. 3 (1615). 

Orbilius, the schoolmaster who taught 
Horace. The poet calls him "the flogger" 
(plagosus). — Ep., ii. 71. 

%* The Orbilian Stick is a birch rod 
or cane. 

Ordeal (A Fiery), a sharp trial or 
test. In England there were anciently 
two ordeals — one of water and the other 
of fire. The water ordeal was for the 
laity, and the fire ordeal for the nobility. 
If a noble was accused of a crime, he or 
his deputy was tried by ordeal thus : lie 
had either to hold in his hand a piece of 
red-hot iron, or had to walk blindfold and 
barefoot over nine red-hot ploughshares 
laid lengthwise at unequal distances. If 
he passed the ordeal unhurt, he was de- 
clared innocent ; if not, he was accounted 
guilty. This method of punishment arose 
from the notion that "God would defend 
the right," even by miracle, if needs be. 

Ordigale, the otter, in the beast-epic 
of Reynard the Fox, i. (1498). 

Ordovi'ces (4 syl.), people of Ordo- 
vicia, that is, Flintshire, Denbighshire, 
Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire, Car- 
narvonshire, and Anglesey. (In Latin 
the i is short : Ordovices.) 

The Ordovices now which North Wales people be. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Or 'do vies (3 syl.), the inhabitants of 
North "Wales. (In Latin North Wales is 
called Ordovic'ia.) 

Beneath his [Agricola's] fatal sword the Ordovies to fall 
(Inhabiting the west), those people last of all 
. . . withstood. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Or'ead (3 syl.), a mountain-nymph. 
Tennyson calls "Maud" an oread, be- 
cause her hall and garden were on a hill. 

I see my Oread coming down. 

Maud, I. xvi. 1 (1855). 

Oread. Echo is so called. 

Ore'ades (4 syl.) or O'reads (3 syl.), 
mountain-ny m ph s . 

Ye Cambrian [Welsh] shepherds then, whom these our 

mountains please, 
And ye our fellow-nymphs, ye light Oreadfis. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 



ORELIO. 



708 



ORIANA. 



Orel'io, the favourite horse of king 
Roderick the last of the Goths. 

'Twas Orelio 
On which he rode, Roderick's own battle-horse, 
Who from his master's hand had wont to feed, 
And with a glad docility obey 
His voice familiar. 

Southey, Jtoderick, etc., xxv. (1814). 

Ores'tes (3 syl.), son of Agamemnon, 
betrothed to Hermi'one (4 syl.) daughter 
of Menala'os (4 syl.) king of Sparta. At 
the downfall of Troy, Menalaos promised 
Hermione in marriage to Pyrrhos king 
of Epiros, but Pyrrhos fell in love with 
Androm'ache the widow of Hector, and 
his captive. An embassy, led by Orestes, 
was sent to Epiros, to demand that the 
son of Andromache should be put to 
death, lest as he grew up he might seek 
to avenge his father's death. Pyrrhos 
refused to comply. In this embassage, 
Orestes met Hermione again, and found 
her pride and jealousy aroused to fury by 
the slight offered her. She goaded Orestes 
to avenge her insults, and the ambassadors 
fell on Pyrrhos and murdered him. Her- 
mione- when she saw the dead body of 
the king borne along, stabbed herself, 
and Orestes went raving mad. — Ambrose 
Philips, The Distressed Mother (1712). 

All the parts in which I ever saw [IF. ft Macready], 
such as "Orestes," " Mirandola," "William Tell," "Rob 
Roy," and " Claude Melnotte," he certainly had made his 
own. — Rev. F. Young, Life of ft M. Young. 

Orfeo and Heuro'dis, the tale of 
Orpheus and Eurydice, with the Gothic 
machinery of elves and fairies. 

*£* Gliick has an opera called Orfeo ; 
the libretto, by Calzabigi, based on a dra- 
matic piece by Poliziano (1764). 

Orgari'ta, "the orphan of the Frozen 
Sea," heroine of a drama. (See 
Martha.) — Stirling, The Orphan of the 
Frozen Sea (1856). 

Or'gilus, the betrothed lover of 
Penthe'a, by the consent of her father ; 
but at the death of her father, her brother 
Ith'ocles compelled herto marry Bass'anes, 
whom she hated. Ithocles was about to 
marry the princess of Sparta, but a little 
before the event w as to take place, Pen- 
thea starved herself to death, and Orgilus 
was condemned to death for murdering 
Ithocles. — John Ford, The Broken Heart 
(1633). 

Orgoglio [Or.goW.yd], a hideous 
{jr.mt, as tall as three men, son of Earth 
and Wind. Finding the Red Cross 
Knight at the fountain of Idleness, he 
beats him with a club, and makes him 
bis slave. Una informs Arthur of it, and 
Arthur liberates the knight and slays the | 



giant (Rev. xiii. 5, 7, with Dan. vii. 21, 
22). — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. (1590). 

*** Arthur first cut off Org >glio's left 
arm, i.e. Bohemia was cut off first from 
the Church of Rome ; then he cut off the 
giant's right leg, i.e. England. 

Orgon, brother-in-law of Tartuffe 
(2 syl.). His credulity and faith in 
Tartuffe, like that of "his mother, can 
scarcely be shaken even by the evidence 
of his senses. He hopes against hope, 
and fights every inch of ground in defence 
of the religious hypocrite. — Moliere, 
Tartuffe (1664). 

Oria'na, daughter of Lisuarte king 
of England, and spouse of Am'adis of 
Gaul (bk. ii. 6). The general plot of this 
series of romance bears on this marriage, 
and tells of the thousand and one obstacles 
from rivals, giants, sorcerers, and so on, 
which had to be overcome before the 
consummation could be effected. It is 
in this unity of plot that the Amadis 
series differs from its predecessors — the 
Arthurian romances, and those of the 
paladins of Charlemagne, which are 
detached adventures, each complete in 
itself, and not bearing to any common 
focus. — Amadis de Gaul (fourteenth cen- 
tury). 

*** Queen Elizabeth is called "the 
peerless Oriana," especially in the ma- 
drigals entitled The Triumphs of Oriana 
(1601). Ben Jonson applies the name to 
the queen of James I. (Oriens Anna). 

Oria'na, the nursling of a lioness, Avith 
whom Esplandian fell in love, and for 
whom he underwent all his perils and 
exploits. She was the gentlest, fairest, 
and most faithful of her sex. — Lobeira, 
Amadis of Gaul (fourteenth century). 

Orian'a, the fair, brilliant, and witty 
"chaser" of the "wild goose" Mirabel, 
to whom she is betrothed, and whose wife 
she ultimately becomes. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase (1652). 

Orian'a, the ward of old Mirabel, and 
bound by contract to her guardian's son 
Avhom she loves; but young Mirabel 
shilly-shallies, till he gets into trouble 
with Lamorce (2 syl.), and is in danger 
of being murdered, when Oriana, dressed 
as a page, rescues him. He then declares 
that his " inconstancy has bad a hsson," 
and he marries the lady. — G. Farquhar, 
The Inconstant (1702). 

Orian'a, in Tennyson's ballad so called, 
"stood on the castle wall," to see her 
spouse, a Norland chief, light. A foe- 



ORIANDE. 



ro9 



ORION. 



man went between " the chief and the 
wall," and discharged an arrow, which, 
glancing aside, pierced the. lady's heart 
and killed her. The ballad is the lamen- 
tation of the spouse on the death of his 
bride (1830). 

O'riande (3 s///.), a fay who lived 
at Rosefleur, and brought up Maugis 
d'Aygremunt. When her protege grew 
up. she loved him, "d'un si grand amour, 
qu'elle doute fort qu'il ne se departe 
d'avecques elle." — Romance de Maugis 
(TAygremont et de Vivian son Frere. 

O'riel, a fairy, whose empire lay along 
the banks of the Thames, when king 
Oberon held his court in Kensington 
Gardens. — Tickell, Kensington Gardens 
(1686-1740). 

Oriflamme, the banner of St. 
Denis. When the counts of Yexin be- 
came possessed of the abbey, the banner 
passed into their hands, and when, in 
10S'2, Philippe I. united Yexin to the 
crown, the oriflamme or sacred banner 
belonged to the king. In 1119 it was 
first used as a national banner. It con- 
sists of a crimson silk flag, mounted on a 
gilt staff (un glaive tout dore'ou est atachie 
une baniere vermeille). The loose end is 
cut into three wavy Vandykes, to represent 
tongues of flame, and a silk tassel is hung 
at each cleft. In war, the display of this 
standard indicates that no quarter will be 
given. The English standard of no 
quarter was the "burning dragon." 

Raoul de Presle says it was used in the 
time of Charlemagne, being the gift of 
the patriarch of Jerusalem. We are told 
that all infidels were blinded who looked 
on it. Froissart says it was displayed 
at the battle of Rosbecq, in the reign of 
Charles VI., and "no sooner was it un- 
furled, than the fog cleared away, and 
the sun shone on the French alone." 

I have not reared the Oriflamme of death. 

. me it behoves 
To spare the fallen foe. 

Southey, Joan of Arc, viii. 621, etc. (1837). 

Origilla, the lady-love of Gryphon 
brother of Aquilant ; but the faithless fair 
one took up with Martano, a most im- 
pudent boaster and a coward. Being at 
Damascus during a tournament in which 
Gryphon was the victor, Martano stole 
the armour of Gryphon, arrayed himself 
in it, took the prizes, and then decamped 
with the lady. Aquilant happened to see 
them, bound them, and took them back 
to Damascus, where Martano was hanged, 
and the lady kept in bondage for the 



judgment of Lucina. — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Orillo, a magician and robber, who 
lived at the mouth of the Nile. He was 
the son of an imp and fairy. When any 
one of his limbs was lopped off, he had the 
power of restoring it : ami when his head 
was cut off, he could take it up and 
replace it. When Astolpho encountered 
this magician, he was informed that his 
life lay in one particular hair ; so instead 
of seeking to maim his adversary, As- 
tolpho cut off the magic hair, and the 
magician fell lifeless at his feet. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Orinda "the incomparable," Mrs. 
Katherine Philipps, who lived in the 
reign of Charles II. and died of small- 
pox. 

%* Her praises were sung by Cowley, 
Dryden, and others. 

We allowed you beauty, and we did submit . . . 
Ah. cruel sex. will you depose us too in wit! 
Orinda does in that too reign. 

Cowley, On Orinda' t Poeint (1647). 

O'riole (3 syl.\. The " Baltimore bird " 
is often so called in America ; but the 
oriole is of the thrush family, and the 
Baltimore bird is a starling. Its nest is 
a pendulous cylindrical pouch, some six 
inches long, usually suspended from two 
twigs at the extremity of a branch, and 
therefore liable to swing backwards and 
forwards by the force of the wind. Hence 
Longfellow compares a child's swing to 
an oriole's nest. 

. . . like an oriole's nest. 
From which the laughing birds have taken wing ; 
By thee abandoned hangs thy vacant swing. 

Longfellow, To a Child. 

Ori'on, a giant of great beauty, and 
a famous hunter, who cleared the island 
of Chios of wild beasts. WTiile in the 
island, Orion fell in love with Merope, 
daughter of king CEnop'ion ; but one day, 
in a drunken fit, having offered her 
violence, the king put out the giant's eyes 
and drove him from the island. Orion 
was told if he would travel eastwards, 
and expose his sockets to the rising sun, 
he would recover his sight. Guided by 
the sound of a Cyclops' hammer, he 
reached Lemnos, where Yulcan gave him 
a guide to the abode of the sun. In due 
time, his sight returned to him, and at 
death he was made a constellation. The 
lion's skin was an emblem of the wild 
beasts which he slew in Chios, and the 
club was the instrument he employed for 
the purpose. 



ORION. 



710 



ORLANDO FURIOSO. 



He [Orion] 
Reeled as of yore beside the sea, 

When, blinded by ffinopion, 
He sought the blacksmith at his forge, 
And, climbing up the mountain gorge, 
Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun. 

Longfellow, The Occultation of Orion. 

Orion and the Blacksmith. The refer- 
ence is to the blacksmith mentioned in 
the preceding article, whom Orion took 
on his back to act as guide to the place 
where the rising sun might be best seen. 

Orion's Dogs were Arctophonus (" the 
bear-killer") and Ptoophagos ("the 
glutton of Ptoon," in Boeotia). 

Orion's Wife, Side. 

Ori'on. After Orion has set in the 
west, Auriga (the Charioteer) and Gem'ini 
(Castor and Pollux) are still visible. 
Hence Tennyson says : 

. . . the Charioteer 
And starry Gemini hang like glorious crowns 
Over Orion's grave low down in the west. 

Maud, III. vi. 1 (1855). 

Ori'on, a seraph, the guardian angel of 
Simon Peter. — Klopstock, The Messiah, 
iii. (1748). 

Orith/yia or Orith'ya, daughter of 
Frectheus. carried off by Boreas to 
Thrace. 

Such dalliance as alone the North wind hath with her, 
Oiithya not enjoyed, from [J to] Thrace when he her took. 
And in his saily plumes the trembling virgin shook. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, x. (1612). 

Phineas Fletcher calls the word 
" Orithy'a." 

None knew mild zephjTS from cold Euros' mouth, 
Nor Oritha/'s lover's violence [North wind]. 

Purple Island, i. (1633). 

Orlando, the younger son of sir 
Rowland de Boys \_Bwor~\. At the death 
of his father, he was left under the care 
of his elder brother Oliver, who was 
charged to treat him well ; but Oliver 
hated him, wholly neglected his educa- 
tion, and even tried by many indirect 
means to kill him. At length, Orlando 
fled to the forest of Arden', where he met 
Rosalind and Celia in disguise. The)' 
had met before at a wrestling match, 
when Orlando and Rosalind fell in love 
with each other. The acquaintance was 
renewed in the forest, and ere many days 
had passed the two ladies resumed their 
proper characters, and both were married, 
Rosalind to Orlando, and Celia to Oliver 
the elder brother. — Shakespeare, As You 
Like It (1598). 

Orlando (in French Roland, q.v.), one 
of the paladins of Charlemagne, whose 
nephew he was. Orlando was confiding 
and Loyal, of great stature, and possessed 
unusual strength. He accompanied his 



uncle into Spain, but on his return was 
waylaid in the valley of Roncesvalles (in 
the Pyrenees) by the traitor Ganelon, and 
perished with all his army, a.d. 778. 
His adventures are related in Turpin's 
Chronique ; in the Chanson de Roland, 
attributed to Theroulde. He is the hero 
of Bojardo's epic, Orlando Innamorato ; 
and of Ariosto's continuation, called Or- 
lando Furioso ("Orlando mad"). Robert 
Greene, in 1594, produced a drama which 
he called The History of Orlando. Rhode's 
farce of Bombastes Furioso (1790) is a 
burlesque of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. 

Orlando's Ivory Horn, Olifant, once the 
property of Alexander the Great. Its 
bray could be heard for twenty miles. 

Orlando's Horse, Brigliadoro ("golden 
bridle "). 

Orlando's Sword, Durinda'na or Duran- 
dana, which once belonged to Hector, is 
" preserved at Rocamadour, in France ; 
and his spear is still shown in the cathe- 
dral of Pa' via, in Italy." 

Orlando was of middling stature, broad-shouldered, 
crooked-legged, brown-visaged, red-bearded, and had 
much hair on his body. He talked but little, and had a 
very surly aspect, although he was perfectly good- 
humoured. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. I. 1 (1615). 

Orlando's Vulnerable Part. Orlando was 
invulnerable except in the sole of his 
foot, and even there nothing could wound 
him but the point of a large pin : so that 
when Bernardo del Carpio assailed him 
at Roncesvalles, he took him in his arms 
and squeezed him to death, in imitation 
of Hercules, who squeezed to death the 
giant Antae'us (3 si/L). — Cervantes, Bon 
Quixote, II. ii. 13 (1615). 

Orlando Furioso, a continuation 
of Bojardo's story, with the same hero. 
Bojardo leaves Orlando in love with 
Angelica, whom he fetched from Cathay 
and brought to Paris. Here, says Ariosto, 
Rinaldo fell in love with her, and, to 
prevent mischief, the king placed the 
coquette under the charge of Namus ; but 
she contrived to escape her keeper, and 
fled to the island of Ebuda, where Rogero 
found her exposed to a sea-monster, and 
liberated her. In the mean time, Orlando 
went in search of his lady, was decoyed 
into the enchanted castle of Atlantes, but 
was liberated by Angelica, who again suc- 
ceeded in effecting her escape to Paris. 
Here she arrived just after a great battle 
between the Christians and pagans, and, 
finding Medora a Moor wounded, took 
care of him, fell in love with hiir, 
and eloped with him to Cathav. Wh< n 
Orlando found himself jilted, he was 
driven mad with jealousy and rage, or 



ORLANDO INNAMORATO. 



OKMUS. 



rather his wits -were taken from him 
for three months by way of punishment, 
and deposited in the moon. Astolpho 
went to the moon in Elijah's chariot, 
and St. John gave him "the lost wits" 
in an urn. On reaching France, Astol- 
pho bound the madman, then, holding 
the urn to his nose, the wits returned 
to their nidus, and the hero was himself 
again. After this, the siege was con- 
tinued, and the Christians were wholly 
successful. (See Orlando Innamorato.) 
— Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1510). 

*** This romance in verse extends to 
forty-six cantos. Hoole, in his translation, 
has compressed the forty -six cantos into 
twenty -four books ; but Rose has retained 
the original number. The adventures of 
Orlaudj, under the French form " Roland," 
are related by Turpin in his Chronicle, 
and by Theroulde in his Chanson de 
Roland. 

*** The true hero of Ariosto's romance 
is Rogero, and not Orlando. It is with 
Rogero's victory over Rodomont that the 
poem ends. The concluding lines are : 

Then at full stretch he [Itogcro] raised libs arm above 
The furious Rodomont, and the weapon drove 
Thrice in his gaping throat — so end? the strife, 
And leaves secure Rogero's fame and life. 

Orlando Innamora'to, or Orlando 
in love, in three books, by count Bojardo 
of Scandiano, in Italy (1495). Bojardo 
supposes Charlemagne to be warring 
against the Saracens in France, under the 
walls of Paris. He represents the city 
to be besieged by two intidel hosts — one 
under Agramante emperor of Africa, and 
the other under Gradasso king of Serica'na. 
His hero is Orlando, whom he supposes 
(though married at the time to Aldabella) 
to be in love with Angelica, a fascinating 
coquette from Cathay, whom Orlando 
had brought to France. (See Orlando 
Furioso.) 

* # * Berni of Tuscany, in 1538, published 
a burlesque in verse on the same subject. 

Orleans, a most passionate innamo- 
rato, in love with Agripv'na. — Thomas 
Dekker, Old Fortunatus (1G00). 

Orleans talks " pure Biron and Romeo ; " he is almost as 
poetical as they, quite as philosophical, only a little 
madder.— C. Lamb. 

(" Biron," in Shakespeare's Love's 
Labour's Lost; "Romeo," in his Romeo 
and Juliet.) 

Orleans {Gaston duke of), brother of 
Louis XIII. He heads a conspiracy to 
assassinate Richelieu and dethrone the 
king. If the plot had been successful, 
Gaston was to have been made regent ; 



but the conspiracy was discovered, and 
the duke was thwarted in his ambitious 
plans. — Lord Lytton, Richelieu (1839). 

Orleans (Louis due d'), to whom the 
princess Joan (daughter of Louis XI.) is 
affianced. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Dur- 
ward (time, Edward IV.). 

Orlick. (Dolgc), usually called "Old 
Orlick," though not above five and twenty, 
journeyman to Joe Gargery, blacksmith. 
Obstinate, morose, broad-shouldered, 
loose-limbed, swarthy, of great strength, 
never in a hurry, and always slouching. 
Being jealous of Pip, he allured him to a 
cave in the marshes, bound him to a 
ladder, and was about to shoot him, when, 
being alarmed by approaching steps, he 
fled. Subsequently, he broke into Mr. 
Pumblechook s house, was arrested, and 
confined in the county jail. This surly, 
ill-conditioned brute was in love with 
Biddy, but Biddy married Joe Gargery. 
— C. "Dickens, Great Expectations (1860). 

Orloff Diamond (Vie), the third 
largest cut diamond in the world, set in 
the top of the Russian sceptre. The weight 
of this magnificent diamond is 194 carats, 
and its size is that of a pigeon's egg. It 
was once one of the eyes of the idol Sher- 
ingham, in the temple of Brahma ; came 
into the hands of the shah Nadir ; was 
stolen by a French grenadier and sold to 
an English sea-captain for £2000 ; the 
captain sold it to a Jew for £12,000 ; it 
next passed into the hands of Shafras ; 
and in 1775, Catherine II. of Russia gave 
for it £90,000. (See Diamonds.) 

Or'mandine (3 syl.), the necro- 
mancer who threw St. David into an 
enchanted sleep for seven years, from 
which he was reclaimed by St. George. — 
R. Johnson, The Seven Champions of 
Christendom, i. 9 (1617). 

Orme (Victor), a poor gentleman in 
love with Elsie. — Wybert Reeve, Parted. 

Ormond (TJie duke of), a privy 
councillor of Charles II. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Ormston (Jock), a sheriff's officer at 
Fairport. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Ormus ( Wealth of), diamonds. The 
island Ormus, in the Persian Gulf, is a 
mart for these precious stones. 

High on a throne of royal state, which far 
Outshone the wealth of Ormus. 

Milton, Paracltie Lost, ii. 1 (1065). 



ORNITHOLOGY. 



Orxdthol'ogy (The Father of), George 
Edwards (1693-1773). 

Oroma'zes (4 syl.), the principle of 
good in Persian mythology. Same as 
Yezad (q.v.). 

Oroonda'tes (5 syl.), only son of a 
Scythian king, whose love for Statlra 
(widow of Alexander the Great) led him 
into numerous dangers and difficulties, 
which, however, he surmounted. — La 
Calprenede, Cassandra (a romance). 

Oroono'ko (Prince), son and heir of 
the king of Angola, and general of the 
forces. He was decoyed by captain 
Driver aboard his ship ; his suite of 
twenty men were made drunk with rum ; 
the ship weighed anchor ; and the prince, 
with all his men, were sold as slaves in 
one of the West Indian Islands. Here 
Oroonoko met Imoin'da (3 syl.), his 
wife, from whom he had been separated, 
and who he thought was dead. He 
headed a rising of the slaves, and the 
lieutenant-governor tried to seduce Imoin- 
da. The result was that Imoinda killed 
herself, and Oroonoko (3 syl.) slew first 
the lieutenant-governor and then himself. 
Mrs. Aphra Behn became acquainted 
with the prince at Surinam, and made 
the story of his life the basis of a novel, 
which Thomas Southern dramatized 
(1090). 

Jack Bannister [1760-1836] began his career in tragedy. 
. . . Garrick . . . asked liim what character he wished 
to play next. " Why," said Bannister, " I was thinking 
of ' Oroonoko.' " "Eh, eh ! " exclaimed David, staring at 
Bannister, who was very thin ; "you will look as much like 
'Oroonoko' as a chimney-sweeper iu consumption." — T. 
Campbell. 

Orozem'bo, a brave and dauntless 
old Peruvian. When captured and 
brought before the Spanish invaders, 
Orozembo openly defied them, and re- 
fused to give any answer to their ques- 
tions (act i. 1). — Sheridan, Pizarro 
(altered from Kotzebue, 1799). 

Orpas, once archbishop of Sev'ille. 
At the overthrow of the Gothic kingdom 
in Spain, Orpas joined the Moors and 
turned Moslem. Of all the renegades 
"the foulest and the falsest wretch was 
he that e'er renounced his baptism." He 
wished to marry Florinda, daughter of 
count Julian, in order to secure "her 
wide domains ;" but Florinda loathed him. 
In the Moorish council, Orpas advised 
Abulcacem to cut off count Julian, 
"whose power but served him for fresh 
treachery, false to Roderick first, and to 
the caliph now." This advice was acted 
on : but as the villain left the tent, 



712 ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 



Abulcacem muttered to himself, "Look 
for a like reward thyself ; that restless 
head of wickedness in the grave will 
brood no treason." — Southey, Roderick, 
etc., xx., xxii. (1814). 

Orphan of China, a drama by 
Murphy. Zaphimri, the sole survivor 
of the royal race of China, was committed 
in infancy to Zamti, the mandarin, that 
he might escape from the hand of Ti'- 
murkan', the Tartar conqueror. Zamti 
brought up Zaphimri as his son, and sent 
Hamet, his real son, to Corea, where he was 
placed under the charge of Morat. Twenty 
years afterwards, Hamet led a band of 
insurgents against Timurkan, was seized, 
and ordered to be put to death under 
the notion that he was "the orphan of 
China." Zaphimri, hearing thereof, went 
to the Tartar and declared that he, not 
Hamet, was the real prince ; whereupon 
Timurkan ordered Zamti and his wife 
Mandane, with Hamet and Zaphimri, 
to be seized. Zamti and Mandane were 
ordered to the torture, to wring from them 
the truth. In the interim, a party of 
insurgent Chinese rushed into the palace, 
killed the king, and established "the 
orphan of China " on the throne of his 
fathers (1759). 

Orphan of the Frozen Sea, 

Martha, the daughter of Ralph de Lascours 
(captain of the Uran'ia) and his wife 
Louise. The crew having rebelled, the 
three, with their servant Bar'abas, were 
cast adrift in a boat, which ran on an 
iceberg in the Frozen Sea. Ralph thought 
it was a small island, but the iceberg 
broke up, both Ralph and his wife were 
drowned, but Barabas and Martha escaped. 
Martha was taken by an Indian tribe, 
which brought her up and named her 
Orgari'ta (" withered wheat "), from her 
white complexion. In Mexico she met 
with her sister Diana and her grand- 
mother Mde. de Theringe (2 syl.), and 
probably married Horace de Brienne. — E. 
Stirling, Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Orphan of the Temple, Marie 
Therese Charlotte duchesse d'Angouleme, 
daughter of Louis XVI. ; so called from 
the Temple, where she was imprisoned. 
She was called " The Modern Antig'one " 
by her uncle Louis XVIII. 

Orpheus. (For a parallel fable, see 
Wainamoinex.) 

Orpheus and Eurydice (4 syl.), 

Gluck's best opera (Orfeo). Libretto by 
Calzabiicii who also wrote for Gliiek the 



ORPHEUS OF HIGHWAYMEN. 713 



ORTHODOXY. 



libretto of Alceste (1707). King pro- 
duced an English version of Orpheus and 
Eur y dice. 

* + * The tale is introduced by Pope in 
his St. Cecilia's Ode. 

Of Orpheus now no more let poets tell, 
To bright Cecilia greater power is given: 

His numbers raised a shade from hell, 
Hers lift the si ml to heaven. 

Pope, St. Cecilia't Day (1709). 

Orpheus of Highwaymen, John 
Gav, author of The Beggar's Opera (1688- 
1732). 

Orpheus of the Green Isle 

(The), Furlough O'Carolan, poet and 
musician (1070-1738). 

Or'raca (Queen), wife of Affonso II. 
The legend says that live friars of Mo- 
rocco went to her, and said, " Three things 
we prophesy to you : (1) we five shall 
all suffer martyrdom ; (2) our bodies will 
be brought to Coimbra ; and (3) which- 
ever sees our relics first, you or the king, 
will die the same day." "When their 
bodies were brought to Coimbra, the king 
told queen Orraca she must join the pro- 
cession with him. She pleaded illness, but 
Affonso replied the relics would cure her ; 
so they started on their journey. As they 
were going, the queen told the king to 
speed on before, as she could not travel 
so fast ; so he speeded on with his retinue, 
and started a boar on the road. " Follow 
him ! " cried the king, and they went 
after the boar and killed it. In the mean 
time, the queen reached the procession, 
fully expecting her husband had joined 
it long ago ; but, lo ! she beheld him riding 
up with great speed. That night the 
king was aroused at midnight with the 
intelligence that the queen was dead. — 
Southey, Queen Orraca (1838) ; Francisco 
Manoel da Esperanca, Historia Se7'ajica 
(eighteenth century). 

Orrock (Buggie), a sheriff's officer at 
Fairport. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Orsin, one of the leaders of the rabble 
rout that attacked Hudibras at the bear- 
baiting.— S. Butler, Hudibras (1663). 

*** The prototype of this rabble leader 
was Joshua Gosling, who kept the Paris 
Bear-Garden, in Southwark. 

Orsi'ni (Maffio), a young Italian 
nobleman, whose life was saved by 
Genna'ro at the battle of Rim'ini. Orsini 
became the fast friend of Gennaro, but 
both were poisoned by the princess Neg'- 
roni at a banquet. — Donizetti, Lucrezia 
di Borgia (opera, 1834). 



Orsi'no, duke of lllyria, who Bought 
the love of Olivia a rich countess ; but 
Olivia gave no encouragement to his 
suit, and the duke moped and pined, 
leaving manly sports for music and other 
effeminate employments. Viola entered 
the duke's service as a page, and soon 
became a great favourite. When Olivia 
married Sebastian (Viola's brother), and 
the sex of Viola became known, the duke 
married her and made her duchess of 
Illvria. — Shakespeare, Twelfth Sight 
(16"l4). 

Orson, twin-brother of Valentine, 
and son of Bellisant. The twin-brothers 
were born in a wood near Orleans, and 
Orson was carried off by a bear, which 
suckled him with its cubs. "When he 
grew up, he became the terror of France, 
and was called " The Wild Man of the 
Forest." Ultimately, he was reclaimed 
by his brother Valentine, overthrew the 
Green Knight, and married Fezon daugh- 
ter of the duke of Savary, in Aquitaiue. — 
Valentine and Orson (fifteenth century). 

Orson and Ellen. Young Orson 
was a comely young farmer from Taun- 
ton, stout as an oak, and very fond of 
the lasses, but he hated matrimony, and 
used to say, "the man who can buy milk 
is a fool to keep a cow." While still a 
lad, Orson made love to Ellen, a rustic 
maiden ; but, in the fickleness of youth, 
forsook her for a richer lass, and Ellen 
left the village, wandered far away, and 
became waiting-maid to old Boniface 
the innkeeper. One day, Orson hap- 
pened to stop at this very inn, and Ellen 
waited on him. Five years had passed 
since they had seen each other, and at 
first neither knew the other. AVhen, how- 
ever, the facts were known, Orson made 
Ellen his wife, and their marriage feast 
was given by Boniface himself. — Peter 
Pindar [Dr. Wolcot], Orson and Ellen 
(1809). 

Ortel'lius (Abraham), a Dutch geo- 
grapher, who published, in 1570, his 
Theatrum Orbis Terra or Universal 
Geography (1527-1598). 

I more could tell to prove the place our own. 
Than by his spacious maps are by Ortellius shown. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, vi. (1612). 

Orthodoxy. When lord Sandwich 
said, "he did not know the difference 
between orthodoxy and heterodoxy," 
Warburton bishop of Gloucester replied, 
" Orthodoxy, my lord, is my doxy, and 
heterodoxy is another man's doxy." 



ORTHODOXY. 



714 



O'SHANTER. 



Orthodoxy (The Father of), Athanasius 
(296-373). 

Orthrus, the two-headed dog of 
Euryt'ion the herdsman of Geryon'eo. 
It was the progeny of Typha'on and 
Echidna. 

With his two-headed dogge that Orthrus hight, 
Orthrus begotten by great Typhaon 
And foule Echidna in the house of Night. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 10, 10 (1596). 

Ortwine (2 syl.), knight of Metz, 
sister's son of sir Hagan of Irony, a 
Burgundian. — The Mibelungen Lied 
(eleventh century). 

Or'ville (Lord), the amiable and 
devoted lover of Evelina, whom he ulti- 
mately marries. — Miss Burney, Evelina 
(1778). 

Osbaldistone (Mr.), a London mer- 
chant. 

Frank Osbaldistone, his son, in love 
with Diana Vernon, whom he marries. 

Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone, of Os- 
baldistone Hall, uncle of Frank, his 
heir. 

His Sons were: Percival, "the sot;" 
Thorneliff, "the bully;" John, "the 
gamekeeper;" Richard, "the horse- 
jockey;" Wilfred, "the fool;" and 
Rashleigb, " the scholar," a perfidious 
villain, killed by Rob Roy. — Sir W. 
Scott, Rob Boy (time, George I.). 

Hob Hoy Macgregor was dramatized by 
Pocock. 

Osborne (Mr.), a hard, money- 
loving, purse-proud, wealthy London 
merchant, whose only gospel was that 
"according to Mammon." He was a 
widower, and his heart of hearts was 
to see his son, captain George, marry a 
rich mulatto. While his neighbour 
Sedley was prosperous, old Sedley en- 
couraged the love-making of George and 
Miss Sedley ; but when old Sedley 
failed, and George dared to inarry the 
bankrupt's daughter, to whom he was 
engaged, the old merchant disinherited 
him. Captain George fell on the field of 
Waterloo, but the heart of old Osborne 
would not relent, and he allowed the 
widow to starve in abject poverty. He 
adopted, however, the widow's son, 
George, and brought him up in absurd 
luxury and indulgence. A more de- 
testable cad than old Sedley cannot be 
imagined. 

Maria and Jane Osborne, daughters of 
the merchant, and of the same mould. 
Maria married Frederick Bullock, a 
banker's son. 



Captain George Osborne, son of the 
merchant ; selfish, vain, extravagant, and 
self-indulgent. He was engaged to 
Amelia Sedley while her father was in 
prosperity, and captain Dobbin induced 
him to marry her after the father was 
made a bankrupt. Happily, George fell 
on the field of Waterloo, or one would 
never vouch for his conjugal fidelitv. — 
Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1848). 

Oscar, son of Ossian and grandson of 
Fingal. He was engaged to Malvi'na, 
daughter of Toscar, but before the day of 
marriage arrived, he was slain in Ulster, 
fighting against Cairbar, who had treacher- 
ously invited him to a banquet and then 
slew him, a.d. 296. Oscar is repre- 
sented as most brave, warm-hearted, and 
impetuous, most submissive to his father, 
tender to Malvina, and a universal 
favourite. 

" O Oscar," said Fingal, " bend the strong in arm, but 
spare the feeble hand. Be thou a stream of many tides 
against the foes of thy people, but like the gale that 
moves the grass to those who ask thine aid. . . . Never 
search for battle, nor sfcun it when it comes."— Ossian, 
Fingal, iii. 

Cairbar shrinks before Oscar's sword. He creeps in 
darkness behind a stone. He lifts the spear in secret ; 
he pierces Oscar's side. Oscar falls forward on his shield ; 
his knee sustains the chief, but still the spear is in his 
hand. See ! gloomy Cairbar tails. The steel pierced his 
forehead, and divided his red hair behind. He lay like a 
shattered rock . . . but never more shall Oscar arise. — 
Ossian, Temora, i. 

Oscar Roused from Sleep. " Ca-olt 
took up a huge stone and hurled it on the 
hero's head. The hill for three miles 
round shook with the reverberation of the 
blow, and the stone, rebounding, rolled 
out of sight. Whereon Oscar awoke, and 
told Caolt to reserve his blows for his 
enemies." 

Gun thog Caoilte a chlach, nach gan, 
Agus a n' aighai' chiean gun bhuail ; 
Tri mil an tulloch gun chri. 

Gaelic Romances. 

Os'ewald (3 syl.), the reeve, of "the 
carpenteres craft," an old man. — Chaucer, 

Canterbury Tales (1388). 

Oseway (Dame), the ewe, in the 
beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

O'Shanter (Tarn), a farmer, who, 
returning home from Ayr very late and 
well-soaked with liquor, had to pass the 
kirk of Alloway. Seeing it was illumi- 
nated, he peeped in, and saw there the 
witches and devils dancing, while old 
Clootie was blowing the bagpipes. Tain 
got so excited that he roared out to one 
of the dancers, " Weel done, Cutty Sark ! 
Weel done ! " In a moment all was dark. 
Tarn now spurred his tl grey mare Meg " 



OSIRIS. 



OSSEO. 



to the top of her speed, while all the 
fiends chased after him. The river Doon 
was near, and Tain just readied the 
middle of the bridge when one of the 
witches, whom he called Cutty Sark, 
touched him ; but it was too late — he had 
passed the middle of the stream, and was 
out of the power of the crew. Not so 
his mare's tail — that had not yet passed 
the magic line, and Cutty Sark, clinging 
thereto, dragged it off with an infernal 
wrench. — R. Burns, Tarn CShanter. 

Osi'ris, judge of the dead, brother 
and husband of I sis. Osiris is identical 
with Adonis and Thammuz. All three 
represent the sun, six months above 
the equator, and six months below it. 
Adonis passed six months with Aphro- 
dite in heaven, and six months with 
Persephone in hell. So Osiris in heaven 
was the beloved of Isis, but in the land 
of darkness was embraced by Nepthys. 

Osi'ris, the sun ; Isis, the moon. 

They [the priests] wore rich mitres shaped like the moon, 
To show that Isis doth the moon portend, 
Like as Osiris signifies the sun. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 7 (1596). 

Osman, sultan of the East, the great 
conqueror of the Christians, a man of 
most magnanimous mind and of noble 
generosity. He loved Zara, a young 
Christian captive, and was by her beloved 
with equal ardour and sincerity. Zara 
was the daughter of Lusignan d'Outremer, 
a Christian king of Jerusalem ; she was 
taken prisoner by Osman's father, with her 
elder brother Nerestan, then four years 
old. After twenty years' captivity, Neres- 
tan was sent to France for ransom, and 
on his return presented himself before 
the sultan, who fancied he perceived a 
sort of intimacy between the young man 
and Zara, which excited his suspicion 
and jealousy. A letter, begging that 
Zara would meet him in a " secret 
passage" of the seraglio, fell into the 
sultan's hands, and confirmed his sus- 
picions. Zara went to the rendezvous, 
where Osman met her and stabbed her to 
the heart. Nerestan was soon brought 
before him, and told him he had mur- 
dered his sister, and all he wanted of her 
was to tell her of the death of her father, 
and to bring her his dying benediction. 
Stung with remorse, Osman liberated all 
his Christian captires, and then stabbed 
himself. — Aaron Hill, Zara (1735). 

*** This tragedv is an English adapta- 
tion of Voltaire's Zaire (1733). 



Osmand, 



necromancer who, by 



enchantment, raised up an army to resist 
the Christians. Six of the champions 
were enchanted by Osmand, but St. 
George restored them. Osmand tore off 
his hair in which lay his spirit of 
enchantment, bit his tongue in two, em- 
bowelled himself, cut off his arms, and 
died. — R. Johnson, Seven Champions of 
Christendom, i. 19 (1617). 

Osmond, an old Varangian guard. — 
Sir \V. Scott, Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Osmyn, alias Alphonso, son of 
Anselmo king of Valentia, and husband 
of Alme'ria daughter of Manuel king of 
Grana'da. Supposed to have been lost at 
sea, but in reality cast on the African 
coast, and tended by queen Zara, who 
falls in love with him. Both are taken 
captive by Manuel, and brought to 
Granada. Here Manuel falls in love 
with Zara, but Zara retains her passionate 
love for Alphonso. Alphonso makes his 
escape, returns at the head of an army to 
Granada, finds both the king and Zara 
dead, but Almeria being still alive be- 
comes his acknowledged bride. — W. 
Congreve, The Mourning Bride (1697). 

*** " Osman " was one of John Kein- 
ble's characters, Mrs. Siddons taking the 
role of "Zara." 

Osnaburghs, the cloths so called ; 
a corruption of Osnabriick, in Hanover, 
where these coarse linens were first pro- 
duced. 

Osprey. When fish see the osprey, 
the legend says, they are so fascinated 
that they " swoon," and, turning on their 
backs, yield themselves an easy prey to 
the bird. Rattlesnakes exercise the same 
fascination over birds. 

The osprey . . . the fish no sooner do espy, 

But . . . turning their bellies up, as tho' their death 

they saw, 
They at his pleasure lie, to stuff his gluttonous maw. 

Drayton, PolyoJbion, xxv. (1622). 

Osriek, a court fop, contemptible for 
his affectation and finical dandyism. He 
is made umpire by king Claudius, when 
Laertes and Hamlet " play" with rapiers 
in "friendlv" combat. — Shakespeare, 
Hamlet (1596). 

Osse'o, son of the Evening Star, whose 
wife was O'weenee. In the Northland 
there were once ten sisters of surpassing 
beauty; nine married beautiful young 
husbands, but the 3 r oungest, named 
Oweenee, fixed her affections on Osseo, 
who was " old, poor, and ugly," but 
11 most beautiful within." All being 



OSSIAN. 



716 



OTRANTO. 



invited to a feast, the nine set upon their 
youngest sister, taunting her for having 
married Osseo ; but forthwith Osseo 
leaped into a fallen oak, and was trans- 
formed to a most handsome young man, 
his wife to a very old woman, " wrinkled 
and ugly," hut his love changed not. 
Soon another change occurred : Oweenee 
resumed her former beauty, and all the 
sisters and their husbands were changed 
to birds, who were kept in cages about 
Osseo's wigwam. In due time a son was 
born, and one day he shot an arrow at 
one of the caged birds, and forthwith the 
nine, with their husbands, were changed 
to pygmies. 

From the story of Osseo 

Let [us] learn the fate of jesters. 

Longfellow, Hiawatha, xii. (1855). 

Ossian, the warrior-bard. He was 
son of Fingal (king of Morven) and his 
first wife Ros-crana (daughter of Cormac 
king of Ireland). 

His wife was Evir- Allen, daughter of 
Branno (a native of Ireland) ; and his son 
was Oscar. 

Ostrich (The) is said, in fable, not to 
brood over her eggs, but to hatch them by 
gazing on them intently. Both birds are 
employed, for if the gaze is suspended 
for oniy one moment, the eggs are addled. 
— Vanslebe. 

(This is an emblem of the ever- 
watchful eye of Providence.) 

Such a look . . , 
The mother ostrich fixes on her egg, 
Till that intense affection 
Kindles its light of life. 
Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, iii. 24 (1797). 

Ostrich Egg. Captain F. Burnaby 
saw an ostrich egg hung by a silver chain 
from the ceiling of the principal mosque 
of Sivas, and was told it was a warning 
to evil-doers. 

The ostrich always looks at the eggs she lays, and breaks 
those that are bad. So God will break evil-doers as the 
ostrich her worthless eggs. — Burnaby, On Horseback 
through Asia Minor, xxix. (1877). 

Oswald, steward to Goneril daugh- 
ter of king Lear. — Shakespeare, King 
Lear (1G05). 

Oswald, the cup-bearer to Cedric the 
Saxon, of Rotherwood. — Sir W. Scott, 
Jvanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Oswald (Prince), being jealous of 
Gondibert, his rival for the love of 
Rhodalind (the heiress of Aribert king 
of Lombardy), headed a faction against 
him. A battle was imminent, but it was 
determined to decide the quarrel by four 
combatants on each side. In this com- 



bat, Oswald was slain by Gondibert. — Sir 
W. Davenant, Gondibert, i. (died 1668). 

Othello, the Moor, commander of 
the Venetian army. Iago was his ensign 
or ancient. Desdemona, the daughter of 
Brabantio the senator, fell in love with 
the Moor, and he married her ; but Iago, 
by his artful villainy, insinuated to him 
such a tissue of circumstantial evidence 
of Desdemona's love for Cassio, that, 
Othello's jealousy being aroused, he 
smothered her with a pillow, and then 
killed himself. — Shakespeare, Othello 
(1611). 

The fiery openness of Othello, magnanimous, guileless, 
and credulous, boundless in his confidence, ardent in his, 
affection, inflexible in his resolution, and obdurate in his 
revenge. . . . The gradual progress which Iago makes in 
the Moor's conviction, and the circumstances which he 
employs to inflame him, are so artfully natural . . . that 
we cannot but pity him.— Dr. Johnson. 

* + * The story of this tragedy is taken 
from the novelletti of Giovanni Giraldi 
Cinthio (died 1573). 

Addison says of Thomas Betterton 
(1635-1710) : " The wonderful agony 
which he appeared in when he examined 
the circumstance of the handkerchief in 
the part of ' Othello,' and the mixture 
of love that intruded on his mind at the 
innocent answers of ' Desdemona,' . . . 
were the perfection of acting." Donald- 
son, in his Recollections, says that Spran- 
ger Barry (1719-1777) was the beau-ideal 
of an "Othello;" and C. Leslie, in his 
Autobiography, says the same of Edmund 
Kean (1787-1833). 

Otho, the lord at whose board count 
Lara was recognized by sir Ezzelin. A 
duel was arranged for the next day, and 
the contending parties were to meet in 
lord Otho's hall. When the time of 
meeting arrived, Lara presented himself, 
but no sir Ezzelin put in his appearance ; 
whereupon Otho, vouching for the 
knight's honour, fought with the count, 
and was wounded. On recovering from 
his wound, lord Otho became the invete- 
rate enemy of Lara, and accused him 
openly of having made away with sir 
Ezzelin. Lara made himself very popular, 
and headed a rebellion ; but lord Otho 
opposed the rebels, and shot him. — Byron, 
Lara (1814). 

Otnit, a legendary emperor of Lom- 
bardy, who gains the daughter of the 
soldan for wife, by the help of Elberich 
the dwarf. — Tile Ileldenbuch (twelfth 
century). 

Otranto (Tancrcd prince of), a cru- 
sader. 



OTRANTO. 



717 



OVERREACH. 



Ernest of Otranto, page of the prince 
of Otranto". — Sir W. Scott, Count Hubert 
of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Otranto ( The Castle of), a romance by 
Horace Walpole (1769). 

O'Trigger (Sir Lucius), a fortune- 
hunting Irishman, ready to right every- 
one, on any matter, at any time. — 
Sheridan, The Rivals (1775). 

"Sir Lucius O'Trigger," "Call.igli.in O'Brallaghan." 
"major O'Flaherty," "league," and "Dennis Brulgrud- 
dery" were portrayed by .lack Johnstone [1750-1828] in 
most exquisite colours.— The A'ete Monthly Magazine 

(1829). 

%* "Callaghan O'Brallaghan," in Love 
fl-/a-?nof?c (Macklin) ; "major O'Flaherty," 
in The West Indian (Cumberland) ; 
" Teague," in The Committee (Hon. sir 
R. Howard);. "Dennis Brulgruddery," 
in John Bull (Colman). 

Otta'vio {Don), the lover of donna 
Anna, whom he was ahout to make his 
wife, when don Giovanni seduced her 
and killed her father (the commandant 
of the city) in a duel. — Mozart, Don 
Giovanni (opera, 1787). 

Otto, duke of Normandv, the victim 
of Rollo called "The Bloody Brother." 
— Beaumont and Fletcher, The Bloody 
Brother (1689). 

Ot'uel (Sir), a haughty and pre- 
sumptuous Saracen, miraculously con- 
verted. He was a nephew of Ferragus 
or Ferracute, and married a daughter of 
Charlemagne. 

Ollida, an infantine corruption of 
Louisa. The full name is Louise de la 
Rame'e, authoress of Under Two Flags 
(1867), and many other novels. 

Ouran'abad, a monster represented 
as a tierce flying hydra. It belongs to 
the same class as (1) the Rakshc, whose 
ordinary food was serpents and dragons ; 
(2) the Soham, which had the head of a 
horse, four eyes, and the body of a fiery 
dragon ; (3) the Syl, a basilisk, with 
human face, but so terrible that no eye 
could look on it and live ; (4) the Ejder. 
— Richardson's Dictionary (" Persian and 
Arabic "). 

In his hand, which thunder had blasted, he [Eblis] 
swayed the iron sceptre that causes the monster ourana- 
bad. the afrits, and all the powers of the-abyss to tremble. 
— W. Beckford, Vathek (1786). 

Outalissi, eagle of the Indian tribe 
of Oney'da, the death-enemies of the 
Hurons. When the Hurons attacked the 
fort under the command of Waldegrave 
(2 syl.), a general massacre was made, in 
which Waldegrave and his wife were 
slain. But Mrs. Waldegrave, before she 



died, committed her boy Henry to the 
charge of Outalissi, and told him to place 
the child in the hands of Albert of Wy'- 
oming, her friend. This Outalissi did. 
After a lapse of fifteen years, one Brandt, 
at the head of a mixed army of British 
and Indians, attacked Oneyda, and a 
general massacre was made; bat Outa- 
lissi, wounded, escaped to Wyoming, 
just in time to give warning of the 
approach of Brandt. Scarcely was this 
done, when Brandt arrived. Albert and 
his daughter Gertrude were both shot, 
and the whole settlement was extirpated. 
—Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming (1809). 

Outis (Greek for " nobody "), a 
name assumed by Odysseus ( Ulysses) in 
the cave of Polypheme (3 syl.). When 
the monster roared with pain from the 
loss of his eye, his brother giants de- 
manded who was hurting him. " Outis " 
(Nobody), thundered out Polypheme, and 
his companions left him. — Homer, Odys- 
sey. 

Outram (Lance), park-keeper to sir 
Geoffrev Peveril.— Sir W. Scott, Feveril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Over the Hills and Far Away. 
— Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer (1705). 

Overdees (Roicley), a highwayman. 
— Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

O'verdo (Justice), in Ben Jonson's 
Bartholomew Fair (1614). 

Overdone (Mistress), a bawd. — 
Shakespeare, Measure for Measure (1603). 

Overreach (Sir Giles), Wellborn's 
uncle. An unscrupulous, hard-hearted 
rascal, grasping and proud. He ruined 
the estates both of Wellborn and All- 
worth, and by overreaching grew enor- 
mously rich. His ambition was to see 
his daughter Margaret marry a peer ; 
but the overreacher was overreached. 
Thinking Wellborn was about to marry 
the rich dowager Allworth, he not only 
paid all his debts, but supplied his pre- 
sent wants most liberally, under the 
delusion "if she prove his, all that is hers 
is mine." Having thus done, he finds 
that lady Allworth does not marry Well- 
born but lord Lovell. In regard to 
Margaret, fancying she was sure to marry 
lord Lovell, he gives his full consent to 
her marriage ; but finds she returns from 
church not lady Lovell but Mrs. All- 
worth. — Massinger, A New Way to Fay 
Old Debts (1628). 



OVERS. 



718 



OX 



%* The prototype of " sir Giles Over- 
reach" was sir Giles Morapesson, a usurer 
outlawed for his misdeeds. 

When Kemble played "sir Giles Overreach," he was 
anxious to represent the part as Henderson [1747-1785] 
had done it, and wrote to Mrs. Inchbald to know " what 
kind of a hat Mr. Henderson wore ; what kind of wig, 
cravat, ruffles, clothes, stockings with or without clocks, 
square or round-toed shoes. I shall be uneasy if I 
have not an idea of his dress, even to the shape of his 
buckles and what rings he wore on his hands. Morose- 
ness and cruelty seem the groundwork of this monstrous 
figure ; but I am at a loss to know whether, in copying it, 
I should draw the lines that express his courtesy to lord 
Lovel [sic] with an exaggerated strength or not. . . ." 
Mrs. Inchbald's answer is unfortunately lost.— W. C. 
Russell, Representative Actors. 

I saw Kemble play " sir Giles Overreach " last night ; 
but he came not within a hundred miles of G. F. Cooke 
[1756-1812]. whose terrible visage, and short, abrupt utter- 
ance, gave a reality to that atrocious character. Kemble 
was too handsome, too plausible, and too smooth.— Sir 
W. Scott. 

Overs (John), a ferryman, who used 
to ferry passengers from Southwark to 
the City, and accumulated a considerable 
hoard of money by his savings. On one 
occasion, to save the expense of board, 
he simulated death, expecting his ser- 
vants would fast till he was buried ; but 
they broke into his larder and cellar, and 
held riot. When the old miser could 
bear it no longer, he started up, and be- 
laboured his servants right and left ; but 
one of them struck the old man with an 
oar, and killed him. 

Mary Overs, the beautiful daughter of 
the ferryman. Her lover, hastening to 
town, was thrown from his horse, and 
died. She then became a nun, and 
founded the church of St. Mary Overs' on 
the site of her father's house. 

Overton {Colonel), one of Cromwell's 
officers. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
Commonwealth ) . 

Ovid (The French), Du Bellav ; also 
called "The Father of Grace and Ele- 
gance" (1524-1560). 

Ovid and Corinna. Ovid dis- 
guises, under the name of Corinna, the 
daughter of Augustus, named Julia, noted 
for her beauty, talent, and licentiousness. 
Some say that Corinna was Livia the wife 
of Augustus.— Amor., i. 5. 

So was her heavenly body comely raised 

On two faire columues ; those that Ovid praised 

In Julia's borrowed name. 

Ovo. Ab ovo usque ad mala ("from 
the egg to the apple"), from the beginning 
to the end of a feast or meal. The Romans 
began their entertainments with eggs, and 
ended with fruits. — Horace, Sat., i. 3, 6 ; 
Cicero, Fam., ix. 20. 

O'wain (Sir), the Irish knight of king 
Stephen's court, who passed through St. 
Patrick's purgatory by way of penance. 



— Henry of Saltrey, The Descent of Owain 
(1153). 

O'weenee, the youngest of ten sis- 
ters, all of surpassing beauty. She married 
Osseo, who was " old, poor, and ugly," 
but ' ' most beautiful within." (See Osseo.) 
— Longfellow, Hiawatha, xii. (1855). 

Owen (Sam), groom of Darsie Latimer, 
i.e. sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet. — Sir 
W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Owen, confidential clerk of Mr. Os- 
baldistone, senior. — Sir W. Scott, Rob 
Roy (time, George I.). 

Owen (Sir) passed in dream through 
St. Patrick's purgatory. He passed the 
convent gate, and the warden placed him 
in a coffin. When the priests had sung 
over him the service of the dead, they 
placed the coffin in a cave, and sir Owen 
made his descent. He came first to an 
ice desert, and received three warnings 
to retreat, but the warnings were not 
heeded, and a mountain of ice fell on 
him. "Lord, Thou canst save ! " he cried 
as the ice fell, and the solid mountain be- 
came like dust, and did sir Owen no harm. 
He next came to a lake of fire, and a 
demon pushed him in. "Lord, Thou 
canst save ! " he cried, and angels carried 
him to paradise. He woke with ecstasy, 
and found himself lying before the cavern's 
mouth. — R. Southey, St. Patrick's Pur- 
gatory (from the Fabliaux of Mon. le 
Grand). 

Owen Meredith, Robert Bulwer 
Lytton, afterwards lord Lytton, son of 
the poet and novelist (1831- ). 

Owl (The), sacred to Minerva, was 
the emblem of Athens. 

Owls hoot in Bb andGb. or in F# and Ab.— Rev. 
G. White, Statural History of Selbornv, xlv. (1789). 

Owl a Baker's Daughter (The). 
Our Lord once went into a baker's shop 
to ask for bread. The mistress instantly 
put a cake in the oven for Him, but the 
daughter, thinking it to be too large, 
reduced it to half "the size. The dough, 
however, swelled to an enormous bulk, 
and the daughter cried out, " Heugh ! 
heugh ! heugh ! " and was transformed 
into an owl. 

Well, God 'ield you ! They say the owl was a baker's 
daughter. — Shakespeare, Hamlet (1598), 

Ox (The Dumb), St. Thomas Aqui'nas; 
so named by his fellow-students on ac- 
count of his taciturnity (1224-1274). 

An ox once spoke as learned men deliver.— Beaumont 
and Fletcher. Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, hi. 1 (1640). 

Ox. The black ox hath trod on his foot, 



OXFORD. 



719 



be has married and is ben-pecked ; cala- 
mity has befallen him. The black ox was 
sacrificed to the infernals, and was con- 
sequently held accursed. When Tusser 
says the best way to thrive is to get 
married, the objector says : 

Why, then, do folk this proverb put, 
"The black ox near trod on thy foot," 
If that way were to thrive ? 

Wiring and Thriving. Ivii. (1557). 
The black oxe had not trode on his or her foote ; 
But ere his branch of blesse could reach any roote, 
The flowers so faded, that in fifteen weekes 
A man might copy the change in the cheekes 
Both of the poore wretch and his wife. 

Heywood (1646). 

Oxford {John earl of), an exiled Lan- 
castrian. He appears with his son Arthur 
as a travelling merchant, under the name 
of Philipson. 

%* The son of the merchant Philipson 
is sir Arthur de Vere. 

The countess of Oxford, wife of the earl. 
— Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Oxford (The young earl of), in the court 
of queen Elizabeth. — Sir W. Scott, Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Oxford Boat Crew, dark blue. 
Cambridge boat crew, light blue. 

*** Oxford Blues, the Royal Horse 
Guards. 

Oxford University, said to have 
been founded by king Alfred, in 886. 

. . . religious Alfred . . . 
Renowned Oxford built to Apollo's learned brood; 
And on the hallowed bank of Isis' goodly flood, 
Worthy the glorious arts, did gorgeous bowers provide. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xi. (1613). 

Oyster. Pistol says, "The world's 
mine oyster, which I with sword will 
open." He alludes to the proverb, " The 
mayor of Northampton opens oysters with 
his dagger," for, Northampton being some 
eighty miles from the sea, oysters were 
so stale before they reached the town 
(before railroads or even coaches were 
known), that the "mayor" would be 
loth to bring them near his nose. 

Oysters. Those most esteemed by 
the Romans were the oysters of Cyzicum, 
in Bithynia, and of Lucrlnum, in Apulia, 
upon the Adriatic Sea. The best in 
Britain used to be the oysters of Walfleet, 
near Colchester. 

Think you our oysters here unworthy of your praise? 
Pure Walfleet ... as excellent as those . . . 
The Cyzic shells, or those on the Lucrinian coast. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xix. (1622). 

*** The oysters most esteemed by 
Englishmen arc the Whitstable, which 
fetch a fabulous price. Colchester oysters 
(natives) in 1878 were sold at 4s. a dozen. 



Ozair (2 sgl.), a prophet. One day, 
riding on an ass by the ruins of Jerusa- 
lem, after its destruction by the Chal- 
deans, he doubted in his mind whether 
(Jod could raise the city up again. 
Whereupon God caused him to die, and 
he remained dead a hundred years, but 
was then restored to life. He found the 
basket of figs and cruse of wine as fresh 
as when he died, but his ass was a mass 
of bones. While he still looked, the dry 
bones came together, received life, and 
the resuscitated ass began to bray. The 
prophet no longer doubted the power of 
God to raise up Jerusalem from its ruins. 
— Al Koran, ii. (Sale's notes). 

*„.* This legend is based on Neh. ii. 
12-20. 



P. Placentius the dominican wrote a 
poem of 253 Latin hexameters, called 
Pugna Porcorum, every word of which 
begins with the letter p (died 1548). It 
begins thus : 

Plaudite, Porcelli, porcorum pigra propago 
Progreditur . . . etc. 

There was one composed in honour of 
Charles le Chauve, every word of which 
began with c. 

The best-known alliterative poem in 
English is the following : — 

An Austrian army, awfully arrayed. 

Boldly by battery besieged Belgrade. 

Cossack commanders, cannonading, come. 

Dealing destruction's devastating doom ; 

Every endeavour engineers essay 

For fame, for fortune, forming furious fray. 

Gaunt gunners grapple, giving gashes good 

Heaves high his head heroic hardihood. 

ibraham, Islam, Ismael, imps in ill, 

Jostle John Jarovlitz, Jem, Joe. Jack, Jill; 

Kick kindling Kutusoff, kings' kinsmen kill ; 

Labour low levels loftiest, longest lines ; 

Men march 'mid moles, 'mid mounds, 'mid murderom 

mines. 
Now nightfall's nigh, now needful nature nods, 
Opposed, oi posing, overcoming odds. 
Poor peasants, partly purchased, partly pressed, 
Quite quaking, "Quarter! Quarter 1" quickly quest. 
Reason returns, recalls redundant rage, 
Saves sinking soldiers, softens signiors sage. 
Truce, Turkey, truce ! truce, treacherous Tartar train I 
Unwise, unjust, unmerciful Ukraine ! 
Vanish, vile vengeance ! vanish, victory vain ! 
Wisdom wails war — wails warring words. What were 
Xerxes, XantippS, Ximenes, Xavier? 
Yet Yassy's youth, ye yield your youthful yest. 
Zealously, zanies, zealously, zeal's zest. 
From H. Southgate, Many Thoughts on Many Things, 

Tusser has a poem of twelve lines, in 
rhyme, every word of which begins with 
t. The subject is on Thriftiness (died 
1580). 



P'S. 



720 



PAGE. 



P's (The Five), William Oxberry, 
printer, poet, publisher, publican, and 
player (1784-1824). 

Pache (/. Nicolas), a Swiss by birth. 
He was minister of war in 1792, and 
maire de Paris 1793. Pache hated the 
Girondists, and at the fall of Danton was 
imprisoned. After his liberation, he 
retired to Thym-le-Moutiers (in the 
Ardennes), and died in obscurity (1740- 
1823). 

Swiss Pache sits sleek-headed, frugal, the wonder of his 
own ally for humility of mind. ... Sit there, Tartuffe, 
till wanted.— Carlyle. 

Pacific (The), Amadeus VIII. count 
of Savoy (1383, 1391-1439, abdicated 
and died 1451). 

Frederick III. emperor of Germany 
(1415, 1440-1493). 

Olaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093). 

Pac'olet, a dwarf, "full of great 
sense and subtle ingenuity." He had an 
enchanted horse, made of wood, with 
which he carried off Valentine, Orson, 
and Clerimond from the dungeon of 
Ferragus. This horse is often alluded to. 
" To ride Pacolet' s horse " is a phrase for 
going very fast. — Valentine and Orson 
(fifteenth century). 

Pacolet, a familiar spirit. — Steele, The 
Tatler (1709). 

Pacolet or Nick Strumpfer, the dwarf 
servant of Noma " of the Fitful Head." 
—Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

Pacomo (St.), an Egyptian, who lived 
in the fourth century. It is said that he 
could walk among serpents unhurt ; and 
when he had occasion to cross the Nile, 
he was carried on the back of a crocodile. 

The hermit fell on his knees before an image of St. 
Pacomo, which was glued to the walL — Lesage, Gil Bias, 
iv. 9 (1724). 

Pacto'lus (now called Bagouly), a 
river of Lydia, in Asia Minor, which was 
said to flow over golden sand. 

Pad/alon, the Hindu hell, under the 
earth. It has eight gates, each of which 
is guarded by a gigantic deity. Described 
by Southey, in cantos xxii., xxiii. of The 
Curse of Kehama (1809). 

Paddington (Barry), one of Mac- 
heath's gang of thieves. Peachum de- 
scribes him as a "poor, petty-larceny 
rascal, without the least genius. That 
fellow," he says, "though he were to live 
for six months, would never come to the 
pillows with credit" (act i. 1). — Gay, 
The Beggar's Opera (1727). 



Paddington Fair, a public execu- 
tion. Tyburn is in the parish of Pad- 
dington. Public executions were abolished 
in 1868. 

Paddy, an Irishman. A corruption 
of Padhrig, Irish for Patrick. 

Padlock (The), a comic opera by 
Bickerstaff. Don Diego (2 syL), a 
wealthy lord of 60, saw a country maiden 
named Leonora, to whom he took a fancy, 
and arranged with the parents to take 
her home with him and place her undei 
the charge of a duenna for three months, 
to see if her temper was as sweet as her 
face was pretty; and then either "to 
return her to them- spotless, or make her 
his lawful wife." At the expiration of 
the time, the don went to arrange with 
the parents for the wedding, and locked 
up his house, giving the keys to Ursula 
the duenna. To make surance doubly 
sure, he put a padlock on the outer door, 
and took the key with him. Leander, 
a young student smitten with the damsel, 
laughed at locksmiths and duennas, and, 
having gained admission into the house, 
was detected by don Diego, who returned 
unexpectedly. The old don, being a man 
of sense, at once perceived that Leander 
was a more suitable bridegroom than him- 
self, so he not only sanctioned the alliance, 
but gave Leonora a handsome wedding 
dowry (1768). 

Paean, the physician of the immortals. 

Paea'na, daughter of Corflambo, " fair 
as ever yet saw living eye," but "too 
loose of life and eke too light." Paeana 
fell in love with Amias, a captive in her 
father's dungeon ; but Amias had no heart 
to give away. When Placidas was brought 
captive before Paeana, she mistook him 
for Amias, and married him. The poet 
adds, that she thenceforth so reformed her 
ways " that all men much admired the 
change, and spake her praise." — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, iv. 9 (1596). 

Pagan, a fay who loved the princess 
Imis ; but I mis rejected his suit, as she 
loved her cousin Philax. Pagan, out of 
revenge, shut them up in a superb crystal 
palace, which contained every delight 
except that of leaving it. In the course 
of a few years, Imis and Philax Longed 
as much for a separation as, at one time, 
they wished to be united. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy, Fairy 'Tales ("Palace of Re- 
venge," 1682). 

Page (Mr.), a gentleman living at 



PAGE. 



'21 PAINTERS' CHARACTERISTICS. 



Windsor. When sir John Falstaff made 
love to Mrs. Page, Page himself assumed 
the name of Brook, to outwit the knight. 
Sir John told the supposed Brook his 
whole " course of wooing," and how 
nicely he was bamboozling the husband. 
On one occasion, he says, " I was carried 
out in a buck-basket of dirty linen before 
the^very eyes of Page, and the deluded 
husband did not know it." Of course, 
sir John is thoroughly outwitted and 
played upon, being made the butt of the 
whole village. 

Mrs. Page, wife of Mr. Page, of Wind- 
sor. When sir John Falstaff made love 
to her, she joined with Mrs. Ford to dupe 
him and punish him. 

Anne Page, daughter of the above, in 
love with Fenton. Slender calls her 
" the sweet Anne Page." 

William Page, Anne's brother, a school- 
bov. — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of 
Windsor (1596). 

Page (Sir Francis), called " The Hang- 
ing Judge" (1661-1741). 

Slander and poison dread from Delia's rage ; 
Hard words or hanging if your judge be Page. 

Pope. 

Paget (The lady), one of the ladies 
of the bedchamber in queen Elizabeth's 
court. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilicorth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Painted Chamber (The), an apart- 
ment in the old Royal Palace of West- 
minster, the walls of which were painted 
chiefly with battle-scenes, in six bands, 
somewhat similar to the Bayeaux ta- 
pestry. 

Painted Mischief, playing cards. 

There are plenty of ways of gambling . . . without 
recourse to the " painted mischief," which was not in- 
vented for the benefit of king Charles VI. of France. — 
Daily Xeics, xMarch 8, 1879. 

Painter of Nature. Remi Belleau, 
one of the Pleiad poets, is so called (1528- 
1577). 

The Shepheardcs Calendar, by Spenser, 
is largely borrowed from Belleau's Sung 
of April. 

Painter of the Graces, Andrea 
Appiani (1754-1817). 

Painters. 

A Bee. Quintin Matsys, the Dutch 
painter, painted a bee so well that the 
artist Mandyn thought it a real bee, and 
proceeded to brush it aw r ay with his 
handkerchief (1450-1529). 

A Cow. Myro carved a cow so true 
to nature that bulls mistook it for a living 
animal (b.c. 431). 



A Curtain. Parrhasios painted a cur- 
tain so admirably that even Zeuxis, the 
artist, mistook it for real drapery (b.c. 
400). 

A Fly. George Alexander Stevens says, 
in his Lectures on Heads : 

I have heard of a connoisseur who was one day in nn 
auction-room where there was an inimitable piece of 
painting of fruits and flowers. The connoisseur would 
not give his opinion of the picture till he had first ex- 
amined the catalogue ; and finding it was done by an 
Englishman, he pulled out his eye-glass. " Oh, sir," 
says he, "those English fellows hare no more idea of 
genius than a Dutch skipper has of dancing a cotillion. 
The dog has spoiled a fine piece of canvas ; he is worse 
than a Harp Alley sign-post dauber. There's no keeping, 
no perspective, no foreground. Why, there now, the 
fellow has actually attempted to paint a fly upon that 
rosebud. Why, it is no more like a fly than I am like 

;" but, as he approached his finger to the picture, 

the fly flew away (177a). 

Grapes. Zeuxis (2 syL), a Grecian 
painter, painted some grapes so well that 
birds came and pecked at them, thinking 
them real grapes (b.c. 400). 

A Horse. Apelles painted Alexander's 
horse Bucephalos so true to life that 
some mares came up to the canvas neigh- 
ing, under the supposition that it was a 
real animal (about B.C. 334). 

A Man. Velasquez painted a Spanish 
admiral so true to life that when king 
Felipe IV. entered the studio, he mis- 
took the painting for the man, and 
began reproving the supposed officer for 
neglecting his duty, in wasting his time 
in the studio, when he ought to have been 
with his fleet (1590-1660). 

Accidental effects in painting. 

Apelles, being at a loss to paint the 
foam of Alexander's horse, dashed his 
brush at the picture in a fit of annoyance, 
and did by accident what his skill had 
failed to do (about B.C. 334). 

The same tale is told of Protog'enes, 
who dashed his brush at a picture, and 
thus produced "the foam of a dog's 
mouth," which he had long been trying 
in vain to represent (about B.C. 332). 

Painters (Prince of). Parrhasios and 
Apelles are both so called (fourth century 

B.C.). 

Painters' Characteristics. 

Angelo (Michael) : an iron frame, 
strongly developed muscles, and an ana- 
tomical display of the human figure. 
The /Eschylos of painters (1474-1564). 

Carracci : eclectic artists, who picked 
out and pieced together parts taken from 
Correggio, Raphael, Titian, and other 
great artists. If Michael Angelo is the 
^Eschylos of artists, and Raphael the 
Sophocles, the Carracci may be called 
the Euripides of painters. I know not 
3 A 



F WINTERS' CHARACTERISTICS. 722 



PALAMEDES. 



why in England the name is spelt with 
only one r. 

Correggio : known by his wonderful 
foreshortenings, his magnificent light and 
shade. He is, however, very monotonous 
(1494-1534). 

Ckomb (John) : an old woman in a red 
cloak walking up an avenue of trees 
Q769-1821). 

David : noted for his stiff, 'dry, pedantic, 
"highly classic " style, according to the 
interpretation of the phrase by the French 
in the first Revolution (1748-1825). 

Dolce (Carlo) : famous for his Ma- 
donnas, which are all finished with most 
extraordinary delicacy (1616-1686). 

Domenichi'no : famed for his fres- 
coes, correct in design, and fresh in 
colouring (1581-1641). 

Guido : his speciality is a pallid or 
bluish-complexioned saint, with saucer or 
uplifted eyes (1574-1642). 

Holbein: characterized by bold relief, 
exquisite finish, force of conception, deli- 
cacv of tone, and dark background 
(1498-1554). 

Lorraine (Claude) : a Greek temple 
on a hill, with sunny and highly finished 
classic scenery. Aerial perspective (1600- 
1682). 

Murillo : a brown-faced Madonna 
(1618-1682). 

Ommeganck : sheep (1775-1826). 

Perugino (Pietro) : known by his 
narrow, contracted figures and scrim pv 
drapery (1446-1524). 

Poussin : famous for his classic style. 
Reynolds says : "No works of any 
modern have so much the air of antique 
painting as those of Poussin " (1593- 
1665). 

Poussin (Gaspar) : a landscape painter, 
the very opposite oi* Claude Lorraine. He 
seems to have drawn his inspiration from 
Hervey's Meditations Among the Tombs, 
Blairs Grave, Young's Night Thoughts, 
and Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy 
(1613-1675). 

Raphael : the Sophocles of painters. 
Angelo's figures are all gigantesque and 
ideal, like those of YEschylos. Raphael's 
are perfect human beings (1483-1520). 

Reynolds : a portrait-painter. He 
presents his portraits in bal ?nasque, not 
always suggestive either of the rank or 
character of the person represented. 
There is about the same analogy between 
Watteau and Reynolds, as between 
Claude Lorraine and Gaspar Poussin 
(1723-1792). 

Rosa (Salvator) : dark, inscrutable 



pictures, relieved by dabs of palette- 
knife. He is fond of savage scenery, 
broken rocks, wild caverns, blasted 
heaths, and so on (1615-1673). 

Rubens : patches of vermiilion dabbed 
about the human figure, wholly out of 
barmonv with the rest of the colouring 
(1577-1*640). 

Steen (Jan) : an old woman peeling 
vegetables, with another old woman 
looking at her (1636-1679). 

Tintoretti : full of wild fantastical 
inventions. He is called " The Lightning 
of the Pencil " (1512-1594). 

Titian: noted for his broad shades 
of divers gradations (1477-1576). 

Veronese (Faul) : noted for his great 
want of historical correctness and elegance 
of design ; but he abounds in spirited 
banquets, sumptuous edifices, brilliant 
aerial spectres, magnificent robes, gaud, 
and jewellery (1530-1588). 

Watteau : noted for his fetes galantes, 
fancy-ball costumes, and generally gala- 
day figures (1684-1721). 

The colouring of Titian, the expression of Rubens, the 
grace of Raphael, the purity of Domenichino, the correg- 
gioscity of Correggio, the learning of Poussin, the airs of 
Guido, the taste of the Carrachi [sic], the grand contour 
of Angelo, . . . the brilliant truth of a Watteau, the 
touching grace of a Reynolds. — Sterne. 

Paix des Dames (La), the treaty 
of peace concluded at Cambray in 1529, 
between Francois I. of France and Karl 
V. emperor of Germany. So called be- 
cause it was mainly negotiated by Louise 
of Savoy (mother of the French king) 
and Margaret the emperor's aunt. 

Paladore, a Briton in the service of 
the king of Lombardy. One day, in a 
boar-hunt, the boar turned on the prin- 
cess Sophia, and, having gored her horse 
to death, was about to attack the lady, 
but was slain by the young Briton. 
Between these two young people a strong 
attachment sprang up ; but the duke 
Bire'no, by an artifice of false imper- 
sonation, induced Paladore to believe that 
the princess was a wanton, and had the 
audacity to accuse her as such to the 
senate. In Lombardy, the punishment 
for this offence was death, and the prin- 
cess was ordered to execution. Paladore, 
having learned the truth, accused the 
duke of villainy. They fought, and 
Bireno fell. The princess, being cleared 
of the charge, married Paladore. — Robert 
Jephson, The Law of Jjombardy (1779). 

Palame'des (4 syl.), son of Nau- 
plios, was, according to Suidas, the in- 
ventor of dice. (See Alea.) 

Tabula nonien ludi ; hanc Paiamedes ad Graci exercltus 



PALAMEDES. 



723 



PALINODE. 



delectationera magna eruditione atque inpcnio invenit. 
Tabula eniiu est mundus terre-iris. duodenariua numerus 
est Zodiacus. ipsa vero area ct scptcm in ea cnuia sunt 
septem Stella? planetarum. Turris est altitudo c<eli, ex 
qua omnibus bona et mala repeiiduntur. — Sui<las (Wolfs 
trans.). 

Palame'des (Sir), a Saracen, who 
adored Isolde the wife of king Mark of 
Cornwall. Sir Tristrem also loved the 
same lady, who was his aunt. The two 
"lovers" fought, and sir Palamedes, 
being overcome, was compelled to turn 
Christian. He was baptized, and sir 
Tristrem stood his sponsor at the font. — 
Thomas of Erceldoune, called " The 
Rhymer," Sir Tristrem (thirteenth cen- 
tury). 

Palame'des of Lombardy, one 
of the allies of the Christian army in the 
first crusade. He was shot by Corinda 
With an arrow (bk. xi.). — Tasso, Jeru- 
salem Delivered (1575). 

Pal'amon and Arcite (2 syl.), two 
young Theban knights, who fell into the 
hands of duke Theseus (2 syl.), and were 
by him confined in a dungeon at Athens. 
Here they saw the duke's sister-in-law 
Emily, with whom both fell in love. 
When released from captivity, the two 
knights told to the duke their tale of 
love ; and the duke promised that which- 
ever proved the victor in single combat, 
should have Emily for his prize. Arcite 
prayed to Mars "for victory," and Pala- 
mon to Venus that he might " obtain 
the lady," and both their prayers were 
granted. Arcite won the victory, ac- 
cording to his prayer, but, being thrown 
from his horse, died ; so Palamon, after 
all, " won the lady," though he did not 
win the battle. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
Tales (" The Knight's Tale," 1388). 

This tale is taken from the Le Teseide 
of Boccaccio. 

The Black Horse, a drama by John 
Fletcher, is the same tale. Richard 
Edwards has a comedy called Paloemon 
and Arcyte (1566). 

Pale (The) or The English Pale, 
a part of Ireland, including Dublin, 
Meath, Carlow, Kilkenny, and Louth. 

Pale Faces. So the American 
Indians call the European settlers. 

Pale'mon, son of a rich merchant. 
He fell in love with Anna, daughter of 
Albert master of one of his father's 
ships. The purse-proud merchant, in- 
dignant at this, tried every means to 
induce his son to abandon such a " mean 
connection," but without avail ; so at 
last he sent him in the Britannia (Albert's 



ship) "in charge of the merchandise." 
The ship was wrecked near cape Colonna, 
in Attica ; and although Palemon es- 
caped, his ribs were so broken that he 
died almost as soon as he reached the 
shore. 

A gallant youth. Palemon was his name, 
Chained with the commerce hither also came; 
A father's stem resent men t doomed to prove, 
He came, the victim of unhappy love. 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, i. 2 (1756). 

Pale'mon and Lavinia, a poetic 
version of Boaz and Ruth. " The lovely 
young Lavinia" went to glean in the 
fields of young Palemon " the pride of 
swains;" and Palemon, falling in love 
with the beautiful gleaner, both wooed 
and won her. — Thomson, The Seasons 
("Autumn," 1730). 

Pales (2 syl.), god of shepherds and 
their flocks. — Roman Mythology. 

Pomona loves the orchard ; 
And Liber loves the vine ; 
And Pales loves the straw-built shed, 
Warm with the breath of kine. 
Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Roiae ("Prophecy 
of Capys," 1842). 

PaPinode (3 syl.), a shepherd in 
Spenser's Eclogues. In eel. v. Palinode 
represents the catholic priest. He in- 
vites Piers (who represents the protestant 
clergy) to join in the fun and pleasures 
of May. Piers then warns the young 
man of the vanities of the world, and 
tells him of the great degeneracy of 
pastoral life, at one time simple and 
frugal, but now discontented and licen- 
tious. He concludes with the fable of 
the kid and her dam. The fable is this : 
A mother-goat, going abroad for the day, 
told her kid to keep at home, and not to 
open the door to strangers. She had not 
been gone long, when up came a fox, 
with head bound from "headache," and 
foot bound from "gout," and carrying a 
ped of trinkets. The fox told the kid 
a most piteous tale, and showed her a 
little mirror. The kid, out of pity and 
vanity, opened the door ; but while stoop- 
ing over the ped to pick up a little bell, 
the fox clapped down the lid, and carried 
her off. 

In eel. vii. Palinode is referred to by 
the shepherd Thomalin as "lording it 
over God's heritage," feeding the sheep 
with chaff, and keeping for himself the 
grains. — Spenser, Shepheardes Calendar 
(1572). 

Pal'inode (3 syl.), a poem in recanta- 
tion of a calumny. Stesich'orcs wrote a 
bitter satire against Helen, for which her 
brothers, Castor and Pollux, plucked out 
his eyes. When, however, the poet re- 



PALINURUS. 



'24 



PALMYRENE. 



canted, his sight was restored to him 
again. 

The bard who libelled Helen in his song, 
Recanted after, and redressed the wrong. 

Ovid, Art of Love, iii. 

Horace's Ode, xvi. i. is a palinode. 
Samuel Butler has a palinode, in which 
he recanted what he said in a previous 
poem of the Hon. Edward Howard. 
Dr. Watts recanted in a poem the praise 
he had previously bestowed on queen 
Anne. 

Palinu'rus, the pilot of Mne'&s. 
Palinurus, sleeping at the helm, fell into 
the sea, and was drowned. The name 
is employed as a generic word for a 
steersman or pilot, and sometimes for a 
chief minister. Thus, prince Bismarck 
may be called the palinurus of William 
emperor of Germany and king of Prussia. 

More had she spoke, but yawned. All nature nods . . . 
E'en Palinurus nodded at the helm. 

Pope, The Dunciad, iv. 614 (1742). 

Palisse {La), a sort of M. Prud- 
homm.e ; a pompous utterer of truisms 
and moral platitudes. 

Palla'dio (Andrea), the Italian clas- 
sical architect (1518-1580). 

The English Palladio, Inigo Jones 
(1573-1653). 

Palla'dium. 

Of Ceylon, the delada or tooth of 
Buddha, preserved in the Malegawa 
temple at Kandy. Natives guard it with 
great jealousy, from a belief that who- 
ever possesses it, acquires the right to 
govern Ceylon. When, in 1815, the 
English obtained possession of the tooth, 
the Cej'lonese submitted to them without 
resistance. 

Of Eden Hall, a drinking-glass, in 
the possession of sir Christopher Mus- 
grave, bart., of Edenhall, Cumberland. 

Of Jerusalem, Aladine king of Jeru- 
salem stole an image of the Virgin, and 
set it up in a mosque, that she might no 
longer protect the Christians, but become 
the palladium of Jerusalem. The image 
was rescued by Sophronia, and the city 
taken by the crusaders. 

Of Mcfj'ara, a golden hair of king 
Nisus. Scylla promised to deliver the 
city into the hands of Minos, and cut off 
the talismanic lock of her father's head 
while he was asleep. 

Of Rome, the ancfle or sacred buckler 
which Numa said fell from heaven, and 
was guarded by priests called Salii. 

Of Scotland, the great stone of Scone, 
near Perth, which was removed by 



Edward I. to Westminster, and is still 
there, preserved in the coronation chair. 

Of Troy, a colossal wooden statue of 
Pallas Minerva, which "fell from 
heaven." It was carried off by the 
Greeks, by whom the city was taken 
and burned to the ground. 

Pallet, a painter, in Smollett's novel 
of Peregrine Pickle (1751). 

The absurdities of Pallet are painted 
an inch thick, and by no human pos- 
sibility could such an accumulation of 
comic disasters have befallen the cha- 
racters of the tale. 

Palm Sunday (Sad), March 2!), 
1461, the day of the battle of Towton, 
the most fatal of any domestic war ever 
fought. It is said that 37,000 English- 
men fell on this day. 

Whose banks received the blood of many thousand men, 
On "sad Palm Sunday" slain, that Towton field we 

call . . . 
The bloodiest field betwixt the White Rose and the Red. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 

Pal'merin of England, the hero 
and title of a romance in chivalry. There 
is also an inferior one entitled Palmerin 
de Oliva. 

The next two books were Palmerin de Ol'iva and 
Palmerin of England. "The former," said the cure, 
" shall be torn in pieces and burnt to the last ember ; 
but Palmerin of England shall be preserved as a relique 
of antiquity, and placed in such a chest as Alexander 
found amongst the spoils of Darius, and in which he 
kept the writings of Homer. This same book is valuable 
for two things-: first, for its own especial excellency, and 
next, because it is the production of a Portuguese 
monarch, famous for his literary talents. The adven- 
tures of the castle of Miraguarda therein are finely 
imagined, the style of composition is natural and ele- 
gant, and the utmost decorum is preserved throughout." — 
Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605). 

Palmi'ra, daughter of Alcanor chief 
of Mecca. She and her brother Zaphna 
were taken captives in infancy, and 
brought up by Mahomet. As they grew 
in years, they fell in love with each 
other, not knowing their relationship ; 
but when Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, 
Zaphna was appointed to assassinate. Alca- 
nor, and was himself afterwards killed 
by poison. Mahomet then proposed mar- 
riage to Palmira, but to prevent such 
an alliance, she killed herself. — James 
Miller, Mahomet the Impostor (1740). 

Palmyra of the Deccan, Bija- 
pur, in the Poonah district. 

Palmyra of the North, St. Peters- 
burg. 

Pal'myrene {The), Zenobia queen 
of Palmyra, who claimed the title of 
" Queen of the East." She was defeated 
by Aurelian, and taken prisoner (a.o. 
273). Longinus lived at .her court, and 



PALOMIDES. 



725 



PANCASTE. 



was put to death on the capture of 
Zenobia. 

The Palmyrene that fought Aurelian. 

Tennyson, The Princess, ii. (1817). 

Pal'omides (Sir), son and heir of 
sir Astlabor. His brothers were sir Satire 
and sir Segwar'ides. He is always called 
the Saracen, meaning " unchristened." 
Next to the three great knights (sir Laun- 
celot, sir Tristram, and sir Lamorake), he 
was the strongest and bravest of the 
fellowship of the Round Table. Like sir 
Tristram, he was in love with La Belle 
Isond wife of king Mark of Cornwall ; but 
the lady favoured the love of sir Tristram, 
and only despised that of the Saracen 
knight. After his combat with sir Tris- 
tram, sir Palomides consented to be bap- 
tized by the bishop of Carlisle (pt. iii. 28). 

He was well made, cleanly, and bigly, and neither too 
young nor too old. And though he was not christened, 
yet he believed in the best manners, and was faithful and 
true of his promise, and also well conditioned. He made 
a vow that he would never be christened unto the time 
that he achieved the beast Glatisaint. . . . And also he 
avowed never to take full Christendom unto the time that 
he had done seven battles within the lists. — SirT. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, iL 149 (1470). 

Pam, Henry John Temple, viscount 
Palmerston (1784-1865). 

Pam'ela. Lady Edward Fitzgerald is 
so called (*-1831). 

Pam'ela [Andrews], a simple, un- 
sophistical country girl, the daughter of 
two aged parents, and maidservant of a 
rich young squire, called B, who tries to 
seduce her. She resists every temptation, 
and at length marries the young squire and 
reforms him. Pamela is very pure and 
modest, bears her afflictions with much 
meekness, and is a model of maidenly 
prudence and rectitude. The storj' is told 
in a series of letters which Pamela sends 
to her parents. — S. Richardson, Pamela or 
Virtue Rewarded (1740). 

The pure and modest character of the English maiden 
[Pamel.i] is so well maintained, . . . her sorrows and 
afflictions are borne with so much meekness ; her little 
intervals of hope . . . break in on her troubles so much 
like the specks of blue sky through a cloudy atmosphere, 
—that the whole recollection is soothing, tranquillizing, 
and doubtless edifying.— Sir W. Scott 

Pamela is a work of much humbler pretensions than 
Clarissa llarlowe. ... A simple country girl, whom her 
master attempts to seduce, and afterwards marries. . . . 
The wardrobe of poor Pamela, her gown of sad-coloured 
stuff, and her round-eared caps ; her various attempts at 
escape, and the conveyance of her letters ; the hateful 
character of Mrs. Jewkes, and the fluctuating passions of 
her master before the better part of his nature obtains 
ascendancy,— these are all touched with the hand of a 
majter.— Chambers, English Literature, ii. 161. 

Pope calls the word " Pamela : " 

The gods, to curse Pamela with her prayers. 
Gave the gilt coach and dappled Flanders mares, 
The shining robes, rich jewels, beds of state, 
And, to complete her bliss, a fool for mate. 
She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring, 
A vain, unquiet, glittering, wretched thing ; 



Pride, pomp, and state, but rvach her outward part.— 
She sighs, and is no duchess at her heart. 

Epistles (" To Mrs. Blount, with the work 
ofVoiture," 1709). 

Pami'na and Tami'no, the two 
lovers who were guided by " the magic 
flute" through all worldly dangers tc 
the knowledge of divine truth (or the 
nivsteries of Isis). — Mozart, Die Zauber- 
flSte (1790). 

Pamphlet (Mr.), a penny-a-liner. 
His great wish was " to be taken up for 
sedition." He writes on both sides, for, 
as he says, he has " two hands, ainbo 
dexter. ," 

" Time has been," he says, " when I could turn a penny 
by an earthquake, or live upon a jail distemper, or dine 
upon a bloody murder ; but now that's all over— nothing 
will do now but roasting a minister, or telling the people 
they are ruined. The people of England are never so 
nappy as when you tell them they are ruined." — Murphy, 
The 1'iihoUterei, ii. 1 (175S). 

Pan, Nature personified, especially 
the vital crescent power of nature. 

Universal Pan. 
Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance, 
Led on the eternal spring. 

Milton Paradise Lost, iv. 266, etc. (1665). 

Pan, in Spenser's eel. iv., is Henry VIII., 
and "Syrinx " is Anne Boleyn. In eel. 
v. " Pan " stands for Jesus Christ in one 
passage, and for God the Father in 
another. — Spenser, Shepheardes Calendar 
(1572). 

Pan {The Great), Francois M. A. de 
Voltaire ; also called " The Dictator of 
Letters" (1694-1778). 

Panacea. Prince Ahmed's apple or 
apple of Samarcand (see p. 45). The 
balsam of Fierabras (see p. 75). The 
Promethean unguent rendered the body 
invulnerable. Aladdin s ring was a pre- 
servative against all ills that flesh is heir 
to (see p. 15). Then there were the Youth 
Restorers. And the healers of wounds, 
such as Achilles's spear, also called "The 
Spear of Telephus" (see p. 4) ; Gilbert's 
sword (see p. 882) ; and so on. 

Pancaste (3 syl.) or Campaspe, one 
of the concubines of Alexander the Great. 
Apelles fell in love with her while he 
was employed in painting the king of 
Macedon, and Alexander, out of regard to 
the artist, gave her to him for a wife. 
Apelles selected for his "Venus Rising 
from the Sea " (usually called " Venus 
Anadyomgne") this beautiful Athenian 
woman, together with Phryne another 
courtezan. 

*** Phryng was also the academy 
figure for the " Cnidian Venus " of Praxi- 
teles. 



PANCKS. 



726 



PANDORA. 



Pancks, a quick, short, eager, dark 
man, with too much " way." Hedressed in 
black and rusty iron grey ; had jet-black 
beads for eyes, a scrubby little black 
chin, wiry black hair striking out from 
his head in prongs like hair-pins, and a 
complexion that was very dingy by 
nature, or very dirty by art, or a com- 
pound of both. He had dirty hands, and 
dirty, broken nails, and looked as if he 
had been in the coals. He snorted and 
sniffed, and puffed and blew, and was 
generally in a perspiration. It was Mr. 
Pancks who " moled out" the secret that 
Mr. Dorrit, imprisoned for debt in the 
Marshalsea prison, was heir-at-law to a 
great estate, which had long lain un- 
claimed, and was extremely rich (ch. 
xxxv.). Mr. Pancks also induced Clen- 
nam to invest in Mcrdle's bank shares, and 
demonstrated by figures the profit he 
would realize ; but the bank being a 
bubble, the shares were worthless. — C. 
Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 

Panerace, a doctor of the Aristotelian 
school. He maintained that it was im- 
proper to speak of the " form of a hat," 
because form "est la disposition ex- 
te'rieure des corps qui sont animes," and 
therefore we should say the "figure of a 
hat," because figure "est la disposition 
exterieure des corps qui sont inanime's ; " 
and because his adversary could not agree, 
he called him " un ignorant, un igno- 
rantissime, ignorantifiant, et ignorantifie " 
(sc. viii.). — Moliere, Le Mariage Force' 
(1664). 

Pancras (The earl of), one of the 
skilful companions of Barlow the famous 
archer ; another was called the " Marquis 
of Islington ; " while Barlow himself was 
mirthfully created by Henry VIII. "Duke 
of Shoreditch." 

Pancras (St.), patron saint of children, 
martvred by Diocletian at the age of 
14 (a.d. 304). 

Pan'darus, the Lycian, one of the 
allies of Priam in the Trojan war. He is 
drawn under two widely different charac- 
ters : In classic story he is depicted 
as an admirable archer, slain by 
Diomed, and honoured as a hero-god 
in his own country ; but in mediaeval 
romance he is represented as a despicable 
pimp, insomuch that the word pander 
is derived from his name. Chaucer in 
his Troilus and Cresseide, and Shakespeare 
in his drama of Troilus and Cressida, 
represent him as procuring for Troilus the 
good graces of Cressid, and in Much Ado 



about Nothing, it is said that Troilus 
"was the first employer of pandars." 

Let all pitiful goers-between be called to the world's end 
after my name; call them all "Pandars." Let all con- 
stant men be " TroIIuses," all false women "Cressids."— 
Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, act iii. sc. 2 (1602). 

Pandemo'nium, " the high capital 
of Satan and his peers." Here the 
infernal parliament was held, and to this 
council Satan convened the fallen angels 
to consult with him upon the best method 
of encompassing the "fall of man." 
Satan ultimately undertook to visit the 
new world ; and, in the disguise of a 
serpent, he tempted Eve to eat of the 
forbidden fruit. — Milton, Paradise Lost, 
ii. (1665). 

Pandi'on, king of Athens, father of 
Procne and Philome'la. 

None take pity on thy pain ; 
Senseless trees, they cannot hear thee ; 
Ruthless bears, they will not cheer thee ; 
King Pandion he is dead ; 
All thy friends are lapped in lead. 
Richard Barnfield, Address to the Nightingale (1594). 

Pandolf (Sir Harry), the teller of 
whole strings of stories, which he re- 
peats at every gathering. He has also 
a stock of bon-mots. " Madam," said 
he, "I have lost by you to-day." " How 
so, sir Harry ? " replies the lady. " Why, 
madam," rejoins the baronet, "I have 
lost an excellent appetite." " This is the 
thirty-third time that sir Harry hath 
been thus arch." 

We are constantly, after supper, entertained with the 
Glastonbury Thorn. When we have wondered at that a 
little, "Father," saith the son, "let us have the Spirit in 
the Wood." After that, " Now tell us how you served the 
robber." "Alack!" saith sir Harry, with a smile, "I 
have almost forgotten that ; but it is a pleasant conceit, 
to be sure ; " and accordingly he tells that and twenty more 
in the same order over and over again. — Richard Steele. 

Pandolfe (2 st/l.), father of Lelie.— 
Moliere, L'Etourdi (1653). 

Pando'ra, the " all-gifted woman." 
So called because all the gods bestowed 
some gift on her to enhance her charms. 
Jove sent her to Prometheus for a wife, 
but Hermes gave her in marriage to his 
brother Epime'theus (4 syl.). It is said 
that Pandora enticed the curiosity of 
Epimethens to open a box in her pos- 
session, from which flew out all the ills 
that flesh is heir to. Luckily the lid was 
closed in time to prevent the escape of 
Hope. 

More lovely than Pandora, whom the gods 
Endowed willi all their gifts, ... to the unwiser son 
Of Japhet brought bv Hermes, she insnared 
Mankind with her fair looks, to be avenged 
On him [J'ronwlheus] who had stole Jove's . . . fire. 
Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 714, etc. (1<>(>5). 

*** "Unwiser son" is a Latinism, 
and means " not so wise as he should 



PANDOSTO. 



•ANTAGRU ELIAN LAWSUIT. 



have been ; " so audacior, timidior, vehe- 
mentior, iracundior, etc. 

Pandosto or The Triumph of Time, 
a talebv Robert Greene (1588), the quarry 
of the plot of The Winter's Tale by 
Shakespeare. 

Panel (The), by J. Kemble. is a 
modified version of RickerstafFs coined}' 
' Tis Well 'tis no Worse. It contains the 
popular quotation : 

Perhaps it was right to dissemble your lore ; 
But why do you kick rue downstairs ? 

Pangloss {Dr. Peter), an LL.D. and 
A.S.S. He began life as a muffin-maker 
in Milk Alley. Daniel Dowlas, when he 
was raised from the chandler's shop in 
Gosport to the peerage, employed the 
doctor "to lam him to talk English;" 
and subsequently made him tutor to his 
son Dick, with a salary of £300 a year. 
Dr. Pangloss was a literary prig of 
ponderous pomposity. He talked of a 
"locomotive morning," of one's " spon- 
sorial and patronymic appellations," and 
so on ; was especially fond of quotations, 
to all of which he assigned the author, 
as " Lend me your ears. Shakespeare. 
Hem ! " or " Verbum sat. Horace. 
Hem ! " He also indulged in an affected 
"He! he!"— G. Colman, T/us Heir-at- 
Zaw (1797). 

A.S.S. stands for Artium Societatis 
Socius (" Fellow of the Society of Arts "). 

Pangloss, an optimist philosopher. (The 
word means "All Tongue.") — Voltaire, 
Candide. 

Panjaxn, a male idol of the Oroungou 
tribes of Africa ; his wife is Aleka, and his 
priests are called panjans. Panjam is 
the special protector of kings and govern- 
ments. 

Panjandrum {The Grand), any vil- 
lage potentate or Brummagem magnate. 
The word occurs in S. Foote's farrago of 
nonsense, which he wrote to test the 
memory of old Macklin, who said in a 
lecture " he had brought his own memory 
to such perfection that he could learn 
anything by rote on once hearing it." 

He was the Great Panjandrum of the place.— Percy 
Fitzgerald. 

*** The squire of a village is the 
Grand Panjandrum, and the small gentry 
the Picninnies, Joblillies, and Garyulies. 

Foote's nonsense lines are these : 

So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage leaf to 
make an apple pie ; and at the same time a great she- 
bear, coming up the street, pops its head into the shop. 
" What ! no soap ? " So he died, and she very impru- 
dently married the barber ; and there were present the 



Picnlnnie*, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies, and the 
Grand Panjandrum himself, with the little round button 
at top, and they all fell to playing the game of catch as 
eaten can. till the gunpowder ran out at the heel ol their 
boots.— S. Foote, The Quarterly Review, xcv. 51G, 517 
(1854). 

Pan'ope (3 s>/!.), one of the nereids. 
Her " sisters " are the sea-nymphs. 
Panope was invoked by sailors in storms. 

Sleek Panoi>e with all her sisters plaved. 

Milton, Lyeidiu, 95 (1633). 

Pantag'ruel', king of the Dipsodes 
(2 syl.), son of Gargantua, and last of 
the race of giants. His mother Badebec 
died in giving him birth. His paternal 
grandfather was named Grangousier. 
Pantagruel was a lineal descendant of 
Fierabras, the Titans, Goliath, Poly- 
pheme (3 syl.), and all the other giants 
traceable to Ghalbrook, who lived in 
that extraordinary period noted for its 
" week of three Thursdays." The word 
is a hybrid, compounded of the Greek 
panta ("all") and the Hagarene word 
gruel ("thirsty"). His immortal achieve- 
ment was his " quest of the oracle of the 
Holy Rottle." — Rabelais, Gargantua and 
Pantagruel, ii. (1533). 

Pantag'ruel's Course of Study. 
Pantagruel's father, Gargantua, said in 
a letter to his son : 

" I intend and insist that you learn all language* 
perfectly ; first of all Greek, in Quintilian's method ; 
then Latin, then Hebrew, then Arabic and Chaldee. I 
wish you to form your style of Greek on the model ot 
Plato, and of Latin on that of Cicero. Let there be no 
history you have not at your fingers' ends, and study 
thoroughly cosmography anil geography. Of liberal arts, 
such as geometry, mathematics, and music, I gave you 
a taste when not above five years old, and I would have 
you now master them fully. Study astronomy, but not 
divination and judicial astrology, which I consider mere 
vanities. As for civil law, I would have thee know the 
digesu by heart. You should also have a perfect know- 
ledge of the works of Nature, so that there is no sea, 
river, or smallest stream, which you do not know for 
what fish it is noted, whence it proceeds, and whither it 
directs its course; all fowls of the air, all shrubs and 
trees whether forest or orchard, all herbs and flowers, 
all metals and stones, should be mastered by you. Fail 
not at the same time most carefully to peruse the Tal- 
mudists and Cabalists. and be sure by frequent anatomies 
to gain a perfect knowledge of that other world called 
the microcosm, which is man. Master all these in your 
young days, and let nothing be superficial ; as you grow 
into manhood you must learn chivalry, warfare, and field 
manoeuvres." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, u. 8 (1533). 

Pantag'ruel's Tongue. It formed 
shelter for a whole army. His throat and 
mouth contained whole cities. 

Then did they [the army] put themselves in close 
order, and stood as near to each other as they could, and 
Pantagruel put out his tongue half-way, and covered them 
all, as a hen doth her chickens. — Kabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 
32 (1533). 

Pantagruelian Lawsuit (The). 
This was between lord Busqueue and 
lord Suckfist, who pleaded their own 
cases. The writs, etc., were as much as 
four asses could carry. After the 
plaintiff had stated his case, and the de- 



PANTAGRUELION. 



728 



PAPER KING. 



fendant had made his reply, Pantagruel 
gave judgment, and the two suitors were 
both satisfied, for no one understood a 
word of the pleadings, or the tenor of 
the verdict. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 
(1533). 

PantagrueTLon, a herb (hemp), 
symbolical of persecution. Rabelais 
says Pantag'ruel' was the inventor of a 
certain use for which this herb served. 
It was, he says, exceedingly hateful to 
felons, who detested it as much as 
strangle-weed. 

The figure and shape of the leaves of pantagruelion 
are not much unlike those of the ash tree or the agrimony ; 
indeed, the herb is so like the eupatorio that many 
herbalists have called it the domestic eupatorio, and 
sometimes the eupatorio is called the wild pantagrue- 
lion.— Rabelais, Pantagruel, etc., iii. 49 (1545). 

Pantaloon. In the Italian comedy, 
77 Pantalo'ne is a thin, emaciated old 
man, and the only character that acts in 
slippers. 

The sixth age shifts 
Into the lean and slippered Pantaloon. 
Shakespeare, At You Like It, act ii. sc. 7 (1600). 

Panther {The), symbol of pleasure. 
When Dante began the ascent of fame, 
this beast met him, and tried to stop his 
further progress. 

Scarce the ascent 
Began, when lo 1 a panther, nimble, light, 
And covered with a speckled skin, appeared, 
. . . and strove to check my onward going. 

Dante, Hell, i. (1300). 

Panther {The Spotted), the Church of 
England. The " milk-white doe " is the 
Church of Rome. 

The panther, sure the noblest next the hind, 
The fairest creature of the spotted kind ; 
Ob, could her inborn stains be washed away, 
She were too good to be a beast of prey. 

Dryden, The Hind and the Panther, i. (1687). 

Panthino, servant of Anthonio (the 
father of Protheus, one of the two heroes 
of the play). — Shakespeare, Two Gen- 
tlemen of Verona (1594). 

Pan ton, a celebrated punster in the 
reign of Charles II. 

And Panton waging harmless war with words. 

Dryden, MacFlecknoe (1682). 

Pantschatantra, a collection of 
Sanskrit fables. 

Panurge, a young man, handsome 
and of good stature, but in very ragged 
apparel when Pantag'ruel' first met him 
on the road leading from Charenton 
] bridge. Pantagruel, pleased with his 
person and moved with pity at his dis- 
tress, accosted him, when Panurge replied, 
first in German, then in Arabic, then in 
Italian, then in Biscayan, then in Bas- 
Lreton, then in Low Dutch, then in 
Spanish. Finding that Pantagruel knew 



none of these languages, Panurge tried 
Danish, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, with no 
better success. " Friend," said the 
prince, "can you speak French?" 
"Right well," answered Panurge, "for 
I was born in Touraine, the garden of 
France." Pantagruel then asked him if 
he would join his suite, which Panurge 
most gladly consented to do, and became 
the fast friend of Pantagruel. His great 
forte was practical jokes. Rabelaiu 
describes him as of middle stature, with 
an aquiline nose, very handsome, and 
always moneyless. Pantagruel made 
him governor of Salmygondin. — Rabelais, 
Pantagruel, iii. 2 (1545). 

Panurge throughout is the navovpyla (" the wisdom "). 
i.e. the cunning of the human animal — the understand- 
ing, as the faculty of means to purposes without ultimate 
ends, in the most comprehensive sense, and including 
art, sensuous fancy, and all the passions of the under- 
standing. — Coleridge. 

Panyer's Alley (London). So called 
from a stone built into the wall of one 
of the houses. The stone, on which is 
rudely chiselled a pannier surmounted by 
a boy, contains this distich : 

When you have sought the city round, 
Yet still this is the highest ground. 

Panza {Sancho), of Adzpetia, the 
'squire of don Quixote de la Mancha ; 
"a little squat fellow, with a tun belly 
and spindle shanks" (pt. I. ii. 1). He 
rides an ass named Dapple. His sound 
common sense is an excellent foil to the 
knight's craze. Sancho is very fond of 
eating and drinking, is always asking the 
knight when he is to be put in possession 
of the island he promised. He salts his 
speech with most pertinent proverbs, and 
even with wit of a racy, though some- 
times of rather a vulgar savour. — Cer- 
vantes, Bon Quixote (1605). 

%* The wife of Sancho is called 
"Joan Panza" in pt. I., and "Teresa 
Panza" in pt. II. "My father's name," 
she says to Sancho, "was Cascajo, and 
I, by being your wife, am now called 
Teresa Panza, though by right I should 
be called Teresa Cascajo" (pt. II. i. 5). 

Pao'lo (2 syl.), the cardinal brother of 
count Guido Franceschi'ni, who advised 
his bankrupt brother to marry an heiress, 
in order to repair his fortune. 

When brother Paolo's energetic shako 
Should do the relics justice. 
R. Browning, The King and the Book, ii. 409. 

Paper King {The), John Law, pro- 
jector of the Mississippi Bubble (1671- 
1729). 

The basis of Law's project was the idea that paper 
money may be multiplied to any extent, provided there 
be security iu fixed stock.— Rich. 



PAPHIAN MIMP. 



729 



PARADISE. 



Paphian Mimp, a certain plie of 
the lips, considered needful for " the 
highly genteel." Lady Emily told Miss 
Alscrip " the heiress " that it was 
acquired by placing one's self before a 
looking-glass, and repeating continually 
the words " nimini piniini ;" "when the 
lips cannot fail to take the right plie." — 
General Burgoyne, The Heiress, iii. 2 
(1781). 

(0. Dickens has made Mrs. General 
tell Amy Dorrit that the pretty plie is 
given to the lips by pronouncing the 
words, "papa, potatoes, poultry, prunes, 
and prism.") 

Papillon, a broken-down critic, who 
earned four shillings a week for reviews 
of translations "without knowing one 
syllable of the original," and of "books 
which he had never read." He then 
turned French valet, and got well paid. 
He then fell into the service of Jack 
Wilding, and was valey, French marquis, 
or anything else to suit the whims of that 
young scapegrace. — S. Foote, The Liar 
(1761). 

Papimany, the kingdom of the 
Papimans. Any priest-ridden country, 
as Spain. Papiman is compounded of 
two Greek words, papa mania ("pope- 
madness "). — Rabelais, Pantcu/ruel, iv. 45 
(1545). 

Papy'ra, goddess of printing and 
literature ; so called from papyrus, a 
substance once used for books, before 
the invention of paper. 

Till to astonished realms Papyra taught 
To paint in mystic colours sound and thought. 
With Wisdom's voice to print the page sublime. 
And mark in adamant the steps of Time. 

Darwin, Loves of the Plants, ii. (1781). 

Pa'quixi, Pekin, a royal city of 
China. Milton says : " Paquin [t/ie 
throne] of Sinaean kings." — Paradise Lost, 
xi. 390 (1665). 

Paracelsus is said to have kept a 
small devil prisoner in the pommel of his 
sword. He favoured metallic substances 
for medicines, while Galen preferred 
herbs. His full name was Philippus 
Aure'olus Theophrastus Paracelsus, but 
his family name Avas Bombastus (1493- 
1541). 

Paracelsus, at the age of 20, thinks 
knowledge the summum bonum, and at the 
advice of his two friends, Festus and 
Michal, retires to a seat of learning in 
quest thereof. Eight years later, being 
dissatisfied, he falls in with Aprile, an 



Italian poet, and resolves to seek the 
summum bonum in love. Again he fails, 
and finally determines "to know and to 
enjoy." — R. Browning, Paracelsus. 

Par'adine (3 s>/L), son of Astolpho, 
and brother of Dargonet, both rivals for 
the love of Laura. In the combat 
provoked by prince Oswald against 
Gondibert, which was decided by four 
combatants on each side, Hugo " the 
Little" slew both the brothers. — Sir Win. 
Davenant, Gondibert, i. (died 1668). 

Paradisa'ica (" the fruit of para- 
dise "). So the banana is called. The 
Mohammedans aver that the " forbidden 
fruit " was the banaca or Indian rig, and 
cite in confirmation of this opinion that 
our first parents used fig leaves for their 
covering after their fall. 

Paradise, in thirty -three cantos, by 
Dante (1311). Paradise is separated 
from Purgatory by the river Lethe ; and 
Dante was conducted through nine of 
the spheres by Beatrice, who left him in 
the sphere of " unbodied light," under the 
charge of St. Bernard (canto xxxi.). 
The entire region is divided into ten 
spheres, each of which is appropriated 
to its proper order. The first seven 
spheres are the seven planets, viz. (1) 
the Moon for angels, (2) Mercury for 
archangels, (3) Venus for virtues, (4) the 
Sun for powers, (5) Mars for principalities, 
(6) Jupiter for dominions, (7) Saturn for 
thrones. The eighth sphere is that of 
the fixed stars for the cherubim ; the 
ninth is the primum mobile for the 
seraphim ; and the tenth is the empyre'an 
for the Virgin Mary and the triune deity. 
Beatrice, with Rachel, Sarah, Judith, 
Rebecca, and Ruth, St. Augustin, St. 
Francis, St. Benedict, and others, were 
enthroned in Venus the sphere of the 
virtues. The empyrean, he says, is a 
sphere of "unbodied light," '"bright 
effluence of bright essence, uncreate." 
This is what the Jews called "the 
heaven of the heavens." 

Paradise was placed, in the legendary 
maps of the Middle Ages, in Ceylon ; 
but Mahomet placed it "in the seventh 
heaven." The Arabs have a tradition 
that when our first parents were cast out 
of the garden, Adam fell in the isle of 
Ceylon, and Eve in Joddah (the port of 
Mecca). — Al Koran, ii. 

Paradise of Central Africa, Fatiko. — 
Sir S. Baker, Exploration of the Nile 
Sources (1866). 



PARADISE OF FOOLS. 



730 



PARADISE REGAINED 



Paradise of Bohemia, the district round 
Leitmeritz. 

The Dutch Paradise, the province of 
Gelderland, in South Holland. 

The Portuguese Paradise, Cintra, north- 
west of Lisbon. 

Paradise of Fools (Limhus Fatu- 
orum), the limbo of all vanities, idiots, 
madmen, and those not accountable for 
their ill deeds. 

Then might ye see 
Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers, tost 
And fluttered into rags ; then relics, beads, 
Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls. 
The sport of winds : all these, iipwhirled aloft, 
Fly . . . into a limbo large and broad, since called 
" The Paradise of Fools." 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 489 (1665). 

Paradise and the Pe'ri. A peri 
was told she would be admitted into 
heaven if she would bring thither the 
gift most acceptable to the Almighty. 
She first brought a drop of a young 
patriot's blood, shed on his country's 
behalf ; but the gates would not open 
for such an offering. She next took 
thither the last sigh of a damsel who had 
died nursing her betrothed, who had 
been stricken by the plague ; but the 
gates would not open for such an offer- 
ing. She then carried up the repentant 
tear of an old man converted by the 
prayers of a little child. All heaven 
rejoiced, the gates were flung open, and 
the peri was received with a joyous 
welcome. — T. Moore, Lalla Rookh 
("Second Tale," 1817). 

Paradise Lost. Satan and his 
crew, still suffering from their violent 
expulsion out of heaven, are roused by 
Satan's telling them about a " new cre- 
ation ; " and he calls a general council 
to deliberate upon their future operations 
(bk. i.). The council meet in the Pan- 
demonium hall, and it is resolved that 
Satan shall go on a voyage of discovery to 
this " new world " (bk.ii.). The Almighty 
sees Satan, and confers with His Son 
about man. He foretells the Fall, and 
arranges the scheme of man's redemp- 
tion. Meantime, Satan enters the orb 
of the sun, and there learns the route to 
the "new world" (bk. iii.). On enter- 
ing Paradise, he overhears Adam and 
Eve talking of the one prohibition (bk. 
iv.). Raphael is now sent down to warn 
Adam of his danger, and he tells him 
who Satan is (bk. v.) ; describes the war 
in heaven, and expulsion of the rebel 
angels (bk. vi.). The angel visitant 
goes on to tell Adam why and how this 
world was made (bk. vii.) ; and Adam 



tells Raphael of his own experience 
(bk. viii.). After the departure of 
Raphael, Satan enters into a serpent, 
and, seeing Eve alone, speaks to her. 
Eve is astonished to hear the serpent 
talk, but is informed that it had tasted 
of "the tree of knowledge," and had 
become instantly endowed with both 
speech and wisdom. Curiosity induces 
Eve to taste the same fruit, and she 
persuades Adam to taste it also (bk. ix.). 
Satan now returns to hell, to tell of his 
success (bk. x.). Michael is sent to 
expel Adam and Eve from the garden 
(bk. xi.) ; and the poem concludes with 
the expulsion, and Eve's lamentation 
(bk. xii.).— Milton (1665). 

Paradise Lost was first published by 
Matthias Walker of St. Dunstan's. He 
gave for it £5 down ; on the sale of 
1300 copies, he gave another £5. On 
the next two impressions, he gave other 
like sums. For the four editions, he 
therefore paid £20. The agreement be- 
tween Walker and Milton is preserved 
in the British Museum. 

It must be remembered that the wages 
of an ordinary workman was at the time 
about 3c?. a day, and we now give 3s. ; 
so that the price given was equal to about 
£250, according to the present value of 
money. Goldsmith tells us that the 
clergyman of his " deserted A-illage" was 
"passing rich" with £40 a year = £500 
present value of money. 

Paradise Regained, in four books. 
The subject is the Temptation. Eve, 
being tempted, lost paradise ; Christ, 
being tempted, regained it. 

Book I. Satan presents himself as an 
old peasant, and, entering into conversa- 
tion with Jesus, advises Him to satisfy 
His hunger by miraculously converting 
stones into bread. Jesus gives the 
tempter to know that He recognizes him, 
and refuses to follow his suggestion. 

II. Satan reports progress to nis minis- 
ters, and asks advice. He returns to the 
wilderness, and offers Jesus wealth, as 
the means of acquiring power ; but the 
suggestion is again rejected. 

III. Satan shows Jesus several of the 
kingdoms of Asia, and points out to 
Him their military power. He advises 
Him to seek alliance with the Parthians, 
and promises his aid. lie says by such 
alliance He might shake off the Roman 
yoke, and raise the kingdom of David 
to a first-class power. Jests rejects the 
counsel, and tells the tempter that the 



PARAGUAY. 



731 



PARI DEL. 



Jews were for the present under a cloud 
for their sins, but that the time would 
come when God would put forth His 
hand on their behalf. 

IV. Satan shows Jesus Rome, with all 
its greatness, and says, "I can easily 
dethrone Tiberius, and seat Thee on the 
imperial throne." He then shows Him 
Athens, and says, " I will make Thee 
master of their wisdom and high state 
of civilization, if Thou wilt fall down 
and worship me." " Get thee behind 
Me, Satan ! " was the indignant answer ; 
and Satan, finding all his endeavours 
useless, tells Jesus of the sufferings 
prepared for Him, takes Him back to 
the wilderness, and leaves Him there ; 
but angels come and minister unto Him. 
—Milton (1671). 

Paraguay (A Tale of), by Southey, 
in four cantos (1814). The small-pox, 
having broken out amongst the Guaranis, 
carried off the whole tribe except Quiara 
and his wife Monngma, who then mi- 
grated from the fatal spot to the Mondai 
woods. Here a son (Yeruti) and after- 
wards a daughter (Mooma) were born ; 
but before the birth of the latter, the 
father was eaten by a jaguar. When the 
children were of a youthful age, a Jesuit 
priest induced the three to come and live 
at St. Joachin (3 syl.) • so they left the 
wild woods for a city life. Here, in a 
few months, the mother flagged and 
died. The daughter next drooped, and 
soon followed her mother to the grave. 
The son, now the only remaining one of 
the entire race, begged to be baptized, 
received the rite, cried, "Ye are come for 
me ! I am ready ; " and died also. 

Parallel. " None but thyself can 
be thy parallel," from The Double False- 
hood, by Theobald (1721). Massin<jer, 
in The Duke of Milan, iv. 3 (1662), 
makes Sforza say of Marelia : 

Her goodness does disdain comparison, 
And, but herself, admits no parallel. 

Pare aux Cerfs ( u the deer park"), 
a mansion in Versailles, to which girls 
were inveigled for the licentious pleasure 
of Louis XV. An Alsatia. 

Boulogne may be proud of being the j-arc aux cerfs 
to those whom remorseless greed drives from their island 
home. — Saturday ltevicw. 

Par'cinus, a young prince in love 
with his cousin Irolit'a, but beloved by 
Az'ira. The fairy Danamo was Azira's 
mother, and resolved to make lrolita 
marry the fairy Brutus ; but Parcinus, 
aided by the fairy Favourable, sur- 



mounted all obstacles, married lrolita, 
and made Brutus marry Azira. 

Parcinus had a noble air. a delicate shape, a fine head 
of hair admirably white. ... He did everything well, 
danced and sans to perfection, and gained all the prizes 
at tournaments, whenever he contended for them. — 
Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy I ales (" Perfect Love," 1(!8J). 

Par'dalo, the demon-steed given to 
Iniguez Guerrabyhis gobelin mother, that 
he might ride to Toledo and liberate his 
father, don Diego Lopez lord of Biscay, 
who had fallen into the hands of the 
Moors. — Spanish Story. 

Par'diggle (Mrs.), a formidable 
lady, who conveyed to one the idea " of 
wanting a great deal of room." Like 
Mrs. Jellyby, she devoted herself to the 
concerns of Africa, and made her family 
of small boys contribute all their pocket 
money to the cause of the Borrioboola 
Gha mission. — C. Dickens, Bleak House 
(1853). 

Pardoner's Tale ( The), in Chaucer's 
Canterbury Tales, is "Death and the 
Rioters." Three rioters agree to hunt 
down Death, and kill him. An old man 
directs them to a tree in a lane, where, 
as he said, he had just left him. On 
reaching the spot, they find a rich 
treasure, and cast lots to decide who is 
to go and buy food. The lot falls on the 
youngest, and the other two, during his 
absence, agree to kill him on his return. 
The rascal sent to buy food poisons the 
wine, in order to secure to himself the 
whole treasure. Now comes the catas- 
trophe : The two set on the third and 
slay him, but die soon after of the poi- 
soned wine ; so the three rioters find death 
under the tree, as the old man said, 
paltering in a double sense (1388). 

Parian Chronicle, a register of 
the chief events in the history of ancient 
Greece for 1318 years, beginning with 
the reign of Cecrops and ending with 
the archonship of Diognetus. It is one 
of the Arundelian Marbles, and was 
found in the island of Paros. 

Parian Verse, ill-natured satire ; 
so called from Archil'ochus, a native of 
Paros. 

Pari-Ba'nou, a fairy who gave prince 
Ahmed a tent, which would fold into so 
small a compass that a lady might carry 
it about as a toy, but, when spread, it 
would cover a whole army. — Arabian 
Nights (" Prince Ahmed and Pari- 
Banou"). 

Paridel is a name employed in the 



PARTDEL. 



,'32 



PARISMENOS. 



Dunciad for an idle libertine — rich, 
young, and at leisure. The model is sir 
Paridel, in the Faery Queen. 

Thee, too, my Paridel, she marked thee there, 
Stretched on the rack of u too-easy chair, 
And heard thy everlasting yawn confess 
The pains and penalties of idleness. 

Pope, The Dtmeiad, iv. 341 (1742). 

Par'idel (Sir), descendant of Paris, 
whose son was Parius who settled in 
Paros, and left his kingdom to his son 
Par'idas, from whom Paridel descended. 
Having gained the hospitality of Mal- 
becco, sir Paridel eloped with his wife 
Dame Hel'inore (3 syl.), but soon quitted 
her, leaving her to go whither she would. 
"So had he served many another one" 
(bk. iii. 10). In bk. iv. 1 sir Paridel is 
discomfited by sir Scudamore. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, iii. 10 ; iv. 1 (1590, 1596). 

* + * " Sir Paridel" is meant for Charles 
Nevil, sixth and last of the Nevils earls 
of Westmoreland. He joined the Nor- 
thumberland rebellion of 1569 for the 
restoration of Mary queen of Scots ; and 
when the plot failed, made his escape to 
the Continent, where he lived in poverty 
and obscurity. The earl was quite a 
Lothario, whose delight was to win the 
love of women, and then to abandon 
them. 

Paris, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
noted for his beauty. He married (Enone, 
daughter of Cebren the river-god. Sub- 
sequently, during a visit to Menelaos 
king of Sparta, he eloped with queen 
Helen, and this brought about the Trojan 
war. Being wounded by an arrow from 
the bow of Philoctetes, he sent for his 
wife, who hastened to him with reme- 
dies ; but it was too late — he died of his 
wound, and (Enone hung herself.— Homer, 
Iliad. 

Paris was appointed to decide which 
of the three goddesses (Juno, Pallas, or 
Minerva) was the fairest fair, and to 
which should be awarded the golden 
apple thrown "to the most beautiful." 
The three goddesses tried by bribes to 
obtain the verdict: Juno promised him 
dominion if he would decide in her 
favour ; Minerva promised him wisdom ; 
but Venus said she would find him the 
most beautiful of women for wife, if he 
allotted to her the apple. Paris handed 
the apple to Venus. 

Not Cytherea from a fairer swain 
Received her apple on the Trojan plain. 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, i. 3 (1756). 

Par'is, a young nobleman, kinsman of 
prince Et/calus of Verona, and the un- 



successful suitor of his cousin Juliet. — 
Shakespeare, Borneo and Juliet (1598). 

Paris. The French say, II rty a que 
Paris (" there is but one city in the 
world worth seeing, and that is Paris "). 
The Neapolitans have a similar phrase, 
Voir Naples et mourir. 

Paris of Japan, Osaka, south-west of 
Miako. — Gibson, Gallery of Geography, 
926 (1872). 

Little Paris. Brussels is so called. So 
is the " Galleria Vittorio Emanuele " of 
Milan, on account of its brilliant shops, 
its numerous cafes, and its general gaiety. 

Paris (Notre Dame de), by Victor Hugo 
(1831). (See Esmeralda and Quasi- 
modo.) 

Paris Garden, a bear-garden on the 
south bank of the Thames ; so called from 
Robert de Paris, whose house and garden 
were there in the time of Richard II. 

Do you take the court for Paris Garden ?— Shakespeare, 
Henry VIII. act v. sc. 4 (1601). 

Parisina, wife of Azo chief of Fer- 
rara. She had been betrothed before her 
marriage to Hugo, a natural son of Azo, 
and after Azo took her for his bride, the 
attachment of Parisina and Hugo con- 
tinued, and had freer scope for indul- 
gence. One night, Azo heard Parisina in 
sleep confess her love for Hugo, where- 
upon he had his son beheaded, and, 
though he spared the life of Parisina, no 
one ever knew what became of her. — 
Byron, Parisina (1816). 

Such is Byron's version ; but history 
says Niccolo III. of Ferrara (Byron's 
" Azo ") had for his second wife Parisina 
Malatesta, who showed great aversion to 
Ugo, a natural son of Niccolo, whom he 
greatly loved. One day, with the hope 
of lessening this strong aversion, he sent 
Ugo to escort her on a journey, and the 
two fell in love with each other. After 
their return, the affection of Parisina and 
Ugo continued unabated, and a servant 
named Zoe'se (3 syl.) having told the 
marquis of their criminal intimacy, he 
had the two guilty ones brought to open 
trial. They were both condemned to 
death, Ugo was beheaded first, then 
Parisina. Some time after, Niccolo mar- 
ried a third wife, and had several chil- 
dren. — Frizzi, History of Ferrara, 

Parisme'nos, the hero of the second 
part of Parismus (q.v.). This part con- 
tains the adventurous travels of Paris- 
menos, his deeds of chivalry, and love 
for the nrincess Angelica, " the Lady of 



PARISMUS. 



733 



PAROLLES. 



the Golden Tower." — Emanuel Foord, 
Parismenos (1598). 

Paris'mus, a valiant, and renowned 
prince of Bohemia, the hero of a romance 
so called. This "history" contains an 
account of his battles against the Per- 
sians, his love for Laurana, daughter of 
the king of Thessaly, and his strange 
adventures iu the Desolate Island. The 
second part contains the exploits and 
love affairs of Parisme'nos. — Emanuel 
Foord, Parismus (1598). 

Pariza'de (4 syl.), daughter of 
Khrosrou-schah sultan of Persia, and 
sister of Bahman and Perviz. These 
three, in infancy, were sent adrift, each at 
the time of birth, through the jealousy 
of their two maternal aunts, who went to 
nurse the sultana in her confinement ; but 
they were drawn out of the canal by the 
superintendent of the sultan's gardens, 
who brought them up. Parizade rivalled 
her brothers in horsemanship, archery, 
running, and literature. One day, a 
devotee who had been kindly entreated 
by Parizade, told her the house she lived 
in wanted three things to make it per- 
fect : (1) the talking bird, (2) the singing 
tree, and (3) the gold-coloured water. 
Her two brothers went to obtain these 
treasures, but failed. Parizade then went, 
and succeeded. The sultan paid them a 
visit, and the talking bird revealed to 
him the story of their birth and bringing 
up. When the sultan heard the infamous 
tale, be commanded the two sisters to be 
put to death, and Parizade, with her two 
brothers, were then proclaimed the lawful 
children of the sultan. — Arabian Nights 
("The Two Sisters," the last story). 

*** The story of Chery and Fairstar, 
by the comtesse D'Aunoy, is an imita- 
tion of this tale ; and introduces the 
"green bird," the "singing apple," 
and the " dancing water." 

Parley. " If ye parley with the foe, 
you're lost." — Arden of Feversham, iii. 2 
(1592) : recast by Geo. Lillo (1739). 

Parley (Peter), Samuel Griswold Good- 
rich, an American. Above seven millions 
of his books were in circulation in 1859 
(1793-1860). 

*** Several piracies of this popular 
name have appeared. Thus, S. Kettell of 
America pirated the name in order to sell 
under false colours ; Darton and Co. issued 
a Peter Parley's Annual (1841-1855) ; Sim- 
kins, a Peter Parley's Life of Paul (1845) ; 
Bogue, a Peter Parley's Visit to London, 



etc. (1844) ; Tegg, several works under 
the same name ; Hodson, a Peter Parley's 
Bible Geography (1839) ; Clements, a Peter 
Parley's Child's First Step (1839)^ None 
of which works were by Goodrich, the 
real " Peter Parley." 

William Martin was the writer of 
Darton's " Peter Parley series." George 
Mogridge wrote several tales under the 
name of Peter Parle}-. How far such 
"false pretences" are justifiable, public 
opinion must decide. 

Parliament (The Black), a parlia- 
ment held by Henry VIII. in Bridewell. 

(For Addled parliament, Barebone's 
parliament, the Devil's parliament, the 
Drunken parliament, the Good parlia- 
ment, the Long parliament, the Mad 
parliament, the Pensioner parliament, 
the Rump parliament, the Running par- 
liament, the Unmerciful parliament, the 
Useless parliament, the Wonder-making 
parliament, the parliament of Dunces, 
see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 657.) 

Parnassus (in Greek Parnassos), 
the highest part of a range of mountains 
north of Delphi, in Greece, chief seat of 
Apollo and the Muses. Called by poets, 
"double-headed," from its two highest 
summits, Tithor'ea and Lycore'a. On 
Lycorea was the Corycian cave, and 
hence the Muses are called the Corycian 
nymphs. 

Conquer the severe ascent 
Of high Parnassus. 
Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (1744). 

Parnassus of Japan, Fusiyama ("rich 
scholar's peak"). — Gibson, Gallery of 
Geography, 921 (1872). 

Parnelle (Mde.), the mother of Mon. 
Orgon, and an ultra-admirer of Tartuffe, 
whom she looks on as a saint. In the 
adaptation of Moliere's comedy by Isaac 
Bickerstaff, Mde. Parnelle is called " old 
lady Lambert;" her son, "sir John Lam- 
bert;" and Tartuffe, "Dr. Cantwell.'' — 
Moliere, Tartuffe (ISM) -, Bickerstaff, The 
Hypocrite (1768). 

%* The Nonjuror, by Cibber (1706), 
was the quarry of Bickerstaff's play. 

Parody (Father of), Hippo'nax of 

Ephesus (sixth century B.C.). 

Parol'les (3 syl.), a boastful, 
cowardly follower of Bertram count oi 
Rousillon. His utterances are racy 
enough, but our contempt for the man 
smothers our mirth, and we cannot laugh. 
In one scene the bully is taken blindfold 
among his old acquaintances, who he 



PARPAILLONS. 



r34 



PAETHENOPE OF NAPLES. 



is led to suppose are his enemies, and he 
vilifies their characters to their faces in 
most admired foolery. — Shakespeare, 
All's Well that Ends Well (1598). 

He \_Dr. Parr] was a mere Parolles in a pedagogue's 
wig. — Noctes AmbrosiaruB. 

(For similar tongue-doughty heroes, see 
Basilisco, Bessus, Bluff, Bobadil, 
boroughcliff, brazen, flash, pls- 
tol, Pyrgo Polinices, Scaramouch, 
Thraso, Vincent de la Rosa, etc.) 

Parpaillons {King of the), the father 
of Gargamelle "a jolty pug and well- 
mouthed wench " who married Gran- 
gousier " in the vigour of his age," and 
became the mother of Gargantua. — 
Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 3 (1533). 

Parr ( Old) . Thomas Parr, we are told, 
lived in the reign of ten sovereigns. He 
married his second wife when he was 120 
years old, and had a child by her. He 
was a husbandman, born at Salop, in 
1483, and died 1635, aged 152. 

Parricide {The Beautiful), Beatrice 
Cenci, who is said to have murdered her 
father for the incestuous brutality with 
which he had treated her (died 1599). 

Shelley has a tragedy on the subject, 
called The Cenci (1819). 

Parsley Peel, the first sir Robert 
Peel. So called from the great quantity 
of printed calico with the parsley-leaf 
pattern manufactured by him (1750- 
1830). 

Parson Adams, a simple-minded 
country clergyman of the eighteenth 
century. At the age of 50 he was pro- 
vided with a handsome income of £23 a 
year (nearly £300 of our money). — Field- 
ing, Joseph Andrews (1742). 

Timothy Burrell, Esq., in 1715, be- 
queathed to his nephew Timothy, the 
sum of £20 a year, to be paid during his 
residence at the university, and to be con- 
tinued to him till he obtained some pre- 
ferment worth at least £30 a year. — 
Sussex Archaeological Collections, iii. 172. 

Goldsmith says the clergyman of his 
"deserted village" was "passing" or 
exceedingly rich, for he had £40 a year 
(equal to £500 now). In Norway and 
Sweden, to the present day, the clergy 
are paid from £20 to £40 a year, and in 
France, £40 is the usual stipend of the 
working clergy. 

Parson Bate, a stalwart, choleric, 
sporting parson, editor of the Morning 



Post in the latter half of the eighteenth 
century. He was afterwards sir Henry 
Bate Dudley, bart. 

When sir Henry Rate Dudley was appointed an Irish 
dean, a young lady of Dublin said. "Ocli ! how I long to 
see our dane ! They say . . . he fights like an angel."— 
CasseU's Magazine (" London Legends," iii.). 

Parson Runo (^4), a simple-minded 
clergyman, wholly unacquainted with the 
world ; a Dr. Primrose, in fact. It is a 
Russian household phrase, having its 
origin in the singular simplicit3 T of the 
Lutheran clergy of the Isle of Runo. 

Parson Trulliber, a fat clergyman, 
slothful, ignorant, and intensely bigoted. 
— Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742). 

Parsons {Walter), the giant porter 
of king James I. (died 1622). — Fuller, 
Worthies (1662). 

Parsons' Kaiser {The), Karl IV. 
of Germany, who was set up by pope 
Clement VI., while Ludwig IV. was still 
on the throne. The Germans called the 
pope's prote'ge', " pfaffen kaiser." 

Parthe'nia, themistress of Argalus. 
—Sir Philip Sidney, Arcadia (1580). 

Parthen'ia, Maidenly Chastity personi- 
fied. Parthenia is sister of Agnei'a 
(3 syl.) or wifely chastity, the spouse of 
Encra'tes or temperance. Her attendant 
is Er'ythre or modesty. (Greek, par- 
thenia, " maidenhood.") — Phineas Flet- 
cher, The Purple Island, x. (1633). 

Parthen'ope (4 syl.), one of the 
three syrens. She was buried at Naples. 
Naples itself was anciently called Par- 
theuope, which name was changed to 
Neap'olis ("the new city") by a colony 
of Cumaeans. 

By dead Parthenope's dear tomb. 

Milton, Comus, 879 (1634), 
Loitering by the sea 
That laves the passionate shores oi suti Paitnenope. 
Lord Lytton. Ode, iii. 2 (1839). 

(The three syrens were Parthen'ope, 
Ligea, and Leucos'ia not Leucoth'ea, q.v.) 

Parthen'ope (4 syl.), the damsel beloved 
by prince Volscius. — Duke of Bucking- 
ham, The Rehearsal (1671). 

Parthen'ope of Naples, San- 
nazaro the Neapolitan poet, called " The 
Christian Virgil." Most of his poems 
were published under the assumed name 
of Actius Sincerus (1458-1530). 

At last the Muses . . . scattered . . . 
Their blooming wreaths from fair Valclusa's bowers [Pe- 
trarch | 
To Amo I nunte and Boccaccio] . . . and the shore 
Of sof tParthenope. 

Akeiisiiie, Pleasures of Imi : ,ijiation, ii. (17-14). 



PARTHENOPEAN REPUBLIC. 735 



PASSAMONTE. 



Parthenope'an Republic, Naples 
(1799). 

Partington (Mrs.), an old lady of 
amusing affectations and ridiculous blun- 
ders of speech. Sheridan's " Mrs. Mala- 
prop"and Smollett's "Tabitha Bramble" 
are similar characters. — B. P. Shillaber 
(an American humorist). 

I do not mean to be disrespectful ; but the attempt of 
the lords to stop the progre.-s of reform reminds me very 
forcibly of the great storm of Sidmouth, and the conduct 
of the excellent Mrs. Partington on that occasion. In the 
winter of 1834, there set in a great flood upon that town ; 
the tide rose to an incredible height ; the waves rushed in 
upon the houses ; and everything was threatened with 
destruction. In the midst of this sublime storm, Dame 
Partington, who lived upon the beach, was seen at the 
door of her house with mop and pattens, trundling her 
mop. squeezing out the sea-water, and vigorously pushing 
away the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic was roused; Mrs. 
Partington's spirit was up ; but I need not tell you that 
the contest was unequal. The Atlantic beat Mrs. Part- 
ington. She was excellent at a slop or puddle, but should 
never have meddled with a tempest. — Sydney Smith 
(speech at Taunton, 1831). 

Partlet, the hen, in "The Nun's 
Priest's Tale," and in the famous beast- 
epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). — Chaucer, 
Canterbury Tales (1388). 

Sister Partlet with her hooded head, the 
cloistered community of nuns ; the 
Roman Catholic clergy being the " barn- 
door fowls." — Dryden, Hind and Panther 
(1687). 

Partridge. Talus was changed into 
a partridge. 

Partridge, cobbler, quack, astrologer, 
and almanac-maker (died 1708). Dean 
Swift wrote an elegy on him. 

Here, fire feet deep, lies on his back, 
A cobler, starmonger, and quack. 
Who, to the stirs in pure good will. 
Does to his best look upward still. 
Weep all you customers that use 
His pills, his almanacs, or shoes. 

Partridge, the attendant of Tom Jones, 
as Strap is of Smollett's " Roderick Ran- 
dom." Faithful, shrewd, and of child-like 
simplicity. He is half barber and half 
schoolmaster. His excitement in the 
play-house when he went to see Garrick 
in "Hamlet" is charming. — Fielding, 
The History of Tom Jones (1749). 

The humour of Smollett, although genuine and hearty, 
is coarse and vulgar. He was superficial where Fielding 
showed deep insight; but he had a rude conception of 
generosity of which Fielding seems incapable. It is owing 
to this that " Strap" is superior to " Partridge." — Hazlitt, 
Comic Writers. 

Partridge's Day (Saint), September 
1, the first day of partridge shooting. 
So August 12 is called "St. Grouse's 
Day." 

Parvenue. One of the O'Neals, 
being told that Barrett of Castlemone had 
only been 400 years in Ireland, replied, 



" I hate the upstart, which can only look 
back to yesterday." 

Parviz (" victorious"), surname of 
Khosrou II. of Persia. He kept 15,000 
female musicians, 6000 household officers, 
20,500 saddle-mules, 960 elephants, 200 
slaves to scatter perfumes when he went 
abroad, and 1000 sekabers to water the 
roads before him. His horse, Shibdiz, 
was called "the Persian Bucephalus." 

The reigns of Khosrou I. and II. were 
the golden period of Persian history. 

Parzival, the hero and title of a metri- 
cal romance, by Wolfram v. Eschenbach. 
Parzival was brought up by a widowed 
mother in solitude, but when grown to 
manhood, two -wandering knights per- 
suaded him to go to the court of king 
Arthur. His mother, hoping to deter 
him, consented to his going if he would 
wear the dress of a common jester. This 
be did, but soon achieved such noble 
deeds that Arthur made him a knight 
of the Round Table. Sir Parzival went 
in quest of the holy graal, which was 
kept in a magnificent castle called Graal- 
burg, in Spain, built by the royal priest 
Titurel. He reached the castle, but 
having neglected certain conditions, was 
shut out, and, on his return to court, the 
priestess of Graal-burg insisted on his 
being expelled the court and degraded 
from knighthood. Parzival then led a 
new life of abstinence and self-abnega- 
tion, and a wise hermit became his in- 
structor. At length he reached such a 
state of purity and sanctity that the 
priestess of Graal-burg declared him 
worth v to become lord of the castle 
(1205). 

%* This, of course, is an allegory of 
a Christian giving up everything in order 
to be admitted a priest and king in the 
city of God, and becoming a fool in order 
to learn true wisdom (see 1 Cor. iii. 18). 

Pasquin, a Roman cobbler of the 
latter half of the fifteenth century, whose 
shop stood in the neighbourhood of the 
Braschi palace near the Piazza Navoni. 
He was noted for his caustic remarks and 
bitter sayings. After his death, a muti- 
lated statue near the shop was called by 
his name, and made the repository of all 
the bitter epigrams and satirical verses of 
the city ; hence called pasquinades (3 syl.). 

Sir Archy M'Sarcasrn— the common Pasquin of the town. 
— C. Macklin, love d-la-mode, I 1 (1779). 

Passamonte (Cfines de), the galley- 
slave set free by don Quixote. He re- 
turned the favour by stealing Sancho's 



PASSATORE. 



736 



PATAGONIANS. 



wallet and ass. Subsequently he re- 
appeared as a puppet-showman. — Cer- 
vantes, Don Quixote (1605-15). 

Passatore (//), a title assumed by 
Belli'no, an Italian bandit chief, who 
died 1861. 

Passe-Lourdaud (3 syl.) K a great 
rock near Poitiers, where there is a very 
narrow hole on the edge of a precipice, 
through which the university freshmen 
are made to pass to "matriculate" them. 
(Passe-Lourdaud means "lubber-pass.") 

The same is done at Mantua, where the 
freshmen are made to pass under the arch 
of St. Longinus. 

Fassel'yon, a young foundling 
brought up by Morgan la Fee. He was 
detected in an intrigue with Morgan's 
daughter. The adventures of this amorous 
youth are related in the romance called 
Perce for est, iii. 

Passetreul, the name of sir Tris- 
tram's horse. 

Passe-tyme of Plesure, an alle- 
gorical poem in forty-six capitulos and 
in seven-line stanzas, by Stephen Hawes 
(1506). The poet supposes that while 
Graunde Amoure was walking in a 
meadow, he encountered Fame, "en- 
uyroned with tongues of fyre," who told 
him about La bell Pucell, a ladye fair, 
living in the Tower of Musike, and then 
departed, leaving him under the charge 
of Gouernaunce and Grace who conducted 
him to the Tower of Doctrine. Coun- 
tenaunce, the portress, showed him over 
the tower, and lady Science sent him to 
Gramer. Afterwards he was sent to 
Logyke, Rethorike, Inuention, Aris- 
metrike, and Musike. In the Tower of 
Musike he met La bell Pucell, pleaded his 
love, and was kindly entreated ; but they 
were obliged to part for the time being, 
while Graunde Amoure continued his 
" passe-tyme of plesure." On quitting La 
bell Pucell, he went to Geometrye, and 
then to Dame Astronomy. Then, leaving 
the Tower of Science, he entered that 
of Chyualry. Here Mynerue introduced 
hirn to kyng Melyzyus, after which he 
went to the temple of Venus, who sent a 
letter on his behalf to La bell Pucell. 
Meanwhile, the giant False Report (or 
(Godfrey Gobilyue), met him, and put him 
to grewt distress in the house of Correction, 
but Perceueraunce at length conducted 
him to the manour-house of Dame Com- 
fort. After sundry trials, Graunde 
Amoure married La bell Pucell, and, after 



many a long day of happiness and love, 
was arrested by Age, who took him before 
Policye and Auarice. Death, in time, 
came for him, and Remembraunce wrote 
his epitaph. 

Paston Letters, letters chiefly 
written to or by the Paston family, in 
Norfolk. Charles Knight calls them 
" an invaluable record of the social 
customs of the fifteenth century." Two 
volumes appeared in 1787, entitled 
Original Letters Written During the Reigns 
of Henry VI, Edward IV., and Richard 
III., by Various Persons of Rank. Three 
extra volumes were subsequent!}' printed. 

Some doubt has been raised respecting 
the authenticity of these letters. 

Pastor Fi'do (II), a pastoral by 
Giovanni Battista Guari'ni of Ferrara 

(1585). 

Pastoral Romance ( The Father of), 
Honore d'Urfe (1567-1625). 

Pastorella, the fair shepherdess (bk. 
vi. 9), beloved by Corydon, but "neither 
for him nor any other did she care a whit." 
She was a foundling, brought up by the 
shepherd Melibee. When sir Calidore 
(3 syl.) was the shepherd's guest, he fell 
in love with the fair foundling, who re- 
turned his love. During the absence of 
sir Calidore in a hunting expedition, 
Pastorella, with Melibee and Corydon, 
were carried off by brigands. Melibee 
was killed, Corydon effected his escape, 
and Pastorella was wounded. Sir Cali- 
dore went to rescue his shepherdess, 
killed the brigand chief, and brought 
back the captive in safety (bk. vi. 11). 
He took her to Belgard Castle, and it 
turned out that the beautiful foundling 
was the daughter of lady Claribel and 
sir Bellamour (bk. vi. 12). — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, vi. 9-12 (1596). 

"Pastorella" is meant for Frances 
Walsingham, daughter of sir Francis 
Walsingham, whom sir Philip Sidney 
(" sir Calidore") married. After Sidney's 
death, the widow married the earl oi 
Essex (the queen's favourite). Sir Philip 
being the author of a romance called 
Arcadia, suggested to the poet the name 
Pastorella. 

Patago'nians. This word means 
" large foot," from the Spanish patagon 
("a large, clumsy foot "). The Spaniard* 
so called the natives of this part of Soutb 
America, from the unusual size of th« 
human foot-prints in the sand. It ap- 



PATAMBA. 



737 



PATRIARCHS. 



pears that these foot-prints were due to a 
large clumsy shoo worn by the nativtrP. 
and were not the impressions cf naked 
feet. 

Patam'ba, a city of the Az'tecas, 
south of Missouri, utterly destroyed by 
earthquake and overwhelmed. 

Tlie tempest is abroad. Fierce from the north 
A wind uptears the lake, whose lowest depths 
Rock, while convulsions shake the solid earth. 
Where is Patamba? . . . The mighty lake 
Hath burst its bounds, and yon wide valley roars. 
A troubled sea, before the rolling storm. 

Southey, Modoc (1805). 

Patch, the clever, intriguing waiting- 
woman of Isabinda daughter of sir 
Jealous Traffick. As she was handing a 
love-letter in cipher to her mistress, she 
let it fall, and sir Jealous picked it up. 
He could not read it, but insisted on 
knowing what it meant. " Oh," cried the 
ready wit, "it is a charm for the tooth- 
ache ! " and the suspicion of sir Jealous 
was diverted (act iv. 2). — Mrs. Centlivre, 
The Busy Body (1709). 

Patch (Clause), king of the beggars. 
He died in 1730, and was succeeded by 
Bampfylde Moore Carew. 

Patche (1 syl.), cardinal Wolsey's 
jester. When the cardinal felt his favour 
giving way, he sent Patche as a gift to 
the king, and Henry VIII. considered 
the gift a most acceptable one. 

We ciUl one Patche or Cowlson, whom we see to do a 
thing foolishly, because these two in their time were 
notable fools.— Wilson, Art of Rhelorique (1553). 

Patched-up Peace {The), a treaty 
of peace between the due d'Orle'ans and 
John of Burgundy (1409). 

%* Sometimes the treaty between 
Charles IX. and the huguenots, concluded 
at Longjumeau in 1568, is so called (La 
Paix Foun*e'e). 

Patelin (2 syl.), the hero of an 
ancient French comedy. He contrives 
to obtain on credit six ells of cloth from 
William Josseaume, by artfully praising 
the tradesman's father. Any subtle, 
crafty fellow, who entices by flattery 
and insinuating arts, is called a Patelin. 
—P. Blanchet, LAvocat Patelin (1459- 
1519). 

On lui r.ttribue, mais a tort, la farce de L'A vocal Patelin, 
qui est plus ancienne que iui. — Bouiilet, Dictioruiry 
Lnioenel d'Bistuire, etc., art. "Blanchet." 

Consider, sir, I pray yo.i. how the noble Patelin, having 
a mind to extol to the third heavens the father of William 
Josseaume, said no more than this : he did lend his goods 
freely to those who were desirous of them. — .Rabelais, 
J'anbtginisl, iii. 4(1545). 
* * 



comedy in 1706. 



Pater Patrum. St. Gregory of 
Nyssa is so called by the council of 
Nice (332-395). 

Paterson (Pate), serving -boy to 
Bryce Snailsfoot the pedlar.— Sir W. 
Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Pathfinder (T?u>), Natty Bumppo; 
also called "The Deerslayer," "The 
Hawk-eye," and "The Trapper." — 
Fenimore Cooper (five novels called The 
Pathfinder, J'he Pioneers, The Decrdaycr, 
The Last of tlie Mohicans, and The 
Prairie. 

Pathfinder of the Rocky- 
Mountains (The), major-general John 
Charles Fremont, who conducted four 
exploring expeditions across the Rocky 
Mountains in 1842. 

Patience and Shuffle the 
Cards. 

In the mean time, as Durandarte" says in the cave of 
Montesi'nos, "Patience and shuffle the cards."— Lord 
Byron. 

Patient Griselda or Grisildis, 
the wife of Wautier marquis of Saluces. 
Boccaccio says she was a poor country 
lass, who became the wife of Gualtiere 
marquis of Saluzzo. She was robbed of 
her children by her husband, reduced to 
abject poverty, divorced, and commanded 
to assist in the marriage of her husband 
with another woman ; but she bore every 
affront patiently, and without complaint. 
— Chaucer, Canterbury Tales ("The 
Clerk's Tale," 1388); Boccaccio, De- 
cameron, x. 10 (1352). 

The tale is allegorical of that text, 
"The Lord gave, and the Lord hath 
taken awav ; blessed be the name of the 
Lord ,y (Job i. 21). 

Patient Man. " Beware the fury 
of a patient man." — Dryden, Absalom and 
Achitophel, i. (1631). 

Patin, brother of the emperor of 
Rome. He fights with Am'adis of Gaul, 
and has his horse killed under him. — 
Vasco de Lobeira, Amadis of Gaul (thir- 
teenth century). 

Patison, licensed jester to sir Tho3. 
More. Hans Holbein has introduced 
this jester in his famous picture of the 
lord chancellor. 

Patriarch of Dorchester, John 
White of Dorchester, a puritan divine 
(1574-1048). 

Patriarchs (Thu Last of the). So 
Christopher Casby of Bleeding-heart 
3 B 



PATRICK. 



738 



PATRON. 



Yard was called. " So grey, so slow, so 
quiet, so impassionate, so very bumpy in 
the head, that patriarch was the word 
for him." Painters implored him to be 
a model for some patriarch they designed 
to paint. Philanthropists looked on him 
as famous capital for a platform. He 
had once been town agent in the Circum- 
locution Office, and was well-to-do. 

His face, had a bloom on it like ripe wall-fruit, and his 
blue eyes seemed to be the eyes of wisdom and virtue. 
His whole face teemed with the look of benignity. No- 
body could say where the wisdom was, or where the virtue 
was, or where the benignity was, but they seemed to be 
somewhere about him. ... He wore a long wide-skirted 
bottle-green coat, and a bottle-green pair of trousers, and 
a bottle-green waistcoat. The patriarchs were not dressed 
in bottle-green broadcloth, and yet his clothes looked 
patriarchal. — C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 

Patrick, an old domestic at Shaw's 
Castle.— Sir W. Scott, St. RonarCs Well 
(time, George III.). 

Patrick (St.), the tutelar saint of 
Ireland. Born at Kirk Patrick, near 
Dumbarton. His baptismal name was 
" Succeath" (" valour in war"), changed 
by Milcho, to whom he was sold as a 
slave, into "Cotharig" (four families or 
four masters, to whom he had been sold). 
It was pope Celestine who changed the 
name to "Patricius," when he sent him 
to convert the Irish. 

Certainly the most marvellous of all 
the miracles ascribed to the saints is that 
recorded of St. Patrick. " He swam 
across the Shannon with his head in his 
mouth ! " 

St. Patrick and king O'Neil. One day, 
the saint set the end of his crozier on 
the foot of O'Neil king of Ulster, and, 
leaning heavily on it, hurt the king's 
foot severely ; but the royal convert 
showed no indication of pain or annoy- 
ance whatsoever. 

A similar anecdote is told of St. Areed, 
who went to show the king of Abyssinia 
a musical instrument he had invented. 
His majesty rested the head of his spear 
on the saint's foot, and leaned with both 
his hands on the spear while he listened 
to the music. St. Areed, though his great 
toe was severely pierced, showed no sign 
of pain, but went on playing as if nothing 
was the matter. 

St. Patrick and the Serpent. St. 
Patrick cleared Ireland of vermin. One 
old serpent resisted, but St. Patrick 
overcame it by cunning. He made a 
box, and invited the serpent to enter iu. 
The serpent insisted it was too small ; 
and so high the contention grew that the 
serpent got into the box to prove that 
he was right, whereupon St. Patrick 



slammed down the lid, and cast the box 
into the sea. 

This tradition is marvellously like an 
incident of the Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
ments. A fisherman had drawn up a box 
or vase in his net, and on breaking it 
open a genius issued therefrom, and 
threatened the fisherman with immediate 
destruction because he had been enclosed 
so long. Said the fisherman to the genius, 
" I wish to know whether you really 
were in that vase." " I certainly was," 
answered the genius. " I cannot believe 
it," replied the fisherman, " for the vase 
could not contain even one of your feet." 
Then the genius, to prove his assertion, 
changed into smoke, and entered into 
the vase, saying, "Now, incredulous 
fisherman, dost thou believe me ? " But 
the fisherman clapped the leaden cover 
on the vase, and told the genius he was 
about to throw the box into the sea, and 
that he would build a house on the spot 
to warn others not to fish up so wicked 
a genius. — Arabian Nights (" The Fisher- 
man," one of the early tales). 

*£* St. Patrick, I fear, had read the 
Arabian Nights, and stole a leaf from the 
fisherman's book. 

St. Patrick a Gentleman. 

Oh, St. Patrick was a gentleman, 
Who came of dacent people. . . 

This song was written by Messrs. 
Bennet and Toleken, of Cork, and was 
first sung by them at a masquerade in 
1814. It was afterwards lengthened for 
Webbe, the comedian, who made it 
popular. 

St. Patrick's Purgatory, lough Derg, 
in Ireland. At the end of the fifteenth 
century, the purgatory of lough Derg 
was destroved, by order of the pope, on 
St. Patrick's Day, 1497. 

Calderon has a drama entitled The 
Purgatory of St. Patrick (1600-1681). 

Patriot King {The), Henry St. 
John viscount Bolingbroke (16/8-1751). 
He hired Mallet to traduce Pope after 
his decease, because the poet refused to 
give up certain copies of a work which 
the statesman wished to have destroyed. 

Write as if St. John's soul could still inspire. 
And do from hate what Mallet did for hire. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Patriot of Humanity. So Bvron 
calls Henry Grattan (1750-1820).— Don 
Juan (preface to canto vi., etc., 1824). 

Patron {The), a farce by S. Foote 
(1761). The patron is sir Thomas Lofty, 
called by his friends, " sharp-judging 



PATTEN. 



T39 



PAUL. 



Adriel, the Muse's friend, himself a 
Muse," but by those who loved him less, 
"the modem Midas." Books without 
number were dedicated to him, and the 
writers addressed him as the " British 
Pollio, Atticus, tha Maecenas of Eng- 
land, protector of arts, paragon of poets, 
arbiter of taste, and sworn appraiser of 
Apollo and the Muses." The plot is very 
simple: Sir Thomas Lofty has written a 
p?ay called Robinson Crusoe, and gets 
Richard Bever to stand godfather to it. 
The play is damned past redemption, 
and, to sooths Bever, sir Thomas allows 
him to marry his niece Juliet. 

Horace Walpole, earl of Orford, is the 
original of "sir Thomas Lofty" (1717- 
17»7). 

Patten, according to Gay, is so called 
fr»m Patty, the pretty daughter of a 
Lincolnshire farmer, with whom the 
village blacksmith fell in love. To save 
her from wet feet when she went to milk 
the cows, he mounted her clogs on an 
iron eke. 

The patten now supports each frugal dame. 
Which from the blue-eyed Patty takes its name. 

Gay, Trivia, i. (1712). 

(Of course, the word is the French 
patin, " a skate or high-heeled shoe," 
from the Greek, patein, "to walk.") 

Pattieson (Mr. Peter), in the intro- 
duction of The Heart of Midlothian, by sir 
W. Scott, and again in the introduction 
of The Bride of Lammermoor. He is a 
hypothetical assistant teacher at Gander- 
cleuch, and the feigned author of The 
Tales of M\j Landlord, which sir Walter 
Scott pretends were published by Jede- 
diah Cleishbotham, after the death of 
Pattieson. 

Patty, "the maid of the mill," 
daughter of Fairfield the miller. She 
was brought up by the mother of lord 
Aimworth, and was promised by her 
father in marriage to Farmer Giles ; but 
she refused to marry him, and became 
the bride of lord Aimworth. Patty was 
very clever, very pretty, very ingenuous, 
and loved his lordship to adoration. — 
Bickerstaff, The Maid of the Mill (17G5). 

Pattypan (Mrs.), a widow who 
keeps lodgings, and makes love to Tim 
Tartlet, to whom she is ultimately en- 
gaged. 

By all accounts, she is just as loving now as she was 
thirtv vears ago. — James Cobb, The First Floor, i. 2 
11,-56-1818). 

Patullo (Mrs.), waiting-woman to 



lady Ashton.— Sir W. Scott, Bride of 
La'mmcrmoor (time, William III.). 

Pau-Puk-Keewis, a cunning mis- 
chief-maker, who taught the North 
American Indians the game of hazard, and 
stripped them by his winnings of all 
their possessions. In a mad freak, Pau- 
Puk-Keewis entered the wigwam of 
Hiawatha, and threw everything into 
confusion ; so Hiawatha resolved to slay 
him. Pau-Puk-Keewis, taking to flight, 
prayed the beavers to make him a beaver 
ten times their own size. This they did ; 
but when the other beavers made their 
escape at the arrival of Hiawatha, Pau- 
Puk-Keewis was hindered from getting 
away by his great size ; and Hiawatha 
slew him. His spirit, escaping, flew 
upwards, and prayed the storm-fools to 
make him a " brant" ten times their own 
size. This was done, and be was told 
never to look downwards, or he would 
lose his life. When Hiawatha arrived, 
the "brant" could not forbear looking 
at him ; and immediately he fell to 
earth, and Hiawatha transformed him 
into an eagle. 

Now in winter, when the snowflakes 
Whirl in eddies round the lodges. . . . 
"There." they cry, "conies Pau-Puk-Keewis; 
He is dancing thro' the village. 
He is gathering in his harvest." 

Longfellow, Hiawatha, xvii. (1855). 

Paul, the love-child of Margaret, who 
retired to port Louis, in the Mauritius, 
to bury herself, and bring up her only 
child. * Hither came Mde. de la Tour, a 
widow, and was confined of a daughter, 
whom she named Virginia. Between 
these neighbours a mutual friendship 
arose, and the two children became play- 
mates. As they grew in years, their 
fondness for each other developed into 
love. When Virginia was 15, her 
mother's aunt adopted her, and begged 
she might be sent to France to finish 
her education. She was above two years 
in France ; and as she refused to marry a 
count of the "aunt's" providing, she 
was disinherited, and sent back to her 
mother. When within a cable's length 
of the island, a hurricane dashed the 
ship to pieces, and the dead body of 
Virginia was thrown upon the shore. 
Paul drooped from grief, and within two 
months followed her to the grave. — 
Bernardin de St. Pierre, Paul et Virgine 
(1788). 

In Cobb's dramatic version, Paul's 
mother (Margaret) is made a faithful 
domestic of Virginia's parents. Virginia's 



PAUL. 



740 



PAULINE. 



mother dies, and commits her infant 
daughter to the care of Dominique, a 
faithful old negro servant, and Paul and 
Virginia are brought up in the belief that 
they are brother and sister. When Vir- 
ginia is 15 years old, her aunt Leonora 
de Guzman adopts her, and sends don 
Antonio de Guardes to bring her to Spain, 
and make her his bride. She is taken by 
force on board ship ; but scarcely has the 
ship started, Avhen a hurricane dashes it 
on rocks, and it is wrecked. Alhambra, 
a runaway slave, whom Paul and Virginia 
had befriended, rescues Virginia, who is 
brought to shore and married to Paul ; 
but Antonio is drowned (1756-1818). 

Paul (Father), Paul Sarpi (1552-1628). 

Paul (St.). The very sword which cut 
off the head of this apostle is preserved 
at the convent of La Lisla, near Toledo, in 
Spain. If any one doubts the fact, he 
may, for a gratuity, see a " copper sword, 
twenty-five inches long, and three and 
a half broad, on one side of which is the 
word mucro ('a sword '), and on the other 
paulus . . . capite." Can anything be 
more convincing ? 

Paul (Tlie Second St.), St. Remi or 
Pemigius, "The Great Apostle of the 
French." He was made bishop of Rheims 
when only 22 years old. It was St. Remi 
who baptized Clovis, and told him that 
henceforth he must worship what he 
hitherto had hated, and abjure what he 
had hitherto adored (439-5o5). 

%* The cruse employed by St. Remi 
in the baptism of Clovis was used through 
the French monarchy in the anointing of 
all the kings. 

Paul Pry, an idle, inquisitive, 
meddlesome fellow, who has no occupa- 
tion of his own, and is for ever poking his 
nose into other people's affairs. He 
always comes in with the apology, " I 
hopel don't intrude." — John Poole, Paul 
Prif. 

Thomas Hill, familiarly called "Tommy 
Hill," was the original of this character, 
and also of "Gilbert Gurney," by Theo- 
dore Hook. Planche' says of Thomas 
Hill : 

HistprcLiliti was the accurate information he could im- 
part on all the. petty details of the domestic economy of 
his friends, the contents of their wardrobes, their pantries, 
the number of pots of preserve in their store-closets, and 
of the table-napkins in their linen-presses, the dates of 
their births and marriages, the amounts of their trades- 
men's bills, and whether paid weekly or quartet ly. He 
had been on the press, and whs connected with the Morn- 
ing ihroiiiule. He used to drive Mathews crazy by ferret- 
ing out his whereabouts when he left Loudon, and popping 
tile information in some paper. — /ivcollvvt.ons, i. 131-"J. | 



Paul's Pigeons, the boys of St. 
Paul's School, London. 

Paul's "Walkers, loungers who fre- 
quented the middle of St Paul's in the 
time of the Commonwealth, as they did 
Bond Street during the regency. — See 
Ben Jon son's Every Man out of His 
Humour (1599), and Harrison Ainsworth's 
Old St. PauPs (1843). 

Pauletti (The lady Erminia), ward 
of Master George Heriot the king's gold- 
smith.— Sii W. Scott, The Fortunes of 
Nigel (time, James I.). 

Pauli'ria, the noble-spirited wife of 
Antig'onus a Sicilian lord, and the kind 
friend of queen Hermi'one. When Her- 
mione gave birth in prison to a daughter, 
Paulina undertook to present it to king 
Leontes, hoping that his heart would be 
softened at the sight of his infant 
daughter ; but he commanded the child to 
be cast out on a desert shore, and left 
there to perish. The child was drifted 
to the " coast " of Bohemia, and brought 
up by a shepherd, who called it Perdita. 
Florizel, the son of king Polixenes, fell 
in love with her, and fled with her to 
Sicily, to escape the vengeance of the 
angry king. The fugitives being intro- 
duced to Leontes, it was soon discovered 
that Perdita was the king's daughter, and 
Polixenes consented to the union he had 
before forbidden. Paulina now invited 
Leontes and the rest to inspect a famous 
statue of Hermione, and the statue 
turned out to be the living queen herself. 
—Shakespeare, The Winter's 2W»(I604). 

Paulina is clever, generous, strong-minded, and warm- 
hearted, fearless in asserting the truth, firm in her sense 
of right, enthusiastic in all her affections, quick in 
thought, resolute in word, and energetic in action, but 
heedless, hot-tempered, impatient, loud, bold, voluble, 
and turbulent of tongue.— Mrs. Jameson. 

Pauline, " The Beauty of Lyons," 
daughter of Mon. Deschappelles, a Ly- 
ouese merchant ; "as pretty as Venus and 
as proud as Juno." Pauline rejected the 
suits of Beauseant, Glavis, and Claude 
Melnotte ; and the three rejected lovers 
combined on vengeance. To this end, 
Claude, who was a gardener's son, pre- 
tended to be the prince Como, and Pauline 
married him, but was indignant when 
she discovered the trick which had been 
played upon her. Claude left her and 
entered the French army, where in two 
years and a half he rose to the rank of 
colonel. Returning to Lyons, he found 
his father-in-law on the eve of bank- 
ruptcy, and Pauline about to be sold to 
Beauseant for money to satisfy the 



PAULINE. 



741 



PEACE. 



creditors. Being convinced that Pauline 
really loved him, Claude paid the money 
required, and claimed the lady as his 
loving and grateful wife. — Lord L. B. 
Lytton, The Lady of Lyons (1838). 

Pauline {Mademoiselle) or Moxxa 
Paui.a, the attendant of lady Erminia 
Pauletti the goldsmith's ward. — Sir VV. 
Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 
I.). 

Pauli'nus of York christened 10,000 
men, besides women and their children, 
in one single day in the Swale. (Al- 
together some 50,000 souls, i.e. 104 every 
minute, 6250 every hour, supposing he 
worked eight hours without stopping.) 

When the Saxons first received the Christian faith, 
Paulimis of old York, the zealous bishop then, 
In .Swale's abundant stream christened ten thousand men, 
With women and their bal>e«, a number more beside, 
Upon one happy dav. 

Drayton, PolyoMon, xxviii. (1622). 

Paulo, the cardinal, and brother of 
count Guido Franceschi'ni. He advised 
the count to repair his bankrupt fortune 
by marrying an heiress. — R. Browning, 
The Ping and the Book. 

Paupiah, the Hindu steward of the 
British governor of Madras. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Surgeon's Laughter (time, 
George II.). 

Pausa'nias (The British), William 
Camden (1551-1623). 

Some village Camden that with dauntless breast 
The little tyrants of the field withstood. 

Gray, Elegy (1749). 

Pauvre Jacques. When Marie 
Antoinette had her artificial Swiss village 
in the " Little Trianon," a Swiss girl was 
brought over to heighten the illusion. 
She was observed to pine, and was heard 
to sigh out, pauvre Jacques ! This little 
romance pleased the queen, who sent for 
Jacques, and gave the pair a wedding 
portion; while the marchioness de Tra- 
vanet wrote the song called Pauvre 
Jacques, which created at the time quite 
a sensation. The first and last verses run 
thus : 

Pauvre Jacques, quar.d j'etais pr6s de toi, 

Je ne sentais pas ma miscre ; 
Mais 4 present que tu vis loin de moi, 

Je manque de tout sur la terre. 

Poor Jack, while I was near to thee, 
Tho' poor, my bliss was unalloyed ; 

But now thou dwell'st so far from me. 
The world appears a lonesome vokL 

Pa'via {Battle of). Francois I. of 
France is said to have written to his 
mother these words after the loss of this 
battle : " Madame, tout est perdu hors 



Thonneur ; " but what he really wrote 
was : " Madame . . . de toutes choses ne 
m'est demeure pas que Thonneur et la 
vie." 

And with a noble siege revolted Pavia took. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xv'ii. (1613). 

Pavilion of prince Ahmed. 

This pavilion was so small that it might 
be held and covered by the hand, and 
yet so large, when pitched that a whole 
army could encamp beneath it. Its size, 
however, was elastic, being always pro- 
portionate to the army to be covered by 
it. — Arabian Nights ("Ahmed and Pari- 
Banou"). 

Pavilion (Meinheer Hermann), the 
syndic at Liege [Lc-ajc~\. 

Mother Mabel Pavilion, wife of mein- 
heer Hermann. 

Trudchcn or Gertrude Pavilion, their 
daughter, betrothed to Hans Glover. — Sir 
W. Scott, Qucntin Lurward (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Pawkins (Major), a huge, heavy man, 
" one of the most remarkable of the age." 
He was a great politician and great pa- 
triot, but generally under a cloud, wholly 
owing to his distinguished genius for 
bold speculations, not to say " swindling 
schemes." His creed was "to run a 
moist pen slick through everything, and 
start afresh." — C. Dickens, Martin Chuz- 
zlewit (1844). 

Pawnbrokers' Balls. Every one 
knows that these balls are the arms of 
the Medici family, but it is not so well 
known that they refer to an exploit of 
Averardo de Medici, a commander under 
Charlemagne. This bold warrior slew 
the giant Mugello, whose club he bore as 
a trophy. This mace or club had three 
iron balls, which the family adopted as 
their device. — Roscoe, Life of Lorenzo 
de' Medici (1790). 

Paynim Harper (Tlic), referred to 
by Tennyson in the Last Tournament) 
was Orpheus. 

Swine, goats, rams, and geese 
Trooped round a paynim harper once, . . . 
Then were swine, goats, asses, geese 
The wiser fools, seeing thy paynim bard 
Had such a mastery of his mystery 
That he could harp his wife up out of hefL 

Tennyson, The Lout Tournament (1859). 

Peace (Prince of), don Manuel Godoy, 
born at Badajoz. So called because he 
concluded the " peace of Basle " between 
the French and Spanish nations in 1795 
(1767-1851). 

Peace (The Father of)> Andrea Doria 
(1463-1560). 



PEACE. 



742 



PECKSIftFF. 



Peace (Hie Perpetual), a peace con- 
cluded between England and Scotland, 
a few vears after the battle of Flodden 
Field (January 24, 1502). 

Peace (The Surest Way to). Fox, 
afterwards bishop of Hereford, said to 
Henry VIII., The surest way to peace is 
a constant preparation for war. The 
Romans had the axiom, Si vis pacem, 
para helium. It was said of Edgar, sur- 
named "the Peaceful," king of England, 
that he preserved peace in those turbulent 
times " by being always prepared for 
war" (reigned 959-975). 

Peace at any Price. Mezeray 
says of Louis XII., that he had such 
detestation of Avar, that he rather chose to 
lose his duchy of Milan than burden his 
subjects with a war-tax. — Histoire de 
France (1643). 

Peace of Antal'cidas, the peace 
concluded by Antalcidas the Spartan and 
Artaxerxes (b.c. 387). 

Peace of God, a peace enforced by 
the clergy on the barons of Christendom, 
to prevent the perpetual feuds between 
baron and baron (1035). 

Peace to the Souls. (See Morna.) 

Peach 'um, a pimp, patron of a gang 
of thieves, and receiver of their stolen 
goods. His house is the resort of thieves, 
pickpockets, and villains of all sorts. He 
betrays his comrades when it is for his 
own benefit, and even procures the arrest 
of captain Macheath. 

The quarrel between Peachum and Lockit was an allusion 
to a personal collision between Walpole and his colleague 
lord Townsend.— R. Chambers, English Literature, i. 571. 

Mrs. Peachum, wife of Peachum. She 
recommends her daughter Polly to be 
" somewhat nice in her deviations from 
virtue." 

Polly Peachum, daughter of Peachum. 
(See Polly.)— J. Gay, The Beggar's Opera 
(1727). 

Pearl. It is said that Cleopatra 
swallowed a pearl of more value than the 
whole of the banquet she had provided in 
honour of Antony. This she did when 
she drank to his health. The same sort 
of extravagant folly is told of iEsopus 
son of Clodius yEsopus the actor (Horace, 
Satire, ii. 3). 

A similar act of vanity aud folly is 
ascribed to sir Thomas Gresham, when 
queen Elizabeth dined at the City banquet, 
after her visit to the Royal Exchange. 



Here £15,000 at one clap goes 

Instead of sugar ; Gresham drinks the pearl 

Unto his queen and mistress. 

Thomas Heywood. 

Pearson (Captain Gilbert), officer in 
attendance on Cromwell. — Sir W; Scott, 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Peasant-Bard (The), Robert Burns 
(1859-1796). 

Peasant-Painter of Sweden, 
Hbrberg. His chief paintings are altar- 
pieces. 

The altar-piece painted by Hcirberg. 
Longfellow, The Children of the Lord's Supper. 

Peasant-Poet of Northampton- 
shire, John Clare (1793-1864). 

Peasant of the Danube (The), 
Louis Legendre, a member of the French 
National Convention (1755-1797) ; called 
in French Le Paysan du Danube, from his 
" eloquence sauvage." 

Peasants' "War (The), a revolt of 
the German peasantry in Swabia and 
Franconia, and subsequently in Saxony, 
Thuringia, and Alsace, occasioned by the 
oppression of the nobles and the clergy 
(1500-1525). 

Peau de Chagrin, a story by 
Balzac. The hero becomes possessed of 
a magical wild ass's skin, which yields 
him the means of gratifying every wish ; 
but for every wish thus gratified the skin 
shrank somewhat, and at last vanished, 
having been wished entirely away. Life 
is a peau dTane, for every vital act 
diminishes its force, and when all its 
force is gone, life is spent (1834). 

Peck/sniff, " architect and land sur- 
veyor," at Salisbury. He talks homilies 
even in drunkenness, prates about the 
beauty of charity, and duty of forgive- 
ness, but is altogether a canting humbug, 
and is ultimately so reduced in position 
that he becomes "a drunken, begging, 
squalid, letter-writing man," out at 
elbows, and almost shoeless. Pecksniffs 
speciality was the "sleek, smiling, crawl- 
ing abomination of hypocrisy." 

If ever man combined within himself all the mild 
qualities of the lamb with a considerable touch of the 
dove, and not a dash of the crocodile, or the least possible 
suggestion of the very mildest seasoning of the serpent, 
that man was Mr. Pecksniff, "the messenger of peace." 
— Ch. iv. 

Charity and Mercy Pecksniff, the two 
daughters of the " architect and land 
surveyor." Charity is thin, ill-natured, 
and a shrew, eventually jilted by a weak 
young man, who really loves her sister. 
Mercy Pecksniff, usually called "Merry,'' 



PEDANT. 



743 PEEPING TOM OF COVENTRY. 



is pretty and true-hearted ; though flippant 
and foolish*as a girl, she becomes greatly 
toned down by the troubles of her married 
life. — C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit 
(1843). 

Pedant, an old fellow set up to per- 
sonate Vincentio in Shakespeare's comedy 
called The Taming of the Shrew (1695). 

Pedre (Don), a Sicilian nobleman, 
who has a Greek slave of great beauty, 
named Isidore (3 syl.). This slave is 
loved by Adraste (2 syl.), a French 
gentleman, who gains access to the house 
under the guise of a portrait-painter. 
He next sends his slave Zaide to com- 
plain to the Sicilian of ill-treatment, and 
don Pedre volunteers to intercede on her 
behalf. At this moment Adraste comes 
up, and demands that Zaide be given up 
to deserved chastisement. Pedre pleads 
for her, Adraste appears to be pacified, 
and Pedre calls for Zaide to come forth. 
Isidore, in the veil of Zaide, comes out, 
and Pedre says, "There, take her home, 
and use her well." " I will do so," says 
Adraste, and leads off the Greek slave. — 
Moliere, Le Sicilien ou IS Amour Pcintrc 
(1667). 

Pedrillo, the tutor of don Juan. 
After the shipwreck, the men in the boat, 
being wholly without provisions, cast lots 
to know which should be killed as food 
for the rest, and the lot fell on Pedrillo, 
but those who feasted on him most 
ravenously went mad. 

His tutor, the licentiate Pedrillo, 
Who several languages did understand. 

Byron, Don Juan, it 25; see 76-79 (1819). 

Pe'dro, "the pilgrim," a noble gentle- 
man, servant to Alinda (daughter of lord 
Alphonso). — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Pilgrim (1621). 

Pedro (Don), prince of Aragon. — 
Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing 
(1600). 

Pedro (Don), father of Leonora. — R. 
Jephson, Two Strings to your Bow (1792). 

Pedro (Don), a Portuguese nobleman, 
father of donna Tiolante. — Mrs. Cent- 
livre, The Wonder (1714). 

Pedro (Dr.), whose full name was Dr. 
Pedro Rezio de Aguero, court physician 
in the island of Barataria. He carried a 
whalebone rod in his hand, and whenever 
any dish of food was set before Sancho 
Panza the governor, he touched it with 
his wand, that it might be instantly re- 
moved, as unfit for the governor to eat. 



Partridges were "forbidden by Hippoc'- 
rates," olla podridas were "most per- 
nicious," rabbits were "a sharp-haired 
diet," veal might not be touched, but "a 
few wafers and a thin slice or two of 
quince " might not be harmful. 

The governor, heinj; served with some beef hashed with 
onions, . . . Ml to with more avidity than if he had been 
set down to Milan godwita, Roman pheasants, Sorrento 
veal, Moron partridges, or green geese of Lafajos; and 
turning to Dr. Pedro, he said. " Look you, signor doctor, 
I want no dainties, . . . for I have been always used to 
beef, bacon, pork, turnips, and onions." — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, II. iii. 10, 12 (1615). 

Peebles (Peter), the pauper litigant. 
He is vain, litigious, hard-hearted, and 
credulous; aliar, adrunkard, andapauper. 
His "ganging plea" is Hogarthian comic. 
— Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Peecher (Miss), a schoolmistress, in 
the flat country where Kent and Surrey 
meet. "Small, shining, neat, methodical, 
and buxom was Miss Peecher ; cherry- 
cheeked and tuneful of voice. A little 
pincushion, a little hussif, a little book, 
a little work-box, a little set of tables and 
weights and measures, and a little woman, 
all in one. She could write a little essay 
on any subject exactly a slate long, and 
strictly according to rule. If Mr. Bradley 
Headstone had proposed marriage to her, 
she would certainly have replied ' yes,' 
for she loved him ; " but Mr. Headstone 
did not love Miss Peecher — he loved Lizzie 
Hexam, and had no love to spare for any 
other woman. — C. Dickens, Our Mutual 
Friend, ii. 1 (1864). 

Peel -the -Causeway (Old), a 
smuggler. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Peeler (Sir), any crop which greatly 
impoverishes the ground. To peel is to 
impoverish soil, as " oats, rye, barley, 
and grey -wheat," but not peas (xxxiii. 51). 

Wheat doth not well, 
Nor after sir*Peeler he loveth to dwelL 

T. Tusser. Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, xviii. 12 (1557). 

Peelers, the constabulary of Ireland, 
appointed under the Peace Preservation 
Act of 1814, proposed by sir Robert Peel. 
The name was subsequently given to the 
new police of England, who are also called 
" Bobbies" from sir Robert Peel. 

Peep-o'-Day Boys, Irish, insur- 
gents of 1 784, who prowled about at day- 
break, searching for arms. 

Peeping Tom of Coventry. 
Lady Godiva earnestly besought her hus- 
band (Leofric earl of Mercia) to relieve 



PEERAGE OF THE SAINTS. 744 



PEGGOTTY. 



the men of Coventry of their grievous 
oppressions. Leofric, annoyed at her im- 
portunitj', told her he wouid do so when 
she had ridden on horseback, naked, 
through the town. The countess took him 
at his word, rode naked through the town, 
and Leofric was obliged to grant the men 
of Coventry a charter of freedom. — 
Dugdale. 

Rapin says that the countess com- 
manded all persons to keep within doors 
and away from windows during her ride. 
One man, named Tom of Coventry, took a 
peep of the lady on horseback, but it cost 
him his life. 

*** Tennyson, in his Godiva, has re- 
produced this story. 

Peerage of the Saints. In the 

preamble of the statutes instituting the 
Order of St. Michael, founded by Louis 
XI. in 1469, the archangel is styled " my 
lord," and created a knight. The apostles 
had been already ennobled and knighted. 
We read of "the earl Peter," "count 
Paul," "the baron Stephen," and so on. 
Thus, in the introduction of a sermon 
upon St. Stephen's Day, we have these 
lines : 

Entendes toutes a chest sermon, 

Et clair et loi tules environ ; 

Contes vous vueille la pation 

De St Estieul le baron. 
The apostles were gentlemen of btoude, and manye of 
them descended from that worthy conqueror Judas Mac- 
kabeus, though, through the tract of time and persecu- 
tion of wars, poverty oppressed the kindred, and they 
were constrayned to servile works. Christ was also a 
gentleman on the mother's side, and might, if He had 
esteemed of the vayne glorye of this world, have borne 
coat armour.— The Blazon of Oentrie (quarto). 

Peerce (1 syl.), a generic name for a 
farmer or ploughman. Piers the plow- 
man is the name assumed by Robert or 
William Langland, in a historico-satirical 
poem so called. 

And yet. my priests, pray you to God for Peerce . . . 
And if you have a " pater noster " spare, 
Then slutl you pray lor saylers. 

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Gltu (died 1577). 

Peery (Paul), landlord of the Ship, 
Dover. 

Mrs. Peery, Paul's wife. — G. Colman, 

Ways and Means (1788). 

Peery bingle (John), a carrier, 
"lumbering, slow, and honest; heavy, 
but light of spirit ; rough upon the sur- 
face, but gentle at the core; dull without, 
but quick within ; stolid, but so good. 
O mother Nature, give thy children 
the true poetry of heart that hid itself in 
this poor carrier's breast, and we can bear 
to have them talking prose all their lite 
long ! " 

Mrs. [Mary] Pccrybinglc, called by her 



husband "Dot." She was a little chubby, 
cheery, young wife, very f«nd of her 
husband, and very proud of her baby ; 
a good housewife, who delighted in 
making the house snug and cozy for 
John, when he came home after his day's 
work. She called him "a dear old 
darling of a dunce," or " her little 
goosie." She sheltered Edward Plummer 
in her cottage for a time, and got into 
trouble ; but the marriage of Edward 
with May Fielding cleared up the mystery, 
and John loved his little Dot more f ondly 
than ever. — C. Dickens, The Cricket on 
the Hearth (1845). 

Peg. Drink to your peg. King Edgar 
ordered that " pegs should be fastened 
into drinking-horns at stated distances, 
and whoever drank beyond his peg at one 
draught should be obnoxious to a severe 
punishment." 

I had lately a peg-tankard in my hand. It had on the 
inside a row of eight pins, one above another, from bottom 
to top. It held two quarts, so that there was a gill of 
liquor between peg and peg. Whoever drank short of his 
pin or beyond it, was obliged to drink to the next, and so 
on till the tankard was -drained to the bottom. — Sharpe, 
History of the Kings of England. 

Peg-a-Ramsey, the heroine of an 
old song. Percy says it was an indecent 
ballad. Shakespeare alludes to it in his 
Twelfth Night, act ii. sc. 3 (1614). 

James I. had been much struck with the beauty and 
embarrassment of the pretty Peg-a-Kamsey, as he called 
her.— Sir W. Scott. 

Peg'asus, the winged horse of the 
Muses. It was caught by Bellerophon, 
who mounted thereon, and destroyed the 
Chimaera ; but when he attempted to 
ascend to heaven, he was thrown from 
the horse, and Pegasus mounted alone to 
the skies, where it became the constella- 
tion of the same name. 

To break Pegasus 's neck, to write halting 
poetry. 

Some, free from rhyme or reason, rule or check. 
Break Priscian's head, and Pegasus's neck. 

Pope, The Duncuul, iii. 161 (1728). 

*** To "break Priscian's head" is to 
write bad grammar. Priscian was a great 
grammarian of the fifth century. 

Pegg (Katharine), one of the mistresses 
of Charles II. She was the daughter of 
Thomas Pegg, Esq., of Yeldersey, in 
Derbyshire. 

Peggot'ty (Clara), servant-girl of 
Mrs. Copperlield, and the faithful old 
nurse, of David Copperfield. Her name 
"Clara" was tabooed, because it was 
the name of Mrs. Copperfield. Clara 
Peggotty married Barkis the carrier. 

Being very plump, wheneror she made any litUe 



PEGGY. 



745 



PELLEAS. 



exertion after she was dressed, some of the buttons on the 
back of her gown flew off. — Ch. ii. 

Dan'el Peggotty, brother of David 
Copperfield's nurse. Pan'el was a Yar- 
mouth fisherman. His nephew Ham 
Peggotty, and his brother-in-law's child 
"little Em'ly," lived with him. Dan'el 
himself was a bachelor, and a Mrs. Gum- 
midge (widow of his late partner) kept 
house for him. Dan'el Peggotty was most 
tender-hearted, and loved little Em'ly 
with all his heart. 

Bam Peggotty, nephew of Dan'el Peg- 
gotty of Yarmouth, and son of Joe, 
Dan'el's brother. Ham was in love with 
little Em'ly, daughter of Tom (Dan's 
brother-in-law) ; but Steerforth stepped 
in between them, and stole Em'ly away. 
Ham Peggotty is represented as the very 
beau-ideal of an uneducated, simple- 
minded, honest, and warm-hearted fisher- 
man. He was drowned in his attempt to 
rescue Steerforth from the sea. 

Em'ly Peggotty, daughter of Dan's 
brother-in-law Tom. She was engaged 
to Ham Peggotty ; but being fascinated 
with Steerforth, ran off with him. She 
was afterwards reclaimed, and emigrated 
to Australia with Dan'el and Mrs. Gum- 
midge. — C. Dickens, David Copperfield 
(1849). 

Peggy, grandchild of the old widow 
Maclure a covenanter. — Sir W. Scott, 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Peggy, the laundry-maid of colonel 
Mannering at Woodburne. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Peggy [Thrift], the orphan daugh- 
ter of sir Thomas Thrift of Hampshire, 
and the ward of Moody, who brings her 
up in perfect seclusion in the country. 
When Moody is 50 and Peggy 19, the 
guardian tries to marry her ; but " the 
country girl " outwits him, and marries 
Belville, a young man of more suitable 
age. Peggy calls her guardian "Bud." 
She is very simple but sharp, ingenuous 
but crafty, lively and girlish. — The 
Country Girl (Garrick, altered from 
Wycherly's Country Wife, 1675). 

Mrs. Jordan [1762-1816] made her first appearance in 
London at Drury Lane in 1785. The character she 
selected was "Peggy," her success was immediate, her 
salary doubled, and she was allowed two benefits.— W. C. 
Russell, Representative Actors. 

Pegler {Mrs.), mother of Josiah 
Bounderbv, Esq., banker and mill-owner, 
called " The Bully of Humility." The 
son allows the old woman £30 a year to 
keep out of sight. — C. Dickens, Hard 
Times (1854). 



Pek'uah, the attendant of princess 
Nekayah, of the " happy valley." She 
accompanied the princess in her wander- 
ings, but refused to enter the great 
pyramid, and, while the princess was 
exploring the chambers, was carried oil: 
by some Arabs. She was afterwards 
ransomed for 200 ounces of gold. — Dr. 
Johnson, Rasselas (1759). 

Pelay'o {Prince), son of Favil'a, 
founder of the Spanish monarchy after 
the overthrow of Roderick last of the 
Gothic kings. He united, in his own 
person, the royal lines of Spain and of 
the Goths. 

In him the old Iberian blood. 
Of royal and remotest ancestry 
From undisputed source, flowed undented . . . 
He, too, of Chindasuintho's regal line 
Sole remnant now, drew after him the love 
Of all true Goths. 

Southey, Roderick, etc., viii. (1814). 

Pelham, the hero of a novel by lord 
Lytton, entitled Pelham or The Adven- 
tures of a Gentleman (1828). 

Pelham {M.), one of the many aliases 
of sir R. Phillips, under which he pub- 
lished The Parent's and Tutor's First 
Catechism. In the preface he calls the 
writer authoress. Some of his other 
names are Rev. David Blair, Rev. G. G. 
Clarke, Rev. J. Goldsmith. 

Pe'lian Spear {The), the lance of 
Achilles which wounded and cured Te'- 
lephos. So called from Peleus the father 
of Achilles. 

Such was the cure the Arcadian hero found— 
The Pelian spear that wounded, made bim sound. 
Ovid, Remedy of Love. 

Peli'des (3 syl.), Achilles, son of 
Peleus (2 syl.), chief of the Greek 
warriors at the siege of Troy. — Homer, 
Iliad. 

When, like Pelidfis, bold beyond control, 
Homer raised high to heaven the loud impetuous song. 
Beattie, The Minstrel (1773-4). 

Pe'Lion {"mud-sprung"), one of the 
frog chieftains. 

A spear at Pelion, Troglodytes cast 
The missive spear within the bosom past 
Death's sable shades the fainting frog surround. 
And life's red tide runs ebbing from the wound. 
Parnell, Buttle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712). 

Pell {Solomon), an attorney in the 
Insolvent Debtors' court. He has the 
very highest opinions of his own merits, 
and by his aid Tony Weller contrives to 
get his son Sam sent to the Fleet for debt, 
that he may be near Mr. Pickwick to 
protect and wait upon him. — C. Dickens, 
The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Pelleas {Sir), lord of many isles, and 



PELLEGRIN. 



746 



PEN. 



noted for his great muscular strength. 
He fell in love with lady Ettard, but the 
lady did not return his love. Sir Gaw'ain 
promised to advocate his cause with the 
lady, but played him false. Sir Pelleas 
caught them in unseemly dalliance with 
each other, but forbore to kill them. 
By the power of enchantment, the lady 
was made to dote on sir Pelleas ; but the 
knight would have nothing to say to her, 
so she pined and died. After the lady 
Ettard played him false, the Damsel of 
the Lake "rejoiced him, and they loved 
together during their whole lives." — Sir 
T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 
79-82 (14*70). 

*#* Sir Pelleas must not be con- 
founded with sir Pelles (q.v.). 

Pellegrin, the pseudonym of Lemotte 
Fouque (1777-1843). 

Pelles (Sir), of Corbin Castle, "king 
of the foragn land and nigh cousin of 
Joseph of Arimathy." He was father of 
sir Eliazar, and of the lady Elaine who 
fell in love with sir Launcelot, by whom 
she became the mother of sir Galahad 
" who achieved the quest of the holy 
graal." This Elaine was not the "lily 
maid of Astolat." 

While sir Launcelot was visiting king 
Pelles, a glimpse of the holy graal was 
vouchsafed them : 

For when they went into the castle to take their re- 
past . . . there came a dove to the window, and in her 
bill was a little censer of gold, and there withall was such 
a savour as though all the spicery of the world had been 
there . . . and a damsel, passing fair, bare a vessel of gold 
between her hands, and thereto the king kneeled de- 
voutly and said his prayers. . . . "Oh mercy!" said sir 
Launcelot, "what may this mean?" . . . "This," said 
the king, " is the holy Sancgrenll which ye have seen." — 
SirT. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 2 (1470). 

Pellinore (Sir), king of the Isles 
and knight of the Round Table (pt. i. 57). 
He was a good man of power, was called 
" The Knight with the Stranger Beast," 
and slew king Lot of Orkeney, but was 
himself slain ten years afterwards by sir 
Gawaine one of Lot's sons (pt. i. 35). 
Sir Pellinore (3 syl.) had, by the wife of 
Aries the cowherd, a son named sir Tor, 
who was the first knight of the Round 
Table created by king Arthur (pt. i. 47, 
48) •, one daughter, Elein, by the Lady of 
Rule (pt. iii. 10) ; and three sons in lawful 
wedlock: sir Aglouale (sometimes called 
Aglavale, probably a clerical error), sir 
Lamorake Dornar (also called sir Lamorake 
de Galis), and sir rercivale de Gaiis (pt. ii. 
108). The widow succeeded to the throne 
'pt. iii. 10). — Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur (1470). 



Milton calls the name " Pellenore " (2 
syl.). 

Fair damsels, met in forests wide 
By knights of Logres or of Lyones, 
Lancelot, or Pelleas, or Pellenore. 

Milton. 

Pelob'ates (4 syl.), one of the frog 
champions. The word means "mud- 
wader." In the battle he flings a heap 
of mud against Psycarpax the Hector 
of the mice, and half blinds him; but 
the warrior mouse heaves a stone "whose 
bulk would need ten degenerate mice of 
modern days to lift," and the mass, falling 
on the " mud-wader," breaks his leg. — 
Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. 
(about 1712). 

Pel'ops' Shoulder, ivory. The 
tale is that Demeter ate the shoulder of 
Pelops when it was served up by Tan'- 
talos for food. The gods restored" Pelops 
to life by putting the dismembered body 
into a caldron, but found that it lacked 
a shoulder ; whereupon Demeter sup- 
plied him with an ivory shoulder, and 
all his descendants bore this distinctive 
mark. 

N.B. — It will be remembered that 
Pythag'oras had a golden thigh. 

Your forehead high, 

And smooth as Pelops' shoulder. 

John Fletcher, The Faithful Shei>hcrdes$, ii. 1 (1610). 

Pelo'rus, Sicily ; strictly speaking, 
the north-east promontory of that island, 
called Capo di Fero, from a pharos or 
lighthouse to Poseidon, which once 
stood there. 

So reels Pelo'rus with convulsive throes, 
When in his veins the burning earthquake glows; 
Hoarse thro' his entrails roars th' infernal flame, 
And central thunders rend his groaning frame. 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, ii. 4 (1756). 

Pelos, father of Physigna'thos king 
of the frogs. The word means " mud." 
— Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice 
(about 1712). 

Pembroke (The earl of), uncle to 
sir Aymer de Valence. — Sir W. Scott, 
Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Pembroke (The Pev. Mr.), chaplain at 
Waverley Honour. — Sir W. Scott, Wa- 
verley (time, George II.). 

Pen, Philemon Holland, translator- 
general of the classics. Of him was the 
epigram written : 

Holland, with his translations doth so fill us, 
He will not let Suetoniut be Tram/uilliis. 

(The point of which is, of course, that 
the name of the Konian historian was 
C. Suetonius TranquiMvA.) 

Many of these translations were written 



PEN DENNIS. 



747 



PENLAKE. 



from beginning to end with one pen, and 
hence he himself wrote : 

With one <o\e pen I writ this book, 

Made of a grey goose-quill ; 
A pen it wn when it I took. 

Anil a | 'en I leave it still. 

Pendennis (Arthur), pseudonym of 
W. M. Thackeray in The Newcomes 
(1854). 

Pendennis, a novel by Thackeray 
(1849), in which much of his own history 
and experience is recorded with a nove- 
list's licence. Pendennis stands in relation 
to Thackeray as David Copperfield does to 
Charles Dickens. 

Arthur Pendennis, a young man of 
ardent feelings and lively intellect, but 
self-conceited and selfish. He has a 
keen sense of honour, and a capacity for 
loving, but altogether he is not an at- 
tractive character. 

Laura Pendennis. This is one of the 
best of Thackeray's characters. 

Major Pendennis, a tuft-hunter, who 
fawns on his patrons for the sake of 
wedging himself into their society. — 
History of Pendennis, published origin- 
ally in monthly parts, beginning 1S49. 

Pendrag'on, probably a title mean- 
ing " chief leader in war." Dragon is 
Welsh for a " leader in war," and [jen for 
" head " or " chief." The title was given 
to Uther, brother of Constans, and father 
of prince Arthur. Like the word " Pha- 
raoh," it is used as a proper name with- 
out the article. — Geoffrev of Monmouth, 
Chron., vi. (1142). 

Once I read, 
Th.it stout Pendragon in his litter, sick. 
Came to the field, and vanquished his foes. 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act iii. sc. 2 (1589). 

Penel'ope's Web, a work that 
never progresses. Penelope, the wife of 
Ulysses, being importunated by several 
suitors during her husband's long ab- 
sence, made reply that she could not 
marry again, even if Ulysses were dead, 
till she had finished weaving a shroud 
for her aged father-in-law. Every night 
she pulled out what she had "woven 
during the day, and thus the shroud 
made no progress towards completion. — 
Greek Mythology. 

The French say of a work " never 
ending, still beginning," e'est Vouvrage de 
Penelope. 

Penel'oplion, the beggar loved by 
king Cophetua. Shakespeare calls the 
name Zenelophon in Love's Labour s 
Lost, act iv. sc. 1 (1594). — Percy. Re- 
liques, I. ii. 6 (1765). 



Penelva (The Exploits and Adven- 
tures of), part of the series called Le 
Roman lies Romans, pertaining to " Ain'- 
adis of Gaul." This part was added !>y 
an anonymous Portuguese (fifteenth cen- 
tury). 

Penfeather (Lady Penelope), the 
lady patroness at the Spa. — Sir \V. Scott, 
St. Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Pengwern (The Torch of), prince 
Gwenwvn of Powvs-land. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Pengwinion (Mr.), from Cornwall ; 
a Jacobite conspirator with Mr. Red- 
gauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, Redyauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Peninsular War (The), the war 
carried on by sir Arthur Wellesley 
against Napoleon in Portugal and Spain 
(1808-1814). 

Southev wrote a History of the Penin- 
sular Wa'r (1822-32). 

Penitents of Love (Fraternity of 
the), an institution established in Langue- 
doc in the thirteenth century, consisting 
of knights and esquires, dames and 
damsels, whose object was to prove the 
excess of their love by bearing, with 
invincible constancy, the extremes of 
heat and cold. They passed the greater 
part of the day abroad, wandering about 
from castle to castle, wherever they were 
summoned by the inviolable duties of 
love and gallantry ; so that many of these 
devotees perished by the inclemency of 
the weather, and received the crown of 
martyrdom to their profession. — See 
Warton, History of English Poetry 
(1781). 

Penlake (Richard), a cheerful man, 
both frank and free, but married to 
Rebecca a terrible shrew. Rebecca 
knew if she once sat in St. Michael's 
chair (on St. Michael's Mount, in Corn- 
wall), that she would rule her husband 
ever after ; so she was very desirous of 
going to the mount. It so happened that 
Richard fell sick, and both vowed to 
give six marks to St. Michael if he re- 
covered. Richard did recover, and they 
visited the shrine ; but while Richard 
was making the offering, Rebecca ran to 
seat herself in St. Michael's chair ; but 
no sooner had she done so, than she fell 
from the chair, and was killed in the 
fall. — Southey, St. Michael's C/uxir (a 
ballad, 1798). 



PENNILESS. 



748 



PEONIA. 



Penniless {The), Maximilian I. 
emperor of Germany (1459, 1493-1519). 

Penny (Jock), a highwayman. — Sir 
W. Scott, Guy Manneriny (time, George 
II.). 

Penruddock (Roderick), & "philo- 
sopher," or rather a recluse, who spent 
his time in reading. By nature gentle, 
'•kind-hearted, and generous, but soured 
'by wrongs. Woodville, his trusted 
friend, although he knew that Arabella 
was betrothed to Roderick, induced her 
father to give his daughter to himself, 
the richer man ; and Roderick's life was 
blasted. Woodville had a son, who re- 
duced himself to positive indigence by 
gambling, and sir George Penruddock 
was the chief creditor. Sir George dying, 
all his property came to his cousin Rode- 
rick, Who now had ample means to glut 
his revenge on his treacherous friend ; but 
his heart softened. First, he settled all 
" the obligations, bonds, and mortgages, 
covering the Avhole Woodville property," 
on Henry Woodville, that he might marry 
Emily Tempest ; and next, he restored to 
Mrs. Woodville "her settlement, which, 
in her husband's desperate necessity, she 
had resigned to him ; " lastly, he sold 
all his own estates, and retired again to 
a country cottage to his books and soli- 
tude. — Cumberland, The Wheel of Fortune 
(1779). 

Who has seen J. Kemhle (1757-1823] in " Penrud- 
dock," and not shed tears from the deepest sources ? His 
tenderly putting away the son of his treacherous friend, 
. . . examining his countenance, and then exclaiming, in 
a voice which developed a thousand mysterious feelings, 
"You are very like your mother; " was sufficient to stamp 
his excellence in the pathetic line of acting. — Mis. K. 
Trench, Kemaiiu (1822). 

Pentap'olin, "with the naked arm," 
king of the Garaman'teans, who always 
went to battle with his right arm bare. 
Alifanfaron emperor of Trap'oban wished 
to marry his daughter, but, being re- 
fused, resolved to urge his suit by the 
sword. When don Quixote saw two 
flocks of sheep coming along the road 
in opposite directions, he told Sancho 
Panza they were the armies of these two 
puissant monarchs met in array against 
each other. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. 
iii. 4 (1G05). 

Penteoote Vivante (La), cardinal 
Mez/.ofanti, who was the ma:ter of fifty 
or fifty-eight languages (1774-1849). 

Penthe'a, sister of Ith'oclcs, be- 
trothed to Or'gilus by the consent of her 
father. At the death of her father, 
IthoclOs compelled her to marry Bass'- 



anes whom she hated, and she starved 
herself to death. — John Ford, The Broken 
Heart (1633). 

Penthesile'a, queen of the Amazons, 
slain by Achilles. S. Butler calls the 
name " Penthes'ile." 

And laid about in fight more busily 
Than th' Amazonian dame Penthesile. 

S. Butler, Hudibrcu. 

Pen'theus (3 syl.), a king of Thebes, 
who tried to abolish the orgies of 
Bacchus, but was driven mad by the 
offended god. In his madness he climbed 
into a tree to witness the rites, and being 
descried was torn to pieces by the Bac- 
chantes. 

As when wild Pentheus, grown mad with fear, 

Whole troops of hellish hags about him spies. 

Giles Fletcher, Christ's Triumph over Death (1610). 

Pen'theus (2 syl.), king of Thebes, 
resisted the introduction of the worship 
of Dyoni'sos (Bacchus) into his kingdom, 
in consequence of which the Bacchantes 
pulled his palace to the ground, and 
Pentheus, driven from the throne, was torn 
to pieces on mount Cithaeron by his own 
mother and her two sisters. 

He the fate [may ting] 
Of sober Pentheus. 

Akenside, Uymn to the XaioM (1767). 

Pentweazel {Alderman), a rich City 
merchant of Blowbladder Street. He is 
wholly submissive to his wife, whom he 
always addresses as "Chuck." 

Mrs. Pentweazel, the alderman's wife, 
very ignorant, very vain, and very con- 
ceitedly humble. She was a Griskin by 
birth, and " all her family by the 
mother's side were famous for their 
eyes." She had an aunt among the 
beauties of Windsor, "a perdigious fine 
woman. She had but one eye, but that 
was a piercer, and got her three husbands. 
We was called the gimlet family." Mrs. 
Pentweazel says her first likeness was 
done after " Venus de Medicis the sister 
of Mary de Medicis." 

Sukey Pentweazel, daughter of the 
alderman, recently married to Mr. Deputy 
Dripping of Candlewick Yard. 

Card Pentweazel, a schoolboy, who had 
been under Dr. Jerks, near Doncaster, for 
two years and a quarter, and had learnt 
all As in Procscnti by heart. The terms of 
this school were £10 a year for food, 
books, board, clothes, and tuition. — 
Foote, Taste (1753). 

Peon'ia or Peeon'ia, Macedonia; so 
called from P.eon son of Eudymion. 

Made Mnoedoil first stoop, then Thessaly and Thrive ; 
His soldiers there enriched with all I'eonia's spoil. 

Drayton, 1'otyulbion, riii. (1613). 



PEOPLE. 



749 



PERDITA. 



People (Man of the), Charles James 
Fox (1749-1806). 

Pepin (William), a White friar and 
most famous preacher at the beginning 
of the sixteenth century. His sermons, 
in eight volumes quarto, formed the 
grand repertory of the preachers of those 
times. 

Qui nescit Pepinare, nescit pnedicare.— Proverb. 

Pepper Gate, a gate on the east 
side of the city of Chester. It is said 
that the daughter of the mayor eloped, 
and the mayor ordered the gate to be 
closed. Hence the proverb, When your 
daughter is stolen, close Pepper Gate ; or 
in other words, Lock the stable door when 
the steed is stolen. — Albert Smith, Chris- 
topfier Tadpole, i. 

Pepperpot (Sir Peter), a West 
Indian epicure, immensely rich, con- 
ceited, and irritable. — Foote, The Patron 
(1764). 

Peppers. (See White Horse of 
the Peppers.) 

Peps (Dr. Parker), a court physician 
who attended the first Mrs. Dombey on 
her death-bed. Dr. Peps always gave his 
patients (by mistake, of course), a title, 
to impress them with the idea that his 
practice was exclusively confined to the 
upper ten thousand. — C. Dickens, Dombey 
and Son (1846). 

Perceforest (King), the hero of a 
prose romance " in Greek." The MS. 
is said to have been found by count 
William of Hainault in a cabinet at 
"Burtimer" Abbey, on the Humber ; 
and in the same cabinet was deposited a 
crown, which the count sent to king 
Edward. The MS. was turned into 
Latin by St. Landelain, and thence into 
French under the title of La Tres Elegante 
Delicieux Melliflue et Tres Plaisante Bys- 
toire du Tres Noble Roy Perceforest 
(printed at Paris in 1528). 

(Of course, this pretended discovery is 
only an invention. An anatysis of the 
romance is given in Dunlop's History of 
Fiction.) 

He was called "Perceforest" because 
he dared to pierce, almost alone, an en- 
chanted forest, where women and children 
were most evilly entreated. Charles IX. 
of France was especially fond of this 
romance. 

Perch, messenger in the house of 
Mr. Dombey, merchant, whom he adored, 
and plainly showed by his manner to the 



great man : " You are the light of my 
eyes," " You are the breath of my soul." 
— C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1840). 

Perche Notary (A), a lawyer who 
sets people together by the ears, one 
who makes more quarrels than contracts. 
The French proverb is, Notaire du Perclic, 
qui passe plus d'e'challiers que de contrat. 

Le Perche, qui se trouve partag6 entre les departements 
de rOrne et d'Eure-et-Loir, est un contrce fort boisee, 
dans laquclle la plupart des champs sont entoures de 
haies, dans lesquelles sont menagees certaines ouvertures 
propres a donner passage aux pictons seulement, et que 
Ton nomine iehalliert. — Hilaire le Uai. 

Percinet, a fairy prince, in love Avith 
Graciosa. The prince succeeds in thwart- 
ing the malicious designs of Grognon, the 
step-mother of the lovely princess. — 
Percinet and Graciosa (a fairy tale). 

Percival (Sir), the third son of sir 
Pellinore king of Wales. His brothers 
were sir Aglavale and sir Lamorake 
Dornar, usually called sir Lamorake de 
Galis (Wales). Sir Tor was his half- 
brother. Sir Percival caught a sight of 
the holy graal after his combat with 
sir Ector de Maris (brother of sir Launce- 
lot), and both were miraculously healed 
by it. Cre'tien de Troves wrote the 
Roman de Perceval (before 1200), and 
Menessier produced the same story in a 
metrical form. (See Parzival.) 

Sir Percivale had a glimmering of the Sancgreall and of 
the maiden that bare it, for he was perfect and clean. 
And forthwith they were both as whole of limb and hide 
as ever they were in their life days. " Oh mercy ! " said sir 
Percival, "what may this mean ? " . . . " I wot well," said 
sir Ector . . . "it is the holy vessel, wherein is a part of 
the holy blood of our blessed Saviour ; but it may not be 
seen but by a perfect man." — Pt Hi. 14. 

Sir Percival was with sir Bors and sir 
Galahad when the visible Saviour went 
into the consecrated wafer which was 
given to them by the bishop. This is 
called the achievement of the quest of 
the holy graal (pt. iii. 101, 102).— Sir 
T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur 
(1470). 

Percy Arundel lord Ashdale, 
son of lady Arundel by her second 
husband. A hot, fiery youth, proud and 
overbearing. When grown to manhood, 
a " sea-captain," named Norman, made 
love to Violet, lord Ashdale's cousin. 
The young " Hotspr.r" was indignant 
and somewhat jealous, but discovered 
that Norman was the son of lady Arundel 
by her first husband, and the heir to the 
title and estates. In the end, Norman 
agreed to divide the property equally, 
but claimed Violet for his bride. — Lord 
Lytton, The Sea-Captain (1839). 

Per'dita, the daughter of the queen 



PERDITA. 



750 



PEREGEINE. 



Hermione, born in prison. Her father, 
king Leontes, commanded the infant to be 
cast on a desert shore, and left to perish 
there. Being put to sea, the vessel was 
driven by a storm to the "coast" of 
Bohemia, and the infant child was 
brought up by a shepherd, who called its 
name Perdita. Flor'izel, the son of the 
Bohemian king, fell in love with Perdita, 
and courted her under the assumed name 
of Doricles ; but the king, having tracked 
his son to the shepherd's hut, told Perdita 
that if she did not at once discontinue 
this foolery, he would command her and 
the shepherd too to be put to death. 
Florizel and Perdita now fled from 
Bohemia to Sicily, and being introduced 
to the king, it was soon discovered that 
Perdita was Leontes's daughter. The 
Bohemian king, having tracked his son 
to Sicily, arrived just in time to hear the 
news, and gave his joyful consent to the 
union which he had before forbidden. 
—Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 

Per'dita, Mrs. Mary Robinson (born 
Darby), the victim of George IV. while 
prince of Wales. She first attracted his 
notice while acting the part of "Perdita," 
and the prince called himself " Flori- 
zel." George prince of Wales settled a 
pension for life on her, £500 a year for 
herself, and £200 a year for her daughter. 
She caught cold one winter, and, losing 
the use of her limbs, could neither walk 
nor stand (1758-1799, not 1800 as is given 
usually). 

She was unquestionably very beautiful, but more so in 
the face than in the figure ; and she had a remarkable 
facility in adapting her deportment to dress. . . . To-day 
she was a payxannc with a straw hat tied at the back of 
her head . . . yesterday she had been the dressed belle 
of Hyde Park, trimmed, powdered, patched, painted to 
the utmost power of rouge and white lead ; to-morrow 
she would be the cravated Amazon of the riding-house ; 
but be sh"e what she might, the hats of the fashionable 
promenaders swept the ground as she passed. Whei. she 
rode forth in her high phaeton, three candidates and her 
husband were outriders.— Mrs. Hawkins, Memoirs (1800). 

Perdrix, toujours Perdrix ! 

Walpole tells us that the confessor of one 
of the French kings, having reproved the 
monarch for his conjugal infidelities, was 
asked what dish he liked best. The con- 
fessor replied, "Partridges ; " and the king 
had partridges served to him every day, 
till the confessor got quite sick of them. 
"Perdrix, toujours perdrix!" he would 
exclaim, as the dish was set before him. 
After a time, the king visited him, and 
hoped his favourite dish had been sup- 
plied him. "Mais oui," he replied, 
"toujours perdrix, toujours perdrix!" 
" Ah. ah ! " said the amorous monarch. 



" and one mistress is all very well, but 
not perdrix, toujows perdrix ! " — See 
Notes and Queries, 337, October 23, 1869. 

The story is at least as old as the Cent 
Nouvelles Nouvelles, compiled between 
1450-1461, for the amusement of the 
dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XL 
(Notes and Queries, November 27, 1869). 

%* Farquhar parodies the French ex- 
pression into, " Soup for breakfast, soup 
for dinner, soup for supper, and soup for 
breakfast again." — Farquhar, The Incon- 
stant, iv. 2 (1702). 

Pere Duchesne (Le), Jacques 
Rene He'bert ; so called from the Pere 
Duchesne, a newspaper of which he was 
the editor (1755-1794). 

Peread (Sir), the Black Knight of 
the Black Lands. Called by Tennyson, 
" Night " or " Nox." He was one of the 
four brothers who kept the passages to 
Castle Perilous, and was overthrown by 
sir Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 126 (1470) ; Tennyson, 
Idylls ("Garetb and Lynette"). 

Peredur (Sir), son of Evrawc, called 
" sir Peredur of the Long Spear," one of 
the knights of the Round Table. He was 
for many years called " The Dumb 
Youth," from a vow he made to speak 
to no Christian till Angharad of the 
Golden Hand loved him better than she 
loved any other man. His great achieve- 
ments were : (1) the conquest of the Black 
Oppressor, " who oppressed every one 
and did justice to no one; (2) killing 
the Addanc of the Lake, a monster that 
devoured daily some of the sons of the 
king of Tortures : this exploit he was 
enabled to achieve by means of a stone 
which kept him invisible ; (3) slaying 
the three hundred heroes privileged to 
sit round the countess of the Achieve- 
ments : on the death of these men, the 
seat next the countess was freely given 
to him ; (4) the achievement of the 
Mount of Mourning, where was a serpent 
with a stone in its tail which would give 
inexhaustible wealth to its possessor: 
sir Peredur killed the serpent, but gave 
the stone to his companion, earl Etlym of 
the east country. These exploits over, 
sir Peredur lived fourteen years with the 
empress Cristinobyl the Great. 

Sir Peredur is the Welsh name for sir 
Perceval of Wales. — The Mobmogion 
(from the Ked Book of Hergest, twelfth 
century). 

Per'egrine (3 syl.), a sentimental 



PEREGRINE PICKLE. 



751 PERICLES PRINCE OF TYRE. 



prig, who talks by the book. At the age 
of 15, he runs away from home, and Job 
Thornberry lends him ten guineas, " the 
first earnings of his trade as a brazier." 
After thirty years' absence, Peregrine re- 
turns, just as the old brazier is made 
a bankrupt "through the treachery of a 
friend." He tells the bankrupt that his 
loan of ten guineas has by honest trade 
grown to 10,000, and these he returns to 
Thornberry as his own by right. It turns 
out that Peregrine is the eldest brother of 
sir Simon Rochdale, J.P., and when sir 
Simon refuses justice to the old brazier, 
Peregrine asserts his right to the estate, 
etc. At the same tim&, he hears that the 
ship he thought was wrecked has come 
safe into port, and has thus brought him 
£100,000.— G. Colman, junior, John Hull 
(1805). 

Peregrine Pickle, the hero and 
title of a novel by Smollett (1751). Pere- 
grine Pickle is a savage, ungrateful 
spendthrift, fond of practical jokes, and 
suffering with evil temper the misfortunes 
brought on himself by his own wilful- 
ness. 

Peregri'nus Proteus, a cynic phi- 
losopher, born at Parium, on the Helles- 
pont. After a youth spent in debauchery 
and crimes, he turned Christian, and, to 
obliterate the memory of his youthful ill 
practices, divided his inheritance among 
the people. Ultimately he burned him- 
self to death in public at the Olympic 
games, a.d. 165. Lucan has held up this 
immolation to ridicule in his Death of 
Peregrinus ; and C. M. Wieland has an 
historic romance in German entitled 
Peregrinus Proteus (1733-1813). 

Per'es {Gil), a canon, and the eldest 
brother of Gil Bias's mother. Gil was 
a little punchy man, three feet and a half 
high, with his head sunk between his 
shoulders. He lived well, and brought 
up his nephew and godchild Gil Bias. 
" In so doing, Peres taught himself also 
to read his breviary Avithout stumbling." 
He was the most illiterate canon of the 
whole chapter. — Lesage, Gil Bias, i. 
(1715). 

Perez (Michael), the "copper captain," 
a brave Spanish soldier, duped into 
marrying Estifania, a servant of intrigue, 
who passed herself off as a lady of 
i property. Being reduced to great ex- 
tremities, Estifania pawned the clothes 
and valuables of her husband ; but these 
"valuables" were but of little worth — a 
jewel which sparkled as the "light of a 



dark Ian thorn," a " chain of whitings' 
eyes " for pearls, and as for his clothes, 
she tauntingly says to her husband : 

Put these and them [hit jewels] on, and you're a man of 

copper, 
A copper, copper captain. 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Rule a Wife and 
Barns a Wife (1640). 

Perfidious Albion. Great Britain 
was so called by Napoleon I. 

Peri, plu. Peris, gentle, fairy-like 
beings of Eastern mythology, offspring 
of the fallen angels, and constituting a 
race of beings between angels and men. 
They direct with a wand the pure-minded 
the way to heaven, and dwell in Shadu'- 
kiam'and Am'bre-abad, two cities subject 
to Eblis, 

Are the peries coining down from their spheres ? 

W. Beckfurd, VttOtek (1786). 

Pe'riehole, the heroine of Offen- 
bach's comic operetta. She is a street 
singer of Lima, in Peru. 

Perichole (La), the cherc amie of the 
late viceroy of Peru. She was a foreigner, 
and gave great offence by calling, in her 
bad Spanish, the Creole ladies pericholas, 
which means " flaunting and bedizened 
creatures." They, in retaliation, nick- 
named the favourite La Perichole. 

Pericles, the Athenian who raised 
himself to royal supremacy (died B.C. 
429). On his death-bed he overheard his 
friends recalling his various merits, and 
told them they had forgotten his greatest 
praise, viz., that no Athenian through his 
administration had had to put on mourn- 
ing, i.e. he had caused no one to be put 
to death. 

Pericles was a famous man of warre . . . 

Yet at his death he rather did rejoice 

In clemencie. ... "Be still," quoth he, "you grave 

Athenians " 
(Wlio whispered and told his valiant acts) ; 
"You have forgot my greatest glorie got : 
For yet by me nor mine occasion 
Was never sene a mourning garment worn." 

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Per'icles prince of Tyre, a 

voluntary exile, in order to avert the 
calamities which Anti'ochus emperor 
of Greece vowed against the Tynans. 
Pericles, in his wanderings, first came to 
Tarsus, which he relieved from famine, 
but was obliged to quit the city to avoid 
the persecution of Antiochus. He was then 
shipwrecked, and cast on the shore of 
Pentap'olis, where he distinguished him- 
self in the public games, and being in- 
troduced to the king, fell in love with 
the princess Tha'is'a and married her. 
At the death of Antiochus, he returned to 
Tyre ; but his wife, supposed to be dead 



PERIGORT. 



752 



PERIWINKLE. 



in giving birth to a daughter (Marina), 
was thrown into the sea. Pericles en- 
trusted his infant child to Cleon (governor 
of Tarsus) and his wife Dionysia, who 
brought her up excellently well till she 
became a young woman, when Dionysia 
employed a man to murder her; and when 
Pericles came to see her, he was shown 
a splendid sepulchre which had been 
raised to her honour. On his return 
home, the ship stopped at Metaline, and 
Marina was introduced to Pericles to 
divert his melancholy. She told him the 
tale of her life, and he discovered that 
she was his daughter. Marina was now 
betrothed to Lysim'achus governor of 
Metaline ; and the party, going to the 
shrine of Diana of Ephesus to return 
thanks to the goddess, discovered the 
priestess to be Thai'sa, the wife of Pericles 
and mother of Marina. — Shakespeare, 
Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 

* + * This is the story of Ismene and 
Isrhehias, by Eustathius. The tale was 
known to Gower by the translation of 
Godfrey Viterbo. 

Perigort {Cardinal). Previoue to the 
battle of Poitiers, he endeavours to nego- 
tiate terms with the French king, but the 
only terms he can obtain, he tells prince 
Edward, are : 

That to the castles, towns, and plunder ta'en, 
And offered now by you to be restored, 
Your royal person with a hundred knights 
Are to be added prisoners at discretion. 
Shirley, Edward the Black Prince, iv. 2 (1640). 

Per'igot (the t pronounced, so as to 
rhyme with not), a shepherd in love 
with Am'oret ; but the shepherdess Ama- 
rillis also loves him, and, by the aid of 
the Sullen Shepherd, gets transformed 
into the exact likeness of the modest 
Amoret. By her wanton conduct, she 
disgusts Perigot, who casts her off ; and 
by and by, meeting Amoret, whom he 
believes to be the same person, rejects 
her with scorn, and even wounds her 
with intent to kill. Ultimately the truth 
is discovered by Cor'in "the faithful 
shepherdess," and the lovers, being re- 
conciled, are married to each other. — 
John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess 
(1610). 

Periklym'enos, son of Neleus (2 
syl.). lie had the power of changing his 
form into a bird, beast, reptile, or insect. 
As a bee, he perched on the chariot of 
Herakles {Hercules), and was killed. 

Peril'los, of Athens, made a brazen 
bull far Phai'aris tyrant of Agrigentum, 



intended for the execution of criminals. 
They were to be shut up in the bull, 
and the metal of the bull was to be made 
red hot. The cries of the victims inside 
were so reverberated as to resemble the 
roarings of a gigantic bull. Phalaris 
made the first experiment by shutting up 
the inventor himself in his own bull. 

What's a protector? 
A tragic actor, Caesar in a clown ; 
He's a brass farthing stamped with a crown ; 
A bladder blown with other breaths pulled full ; 
Not a Perillus, but Perrilus' bull. 
John Cleveland, A Definition of a Protector (died 1659). 

Perilous Castle. The castle of 
lord Douglas was so called in the reign 
of Edward I., because the good lord 
Douglas destroyed several English garri- 
sons stationed there, and vowed to be 
revenged on any one who dared to take 
possession of it. Sir W. Scott calls it 
"Castle Dangerous" in his novel so 
entitled. 

%* In the story of Gareth and Linet, 
the castle in wlrich Liones was held 
prisoner by sir Ironside the Red Knight 
of the Red Lands, was called Castle 
Perilous. The passages to the castle 
were held by four knights, all of whom 
sir Gareth overthrew ; lastly he conquered 
sir Ironside, liberated the lady, and 
married her. — Sir T. Malorv, History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 120-153 (1470). 

Perimo'nes (Sir), the Red Knight, 
one of the four brothers who kept the 
passages to Castle Perilous. He was 
overthrown by sir Gareth. Tennyson calls 
him "Noonday Sun" or "Meridies." — Sir 
T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 
129 (1470); Tennyson, Idylls ("Gareth 
and Lynette"). 

Per'ion, king of Gaul, father of 
Am'adis of Gaul. His "exploits and 
adventures " form part of the series called 
Le Roman des Romans. This part was 
added by Juan Diaz (lifteenth century). 

*** It is generally thought that "Gaul " 
in this romance is the same as Galis, that 
is, " Wales." 

Perissa, the personification of ex- 
travagance, step-sister of Elissa (mean- 
ness) and of Medi'na (the golden mean) ; 
but they never agreed in any single tiling. 
Perissa's suitor is sir Huddibras, a man 
"more huge in strength than wise in 
works." (Greek, perissos, "extravagant," 
perissotes, "excess.") — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, ii. 2 (1590). 

Per'iwmkle (jMK)» one °f the f° ur 
guardians of Anne Lovely the heiress. 



PERKER. 



753 



PERSEUS. 



He is a "silly, half-witted virtuoso, 
positive and surly ; fond of everything 
antique and foreign ; and wears clothes 
of the fashion of the last century. Mr. 
Periwinkle dotes upon travellers, and 
believes more of sir John Mandeville 
than of the Bible" (act i. 1). Colonel 
Feignwell, to obtain his consent to his 
marriage with Mr. Periwinkle's ward, 
disguised himself as an Egyptian, and 
passed himself off as a great traveller. 
11 is dress, he said, "belonged to the 
famous Claudius Ptolemeus, who lived 
in the year 135." One of his curiosities 
was polufiosboio, "part of those waves 
which bore Cleopatra's vessel, when she 
went to meet Antony." Another was the 
moros musphunon, or girdle of invisibility. 
His trick, however, miscarried, and he 
then personated Pillage, the steward of 
Periwinkle's father, and obtained Peri- 
winkle's signature to the marriage by a 
fluke. — Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold Stroke for 
a Wife (1717). 

Perker (Mr.), the lawyer employed 
for the defence in the famous suit of 
" Bardell v. Pickwick " for breach of 
promise. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick 
Papers (1836). 

Perkin Warbeck, an historic play 
or "chronicle history," by John Ford 
(1635). 

Pernelle (Madame), mother of Orgon ; 
a regular vixen, who interrupts every one, 
without waiting to hear what was to have 
been said to her. — Moliere, Tartujfe 
(1664). 

Peromelia, a pretty country lass, who 
changes places with an old decrepit queen. 
Peronella rejoices for a time in the 
idolatry paid to her rank, but gladly 
resumes her beauty, youth, and rags. — 
A Fairy Tale. 

Perrette and Her Milk-Pail. 
Perrette, carrying her milk-pail well- 
poised upon her head, began to specu- 
late on its value. She would sell the 
milk and buy eggs ; she would set 
the eggs and rear chickens ; the chickens 
she would sell and buy a pig ; this she 
would fatten and change for a cow and 
calf, and would it not be delightful to 
see the little calf skip and play? So 
saying, she gave a skip, let the milk-pail 
fall, and all the milk ran to waste. " Le 
lait tombe. Adieu, veau, veche, cochon, 
couve'e," and poor Perrette " va s'cxcuser 
a son mari, en grand danger d'etre 
Datue." 



Quel esprit no bat la canipaeme P 
Qui lie fait chateau en Kspagne? 
Picrochole \q.v.), Pyrrtrus, la laitierc, enfin tous, 
Atitant lea gages que les foils. . . . 
Quelque accident fait-il que je rentre en moi-ineme ; 
Je suis Gros-Jcan coniine (levant. 
Lafontaine, tablet ("La Laitiere et le Pot au Lait," 1668). 

(Dodsley has this fable, and makes 
his milkmaid speculate on the gown 
she would buy with her money. It 
should be green, and all the young 
fellows would ask her to dance, but she 
would toss her head at them all — but ah ! 
in tossing her head she tossed over her 
milk-pail.) 

*** Echephron, an old soldier, related 
this fable to the advisers of king Picro- 
chole, when they persuaded the king to 
go to war: A shoemaker bought a 
ha'p'orth of milk ; this he intended to 
make into butter, and with the money 
thus obtained he would buy a cow. The 
cow in due time would have a calf, the 
calf was to be sold, and the man when 
he became a nabob would marry a 
princess; only the jug fell, the mi Ik "was 
spilt, and the dreamer went supperless to 
bed. — Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 33 (1533). 

In a similar day-dream, Alnaschar in- 
vested all his money in a basket of glass- 
ware, which he intended to sell, and buy 
other wares, till by barter he became a 
princely merchant, when he should 
marry the vizier's daughter. Being 
offended with his wife, he became so 
excited that he kicked out his foot, 
smashed all his wares, and remained 
wholly pennyless. — Arabian Nights 
(" The Barber's Fifth Brother "). 

Perrin, a peasant, the son of Thibaut. 
— Moliere, Le Me'decin Malgre Lui (1666). 

Persaunt of India (Sir), the 
Blue Knight, called by Tennyson 
" Morning Star " or " Phosphorus." One 
of the four brothers who kept the passages 
to Castle Perilous. Overthrown by sir 
Gareth. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 131 (1470) ; Tennyson, Idylls 
(" Gareth and Lynette"). 

%* It is manifesth r a blunder to call 
the Blue Knight "Morning Star" and 
the Green Knight " Evening Star." The 
old romance makes the combat with the 
" Green Knight " at dawn, and with the 
"Blue Knight" at sunset. The error 
arose from not bearing in mind that our 
forefathers began the day with the pre- 
ceding eve, and ended it at sunset. 

Perseus [Per.suceJ, a famous Argive 
hero, whose exploits resemble those of 
Hercules, and hence he was called "The 
Argive Hercules." 

3 c 



PERSIAN CREED. 



754 



PETER. 



The best work of Benvennuto Cellini 
is a bronze statue of Perseus, in the 
Loggia del Lanzi, of Florence. 

Perseus' s Horse, a ship. Perseus, having 
cut off Medusa's head, made the ship Pe- 
gase, the swiftest ship hitherto known, and 
generally called "Perseus's flying horse." 

The thick-ribbed bark thro' liquid mountains cut . . . 
Like Perseus' horse. 
Shakespeare, 1'roilus and Cressida, act i. sc. 3 (1602). 

Persian Creed (The). Zoroaster 
supposes there are two gods or spirit- 
principles — one good and the other evil. 
The good is Yezad, and the evil Ahriman. 

Lcs mages reconnaissaient deux principes, un bon et 
un mauvais : le premier, auteur de tout bien ; et l'autre, 
auteur de tout mal. ... lis nomniaient le bon principe 
" Yezad" ou " Yezdam," ce que les Grecs, ont traduit par 
Orumazes ; et le niauvais " Ahriman," en Grec Ariman- 
nis. — Noel, Diet, de la fable, art. "Arimane." 

And that same . . . doctrine of the Persian 
Of the two principles, but leaves behind 
As manv doubts as any other doctrine. 

Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 41 (1824). 

Perth (The Fair Maid of), Catharine 
or Katie Glover, " universally acknow- 
ledged to be the most beautiful young 
woman of the city or its vicinity." 
Catharine was the daughter of Simon 
Glover (the glover of Perth), and 
married Henry Smith the armourer. — 
Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Pertinax (Sir). (See MacSyco- 
phant.) 

Pertolope (Sir), the Green Knight. 
One of the four brothers who kept the 
passages to Castle Perilous. He was 
overthrown by sir Gareth. Tennyson 
calls him " Evening Star " or " Hesperus." 
— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 127 (1470) ; Tennyson, Idylls 
(" Gareth and Lynette"). 

*** It is evidently a blunder to call 
the Green Knight " Evening Star" and 
the Blue Knight " Morning Star." In the 
original tale the combat with the "Green 
Knight " was at dawn, and with the 
"Blue Knight" at sunset. The error 
arose from not recollecting that day began 
in olden times with the preceding eve, 
and ended at sunset. 

Perviz (Prince), son of the sultan 
Khrosrou-schar of Persia. At birth he 
was taken away by the sultana's sisters, 
and set adrift on a canal, but was rescind 
and brought up by the superintendent of 
the sultan's gardens. When grown to 
manhood, "the talking bird"' told the 
sultan that Perviz was his son, and the 
young prince, with his brother and 
sister, were restored to their rank and 



position in the empire of Persia. — 
Arabian Nights (" The Two Sisters," the 
last tale). 

Prince Perviz' s String of Pearls. When 
prince Perviz went on his exploits, he 
gave his sister Parizade a string of pearls, 
saying, "So long as these pearls move 
readily on the string, you will know that 
I am alive and well ; but if they stick 
fast and will not move, it will signify 
that lam dead." — Arabian Nights (" The 
Two Sisters," the last tale). 

*** Birtha's emerald ring, and prince 
Bahman's knife gave similar warnings. 
(See Birtha and Bahmas.) 

Pescec'ola, the famous swimmer 
drowned in the pool of Charybdis. The 
tale tells us how Pescecola dived once 
into the pool and came up safe ; but king 
Frederick then threw into the pool a 
golden cup, which Pescecola dived for, 
and was never seen again. — Schiller, The 
Diver (1781). 

Pest (Mr.), a barrister.— Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Pet, a fair girl with rich brown hair 
hanging free in natural ringlets. A 
lovely girl, with a free, frank face, and 
most wonderful eyes — so large, so soft, so 
bright, and set to perfection in her kind, 
good face. She was round, and fresh, 
and dimpled, and spoilt, most charmingly 
timid, most bewitchingly self-willed. She 
was the daughter of Mr. Meagles, and 
married Henrv Gowan. — C. Dickens, 
Little Dorrit (1*857). 

Petaud (King), king of the beggars. 

It is an old saying," replied the abbe Huet, " Petaud 



being derived from the Latin peio, ' 1 beg.' 
Cbristi. ii. 



-Atylum 



T/ie court of king Petaud, a disorderly 
assembly, a place of utter confusion, a 
bear-garden. 

On n'y respecte rien, chacun y parle hnut, 
Et e'est tout justement la cour du roi Petaud. 

Moliere. Tartuffe, i. 1 (1«&4). 
La cour du roi Petaud, ou chacun est maitre.— French 



Petella, the waiting-woman of Rosa- 
lura and Lillia-Bianca, the two daughters 
of Nan tolet.— Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Wild-goose Chase (1052). 

Peter, the stupid son of Solomon 
butler of the count Wintersen. He gro- 
tesquely parrots in an abridged form 
whatever his father says. Thus : Sol. 
"We are acquainted with the reverence 
due to exalted personages." l\t. " Yes, 
we are acquainted with exalted per- 
sonages." Again : Sol. " Extremely 



PETER. 



755 PETIT PERROQUET. 



sorry it is not in my power to entertain 
your lordship." Pet. " Extremely sorry." 
Sol. "Your lordship's most obedient, 
humble, and devoted servant." Pet. 
44 Devoted servant." — Benjamin Thomp- 
son, The Stramjcr (1797). 

Peter, the pseudonym of John Gibson 
Lookhart, in a work entitled Peter's 
Letters to his Kinsfolk (1819). 

Peter (Lord), the pope of Rome. — 
Dean Swift, Talc of a Tub (1704). 

Peter Botte, a steep, almost per- 
pendicular "mountain" in the Mauritius, 
more than 2800 feet in height. It is so 
called from Peter Botte, a Dutch sailor, 
who scaled it and fixed a flag on its sum- 
mit, but lost his life in coming down. 

Peter Parley, the nom de plume of 
Samuel G. Goodrich, an American, whose 
books for children had an enormous cir- 
culation in the middle of the nineteenth 
century (1793-1800). 

The name was pirated by numerous 
persons. Darton and Co., Sim kins, Bogue, 
Tegg, Hodson, Clements, etc., brought 
out books under the name, but not written 
by S. G. Goodrich. 

Peter Peebles, a litigious, hard- 
hearted drunkard, noted for his lawsuit. 
— Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Peter Pindar, the pseudonym of 
Dr. John Wolcot, of Dodbrooke, Devon- 
shire (1738-1819). 

Peter Plymley's Letters, attri- 
buted to the Rev. bvdnev Smith (1769- 
1845). 

Peter Porcupine, William Cobbett, 
when he was a tory. He brought out 
Peter Porcupine's Gazette, The Porcupine 
Papers, etc. (1762-1835). 

Peter Wilkins, the hero of a tale 
of adventures, by Robert Pultock, of 
Clifford's Inn. His "flying women" 
(gawreys) suggested to Southey the 
44 glendoveer " in The Curse of Kehama. 

Peter of Provence and the 
Pair Magalo'na, the chief characters 
of a French romance so called. Peter 
comes into possession of Merlin's wooden 
horse. 

Peter the Great of Egypt, 

Mehemet Ali (1768-1848). 

Peter the Hermit, a gentleman of 
Amiens, who renounced the military life 
for the religious. He preached up the 



first crusade, and put himself at the head 
of 100,000 men, all of whom, except a 
few stragglers, perished at Nicea. 

He is introduced by Tasso in Jerusalem 
Delivered ( 1575) ; and by sir W. Scott in 
Count Robert of Paris, a novel laid in the 
time of Rufus. A statue was erected to 
him at Amiens in 1854. 

Peter the Wild Boy, a savage 
discovered in November, 1725, in the 
forest of Hertswold, Hanover. He 
walked on all fours, climbed trees like a 
monkey, ate grass and other herbage. 
Efforts were made to reclaim him, but 
without success. He died Februarv, 
1785. 

Peter's Gate (St.), the gate of pur- 
gatory, guarded by an angel stationed 
there by St. Peter. Virgil conducted 
Dante through hell and purgatory, and 
Beatrice was his guide through the 
planetary spheres. Dante says to the 
Mantuan bard : 

. . . lead me, 
Tli:it I St. Peter's gate may view . . . 
Onward lie \_\'iryil\ moved, 1 close his steps pursued. 
Dante, //ell, i. (1300). 

Peterborough, in Northampton- 
shire ; so called from Peada (son of 
Pendar king of Mercia), who founded 
here a monastery in the seventh century. 
In 1541 the monastery (then a mitred 
abbey) was converted by Henry VIII. 
into a cathedral and bishop's see. Before 
Peada's time, Peterborough was a village 
called Medhamsted. — See Drayton, Poly- 
olbion, xxiii. (1622). 

Peterloo (The Field of), au attack of 
the military on a reform meeting held in 
St. Peter's Field, at Manchester, August 
16, 1819. 

Peterson, a Swede, who deserts from 
Gustavus Vasa to Christian II. king of 
Denmark. — H. Brooke, Gustavus Vasa 
(1730). 

Petit Andre, executioner.— Sir W. 
Scott, Quentin Duricard (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Petit Perroquet, a king's gardener, 
with whom the king's daughter fell in 
love. It so happened that a prince was 
courting the lady, and, being jealous of 
Petit Perroquet, said to the king that the 
3'oung man boasted he could bring hither 
Tartaro's horse. Now Tartaro was a 
Luge giant and a cannibal. Petit Perro- 
quet, however, made himself master of 
the horse. The prince next told the king 
that the young gardener boasted tie could 



PETO. 



756 



PEVERIL. 



get possession of the giant's diamond. 
This he also contrived to make himself 
master of. The prince then told the king 
that the young man boasted he could bring 
hither the giant himself ; and the way he 
accomplished the feat was to cover him- 
self first with honey, and then with 
feathers and horns. Thus disguised, he 
told the giant to get into the coach he 
was driving, and he drove him to the 
king's court, and then married the prin- 
cess. — Rev. W. AVebster, Basque Legends 
(1877). 

Pe'to, lieutenant of "captain" sir 
John Falstaff's regiment. Pistol was his 
ensign or ancient, and Bardolph his cor- 
poral. — Shakespeare, 1 and 2 Henry IV. 
(1597-8). 

Petow'ker (Miss Henrietta), of the 
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. She mar- 
ries Mr. Lillyvick, the collector of water- 
rates, but elopes with an officer. — C. 
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Petrarch {The English). Sir Philip 
Sidney (1554-1586) is so called by sir 
Walter Raleigh. 

Petrarch and Laura. Laura was 
a lady of Avignon, the wife of Hugues 
de Sade, ne'e Laura de Noves, the mistress 
of the poet Petrarch. (See Laura and 
Petrarch.) 

Petrarch of Spain, Garcilaso de 
la Vega, born at Toledo (1530-1568, or 
according to others, 1503-1536). 

Petrified City (The), Ishmonie, in 
Upper Egypt. So called from the num- 
ber of statues seen there, and tradi- 
tionally said to be men, women, children, 
and dumb animals turned into stone. — 
Kircher, Mundus Subterraneus (1664). 

Petro'nius (C. or T.), a kind of 
Roman "beau Brummell " in the court 
of Nero. He was a great voluptuary and 
profligate, whom Nero appointed Arbiter 
■Elegantim, and considered nothing comme 
il faut till it had received the sanction of 
this dictator-in-chicf of the imperial 
pleasures. Tigollinus accused him of 
treason, and Petronius committed suicide 
by opening his veins (a.d. 06). 

Behold the new Petronius of the day, 

Tin' arbiter of pleasure and of piny. 

Byron, SnglUth Bard* and Scotch Roviewen (1809). 

Petruccio = Pe.truch'.e.o, governor 
of Bologna.— Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Chances (1620). 

Petru'chio, a gentleman of Vero'na, 
who undertakes to tame the haughty 



Katharina, called " the Shrew." He 
marries her, and without the least per- 
sonal chastisement reduces her to lamb- 
like submission. Being a fine compound 
of bodily and mental vigour, with plenty 
of wit, spirit, and good-nature, he rules 
his subordinates dictatorially, and shows 
he will have his own way, whatever the 
consequences. — Shakespeare, Taming of 
the Shrew (1594). 

C. Leslie says Henry Woodward (1717- 
1777) was the best "Petruchio," "Cop- 
per Captain," " captain Plash," and 
"Bobadil." 

Beaumont and Fletcher wrote a comedy 
called The Tamer Tamed, in which 
Petruchio is supposed to marry a second 
wife, by whom he is hen-pecked (1647). 

Petticoat Lane, Whitechapel, was 
previously called " Hog Lane," and is 
now called " Middlesex Street." 

Petty Cury, in Cambridge, is not 
petit eeurie, but " parva cokeria ; " petit 
curary, from curare, "to cook or cure 
meat." ^ 

Pet'ulant, an "odd sort of small 
wit," "without manners or breeding." 
In controversy he would bluntly contra- 
dict, and he never spoke the truth. 
When in his "club," in order to be 
thought a man of intrigue, he would steal 
out quietly, and then in disguise return 
and call for himself, or leave a letter for 
himself. He not unfrequently mistook 
impudence and malice for wit, and looked 
upon a modest blush in woman as a mark 
of "guilt or ill-breeding." — W. Con- 
greve, The Way of the World (1700). 

Peu-a-Peu. So George IV. called 
prince Leopold. Stein, speaking of the 
prince's vacillating conduct in reference 
to the throne of Greece, says of him, 
" He has no colour," i.e. no fixed plan of 
his own, but is blown about by every 
wind. 

Peveril ( William), natural son of 
William the Conqueror, and ancestor of' 
Peveril of the Peak. 

Sir Geoffrey Peveril, a cavalier, called 
" Peveril of the Peak." 

Lady Margaret Peveril, wife of sir 
Geoffrey. 

Julian Peveril, son of sir Geoffrey ; in 
love with Alice Bridgenorth. lie was 
named by the author after Julian Young, 
son of the famous actor. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles IL). 

" Whom is lie called after'.'" -aid Scott " It is a (mirf 

name," sjiid Young; " in mempriam i f his mother, Julia 



PEVERIL OF THE PEAK. 



r»7 



PHARAOH. 



Ann." " Well, it is a capital name for a novel, I must 
say,'" he replied. In the very next novel by the author of 
Waveriey, the hero's name is "Julian." I allude, of 
course, to Peoeril of the Feak.—i. Young, Memoirs, 91. 

Peveril of the Peak, the longest 
of all sir W. Scott's novels, and the most 
heavy (1823). 

Phaedra, daughter of Minos, and 
wife of Theseus. (See Phedre.) 

Phaedra, waiting-woman of Alcme'na 
(wife of Aniphit'ryon). A type of venality 
of the lowest and grossest kind. Phaedra 
is betrothed to judge Gripus, a stupid 
magistrate, ready to sell justice to the 
highest bidder. Neither Phaedra nor 
Gripus forms any part of the dramatis 
persona: of Moliere's Amphitryon (1668). 
— Dryden, Amphitryon (1690). 

Phaedria, the impersonation of 
wantonness. She is handmaid of the 
enchantress Acrasia, and sails about Idle 
Lake in a gondola. Seeing sir Guyon, 
she ferries him across the lake to the 
floating island, where he is set upon by 
Cymoch'les. Phaedria interposes, and 
ferries sir Guyon (the Knight Tem- 
perance) over the lake again. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, ii. (1590). 

Pha'eton (3 syl.), son of Helios and 
Clymene. He obtained leave to drive his 
father's sun-car for one day, but was 
overthrown, and nearly set the world on 
fire. Jove or Zeus (1 syl.) struck him 
with a thunderbolt for his presumption, 
and cast him into the river Po. 

Phal'aris, tyrant of Agrigentum, in 
Sicily. When Perillos, the brass-founder 
of Athens, brought to him a brazen bull, 
and told the tyrant it was intended for 
the punishment of criminals, Phaliiris 
inquired into its merits. Perillos said 
the victim was to be enclosed in the bull, 
and roasted alive, by making the figure 
red hot. Certain tubes were so con- 
structed as to make the groans of the 
victim resemble the bellowings of a mad 
bull. The tyrant much commended the 
ingenuity, and ordered the invention to 
be tried on Perillos himself. 

Letters of Phalaris, certain apocryphal 
letters ascribed to Phalaris the tyrant, 
and published at Oxford, in 1718, by 
Charles Boyle. There was an edition in 
1777 by Walekenaer ; another in 1823 by 
G. H. Schaefer, with notes by Boyle and 
others. Bentley maintained that the 
letters were forgeries, and no doubt 
Bentley was right. 



Phallas, the horse of Heraclins. 
(Greek, phalios, " a grey horse.'') 

Phantom Ship {The), Carhnilhan 
or Carmilhan, the phantom ship on which 
the kobold of the Cape sits, when he 
appears to doomed vessels. 

. . . that phantom shin, whose form 
Shoot* like a meteor thro' the storm . . . 
And well the doomed spectators km,w 
Tb harbinger of wreck and woe. 

Sir W. Scolt, llokeby. iL 11 (1812). 

Pha'oil, a young man who loved 
Claribel, but, being told that she was 
unfaithful to him, watched her. He saw, 
as he thought, Claribel holding an assig- 
nation with some one he supposed to be a 
groom. Returning home, he encountered 
Claribel herself, and "with wrathful] 
hand he slew her innocent." On the trial 
for murder, "the lady" was proved to 
be Claribel's servant. Phaon would have 
slain her also, but while he was in pur- 
suit of her he was attacked by Furor. — 
Spenser, Fairy Queen, ii. 4, 28, etc. 
(1590). 

%* Shakespeare's Much Ado about 
Nothimj is a similar story. Both are 
taken from a novel by Belleforest, copied 
from one by Bandello. Ariosto, in his 
Orlando Furioso, has introduced a similar 
story (bk. v.), and Turbervil's Geneura is 
the same tale. 

Pharamond, king of the Franks, 
who visited, incoynito, the court of king 
Arthur, to obtain by his exploits a place 
among the knights of the Round Table. 
He was the son of Marcomir, and father 
of Clodion. 

Calprenede has an heroic romance so 
called, which (like his Cleopatra and 
Cassandra) is a Roman de Lonyue Haleine 
(1612-1666). 

Phar'amond, prince of Spain, in the 
drama called Philaster or Love Lies a- 
bleedimj, by Beaumont and Fletcher 
(date uncertain, probably about 1662). 

Pharaoh, the titular name of all the 
Egyptian kings till the time of Solomon, 
as "the Roman emperors took the titular 
name of Caesar. After Solomon's time, 
the titular name Pharaoh never occurs 
alone, but only as a forename, as Pharaoh 
Necho, Pharaoh Hophra, Pharaoh Shi- 
shak. After the division of Alexander's 
kingdom, the kings of Egypt were all 
called Ptolemy, generally with some dis- 
tinctive aftername, as Ptolemy Phila- 
delphos, Ptolemy Euergetes, Ptolemy 
Philop&tor, etc. — Selden, Titles of Honour, 
v. 50 (1614). 



PHARAOH. 



758 



PHARSALIA. 



Pharaohs before Solomon (mentioned in 
the Old Testament) : 

1. Pharaoh contemporary with Abraham 
{Gen. xii. 15). I think this was Osirtesen 
I. (dynasty xii.). 

2. The good Pharaoh who advanced 
Joseph (Gen. xii.). I think this was 
Apophis (one of the Hyksos). 

3. The Pharaoh who ''knew not Joseph" 
(Exod. i. 8). 1 think this was Amen'- 
ophis I. (dynasty xviii.). The king at 
the flight of Moses, I think, was Thoth- 
mes II. 

4. The Pharaoh drowned in the Red 
Sea. As this was at least eighty years 
after the persecutions began, probably 
this was another king. Some say it was 
Menephthes son of Ram'eses II., but it 
seems quite impossible to reconcile the 
account in Exodus with any extant his- 
torical account of Egypt (Exod. xiv. 28). 
(?) Was it Thothmes III. ? 

5. The Pharaoh who protected Hadad 
(1 Kings xi. 19). 

6. The Pharaoh whose daughter Solomon 
married (I Kings iii. 1 ; ix. 16). I think 
this was Psusennes I. (dynasty xxi.). 

Pharaohs after Solomon's time (men- 
tioned in the Old Testament) : 

1. Pharaoh Shishak, who warred against 
Relioboam (1 Kings xiv. 25, 26 ; 2 Chron. 
xii. 2). 

2. The Pharaoh called " So " king of 
Egypt, with whom Hoshea made an alli- 
ance (2 Kings xvii. 4). 

3. The Pharaoh who made a league with 
Hezekiah against Sennacherib. He is 
called Tirhakah (2 Kings xviii. 21 •, xix. 
9). 

4. Pharaoh Necho, who warred against 
Josiah (2 Kings xxiii. 29, etc.). 

5. Pharaoh Hophra, the ally of Zede- 
kiah. Said to be Pharaoh Apries, who 
was strangled, B.C. 569-525 (Jer. xliv. 
30). 

%* Bunsen's solution of the Egyptian 
dynasties cannot possibly be correct. 
Pharaohs noted in romance : 

1. Cheops or Suphis I., who built the 
great pyramid (dynasty iv.). 

2. Cephrenes or Suphis II. his brother, 
who built the second pyramid. 

3. Mencheres, his successor, who built 
the most beautiful, though not the largest, 
of the pyramids. 

4. Memnon or A-menophis III., whose 
musical statue is so celebrated (dynasty 
xviii.). 

5. Sethos I. the Great, whose tomb was 
discovered by Belzoni (dynasty xix.). 

C. Sethos II., called "Proteus," who 



detained Helen and Paris in Egypt (dy- 
nasty xix.). 

7. Phuoris or Thuoris, who Bent aid to 
Priam in the siege of Troy. 

8. Rampsinltus or Rameses Neter, the 
miser, mentioned by Herodotos (dynasty 
xx.). 

9. Osorthon IV. (or Osorkon), the 
Egyptian Hercules (dynasty xxiii.). 

Pharaoh's Daughter. The daugh- 
ter of Pharaoh who brought up Moses 
was Bathia. 

Bathia, the daughter of Pharaoh, came attended by her 
maidens, and entering the water she chanced to see the 
box of bulrushes, and, pitying the infant, she rescued him 
from death.— The Talmud, vi. 

Pharaoh's Wife, Asia daughter of 
Mozahem. Her husband cruelly tor- 
mented her because she believed in Moses. 
He fastened her hands and feet to four 
stakes, and laid a millstone on her as she 
lay in the hot sun with her face upwards ; 
but angels shaded off the sun with their 
wings, and God took her, without dying, 
into paradise. — Sale, Al Koran, lxvi. 
note. 

Among women, four have been perfect : Asia, wife of 
Pharaoh; Mary, daughter of Imraii ; Khadljah, daughter 
of Khowailed, Mahomet's first wife; and Fatima, Ma- 
homet's daughter. — Attributed to Mahomet. 

%* There is considerable doubt re- 
specting the Pharaoh meant — whether the 
Pharaoh whose daughter adopted Moses, 
or the Pharaoh who was drowned in the 
Red Sea. The tale suits the latter king far 
better than it does the first. 

Pharian Fields, Egypt; so called 
from Pharos, an island on the Egyptian 
coast, noted for its lighthouse. 

And passed from Pharian fields to Cana&n land. 

Miltou. Psalm adv. (iC23). 

Pharsa'lia (The), a Latin epic in 
ten books, by Lucan, the subject being 
the fall and death of Pompe}'. It opens 
with the passage of Caesar across the 
Rubicon. This river formed the boundary 
of his province, and his crossing it was 
virtually a declaration of war (bk. i.). 
Pompey is appointed by the senate 
general" of the army to oppose him (bk. 
v.) ; Caesar retreats to Thessaly ; Pompey 
follows (bk. vi.), and both prepare for 
war. Pompey, being routed in the battle 
of Pharsalia, flees (bk. vii.), and seeking 
protection in Egypt, is met by Achillas 
the Egyptian general, who murders him, 
cuts oft' his head, and casts his body into 
the sea (bk. viii.). Cato leads the residue 
of Pompey's army to Cyrene, in Africa 
(bk. ix.) ; andCiesar, in pursuit of Pompey, 
landing at Alexandria, is hospitably enter- 



PHEASANT. 



759 



PHILANDER. 



tained by Cleopatra (bk. x.). While here, 
he tarries in luxurious dalliance, the 
palace is besieged by Egyptians, and 
Caesar with difficulty escapes to Pharos. 
He is closely pursued, hemmed in on all 
sides, and leap3 into the sea. With his 
imperial robe held between his teeth, 
his commentaries in his left hand, and 
his sword in his right, he buffets with the 
waves. A thousand javelins are hurled 
at him, but touch him not. He swims 
for empire, he swims for life ; 'tis Caesar 
and his fortunes that the waves bear on. 
He reaches his fleet ; is received by his 
«» ddiers with thundering applause. The 
stars in their courses fought for Cassar. 
The sea-gods were with him, and Egypt 
with her host was a by-word and a 
scorn. 

%* Bk. ix. contains the account of 
the African serpents, by far the most 
celebrated passage of the whole poem. 
The following is a pretty close translation 
of the serpents themselves. It would 
have occupied too much room to give 
their onslaught also : — 

Here all the serpent deadly brood appears : 
First the dull Asp its swelling neck uprears ; 
The huge Hemor'rhois, vampire of the blood ; 
Chersy'ders, that pollute both field and flood; 
The Water-serpent, tyrant of the lake ; 
The hooded Cobra ; and the Plantain snake ; 
Here with distended jaws the Prester strays ; 
And Seps, whose bite both flesh and bone decays ; 
The Amphisbiena with its double head, 
One on the neck, and one of tail instead ; 
The horned Cerastes ; and the Hammodyte, 
Whose sandy hue might balk the keenest sight ; 
A feverish thirst betrays the Dipsas' sting; 
The Scyt&la. its slough that casts in spring; 
The Natrix here the crystal stream pollutes ; 
Swift thro' the air the venomed Javelin shoots ; 
Here the Pareas, moving on its tail, 
Marks in the sand its progress by its trail ; 
The speckled Cenchris darts its devious way, 
Its skin with spots as Theban marble gay ; 
The hissing Sib. la ; and Basilisk, 
With whom no living thing its life would risk. 
Where'er it moves none else would dare remain, 
Tyrant alike and terror of the plain. 

E.C.B. 

In this battle Pompey had 45,000 
legionaries, 7000 horse, and a large 
number of auxiliaries. Caesar had 22,000 
legionaries, and 1000 horse. Pompey's 
battle cry was Hercules invictus ! That 
of Caesar was Venus victrix 1 Caesar won 
the battle. 

Pheasant. So called from Phasis, a 
stream of the Black Sea. 

There was formerly at the fort of Poti a preserve of 
pheasants, which birds derive their European name from 
the river Phasis (the present Kion).— Lieut. -General Mon- 
teith. 

Phebe (2 syl.), a shepherdess beloved 
by the shepherd Silvius. While Rosalind 
was in boy's clothes, Phebe fell in love 
with the stranger, and made a proposal 



of marriage ; but when Rosalind ap- 
peared in her true character, and gave 
her hand to Orlando, Phebe was content 
to accept her old love Silvius. — Shake- 
speare, As You Like It (1600). 

Phedre (or Ph.kdra), daughter of 
Minos king of Crete, and wife of The- 
seus. She conceivod a criminal love for 
Hippolytos her step-son, and, being re- 
pulsed by him, accused him to her hus- 
band of attempting to dishonour her. 
Hippolytos was put to death, and Phaedra, 
wrung with remorse, strangled herself. 

This has been made the subject of tra- 
gedy by Eurip'ides in Greek, Sen'eca in 
Latin, Racine in French (1677). "Phe'dre" 
was the great part of Mdlle. Rachel ; 
she first appeared in this character in 
1838. 

(Pradon, under the patronage of the 
duchesse de Bouillon and the due de 
Nevers, produced, in 1677, his tragedy of 
Pke'dre in opposition to that of Racine. 
The duke even tried to hiss down 
Racine's play, but the public judgment 
was more powerful than the duke ; and 
while it pronounced decidedly for Ra- 
cine's chef d'eeuvre, it had no tolerance 
for Pradon's production.) 

Phelis " the Fair," the wife of sir 
Guy earl of Warwick. 

Phid'ias (The French), (1) Jean 
Goujon ; also called " The Correggio of 
Sculptors." He was slain in the St. 
Bartholomew Massacre (1510-1572). (2) 
J. B. Pigalle (1714-1785). 

Phil (Little), the lad of John Davies 
the old fisherman. — Sir W. Scott, Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Philaniinte (3 syl.), wife of Chry- 
sale the bourgeois, and mother of Ar- 
mande, Henriette, Ariste, and Belise. — 
Moliere, L,es Femmes Savantes (1672). 

Philan'der, of Holland, was a guest 
at the house of Arge'o baron of Servia, 
and the baron's wife Gabri'na fell in love 
with him. Philander fled the house, and 
Gabrina told her husband he had abused 
her, and had fled out of fear of him. 
He was pursued, overtaken, and cast 
into a dungeon. One day, Gabrina 
visited him there, and asked him to 
defend her against a wicked knight. 
This he undertook to do, and Gabrina 
posted him in a place where he could 
make his attack. Philander slew the 
knight, but discovered that it was Argeo. 
Gabrina now declared she would give 



PHILANDER. 



"GO 



PHILIPPE EGALITE. 



him up to justice, unless he married h«r ; 
and Philander, to save his life, did so. 
But in a very short time the infamous 
woman tired of her toy, and cut him off 
hy poison. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Philan'der, a male coquet ; so called 
from Philander the Dutch knight, men- 
tioned above, who coquetted with Ga- 
brina. To " philander " is to wanton or 
make licentious love to a woman ; to 
toy. 

Yes, 111 baste vou together, you and your Philander. 
— W. Congreve, The Way of the World (1700). 

Philan'der, prince of Cyprus, passion- 
ately in love with the princess Ero'ta. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Laws of 
Candy (1647). 

Philanthropist (The), John How- 
ard (1726-1790). 

Philario, an Italian, at whose house 
Posthu'mus made his silly wager with 
Iachimo. (See Posthumus.) — Shake- 
speare, Cymbeline (1605). 

Phila'rio, an Italian improvisatore, 
who remained faithful to Fazio even in 
disgrace. — Dean Milman, Fazio (1815). 

Philaster (Prince), heir to the crown 
of Messi'na. Euphra'sia, who was in 
love with Philaster, disguised herself as 
a boy, and assuming for the nonce the 
name of Bellario, entered the prince's 
service. Philaster, who was in love with 
the princess Arethu'sa, transferred Bel- 
lario to her service, and then grew jealous 
of Arethusa's love for the young page. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster or Love 
Lies a-bl ceding (? 1622). 

There is considerable resemblance be- 
tween Euphrasia and " Viola" in Twelfth 
Night (Shakespeare, 1614). 

Philax, cousin of the princess Imis. 
The fay Pagan shut them up in the 
"Palace of Revenge," a superb crystal 
palace, containing every delight except 
the power of leaving it. In the course 
of a few years, Imis and Philax longed 
as much for a separation as at one time 
they had wished for a union. — Comtesse 
D'Aunov, Fairy Tales ("Palace of Re- 
venge,"*1682). 

Phile'mon (3 syl.), an aged rustic, 
who, with his wife Baucis, hospitably re- 
ceived Jupiter and Mercury, after every 
one else had refused to receive them. 
The gods sent an inundation to destroy 
the inhospitable people, but saved 
P.Miieis and Philemon, and converted 



their cottage into a magnificent temple. 
At their own request, the aged couple 
died on the same day, and were changed 
into two trees, which stood before the 
temple. — Greek Mythology. 

Philinte (2 syl.), friend of Alceste 
(2 syl.). — Moliere, Le Misanthrope (1666). 

Philip, father of William Swidger. 
His favourite expression was, " Lord, 
keep my memorv green. I am 87." — C. 
Dickens, The Haunted Man (1848). 

Philip, the butler of Mr. Peregrine 
Lovcl ; a hypocritical, rascally servant, 
who pretends to be most careful of his 
master's property, but who in reality 
wastes it most recklessly, and enriches 
himself with it most unblushingly. 
Being found out, he is summarily dis- 
missed. — Rev. J. Townley, .High Life 
Below Stairs (1759). 

Philip (Father), sacristan of St. Mary's. 
— Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Philip Augustus, king of France, 
introduced by sir W. Scott in The lalis- 
man (time, Richard I.). 

Philip Nye, brought up for the 
Anglican Church, but became a presby- 
terian, and afterwards an independent. 
He was noted for the cut of his beard. 

Tliis reverend brother, like a goat. 
Did wear a tail upon his throat . 
But set in such a curious frame. 
As if 'twere wrought in filograin. 
And cut so even, as if 't had been 
Drawn with a pen upon his chin. 
S. Butler, On Philip Aye'* Thankxjiving Beard (1652) 

Philip Quarl, a castaway sailor, 
who becomes a hermit. His "man 
Friday " is a chimpanzee.— Philip Quarly 
(1727). 

Philip's Four Daughters. We 
are told, in Acts xxi. 9, that Philip the 
deacon or evangelist had four daughters 
which did prophesy. 

Helen, the mother of great Constantino, 
Nor yet St. Philip's daughters, were like thee [Joan of 
Arc]. 

Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. S (1539). 

Philippe, a parched and haggard 
wretch, infirm and bent beneath a pile 
of years, yet shrewd and cunning, greedy 
of gold, malicious, and looked on by the 
common people as an imp of darkness. 
It was this old villain who told Thanc- 
mar that the provost of Bruges was the 
son of a serf on Thancmar's estates. — S. 
Knowles, The J'ruvost of Bruges (1836). 

Philippe Egalite (4 syl_.), Louis 
Philippe due d'Orleans (1747-1798). 



PHILIPSON. 



761 PHILOSOPHER OF WIMBLEDON. 



Philipson (The elder), John carl of 
Oxford, an exiled Lancastrian, who goes 
to France disguised as a merchant. 

Arthur Philipson, sir Arthur de Vere, 
son of the earl of Oxford, -whom he 
accompanies to the court of king Rene' 
of Provence. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Phil'isides (3 syl.), sir Philip Sidney 
(1554-1586). 

It was the harp of Phil'isides, now dead. . . . 

And now in heaven a tigu it doth appear. 

The Harp well known beside the Northern Bear. 

Spenser, The Autos of Time (1601). 

%* Phili[p] Sid[ney'], with the Greek 
termination, makes Phili-sides. Bishop 
Hall calls the word Phil-is' -ides : " Which 
sweet Philis'ides fetched of late from 
France." 

Philistines, the vulgar rich, the 
pretentiously genteel not in "society," 
the social snobs, distinguished for their 
much iewellery and loud finer)'. 

Demonstrative and offensive whiskers, which are the 
special inheritance of the British Philistines. — Mrs. 
Oliphant, 1'hmbe, Junr., i. 2. 

Phillips (Jessie), the title and chief 
character of a novel by Mrs. Trollope, 
the object being an attack on the new 
poor-law system (18-43). 

Phillis, a drama written in Spanish 
by Lupercio Leonardo of Argensola. — 
Cervantes, Don Quixote (1605-15). 

Phillis, a pastoral name for a maiden. 

Where Corydon and Thjrsis, met, 
Are at their savoury dinner set. 
Of herbs and other country messes. 
Which the neat-handed Phillis dresses. 

Milton. L' Allegro (I63S). 

Phillis, "the Exigent," asked " Damon 
thirty sheep for a kiss ; " next day, she 
promised him " thirty kisses for a 
sheep ; " the third day, she would have 
given "thirty sheep for a kiss;" and 
the fourth day, Damon bestowed his 
kisses for nothing on Lizette. — C. Riviere 
Dufresny, La Coquette de Village (1715). 

Philo, a Pharisee, one of the Jewish 
sanhedrim, who hated Caiaphas the high 
priest for being a Sadducee. Philo made 
a vow in the judgment hall, that he 
would take no rest till Jesus was 
numbered with the dead. In bk. xiii. he 
commits suicide, and his soul is carried 
to hell by Obaddon the angel of death. — 
Klopstock, The Messiah, iv. (1771). 

Philoc'lea, that is, lady Penelope 
Devereux, with whom sir Philip Sidney 
was in love. The lady married another, 



and sir Philip transferred his affections 
to Frances Walsingham, eldest daughter 
of sir Francis Walsingham. 

Philocte'tes (4 syl.), one of the 
Argonauts, who was wounded in the 
foot while on his way to Troy. An 
oracle declared to the Greeks that Troy 
could not be taken "without the arrows 
of Hercules," and as Hercules at death 
had given them to Philoctetes, the 
Greek chiefs sent for him, and be re- 
paired to Troy in the tenth and last year 
of the siege. 

All dogs have their day, even rabid ones. Sorrowful, 
Incurable PhiloctetU Marat, without whom Troy cannot 
be taken. — Carlyle. 

Philomel, daughter of Pandion 
king of Attica. She was converted into 
a nightingale. 

And the mute Silence hist along, 
'Less Philomel will deign a song 
In her sweetest, saddest plight. 
Smoothing the rugged brow of night. . . 
Sweet bird, that shuun'st the noise of folly. 
Most musical, most melancholy. 

Milton, 11 Penteroso (1638). 

Philosopher (The). Marcus Aure- 
lius Antoninus, the Roman emperor, was 
so called by Justin Martyr (121, 161-180). 

Leo VI. euiDeror of the East (866, 
886-911). 

Porphyry, the Neoplatonist (223-304). 

Alfred or Alured, surnamed "Angli- 
cus," was also called "The Philosopher" 
(died 1270). 

Philosopher of China, Confucius 
(B.C. 551-479J. 

Philosopher of Ferney, Voltaire, 
who lived at Ferney, near Geneva, for 
the last twenty years of his life (1694- 
1778). 

Philosopher of Malmesbury, 

Thomas Hobbs, author of Leviathan. 
He was born at Malmesbury (1588- 
1679). 

Philosopher of Persia (The), 

Abou Ebn Sina of Shiraz (died 1037). 

Philosopher of Sans Souei, 

Frederick the Great of Prussia (1712, 
1740-1786). 

%* Frederick elector of Saxony was 
called "The Wise" (1463, 1544-1554). 

Philosopher of Wimbledon 

(The), John Home Tooke, author of the 
Diversions of Purley. He lived at 
Wimbledon, near London (1736-1812). 

(For the philosophers of the different 
Greek sects, as the Cynic, Cyrenaic, 
Eleac, Eleatic, Epicurean, Heraclitiau, 



PHILOSOPHERS. 



F62 



PHLEGETHON. 



Ionic, Italic, Megaric, Peripatetic, Sceptic, 
Socratic, Stoic, etc., see Dictionary of 
Phrase and Fable, 680-1.) 

Philosophers {The Five English) : 

(1) Ro^er Bacon, author of Opus Majus 
(1214-1292) ; (2) sir Francis Bacon, 
author of Novum Orgdnum (1561-1626) ; 

(3) th« Hon. Robert Boyle (1627-1691) ; 

(4) John Locke, author of a treatise 
on the Htiman Understanding and Innate 
Ideas (1632-1704) ; (5) sir Isaac Newton, 
author of Princip'ia (1642-1727). 

Philosopher's Stone {The), a red 
powder or amalgam, to drive off the 
impurities of baser metals. The word 
stone, in this expression, does not mean 
the mineral so called, but the substratum 
or article employed to produce a certain 
effect. (See Elixir Vitje.) 

Philosophy {The Father of), (1) 
Albrecht von Haller of Berne (1708-1777). 

(2) Roger Bacon is also so called (1214- 
1292). 

Philosophy {The Father of Inductive), 
Francis Bacon lord Verulam (1561-1626). 

Philosophy {The Father of Roman), 
Cicero the orator (b.c. 106-43). 

Philosophy {The Nursing Mother of). 
Mde. de Boufflers was so called by 
Marie Antoinette. 

Phil'ostrate (3 syl.), master of the 
revels to Theseus (2 syl.) king of Athens. 
— Shakespeare, Midsummer Nighfs Dream 
(1592). 

Philo'tas, son of Parmenio, and 
commander of the Macedonian cavalry. 
He was charged with plotting against 
Alexander the Great. Being put to the 
rack, he confessed his guilt, and was 
stoned to death. 

The king may doom me to a thousand tortures. 
Ply me with fire, and rack me like Philotas, 
Ere I will stoop to idolize his pride. 

N. Lee, Alexander tlm Gnat, i. 1 (1C78). 

Philot'ime (4 syl., " love of glory "), 
daughter of Mammon, whom the money- 
god offers to sir Guyon for a wife ; but 
the knight declines the honour, saying 
he is bound by love-vows to another. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 7 (1590). 

Philot'imus, Ambition personified. 
(Greek, philo-timos, "ambitious, covetous 
of honour.") — Phineas Fletcher, The 
Purple Island, viii. (1633). 

Philot'imus, steward of- the house in 
the suite of Gargantua. — Rabelais, Gar- 
gantiui, i. 18 (1533). 



Philpot {senior), an avaricious old 
hunks, and father of George Philpot. 
The old City merchant cannot speak a 
sentence without bringing in something 
about money. "He wears square-toed 
shoes with little tiny buckles, a brown 
coat with small brass buttons. . . . His 
face is all shrivelled and pinched with 
care, and he shakes his head like a 
mandarin upon a chimnev-piece (act 
i. 1). 

When I was very young, I performed the part of "Old 
Philpot," at Brighton, with great success, and next evening 
I was introduced into a club-room, full of company. On 
hearing my name announced, one of the gentlemen laid 
down his pipe, and, taking up his glass, slid, " Here's to 
your health, young gentleman, and to your father's too. 
I had the pleasure of seeing him last night in the part of 
' Philpot,' and a very nice clever old gentleman he is. I 
hope, young sir, you may one day be as good an actor as 
your worthy father."— Munden. 

George Philpot. The profligate son of 
old Philpot, destined for Maria Wilding, 
but the betrothal is broken off, and Maria 
marries Beaufort. George wants to 
pass for a dashing young blade, but is 
made the dupe of every one. "Bubbled 
at play ; duped by a girl tc whom he 
paid his addresses"; cudgelled by a rake ; 
laughed at by his cronies ; snubbed by 
his father ; and despised bv everv one." 
—Murphy, The Citizen (1757 or 1761). 

Philtra, a lady of large fortune, be- 
trothed to Bracidas ; but, seeing the 
fortune of AmTdas daily increasing, and 
that of Bracidas getting smaller and 
smaller, she forsook the declining fortune 
of her first lover, and attached herself to 
the more prosperous younger brother. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 4 (1596). 

Phineus [Fi'.nuce], a blind sooth- 
sayer, who was tormented b} r the harpies. 
Whenever a meal was set before him, the 
harpies came and carried it off, but the 
Argonauts delivered him from these pests 
in return for his information respecting 
the route they were to take in order to 
obtain the golden fleece. (See TlBX- 

SIAS.) 

Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old. 

Milton, J'aradisc Lost, lii. 36 (1666). 

Phiz, the pseudonym of Hablot K. 
Browne, who illustrated the Pickwick 
J'ajH-rs (1836), Nicholas Nicklcby, and 
most of Charles Dickens's works of fic- 
tion. He also illustrated the Abbotsford 
edition of the Waverlcy Novels. 

Phleg'ethon (3 syl.), one of the five 
rivers of hell. The word means the 
" river of liquid fire." (Greek, phl&jo, 
" I burn.") The other rivers are Styx, 



PHLEGRIAN SIZE. 



763 



PHRAORTES. 



Ach'cron, Cocy'tus, and Le'the. (See 

Styx.) 

Fierce Phlegethon, 
Whose wave* of torrent fire inflame with rage. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 580 (1665). 

Phleg'rian Size, gigantic. Phlegra 
or the Phlegrae'an plain, in Macedon, is 
where the giants attacked the gods, and 
were defeated by Hercules. Drayton 
makes the diphthong cc a short i: 

Whose only love surprised those of the Phlegrian size, 

The Utanois, that once against high heaven durst rise. 

Poiyolbivn, vi. (1612). 

Phobbs. Captain and Mrs. Phobbs, 
with Mrs. major Phobbs a widow, sister- 
in-law to the captain, in Lend Me Five 
Shillings, by J. M. Morton. 

Pho'cion, husband of Euphrasia 
"the Grecian daughter." — A. Murphy, 
The Grecian Daughter (1772). 

Pho'cyas, general of the Syrian army 
in the siege of Damascus. Phocyas was 
in love with Eudo'cia, daughter of Eu'- 
menes the governor, but when he asked 
the governor's consent, Eumenes sternly 
refused to give it. After gaining several 
battles, Phocyas fell into the hands of 
the Arabs, and consented to join their 
army to revenge himself on Eumer.es. 
The' Arabs triumphed, and Eudocia was 
taken captive, but she refused to wed a 
traitor. Ultimately, Phocyas died, and 
Eudocia entered a con vent. — John Hughes, 
Siege of Damascus (1720). 

Phoebus, the sun-god. Phoebe (2 
syl.), the moon-goddess. — Greek Mytho- 
logy. 

Phoebus's San. Pha'6ton obtained per- 
mission of his father to drive the sun-car 
for one day, but, unable to guide the 
horses, they left their usual track, the car 
was overturned, and both heaven and 
earth were threatened with destruction. 
Jupiter struck Phaeton with his thunder- 
bolt, and he fell headlong into the Po. 

. . . like Phiebus' fayrest childe. 
That did presume his father's fiery wayne. 
And flaming mouths of steeds unwonted wilde. 
Thro' highest heaven with weaker hand to rayne ; . . . 
He leaves the welkin way most beaten playne. 
And. wrapt with whirling wheels, inflames the skyen 
With fire not made to burne. but fayrely for to sbyne. 
Spenser, Faery Qaeen, i. 4, 10 (1590). 

Pluebus. Gaston de Foix was so called, 
from his great beauty (1488-1612). 

Phoebus (Captain), the betrothed of 
Fleur de Marie. He also entertains a 
base iove for Esmeralda, the beautiful 

fipsv girl. — Victor Hugo, Notre Dame de 
Virus (1831). 

Phoenix (The) is said to live 500 (or 



1000) years, when it makes a nest of 
spices, burns itself to ashes, and comes 
forth with renewed life for another simi- 
lar period. There never was but one 
phoenix. 

The bird of Arabye . . . Can nerer dye. 
And yet there is none. But only one, 
A phenix. . . . Pliuni showtah al In his Story Natural, 
What he doth finde Of the phenix kinde. 

J. Skelton, Philip Sparoie (time, Henry VIIL). 

Phoenix Theatre (The), now called 
Drury Lane. 

Phoenix Tree, the rasin, an Arabian 
tree. Floro says : " There never was but 
one, and upon it the phoenix sits." — 
Dictionary (1598). 

Pliny thinks the tree on which the 
phoenix was supposed to perch is the 
date tree (called in Greek phoinix), adding 
that "the bird died with the tree, and 
revived of itself as the tree revived." — 
Nat. Hist., xiii. 4. 

Now I will believe 
That there are unicorns ; that in Arabia 
There is one tree, the phoenix' throne ; one phoenix 
At this hour reigning there. 

Shakespeare, The Tempest, act ii!. sc 3 (1609). 

Phorcus, "the old man of the sea." 
He had three daughters, with only one 
eye and one tooth between 'em. — Greek 
Mythology. 

This is not " the old man of the sea " 
mentioned in the Arabian Nights (" Sind- 
bad the Sailor ") . 

Phor'mio, a parasite, who is "all 
things to all men." — Terence, Phormio. 

Phosphor, the light>bringer or morn- 
ing star ; also called Hesperus, and by 
Homer and Hesiod Heos-phdros. 

Bright Phosphor, fresher for the night. 
Sweet Hesper-Phospher. double name. 

Tennyson, In Memoriam, exxi. (1850). 

Phos'phorus, a knight called by 
Tennyson " Morning Star," but, in the 
History of Prince Arthur, " sir Persaunt 
of India or the Blue Knight." One of 
the four brothers who kept the passages 
to Castle Perilous. — Tennyson, Idylls 
(" Gareth and Lynette ") ; sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 131 (1470). 

*** It is evidently a blunder to call 
the Blue Knight " Morning Star " and the 
Green Knight "Evening Star." In the 
old romance, the combat with the "Green 
Knight " is at dawn, and with the " Blue 
Knight " at nightfall. The error arose 
from not bearing in mind that our fore- 
fathers began the day with the preceding 
eve, and ended it at sunset. 

Phraortes (3 syl.), a Greek admiral. 
— Sir W, Scott, Count Robert of Parii 
(time, Rufus). 



PHRAT. 



764 



PICCOLINO. 



Phrat, the Eu-phrat-es, now called 
Forat or Frat. 

Phry'ne (2 syl.), an Athenian cour- 
tezan of surpassing beauty. Apelles's 
celebrated picture of "Venus Anadyo- 
mene" was drawn from Phryne, who 
entered the sea with hair dishevelled for 
a model. The " Cnidian Venus " of 
Praxiteles was also taken from the same 
model. 

Some say Campaspe was the academy 
figure of the "Venus Anadyomene." 
Pope has a poem called Phryne. 

Phyllis, a Thracian who fell in love 
with Demoph'oon. After some months 
of mutual affection, Demophoon was 
obliged to sail for Athens, but promised 
to return within a month. When a 
month had elapsed, and Demophoon did 
not put in an appearance, Phyllis so 
mourned for him that she was changed 
into an almond tree, hence called by the 
Greeks Phylia. In time, Demophoon re- 
turned, and, being told the fate of Phyllis, 
ran to embrace the tree, which, though 
bear and leafless at the time, was instantly 
covered with leaves, hence called Phylia 
by the Greeks. 

Let Demophoon tell 
Why Phyllis by a fate untimely fell. 

Ovid, A rt of Love, iii. 

Phyllis, a country girl in Virgil's third 
and fifth Eclogues. Hence, a rustic 
maiden. Also spelt Phillis (q.v.). 

Phyllis, in Spenser's eclogue Colin 
Clout's Come Home Again, is lady Carey, 
wife of sir George Carey (afterwards lord 
Hunsdon, 1596). Lady Carey was Eliza- 
beth, the second of the six daughters of 
sir John Spenser of Althorpe, ancestor of 
the noble houses of Spenser and Marl- 
borough. 

No less praiseworthy are the sisters three, 
The honour of the noble family 
Of which 1 meanest boast myself to be, . . . 
Phyllis. Charvllis, and sweet Amaryllis: 
Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three. 
Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1594). 

Phyllis and Brunetta, rival 
beauties. Phyllis procured for a certain 
festival some marvellous fabric of gold 
brocade in order to eclipse her rival, but 
Prunetta dressed the slave who bore her 
train in a robe of the same material and 
cut in precisely the same fashion, while 
she herself wore simple black. Phyllis 
died of mortification. — The Spectator 
(1711, 1712, 1714). 

Phynnodderee, a Manx spirit, 
similar to the Scotch brownie. Phyn- 
noddorce is an outlawed fairy, who ab- 



sented himself from Fairy-court on the 
great levee day of the harvest moon. 
Instead of paying his respects to king 
Oberon, he remained in the glen of 
Rushen, dancing with a pretty Manx 
maid whom he Avas courting. 

Physic a Farce is (His). Sir John 
Hill began his career as an apothecary 
in St. Martin's Lane, London ; became 
author, and amongst other things wrote 
farces. Garrick said of him : 

For physic and farces, his equal there scarce is : 
His farces are physic, his physic a farce is. 

Physician (TJie Beloved), St. Luke 
the evangelist (Col. iv. 14). 

Physicians (The prince of), Avi- 
cenna the Arabian (980-1037). 

Physigna'thos, king of the frogs, 
and son of Pelus ("mud"). Being 
wounded in the battle of the frogs and 
mice by Troxartas the mouse king, he 
flees ingloriously to a pool, " and half in 
anguish of the flight expires " (bk. iii. 
112). The word means " puffed chaps." 

Great Physignathos I from Pelus' race, 
Begot in fair Hydromede s embrace. 
Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, i. (about 1712). 

Pibrac (Seigneur de), poet and diplo- 
matist, author of Cinquante Quatrains 
(1574). Gorgibus bids his daughter to 
study Pibrac instead of trashy novels 
and poetry. 

Lisez-moi, comme il faut, an lieu de ces sornettes, 
Les Quatrains de Piorac. et les doctes Tabettit 
Du conseiller Matthieu ; l'ouvrage est de valeur, . . . 
La Guide des picheurs est encore un boll livre. 

Moliere, Sganarelle, i. 1 (1660). 

(Pierre Matthieu, poet and historian, 
wrote Quatrains de la Vanite du Monde, 
1629.) 

Picanninies (4 syl.), little children; 
the small fry of a village. — West Indian 
Negroes. 

There were at the marriage the picanninies and the 
Joblilies, but not the Grand Panjandrum. — Yonge. 

Picaresco School (The), romances 
of roguery ; called in Spanish Ovsto 
Picaresco. Gil Bias is one of this school 
of novels. 

Pic'atrix, the pseudonym of a Span- 
ish monk ; author of a book on demono- 
logy. 

When I w.os a student, . . . that same Rev. Picatrlx . . . 
was wont to tell us that dewls did naturally fi-ar the 
bright Bashes of swords as much as he feared the splendour 
of the sun.— Kabelais, 1'antuy'ruvl, iii. "J3 U545). 

Piccolino, an opera by Mons. 
Guiraud (1875) 5 libretto by MM. 
Sardou and Nuittier. This opera was 
first introduced to an -English audience 






PICKEL-HERRINGE. 



765 



PICTURE. 



in 1879. The tale is this : Marthe, an 
orphan girl adopted by a Swiss pastor, 
is in love with Fre'de'ric Auvray, a young 
artist, who "loved and left his love." 
Marthe plods through the snow from 
Switzerland to Rome to find her young 
artist, but, for greater security, puts on 
boy's clothes, and assumes the name of 
Piccolino. She sees Fre'de'ric, who knows 
her not ; but, struck with her beauty, 
makes a drawing of her. Marthe dis- 
covers that the faithless Fre'de'ric is pay- 
ing his addresses to Elena (sister of the 
duke Strozzi). She tells the lady her 
love-tale ; and Fre'de'ric, deserted by 
Elena, forbids Piccolino (Marthe) to 
come into his presence again. The poor 
Swiss wanderer throws herself into the 
Tiber, but is rescued. Fre'de'ric repents, 
and the curtain falls on a reconciliation 
and approaching marriage. 

Pickel-Herringe (5 sgl), a popular 
name among the Dutch for a buffoon ; a 
corruption of picklc-hdrin ("a hairy 
sprite "), answering to Ben Jonson's 
Puck-hairy. 

Pickle (Peregrine), a savage, un- 
grateful spendthrift, fond of practical 
jokes, delighting in tormenting others ; 
but suffering with ill temper the mis- 
fortunes which resulted from his own 
wilfulness. His ingratitude to his uncle, 
and his arrogance to Hatchway and 
Pipes, are simply hateful. — T. Smollett, 
The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle 
(1751). 

Pickwick (Samuel), the chief cha- 
racter of The Pickwick Papers, a novel 
by C. Dickens. He is general chairman 
of the Pickwick Club. A most ver- 
dant, benevolent, elderly gentleman, who, 
as member of a club instituted "for the 
purpose of investigating the source of 
the Hampstead ponds," travels about 
with three members of the club, to whom 
he acts as guardian and adviser. The 
adventures they encounter form the sub- 
ject of the Posthumous Papers of the 
Pickwick Chth (1836). 

The original of Seymour's picture of 
" Pickwick " was a Mr. John Foster (not 
the biographer of Dickens, but a friend 
of Mr. Chapman's the publisher). He 
lived at Richmond, and was " a fat old 
beau," noted for his "drab tights and 
black gaiters." 

Pickwickian Sense (In a), an 
insult whitewashed. Mr. Pickwick ac- 
cused Mr. Blotton of acting in "a vile 



and calumnious manner ; " whereupon 
Mr. Blotton retorted by calling Mr. 
Pickwick " a humbug." But it finally 
was made to appear that both had used 
the offensive words only in a parlia- 
mentary sense, and that each entertained 
for the other " the highest regard and 
esteem." So the difficulty was easily 
adjusted, and both were satisfied. 

Lawyers and politicians daily abuse each other In a 
Pickwickian sense.— Bowditch. 

Pic'rochole,king of Lerne, noted for 
his choleric temper, his thirst for em | tire, 
and his vast but ill-digested projects. — 
Rabelais, Gargantua, i. (1533). 

Supposed to be a satire on Charles V. 
of Spain. 

The rustics of Utopia one day asked the cake bakers of 
Lerne to sell them some cakes. A quarrel endued, and 
king Picrochole marched with all hisarmy against Utopia, 
to extirpate the insolent inhabitants. — Bk. i. 33. 

Picrochole's Counsellors. The 
duke of Smalltrash, the earl of Swash- 
buckler, and captain Durtaille, advised 
king Picrochole to leave a small garrison 
at home, and to divide his army into 
two parts — to send one south, and the 
other north. The former was to take 
Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany (but 
was to spare the life of Barbarossa), to 
take the islands of the Mediterranean, 
the Morea, the Holy Land, and all 
Lesser Asia. The northern army was to 
take Belgium, Denmark, Prussia, Poland, 
Russia, Norway, Sweden, sail across the 
Sandy Sea, and meet the other half at 
Constantinople, when king Picrochole 
was to divide the nations amongst his 
great captains. Echephron said he had 
heard about a pitcher of milk which was 
to make its possessor a nabob, and give 
him for wife a sultan's daughter ; only 
the poor fellow broke his pitcher, and 
had to go supperless to bed. (SeeBoBA- 
dil.) — Rabelais, Pantagruel, i. 33 (1533). 

A shoemaker bought a ha'p'orth of milk ; with this he 
intended to make butter, the butter was to buy a cow, 
the cow was to have a calf, the calf was to be sold, 
and the man to become a nabob ; only the poor dreamer 
cracked the jug, spilt the milk, and had to go supperless 
to bed.— Pantagruel, L 33. 

Picts, the Caledonians or inhabitants 
of Albin, i.e. northern Scotland. The 
Scots came from Scotia, north of Ire- 
land, and established themselves under 
Kenneth M'Alpin in 843. 

The etymology of "Picts" from the 
Latin picti ( ' ' painted men ") , is about equal 
to Stevens's etymology of the word 
"brethren" from tabernacle "because 
we breathe-therein." 

Picture (The), a drama by Mas- 
singer (1629). The story of this play 



PICUS. 



766 



PIERRE. 



(like that of the Twelfth Night, by 
Shakespeare) is taken from the novel- 
letti of Bandello of Piedmont, who died 
1555. 

Pi'cus, a soothsayer and augur ; hus- 
band of Canens. In his prophetic art 
he made use of a woodpecker (picus), a 
prophetic bird sacred to Mars. Circe fell 
in love with him, and as he did not re- 
quite her advances, she changed him into 
a woodpecker, whereby he still retained 
his prophetic power. 

" There is Picus," said Maryx. " What a strange thing 
is tradition ! Perhaps it was in this very forest that 
Circfi, gathering tier herbs, saw the bold friend of Mars 
on his fiery courser, and tried to bewitch him, and, fail- 
ing, metamorphosed him so. What, I wonder, ever first 
wedded that story to the woodpecker ? "— Ouida, A riadne, 
i, 1L 

Pied Horses. Motassem had 
130,000 pied horses, which he employed 
to carry earth to the plain of Catoul ; 
and having raised a mound of sufficient 
height to command a vieAr of the whole 
neighbourhood, he built thereon the royal 
city of Samarah'. — Khondemyr, Khelassat 
al Akhbar (1495). 

The Hill of the Pied Horses, the site of 
the palace of Alkoremmi, built by Mo- 
tassem, and enlarged by Vathek. 

Pied Piper of Hamelin (3 syl.), 
a piper named Bunting, from his dress. 
He undertook, for a certain . sum of 
money, to free the town of Hamelin, in 
Brunswick, of the rats which infested 
it ; but when he had drowned all the rats 
in the river Weser, the townsmen refused 
to pay the sum agreed upon. The piper, 
in revenge, collected together all the 
children of Hamelin, and enticed them 
by his piping into a cavern in the side 
of the mountain Koppenberg, which in- 
stantly closed upon them, and 130 went 
down alive into the pit (June 26, 1284). 
The street through which Bunting con- 
ducted his victims was Bungen, and 
from that day to this no music is ever 
allowed to be played in this particular 
street. — Verstegan, destitution of Decayed 
Intelligence (1634). 

Robert Browning has a poem entitled 
The Pied Piper. 

Erichius, in his Exodus Hamclensis, 
maintains the truth of this legend ; hut 
Martin Sehoock, in his Fabula Ihunelensis, 
contends that it is a mere myth. 

"Don't, forget to pay the piper" is 
still a household expression in common 
use. 

*** The same tale is told of the fiddler 
of Brandenberg. The children were led 



to the Marienberg, which opened upon 
them and swallowed them up. 

* + * When Lorch was infested wilh 
ants, a hermit led the multitudinous in- 
sects by his pipe into a lake, where they 
perished. As the inhabitants refused to 
pay the stipulated price, he led their pigs 
the same dance, and they, too, perished 
in the lake. 

Next year, a charcoal-burner cleared 
the same place of crickets ; and when 
the price agreed upon was withheld, he 
led the sheep of the inhabitants into the 
lake. 

The third year came a plague of rats, 
which an old man of the mountain piped 
away and destroyed. Being refused his 
reward, he piped the children of Lorch 
into the Tannenberg. 

*** About 200 years ago, the people of 
Ispahan were tormented with rats, when 
a little dwarf named Giouf, not above 
two feet high, promised, on the payment 
of a certain sum of money, to free the 
city of all its vermin in an hour. The 
terms were agreed to, and Giouf, by 
tabor and pipe, attracted every rat and 
mouse to follow him to the river Zen- 
derou, where they were all drowned. 
Next day, the dwarf demanded the 
money ; but the people gave him several 
bad coins, which they refused to change. 
Next day, they saw with horror an old 
black woman, fifty feet high, standing 
in the market-place with a whip in her 
hand. She was the genie Mergian 
Banou, the mother of the dwarf. For 
four days she strangled daily fifteen of 
the principal women, and on the fifth day 
led forty others to a magic tower, into 
Avhich she drove them, and they were 
never after seen by mortal eye. — T. S. 
Gueulette, Chinese Tales (" History of 
Prince Kader-Bilah," 1723). 

%* The syrens of classic story had, by 
their weird spirit-music, a similar irre- 
sistible influence. 

(Weird music is called Alpleich or 
Elfenseigen.) 

Pieria, a mountainous slip of land in 
Thessaly. A portion of the Mountains 

is called Pierus <»r the Pierian Moun- 
tain, the seat <>f the Muses. 

All ! will they leave Pieria's happy shore. 

To plough the tide where wintry tempests roar? 

Falconer, The .shi/wrcck (1756). 

Pierre [Peer], a blunt, bold, out- 
spoken man, who heads a conspiracy to 
murder the Venetian senators, and induces 
.Tallier to join the gang. Jaffier (in order 



PIERKE. 



7117 



PIGROGROMITUS. 



to save his wife's father, Priuli), reveals 
the plot, under promise of free pardon ; 
but the senators break their pledge, and 
orderthe conspirators to torture and death. 
Jaffier, being free, because he had turned 
" king's evidence," stabs Pierre to prevent 
his being broken on the wheel, and then 
kills himself. — T. Otway, Venice Pre- 
served (1682). 

John Kemble [1757-1823] could not play "sir Pertiimx " 
like Cooke, nor could Cooke play "Pierre" like Kemble. 
— C. R. Leslie, Autobiography. 

Charles M. Young's " Pierre," if not so lofty, is more 
natural and soldierly than Kemble's.— New Monthly 
Magazine (182*2). 

Macready's " Pierre " was occasionally too familiar, and 
now and then too loud ; but it had beauties of the highest 
order, of which 1 chiefly remember his passionate taunt 
of the gang of conspirators, and his silent reproach to 
" Jaflier" by holding up his manacled hands, and looking 
upon the poor traitor with stedfast sorrow [17SJ3-1873J. — 
Talfourd. 

Pierre, a very inquisitive servant of 
M. Darlemont, who long suspects his 
master has played falsely with his ward 
Julio count of Harancour. — Thomas 
Holcroft, The Deaf and Dumb (1785). 

Pierre Alphonse {Rabbi Molse 
Sephardi), a Spanish Jew converted to 
Christianity in 10G2. 

All stories that recorded are 

By Pierre Alfonie he knew by heart. 

Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude). 

Pierre du Coignet or Coig- 
neres, an advocate-general in the reign 
of Philippe de Valois, who stoutly 
opposed the encroachments of the Church. 
The monks, in revenge, nicknamed those 
grotesque figures in stone (called "gar- 
goyles"), pierres du coignet. At Notre 
Dame de Paris there were at one time 
gargoyles used for extinguishing torches, 
and the smoke added not a little to their 
ugliness. 

You may associate them with Master Pierre du Coignet, 
. . . which perform the office of extinguishers.— -Rabelais, 
Gargantua and Pantagruel (1533-45). 

Pierrot [Pe'-er-ro], a character in 
French pantomime, representing a man 
in stature and a child in mind. He is 
generally the tallest and thinnest man in 
the company, and appears with his face 
and hair thickly covered with flour. He 
wears a white gown, with very long 
sleeves, and a row of big buttons down 
the front. The word means " Little 
Peter." 

Piers and Palinode, two shep- 
herds in Spenser's fifth eclogue, represent- 
ing the protestant and the catholic priest. 

Piers or Percy again appears in eel. x. 
with Cuddy, a poetic shepherd. This 
noble eclogue has for its subject "poetry." 



Cuddy complains that poetry has no 
patronage or encouragement, although it 
comes by inspiration. He says no one 
would be bo qualified as Colin to sing 
divine poetry, if his mind were not so 
depressed by disappointed love. — Spenser, 
The S hep hear des Calendar (1579). 

Pie'tro (2 s;/L), the putative father 
of Pompilia. This paternity was a fraud, 
to oust the heirs of certain property 
which would otherwise fall to them. — R. 
Browning, The Ping and the Book, ii. 
580. 

Pig. Phaedrus tells a tale of a popular 
actor who imitated the squeak of a pig. 
A peasant 6aid to the audience that he 
would himself next night challenge 
and beat the actor. When the night 
arrived, the audience unanimously gave 
judgment in favour of the actor, saying 
that his squeak was by far the better 
imitation ; but the peasant presented to 
them a real pig, and said, " Behold, what 
excellent judges are ye!" This is 
similar to the judgment of the connois- 
seur who said, " Why, the fellow has 
actually attempted to paint a fly on that 
rosebud, but it is no more like a fly than 

I am % like ;" but, as he approached his 

finger to the picture, the fly flew away. — 
G. A. Stevens, The Connoisseur (1754). 

Pigal (Mons. de), the dancing-master 
who teaches Alice Bridgenorth. — Sir W. 
Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 

Pigeon and Dove {The). Prince 
Constantio was changed into a pigeon 
and the princess Constantia into a dove, 
because they loved, but were always 
crossed in love. Constantio found that 
Constantia was sold by his mother for a 
slave, and in order to follow her he was 
converted into a pigeon. Constantia was 
seized by a giant, and in order to escape 
him was changed into a dove. Cupid 
then took them to Paphos, and they 
became "examples of a tender and sin- 
cere passion ; and ever since have been 
the emblems of love and constancy." — 
Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" The 
Pigeon and Dove," 1682). 

Pigmy, a dwarf. (See Pygmy.) 

Pigott Diamond {T/ie), brought 
from India by lord Pigott. It weighs 
82£ carats. In 1818 it came into the 
hands of Messrs. Rundell and Bridge. 

Pigrogrom'itus, a name alluded to 
by sir Andrew Ague-cheek. 



PIGWIGGEN. 



768 



PILGRIM'S PROGRESS. 



In sooth thou wast in very gracious fooling last night 
when thou spokest of Pigrogromitus, of the Vapian 
passing the equinoctial of Queubus. 'Twas very good. 
i' faith. —Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, act ii. sc. 3 (1614). 

Pigwig'gen, a fairy knight, whose 
amours with queen Mab, and furious 
combat with Oberon, form the subject of 
Drayton's Nymphidia (1593). 

Pike. The best pike in the world are 
obtained from the Wyth'am, in that 
division of Lincolnshire called Kesteven 
(in the west). 

Yet for my dainty pike I [Wgtham] am without compare. 
Drayton, Folyolbion, xxv. (1622). 

Pike (Gideon), valet to old major 
Bellenden.— Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Pila'tus {Mount), in Switzerland. 
The legend is that Pontius Pilate, being 
banished to Gaul by the emperor 
Tiberius, wandered to this mount, and 
flung himself into a black lake at the 
summit of the hill, being unable to 
endure the torture of conscience for 
having given up the Lord to crucifixion. 

Pilcrow, a mark in printing, to 
attract attention, made thus ^f or Ig^ 

In husbandry matters, where pilcrow ye find. 
That verse appertaineth to husbandry kind. 

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry (1557). 

Pilgrim Fathers. They were 
102 puritans (English, Scotch, and 
Dutch), who went, in December, 1620, 
in a ship called the Mayflower, to North 
America, and colonized Maine, New 
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and 
Connecticut. These states they called 
" New England." New Plymouth (near 
Boston) was the second colony planted 
by the English in the New World. 

Men in the middle of life, austere and grave in deport- 
ment . . . 

God had sifted three kingdoms to find the wheat for this 
planting. 
Longfellow, Courtship of Miles Standish, iv. (1858). 

Pilgrim — Palmer. Pilgrims had 
dwellings, palmers had none. Pilgrims 
went at their own charge, palmers pro- 
fessed willing poverty and lived on 
charity. Pilgrims might return to a 
secular life, palmers could not. Pilgrims 
might hold titles and follow trades, 
palmers were wholly u religious" men. 

Pilgrim to Compostella. Some 
pilgrims on their way to Compostella 
stopped at a hospice in La Calzada. The 
daughter of the innkeeper solicited a 
young Frenchman to spend the night 
with her, but he refused ; so she put in his 
wallet a silver cup, and when he was on 
the road, she accused him to the alcayde 



of theft. As the property was found in 
his possession, the alcayde ordered him 
to be hung. His parents went on their 
way to Compostella, and returned after 
eight days, but what was their amaze- 
ment to find their son alive on the gibbet 
and uninjured. They went instantly to 
tell the alcayde ; but the magistrate 
replied, " Woman, you are mad ! I 
would just as soon believe these pullets, 
which I am about to eat, are alive, as that 
a man who has been gibbeted eight days 
is not dead." No sooner had he spoken 
than the two pullets actually rose up [ 
alive. The alcayde was frightened out 
of his wits, and was about to rush out of 
doors, when the heads and feathers of the 
birds came scampering in to complete the 
resuscitation. The cock and hen were 
taken in grand procession to St. James's 
Church of Compostella, where they lived 
seven years, and the hen hatched two 
eggs, a cock and a hen, which lived just 
seven years and did the same. This has 
continued 'to this daj r , and pilgrims 
receive feathers from these birds as holy 
relics ; but no matter how many feathers 
are given away, the plumage of the 
sacred fowls is never deficient. 

Galium capiunt et gallinam, et in ecclesiam transferunt 
magna soleinnitate. Qua} ibi claufse res admirabiles et 
Dei potentiam testificantes observantur, ubi septennio 
vivunt ; hunc enim terminum Deus illis instituit ; et in 
fine septennii antequam raoriantur, pullum relinquunt et 
pullam sui colons et magnitudinis ; et hoc fit in ea 
ecclesia quolibet septennio. Magna? quoque admiration v 
est, quod omnes per hanc urbem transeuntes peregrini, 
qui sunt innumerabiles, galli hujus et gallinse piumam 
capiunt, et nunquam illis plunwe deficiunt. Hac Ego 
Testor, propterea quod VlDI et interfui. — Lucius Mari- 
neus Siculus, Rerum Hispanicarum Scriptores, U. 805. 

%* This legend is also seriously 
related by bishop Patrick, Parable of the 
Pilgrims, xxxv. 430-4. Udal ap Rhys 
repeats it in his Tour through Spain and 
Portugal, 35-8. It is inserted in the 
Acta Sanctorum, vi. 45. Pope Calixtus 
II. mentions it among the miracles of 
Santiago. 

Pilgrim's Progress (The), by John 
Bunyan. Pt. i., 1678; pt. ii., 1684. 
This is supposed to be a dream, and to 
allegorize the life of a Christian, from 
his conversion to his death. His doubts 
are giants, his sins a pack, his Bible a 
chart, his minister Evangelist, his con- 
version a flight from the City of De- 
struction, his struggle with besetting sins 
a fight with Apollyon, his death, a j 
toilsome passage over a deep stream, and 
so on. 

The second part is Christiana and her 
family led by Greatheart through the 



PILLAR OF THE DOCTORS. 769 



PTNDAR. 



same road, to join Christian, who had 
gone before. 

Pillar of the Doctors (La Colonne 
dcs Docteurs), William de Champeaux 
(*-1121). 

Pillars of Hercules (The), Calpe 
and Ab) la, two mountains, one in Europe 
and the other in Africa. Calpe is now 
called "The Rock of Gibraltar," and 
Abyla is called "The Apes' Hill" or 
" mount Hacho." 

Pilot (The), an important character 
and the title of a nautical burletta by E. 
Fitzball, based on the novel bo called by 
J. Fenimore Cooper of New York. " The 
pilot" turns out to be the brother of 
colonel Howard of America. He hap- 
pened to be in the same vessel which 
was taking out the colonel's wife and only 
son. The vessel was wrecked, but "the 
pilot " (whose name was John Howard) 
saved the infant boy, and sent him to 
England to be brought up, under the 
name of Barnstable. When young 
Barnstable was a lieutenant in the 
British navy, colonel Howard seized 
him as a spy, and commanded him to be 
hung to the yardarm of an American 
frigate, called the Alacrity. At this 
crisis, "the pilot" informed the colonel 
that Barnstable was his own son, and the 
father arrived just in time to save him 
from death. 

Pilpay', the Indian ^Esop. His com- 
pilation was in Sanskrit, and entitled 
Pantschatantra. 

It was rumoured he could say . . . 
All the " Fables" of Pilpay. 

Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude). 

Pilum'nus, the patron god of bakers 
and millers, because he was the first 
person who ever ground corn. 

Then there was Pilunmus, who was the first to make 
cheese, and became the god of bakers.— Ouida, Ariadne, 
i.40. 

PimperHmpimp (Powder), a worth- 
less nostrum, used by quacks and sor- 
cerers. Swift uses the word in his Tale 
of a Tu6(1704). 

This famous doctor [Sherlock] plays the Merry 
Andrew with the world, and, like the powder " Pimper 
le Pimp," turns up what trump the knave of clubs calls 
for. — A Dialogue between Dr. Sherlock . . . and Dr. 
Oatet (1690). 

Pinabello, son of Anselmo (king of 
Maganza). Marphi'sa overthrew him, 
and told him he could not wipe out the 
disgrace till he had unhorsed a thousand 
dames and a thousand knights. Pinabello 



was slain by Brad'amant. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Pinac, the lively spirited fellow- 
traveller of Mirabel " the wild goose." 
He is in love with the sprightly Lillia- 
Bianca, a daughter of Nantolet. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase 
(1652). 

Pinch, a schoolmaster and conjuror, 
who tries to exorcise Antiph'olus (act iv. 
sc. 4).— Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors 
(1593). 

Pinch (Tom), clerk to Mr. Pecksniff 
" architect and land surveyor." Simple 
as a child, green as a salad, and honest as 
truth itself. Very fond of story-books, 
but far more so of the organ. It was the 
seventh heaven to him to pull out the 
stops for the organist's assistant at Salis- 
bury Cathedral; but when allowed, after 
service, to finger the notes himself, be 
lived in a dream-land of unmitigated 
happiness. Being dismissed from Peck- 
sniff's office, Tom was appointed Hbrarian 
to the Temple library, and his new 
catalogue was a perfect model of pen- 
manship. 

Ruth Pinch, a true-hearted, pretty 
girl, who adores her brother Tom, and is 
the sunshine of his existence. She 
marries John Westlock. — C. Dickens, 
Martin Chuzzlevcit (1844j. 

Pinchbeck (Lady), with whom don 
Juan placed Leila to be brought up. 

Olden she was— but had been very young ; 
Virtuous she was — and had been. I believe . . . 
She merely now was amiable and witty. 

Byron, Don Juan, xii. 43, 47 (1824). 

Pinchwife (Mr.), the town husband 
of a raw country girl, wholly unpractised 
in the ways of the world, and whom he 
watches with ceaseless anxiety. 

Lady Drogheda . . . watched her town husband as 
assiduously as Mr. Pinchwife watched his country wife. — 
Macaulay. 

Mrs. Pinchwife, the counterpart of 
Moliere's "Agnes," in his comedy en- 
titled L'e'cole des Femmes. Mrs. Pinch- 
wife is a3 T oung woman wholly unsophisti- 
cated in affairs of the heart. — Wvcherlv, 
The Country Wife (1675). 

*** Garrick altered Wycherly's comedy 
to Tlie Country Girl. 
m 

Pindar (Peter), the pseudonym of 
Dr. John Wolcot (1738-1819). 

Pindar (The British), Thomas Gray 
(1716-1771). On his monument in West- 
minster Abbev is inscribed these lines : 
3 D 



PINDAR. 



770 



PIPER. 



No more the Grecian muse unrivalled reigns ; 

To Britain let the nations homage pay : 
She felt a Homer's fire in Milton's strains, 

A Pindar's rapture in the lyre of Gray. 

Pindar (The French), (1) Jean Dorat 
(1507-1588) ; (2) Ponce Denis Lebrun 
(.1719-1807). 

Pindar (TJie Italian), Gabriello Chia- 
brera (1552-1637). 

Pindar of England. Cowley was 
preposterously called by the duke of 
Buckingham, " The Pindar, Horace, and 
Virgil of England." Posterity has not 
endorsed this absurd eulogiuni (1618- 
1667). 

Pindar of Wakefield {The), 
George-a-Green, pinner of the town of 
Wakefield, that is, keeper of the public 
pound for the confinement of estrays. — 
The History of George-a-Green, Pindar 
of the Town of Wakefield (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Pindo'rus and Aride'us, the two 

heralds of the Christian army, in the 
siege of Jerusalem. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

Pine-Bender (The), Sinis, the 
Corinthian robber, who used to fasten his 
victims to two pine trees bent towards 
the earth, and leave them to be torn to 
pieces by the rebound. 

Pinkerton (Miss), a most majestic 
lady, tall as a grenadier, and most proper. 
Miss Pinkerton kept an academy for 
young ladies on Chiswick Mall. She was 
"the Semiramis of Hammersmith, the 
friend of Dr. Johnson, and the corres- 
pondent of Mrs. Chapone." This very 
distinguished lady "had a Roman nose, 
and wore a solemn turban." Amelia 
Sedley was educated at Chiswick Mall 
academy, and Rebecca Sharp was a pupil 
teacher there. — Thackeray, Vanity Fair, 
i. (1848). 

Pinnit (Orson), keeper of the bears. — 
Sir- W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Pinto (Ferdinand Mendez), a Portu- 
guese traveller, whose "voyages" were 
at one time wholly discredited, but have 
since been verified (1509-1583). 

Ferdinand Mendel Pinto was hut a type of thee, thou 
liar of the first magnitude. — W. Congreve, Love for Love 
(1885). 

Pious (The), Ernst I. founder of 
the house of Gotha (1601-1674). 

Robert, son of Ilugues Capet (971, 
996-1031). 

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161). 



Pip, the hero of Dickens's novel called 
Great Expectations. His family name 
was Pirrip, and his Christian name 
Philip. He was enriched by a convict 
named Abel Magwitch ; and was brought 
up by Joe Gargery a smith, whose wife 
was a woman of thunder and lightning, 
storm and tempest. Magwitch, having 
made his escape to Australia, became 
a sheep farmer, grew very rich, and 
deposited £500 a year with Mr. Jaggers, 
a lawyer, for the education of Pip and to 
make a gentleman of him. Ultimately, 
Pip married Estella, the daughter of 
Magwitch, but adopted from infancy by 
Miss Havisham, a rich banker's daughter. 
His friend Herbert Pocket used to call 
him " Handel." — C. Dickens, Great Ex- 
pectations (1860). 

Pipchin (Mrs.), an exceedingly 
" well-connected lady," living at Brigh- 
ton, where she kept an establishment for 
the training of enfants. Her " respect- 
ability " chiefly consisted in the circum- 
stance of her husband having broken his 
heart in pumping water out of some 
Peruvian mines (that is, in having in- 
vested in these mines and been let in). 
Mrs. Pipchin was an ill-favoured old 
woman, with mottled cheeks and grey 
eyes. She was given to buttered toast 
and sweetbreads, but kept her enfants on 
the plainest possible fare. — C. Dickens, 
Dombcy and Son (1846). 

Pipe (The Queen's), the dock kiln in 
the centre of the great east vault of the 
wine-cellars of the London docks. This 
kiln is the place where useless and 
damaged goods that have not paid duty 
are burnt. 

Pipe and Dance. As you pipe 1 
must dance, I must accommodate myself 
to your wishes. To "pipe another 
dance " is to change one's bearing, to 
put out of favour. J. Skelton, speaking 
of the clergy, says their pride no man could 
tolerate, for they "would rule king and 
kayser," and " bryng all to nought ; " but, 
if kings and nobles, instead of wasting 
their time on hunting and hawking, 
would attend to politics, he says : 

They would pype you another daunce. 

Colyn Clout (1460-1529). 

Piper ( Tom), one of the characters in 
a morris-dance. 

So have I Been 
Tom Piper stand upon our village green, 
Backed with the May-pole. 

William Browne, Shtpherdt I'ii>e (1614). 

Piper (Paddy the), an Irish piper, sup- 



PIPER OF HAMELIN. 



771 PISISTRATOS AND HIS TWO SONS. 



posed to have been eaten by a cow. 
Going along one night during the 
" troubles," he knocked his head against 
the body of a dead man dangling" from 
a tree. The sight of the " iligant " boots 
was too great a temptation ; and as they 
refused to come off without the legs, 
Paddy took them too, and sought shelter 
for the night in a cowshed. The moon 
rose, and Paddy, mistaking the moon- 
light for the dawn, started for the fair, 
having drawn on the boots and left the 
"legs" behind. At daybreak, some of 
the piper's friends went in search of him, 
and found, to their horror, that the cow, 
as thej r supposed, had devoured him 
with the exception of his legs— clothes, 
bags, and all. They were horror-struck, 
and of course the cow was condemned to 
be sold ; but while driving her to the 
fair, they were attracted by the strains 
of a piper coming towards them. The 
cow startled, made a bolt, with a view, 
as it was supposed, of making a meal on 
another piper. " Help, help ! " they 
shouted ; when Paddy himself ran to 
their aid. The mystery was soon ex- 
plained over a drop of the " cratur," and 
the cow was taken home again. — S. 
Lover, Legends and Stories of Ireland 
(1834). 

Piper of Hamelin (The Pied), 
Bunting, who first charmed the rats of 
Hamelin into the Weser, and then allured 
the children (to the number of 130) to 
Koppenberg Hill, which opened upon 
them. (See Pied Piper of Hamelin.) 

Piperman, the factotum of Chalomel 
chemist and druggist. He was " so 
handy " that he was never at his post ; 
and being " so handy," he took ten times 
the trouble of doing anj'thing that another 
would need to bestow. For the self- 
same reason, he stumbled and blundered 
about, muddled and marred everything he 
touched, and being a Jack-of -all-trades 
was master of none. 

There has been an accident because I am so handy. I 
went to the dairy at a bound, came back at another, and 
fell down in the open street, where I spilt the milk. I tried 
to bale it up — no go. Then I ran back or ran home, I 
forget which, and left the money somewhere ; and then, 
in fact, I have been four times to and fro, because I am so 
handy.— J. R. Ware, Piperman's Predicament. 

Pipes (T^m), a retired boatswain's 
mate, living with commodore Trunnion 
to keep the servants in order. Tom Pipes 
is noted for his taciturnity. — Tobias 
Smollett, The Adventures of Peregrine 
Pickle (1751). 

(The incident of Tom Pipes concealing 



in his shoe his master's letter to Emilia, 
was suggested by Ovid. 

Cum possit solea chartas celare ligatas, 
Et vincto blandas sub pede ferre 'iotas. 

A rt of Love.) 

Pirate {The), a novel by sir \V. Scott 
(1821). In this novel we are introduced 
to the wild sea scenery of the Shetlands ; 
the primitive manners of the old udaller 
Magnus Troil, and his fair daughters 
Minna and Brenda : lovely pictures, 
drawn with nice discrimination, and most 
interesting. 

%* A udaller is one who holds his 
lands on allodial tenure. 

Pirner (John), a fisherman at Old St. 
Ronan's. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ponan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Pisa. The banner of Pisa is a cross 
on a crimson field, said to have been 
brought from heaven by Michael the 
archangel, and delivered by him to St. 
Efeso, the patron saint of that city. 

Pisanio, servant of Posthu'mus. 
Being sent to murder Imogen the wife of 
Posthumus, he persuades her to escape to 
Milford Haven in boy's clothes, and sends 
a bloody napkin to Posthumus, to make 
him believe that she has been murdered. 
Ultimately, Imogen becomes reconciled 
to her husband. (See Posthumus.) — 
Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605). 

Pisis'tratos of Athens, being asked 
by his wife to punish with death a young 
man who had dared to kiss their daughter, 
replied, "How shall we requite those who 
wish us evil, if we condemn to death those 
who love us ? " This anecdote is referred 
to by Dante, in his Purgatory, xv. — 
Valerius Maximus, Memorable Acts and 
Sayings, v. 

Pisis'tratos and His Two Sons. 

The history of Pisistratos and his two 
sons is repeated in that of Cosmo de 
Medici of Florence and his two grand- 
sons. It would be difficult to find a more 
striking parallel, whether we regard the 
characters or the incidents of the two 
families. 

Pisistratos was a great favourite of the 
Athenian populace ; so was Cosmo de 
Medici with the populace of Florence. 
Pisistratos was banished, but, being re- 
called by the people, was raised to sove- 
reign power in the republic of Athens ; 
so Cosmo was banished, but, being recalled 
by the people, was raised to supreme 
power in the republic of Florence. Pisis- 
tratos was just and merciful, a great 



PISTOL. 



772 



PIZARRO. 



patron of literature, and spent large sums 
of money in beautifying Athens with 
architecture ; the same may be said of 
Cosmo de Medici. To Pisistratos Ave owe 
the poems of Homer in a connected form ; 
and to Cosmo we owe the best literature 
of Europe, for he spent fortunes in the 
copying of valuable MSS. The two 
sons of Pisistratos were Hipparchos and 
Hippias ; and the two grandsons of 
Cosmo were Guiliano and Lorenzo. Two 
of the most honoured citizens of Athens 
(Harmodios and Aristogiton) conspired 
against the sons of Pisistratos — Hipparchos 
was assassinated, but Hippias escaped ; so 
Francesco Pazzi and the archbishop of Pisa 
conspired against the grandsons of Cosmo 
— Guiliano was assassinated, but Lorenzo 
escaped. In both cases it was the elder 
brother who fell, and the younger which 
escaped. Hippias quelled the tumult, and 
succeeded in placing himself at the head 
of Athens ; so did Lorenzo in Florence. 

Pistol, in The Merry Wives of Windsor 
and the two parts of Henry /K, is the 
ancient or ensign of captain sir John 
Falstaff . Peto is his lieutenant, and Bar- 
dolph his corporal. Peto being removed 
(probably killed), we find in Henry V., 
Pistol is lieutenant, Bardolph ancient, and 
Nym corporal. Pistol is also introduced 
as married to Mistress Nell Quickly, 
hostess of the tavern in Eastcheap. Both 
Pistol and his wife die before the play is 
over; so does sir John Falstaff; Bardolph 
and Nym are both hanged. Pistol is a 
model bully, wholly unprincipled, and 
utterly despicable; but he treated his wife 
kindly, and she was certainly fond of 
him. — Shakespeare. 

His [Pistol's] courage is boasting, his learning ignorance, 
his ability weakness, and his end beggary.— Dr. Lodge. 

(His end was not "beggary;" as host 
of the tavern in Eastcheap, he seems 
much more respectable, and better off 
than before. Theophilus Cibber (1703- 
1758) was the best actor of this part.) 

Pistris, the sea-monster sent to devour 
Androm'eda. It had a dragon's head and 
a fish's tail. — Aratus, Commentaries. 

Pithyrian [Pi.thirry.an~], a pagan of 
Antioch. He had one daughter, named 
Mara'na, who was a Christian. A young 
dragon of most formidable character in- 
fested the city of Antioch, and demanded 
a virgin to be sent out daily for its meal. 
The Ar.tioeh'eans cast lots for the iirst 
victim, and the lot fell on Marana, who 
was led forth in grand procession as the 
victim of the dragon. Pithyrian, in dis- 



traction, rushed into a Christian church, 
and fell before an image which attracted 
his attention, at the base of which was 
the real arm of a saint. The sacristan 
handed the holy relic to Pithyrian, who 
kissed it, and then restored it to the 
sacristan ; but the servitor did not observe 
that a thumb was missing. Off ran 
Pithyrian with the thumb, and joined his 
daughter. On came the dragon, with tail 
erect, wings extended, and mouth wide 
open, when Pithyrian threw into the 
gaping jaws the " sacred thumb." Down 
fell the tail, the wings drooped, the jaws 
were locked, and up rose the dragon into 
the air to the height of three miles, when 
it blew up into a myriad pieces. So the 
lady was rescued, Antioch delivered ; and 
the relic, minus a thumb, testifies the fact 
of this wonderful miracle. — Southey, 
Tfie Young Dragon (Spanish legend). 

Pitt Bridge. Blackfriars Bridge, 
London, was so called by Robert Mylne, 
its architect; but the public would not 
accept the name. 

Pitt Diamond (TJie), the sixth 
largest cut diamond in the world. It 
weighed 410 carats uncut, and 136f carats 
cut. It once belonged to Mr. Pitt, grand- 
father of the famous earl of Chatham. 
The duke of Orleans, regent of France, 
bought it for £135,000, whence it is often 
called "The Regent." The French re- 
public sold it to Treskon, a merchant of 
Berlin. Napoleon I. bought it to ornament 
his sword. It now belongs to the king of 
Prussia. (See Diamonds.) 

Pixie-Stools, toad-stools for the 
fairies to sit on, when they are tired of 
dancing in the fairy-ring. 

Pizarro, a Spanish adventurer, who 
made war on Atali'ba inca of Peru. 
Elvi'ra, mistress of Pizarro, vainly en- 
deavoured to soften his cruel heart. Be- 
fore the battle, Alonzo the husband of 
Cora confided his wife and child to 
Rolla, the beloved friend of the inca. 
The Peruvians were on the point of 
being routed, when Rolla came to the 
rescue, and redeemed the day ; but Alonzo 
was made a prisoner of war. Rolla, 
thinking Alonzo to be dead, proposed to 
Cora ; but she declined hi9 suit, and 
having beard that her husband had fallen 
into the hands of the Spaniards, she im- 
plored Rolla to set him free. Accordingly, 
he entered the prison where Alonzo was 
confined, and changed clothes with him, 
but Elvira liberated him- on condition that 



PIZARRO. 



PLAIN DEALER. 



he would kill Pizarro. Rolla found his 
enemy sleeping in his tent, spared his 
life, and made him his friend. The 
infant child of Cora being lost, Rolla 
recovered it, and was so severely wounded 
in this heroic act that he died. Pizarro 
was rdain in combat by Alonzo ; Elvira 
retired to a convent ; and the play ends 
with a grand funeral march, in which the 
dead body of Rolla is borne to the tomb. 
—Sheridan, Pizarro (1814). 

The sentiments of loyalty uttered by "Rolla" had so 
good an effect, that when the >iuke of Queensberry asked 
why the stocks had fallen, a stock-jobber replied. " lie- 
cause they have left off playing J'izurro at Drury Lane." — 
Shvridan't Memtirt. 

(Sheridan's drama of Pizarro is taken 
from that of Kotzebue, but there are 
several alterations : Thus, Sheridan makes 
Pizarro killed by Alonzo, which is a 
departure both from Kotzebue and also 
from historic truth. Pizarro lived to 
conquer Peru, and was assassinated in his 
palace at Lima by the son of his friend 
Almagro.) 

Pizarro, " the ready tool of fell Velas- 
quez' crimes." — R. jephson, Brayanza 
(1775). 

Pizarro, the governor of the State prison 
in which Fernando Florestan was eonfined. 
Fernando's young wife, in boy's attire, 
and under the name of Fidelio, became 
the servant of Pizarro, who, resolving to 
murder Fernando, sent Fidelio and Rocco 
(the jailer) to dig his grave. Pizarro 
was just about to deal the fatal blow, 
when the minister of state arrived, and 
commanded the prisoner to be set free. 
—Beethoven, Fidelio (1791). 

PlaceTbo, one of the brothers of 
January the old baron of Lombardy. 
When January held a family conclave to 
know whether he should marry, Placebo 
told him " to please himself, and do as 
he liked." — Chaucer, Canterbury Tales 
(" The Merchant's Tale," 1388). 

Placid (Mr.), a hen-pecked husband, 
who is roused at last to be somewhat 
more manly, but could never be better 
than "a boiled rabbit without oyster 
sauce." (See Pliant, p. 776.) 

Mrs. Placid, the lady paramount of the 
house, who looked quite aghast if her 
husband expressed a wish of his own, or 
attempted to do an independent act. — 
Inchbald, Every One has His Fault (1794). 

Plac'idas, the exact fac-simile of his 
friend Amias. Having heard of his 
friend's captivity, he went to release 
him, and being detected in the garden, 



was mistaken by Corflambo's dwarf for 
Amias. The dwarf went and told Pa?a'na 
(the daughter of Corflambo, "fair as ever 
yet saw living eye, but too loose of life 
and eke of love too light"). Placidas 
was seized and brought before the lady, 
who loved Amias, but her love was not 
requited. When Placidas stood before 
her, she thought he was Amias, and 
great was her delight to find her love 
returned. She married Placidas, re- 
formed her ways, " and all men much 
admired the change, and spake her 
praise." — Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 8, 9 
(1596). 

Plagiary (Sir Fretful), a play- 
wright, whose dramas are mere plagiar- 
isms from "the refuse of obscure 
volumes." He pretends to be rather 
pleased with criticism, but is sorely irri- 
tated thereby. Richard Cumberland 
(1732-1811), noted for his vanity and 
irritabilitv, was the model of this cha- 
racter.— Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1 (1779). 

Herrick, who had no occasion to steal, has taken this 
Image from Suckling, and spoilt it in the theft. Like sir 
Fretful Plagiary, Herrick had not skill to steal with taste. 
— X. Chambers, EnglUh Literature, i. 134. 

William Parsons [1736-1795] was the original " sir Fret- 
ful Plagiary." and from his delineation most of our modern 
actors have borrowed their idea.— Life of Sheridan. 



Plague of London (1665). 
persons died thereof. 



68,586 



Plaid3 et Gieux sous l'Ormel, 

a society formed by the troubadours of 
Picardy in the latter half of the twelfth 
century. It consisted of knights and 
ladies of the highest rank, exercised and 
approved in courtesy, who assumed an 
absolute judicial power in matters of the 
most delicate nature ; trying, with the 
most consummate ceremony, all causes 
in love brought before their tribunals. 

This was similar to the "Court of 
Love," established about the same time 
by the troubadours of Provence. — Uni- 
versal Magazine (March, 1792). 

Plain (The), the level floor of the 
National Convention of France, occupied 
by the Girondists or moderate repub- 
licans. The red republicans occupied 
the higher seats, called " the mountain." 
By a figure of speech, the Girondist 
party was called "the plain," and the 
red republican party " the mountain." 

Plain and Perspicuous Doctor 
(The), Walter Burleigh (1275-1357). 

Plain Dealer (The), a comedy by 
William Wycherly (1677). 
The countess of Drogheda . . . inquired for tbo Plain 



PLANET OF LOVE. 



774 PLEASURES OF IMAGINATION. 



Dealer. " Madam," said Mr. Fairbeard, . . . "there he 
is, " pushing Mr. Wycherly towards her.— Cibber, Live* of 
the Foett, iii. 252. 

(Wycherly married the countess in 
1680. She died soon afterwards, leaving 
him the whole of her fortune.) 

Planet of Love, Venus. So called 
by Tennyson, Maud, I. xxii. 2 (1855). 

Plantagenet {Lady Edith), a kins- 
woman of Richard I. She marries the 
prince royal of Scotland (called sir 
Kenneth knight of the Leopard, or 
David earl of Huntingdon). — Sir W. 
Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Plantain or Planta'go, the favour- 
ite food of asses. It is very astringent, 
and excellent for cuts and open sores. 
Plantain leaves bruised, and rubbed on 
the part affected, will instantly relieve 
the pain and reduce the swelling occa- 
sioned by the bite or sting of insects. 
The Highlanders ascribe great virtues 
to the plantain in healing all sorts of 
wounds, and call it slan-lus (" the healing 
plant ") . — Lightf oot. 

The hermit gathers . . . plantane for a sore. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Plato. The mistress of this philo- 
sopher was Archianassa ; of Aristotle, 
Hepyllis ; and of Epicurus, Leontium. 
(See Lovers, p. 573.) 

Plato (The German), Friedrich Hein- 
rich Jacobi (1743-1819). 

Plata (The Jewish), Philo Judaeus (fl. 
20-40), 

Plato (The Puritan), John Howe (1630- 
1706). 

Plato and the Bees. It is said 
that when Plato was an infant, bees 
settled on his lips while he was asleep, 
indicating that he would become famous 
for his " honeyed words." The same 
story is told of Sophocles also. 

And as when Plato did i' the cradle thrive, 

Bees to his lips brought honey from the hive ; 

So to Uiis \>i.y[Dor'kion\ they came — 1 know not whether 

Thsy brought or from his lips did honey gather. 

W. Browne, UrUannia's Pastorals, ii. (1613). 

Plato and Homer. Plate greatly 
admired Homer, but excluded him from 
his ideal republic. 

Plato, 'tis true, great Homer doth commend, 
Yet from his common-weal did him exile 
Lord Brooke, Jnuuisition upon fame, etc. (1554-1628). 

Plato and Poets. 

Plato, anticipating the Kevlewcrs, 

From his " republic," banished without pity 

The poets, 

Longfellow, The Foet't Tale. 



Plato's Year, 25,000 Julian yearg. 

Cut out more work than can be done 
In Plato's year. 

S. Butler, Ettdibrat, iii. 1 (1678). 

Platonic Bodies, the five regular 
geometrical solids described by Plato, 
all of which are bounded by like, equal, 
and regular planes. The four-sided, the 
six-sided, the eight-sided, the ten-sided, 
and the twenty-sided ; or the square, 
hexagon, octagon, decagon, and icosa- 
hedron. 

Platonic Love, the innocent friend- 
ship of opposite sexes, wholly divested 
of all animal or amorous passion. 

The noblest kind of love is love platonical. 

Byron, Don Juan, ix. 76 (1824). 

Platonic Puritan (The), John 
Howe, the puritan divine (1630-1706). 

Plausible (Counsellor) and serjeant 
Eitherside, two pleaders in The Man of 
the World, by C. Macklin (1764). 

Pleasant (Mrs.), in 'The Parson's 
Wedding, by Tom Killigrew (1664). 

Pleasure (^4 New). 

'Tis said that Xerxes offered a reward 
To those who could invent him a new pleasure. 
Byron. Don Juan, i. 108 (1819). 

Pleasures of Hope, a poem in two 
parts, by Thomas Campbell (1799). It 
opens with a comparison between the 
beauty of scenery and the ideal enchant- 
ments of fancy in which hope is never 
absent, but can sustain the seaman on his 
watch, the soldier on his march, and 
Byron in his perilous adventures. The 
hope of a mother, the hope of a prisoner, 
the hope of the wanderer, the grand hope 
of the patriot, the hope of regenerating 
uncivilized nations, extending liberty, 
and ameliorating the condition of the 
poor. Pt. ii. speaks of the hope of 
love, and the hope of a future state, 
concluding with the episode of Conrad 
and Ellenore. Conrad was a felon, trans- 
ported to New South Wales, but, though 
" a martyr to his crimes, was true to his 
daughter." Soon, he says, he shall return 
to the dust from which he was taken ; 

But not, my child, with life's precarious fire, 
The immortal ties of Nature shall expire; 
These shall resist the triumph of decay, 
When time is o'er, and worlds have passed away. 
Cold in the dust this perished heart mav lie, 
But that which warmed it once shall never die- 
That spark, unbailed In its mortal frame, 
With living Ijght, eternal, and the same. 
Shall beam oil Joy's interminahle years. 
Unveiled by darkness, unassuaged hy tears. 

Pt U. 

Pleasures of Imagination, a 

poem in three books, by Akenside (1744). 



PLEASURES OF MEMORY. 



775 



PLEYDELL. 



All the pleasures of imagination arise 
from the perception of greatness, wonder- 
fulness, or beauty. The beauty of great- 
ness — witness the pleasure of mountain 
scenery, of astronomy, of infinity. The 
pleasure of what is wonderful — witness 
the delight of novelty, of the revelations 
of science, of tales of fancy. The plea- 
sure of beauty, which is always connected 
with truth — the beauty of colour, shape, 
and so on, in natural objects ; the beauty 
of mind and the moral faculties. Bk. 
ii. contemplates accidental pleasures aris- 
ing from contrivance and design, emotion 
and passion, such as sorrow, pity, terror, 
and indignation. Bk. iii. Morbid ima- 
gination the parent of vice ; the benefits 
of a well-trained imagination. 

(The first book is by far the best. Aken- 
side recast his poem in maturer life, but 
no one thinks he improved it by so doing. 
The first or original cast is the only one 
read, and parts of the first book are well 
known.) 

Pleasures of Memory, a poem in 
two parts, by Samuel Rogers (1793). The 
first part is restricted to the pleasure of 
memory afforded by the five senses, as 
that arising from visiting celebrated 
places, and that afforded by pictures. 
Pt. ii. goes into the pleasures of the 
mind, as imagination, and memory of past 
griefs and dangers. The poem concludes 
with the supposition that in the life to 
come this faculty will be greatly en- 
larged. The episode is this : Florio, a 
young sportsman, accidentally met Julia 
in a grot, and followed her home, when 
her father, a rich squire, welcomed him 
as his guest, and talked with delight of 
his younger days when hawk and hound 
were his joy of joys. Florio took Julia 
for a sail on the lake, but the vessel was 
capsized, and though Julia was saved 
from the water, she died on being brought 
to shore. It was Florio's delight to haunt 
the places which Julia frequented : 

Her charm around the enchantress Memory threw, 
A charm that soothes the mind and sweetens too. 
Pt.iL 

Pleiads (The), a cluster of seven 
stars in the constellation Taurus, and 
applied to a cluster of seven celebrated 
contemporaries. The stars were the 
seven daughters of Atlas : Mala, Electra, 
TaygSte (4 syl.), Asterope, Merope, 
Alcyone, and Celeno. 

The Pleiad of Alexandria consisted of 
Callimachos, Apollonios Rhodios, Ara- 
tos, Homer the Younger, Lycophron, 
Nicander, and Theocritos. All of Alex- 



andria, in the time of Ptolemy Phi la- 
del phos. 

The Pleiad of Charlemagne consisted of 
Alcuin, called " Albinus ; " Angilbert, 
called "Homer;" Adelard, called 
"Augustine;" Riculfe, called " I)a- 
msetas ; " Varnefrid ; Eginhard ; and 
Charlemagne himself, who was called 
" David." 

The First French Pleiad (sixteenth cen- 
tury) : Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, 
Antoinc de Ba'i'f, Remi-Belleau, Jodelle, 
Ponthus de Thiard, and the seventh is 
either Dorat or Amadis de Jamyn. All 
uudcr Henri I IT. 

The Second French Pleiad (seventeenth 
century) : Rapin, Com m ire, Larue, San- 
teuil, Mc'nage, Dupcrier, and Petit. 

We have also our English clusters. 
There were those born in the second half 
of the sixteenth century : Spenser (1553), 
Drayton (15G3), Shakespeare and Marlowe 
(1564), Ben Jonson (1574), Fletcher 
(1576), Massinger (1585), Beaumont 
(Fletcher's colleague) and Ford (1586). 
Besides these, there were Tusser (1515), 
Raleigh (1552), sir Philip Sidnev (1554), 
Phineas Fletcher (1584), Herbert (1593), 
and several others. 

Another cluster came a century later : 
Prior (1664), Swift (1667), Addison and 
Conerreve (1672), Rowe (1673), Farqu- 
har (1678), Young (1684), Gay and Pope 
(1688), Macklin (1690). 

These were borti in the latter half of the 
eighteenth century: Sheridan (1751), 
Crabbe (1754), Burns (1759), Rogers 
(1763), Wordsworth (1770), Scott (1771), 
Coleridge (1772), Southev (1774), Camp- 
bell (1777), Moore (1779). Bvron (1788), 
Shelley and Keble (1792).and fceats(1796). 

Butler (1600), Milton (1608), and 
Dryden (1630) came between the first 
and second clusters. Thomson (1700), 
Grav (1717), Collins (1720), Akenside 
(1721), Goldsmith (1728), and Cowper 
(1731), between the second and the third. 

Pleonec'tes (4 syl.), Covetousne3s 
personified in The Purple Island, by 
Phineas Fletcher (1633). " His gold his 
god" ... he "much fears to keep, 
much more to lose his lusting." Fully 
described in canto viii. (Greek, pleo- 
nektes, " covetous.") 

Pleydell (Mr. Paulus), an advocate 
in Edinburgh, shrewd and witty. He 
was at one time the sheriff at Elian- 
go wan. 

Mr. counsellor Pleydell was a lively, sharp-looking 
gentleman, with a professional shrewdness in hi3 eyu, 
and, generally speaking, a professional formality in hi* 



PLIABLE. 



77G 



PLOUSINA. 



manner ; but this he could slip off on a Saturday evening, 
when ... he joined in the ancient pastime of High 
Jinks.— Sir W. Scott; Guy Mannerlng, xxxix. (lime, 
George II.). 

Pliable, a neighbour of Christian, 
whom he accompanied as far as the 
" Slough of Despond," when he turned 
back. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. 
(1678). 

Pliant (Sir Paul), a hen-pecked 
husband, who dares not even touch a 
letter addressed to himself till my lady 
has read it first. His perpetual oath is 
" Gadsbud ! " He is such a dolt that he 
would not believe his own eyes and ears, 
if they bore testimony against his wife's 
fidelity and continency. (See Placid, 
p. 773.) 

Samuel Foote [1721-1777] attempted the part of " sir 
Paul Pliant," but nothing could be worse. However, the 
people laughed heartily, and that he thought was a full 
approbation of his grotesque performance.— T. Davies. 

Pady Pliant, second wife of sir Paul. 
" She's handsome, and knows it ; is very 
silly, and thinks herself wise ; has a 
choleric old husband " very fond of her, 
but whom she rules with spirit, and snubs 
"afore folk." My lady says, "If one 
has once sworn, it is most unchristian, 
inhuman, and obscene that one should 
break it." Her conduct with Mr. Care- 
less is most reprehensible. — Congreve, 
TJie Double Dealer (1694). 

Those who remember the "lady Pliant" of Margaret 
Woffington 1171S-1760J, will recollect with pleasure her 
whimsical discovery of passion, and her awkwardly as- 
sumed prudery.— T. Davies. 

Pliny (The German) or "Modern 
Pliny.," Konrad von Gesner of Zurich, 
who wrote PListoria Animalium, etc. (1516- 
1665) 

Pliny of the East, Zakarija ibn 
Muhammed, surnamed " Kazwini," from 
Kazwin, the place of his birth. He is so 
called by De Sacy (1200-1283). 

Plon-Plon, prince Napoleon Joseph 
Charles Bonaparte, son of Jerome Bona- 
parte by his second wife (the princess 
Frederica Catherine of Wiirtemberg). 
Plon-plon is a euphonic corruption of 
Craint-Plomb ("fear-bullet"), a nickname 
given to the prince in the Crimean war 
(1854-6). 

Plornish, plasterer, Bleeding-heart 
Yard. He was a smooth-cheeked, fresh- 
coloured, sandy-whiskered man of 30. 
Long in the legs, yielding at the knees, 
foolish in the face, flannel-jacketed and 
lime-whitened. He generally chimed in 
conversation by echoing the words of the 
person speaking. Thus, if Mrs. Plornish 



said to a visitor, "Miss Dorrit dursn't 
let him know ; " he would chime in, 
"Dursn't let him know." "Me and 
Plornish says, ' Ho ! Miss Dorrit ; ' " 
Plornish repeated after his wife, " Ho ! 
Miss Dorrit." " Can you employ Miss 
Dorrit?" Plornish repeated as an echo, 
"Employ Miss Dorrit?" (See Petek, 
p. 754.) 

Mrs. Plornish, the plasterer's wife. A 
young woman, somewhat slatternly in 
herself and her belongings, and dragged 
by care and poverty already into wrinkles. 
She generally began her sentences with, 
" Well, not to deceive you." Thus : " Is 
Mr. Plornish at home?" "Well, sir, not 
to deceive you, he's gone to look for a 
job." " Well, not to deceive you, 
ma'am, I take it kindlv of you." — C. 
Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 

Plotting Parlour ( The). At Whit- 
tington, near Scarsdale, in Derbyshire, is 
a farm-house where the earl of Devon- 
shire (Cavendish), the earl of Danby 
(Osborne), and baron Delamer (Booth) 
concerted the Revolution. The room in 
which they met is called " The Plotting 
Parlour." 

Where Scarsdaje's cliffs the swelling pastures bound, 
. . . there let the farmer hail 
The sacred orchard which embowers his gate, 
And shew to strangers, passing down the vale, 
Where Cav'ndish, Booth, and Osborne sate 
When, bursting from their country's chain, . . . 
They planned for freedom this her noblest reign. 

Akenside, Ode, XVIII. v. 3 (1767). 

Plotwell (Mrs.), in Mrs. Centlivre's 
drama The Beau's Duel (1703). 

Plousina, called Hebe, endowed by 
the fairy Anguilletta with the gifts of 
wit, beauty, and wealth. Hebe still felt 
she lacked something, and the fairy told 
her it was love. Presently came to her 
father's court a young prince named 
Atimir, the. two fell in love with each 
other, and the day of their marriage 
was fixed. In the interval, Atimir fell 
in love with Hebe's elder sister Iberia ; 
and Hebe, in her grief, was sent to the 
Peaceable Island, where she fell in love 
with the ruling prince, and married 
him. After a time, Atimir and Iberia, 
with Hebe and her husband, met at the 
palace of the ladies' father, when the 
love between Atimir and Hebe re- 
vived. A duel was fought between the 
young princes, in which Atimir was slain, 
and the prince of the Peaceable Islands 
was severely wounded. Hebe, coming 
up, threw herself on Atimir's sword, and 
the dead bodies of Atimir and Hebe 
were transformed into two trees called 



PLOWMAN. 



777 



POCHET. 



"charms." — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 
Tales (" Anguilletta," 1682). 

Plowman (Piers), the dreamer, who, 
falling asleep on the Malvern Hills, 
Worcestershire, saw in a vision pictures 
of the corruptions of society, and par- 
ticularly of the avarice and wantonness 
of the clergy. This supposed vision is 
formed into a poetical satire of great 
vigour, fancy, and humour. It is divided 
into twenty parts, each part being called 
a passus or separate vision. — William 
[or Robert] Langland, The I 'ision of Piers 
Plowman (1362). 

Plumdamas {Mr. Peter), grocer. — 
Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Plume (Captain), a gentleman and 
an officer. He is in love with Sylvia a 
wealthy heiress, and, when he marries her, 
gives up his commission. — G. Farquhar, 
The Pccruitinfj Otficcr (1705). 

Plummer (Caleb), a little old toy- 
maker, in the employ of Gruif and 
Tackleton, toy merchants. He was 
spare, grey-haired, and very poor. It 
wa3 his pride "to go as close to Natur' 
in his toys as he could for the money." 
Caleb Plummer had a blind daughter, 
who assisted him in toy-making, and 
whom he brought up under the belief 
that he himself was young, handsome, 
and well off, and that the house they 
lived in was sumptuously furnished and 
quite magnificent. Every calamity he 
smoothed over, every unkind remark of 
their snarling employer he called a merry 
jest; so that the poor blind girl lived in a 
castle of the air, "a bright little world 
of her own." When merry or puzzled, 
Caleb used to sing something about "a 
sparkling bowl." 

It would have gladdened the heart of that inimitable 
creation of Charles Dickens, "Caleb Plummer." — Lord W. 
Lennox, Celebrities, ii. 

Bertha Plummer, the blind daughter of 
the toy-maker, who fancied her poor old 
father was a young fop, that the sack he 
threw across his shoulders was a hand- 
some blue great-coat, and that their 
wooden house was a palace. She was in 
love with Tackleton, the toy merchant, 
whom she thought to be a handsome 
young prince ; and when she heard that 
he was about to marry May Fielding, 
she drooped and was like to die. She 
was then disillusioned, heard the real 
facts, and said, " Why, oh, why did you 
deceive me thus? Why did you fill 
my heart so full, and then come like 



death, and tear away the objects of my 
love?" However, her love for her father 
was not lessened, and she declared that 
the knowledge of the truth was " sight 
restored." "It is my sight," she cried. 
" Hitherto I have been blind, but now 
my eyes are open. I never knew my 
father before, and might have died with- 
out ever having known him truly." 

Edward rhunmcr, son of the toy-maicer, 
and brother of the blind girl. He was 
engaged from boyhood to May Fielding, 
went to South America, and returned to 
marry her ; but, hearing of her engage- 
ment to Tackleton the toy merchant, 
he assumed the disguise of a deaf old 
man, to ascertain whether she loved 
Tackleton or not. Being satisfied that 
her heart was still his own, he married 
her, and Tackleton made them a present 
of the wedding-cake which he had 
ordered for himself. — C. Dickens, Tlie 
Cricket on the Hearth (1845). 

Plush (John), any gorgeous footman, 
conspicuous for his plush breeches and 
rainbow colours. 

Plutarch (The Modern), Vayer, born 
at Paris. His name in full was Francis 
Vayer de la Mothe (158G-1672). 

Pluto, the god of hades. 

Brothers, be of pood cheer, for this night we shall sup 
with Pluto.— Leonidas, To tlte Three hundred at Tker- 
■mopyliz. 

Plutus, the god of wealth. — Classic 
Mythology. 

Within a heart, dearer than Plutus' mine. 
Shakespeare. Juliu* Cuexur. act iv. sc. 3 (1007). 

Plymouth Cloak (^4), a cane, a 
cudgel. So called, says Kay, " because 
we use a staff in cnerpo, but not when we 
wear a cloak." 

Wellborn. How, dog? {Hairing hit cudgel.) 
Taiswcll. Advance your Plymouth cloak. 
There dwells, and within call, if it please your worship, 
A potent monarch, called the constable, 
That d -Tii command a citadel, called the stocks. 
Massinger, A Sew Way to I'ay Old Debt*, i. 1 (1628). 

Po (Tom), a ghost. (Welsh, bo, "a 
hobgoblin.") 

He now would pass for spirit Po. 

S. BuUer, Uudibrat, iii. 1 (1678). 

Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, 
an Indian chief of Virginia, who rescued 
captain John Smith when her father was 
on the point of killing him. She subse- 
quently married John Rolfe, and was 
baptized under the name of Rebecca 
(1595-1617). — Old and New London, ii. 
481 (1876). 

Pochet (Madame), the French " Mrs. 
Gamp." — Henri Monnier. 



POCHI DANARI. 



778 



POETS OF ENGLAND. 



Pochi Dana'ri ("the pcnnyless"). 
So the Italians call Maximilian I. emperor 
of Germany (1459, 1493-1519). 

Pocket (Mr. Matthew), a real scholar, 
educated at Harrow, and an honour-man 
at Cambridge, but, having married young, 
he had to take up the calling of "grinder" 
and literary fag for a living. Mr. 
Pocket, when annoyed, used to run his 
two hands into his hair, and seemed as if 
he intended to lift himself by it. His 
house was a hopeless muddle, the best 
meals and chief expense being in the 
kitchen. Pip was placed under the charge 
of this gentleman. 

Mrs. Pocket (Belinda), daughter of a 
City knight, brought up to be an orna- 
mental nonentity, helpless, shiftless, and 
useless. She was the mother of eight 
children, whom she allowed to "tumble 
up" as best they could, under the charge 
of her maid Fiopson. Her husband, who 
was a poor gentleman, found life a very 
uphill work. 

Herbert Pocket, son of Mr. Matthew 
Pocket, and an insurer of ships. He was 
a frank, easy young man, lithe and brisk, 
but not muscular. There was nothing 
mean or secretive about him. He was 
wonderfully hopeful, but had not the 
stuff to push his way into wealth. He 
was tall, slim, and pale ; had a languor 
which shewed itself even in his briskness ; 
was most amiable, cheerful, and com- 
municative. He called Pip "Handel," 
because Pip had been a blacksmith, and 
Handel composed a piece of music en- 
titled The Harmonious Blacksmith. Pip 
helped him to a partnership in an agency 
business. 

Sarah Pocket, sister of Matthew Pocket, 
a little dry, brown, corrugated old woman, 
with a small face that might have been 
made of walnut-shell, and a large mouth 
like a cat's without the whiskers. — C. 
Dickens, Great Expectations (1800). 

Podgers (The), lickspittles of the 
great. — J. Hollingshead, The Birthplace 
of Podgers. 

Podsnap (Mr.)', "a too, too smiling 
large man with a fatal freshness on him." 
Mr. Podsnaphas "two little light-coloured 
wiry wings, one on either side of his 
else bald head, looking as like his hair- 
brushes as his hair." On his forehead 
are generally " little red beads," and he 
wears "a large allowance of crumpled 
shirt-collar up behind." 

Mrs. Podsnap, a " fine woman for pro- 
tessor Owen : quantity of bone, neck and 



nostrils like a rocking-horse, hard fea- 
tures, and majestic head-dress in which 
Podsnap has hung golden offerings." 

Gcorgiana Podsnap, daughter of the 
above ; called by her father " the young 
person." She is a harmless, inoffensive 
girl, "always trying to hide her elbows." 
Georgiana adores Mrs. Lammle, and when 
Mr. Lammle tries to marry the girl 
to Mr. Flcdgeby, Mrs. Lammle induces 
Mr. Twemlow to speak to the father and 
warn him against the connection. 

It m»y not be so in the gospel according to Podsnappery, 
... but it has been the truth since the foundations of 
the universe were laid.— C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend 

(18(54). 

Poem in Marble (^4), the Taj, a 
mausoleum of white marble, raised in 
Agra by shah Jehan, to his favourite 
shahrina Moomtaz-i-Mahul, who died in 
childbirth of her eighth child. It is also 
called "The Marble Queen of Sorrow." 

Poet ( The Quaker), Bernard Barton 
(1734-1849). 

Poet Sire of Italy, Dante" Alighieri 
(1265-1321). 

Poet Squab. John Dryden was so 
called by the earl of Rochester, on account 
of his corpulence (1031-1701). 

Poet of Prance (The), Pierre Ron- 
sard (1524-1585). 

Poet of Poets, Percy Bysshe Shelley 

(1792-1822). 

Poet of the Poor, the Rev. George 

Crabbe (1754-1832). 

Poets ( The prince of). Edmund Spen- 
ser is so called on his monument in West- 
minster Abbey (1553-1598). 

Prince of Spanish Poets. So Cervantes 
calls Garcilaso de la A'ega (1503-1536). 

Poets of England. 

Addison, Beaumont, Elizabeth Bar- 
rett Browning ! (Burns !) Butler, Byrox, 
Campbell, Chatterton, Chaucer, Colk- 
RIDGE, Collins, Congreve, Cowley, Cow- 
per, Crabbe, Drayton, Dryden! Fletcher, 
Ford, Gay, Goldsmith, Gray, Mrs. He- 
mans, Herbert, Herrick, Hood, Ben Jon- 
son ! Keats, Keble, Landor, Marlowe ! 
Marvel, Massinger ! Miltox, Moore, Ot- 
way ! Pope ! Prior, Rogers, It owe, (Scott,) 
Shakespeare, Shelley! Shenstoae, South- 
ey, Spenskr, Thomson, "Waller, Words- 
worth, Young. With many others of 
less celebrity. 

(Those in capitals are first-class poets ; 
those in Roman type, second-class, the 



POETS' CORNER. 



779 



POISONERS. 



best of which have ! after the name ; 
those in italics are third-class poets ; the 
two in brackets are Scotch.) 

Poets' Corner, in the south transept 
of Westminster Abbe}'. No one knows 
who christened the corner thus. With 
poets are divines, philosophers, actors, 
novelists, architects, and critics. It would 
have been a glorious thing indeed if the 
corner had been set apart for England's 
poets. But alas ! the deans of Westminster 
made a market of the wall, and hence, as 
a memorial of British poets, it is almost 
a caricature. Where is the record of 
Byron, Ford, Hemans, Keats, Keble, 
Marlowe, Massinger, Pope, Shelley? 
Where of E. B. Browning, Burns, Chat- 
terton, Collins, Congreve, Cowper, Crabbe, 
Gower, Herbert, Herrick, Hood, Marvel, 
T. Moore, Scott, Shenstone, Southey, 
and Waller? 

The "corner" contains a bust, statue, 
tablet, or monument to five of our first- 
rate poets : viz., Chaucer (1400), 
Dryden (1700), Milton (1674), Shake- 
speare (1616), and Spenser (1598) ; and 
some seventeen of second or third class 
merit, as Addison, Beaumont (none to 
Fletcher), S. Butler, Campbell, Cowley, 
Cumberland, Drayton, Gay, Gray, Gold- 
smith, Ben Jonson, Macaulay, Prior (a 
most preposterous affair), Rowe, Sheri- 
dan, Thomson, and Wordsworth. And 
also to such miserable poetasters as 
Davenant (" Oh ! rare sir William Dave- 
nant ! "), Mason, and Shadwell. Truly, 
our Valhalla is almost a satire on our 
taste and judgment. 

* + * Dryden's monument was erected 
by Sheffield duke of Buckingham. 
Wordsworth's statue was erected by a 
public subscription. 

Poets of licentious Verses, 
Elephantis, a poetess spoken of by 
Martial, Epiqrammata, xii. 43. 

Anthony Caraccio of Italy (1630-1702). 

Pietro Aretino, an Italian of Arezzo 
(1492-1557). 

Poetry (The Father of), Orpheus (2 
syl.) of Thrace. 

Father of Dutch Poetry, Jakob Maer- 
lant ; also called " The Father of Flemish 
Poetry - ' (1235-1300). 

Father of English Poetry, Geoffrey 
Chaucer (1328-1400). 

Father of Epic Poetry, Homer. 

He compares Richardson to Homer, and predicts for 
his memory the same honours which are rendered to the 
Father of Epic Poeiry.— Sir W. Scott 

Poetry — Prose. Pope advised 



Wychcrly "to convert his poetry into 
prose." 

Po'gram (Elijah), one of the "master 
minds" of America, and a member of 
congress. He was possessed with the 
idea that there was a settled opposition 
in the British mind against the institu- 
tions of his "free enlightened country." 
— C. Dickens, Martin (Jhuzzlewit (1844). 

Poinder (George), a city officer.— Sir 
W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Poins, a companion of sir John Fal- 
staff. — Shakespeare, 1 and 2 Henry IV. 
(1597, 1598). 

The chronicles of that day contain accounts of many a 
mad prank which [lord Warwick, Adduon't ttep-ton] 
played . . . [1ike\ the lawless freaks of the madcap prince 
and Poins.— Thackeray. 

Point a Moral or Adorn a Tale. 

Dr. Johnson, in his Vanity of Human 
Wishes (1749), speaking of Charles XII. 
of Sweden, says : 

He left the name, at which the world grew pale, 
To point a moral or adorn a tale. 

%* Juvenal said of Hannibal: "Go, 
madman ; hurry over the savage Alps, to 
please the schoolboys, and become their 
subject of declamation." 

Poison. It is said that Mithridates 
VI., surnamed "the Great," had so forti- 
fied his constitution, that poisons had no 
baneful effect on him (B.C. 131, 120-63). 

Poison-Detectors. Opal turns pale, 
and Venetian glass shivers at the ap- 
proach of poison. Peacocks ruffle their 
feathers at the sight of poison ; and if 
poison is put into a liquid contained in a 
cup of rhinoceros's horn, the liquid will 
effervesce. No one could pass with 
poison the horn gate of Gundoforus. 
Nourgehan had a bracelet, the stones of 
which seemed agitated when poison 
approached the wearer. Aladdin's ring 
was a preservative against every evil. 
The sign of the cross in the Middle Ages 
was looked upon as a poison-detector. 
(See Warxisg-Givers.) 

Poison of Khaibar. By this is 
meant the poison put into a leg of mutton 
by Zai'nab, a Jewess, to kill Mahomet 
while he was in the citadel of Kha'ibar. 
Mahomet partook of the mutton, and 
suffered from the poison all through life. 

Poisoners (Secret). 

1. Of Ancient Pome: Locusta, em- 
ployed by Agrippi'na to poison her 
husband the emperor Claudius. Nero 



POLEXANDRE. 



POLLENTE. 



employed the same woman to poison 
Britannicus and others. 

2. Of English History : the countess 
of Somerset, who poisoned sir Thomas 
Overbury in the Tower of London. She 
also poisoned others. 

Villiers duke of Buckingham, it is 
said, poisoned king James I. 

3. Of France : Lavoisin and Lavigoreux, 
French midwives and fortune-tellers. 

Catharine de Medicis is said to have 
poisoned the mother of Henri IV. with a 
pair of Avedding-gloves, and several 
others with poisoned fans. 

The marquise de Brinvilliers, a young 
profligate Frenchwoman, was taught the 
art of secret poisoning by Sainte-Croix, 
who learnt it in Italy. — Worldof Wonders, 
vii. 203. 

4. Of Italy : Pope Alexander VI. and 
his children Caesar and Lucrezia [Borgia] 
were noted poisoners ; so were Hierony- 
ma Spara and Tofa'na. 

Polexan'dre, an heroic romance by 
Gomberville (1632). 

Policy (Mrs.), housekeeper at Holy- 
rood Palace. She appears in the intro- 
duction. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Pol'idore (3 syl.), father of Valere. — 
Moliere, Le JDe'pit Amoureux (1654). 

Polinesso, duke of Albany, who 
falsely accused Geneura of incontinenc) r , 
and was slain in single combat by Ario- 
dantes. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Polish Jew (The), also called The 
Bells, a melodrama by J. R. Ware, 
brought prominently into note by the 
acting of Henry Irving at the Lyceum. 
Mathis, a miller in a small German town, 
is visited on Christmas Eve by a Polish 
Jew, who comes through the snow in a 
sledge. After rest and refreshment, he 
leaves for Nantzig, "four leagues off." 
Mathis follows him, kills him with an 
axe, and burns the body in a lime-kiln. 
He then pays his debts, becomes a pros- 
perous and respected man, and is made 
burgomaster. On the wedding night of 
his only child, Annette, he dies of apo- 
plexy, "of which he had ample warning 
by the constant sound of sledge-bells in 
ins cars. In his dream he supposes him- 
self put into a mesmeric sleep in open 
court, when he confesses everything and 
is executed (1874). 

Polixene, the name assumed by 
Madelon Uorgibus, a shopkeeper's daugh- 



ter, as far more romantic and genteel 
than her baptismal name. Her cousin 
Cathos called herself Aminte (2 syl.). 

"A-t-on jamais parte," asks Madelon. "dans le beau 
style, de Cathos ni de Madelon ? et ne m'avouerez-vous 
pas que ce seroit assez d'un de ces noms pour decrier le 
plus beau roman du nionde." 

"II est vrai," says Cathos to Madelon's father, " et le 
nom de Polixene . . . et celui d'Aminte . . . ont une 
grace dont il faut que vous demeuriez d'accord.— Moliere, 
Let PrScieuses Ridicules, 5 11659). 

Polix'enes (4 syl.), king of Bo- 
hemia, schoolfellow and old companion 
of Leontes king of Sicily. While on a 
visit to the Sicilian king, Leontes grew 
jealous of him, and commanded Camillo 
to poison him ; but Camillo only warned 
him of his danger, and fled with him to 
Bohemia. Polixenes's son, Flor'izel, fell 
in love with Perdlta the supposed 
daughter of a shepherd ; but the king 
threatened Perdita and the shepherd with 
death unless this foolish suit were given 
up. Florizel and Perdita now fled to 
Sicily, where they were introduced to king 
Leontes, and it was soon discovered that 
Perdita was his lost daughter. Polixenes, 
having tracked the fugitives to Sicily, 
learned that Perdita was the king's daugh- 
ter, and joyfully consented to the union he 
had before forbidden. — Shakespeare, The 
Winter's Tale (1604). 

Poll Pineapple, the bumboat 
woman, once sailed in seaman's clothes 
with lieutenant Belay e' (2 syl.), in the 
Hot Cross-Bun. Jack tars generally greet 
each other with "Messmate, ho! what 
cheer ? " but the greeting on the Hot 
Cross-Bun was always, " How do you do, 
my dear?" and never was any oath more 
naughty than "Dear me!" One day, 
lieutenant Belaye came on board and 
said to his crew, " Here, messmates, is my 
wife, for I have just come from church." 
Whereupon they^ all fainted ; and it 
was found the crew consisted of young 
women only, who had dressed like sailors 
to follow the fate of lieutenant Belave. — 
S. Gilbert, The Bab Ballads ("The Bum- 
boat Woman's Story "). 

Pollente (3 syl.), a Saracen, lord of 
the Perilous Bridge. When his groom 
Guizor demands "the passage-penny " 
of sir Artegal, the knight gives him a 
" stunning blow," saying, " Lo ! knave, 
there's my hire;" and the groom falls 
down dead. Pollente then comes rushing 
up at full speed, and both he and sir 
Artegal fall into the river, lighting most 
desperately. At length sir Artegal pre- 
vails and the dead body of the Saracen 



POLLY. 



F81 



POLYDORE. 



is carried down "the blood-stained 
stream." — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 2 
(1596). 

Upton conjectures that "Pollentc" is 
intended for Charles IX. of France, and 
his groom " Guizor " (he says) means the 
duke of Guise, noted for the part he took 
in the St. Bartholomew Massacre. 

Polly, daughter of Peachum. A 
pretty girl, who really loved captain 
Macheath, married him, and remained 
faithful even when he disclaimed her. 
When the reprieve arrived, " the captain" 
confessed his marriage, and vowed to 
abide by Polly for the rest of his life. — 
J. Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727). 

This character has led to the peerage 
three actresses : Miss Fenton (duchess of 
Bolton), Miss Bolton (lady Thurloic), and 
Miss Stephens (countess of Essex). 

Mrs. C. Mathews savs of Miss Fenton 
(1708-1760) : 

Both by singing and acting, the impression she made in 
" Polly " was most powerful. . . . Not a print-shop or 
fan-shop but exhibited her handsome figure in her 
" Polly's" costume, which possessed all the characteristic 
simplicity of the modern quakeress, without one mere- 
tricious ornament. 

Polo'nius, a garrulous old chamber- 
lain of Denmark, and father of Laer'tes 
and Ophelia ; conceited, politic, and a 
courtier. Polonius conceals himself, to 
overhear what Hamlet says to his mother, 
and, making some unavoidable noise, 
startles the prince, who, thinking it is 
the king concealed, rushes blindly on 
the intruder, and kills him ; but finds too 
late he has killed the chamberlain, and 
not Claudius as he hoped and expected. 
— Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596). 

Polonius is a man bred in courts, exercised in business, 
stored with observations, confident of his knowledge, 
proud of his eloquence, and declining to dotage.— Dr. 
Johnson. 

It was the great part of William Mvnitt 
(1710-1763). 

Soon after Munden retired from the stage, an admirer 
met him in Covent Garden. It was a wet day, and each 
carried an umbrella. The gentleman's was an expensive 
silk one, and Joe's an old gingham. " So you have left 
the stage, . . . and 'Polonius,' 'Jemmy Jumps,' 'Old 
Dornton.' and a dozen others have left the world with 
you ? I wish you'd give me some trifle by way of memorial, 
Munden!" "Trifle, sir? I' faith, sir, I've got nothing. 
But hold, yes, egad, suppose we exchange umbrellas." — 
Theatrical A nccdotes. 

Polwarth (Alick), a servant of 
Waverley's. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Polyele'tos (in Latin Polycletus), a 
statuary of Sicyon, who drew up a canon 
of the proportions of the several parts of 
the human body : as, twice round the 
thumb is once round the wrist : twice 



round the wrist is once round the neck ; 
twice round the neck is once round the 
waist ; once round the fist is the length 
of the foot •, the two arms extended is 
the height of the body ; six times the 
length of the foot, or eighteen thumbs, is 
also the height of the body. 

Again, the thumb, the longest toe, 
and the nose should all be of the same 
length. The index finger should mea- 
sure the breadth of the hand and foot, 
and twice the breadth should give the 
length. The hand, the foot, and the 
face should all be the same length. The 
nose should be one-third of the face ; 
and, of course, the thumbs should be 
one-third the length of the hand. Gerard 
de Lairesse has given the exact measure- 
ments of every part of the human figure, 
according to the famous statues of " An- 
tinous," "Apollo Belvidere," "Her- 
cules," and "Venus de Medici." 

Poly crates (4 syl.), tyrant of 
Samos. He was so fortunate in every- 
thing, that Am'asis king of Egypt ad- 
vised him to part with something he 
highly prized. Whereupon, Polycrates 
threw into the sea an engraved gem of 
extraordinary value. A few days after- 
wards, a fish was presented to the tyrant, 
in which this very gem was found. 
Amasis now renounced all friendship 
with him, as a man doomed by the gods ; 
and not long after this, a satrap, having 
entrapped the too fortunate despot, put 
him to death by crucifixion. (See Fish 
and the Ring.) — Herodotus, iii. 40. 

Polyd'amas, a Thessalian athlete of 
enormous strength. He is said to have 
killed an angry lion, to have held by the 
heels a raging bull and thrown it help- 
less at his feet, to have stopped a chariot 
in full career, etc. One day, he attempted 
to sustain a falling rock, but was killed 
and buried by the huge mass,. 

Milo carried a bull, four years old, on 
his shoulders through the stadium at 
Olympia ; he also arrested a chariot in 
full career. One day, tearing asunder a 
pine tree, the two parts, rebounding, 
caught his hands and held him fast, in 
which state he was devoured by wolves. 

Polydore (3 syl.), the name by which 
Belarius called prince Guiderius, while 
he lived in a cave in the Welsh moun- 
tains. His brother, prince ArvirSgus, 
went by the name of Cadwal. — Shake- 
speare, Cyi7ibeline (1605). 

Bol'ydore (3 syl.), brother of general 
Memnon, beloved by the princess Calia 



POLYDORE. 



782 



POLYPHEME. 



sister of Astorax king of Paphos. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Mad Lover 
(1618). 

Pol'ydore (Lord), son of lord Acasto, 
and Castalio's younger brother. He 
entertained a base passion for his father's 
ward Moniuiia "the orphan," and, making 
use of the signal (" three soft taps upon 
the chamber door ") to be used by Castalio, 
to whom she was privately married, in- 
dulged his wanton love, Monimia sup- 
posing him to be her husband. When, 
next day, he discovered that Monimia was 
actually married to Castalio, he was 
horrified, and provoked a quarrel with his 
brother ; but as soon as Castalio drew his 
sword, he ran upon it and was killed. — 
Thomas Otway, The Orphan (1680). 

Pol'ydore (3 syL), a comrade of Ernest 
of Otranto (page of prince Tancred). — Sir 
W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Rufus). 

Polyglot (Ignatius), the master of 
seventeen languages, and tutor of Charles 
Eustace (aged 24). Very learned, very 
ignorant of human life ; most strict as a 
disciplinarian, but tender-hearted as a 
girl. His pupil has married clandestinely, 
but Polyglot offers himself voluntarily to 
be the scapegoat of the young couple, 
and he brings them off triumphantly. — 
J. Poole, The Scapegoat. 

Polyglott (A Walking), cardinal Mez- 
zofanti, who knew fifty-eight different 
languages (1774-1849). 

Polyolbion (the " greatly blessed"), 
by Michael Drayton, in thirty parts, 
called "songs." It is a topographi- 
cal description of England. Song 
i. The landing of Brute. Song ii. 
Dorsetshire, and the adventures of sir 
Bevis of Southampton. Song iii. So- 
merset. Song iv. Contention of the 
rivers of England and Wales respecting 
Lundy — to which country it belonged. 
Song v. Sabrina, as arbiter, decides that 
it is "allied alike both to England and 
Wales;" Merlin, and Milford Haven. 
Song vi. The salmon and beavor of Twy ; 
the tale of Sabrina ; the druids and 
bards. Song vii. Hereford. Song viii. 
Conquest of Britain by the Romans and 
by the Saxons. Song ix. Wales. Song 
x. Merlin's prophecies ; Winifred's well ; 
defence of the "tale of Brute" (1612). Song 
xi. Cheshire ; tjie religious Saxon kings. 
Song xii. Shropshire and Staffordshire ; 
the Saxon warrior kings ; and Guy of 
Warwick. Song xiii. Warwick ; Guy of 



Warwick concluded. Song xiv. Glou- 
cestershire. Song xv. The marriage of 
Isis and Thame. Song xvi. The Roman 
roads and Saxon kingdoms. Song xvii. 
Surrey and Sussex : the sovereigns of 
England from Wiliiam to Elizabeth. 
Song xviii. Kent ; England's great gene- 
rals and sea-captains (1613). Song xix. 
Essex and Suffolk ; English navigators. 
Song xx. Norfolk. Song xxi. Cam- 
bridge and Ely. Song xxii. Bucking- 
hamshire, and England's intestine battles. 
Song xxiii. Northamptonshire. Song 
xxiv. Rutlandshire ; and the British 
saints. Song xxv. Lincolnshire. Song 
xxvi. Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, 
Derbyshire ; with the story of Robin 
Hood. Song xxvii. Lancashire and the 
Isle of Man. Song xxviii. Yorkshire. 
Song xxix. Northumberland. Song xxx. 
Cumberland (1622). 

Pol'ypiieme (3 syL), a gigantic 
Cyclops of Sicily, who fed on human 
flesh. WTien Ulysses, on his return from 
Troy, was driven to this island, he and 
twelve of his companions were seized 
by Polypheme, and confined in his cave, 
that he might devour two daily for his 
dinner. Uh'sscs made the giant drunk, 
and, when he lay down to sleep, bored 
out his one eye. Roused by the pain, 
the monster tried to catch his tormentors ; 
but Ulysses and his surviving com- 
panions made their escape by clinging to 
the bellies of the sheep and rams when 
they were let out to pasture (Odyssey, ix.). 

There is a Basque legend told of the 
giant Tartaro, who caught a young man 
in his snares, and confined him in his 
cave for dessert. When, however, Tar- 
taro fell asleep, the young man made 
the giant's spit red hot, bored out his one 
eye, and then made his escape by fixing 
the bell of the bell-ram round his neck, 
and a sheep-skin over his back. Tartaro 
seized the skin, and the man, leaving it 
behind, made off. — Basque Legends. 

A very similar adventure forms the 
tale of Sindbad's third voyage, in the 
Arabian Nights, He was shipwrecked 
on a strange island, and entered, with 
his companions, a sort of palace. At 
nightfall, a one-eyed giant entered, and 
ate one of them for supper, and another 
for breakfast next morning. This went 
on for a day or two, when Sindbad bored 
out the giant's one eye with a eharied 
olive stake. The giant tried in vain to 
catch his tormentors, but they ran to 
their rafts ; and Sindbad, with two 
others, contrived to escai>e. 



POLYPHEME AND GALATEA. 783 



POND OF THE PROPHET. 



* # * Homer was translated into Syriac 
bv Theophilus Edessenes in the caliphate 
of liarun-ur-Rashid (a.d. 786-800). 

Polypheme and Galatea. Poly- 
pheny loved Galatea the sea-nymph ; but 
Galatea had fixed her affections on Acis, 
a Sicilian shepherd. The pant, in his 
jealousy, hurled a huge rock at his rival, 
and crushed him to death. 

The tale of Polypheme is from Ho- 
mer's Odyssey, ix. It is also given 
bv Ovid in his Metamorphoses, xiv. 
Euripides introduces the monster in his 
Cyclops ; and the tragedy of Acis and 
(jiahitea is the subject of Handel's famous 
opera so called. 

(lu Greek the monster is called Polu- 
pheiaos, and in Latin Polyphemus.) 

Polyphe'mus of Literature, Dr. 

Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). 

Polypho'nus (" by-voiced"), the 
Kapaueus and most boastful of the frog 
heroes. He was slain by the mouse 
Artophagus (" the bread-nibbler"). 

But great Artophagus avenged the slain, . . . 
And PolyphOnus dies, a frog renowned 
For boastful speech and turbulence of sound. 
Farnell, battle of the frog* and Mice. hi. (about 1712). 

Polyphrasticontinomimegalon- 
dulatibn. 

WLy not wind up the famous ministerial declaration 
with •Konx Oinpax." or that difficult expression, 
" polyphrasUcouunoiuiniegalondulatioii "! — The Star. 

Polypo'dium ("many-foot"), al- 
luding to its root furnished with nume- 
rous fibres. Polypodium used to be 
greatly celebrated "for its effect on tape- 
worm, and for rheum. 

The hermit 
Here finds upon an oak rheum-purging polypode (3 xgt.). 
Drayton, Polyolbion. xiii. 11613). 

Polyx'ena, a magnanimous and 
most noble woman, wife of Charles 
Emmanuel king of Sardinia (who suc- 
ceeded to the crown in 1780). — R. Brown- 
ing, Kinj Victor and King Charles, etc. 

Pombod'ita, hocus - pocus - land. 
When any one tells an incredible story, 
we might say to him, " Perhaps you are 
a native of Pombodita, where elephants 
are driven through the eyes of needles." 

Cum aliquis incredibilia narrat, respondent, " Forte ex 
Fonibodita tu es. ubi traducunt elephantem per foramen 
acus. — Pole, Synopsis Criticorum. 

It may be that thou art of Pumbeditha, where they can 
bring an elephant through the eye of a needle. — Light- 
'oot [A Jewish Proverb). 

%* Every one will call to mind the use 
made of this Jewish proverb by our Lord, 
when the "rich ruler," being told to sell 
all he had for the benefit of the poor, 



■LuJie xviii. 



" went away sorrowful." 
18-25 ; Mark x. 22. 

Pomegranate Seed. "When Per- 
Bepb'onS was in hades, whither Pluto 
had carried her, the god, foreknowing 
that Jupiter would demand her release, 
gathered a pomegranate, and said to her, 
"Love, eat with me this parting day of 
the pomegranate seed ; " and she ate. 
De-meter, in the mean time, implored 
Zeus (Jupiter) to demand Persephone's 
release; and the king of Olympus pro- 
mised she should be set at liberty, if she 
had not eaten anything during her deten- 
tion in hades. As, however, she had 
eaten pomegranate seeds, her return was 
impossible. 

Low laughs the dark king on his throne— 
" I gave her of pomegranate seed* "... 
And chant the maids of Enna still — 
"0 fateful flower Deside the rill. 
The daffodil, the daffodil." (See Daffodil.) 
Jean Ingelow, Persephone. 

Pompey, a clown ; servant to Mrs. 
Overdone (a bawd). — Shakespeare, Mea- 
sure for Measure (1603). 

Pompey the Great was killed by 
Achillas and Septimius, the moment the 
Egyptian fishing-boat reached the coast. 
Plutarch tells us they threw his head into 
the sea. Others say his head was sent 
to Caesar, who turned from it with horror, 
and shed a flood of tears. Shakespeare 
makes him killed by " savage islanders " 
(2 Henry VI. act iv. sc. 1, 1598). 

Pompil'ia, a foundling, the putative 
daughter of Pietro (2 syl.). She married 
count Guido Franceschini, who treated 
her so brutally that she made her escape 
under the protection of a young priest 
named Caponsacchi. Pompilia subse- 
quently gave birth to a aon, but was slain 
by her husband. 

The babe had been a find i' the filth-heap, sir. 

Catch from the kennel. There was found at Pome, 

Down in the deepest of our social dress, 

A woman who professed the wanton's trade . . . 

She sold this babe eight months before its birth 

To our Violante i3 fy'.l, Pietro's honest spouse, . . , 

Partly to please old Pietro, 

Partly to cheat the rightful heirs, agap<» 

For Uiat same principal of the usufruct, 

It vexed him he must die and leave behind. 

K. Browning, The fang and the Book, ii. 557, etc 

Ponee de Leon, the navigator who 
went in search of the Fontaine de Jouvence. 
" cui fit rajovenir la gent." He sailed in 
two ships on this " voyage of discoveries," 
in the sixteenth century. 

Like Ponce de Leon, he wants to go off to the Anti- 
podes in search of that Fontaine de Jouveiice which 
was fabled to give a man back his youth. — \'era, 130. 

Pond of the Prophet (The), a 
well of life, from which all the blessed 



PONENT WIND. 



784 



POPE-FIGS. 



will drink before they enter paradise. 
The water is whiter than milk, and more 
fragrant than musk. 

Po'nent "Wind {The), the west wind, 
or wind from the sunset. Lev'ant is the 
east wind, or wind from the sunrise. 

Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 704 (16S5). 

Pongo, a cross between "a land-tiger 
and a sea-shark." This terrible monster 
devastated Sicily, but was slain by the 
three sons of St. George. — R. Johnson, 
The Seven Champions, etc. (1617). 

Ponoc'rates (4 syl.), the tutor of 
Gargantua. — Rabelais, Gargantua (1533). 

Pons Asino'rum {"the asses' 
bridge ), the fifth proposition bk. i. 
of Euclid's Elements, too difficult for 
" asses " or stupid boys to get over. 

Pontius Pilate's Body-Guard, 

the 1st Foot Regiment. In Picardy the 
French officers wanted to make out that 
they were the seniors, and, to carry their 
point, vaunted that they were on duty 
on the night of the Crucifixion. The 
colonel of the 1st Foot replied, " If we 
had been on guard, we should not have 
slept at our posts " (see Matt, xxviii. 13). 

Pontoys {Stephen), a veteran in sir 
Hugo de Lacy's troop. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Betrothed {time, Henry II.). 

Pony {Mr. Garland's), Whisker 

Poole (1 syl.), in Dorsetshire ; once 
"a young and lusty sea-born lass," 
courted by great Albion, who had by 
her three children, Brunksey, Fursey, 
and [St.] Hellen. Thetis was indignant 
that one of her virgin train should be 
guilty of such indiscretion ; and, to pro- 
tect his children from her fury, Albion 
placed them in the bosom of Poole, and 
then threw his arms around them. — M. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 

Poor {Father of the), Bernard Gilpin 
(1517-1583). 

Poor Gentleman {The), a comedy 
bj r George Colman the. younger (1802). 
"The poor gentleman" is lieutenant 
Worthington, discharged from the army 
on half-pay, because his arm had been 
crushed by a shell in storming Gibraltar. 
On his half-pay he had to support him- 
self, his daughter Emily, an old corporal, 
and a maiden sister-in-law. Having put 
his name to a bill for £500, his friend 



died without effecting an insurance, and 
the lieutenant was called upon for pay- 
ment. Imprisonment would have fol- 
lowed if sir Robert Bramble had not 
most generously paid the money. With 
this piece of good fortune came another — 
the marriage of his daughter Emily to 
Frederick Bramble, nephew and heir of 
the rich baronet. 

Poor John, a hake dried and salted. 

lis well thou art not fish ; if thou hadst [been], thou 
hadst been Poor John. — Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, 
act i. sc. 1 (1597). 

Poor Richard, the pseudonym of 
Benjamin Franklin, under which he 
issued a series of almanacs, which he 
made the medium of teaching thrift, 
temperance, order, cleanliness, chastity, 
forgiveness, and so on. The maxims or 
precepts of these almanacs generally end 
with the words, "as poor Richard says" 
(begun in 1732). 

Poor Robin, the pseudonym of 
Robert Herrick the poet, under which he 
issued a series of almanacs (begun in 
1661). 

Poor as Lazarus, that is, the beg- 
gar Lazarus, in the parable of Dives and 
Lazarus {Luke xvi. 19-31). 

Pope ( To drink like a). Benedict XII. 
was an enormous eater, and such a huge 
wine-drinker that he gave rise to the 
Bacchanalian expression, Bibdmus papa- 
liter. 

Pope Changing His Name. Peter 
Hogsmouth, or, as he is sometimes called, 
Peter di Porca, was the first pope to 
change his name. He called himself 
Sergius II. (844-847). Some say he 
thought it arrogant to be called Peter II. 

Pope-Fig-lands, protestant coun- 
tries. The Gaillardets, being shown the 
pope'? image, said, " A fig for the pope!" 
whereupon their whole island was put to 
the sword, and the name changed to 
Pope-fig-land, the people being called 
" Pope-figs." — Rabelais, Pantag'ruel, iv. 
45 (1545). 

The allusion is to the kingdom of 
Navarre, once protestant; but in 1512 
it was subjected to Ferdinand the Catho- 
lic. 

Pope-Figs, protestants. The name 
was given to the Gaillardets, for saying, 
" A fig for the pope ! " 

They were made tributaries and slaves to the Papiraaos 
for saying, " A fig for the poi>e's image i " and never After 



POPE JOAN. 



785 



POPISH PLOT. 



did the poor wretches prosper, but every year the devil 
was at their doors, and they were plagued with hail, 
storms, famine, and all manner of woes in puni.-hment of 
this sin of their forefathers. — Rabelais, 1'antajrucl, iv. 
45 (1545). 

Pope Joan, between Leo IV. and 
Benedict III., and called John [VIII.]. 
The subject of this scandalous story was 
an English girl, educated at Cologne, 
who left her home in man's disguise 
with her lover (the monk Folda), and 
went to Athens, where she studied law. 
She went to Rome and studied theology, 
taming so great a reputation that, at the 
death of Leo IV., she was chosen his 
successor. Her sex wa9 discovered by 
the birth of a child while she was going 
to the Lateran Basilica, between the 
Coliseum and the church of St. Cle- 
ment. Pope Joan died, and was buried, 
without honours, after a pontificate of 
two years and five months (853-855). — 
Marianus Scotus (who died 1086). 

The story is given most fully by 
Martinus Polonus, confessor to Gregory 
X., and the tale was generally believed 
till the Reformation. There is a German 
miracle-play on the subject, called The 
Canonization of Pope Joan (1480). David 
Blondel, a Calvinist divine, has written a 
book to confute the tale. 

The following note contains the chief 
points of interest : — 

Anastasius the librarian, is the first to 
mention such a pope, a.d. 886, or thirty 
years after the death of Joan. 

Marianus Scotus, in his Chronicle, says 
she reigned two years five months and 
four days (853-855). Scotus died 1086. 

Sigebert de Gemblours, in his Chronicle, 
repeats the same story (1112). 

Otto of Freisingen and Gotfrid of Vi- 
terbo both mention her in their histories. 

Martin Polonus gives a very full ac- 
count of the matter. He says she went 
by the name of John Angfus, and was 
born at Metz, of English parents. While 
she was pope, she was prematurely de- 
livered of a child in the street " between 
the Coliseum and St. Clement's Church." 

William Ocham alludes to the story. 

Thomas de Elmham repeats it (1422). 

John Huss tells us her baptismal name 
was not Joan but Agnes. 

Others insist that her name was Gil- 
berta. 

In the Annales Augustani (1135), we 
are told her papal name was John VIII., 
and that she it was who consecrated 
Louis II. of France. 

Arguments in favour of the allegation 
a'e given by Spanheim, Exercit. de Papa | 



Fannina, ii. 577 ; in Lenfant, Histoire de 
la Papesse Jeanne. 

Arguments against the allegation are 
given by Allatius or Allatus, Gonfutatio 
Fabula? de Johanna Papissa ; and in 
Lequien, Oriens Christianus, iii. 777. 

Arguments on both sides are given in 
Cunningham's translation of Geiseler, 
Lehrbuch, ii. 21, 22 ; and in La Bayle's 
Bictionnaire, iii., art. " Papisse." 

%* Gibbon says, " Two protestants, 
Blondel and Bayle, have annihilated the 
female pope ; but the expression is cer- 
tainly too strong, and even Mosheim is 
more than half inclined to believe there 
really was such a person." 

Pope of Philosophy, Aristotle 
(b.c. 384-322). 

Popes (Titles assumed by). "Uni- 
versal Bishop," prior to Gregory the 
Great. Gregory the Great adopted the 
style of " Servus Servorum " (591). 

Martin IV. was addressed as " the 
lamb of God which takest away the sins 
of the world," to which was added, 
11 Grant us thy peace ! " (1281). 

Leo X. was styled, by the council of 
Lateran, " Divine Majesty," " Husband 
of the Church," "Prince of the Apostles," 
"The Key of all the Universe," "The 
Pastor, the Physician, and a God pos- 
sessed of all power both in heaven and 
on earth" (1513). 

Paul V. styled himself "Monarch of 
Christendom," " Supporter of the Papal 
Omnipotence," " Vice-God," " Lord God 
the Pope" (1605). 

Others, after Paul, "Master of the 
World," "Pope the Universal Father," 
"Judge in the place of God," "Vice- 
gerent of the Most High." — Brady, Clavis 
Calendaria, 247 (1839). 

The pope assumes supreme dominion, not only over 
spiritual but also over temporal affairs, styling himself 
" Head of tbe Catholic or Universal Church, Sole Arbiter 
of its Rights, and Sovereign Father of all the Kings of 
the Earth." From these tiUes, he wears a triple crown, 
one as high priest, one as emperor, and the third as king. 
He also bears ke>s, to denote his privilege of opening 
the gates of heaven to all true believers.— Brady, 250-1. 

* # * For the first five centuries the 
bishops of Rome wore a bonnet, like 
other ecclesiastics. Pope Hormisdas 
placed on his bonnet the crown sent him 
by Clovis ; Boniface VIII. added a 
second crown during his struggles with 
Philip the Fair ; and John XXII. as- 
sumed the third crown. 

Popish Plot, a supposed Roman 
Catholic conspiracy to massacre the pro- 
testants, burn London, and murder the 
3 K 



POPPY. 



786 



PORTIA. 



king (Charles II.). This fiction was con- 
cocted by one Titus Oates, who made a 
"good thing" by his schemes ; but being 
at last found out, was pilloried, whipped, 
and imprisoned (1678-9). 

Poppy (Ned), a prosy old anecdote- 
teller, with a marvellous tendency to 
digression. 

Ned knew exactly what parties had for dinner, . . . 
in what ditch his bay horse had his sprain, . . . and how 
his man John— no, it was William— started a hare, . . . 
so that he never got to the end of his tale.— Richard 
Steele. 

Porch (The). The Stoics were so 
called, because their founder gave his 
lectures in the Athenian stoa or porch 
called "Poe'cile." 

The successors of Socrates formed . . . the Academy, 
the Porch, the Garden. — Professor Seeley, Ecce Homo. 

George Herbert has a poem called 
The Church Porch (six-line stanzas). It 
may be considered introductory to his 
poem entitled The Church (Sapphic verse 
and sundry other metres). 

Porcius, son of Cato of Utica (in 
Africa), and brother of Marcus. Both 
brothers were in love with Lucia ; but 
the hot-headed, impulsive Marcus, being 
slain in battle, the sage and temperate 
Porcius was without a rival. — J. Addi- 
son, Cato (1713). 

When Sheridan reproduced Cato, Wignell, who acted 
" Porcius," omitted the prologue, and began at once with 
the lines, "The dawn is overcast, the morning lowers . . ." 
"The prologue 1 the prologue 1" shouted the audience; 
and Wignell went on in the same tone, as if continuing 
bis speech : 

Ladies and gentlemen, there has not been 

A prologue spoken to this play for years 

And heavily on clouds brings on the day. 
The great, th' important day, big with the fate 
Of Cato and of Rome. 

History of the Stage. 

Porcupine (Peter). William Cob- 
bett, the politician, published The Push- 
light under this pseudonym in 1800. 

Pornei'us (3 syl.), Fornication per- 
sonified ; one of the four sons of Anag'- 
nus (inchastity), his brothers being 
Mae'chus (adultery), Acath'arus, and Asel'- 
ges (lasciviousness) . He began the battle 
of Mansoul by encountering Parthen'ia 
(maidenly chastity), but " the martial 
maid " slew him with her spear. (Greek, 
porneia, "fornication.") 

In maids his joy ; now by a maid defied. 
His life he loet and all his former pride. 
With women would he live, now by a woman died. 
Pbiueas Fletcher, T/te 1'urple Island, xi. (1633). 

Porphyrias, in Dryden's drama of 
Tyrannic Love. 

Valeria, daughter of Maximin. having killed herself for 
the love of Porphyrius, was on one occasion being carried 
off by the bearers, when she started up and boxed one of 
the bearers on the ears, saying to him : 



Hold ! are you mad, you damned confounded dog? 
I am to rise and speak the epilogue. 

W. C. Russell, Jlej/resentative Acton, 456. 

Porphyro-Genitus ("born in the 
Por-phyra "), the title given to the kings 
of the Eastern empire, from the apart- 
ments called Porphyra, set apart for the 
empresses during confinement. 

There he found Irene, the empress, In travail, in a 
house anciently appointed for tiie empresses during child- 
birth. They call that house " Porphyra," whence the 
name of the Porphyro-geniti came into the world.— See 
Selden, Titles of Honour, v. CI (1614). 

Porrex, younger son of Gorboduc a 
legendary king of Britain. He drove his 
elder brother Ferrex from the kingdom, 
and, when Ferrex returned with a large 
army, defeated and slew him. Porrex 
was murdered while "slumbering on his 
careful bed," by his own mother, who 
" stabbed him to the heart with a knife." 
— Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville, 
Gorboduc (a tragedy, 1561-2). 

Por'sena, a legendary king of 
Etruria, who made war on Rome to re- 
store Tarquin to the throne. 

Lord Macaulay has made this the sub- 
ject of one of his Lays of- Ancient Pome 
(1842). 

Port'amour, Cupid's sheriff's officer, 
who summoned offending lovers to 
"Love's Judgment Hall." — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, vi. 7 (1596). 

Porteous (Captain John), an officer 
of the city guard. He is hanged by the 
mob (1736). 

Mrs. Porteous, wife of the captain. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Portia, the wife of Pontius Pilate. 

Portia, wife of Marcus Brutus. 
Valerius Maximus says : " She, being 
determined to kill herself, took hot 
burning coals into her mouth, and kept 
her lips closed till she was suffocated by 
the smoke." 

With this she [Portia] fell distract. 
And, her attendants absent, swallowed tire. 
Shakespeare, Julius Ccesar, act iv. sc. 3 (1607). 

Por'tia, a rich heiress, in love with 
Bassa'nio ; but her choice of a husband 
was restricted by her father's will to the 
following condition : Her suitors were to 
select from three caskets, one of gold, 
one of silver, and one of lead, and he 
who selected the casket which contained 
Portia's picture was to claim her as his 
wife. Bassanio chose the lead, and being 
successful, became the espoused husband. 
It so happened that Bassanio had bor- 



PORTLAND PLACE. 



787 



POTT. 



rowed 3000 ducats, and Anthonio, a 
Venetian merchant, was his security. 
The money was borrowed of Shylock a 
Jew, on these conditions : If the loan 
was repaid within three months, only the 
principal would be required ; if not, the 
Jew should be at liberty to claim a pound 
of flesh from Anthonio's body. The loan 
was not repaid, and the Jew demanded 
the forfeiture. Portia, in the dress of a 
law doctor, conducted the defence, and 
saved Anthonio by reminding the Jew 
that a pound of flesh gave him no drop of 
blood, and that he must cut neither more 
nor less than an exact pound, otherwise 
his life would be forfeit. As it would 
be plainly impossible to fulfil these 
conditions, the Jew gave up his claim, 
and Anthonio was saved. — Shakespeare, 
Merchant of Venice (1598). 

Portland Place (London). Socalled 
from William Bentick, second duke of 
Portland, who married Margaret, only 
child of Edward second earl of Oxford 
and Mortimer. From these came Mar- 
garet Street, Bentick Street, Duke Street, 
Duchess Street, and Portland Place. 

Portmaii Square (London). So 
called from William Henry Portman, 
owner of the estate in which the Square 
and Orchard Street both stand. 

Portsmouth {The duchess of), "La 
Belle Louise de Querouaille." one of the 
mistresses of Charles II. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Portuguese Cid (T/ie), Nunez 
Alvarez Pereira (1360-1431). 

Portuguese Horace (The), An- 
tonio Ferreira (1528-1569). 

Possunt, quia Posse Videntur. 

Fail not to will, and vou will not fail. — 
Virgil, JSneid, v. 231. 

Posthu'ixius [LeonatusJ married 
Imogen, daughter of Cymbeline king of 
Britain, and was banished the kingdom for 
life. He went to Italy, and there, in the 
house of Philario, bet a diamond ring with 
Iachimo that nothing could seduce the 
fidelity of Imogen. Iachimo accepted the 
bet, concealed himself in a chest in Imo- 
gen's chamber, made himself master of cer- 
tain details and also of a bracelet, and with 
these vouchers claimed the ring. Post- 
humus now ordered his servant Pisanio 
to inveigle Imogen to Milford Haven 
under the promise of meeting her husband, 
and to murder her on the road ; but 
Pisanio told Imogen to assume boy's 



apparel, and enter the service of the 
Roman general in Britain, as a page. A 
battle being fought, the Roman general, 
Iachimo, and Imogen were among the 
captives ; and Posthumus, having done 
great service in the battle on Cyrnbeline's 
behalf, was pardoned. The Roman 
general prayed that the supposed page 
might be set at liberty, and the king told 
her she might also claim a boon, where- 
upon she asked that Iachimo should state 
how he became possessed of the ring he 
was wearing. The whole villainy being 
thus exposed, Imogen's innocence was 
fully established, and she was re-united 
to her husband. — Shakespeare, Cymbeline 
(1605). 

Potage (Jean), the French "Jack 
Pudding ; " similar to the Italian " Maca- 
roni," the Dutch " Pickel-herringe," and 
the German " Hanswurst." Clumsy, gor- 
mandizing clowns, fond of practical jokes, 
especially such as stealing eatables and 
drinkables. 

Pother (Doctor), an apothecary, 
" city register, and walking story-book." 
He had a story a propos of every remark 
made and of every incident ; but as he 
mixed two or three together, his stories 
were pointless and quite unintelligible. 
" I know a monstrous good story' on that 
point. He! he! be!" "I'll tell you a 
famous good story about that, you must 
know. He ! he ! he ! . . . " "I could 
have told a capital story, bst there was 
no one to listen to it. He! he! he!" 
This is the style of his chattering . . . 
" speaking professionally — for anatomy, 
chemistry, pharmacy, phlebotomy, oxy- 
gen, hydrogen, caloric, carbonic, atmos- 
pheric, galvanic. Ha! ha! ha! Can tell 
you a prodigiously laughable story on 
the subject. Went last summer to a 
watering-place — lady of fashion — feel 
pulse — not lady, but lap-dog — talk Latin — 
prescribe galvanism — out j umped Pompey 
plump into a batter pudding, and lay 
like a toad in a hole. Ha ! ha ! ha ! " — 
Dibdin, The Farmer's Wife (1780). 

%* Colman's ' ' Ollapod " ( 1 802) was evi- 
dently copied from Dibdin's "doctor 
Pother." 

Potiphar's "Wife, Zoleikha or 
Zuleika ; but some call her Rail. — Sale, 
At Koran, xii. note. 

Pott (Mr.), the librarian at the Spa. 

Mrs. Pott, the librarian's wife. — Sir 
W. Scott, St. Eonan's Well (time, George 
III.). 



POTTERIES. 



788 



PRASILDO. 



Potteries {Father of the), Josiah 
Wedgewood (1730-1795). 

Pounce {Mr. Peter), in The Ad- 
ventures of Joseph Andrews, by Fielding 
(1742). 

Pound text {Feter), an " indulged 
pastor " in the covenanters' army. — Sir 
W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles 

Pourceaugnac [Poor-sone-yak] , the 
hero of a comedy so called. He is a 
pompous country gentleman, who comes 
to Paris to marry Julie, daughter of 
Oronte (2 syl.) ; but Julie loves Eraste 
(2 syl.), and this young man plays off so 
many tricks, and devises so many 
mystifications upon M. de Pourceaug- 
nac, that he is fain to give up his suit. — 
Moliere, M. de Fourceauynac (1669). 

Pou Sto, the means of doing. 
Archimedes said, "Give me pou sto ('a 
place to stand on '), and I could move the 
world." 

Who learns the one pou sto whence after-hands 
May move the world. 

Poussin {The British), Richard 
Cooper (*-1806). 

Foussin {Gaspar). So Gaspar Dughet, 
the French painter, is called (1613-1675). 

Powell {Mary), the pseudonym of 
Mrs. Kichard Rath bone. 

Powheid {Lazarus), the old sexton 
in Douglas. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dan- 
gerous (time, Henry I.). 

Poyning's Law, a statute to 
establish the English jurisdiction in 
Ireland. The parliament that passed it 
was summoned in the reign of Henry 
VII. by sir Edward Poynings, governor 
of Ireland (1495). 

P. P., "Clerk of the Parish," the 
feigned signature of Dr. Arbuthnot, 
subscribed to a volume of Memoirs in 
ridicule of Burnet's History of My Own 
Times. 

Those who were placed around the dinner-table had 
those feelings of awe with which /'. H., Clerk of the I'arish 
was oppressed, when he first uplifted the psalm in pre- 
sence of . . . the wise Mr. justice Freeman, the good 
lady Jones, and the great sir Thomas Truby.— Sir W. 
Scott. 

Pragmatic Sanction. The word 
praymaticus means "relating to State 
affairs," and the word sanctio means "an 
ordinance " or " decree." The four most 
famous statutes so called are : 

1. The Fraymatic Sanction of St. Louis 
(1268), which forbade the court of Rome 
to levy taxes or collect subscriptions in 



France without the express permission of 
the king. It also gave permission in 
certain cases of French subjects appeal- 
ing from the ecclesiastical to the civil 
courts of the realm. 

2. The Fraymatic Sanction of Bourges, 
passed by Charles VII. of France in 
1438. By this ordinance, the power of 
the pope in France was limited and 
defined. The authority of the National 
Council was declared superior to that of 
the pope. The French clergy were for- 
bidden to appeal to Rome on any point 
affecting the secular condition of the 
nation ; and the Roman pontiff was 
wholly forbidden to appropriate to him- 
self any vacant living, or to appoint to 
any bishopric or parish church in France. 

3. 'The Pragmatic Sanction of kaiser 
Karl VI. of Germany (in 1713), which 
settled the empire on his daughter, the 
archduchess Maria Theresa, wife of 
Francois de Loraine. Maria Theresa 
ascended the throne in 1740, and a 
Euroj>ean war was the result. 

4. The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles 
III. of Spain (1767). This was to sup- 
press the Jesuits of Spain. 

What is meant emphatically by The 
Pragmatic Sanction is the third of these 
ordinances, viz., settling the line of suc- 
cession in Germany on the house of 
Austria. 

Praise Undeserved. 

Praise undeserved is scandal [? censure] in disguise. 
Pope, Judications of Horace, i. 413 (1730). 

Pramnian Mixture {The), any 
intoxicating draught ; so called from the 
Pramnian grape, from which it was 
made. Circe gave Ulysses " Pramnian 
wine " impregnated with drugs, in order 
to prevent his escape from the island. 

And for my drink prepared 
The Pramnian mixture in a golden cup. 
Impregnating (on my destruction bent) 
WiUi noxious herbs the draught. 

Homer, Odyssey, x. (Cowper's trans.). 

Prasildo, a Babylonish nobleman, 
who falls in love with Tisbi'na wife of 
his friend Iroldo. He is overheard by 
Tisbina threatening to kill himself, and, 
in order to divert him from his guilty 
passion, she promises to return his love 
on condition of his performing certain 
adventures which she thinks to be im- 
possible. However, Prasildo performs 
them all, and then Tisbina and Iroldo, 
finding no excuse, take poison to avoid 
the alternative. Prasildo resolves to do 
the same, but is told by the apothecary 
that the " poison " he had supplied was 
a harmless drink. Prasildo tells his 



PRASUTAGUS. 



789 



PRECOCIOUS GENIUS. 



friend, Iroldo quits the country, and 
Tisbina marries Prasildo. Time passes 
on, and Prasildo hears that his friend's 
life is in danger, whereupon he starts 
forth to rescue him at the hazard of his 
own life. — Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato 
(1495). 

Prasu'tagus or Praesu'tagus, 
husband of Bonduica or Boadicea queen 
of the Iceni. — Richard of Cirencester, 
History, xxx. (fourteenth century). 

Me. the wife of rich Prasntagus ; me, the lover of liberty, — 
Me they seized, and me they tortured ! 

Tennyson, Boadicea. 

Prate'fast (Peter), who "in all his 
life spake no word in waste." His wife 
was Maude, and his eldest son Sym Sadie 
Gander, who married Betres (daughter of 
Davy Dronken Nole of Kent and his wife 
Al'yson). — Stephen Hawes, The Passe- 
tyrne of Plesure, xxix. (1515). 

Prattle (Mr.), medical practitioner, 
a voluble gossip, who retails all the news 
and scandal of the neighbourhood. He 
knows everybody, everybody's affairs, 
and everybody's intentions. — G. Colman, 
senior, The Deuce is in Him (1762). 

Prayer. Even' Mohammedan must 
pray five times a day : at sunset, at 
nightfall, at daybreak, at noon, and at 
Asr or evensong (about three o'clock). 

Pre -Adamite Kings, Soliman 
Raad, Soliman Daki, and Soliman di 
Gian ben Gian. The last-named, having 
chained up the dives (1 syl.) in the dark 
caverns of Kaf, became so presumptuous 
as to dispute the Supreme Power. All 
these kings maintained great state [be- 
fore the existence of that contemptible 
being denominated by us "The Father of 
Mankind "] ; but none can be compared 
with the eminence of Soliman ben 
Daoud. 

Pre- Adamite Throne (The). It 
W£S Vathek's ambition to gain the pre- 
Adamite throne. After long search, he 
was shown it at last in the abyss of 
Eblis ; but being there, return was im- 
possible, and he remained a prisoner 
without hope for ever. 

They reached at length the haH[Argenk] of great extent, 
and covered with a lofty dome. . . . A funereal gloom pre- 
vailed over it. Here, upon two beds of incorruptible 
cedar, lay recumbent the fleshless forms of the pre- 
Adamite kings, who had once been monarchs of the 
whole earth. ... At their feet were inscribed the events 
of their several reigns, their power, their pride, and their 
crimes. [This was the %>re- Adamite throne, the am- 
bition of the caliph rathek.}—W. Beckford, Yathek 
(1784). 

Preacher (The), Solomon, the son of 



David, author of The Preacher (i.e. Ec- 
oiesiastes). 

Thus saith the Preacher, " Nought beneath the sun 
Is new ; " jet still from change to change we run. 

Byron. 

Preacher (The Glorious), St. Chrys'os- 
tom (347-407). The name means "Golden 
mouth." 

Preacher (The Little), Samuel de Ma- 
rets, protestant controversialist (1599- 
1663). 

Preacher (The Unfair). Dr. Isaac 
Barrow was so called by Charles II., 
because his sermons were so exhaustive 
that they left nothing more to be said on 
the subject, which was "unfair" to those 
who came after him. 

Preachers (The king of), Louis 
Bourdaloue (1632-1704). 

Precieuses Ridicules (Les), a 
comedy by Moliere, in ridicule of the 
"precieuses," as they were styled, form- 
ing the coterie of the Hotel de Rambouil- 
let in the seventeenth century. The 
soirees held in this hotel were a great 
improvement on the licentious assemblies 
of the period ; but many imitators made 
the thing ridiculous, because they wanted 
the same presiding talent and good taste. 

The two girls of Moliere's comedy are 
Madelon and Cathos, the daughter and 
niece of Gorgibus a bourgeois. They 
change their names to Polixene and 
Aminte, which they think more genteel, 
and look on the affectations of two flunkies 
as far more distinyue's than the simple 
gentlemanly manners of their masters. 
However, they are cured of their folly, 
and no harm comes of it (1659). 

Preciosa, the heroine of Longfellow's 
Spanish Student, in love with Victorian 
the Student. 

Precocious Genius. 

Johann Philip Baratier, a German, 
at the age of five years, knew Greek, 
Latin, and French, besides hi3 native 
German. At nine he knew Hebrew and 
Chaldaic, and could translate German into 
Latin. At thirteen he could translate 
Hebrew into French, or French into 
Hebrew (1721-1740). 

%* The life of this boy was written by 
Formey. His name is enrolled in all 
biographical dictionaries. 

Christian Henry Heinecken, at 
one year old, knew the chief events of 
the Pentateuch ! ! at thirteen months he 
knew the history of the Old Testament ! ! 
at fourteen months he knew the history 



PRESSJEUS. 



r9o 



PRETENDER. 



of the New Testament ! ! at two and a 
half years he could answer any ordinary 
question of history or geography ; and at 
three years old knew French and Latin 
as well as his native German (1721- 
1725). 

*** The life of this boy was written 
by Schoeneich, his teacher. His name is 
duly noticed in biographical dictionaries. 

Pressseus ("eater of garlic"), the 
youngest of the frog chieftains. 

Then pious ardour young Pressseus brings, 
Betwixt the fortunes of contending kings ; 
Lank, harmless frog ! with forces hardly grown, 
He darts the reed in combats not his own. 
Which, faintly tinkling on Troxartas' shield, 
Hangs at the point, and drops upon the field. 
Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712). 

Prest, a nickname given by Swift to 
the duchess of Shrewsbury, who was a 
foreigner. 

Prester John, a corruption of Belul 
Gian, meaning "precious stone." Gian 
(pronounced zjori) has been corrupted 
into John, and Belul translated into 
" precious ;" in Latin Johannes preciosus 
("precious John"), corrupted into "Pres- 
byter Joannes." The kings of Ethiopia 
or Abyssinia, from a gemmed ring given 
to queen Saba, whose son by Solomon 
was king of Ethiopia, and was called 
Melech with the "precious stone," or 
Melech Gian-Belul. 

./Ethiope* resem suunvquem nos vulgo " Prete Gianni" 
corrupt* dicimus, quataBr appellant nominibus, quorum 
prim n m est " Belul Gian," hoc est lapis preciosus. 
Ductum est autem hoc nomen ab annulo Salomonis quern 
ille fillo ex regiha Saba, ut putant genito, dono dedisse, 
quove omnes postca reges usos fuisse describitur. . . . 
Cum vero eum coronant, appellant V Neghuz." Postremo 
cum vertice capitis in corona: modum abraso, ungitur a 
patriarcha, vocant " Masih," hoc est unctum. Haec 
autem regise dignitatis nomina omnibus communia sunt. 
—Quoted by Selden, from a little annal of the Ethiopian 
kings (1552), in his Titles of Honour, v. 65 (1614). 

%* As this title was like the Egyptian 
Pharaoh, and belonged to whole lines of 
kings, it will explain the enormous 
diversity of time allotted by different 
writers to " Prester John." 

Marco Polo says that Prester John was 
slain in battle by Jenghiz Khan ; and 
Gregory Bar-Hebraeus says, "God forsook 
him because he had taken to himself a 
wife of the Zinish nation, called Quara- 
kriata." 

Bishop Jordanus, in his description of 
the world, sets down Abyssinia as the 
kingdom of Prester John. Abyssinia 
used to be called "Middle India." 

Otto of Freisingen is the first author to 
mention him. This Otto wrote a chro- 
nicle to the date 1156. He says that 
John was of the family of the Magi, aud 
ruled over the country of these Wise Men. 



Otto tells us that Prester John had " a 
sceptre of emeralds." 

Maimonides, about the same time 
(twelfth century), mentions him, but calls 
him " Preste-Cuan." 

Before 1241 a letter was addressed by 
"Prester John" to Manuel ComnSnus, 
emperor of Constantinople. It is pre- 
served in the Chronicle of Albericus 
Trium Fontium, who gives for its date 
1165. 

Mandeville calls Prester John a lineal 
descendant of Ogier the Dane. He tells 
us that Ogier, with fifteen others, pene- 
trated into the north of India, and 
divided the land amongst his followers. 
John was made sovereign of Teneduc, 
and was called "Prester" because he 
converted the natives to the Christian 
faith. 

Another tradition says that Prester 
John had seventy kings for his vassals, 
and was seen by his subjects only three 
times in a year. 

In Orlando Furioso, Prester John is 
called by his subjects " Senapus king of 
Ethiopia." He was blind, and though the 
richest monarch of the world, he pined 
with famine, because harpies flew off 
with his food, by way of punishment for 
wanting to add paradise to his empire. 
The plague, saj^s the poet, was to cease 
" when a stranger appeared on a flying 
griffin." This stranger was Astolpho, 
who drove the harpies to Cocy'tus. 
Prester John, in return for this service, 
sent 100,000 Nubians to the aid of 
Charlemagne. Astolpho supplied this 
contingent with horses by throwing 
stones into the air, and made transport- 
ships to convey them to France by casting 
leaves into the sea. After the death of 
Agramant, the Nubians were sent home, 
and then the horses became stones again, 
and the ships became leaves (bks. xvii.- 
xix.). 

Pretender {The Yoting), prince 
Charles Edward Stuart, son of James 
Francis Edward Stuart (called " The Old 
Pretender"). James Francis was the son 
of James II., and Charles Edward was 
the king's grandson. — Sir W. Scott, 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Charles Edward was defeated at Cullo- 
den in 1746, and escaped to the Con- 
tinent. 

God bless the king— I mean the " Faith's Defender ; " 
God bless — no harm in blessing — the Pretender. 
Who that Pretender is, nnd who is king, 
God bless us nil I that's quite another thing. 

Ascribed by sir W. Scott to John 
Byrom (in Rcdgauntlet). 



PRETTYMAN. 



791 



PRIMROSE. 



The mistress of Charles Edward Stuart 
was Miss Walkingshaw. 

Prettyman (Prince), in love with 
Cloris. He is sometimes a fisherman, 
and sometimes a prince. — Duke of Buck- 
ingham, The lichciirsal (1671). 

%* " Prince Prettyman " is said to be 
a parody on " Leonidas " in Dry den's 
Marriage a-la-mode. 

Pri'amus (Sir), a knight of the 
Round Table. He possessed a phial, full 
of four waters that came from paradise. 
These waters instantly healed any wounds 
which were touched by them. 

"My father," sajrs sir Priamus, "is lineally descended 
of Alexander and of Hector by right line. Duke JosuS 
and Machabaeus were of our lineage. I am right inheritor 
of Alexandria, and AfTrike. of all the out isles." 

And Priamus took from his page a phial, full of four 
waters that came out of paradise ; and with certain balm 
nointed be their wounds, and washed them with that 
water, and within an hour after, they were both as whole 
as ever they were. — Sir T. Malory, Bittory of Prince 
Arthur, L l>r(1470). 

Price (Matilda), a miller's daughter ; 
a pretty, coquettish young woman, who 
marries John Browdie, a hearty York- 
shire corn-factor. — C. Dickens, Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). 

Pride. " Fly pride, says the peacock," 
proverbial for pride. — Shakespeare, 
Comedy of Errors, act iv. sc. 3 (1593). 

Pride (Sir), first a drayman, then a 
colonel in the parliamentary army. — S. 
Butler, Hudibras (1663-78). 

Pride of Humility. Antisthenes, 
the Cynic, affected a very ragged coat ; 
but Socrates said to him, " Antisthenes, 
I can see your vanity peering through the 
holes of your coat." 

Pride's Purge, a violent invasion of 
parliamentary rights by colonel Pride, in 
1649. At the head of two regiments of 
soldiers, he surrounded the House of 
Commons, seized forty-one of the mem- 
bers, and shut out 160 others. None 
were allowed into the House but those 
most friendly to Cromwell. This fag- 
end went by the name of "the Rump." 

Pridwin or Priwex, prince Arthur's 
shield. 

Arthur placed a golden helmet upon his head, on which 
was engraven the figure of a dragon ; and on his shoulders 
his shield called Priwen, upon which the picture of the 
blessed Mary, mother of God, was painted ; then girding 
on his Caliburn, which was an excellent sword, made in 
the isle of Aval Ion ; he took in his right hand his lance 
Bon, which was hard, broad, and fit for slaughter.— 
Geoffrey, British BUtory, ix. 4 (1142). 

Priest of Nature, sir Isaac Newton 
(1642-1727). 



Lo ! Newton, priest of nature, shines afar. 
Scans the wide world, and numbers every star. 

Campbell, 1'leature* of Hope, i. (1799), 

Prig, a knavish beggar. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Prig (Betsey), an old monthly nurse, 
"the frequent pardner" of Mrs. Gamp; 
equally ignorant, equally vulgar, equally 
selfish, and brutal tc her patients. 

" Betsey," said Mrs. Gamp, filling her own glass, and 
passing the teapot [of jfin\ " I will now propoge a toast : 

' My frequent pardner Betsey Prig. W. ich, altering the 

name to Suirah Gamp, I drink," said Mrs. Prin, " with 
love and tenderness."— C. Dickens, Martin Chuzziewit, 
xlix. (1843). 

Prim'er (Peter), a pedantic country 
schoolmaster, who believes himself to be 
the wisest of pedagogues. — Samuel Foote, 
The Mayor of Garratt (1763). 

Primitive Fathers (The). The 
five apostolic fathers contemporary with 
the apostles (viz., Clement of Rome, 
Barnabas, Hennas, Ignatius, and Poly- 
carp), and the nine following, who ail 
lived in the first three centuries : — Justin, 
Theoph'ilus of Antioch, Irenseus, Clement 
of Alexandria, Cyprian of Carthage, 
OrTgen, Gregory " Thaumatur'gus," Dio- 
nysius of Alexandria, and Tertullian. 

"%* For the "Fathers" of the fourth 
and fifth centuries, see Greek Church, 
Latin Church. 

Primrose (The Rev. Dr. Charles), 
a clergyman, rich in heavenly wisdom, 
but poor indeed in all worldly knowledge. 
Amiable, charitable, devout, but not with- 
out his literary vanity, especially on the 
"Whistonian theory about second mar- 
riages. One admires his virtuous indig- 
nation against the "washes," which he 
deliberately demolished with the poker. 
In his prosperity, his chief " adventures 
were by the fireside, and all his migrations 
were from the blue bed to the brown." 

Mrs. [Deborah] Primrose, the doctor's 
wife, full of motherly vanity, and desirous 
to appear genteel. She could read with- 
out much spelling, prided herself on her 
housewifely, especially on her gooseberry 
wine, and was really proud of her ex- 
cellent husband. 

(She was painted as " Yenus," and the 
vicar, in gown and bands, was presenting 
to her his book on "second marriages," 
but when complete the picture was found 
to be too large for the house.) 

George Primrose, son of the vicar. He 
went to Amsterdam to teach the Dutch 
English, but never once called to mind 
that he himself must know something of 
Dutch before this could be done. He 



PRIMUM MOBILE. 



792 



PRINTED BOOKS. 



becomes captain Primrose, and marries 
Miss Wilmot, an heiress. 

(Goldsmith himself went to teach the 
French English under the same circum- 
stances.) 

Moses Primrose, younger son of the 
vicar, noted for his greenness and pe- 
dantry. Being sent to sell a good horse 
at a fair, he bartered it for a gross of 
green spectacles, with copper rims and 
shagreen cases, of no more value than 
Hodge's razors (ch. xii.). 

Olivia Primrose, the eldest daughter of 
the doctor. Pretty, enthusiastic, a sort 
of Hebe in beauty. " She wished for 
many lovers," and eloped with squire 
Thornhill. Her father found her at a 
roadside inn, called the Harrow, where 
she was on the point of being turned out 
of the house. Subsequently, she was found 
to be legally married to the squire. 

Sophia Primrose, the second daughter 
of Dr. Primrose. She was "soft, modest, 
and alluring." Not like her sister, 
desirous of winning all, but fixing her 
whole heart upon one. Being thrown 
from her horse into a deep stream, she 
was rescued by Mr. Burchell (alias sir 
William Thornhill), and being abducted, 
was again rescued by him. She married 
him at last. — Goldsmith, Vicar of Wake- 
field (1766). 

Primum Mo'bile (The), a sphere 
which revolved in twenty-four hours from 
cast to west, carrying with it the planets 
and fixed stars. 

Here is the goal whence motion on his race 
Starts ; motionless the centre, and the rest 
All moved around. Except the soul divine, 
Place in this heaven hath none . . . 
Measured itself by none, it doth divide 
Motion to alL 

DanM, Paradise, xxvii. (1311). 

Prince of Alchemy, Rudolph II. 
kaiser of Germany; also called "The 
German Trismegistus " (1552, 1576- 
1612). 

Prince of Angels, Michael. 

So spake the prince of angels. To whom thus 
The Adversary (i.e. Satan]. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 281 (1665). 

Prince of Celestial Armies, 

Michael the archangel. 

Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 44 (1665). 

Prince of Darkness, Satan (Eph. 
vi. 12). 

Whom thus the prince of darkness answered glad : 
" Fair daughter. 

High proof ye now have given to be the race 
Of Satan (I glory in the name)." 

Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 383 (1666). 

Prince of Hell, Satau. 



And with them comes a third of regal port, 
But faded splendour wan •, who by his gait 
And fierce demeanour seems the prince of Hell. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 868 (1665). 

Prince of Life, a title given to 
Christ (Acts iii. 15). 

Prince of Peace, a title given to the 
Messiah (Isaiah ix. 6). 

Prince of Peace, don Manuel Godoy of 
Badajoz. So called because he concluded 
the " peace of Basle " in 1795 between 
France and Spain (1767-1851). 

Prince of the Air, Satan. 

. . . Jesus son of Mary, second Eve, 

Saw Satan fall, like lightning, down from heaven. 

Prince of the air. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 185 (1665). 

Prince of the Devils, Satan 
(Matt. xii. 24). 

Prince of the Kings of the 
Earth, a title given to Christ (Rev. i. 5). 

Prince of the Power of the 
Air, Satan (Eph. ii. 2). 

Prince of the Vegetable King- 
dom. The palm tree is so called by 
Linnaeus. 

Prince of this World, Satan (John 
xiv. 30). 

Princes. It was prince Bismarck the 
German chancellor who said to a courtly 
attendant, " Let princes be princes, and 
mind your own business." 

Prince's Peers, a term of contempt 
applied to peers of low birth. The phrase 
arose in the reign of Charles VII. of 
France, when his son Louis (afterwards 
Louis XL) created a host of riff-raff peers, 
such as tradesmen, farmers, and mechanics, 
in order to degrade the aristocracy, and 
thus weaken its influence in the state. 

Printed Books. The first book pro- 
duced in England was printed in England 
in 1477, by William Caxton in the 
Almonry at Westminster, and was en- 
titled The Dictes and Sayings of the Phi- 
losophers. 

The Rev. T. Wilson says : " The press 
at Oxford existed ten years before there 
was any press in Europe, except those of 
Haarlem and Mentz." The person who 
set up the Oxford press was Corsellis, 
and his first printed book bore the date 
of 1468. The colophon of it ran thus : 
" Explicit exposicio Sancti Jeroninii in 
simbolo apostolorum ad papam laure- 
cium. Inipressa Oxonii Et finita Anno 
Domini Mcccclxviij., xvij. die Deceni- 
bris." The book is -a small quarto of 



PRIOR. ' 



793 



PRISONER OF CHILLON. 



forty-two leaves, and was first noticed 
in 16G4 by Richard Atkins in his Origin 
and Growth of Printing. Dr. Conyers 
Middleton, in 1735, charged Atkins with 
forgery. In 1812 S. W. Singer defended 
the book. Dr. Cotton took the subject 
up in his Typographical Gazetteer (first 
and second series). 

Prior {Matthcio). The monument to 
this poet in Westminster Abbey was by 
Rvsbrack ; executed by order of Louis 
XIV. 

Priory (Lord), an old-fashioned 
husband, who actually thinks that a wife 
should "love, honour, and obey" her 
husband ; nay, more, that " forsaking all 
others, she should cleave to him so long 
as they both should live." 

Lady Priory, an old-fashioned wife, 
but young and beautiful. She was, 
however, so very old-fashioned that she 
went to bed at ten and rose at six ; dressed 
in a cap and gown of her own making ; 
respected and loved her husband ; dis- 
couraged flirtation ; and when assailed by 
any improper advances, instead of show- 
ing temper or conceited airs, quietly and 
tranquilly seated herself to some modest 
household duty till the assailant felt the 
irresistible power of modesty and virtue. 
— Mrs. Inchbald, Wives as They Were 
and Maids as They Are (1797). 

Priscian, a great grammarian of the 
fifth century. The Latin phrase, Di- 
minuere Prisciani caput ("to break Pris- 
cian's head"), means to "violate the rules 
of grammar." (See Pegasus.) 

Some, free from rhyme or reason, rule or check, 
Break Priscian's head, and Pegasus's neck. 

Pope, The Dunciad, iii. 161 (1728). 

Quakers (that, like to lanterns, bear 

Their light within them) will not swear ; . . . 

And hold no sin so deeply red 

As that of breaking Priscian's head. 

Butler. Uudibras, II. ii. 219, etc. (1664). 

Priscilla, daughter of a noble lord. 
She fell in love with sir Aladine, a poor 
knight. — Spenser, Faery Queen, vi. 1 
(1596). 

Priscilla, the beautiful puritan in love 
with John Alden. When Miles Standish, 
a bluff old soldier in the middle of life, 
wished to marry her, he asked John 
Alden to go and plead his cause ; but the 
puritan maiden replied archly, "Why 
don't you speak for yourself, John ? " 
Soon after this, Standish being killed, as 
it was supposed by a poisoned arrow, 
John did speak for himself, and Priscilla 
listened to his suit. — Longfellow, The 
Courtship of Miles Standish (1858). 



Prison Life Endeared. The 
following are examples of prisoners who, 
from long habit, have grown attached to 
prison life : — 

Comte de Lorge was confined for thirty 
years in the Bastile, and when liberated 
(July 14, 1789) declared that freedom 
had no joys for him. After imploring 
in vain to be allowed to return to his 
dungeon, he lingered for six weeks and 
pined to death. 

Goldsmith says, when Chinvang the 
Chaste ascended the throne of China, he 
commanded the prisons to be thrown 
open. Among the prisoners was a vener- 
able man of 85 years of age, who im- 
plored that he might be suffered to return 
to his cell. For sixty-three years he had 
lived in its gloom and solitude, which he 
preferred to the glare of the sun and the 
bustle of a city. — A Citizen of the World 
lxxiii. (1759). 

Mr. Cogan once visited a prisoner of 
state in the King's Bench prison, who 
told him he had grown to like the sub- 
dued light and extreme solitude of his 
cell ; he even liked the spots and patches 
on the wall, the hardness of his bed, the 
regularity, and the freedom from all the 
cares and worries of active life. He did 
not wish to be released, and felt sure he 
should never be so happy in any other 
place. 

A woman of Leyden, on the expiration 
of a long imprisonment, applied for per- 
mission to return to her cell, and added, 
if the request were refused as a favour, 
she would commit some offence which 
should give her a title to her old quarters. 

A prisoner condemned to death had his 
sentence commuted for seven years' close 
confinement on a bed of nails. After the 
expiration of five years, he declared, if 
ever he were released, he should adopt 
from choice what habit had rendered so 
agreeable to him. 

Prisoner of Chillon, Francois de 
Bonnivard, a Frenchman who resided at 
Geneva, and made himself obnoxious to 
Charles III. due de Savoie, who incar- 
cerated him for six years in a dungeon 
of the Chateau de Chillon, at the east 
end of the lake of Geneva. The prisoner 
was ultimately released by the Bernese, 
who were at war with Savoy. 

Byron has founded on this incident his 
poem entitled Tlie Prisoner of Chillon, 
but has added two brothers, whom he 
supposes to be imprisoned with Francois, 
and who died of hunger, suffering, and 
confinement. In fact, the poet mixes up 



PRISONER OF STATE. 



794 



PRODIGY OF LEARNING. 



Dante's tale about count Ugolino with 
that of Francois de Bonnivard, and has 
produced, a powerful and affecting story, 
but it is not historic. 

Prisoner of State {The), Ernest de 
Fridberg. E. Stirling has a drama so 
called. (For the plot, see Ernest de 
Fridberg.) 

Pritchard (William), commander of 
H.M. sloop the .Shark.— Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Priu'li, a senator of Venice, of un- 
bending pride. His daughter had been 
saved from the Adriatic by Jaffier, and 
gratitude led to love. As it was quite 
hopeless to expect Priuli to consent to 
the match, Belvidera eloped in the night, 
and married Jaffier. Priuli now dis- 
carded them both. Jaffier joined Pierre's 
conspiracy to murder the Venetian sena- 
tors, but in order to save his father-in- 
law, revealed to him the plot under the 
promise of a general free pardon. The 
promise was broken, and all the con- 
spirators except Jaffier were condemned 
to death by torture. Jaffier stabbed Pierre, 
to save him from the wheel, and then 
killed himself. Belvidera went mad and 
died. Priuli lived on, a broken-down old 
man, sick of life, and begging to be left 
alone in some " place that's fit for mourn- 
ing ; " there all leave me : 

Sparing no tears when you this tale relate, 
But bid all cruel fathers dread my fate. 
T. Otway, Venice Preserved, v. the end (1682). 

Privolvans, the antagonists of the 
Subvolvans. 

These silly, ranting Privolvans 
Have every summer their campaigns, 
And muster like the warlike sjiis 
Of Rawhead and of Bloody-bones. 
S. Butler, The Elephant in the Moon, V. 85 (1754). 

Proa, a Malay skiff of great swiftness, 
much used by pirates in the Eastern 
Archipelago, and called the flying proa. 

The proa darted like a shooting star. 

Byron, The Island, iv. 3 (1819). 

Probe (1 syl.), a priggish surgeon, 
who magnifies mole-hill ailments into 
mountain maladies, in order to enhance 
his skill and increase his charges. Thus, 
when lord Foppington received a small 
flesh-wound in the arm from a foil, Probe 
drew a long face, frightened his lordship 
greatly, and pretended the consequences 
might be serious ; but when lord Fop- 
pington promised hirn £500 for a cure, he 
Bet his patient on his legs the next day. — 
Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 

Pro'cida (John of), a tragedy by S. 



Knowles (1840). John of Procida was 
an Italian gentleman of the thirteenth 
century, a skilful physician, high in 
favour with king Fernando II., Conrad, 
Manfred, and Conrad'ine. The French 
invaded the island, put the last two 
monarchs to the sword ; usurped the 
sovereignty, and made Charles d'Anjou 
king. The cruelty, licentiousness, and 
extortion of the French being quite un- 
bearable, provoked a general rising of 
the Sicilians, and in one night (the Sicilian 
Vespers, March 30, 1282), every French- 
man, Frenchwoman, and French child 
in the whole island was ruthlessly 
butchered. Procida lost his only son Fer- 
nando, who had just married Isoline (3 
syl.), the daughter of the French governor 
of Messina. Isoline died broken-hearted, 
and her father, the governor, was amongst 
the slain. The crown was given to John 
of Procida. 

Procris, the wife of Cephalos. Out 
of jealousy, she crept into a wood to 
act as a spy upon her husband. Cephalos, 
hearing something move, discharged an 
arrow in the direction of the rustling, 
thinking it to be caused by some wild 
beast, and shot Procris. Jupiter, in pity, 
turned rrocris into a star. — Greek and 
Latin Mythology. 

The unerring dart of Procris. Diana 
gave Procris a dart which never missed 
its aim, and after being discharged re- 
turned back to the shooter. 

Procrus'tes (3 syl.), a highwayman 
of Attica, who used to place travellers on 
a bed ; if they were too short he stretched 
them out till they fitted it, if too long he 
lopped off the redundant part. — Greek 
Mythology. 

Critic, more cruel than Procrustes old, 

Whc to his iron bed by torture fits 

Their nobler parts, the souls of suffering wits. 

Mallet, Verbal Criticism (1734). 

Proctor's Dogs or Bull-do<js, the two 
"runners" or officials who accompany 
a university proctor in his rounds, to give 
chase to recalcitrant gownsmen. 

And he had breathed the proctor's dogs[twu a member of 
Oxford or Cambridge University]. 

Tennyson, prologue of The Princess (1830). 

Prodigal (The), Albert VI. duke of 
Austria (1418, 1439-1403). 

Prodigy of France (Tfie). Guil- 
laume Bude' was so called by Erasmus 
(1467-1540). 

Prodigy of Learning (The). 
Samuel Hahnemann, the German, was 
so called by J. P. Richter (1755- 1843). 



PROFOUND. 



795 



PROSERPINE. 



Profound {The), Richard Middleton, 
an English scholastic divine (*-1304). 

Profound Doctor {The), Thomas 
Bradwardine, a schoolman. Also called 
"The Solid Doctor" (*-l34§). 

vEgidius de Oolumna, a Sicilian school- 
man, was called "The Most Profound 
Doctor" (*-1316). 

Progne (2 syl.), daughter of Pandion, 
and sister of Philomela. Progne was 
changed into a swallow, and Philomela 
into a nightingale. — Greek Mythology. 

As I'ro-nfl or as Philomela mourns . . . 
So Bradamant laments her absent knight. 

Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, xxiii. (1516). 

Prome'thean Unguent (The), 
made from the extract of a herb on 
which some of the blood of Prometheus 
(3 syl.) had fallen. Medea gave Jason 
some of this unguent, which rendered his 
body proof against fire and warlike 
instruments. 

Prome'theus (3 syl.) taught man the 
use of fire, and instructed him in archi- 
tecture, astronomy, mathematics, writing, 
rearing cattle, navigation, medicine, the 
art of prophecy, working metal, and, 
indeed, every art known to man. The 
word means "forethought," and fore- 
thought is the father of invention. The 
tale is that he made man of clay, and, 
in order to endow his claj" with life, stole 
fire from heaven and brought it to earth 
in a hollow tube. Zeus, in punishment, 
chained him to a rock, and sent an eagle 
to consume his liver daily ; during the 
night it grew again, and thus his torment 
was ceaseless, till Hercules shot the 
eagle, and unchained the captive. 

Learn the while, in brief. 
That all arts came to mortals from Prometheus. 

E. B. Browning, Prometheus Bound (1850). 
Truth shall restore the light by Nature given. 
And, like Prometheus, bring the fire from heaven. 
Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

*** Percy B. Shelley has a classical 
drama entitled Prometheus Unbound 
(1819). 

Promised Land (The), Canaan or 
Palestine. So called because God pro- 
mised to give it to Abraham, Isaac, and 
Jacob. — Gen. xii. 7 ; xxvi. 3 ; xxviii. 
13. 

Prompt, the servant of Mr. and 
Miss Blandish. — General Burgoyne, The 
Heiress (1781). 

Pronouns. It was of Henry Mos- 
sop, tragedian (1729-1773), that Churchill 
wrote the two lines : 



In monosyllables his thunders roll- 
He, she, it, and we, ye, they, fright the soul ; 

because Mossop was fond of emphasizing 
his pronouns and little words. 

Prophecy. Jourdain, the wizard, 
told the duke of Somerset, if he wished 
to live, to "avoid where castles mounted 
stand." The duke died in an ale-house 
called the Castle, in St. Alban's. 

. . . underneath an ale-house' paltry sign, 

The Castle, in St. Alban's, Somer-et 

Hath made the wizard famous in his death. 

Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 2 (1591). 

Similar prophetic equivokes were told 
to Henry IV., pope Sylvester II., and 
Cambyses (see Jerusalem, p. 492). 

AristomSnes was told by the Delphic 
oracle to " flee for his life when he saw a 
goat drink from the river Neda." Con- 
sequently, all goats were driven from the 
banks of this river ; but one day, TheOclos 
observed that the branches of a fig tree 
bent into the stream, and it immediately 
flashed into his mind that the Mes- 
senian word for fig tree and goat was the 
same. The pun or equivoke will be 
better understood by an English reader if 
for goat we read ewe, and bear in mind 
that yew is to the ear the same word ; 
thus : 

When a ewe [yew] stoops to drink of the " Severn," then 

fly. 
And look not behind, for destruction is nigh. 

Prophet (The), Mahomet (570-632). 

The Mohammedans entertained an inconceivable vene- 
ration for their prophet. . . . Whenever he made his ablu- 
tions, they ran and caught the water he had used; and 
when he spat, licked up the spittle with superstitious 
eagerness.— Abulfeda, Vita Moham., 85 (thirteenth cen- 
tury). 

Prophet Elm, an elm growing in 
Credenhill Court, belonging to the Eckley 
family. It is so called because one of 
the branches is said to snap off, and thus 
announce an approaching death in the 
family. 

Prophetess (TJie), Aye'shah, the 
second and beloved wife of Mahomet. It 
does not mean that she prophesied, but, 
like Sultana, it is simply a title of 
honour. He was the Prophet, she the 
Propheta or Madam Prophet. 

Prose (Father of English), Wy cliff e 
(1324-1384). 

Prose (Father of Greek), Herodotos 
(B.C. 484-408). 

Prose (Father of Italian), Boccaccio 
(1313-1375). 

Pros'erpine (3 syl.), called Proser'- 
pina in Latin, and "Proser'pin" by Mil- 



PROSPERITY ROBINSON. 



796 



PROTEUS. 



ton, was daughter of Ce'res. She went to 
the fields of Enna to amuse herself by 
gathering asphodels, and being tired, fell 
asleep. Dis, the god of hell, then carried 
her oil, and made her queen of the in- 
fernal regions. Ceres wandered for nine 
days over the world disconsolate, looking 
for her daughter, when Hec'ate (2 syl.) 
told her she had heard the girl's cries, 
but knew not who had carried her off. 
Both now went to Olympus, when the 
sun-god told them the true state of the 
case. 

N.B. — This is an allegory of seed- 
corn. 

Not that fair field 
Of Enna, where Proser'pin, gathering flowers, 
Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis 
Was gathered— which cost Ceres all that pain 
To seek her thro' the world. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 268 (1665). 

Prosperity Robinson, Frederick 
Robinson, afterwards viscount Goderich 
and earl of Ripon, chancellor of the ex- 
chequer in 1823. So called by Cobbett, 
from his boasting about the prosperity of 
the country just a little before the great 
commercial crisis of 1825. 

Pros'pero, the banished duke of 
Milan, and father of Miranda. He was 
deposed by his brother Anthonio, who 
sent him to sea with Mirander in a 
" rotten carcass of a boat," which was 
borne to a desert island. Here Prospero 
practised magic. He liberated Ariel 
from the rift of a pine tree, where the 
witch Syc'orax had confined him for 
twelve years, and was served by that 
bright spirit with true gratitude. The 
only other inhabitant of the island was 
Caliban the witch's " welp." After a 
residence in the island of sixteen years, 
Prospero raised a tempest by magic, to 
cause the shipwreck of the usurping duke 
and of Ferdinand his brother's son. 
Ferdinand fell in love with his cousin 
Miranda, and eventually married her. — 
Shakespeare, The Tempest (1609). 

He [sir W. Scott] waves his wand more potent than 
that of Prospero, and the shadows of the olden time 
appear before us. and we absolutely believe in their re- 
animation. — Kncyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 
Still they kept limping to and fro, 
Like Ariels round old Prospero, 
Saying, " Dear master, let us go." 
But still the old man answered. " No I " 

T. Moore, A Vision. 

ProSS (Miss), a red-haired, ungainly 
creature, who lived with Lucie Manette, 
and dearly loved her. Miss Pross, 
although very eccentric, was most faith- 
ful and unselfish. 

Her character (dissociated from stature) was shortness. 
... It was characteristic of this lady that whenever her 



original proposition was questioned, she exaggerated it.— 
C. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, ii. 6 (1859). 

Proterius of Cappadoeia, father of 
Cyra. (See Sinnek Saved.) 

Protesila'os, husband of Laodamla. 
Being slain at the siege of Troy, the 
dead body was sent home to his wife, 
who prayed that she might talk with him 
again, if only for three hours. Her 
prayer was granted, but when Protesilaos 
returned to death, Laodamia died also. — 
Greek Mythology. 

In Fe'nelon's Te'lemaque, " Prote'silaos " 
is meant for Louvois, the French minister 
of state. 

Protestant Duke (The), James 
duke of Monmouth, a love-child of 
Charles II. So called because he re- 
nounced the Roman faith, in which he 
had been brought up, and became a pro- 
testant (1619-1685). 

Protestant Pope (The), Gian Yin- 
cenzo Ganganelli, pope Clement XIV. So 
called from his enlightened policy, and 
for his bull suppressing the Jesuits (1705, 
1769-1774). 

Proteus [Pro-tuce], a sea-god, who 
resided in the Carpathian Sea. He had 
the power of changing his form at will. 
Being a prophet also, Milton calls him 
"the Carpathian wizard." — Greek Mytho- 
logy. 

By hoary Nereus' wrinkled look. 

And the Carpathian wizard's hook [or trident]. 

Milton, Comus (1634). 

Periklym'enos, son of Neleus (2 syl.), 
had the power of changing his form into 
a^bifd, beast, reptile, or insect. As a 
bee, he perched on the chariot of Herakles 
(Hercules), and was killed. 

Aristoglton, from being dipped in the 
Achelous (4 syl.), received the power of 
changing his form at will. — Fenelon, 
Tc'le'maqiie, xx. (1700). 

The genii, both good and bad, of Eastern 
mythology had the power of changing 
their form instantaneously. This is 
powerfully illustrated by the combat be- 
tween the Queen of Beauty and the son 
of Eblis. The genius first appeared as 
an enormous lion, but the Queen of 
Beauty plucked out a hair which became 
a scythe, with which she cut the lion in 
pieces. The head of the lion now became 
a scorpion, and the princess changed her- 
self into a serpent ; bat the scorpion in- 
stantly made itself an eagle, and went 
in pursuit of the serpent. The serpent, 
however, being vigilant, assumed the 



PROTEUS. 



797 



PROVOST OF BRUGES. 



form of a white cat ; the eagle in an 
instant changed to a wolf, and the 
cat, being hard pressed, changed into a 
worm ; the wolf changed to a cock, and 
ran to pick up the worm, which, how- 
ever, became a fish before the cock could 
pick it up. Not to be outwitted, the 
cock transformed itself into a pike to 
devour the fish, but the fish changed into 
a fire, and the son of Eblis was burnt to 
ashes before he could make another 
change. — Arabian Nights ("The Second 
Calender"). 

Proteus or Protheus, one of the two 
gentlemen of Verona. He is in love with 
Julia. His servant is Launce, and his 
father Anthonio or Antonio. The other 
gentleman is called Valentine, and his 
lady-love is Silvia. — Shakespeare, The 
Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 

Shakespeare calls the word Pro'-tS-us. 
Malone, Dr. Johnson, etc., retain the h 
in both names, but the Globe edition 
omits them. 

Protevangelon ( u frst evange- 
list"), a gospel falsely attributed to St. 
James the Less, first bishop of Jerusalem, 
noted for its minute details of the Virgin 
and Jesus Christ. Said to be the pro- 
duction of L. Carlnus of the second cen- 
tury. 

First of all we sliall rehearse . . . 
The nativity of our Lord, 
As written in the old record 
Of the Protevangelon. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Protocol (Mr. Peter), the attorney 
in Edinburgh employed by Mrs. Mar- 
garet Bertram of Singleside. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Protosebastos (The) or Sebasto- 
ckator, the highest State officer in 
Greece. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Protospathaire (The), or general 
of Alexius Comnenus emperor of Greece. 
His name is Nicanor. — Sir \V. Scott, 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Proud (The). Tarquin II. of Rome 
was called Superbus (reigned B.C. 535- 
510, died 496). 

Otho IV. kaiser of Germany was called 
" The Proud" (1175, 1209-1218). 

Proud Duke (The), Charles Sey- 
mour duke of Somerset. His children 
were not allowed to sit in his presence ; 
and he sooke to his servants by signs 
only (*-1748). 



Proud and Mighty (The). 

A little rule, a little sway, 
A sunbeam in a winter's day. 
Is all the proud and mighty have 
Betwuui the cradle and the grave. 

Dyer, Orongar hill (died 1765). 

Proudfute (Oliver), the boasting 
bonnet-maker at Perth. 

Magdalen or Maudie Proudfute, Oliver's 
widow. — Sir W. Scott, Fair maid of Perth 
(time, Henry IV.). 

Prout (Father), the pseudonym of 
Francis Mahoney, a humorous writer in 
Fraser's Magazine, etc. (1805-1866). 

Provis, the name assumed by Abel 
Magwitch, Pip's father. He was a con- 
vict, who had made a fortune, and whose 
chief desire was to make his son a gentle- 
man. — C. Dickens, Great Expectations 
(1860). 

Provoked Husband (The), a 
comedy by Cibber and Vanbrugh. The 
"provoked husband" is lord Townly, 
justly annoyed at the conduct of his 
young wife, who wholly neglects her 
husband and her home duties for a life 
of gambling and dissipation. The hus- 
band, seeing no hope of amendment, 
resolves on a separate maintenance ; 
but then the lady's eyes are opened 
— she promises amendment, and is for- 
given. 

%* This comedy was Vanbrugh's 
Journey to London, left unfinished at his 
death. Cibber took it, completed it, and 
brought it out under the title of Tlie 
Provoked Husband (1728). 

Provoked Wife (The), lady Brute, 
the wife of sir John Brute, is, by his 
ill manners, brutality, and neglect, " pro- 
voked " to intrigue with one Constant. 
The intrigue is not of a very serious 
nature, since it is always interrupted 
before it makes head. At the conclusion, 
sir John says: 

Surly I may be. stubborn I am not. 
For I have both forgiven and forgot 

Sir J. Vanbrugh (1697). 

Provost of Bruges ( The), a tragedy 
based on " The Serf," in Leitch Ritchie's 
Romance of History. Published anony- 
mously in 1836 ; the author is S. 
Knowles. The plot is this: Charles 
" the Good," earl of Flanders, made a 
law that a serf is always a serf till 
manumitted, and whoever marries a serf 
becomes thereby a serf. Thus, if a prince 
married the daughter of a serf, the 
prince became a serf himself, and all his 



PROWLER. 



798 



PSALTER OF TARAH. 



children were serfs. Bertulphe, the 
richest, wisest, and bravest man in 
Flanders, was prcvost of Bruges. His 
beautiful daughter Constance married sir 
Bouchard, a knight of noble descent ; 
but Bertulphe's father had been Thanc- 
mar's serf, and, according to the new 
law, Bertulphe the provost, his daughter 
Constance, and his knightly son-in-law 
were all the serfs of Thancmar. The 
provost killed the earl, and stabbed him- 
self ; Bouchard and Thancmar killed 
each other in fight ; and Constance died 
demented. 

Prowler {Hugh), any vagrant or 
highwayman. 

Fo. fear of Hush Prowler, get home with the rest. 

T. Tusser, J<Hve Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, xxxiii. 25 (1557). 

Prudence (Mistress), the lady at- 
tendant on Violet ward of lady Arundel. 
When Norman "the sea-captain" made 
love to Violet, Mistress Prudence remon- 
strated, "What will the countess say 
if I allow myself to see a stranger speak- 
ing to her ward ? " Norman clapped a 
guinea on her left eye, and asked, "What 
see you now ? " " Why, nothing with my 
left eye," she ansAvered, "but the right 
has still a morbid sensibility." "Poor 
thing!" said Norman; "this golden 
ointment soon will cure it. What see 
you now, my Prudence?" "Not a 
sou!," she said. — Lord Lytton, The Sea* 
Captain (1839). 

Prudes for proctors ; dowagers for 
deans. —Tennyson, prologue of The Prin- 
cess (1830). 

Prudhomme [Joseph), "pupil of 
Brard and Saint-Omer," caligraphist and 
sworn expert in the courts of law. 
Joseph Prudhomme is the synthesis of 
bourgeois imbecility ; radiant, serene, 
and self-satisfied ; letting fall from his 
fat lips "one weak, washy, everlasting 
flood " of puerile aphorisms and inane 
circumlocutions. He says, ." The car of 
the state floats on a precipice." "This 
sword is the proudest day of my life." — 
Henri Monnier, Grandeur et Decadence de 
Joseph Prudhomme (1852). 

No creation ot modern fiction ever embodied n phase 
of national character with such original power as that of 
"M.Joseph Prudhomme." . . . " Podsnap," his English 
parallel, u more self-contained, more ponderous and 
less polite. ... In 1857 Monnier turned his piece into a 
bulky volume, entitled Via et Opinion* de M. Joseph 
J'rudkominr. — E. C. 1$. 

Prue (Miss), a schoolgirl still under 
the charge of a nurse, very precocious 
and very injudiciously brought up. Miss 



Prue is the daughter of Mr. Foresight a 
mad astrologer, and Mrs. Foresight a 
frail nonentity. — Congreve, Love for Love 
(1695). 

The love-scene hetween Jack Bannister [1760-1836], as 
"Tattle," and "Miss Prue," when this latter part was 
acted by Mrs. Jordan, was probably never surpassed in 
rich natural comedy.— F. Reynolds. 

Prunes and Prisms, the words 
which give the lips the right plie of the 
highly aristocratic mouth, as Mrs. General 
tells Amy Dorrit. 

"'Papa' gives a pretty form to the lips. 'Papa,' 
'potatoes,' 'poultry,' 'prunes and prisms.' You will 
find it serviceable if you say to yourself on entering a 
room, ' Papa, potatoes, poultry, prunes, and prisms.' " — 
C. Dickens, little Dorrit (1855). 

General Burgoyne, in The Heiress, 
makes lady Emily tell Miss Alscrip that 
the magic words are " nimini pimini ; " 
and that if she will stand before her 
mirror and pronounce these words re- 
peatedly, she cannot fail to give her 
lips that happy plie which is known as 
the " Paphian mimp." — The Heiress, iii, 
2 (1781). 

Pru'sio, king x of Alvarecchia, slain 
by Zerbi'no. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Pry (Paul), one of those idle, 
meddling fellows, who, having no em- 
ployment of their own, are perpetually 
interfering in the affairs of other people. 
— John Poole, Paul Pry. 

Prydwen or Pkidwin (q.v.), called 
in the Mabinogion the ship of king Arthur. 
It was also the name of his shield. 
Taliessin speaks of it as a ship, and 
Robert of Gloucester as a shield. 

Hys sseld that het Prydwen. 

Myd ys suerd he was ygurd, that so strong was and kene ; 
Caly bourne yt was ycluped, mis nour no such ye wene. 
In ys right bond ys lance he uoiu, that ycluped was Ron. 

1.174 

Prynne (Hester), in Hawthorne's 
novel entitled The Scarlet Letter (1850). 

Psalmist (The). King David is 
called "The Sweet Psalmist of Israel" 
(2 Sam. xxiii. 1). In the compilation 
called J'salms, in the Old Testament, 
seventy-three bear the name of David, 
twelve were composed by Asaph, eleven 
by the sons of Korah, and one (Psalm 
x'c.) by Moses. 

Psalter of Tarah or Tara, a 
volume in which the early kings of 
Ireland inserted all historic events and 
enactments. It began in the reign of 
Ollav Fola. of the family of Ir, n.c. 900, 
and was read to the assembled princes 



PSYCARPAX. 



799 



PUDDING. 



when they met in the convention which 
assembled in the great hall of that 
splendid palace. Also called Tara's 
Psaltery. 

Their tribe, tliey said, their high degree, 
Was sung in 7'ara't Psaltery. 

Campbell, O'Connor t Child. 

Psycarpax (i.e. "granary-thief"), 
son of Troxartas king of the mice. The 
frog king offered to carry the young 
Psycarpax over a lake ; but a water- 
hydra made its appearance, and the frog 
king, to save himself, dived under water, 
whereby the mouse prince lost his life. 
This catastrophe brought about the fatal 
Battle of the Frogs and Mice. Translated 
from the Greek into English verse by 
Parnell (1679-1717). 

Psyche [Sf.ke], a most beautiful 
maiden, with whom Cupid fell in love. 
The god told her she was never to seek 
to know who he was ; but Psyche could 
not resist the curiosity of looking at him 
as he lay asleep. A "drop of the hot oil 
from Psyche's lamp falling on the love- 
god, woke him, and he instantly took to 
flight. Psyche now wandered from place 
to place, persecuted by Venus ; but after 
enduring ineffable troubles, Cupid came 
at last to her rescue, married her, and 
bestowed on her immortality. 

This exquisite allegory is from the 
Golden Ass of Apuleios. Lafontaine 
has turned it into French verse. M. 
Laprade (born 1812) has rendered it into 
French most exquisitely. The English 
version, by Mrs. Tighe, in six cantos, is 
simply unreadable. 

The story of Cupid and Psyche is an 
allegory, meaning that castles in the air 
are exquisite till we look at them as 
realities, when they instantly vanish, and 
leave only disappointment and vexation 
behind. 

Pternog'lyphus ("bacon-scooper"), 
one of the mouse chieftains. — Parnell, 
Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 
1712). 

Pternoph'agus ("bacon-eater"), one 
of the mouse chieftains. 

But dire Ptemophagus divides his way 
Thro' breaking ranks, and leads the dreadful day. 
No nibbling prince excelled in fierceness more, — 
His parents fed him on the savage boar. 
Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712). 

Pternotractas (" bacon-gnawer "), 
father of " the meal-licker," Lycomile 
(wife of Troxartas, "the bread-eater"). 
Psycarpas, the king of the mice, was son of 
Lycomile, and grandson of Pternotractas. 



— Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, i. 
(about 1712). 

Ptolemean System (ITic). King 
Alfonso, speaking of this system, said, 
if he had been consulted at the creation 
of the world, he would have spared the 
Maker of it many absurdities. 

I settle all these thing by intuition . . . 
Like king Alfonso. 

Byron, Virion of Judgment (1819). 

Public Good. (Tlie League of the), 
a league between the dukes of Burgundy, 
Brittany, and other French princes 
against Louis XI. 

Public'ola, of the Despatch News- 
paper, was the nam de plume of Mr. 
Williams, a vigorous political writer. 

PubllUS, the surviving son of Hora- 
tius after the combat between the three 
Horatian brothers against the three 
Curiatii of Alba. He entertained the 
Roman notion that "a patriot's soul can 
feel no ties but duty, and know no voice 
of kindred " if it conflicts with his 
country's weal. His sister was engaged 
to Caius Curiatius. one of the three Alban 
champions ; and when she reproved him 
for " murdering " her betrothed, he slew 
her, for he loved Rome more than he 
loved friend, sister, brother, or the sacred 
name of father. — Whitehead, The Roman 
Father (1741). 

PuceL La bel Puccl lived in the 
tower of "Musyke." Graunde Amoure, 
sent thither by Fame to be instructed by 
the seven ladies of science, fell in love 
with her, and ultimately married her. 
After his death, Remembrance wrote his 
" epitaphy on his graue." — S. Hawes, 
The Passe-tyme of Plesure (1506, printed 
1515). 

Pucelle (La), a surname given to 
Joan of Arc the " Maid of Orleans " 
(1410-1431). 

Puck, generally called Hobgoblin. 
Same as Robin Goodfellow. Shakespeare, 
in Midsummer Night's Dream, represents 
him as "a very Shetlander among the 
gossamer-winged, dainty-limbed fairies, 
strong enough to knock all their heads 
together, a rough, knurly-limbed, fawn- 
faced, shock-pated, mischievous little 
urchin." 

He \Oberon\ meeteth Puck, which most men call 
Hobgoblin, and*on him doth fall, 
With words from phrenzy spoken. 

" Hon ! hoh ! " quoth Hob ; " God save your grace ... * 
Drayton, Nymphidia (1593). 

Pudding (Jack), a gormandizing 



PUDDLE-DOCK HILL. 



800 



PUNCH. 



clown. In French he is called Jean 
Potage ; in Dutch, Pickel- Herring e ; in 
Italian Macaroni; in German John 
Sausage (Hanswurst). 

Puddle-Dock Hill, St. Andrew's 
Hill, Blackfriars, leading down to Puddle 
Wharf, Ireland Yard. 

Puff, servant of captain Loveit, and 
husband of Tag of whom he stands in 
awe. — D. Garrick, Miss in Her Teens 
(1753). 

Puff {Mr.), a man who had tried his 
hand on everything to get a living, and 
at last resorts to criticism. He says of 
himself, "I am a practitioner in pane- 
gyric, or to speak more plainly, a pro- 
fessor of the art of puffing." 

" I open," says Puff, " with a clock striking, to beget 
nn awful attention in the audience ; it also marks the 
rime, which is four o'clock in the morning, and saves a 
description of the rising sun, and a great deal about 
gilding the eastern hemisphere."— Sheridan, The Critic, 
i. 1 (1779). 

" God forbid," says Mr. Puff, " that, in a free country, 
all the fine words in the language should be engrossed by 
the higher characters of the piece."— Sir W. Scott, The 
Drama. 

Puff, publisher. He says : 

" Panegyric and praise ! and what will that do with 
the public! Why, who will give money to be told that 
Mr. Such-a-one is a wiser and better man than himself? 
No, no ! 'tis quite and clean out of nature. A good sous- 
ing satire, now, well powdered with personal pepper, and 
seasoned with the spirit of party, that demolishes a 
conspicuous character, and sinks him below our own 
level, — there, there, we are pleased ; there we chuckle and 
grin, and toss the half-crowns on the counter." — Foote, 
The Patron (1764). 

Pug, a mischievous little goblin, 
called " Puck " by Shakespeare. — B. 
Jonson, The Devil is an Ass (1616). 

Puggie Orrock, a sheriff's officer at 
Fairport. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Pugna Porco'rum {i.e. "battle of 
the pigs"), a poem, extending to several 
hundred lines, in which every word 
begins with the letter p. 

Pul'ei (Z.)i poet of Florence (1432- 
1487), author of the hero'i'-comic poem 
called Morgante Maagiore, a mixture of 
the bizarre, the serious, and the comic, 
in ridicule of the romances of chivalry. 
This Don Juan class of poetry lias since 
been called Bernesque, from Francesco 
Bcrni of Tuscany, who greatly excelled 
in it. 

Pulcl was sire of the half-sei ions rhyme. 
Who sung when chivalry was more quixotic, 
And revelled in the fancies of the time. 
True knights, chaste dames, huge giants, kings despotic. 
Byron, Dun Juan, iv. 6 (1820J. 



Pulia'no, leader of the Nasamo'ni. 
He was slain by Rinaldo. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Pumbleehook, uncle to Joe Gar- 
gery the blacksmith. He was a well-to- 
do corn-chandler, and drove his own 
chaise-cart. A hard-breathing, middle- 
aged, slow man was uncle Pumbleehook, 
with fishy ej^es and sandy hair inquisi- 
tively on end. He called Pip, in his 
facetious way, " six-pen'orth of ha'- 
pence ; " but when Pip came into his 
fortune, Mr. Pumbleehook was the most 
servile of the servile, and ended almost 
every sentence with, "May I, Mr. Pip?" 
i.e. have the honour of shaking hands 
with you again. — C. Dickens, Great Ex- 
pectations (1860). 

Pumpernickel {His Transparency), 
a nickname by which the Times satirized 
the minor German princes. 

Some ninety men and ten drummers constitute their 
whole embattled host on the parade-ground before their 
palace ; and their whole revenue is supplied by a per- 
centage on the tax levied on strangers at the Pumper- 
nickel kursaal.— Times, July 18, 1866. 

Pumpkin {Sir Gilbert), a country \ 
gentleman plagued with a ward (Miss 
Kitty Sprightly) and a set of servants 
all stage mad. He entertains captain 
Charles Stanley and captain Harry 
Stukely at Strawberry Hall, when the 
former, under cover of acting, makes 
love to Kitty (an heiress), elopes with 
her, and marries her. 

Miss Bridget Pumpkin, sister of sir 
Gilbert of Strawberry Hall. A Mrs. 
Malaprop. She says, "The Greeks, the 
Romans, and the Irish are barbarian 
nations who had plays ; " but sir Gilbert 
says, "they were all Jacobites." She 
speaks of " taking a degree at our prin- 
cipal adversity ; " asks "if the Muses are 
a family living at Oxford," if so, she 
tells captain Stukely, she will be de- 
lighted to " see them at Strawberry Hall, 
with any other of his friends." Miss 
Pumpkin hates " play acting," but does 
not object to love-making. — Jackman, 
All the World's a Stage. 

Pun. He icho would make a pvn, 
would pick a pocket, generally ascribed to 
Dr. Johnson, but has been traced by Moy 
Thomas to Dr. Donne (1573-1631). 

V Dr. Johnson lived 1709-1784. 

Punch, derived from the Latin Mimi, 
through the Italians Pullicinella. It was 
originally intended as a characteristic 
representation. The tale is this : Punch, 



• (A 



3 



• - 



PUNCH. 



801 



PUKGON. 



in a fit of jealousy, strangles his infant 
child, when Judy flies to her revenge. 
A\'ith a bludgeon she belabours her 
husband, till he becomes so exasperated 
that he snatches the bludgeon from her, 
knocks her brains out, and flings the 
dead body into the street. Here it 
attracts the notice of a police-officer, 
who enters the house, and Punch flies to 
save his life. He is, however, arrested by 
an officer of the Inquisition, and is shut 
up in prison, from which he escapes by a 
golden key. The rest of the allegory 
shows the triumph of Punch over slander 
in the shape of a dog, disease in the 
guise of a doctor, death, and the devil. 

Pantalone was a Venetian merchant ; 
Dottore, a Bolognese physician ; Spa- 
viento, a Neapolitan braggadocio ; Pulli- 
cinella, a wag of Apulia ; Giantjur./olo 
and Coviello, two clowns of Calabria ; 
Gelsomino, a Roman beau ; Beltrame, a 
Milanese simpleton ; Brighella, a Ferrarese 
pimp ; and Arlecchino, a blundering 
servant of Bergamo. Each was clad in 
an appropriate dress, had a characteristic 
mask, and spoke the dialect of the place 
he represented. 

Besides these, there were Amorosos or 
Jnnamoratos, with their servettas or 
waiting-maids, as Smeraldina, Colombina, 
Spilletia, etc., who spoke Tuscan. — 
Walker, On the Revival of the Drama in 
Italy, 249. 

Punch, the periodical. The first cover 
was designed by A. S. Henning ; the 
present one by R. Doyle. 

Pure (Simon), a Pennsylvanian 
quaker. Being about to visit London 
to attend the quarterly meeting of his 
sect, he brings with him a letter of 
introduction to Obadiah Prim, a rigid, 
stern quaker, and the guardian of Anne 
Lovely an heiress worth £30,000. 
Colonel Feignwell, availing himself of 
this letter of introduction, passes himself 
off as Simon Pure, and gets established 
as the accepted suitor of the heiress. 
Presently the real Simon Pure makes his 
appearance, and is treated as an impostor 
and swindler. The colonel hastens on 
the marriage arrangements, and has no 
sooner completed them, than Master 
Simon re-appears, with witnesses to prove 
his identity ; but it is too late, and colonel 
Feignwell freely acknowledges the " bold 
stroke he has made for a wife." — Mrs. 
Centlivre, A Bold Stroke for a Wife 
(1717). 

Furefoy {Master), former tutor of 



Dr. Anthony Rochecliffe the plotting 
royalist. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Purgatory, by Dante, in thirty-three 
cantos (1308). Having emerged from 
hell, Dante saw in the southern hemisphere 
four stars, " ne'er seen before, save by 
our first parents." The stars were sym- 
bolical of the four cardinal virtues 
(prudence, justice, fortitude, and tem- 
perance). Turning round, he observed 
old Cato, who said that a dame from 
heaven had sent him to prepare the 
Tuscan poet for passing through Pur- 
gatory. Accordingly, with a slender reed 
old Cato girded him, and from his face 
he washed "all sordid stain," restoring 
to his face " that hue which the dun 
shades of hell had covered and con- 
cealed" (canto i.). Daute then followed 
his guide Virgil to a huge mountain in 
mid-ocean antipodal to Judea, and began 
the ascent. A party of spirits were ferried 
over at the same time by an angel, 
amongst whom was Casella, a musician, 
one of Dante's friends. The mountain, he 
tells us, is divided into terraces, and 
terminates in Earthly Paradise, which is 
separated from it by two rivers — Lethe 
and Eu'noe (3 syl.). The first eight cantos 
are occupied by the ascent, and then they 
come to the gate of Purgatory. This 
gate is approached by three stairs (faith, 
penitence, and piety) ; the first stair is 
transparent white marble, as clear as 
crystal ; the second is black and cracked ; 
and the third is of blood-red porphyry 
(canto ix.). The porter marked on Dante's 
forehead seven P's (jyeccata, "sins"), and 
told him he would lose one at every 
stage, till he reached the river which 
divided Purgatory from Paradise. Vir- 
gil continued his guide till they came to 
Lethe, when he left him during sleep 
(canto xxx.). Dante was then dragged 
through the river Lethe, drank of the 
waters of Eunoe, and met Beatrice, who 
conducted him till he arrived at the 
" sphere of unbodied light," when she 
resigned her office to St. Bernard. 

Purgon, one of the doctors in 
Moliere's comedy of Le Malade Imagi- 
naire. When the patient's brother 
interfered, and sent the apothecary away 
with his clysters, Dr. Purgon got into 
a towering rage, and threatened to leave 
the house and never more to visit it. He 
then said to the patient, "Que vous 
tombiez dans la bradypepsie . . . de la 
bradypepsie dans la dyspepsie . . . de la 
3 F 



PURITANI. 



802 



PYGMY. 



dyspepsie dans l'apepsie . . . de l'apepsie 
dans la lienterie . . . de la lienterie dans 
la dyssenterie . . . de la dyssenterie dans 
l'hydropisie . . . et l'hydropisie dans la 
privation de la vie." 

Votre M. Purgon, . . . c'est un homme tout medecin 
depuis la tSte jusqu' a"X pieds ; un homme qui croit a ses 
regies plus qu' a toutes les demonstrations des mathe- 
matiques, et qui croirait du crime a les vouloir examiner ; 
qui lie voir rien d'obscur dans la medecine, rien de 
douteux, rien de difficile ; et qui, avec une impetuosite de 
prevention, une roideur de confiance, une brutalite de sens 
cornmun et de raison, donne au travers des purgations et 
des saignees, et ne balance aucune chose. — Moliere, Le 
Jlalade Imaginaire, iii. 3 (1673). 

Purita'ni (i), " the puritan," that is 
Elvi'ra, daughter of lord Walton also a 
puritan, affianced to Ar'turo (lord Arthur 
Talbot) a cavalier. On the day of 
espousals, Arturo aids Enrichetta (Hen- 
rietta, widow of Charles I.) to escape ; 
and Elvira, supposing that he is eloping, 
loses her reason. On his return, Arturo 
explains the fact to Elvira, and they vow- 
nothing on earth shall part them more, 
when Arturo is arrested for treason, and 
led off to execution. At this crisis, a 
herald announces the defeat of the 
Stuarts, and Cromwell pardons all politi- 
cal offenders, whereupon Arturo is re- 
leased, and marries Elvira. — Bellini's 
opera, I Puritani (1884). 

(The libretto of this opera is by C. 
Pepoli.) 

Purley (Diversions of), a work on the 
analysis and etymology of English words, 
by John Home, the son of a poulterer in 
London. In 1782 he assumed the name 
of Tooke, from Mr. Tooke of Purley, in 
Surrey, with whom he often stayed, and 
who left him £8000 (vol. i., 1785 ; vol. ii., 
1805). 

Purple Island (The), the human 
body. It is the name of a poem in 
twelve cantos, by Phineas Fletcher 
(1633). Canto i. Introduction. Cantos 
ii.-v. An anatomical description of the 
human body, considered as an island 
kingdom. Canto vi. The " intellec- 
tual " man. Canto vii. The "natural 
man," with its affections and lusts. 
Canto viii. The world, the flesh, and 
the devil, as the enemies of man. 
Cantos ix., x. The friends of man who 
enable -him to overcome these enemies. 
Cantos xi., xii. The battle of " Mansoul," 
the triumph, aud the marriage of Eclecta. 
Tiie whole is supposed to be sung to 
shepherds by Thirsil u shepherd. 

Pusil'lus, Feeble-mindedness per- 
"oniliedin The Purple Island, by Phineas 
FJclcher CAYoi) ; "a weak, distrustful 



heart." Fully described in canto viii. 
(Latin, pusillus, " pusillanimous.") 

Puss in Boots, from Charles Per- 
rault's tale Le Ghat Botte (1697). 
Perrault borrowed the tale from the 
Nights of Straparola an Italian. Stra- 
parola's Nights w r ere translated into 
French in 1585, and Perrault's Contes de 
Fees were published in 1697. Ludwig 
Tieck, the German novelist, reproduced 
the same tale in his Volksmarchen (1795), 
called in German Der Gestiefelte Kater. 
The cat is marvellously accomplished, 
and by ready wit or ingenious tricks 
secures a fortune and royal wife for his 
master, a penniless young miller, who 
passes under the name of the marquis de 
Car'abas. In the Italian tale, puss is 
called " Constantine's cat." 

Putrid Plain (The), the battle-field 
of Aix, in Provence, where Marius over- 
threw the Teutons, B.C. 102. 

Pwyll's Bag (Prince), a bag that 
it was impossible to till. 

Come thou in by thyself, clad in ragged garments, and 
holding a bag in thy hand, and ask nothing but a bagful 
of food, and I will cause that if all the meat and liquor 
that are in these seven cantreves were put into it, it 
would be no fuller than before. — The Mabinogion I" Pwyll 
Prince of Dyved," twelfth century). 

Pygmalion, the statuary of Cyprus. 
He resolved never to marry, but became 
enamoured of his own ivory statue, 
which Venus endowed with life, and the 
statuary married. Morris has a poem on 
the subject in his Earthly Paradise 
("August"). 

Fall in loue with these, 
As did Pygmalion with his carved tree, 
lord Brooke, Treatie on Human Learning (1554-1628). 

* + * Lord Brooke calls the statue "a 
carved tree." There is a vegetable ivory, 
no doubt, one of the palm species, and 
there is the ebon tree, the w r ood of which 
is black as jet. The former could not be 
known to Pygmalion, but the latter 
might, as Virgil speaks of it in his 
Georgics, ii. 117, "India nigrum fert 
ebenum." Probably lord Brooke blun- 
dered from the resemblance between ebor 
(" ivory") and ebon, in Latin "ebenum." 

Pygmy, a dwarf. The pygmies were 
a nation of dwarfs always at war with 
the cranes of Scythia. They were not 
above a foot high, and lived somewhere at 
the " end of the earth " — either in Thrace, 
Ethiopia, India, or the Upper Kile. The 
pygmy women were mothers at the age 
of three, and old women at eight. Their 
houses were built of egg-shells. They 
cut down a blade of wheat with an axe 
and hatchet, as we fell huge forest trees. 



PYKE AND PLUCK. 



803 



PYTHAGORAS. 



One day, the) r resolved to attack Her- 
cules in his sleep, and went to work as in 
a siege. An army attacked each hand, 
and the archers attacked the feet. Her- 
cules awoke, and with the paw of his lion- 
skin overwhelmed the whole host, and 
carried them captive to king Eurystheus. 

Swift has availed himself of this 
Grecian fable in his Gulliver's Travels 
("Lilliput," 1726). 

Pyke and Pluck {Messrs.), the 

tools and toadies of sir Mulberry Hawk. 
They laugh at all his jokes, snub all who 
attempt to rival their patron, and are 
ready to swear to anything sir Mulberry 
wishes to be confirmed. — C. Dickens, 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Pylades and Orestes, inseparable 
friends. Pylades was a nephew of king 
Agamemnon, and Orestes was Aga- 
memnon's son. The two cousins con- 
tracted a friendship which has become 
proverbial. Subsequently, Pylades mar- 
ried Orestes' s sister Electra. 

Lagrange-Chancel has a French drama 
entitled Oresteet Pylade (1605). Voltaire 
also (Oreste, 1750). The two characters 
are introduced into a host of plays, 
Greek, Italian, French, and English. 
(See Andromache.) 

Pyrac'mon, one of Vulcan's work- 
men in the smithy of mount Etna. (Greek, 
pur akmon, "fire anvil.") 

Far passing Bronteus or Pyracmon great, 
The which in Lipari do day and night 
Frame thunderbolts for Jove. 

Spenser, Faery queen, iv. 5 (1596). 

Pyramid. According to Diodo'rus 
Sic'ulus (Hist., i.), and Pliny (Nat. 
Hist., xxxvi. 12), there were 360,000 
men employed for nearly twenty years 
upon one of the pyramids. 

The largest pj'ramid was built by 
Cheops or Suphis, the next largest by 
Cephrenes or Sen-Suphis, and the third 
by Mencheres last king of the fourth 
Egyptian dynasty, said to have lived 
before the birth of Abraham. 

The Third Pyramid. Another tradition 
is that the third pyramid was built by 
Rhod6pis or Rhodope, the Greek courtezan. 
Khodopis means the " rosy-cheeked." 

The Rhodope that built the pyramid. 

Tennyson, The Princess, ii. (1830). 

Pyramid of Mexico. This pyramid 
is said to have been built in the reign of 
Montezuma emperor of Mexico (1406- 
1520). Its base is double the size of 
Cheops's pyramid, that is, 1423 feet each 
side, but its height does not exceed 164 
feet. It stands west of Puebla, faces the 



four cardinal points, was used as a 
mausoleum, and is usually called "The 
Pyramid of Cholula." 

Pyr'amos (in Latin Pyramus), the 
lover of Thisbe. Supposing Thisbe had 
been torn to pieces by a lion, Pyramos 
stabs himself in his unutterable grief 
"under a mulberry tree." Here Thisbe 
finds the dead body of her lover, and 
kills herself for grief on the same spot. 
Ever since then the juice of this fruit has 
been blood-stained. — Greek Mythology. 

Shakespeare has introduced a burlesque 
of this pretty love story in his Midsummer 
Night's Dream, but Ovid has told the tale 
beautifully. 

Pyre'ni, the Pyrenees. 

Who [Henry V.] by his conquering sword should all the 

land surprise, 
Which twixt Uie Penmenniaur and the Pyreni lies. 

M. Drayton. /'ulyolbiun. iv. (1{>12). 

(Penmenmaur, a hill in Caernarvon- 
shire.) 

Pyrgo Polini'ces, an extravagant 
blusterer. (The word means " tower and 
town taker.") — Plautus, Miles Gloriosus. 

If the modern reader knows nothing of Pyrgo Polinice's 
and Thraso. Pistol and Parolles ; if he is shut out from Ne- 
phelo-Coccygia, he may take reluue in Lilliput. — Macaulay. 

%* "Thraso," a bully in Terence 
(The Eunuch); "Pistol," in the Merry 
Wives of Windsor and 2 Henri/ IV. ; 
"Parolles," in All's Well thai Ends Well; 
" Nephelo-Coccygia " or cloud cuckoo- 
town, in Aristophanes (The Birds) ; and 
" Lilliput," in Swift (Gulliver's Travels). 

Py'rocles (3 syl.) and his brother 
Cy'mocles (3 syl.), sons of Acra'tes (in- 
continence). The two brothers are about 
to strip sir Guyon, when prince Arthur 
comes up and slays both of them. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 8 (1590). 

Pyroc'les and Musidorus, heroes, 
whose exploits are told by sir Philip 
Sidney in his Arcadia (1581). 

Pyr'rho, the founder of the sceptics 
or Pyrrhonian school of philosophy. He 
was a native of Elis, in Peloponne'sus, 
and died at the age of 90 (b.c 285). 

It is a pleasant voyage, perhaps, to float, 
Like Pyrrho, on a sea of speculation. 

Byron, Don Juan, ix. 18 (1824). 

%* "Pyrrhonism " means absolute and 
unlimited infidelity. 

Pythag'oras, the Greek philosopher, 
who is said to have invented tb<> lyre 
from hearing the sounds produced by a 
blacksmith hammering iron on his anvil. 
— See Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 722. 

As gre it Pythagoras of yore, 
Standing beside the blacksmith's door. 



PYTHIAS. 



804 



QUACKS. 



And hearing the hammers, as he smote 
The anvils with a different note . . . 
. . . formed the seven-chorded lyre. 

Longfellow, To a Child. 

Handel wrote an " air with variations" 
which he called The Harmonious Black- 
smith, said to have been suggested by the 
sounds proceeding from a smithy, where 
he heard the village blacksmiths swinging 
their heavy sledges " with measured beat 
and slow." 

Pyth/ias, a Syracusian soldier, noted 
for his friendship for Damon. When 
Damon was condemned to death by 
Dionysius the new-made king of Syra- 
cuse, Pythias obtained for him a respite 
of six hours, to go and bid farewell to 
his wife and child. The condition of this 
respite was that Pythias should be bound, 
and even executed, if Damon did not 
return at the hour appointed. Damon 
returned in due time, and Dionysius was 
so struck with this proof of friendship, 
that he not only pardoned Damon, but 
even begged to be ranked among his 
friends. The day of execution was the 
day that Pythias was to have been married 
to Calanthe. — Damon and Pythias, a 
drama by K. EdAvards (1571), and another 
by John Banim in 1825. 

Python, a huge serpent engendered 
from the mud of the deluge, and slain 
by Apollo. In other words, pytho is the 
miasma or mist from the evaporation of 
the overflow, dried up by the sun. 
(Greek, jjuthesthai, "to rot;" because 
the serpent was left to rot in the sun.) 



Q. 



Q {Old), the earl of March, afterwards 
duke of Queensberry, at the close of the 
last century and the beginning of this. 

Quacks {Noted). 

Bechic, known for his "cough pills," 
consisting of digitalis, white oxide of anti- 
mony, and liquorice. Sometimes, but 
erroneously, called " Beeeham's magic 
cough pills." 

Booker {John), astrologer, etc. (1601- 
1067). 

Bossy {Dr.), a German by birth. He 
was well known in the beginning of the 
nineteenth century in Covent Garden, and 
in other parts of London. 



Brodum (eighteenth century). His 
"nervous cordial" consisted of gentian 
root infused in gin. Subsequently, a 
little hark was added. 

Cagliostro, the prince of quacks. 
His proper name was Joseph Balsamo, 
and his father was Pietro Balsamo of 
Palermo. He married Lorenza, the 
daughter of a girdle-maker of Rome, 
called himself the count Alessandro di 
Cagliostro, and his wife the countess 
Seraphina di Cagliostro. He professed 
to heal every disease, to abolish wrinkles, 
to predict future events, and was a great 
mesmerist. He styled himself " Grand 
Cophta, Prophet, and Thaumaturge." His 
"Egyptian pills" sold largely at 30s. 
a box (1743-1795). One of the famous 
novels of A. Dumas is Joseph Balsamo 
(1845). 

He had a flat, snub face ; dew-lapped, flat-nosed, greasy, 
and sensual. A forehead impudent, and two eyes which 
turned up most seraphically languishing. It was a model 
face for a quack.— Carlyle, Life of Cagliostro. 

Case {Dr. John), of Lime Regis, 
Dorsetshire. His name was Latinized 
into Caseus, and hence he was sometimes 
called Dr. Cheese. He was born in the 
reign of Charles II., and died in that of 
Anne. Dr. Case was the author of the 
Angelic Guide, a kind of ZadkiePs Alma- 
nac, and over his door was this couplet: 

Within this place 
Lives Dr. Case. 

legions of quacks shall join us in this place, 
From great Kirleus down to Dr. Case. 

Garth, Dispensary, iii. (1699). 

Clarke, noted for his "world-famed 
blood-mixture" (end of the nineteenth 
century). 

Cockle {James), known for his anti- 
bilious pills, advertised as " the oldest 
patent medicine" (nineteenth century). 

Franks {Dr. Timothy), who lived in 
Old Bailey, was the rival of Dr. Rock. 
Franks was a very tall man, while his 
rival was short and stout (1692-1763). 

Dr. Franks, F.O.G.H.. calls his rival "Dumplin' Dick," 
. . . Sure the world is wide enough for two great person- 
ages. Men of science should leave controversy to the little 
world, . . . and then we might see Rock and Franks walk- 
ing together hand-in-hand, smilim: onward to immortality. 
— Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, Ixviii. (UOil). 

Graham {Dr.), of the Temple of 
Health, first in the Adelphi, then in Pall 
Mall. He sold his "elixir of life" for 
£1000 a bottle, was noted for his mud 
baths, and for his "celestial bed," which 
assured a beautiful progeny. He died 
poor in 1784. 

Grant {Dr.), first a tinker, then a bap- 
tist preacher in Southwark, then oculist 
to queen Anne. 



QUACKS. 



805 



QUACKS. 



Her majesty sure was in a surprise, 
Or else was very short-sighted, , 

When a tinker was sworn to look after her eyes, 
And the mountebank tailor was knighted. 

Grub Street Journal, 

(The "mountebank tailor" was Dr. 
Read ; see below.) 

Hancock (Dr.), whose panacea was 
cold water and stewed prunes. 

%* Dr. Sandgrado prescribed hot water 
and stewed apples. — Lesage, Gil Bias. 

Dr. Rezio of Barataria would allow 
Sancho Panza to eat only " a few wafers, 
and a thin slice or two of quince." — Cer- 
vantes, Don Quixote^ II. iii. 10 (1615). 

Hannes [Dr.), knighted by queen 
Anne. He was born in Oxfordshire. 

The queen, like heaven, shines equally on all, 

Her favours now without distinction fall. 

Great Read, and slender Hannes, both knighted, show 

That none Uieir honours shall to merit owe. 

A Political Squib of the Period. 

Holloway (Professor), noted for his 
ointment to cure all strumous affections, 
his digestive pills, and his enormous 
expenditure in advertising (nineteenth 
century). Holloway's ointment is an 
imitation of Albinolo's ; being analyzed 
by order of the French law-courts, it was 
declared to consist of butter, lard, wax, 
and Venice turpentine. His pills are 
made of aloes, jalap, ginger, and myrrh. 

Katerfelto (Dr.), the influenza 
doctor. He was a tall man, dressed in 
a black gown and square cap, and 
was originally a common soldier in the 
Prussian service. In 1782 he exhibited 
in London his solar microscope, and 
created immense excitement by showing 
the infusoria of muddy water, etc. Dr. 
Katerfelto used to say that he was the 
greatest philosopher since the time of sir 
Isaac Newton. 

And Katerfelto with his hair on end, 
At his own wonders, wondering for his bread. 
Cowper, The Task ("The Winter Evening," 1782). 

Lilly ( William), astrologer, born at 
Diseworth, in Leicestershire (1602-1681). 

Long (St. John), born at Newcastle, 
began life as an artist, but afterwards 
set up as a curer of consumption, rheu- 
matism, and gout. His profession brought 
him wealth, and he lived in Harley Street, 
Cavendish Square. St. John Long died 
himself of rapid consumption (1798-1834). 

Mapp (Mrs.), bone-setter. She was 
born at Epsom, and at one time was very 
rich, but she died in great poverty at her 
lodgings in Seven Dials, 1737. 

*** Hogarth has introduced her in his 
heraldic picture, "The Undertakers' 
Arms." She is the middle of the three 
figures at the top, and is holding a bone 
in her hand. 



Moore (Mr. John), of the Pestle and 
Mortar, Abchurch Lane, immortalized by 
his " worm-powder," and called the 
"Worm Doctor" (died 1733). 

Vain is thy art, thy powder vain, 
Since worms shall eat e'en thee. 

Pope, To Mr. John Moore (1733). 

Morison (Dr.), famous for his pills 
(consisting of aloes and cream of tartar, 
equal parts). Professor Holloway, Dr. 
Morison, and Rowland maker of hair oil 
and tooth-powder, were the greatest ad- 
vertisers of the nineteenth century. 

Partridge, cobbler, astrologer, alma- 
nac-maker, and quack (died 1708). 

Weep, all you customers who use 
His pills, his almanacs, or shoes. 

Swift, Elegy, etc. 

Read (Sir William), a tailor, who set 
up for oculist, and was knighted by queen 
Anne. This quack was employed both by 
queen Anne and George I. Sir William 
could not read. He professed to cure wens, 
wry-necks, and hare-lips (died 1715). 

. . . none their honours shall to merit owe- 
That popish doctrine is exploded quite. 
Or Ralph h.'id been no duke, and Read no knight; 
That none may virtue or their learning plead. 
This hath no grace, and that can hardly rend. 

A Political Squib of the Period. 

*** The " Ralph " referred to is 
Ralph Montagu, son of Edward Mon- 
tagu, created viscount in 1682, and duke 
of Montagu in 1705 (died 1709). 

Rock (Dr. Richard) professed to cure 
every disease, at any stage thereof. Ac- 
cording to his bills, " lie your disorder 
never so far gone, I can cure you." He 
was short in stature and fat, always wore 
a white three-tailed wig, nicely combed 
and frizzed upon each cheek, carried a 
cane, and waddled in his gait (eighteenth 
century). 

Dr. Rock, F.U. N., never wore a hat. He is usually drawn 
at the top of his own bills sitting in an armchair, holding 
a little bottle between his finger and thumb, and sur- 
rounded with rotten teeth, nippers, pills, and gallipots.— 
Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, lxviii. (1759). 

Smith (Dr.), who went about the 
country in the eighteenth century in his 
coach with four outriders. He dressed in 
black velvet, and cured any disease for 
sixpence. " His amusements on the stage 
were well worth the sixpence which he 
charged for his box of pills." 

As I was sitting at the George inn, I saw a coach with 
six bay horses, a calash and four, a chaise and four, enter 
the inn, in yellow livery turned up with red ; and four 
gentlemen on horseback, in blue, trimmed with silver. 
As yellow is the colour given by the dukes in England, I 
went out to see what duke it was, but there was no coronet 
on the coach, only a plain coat-Oi-arms, with the motto 
ARGENTO LABOKAT FABER [Smith works for money]. 
Upon inquiry, I found this grand equipage belonged to a 
mountebank named Smith. — A Tour through England 
(1723). 

Solomon (Dr.), eighteenth century. 



QUACKLEBEN. 



«0t> 



QUEEN. 



His "anti-impetigines" was simply a 
solution of bichloride of mercury coloured. 

Taylor (Dr. Chevalier John). He 
called himself " Opthalminator, Ponti- 
ficial, Imperial, and Royal." It is said 
that five of his horses were blind from 
experiments tried by him on their eyes 
(died 1767). 

*,u* Hogarth has introduced Dr. Taylor 
in his " Undertakers' Arms." He is one 
of the three figures at the top, to the left 
hand of the spectator. 

Unborn Doctor {The), of Moorfields. 
Not being born a doctor, he called him- 
self " The Un-born Doctor." 

Walker (Dr.), one of the three great 
quacks of the eighteenth century, the 
others being Dr. Rock and Dr. Timothy 
Franks. Dr. Walker had an abhorrence 
of quacks, and was for ever cautioning 
the public not to trust them, but come at 
once tp him, adding, " there is not such 
another medicine in the world as mine." 

Not for himself but for his country he prepares his 
gallipot, and seals up his precious drops for any country 
or any town, so great is his zeal and philanthropy. — 
Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, lxviii. (1759). 

Ward (Dr.), a footman, famous for 
his "friars' balsam." He was called in 
to prescribe to George II., and died 1761. 
Dr. Ward had a claret stain on his left 
cheek, and in Hogarth's famous picture, 
**■ The Undertakers' Arms," the cheek is 
marked gules. He occupies the right 
hand side of the spectator, and forms one 
of the triumvirate, the others being Dr. 
Taylor and Mrs. Mapp. 

Dr. Kirleus and Dr. Tom Saffold are 
also known names. 

Quackleben (Dr. Quentin), " the 
man of medicine," one of the committee 
at the Spa. — Sir W. Scott, St. EonarCs 
Well (time, George III.). 

Quadroon. Zambo is the issue of 
an Indian and a Negro ; Mulatto, of a 
Whiteman and a Negress ; Terzeron, of 
a Whiteman and a Mulatto woman ; 
Quadroon, of a Terzeron and a White. 

Quaint (Timothy), servant of gover- 
nor Heartall. Timothy is "an odd fish, 
that loves to swim in troubled waters." 
He says, "I never laugh. at the governor's 
good humours, nor frown at his infirmities. 
I always keep a sober, steady phiz, fixed 
as the gentleman's on horseback at Charing 
Cross ; and, in his worst of humours, 
when all is fire and faggots with him, if 
I turn round and coolly say, 'Lord, sir, 
has anything ruffled you ? ' he'll burst 
out into an immoderate fit of laughter, 
and exclaim, * Curse that inflexible face 



of thine ! Though you never suffer a 
smile to mantle on it, it is a figure of fun 
to the rest of the world.' " — Cherry, The 
Soldier's Daughter (1804). 

Quaker Poet (The), Bernard Barton 
(1784-1849). 

Quale (Mr.), a philanthropist, noted 
for his bald, shining forehead. Mrs. 
Jellyby hopes her daughter Caddy will 
become Quale's wife. — Charles Dickens, 
Bleak House (1853). 

Quarl (Philip), a sort of Robinson 
Crusoe, who had a chimpanzee for his 
"man Friday." The story consists of the 
adventures and sufferings of an English 
hermit named Philip Quarl (1727). 

Quasimo'do, a foundling, hideously 
deformed, but of enormous muscular 
strength, adopted by archdeacon Frollo. 
He is brought up in the cathedral of Notre 
Dame de Paris. One day, he sees Esme- 
ralda, who had been dancing in the 
cathedral close, set upon by a mob as 
a witch, and he conceals her for a time 
in the church. When, at length, the 
beautiful gipsy girl is gibbeted, Quasimodo 
disappears mysteriously, but a skeleton 
corresponding to the deformed figure is 
found after a time in a hole under the 
gibbet. — Victor Hugo, Notre Dame de 
Paris (1831). 

Quatre Filz Aymon (Les), the 
four sons of the duke of Dordona (Dor- 
dogne). Their names are Rinaldo, Guic- 
ciardo, Alardo, and Ricciardetto (i.e. 
Renaud, Guiscard, Alard, and Richard), 
and their adventures form the subject of 
an old French romance by Huon de Vil- 
leneuve (twelfth century). 

Quaver, a singing-master, who says 
"if it were not for singing-masters, men 
and women might as well have been born 
dumb." He courts Lucy by promising 
to give her singing lessons. — Fielding, 
Tlie Virgin Unmasked. 

Queen (The Starred Ethiop), Cassi- 
opea, wife of Cepheus (2 syl.) king of 
Ethiopia. She boasted that she was fairer 
than the sea-nymphs, and the offended 
nereids complained of the insult to Nep- 
tune, who sent a sea-monster to ravage 
Ethiopia. At death, Cassiopea was made 
a constellation of thirteen stars. 

. . . that starred Ethiop queen that strove 

To set her beauty's praise above 

The sea-nyniplis, and their powers offended. 

Milton, 11 J'enseroso, 10 (1638). 

Queen (Tlie White), Mary queen of 
Scots, La Peine Blanche^; so called b} 



QUEEN DICK. 



807 



QUERPO. 



the French, because she dressed in white 
as mourning for her husband. 

Queen Dick, Richard Cromwell 
(162G, 1G58-1660, died 1712). 

%* It happened in the reign of queen 
Lick, never, on the Greek kalends. This 
does not refer to Richard Cromwell, but 
to queen "Outis." There never was a 
queen Dick, except by way of joke. 

Queen Sarah, Sarah Jennings 
duchess of Marlborough (1660-1744). 

Queen Anne only reigned, while queen Sarah governed. 
—Temple Bar, 208. 

Queen Square Hermit, Jeremy 
Bentham, 1, Queen Square, London 
(1748-1832). 

Queen of Hearts, Elizabeth Stuart 
daughter of James I., the unfortunate 
queen of Rohemia (1596-1662). 

Queen of Heaven, Ashtoreth ("the 
moon"). Horace calls the moon "the 
two-horned queen of the stars." 

Some speak of the Virgin Mary as 
" the queen of heaven." 

Queen of Queens. Cleopatra was 
so called by Mark Antony (b.c. 69-30). 

Queen of Song, Angelica Catala'ni ; 
also called "The Italian Nightingale" 
(1782-1849). 

Queon of Sorrow (The Marble), 
the mausoleum built by shah Jehan to his 
favourite wife Moomtaz-i-Mahul. 

Queen of Tears, Mary of Mo'dena, 
second wife of James II. of England 
(1658-1718). 

Her eyes became eternal fountains of sorrow for that 
crown her own ill policy contributed to lose.— Noble, 
Memoirs, etc. (1784). 

Queen of the Antilles [An.tecl], 
Cuba. 

Queen of the East, Zenobia queen 
o» Paliny'ra (*, 266-273). 

Queen of the Eastern Archi- 
pelago, the island of Java. 

Queen of the Mississippi 
Valley, St. Louis of Missouri. 

Queen of the North, Edinburgh. 

Queen of the Sciences, theology. 

Queen of the Sea. So ancient Tyre 
was called. 

Queen of the South, Maqueda or 
Balkis queen of Sheba or Saba. 

The queen of the south . . . came from the uttermost 
parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon. — Matt. 
xii. 42 ; see also 1 Kings x. 1. 

%* According to tradition, the queen 



of the south had a son by Solomon named 
Melech, who reigned in Ethiopia or 
Abyssinia, and added to his name the 
words Belul Gian ("precious stone"), 
alluding to a ring given to him by Solo- 
mon. Belul Gian translated into Latin 
became pretiosus Joannes, which got cor- 
rupted into Prester John (presbyter Jo- 
hannes), and has given rise to the fables 
of this " mythical king of Ethiopia." 

Queen of the Swords. Minna 
Troil was so called, because the gentle- 
men, formed into two lines, held their 
swords so as to form an arch or roof 
under which Minna led the ladies of the 
party.— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
Wilfiamlll.). 

*** In 1877 W. Q. Orchardson, R.A., 
exhibited a picture in illustration of this 
incident. 

Queens (Four daughters). Raymond 
Ber'enger count of Provence had four 
daughters, all of whom married kings: 
Margaret married Louis IX. of France; 
Eleanor married Henry III. of England ; 
Sancha married Henry's brother Richard 
king of the Romans ; and Beatrice mar- 
ried Charles I. of Naples and Sicily. 

Four daughters were there born 
To Raymond Ber'enger, and every one 
Became a queen. 

Dante, Paradiic, vi. (1311). 

Queerummania, the realm of Chro- 
nonhotonthologos. — Carey, Chrononhoton- 
thologos (1734). 

Quentin (Black), groom of sir John 
Ramornv. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Quentin Durward, a novel by sir 
W. Scott (1823). A story of French his- 
tory. The delineations of Louis XL and 
Charles the Bold of Burgundy will stand 
comparison with any in the whole range 
of fiction or history. 

Quern-Biter, the sword of Haco I. 
of Norway. 

Quern-biter of Hacon the Good 
Wherewith at a stroke he hewed 
The millstone thro' and thro'. 

Longfellow. 

Querno (Camillo) of Apulia was in- 
troduced to pope Leo X. as a buffoon, but 
was promoted to the laurel. This laureate 
was called the "Antichrist of Wit." 

Rome in her capitol saw Querno sit. 
Throned on seven hills, the antichrist of wit. 

Pope. The Dunciad, ii. (1728). 

Querpo (Shrill), in Garth's Dis- 
pensary, is meant for Dr. Howe. 

To this design shrill Querpo did agree. 
A zealous member of the faculty, 



QUESTING BEAST. 



808 



QUIDNUNKIS. 



His sire's pretended pious steps he treads, 
And where the doctor fails, the saint succeeds. 
Dispensary, iv. (1699). 

Questing Beast (The), a monster 
called Glatisaunt, that made a noise 
called questing, "like thirty couple of 
hounds giving quest " or cry. King 
Pellinore (3 syl.) followed the beast for 
twelve months (pt. i. 17), and after his 
death sir Palomides gave it chase. 

The questing beast had in shape and head like a ser- 
pent's head, and a body like a libard, buttocks like a 
lion, and footed like a hart ; and in his body there was 
such a noise as it had been the noise of thirty couple of 
hounds questing, and such a noise that beast made where- 
soever he went ; and this beast evermore sir Palomides 
followed.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 
17 ; ii. 53 (1470). 

Queubus {The Equinoctial of), a line 
in the "unknown sea," passed by the 
Vapians on the Greek kalends of the 
Olympiad era B.C. 777, according to 
the authority of Quinapalus. — Shake- 
speare, Twelfth Night, act ii. sc. 3 (1614). 

Quiara and Mon'nema, man and 
wife, the only persons who escaped the 
ravages of the small-pox plague which 
carried off all the rest of the Guara'ni 
race, in Paraguay. They left the fatal 
spot, settled in the Mondai woods, had 
one son Yeruti and one daughter Mooma ; 
but Quiara was killed by a jaguar before 
the latter was born. — Southey, A Tale of 
Paraguay (1814). (See Monnema and 
Mooma.) 

Quick (Abel), clerk to Surplus the 
lawyer. — J. M. Morton, A Regular Fix. 

Quick (John), called " The Retired Dio- 
cletian of Islington" (1748-1831). 

Little Quick, the retired Diocletian of Islington, with 
bis squeak like a Bart'lemew fiddle.— Charles Mathews. 

Quickly (Mistress), servant-of- all- 
work to Dr. Caius a French physician. 
She says, "I wash, wring, brew, bake, 
scour, dress meat and drink, make the 
beds, and do all myself." She is the go- 
between of three suitors for "sweet 
Anne Page," and with perfect disinte- 
restedness wishes all three to succeed, and 
does her best to forward the suit of all 
three, "but speciously of Master Fenton." 
— Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor 
(1601). 

Quickly (Mistress Nell), hostess of a 
tavern in East-cheap, frequented by 
Harry prince of Wales, sir John Falstaff, 
and all their disreputable crew. In 
Henry V. Mistress Quickly is represented 
»s having married Pistol the " lieutenant 
of captain sir John's army." All three die 
before the end of the play. Her descrip- 
tion of sir John Falstaff's death (Henry 



V. act ii. sc. 3) is very graphic and true 
to nature. In 2 Henry IV. Mistress 
Quickly arrests sir John for debt, but 
immediately she hears of his commission 
is quite willing to dismiss the bailiffs, 
and trust "the honey sweet" old knight 
again to any amount. — Shakespeare, 1 
and 2 Henry IV. and Henry V. 

Quid (Mr.), the tobacconist, a relative 
of Mrs. Margaret Bertram. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Quid Rides, the motto of Jacob 
Brandon, tolacco-broker, who lived at 
the close of the eighteenth century. It 
was suggested by Harry Calendon of 
Lloyd's coffee-house. 

*#* Quid Hides (Latin) means "Why 
do you laugh?" Quid rides, i.e. "the 
tobacconist rides." 

Quidnunc (Abraham), of St.Martin's- 
in-the-Fields, an upholsterer by trade, 
but bankrupt. His head "runs only on 
schemes for paying off the National Debt, 
the balance of power, the affairs of 
Europe, and the political news of the 
day." 

*** The prototype of this town politi- 
cian was the father of Dr. Arne (see The 
Tatler, No. 155). 

Harriet Quidnunc, his daughter, rescued 
by Belmour from the flames cf a burning 
house, and adored by him. 

John Quidnunc, under the assumed 
name of Rovewell, having married a rich 
planter's widow, returns to England, pays 
his father's debts, and gives his sister to 
Mr. Belmour for wife. — Murphy, T/ie 
Upholsterer (1758). 

Quidnuncs, a name given to the 
ancient members of certain political clubs, 
who were constantly inquiring, " Quid- 
nunc ? What news ? " 

This the Great Mother dearer held than all 
The clubs of Quidnuncs, or her own Guildhall. 

Pope, The Dunciad, i. 269 (1728). 

Quidnunkis, a monkey which 
climbed higher than its neighbours, and 
fell into a river. For a few moments the 
monkey race stood panic-struck, but the 
stream flowed on, and in a minute or 
two the monkeys continued their gambols 
as if nothing had happened. — Gay, The 
Quidnunkis (a fable, 1726). 

%* The object of this fable is to show 
that no one is of sufficient importance to 
stop the general current of events or 
cause a gap in nature. Even kings and 
kaisers die, having climbed, like Quid- 
nunkis, somewhat higher than their kin, 



QUILDRIVE. 



809 



QUIXOTE. 



but when they fall into the stream, Flat- 
tery scrawls Hie jacet on a stone, but no 
one misses them. 

Quildrive (2 syl.), clerk to old Phil- 
pot "the citizen." — Murphy, The Citizen 
(1761). 

Quilp (Daniel), a hideous dwarf, 
cunning, malicious, and a perfect master 
in tormenting. Of hard, forbidding fea- 
tures, with head and face large enough 
for a giant. His black eyes were rest- 
less, sly, and cunning ; his mouth and 
chin bristly with a coarse, hard beard ; 
his face never clean, but always distorted 
with a ghastly grin, which showed the 
few discoloured fangs that supplied 
the place of teeth. His dress consisted 
of a large high-crowned hat, a worn-out 
dark suit, a pair of most capacious shoes, 
and a huge crumpled dirty white neck- 
cloth. Such hair as he had was a grizzled 
black, cut short but hanging about his 
ears in fringes. His hands were coarse 
and dirty ; his finger-nails crooked, long, 
and yellow. He lived on Tower Hill, 
collected rents, advanced money to sea- 
men, and kept a sort of wharf, conta:ning 
rusty anchors, huge iron rings, piles of 
rotten wood, and sheets of old copper, 
calling himself a ship-breaker. He was 
on the point of being arrested for felony, 
when he drowned himself. 

He ate hard eggs, shell and all, for his breakfast, de- 
voured gigantic prawus with their heads and tails on, 
chewed tobacco and water-cresses at the same time, drank 
scalding hot tea without winking, bit his fork and spoon 
till they bent again, and performed so many horrifying 
acts, that one might doubt if he were indeed human.— 
Ch. v. 

Mrs. Quilp (Betsy), wife of the dwarf, 
a loving, young, timid, obedient, and 
pretty blue-eyed little woman, treated 
like a dog by her diabolical husband, 
whom she really loved but more greatly 
feared. — C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity 
Shop (1840). 

Quinap'alus, the Mrs. Harris of 
" authorities in citations." If any one 
quotes from an hypothetical author, he 
gives Quinapalus as his authority. 

What says Quinapalus : " Better a witty fool than a 
foolish wit "— Sha kespeare. Twelfth Night, act L sc . 5 (1614). 

Quinbus Flestrin ("the man- 
mountain"). So the Lilliputians called 
Gulliver (ch. ii.). — Swift, Gulliver's 
Travels (" Voyage to Lilliput," 1726). 

Quince (Peter), a carpenter, who 
undertakes the management of the play 
called " Pyramus and Thisbe," in Mid- 
summer Night's Dream. He speaks of 
"laughable tragedy," "lamentable 
comedy," "tragical mirth," and so on. — 



Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream 
(1592). 

Quino'nes (Suerode), in the reign of 
Juan II. He, with nine other cavaliers, 
held the bridge of Orbigo against all 
coiners for thirty-six days, and in that 
time they overthrew seventy-eight 
knights of Spain and France. 

Quintano'na, the duenna of queen 
Guinever or Ginebra. — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615). 

Quintessence (Queen), sovereign of 
Ente'le'chie, the country of speculative 
science visited by Pantag'ruel and his 
companions in their search for "the 
oracle of the Holy Bottle." — Rabelais, 
Fantagruel, v. 19 (1545). 

Quint/essence of Heaven. Be- 
sides the four elements of earth, Aristotle 
imagined a fifth element, out of which 
the stars and other ethereal bodies were 
formed. The motion of this " quint- 
essence," he said, was orbicular. 

. . . this ethereal "quintessence of heaven " 
Flew upward, spirited with various forms. 
That rolled orbicular, and turned to stars 
Numberless. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 716, etc. (1665). 

Quin'tiquinies'tra ( Queen), a much- 
dreaded, fighting giantess. It was one of 
the romances in don Quixote's library 
condemned by the priest and barber of 
the village to be burnt. — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, I. (1605). 

Quintus Fixlein [Fix. line'], the 
title and chief character of a romance by 
Jean Paul Friedrich Richter (1796). 

Francia, like Quintus Fixlein, had perennial fireproof 
joys, namely, employments. — Carlyle. 

Quiri'nus, Mars. 

Now, by our sire Quirlnus, 

It was a goodly sight 
To see the thirty standards 
Swept down the tide of flight. 
Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome ("Battle of 
the Lake Regillus," xxxvi., 1842). 

Quit am (Mr.), the lawyer at the 
Black Bear inn at Darlington. — Sir W. 
Scott, Rob Eoy (time, George I.). 

*„.* The first two words in an action 
on a penal statute are Qui tarn. Thus, 
Qui tarn pro domina regina, quam pro 
seipso, sequitur. 

Quixa'da (Gutierre), lord of Villa- 
garcia. Don Quixote calls himself a 
descendant of this brave knight. — Cer- 
vantes, Don Quixote, I. (1605). 

Quix'ote (Don), a gaunt country 
gentleman of La Mancha, about 50 years 
of age, gentle and dignified, learned and 
high-minded ; with strong imagination 



QUIXOTE. 



810 



RABELAIS S 



perverted by romance and crazed with 
ideas of chivalry. He is the hero of a 
Spanish romance by Cervantes. Don 
Quixote feels himself called on to become 
a knight-errant, to defend the oppressed 
and succour the injured. He engages for 
his 'squire Sancho Panza, a middle-aged, 
ignorant rustic, selfish but full of good 
sense, a gourmand but attached to his 
master, shrewd but credulous. The 
knight goes forth on his adventures, 
thinks wind-mills to be giants, flocks of 
sheep to be armies, inns to be castles, and 
galley-slaves oppressed gentlemen ; but 
the 'squire sees them in their true light. 
Ultimately, the knight is restored to his 
right mind, and dies like a peaceful 
Christian. The object of this romance 
was to laugh down the romances of 
chivalry of the Middle Ages. 

(Quixote means " armour for the 
thighs," but Quixada means " lantern 
jaws." Don Quixote's favourite author 
was Feliciano de Sylva ; his model 
knight was Am'adis de Gaul. The 
romance is in two parts, of four books 
each. Pt. I. was published in 1605, and 
pt. II. in 1615.) 

The prototype of the knight was the 
duke of Lerma. 

Don Quixote is a tall, meagre, lantern-jawed, hawk- 
nosed, long-limbed, grizzle-haired man, with a pair of 
large black whiskers, and he styles himself "The Knight 
of the Woeful Countenance."— Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
II. i. 14 (1615). 

Don Quixote's Horse, Rosinante (4 syl.), 
all skin and bone. 

Quixote (The Female) or Adventures of 
Arabella, a novel by Mrs. Lennox (1752). 

Quixote of the North (The), 
Charles XII. of Sweden ; sometimes 
called "The Madman" (1682, 1697- 
1718). 

Quodling (The Rev. Mr.), chaplain to 
the duke of BucKTngham. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

"Why," said the duke, " I had caused my little Quod- 
ling to go through his oration thus : ' Whatever evil 
reports had passed current during the lifetime of the 
worthy matron whom they had restored to duit that day, 
even Malice herself could not deny that she was born 
well, married well, lived well, and died well ; since she 
was born at Shadwell, married to Cresswell. lived in 
CamberweU, and died in Bridewell.'" — Peveril of the 
Peak, xliv. (1823). 

(Some give Clerkenwell instead of 
"Camberwell.") 

Quos Ego — , a threat intended but 
withheld; a sentence broken off. Eolus, 
angry with the winds and storms which 
had thrown the sea into commotion with- 
out his sanction, was going to say he 
would punish them severely for this act 



of insubordination ; but having uttered 

the first two words, " Whom I ," he 

says no more, but proceeds to the busi- 
ness in hand. — Virgil, JEneid, i. 

"Next Monday," said he, "you will be a 'substance.' 

and then ; " with which quos ego he went to the next 

boy.— Dasent, Half a Life (1850). 

Quo'tem (Caleb), a parish clerk or 
Jack-of -all-trades. — G. Colman, The 
Review or The Wags of Windsor (1798). 

I resolved, like Caleb Quotem, to have a place at the 
review.— Washington Irving. 



R. Neither Demosthenes nor Aristotle 
could pronounce the letter r. 

R (rogue), vagabonds, etc., who were 
branded on the left shoulder with this 
letter. 

They . . . may be burned with a hot burning iron of 
the breadth of a shilling, with a great Roman R on the 
left shoulder, which letter shall remain as the mark of a 
rogue. — Prynne, Histrio-mastix or The Player*' Scourge. 
If I escape the halter with the letter R 
Printed upon it. 
Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, vr. 2 (1629). 

Rab'agas, an advocate and editor of 
a journal called the Carmagnole. At the 
same office was published another radical 
paper, called the Crapaud Volant. Rab- 
agas lived in the kingdom of Monaco, 
and was a demagogue leader of the 
deepest red ; but was won over to the 
king's party by the tact of an American 
lady, who got him an invitation to dine 
at the palace, and made him chief minis- 
ter of state. From this moment he be- 
came the most strenuous opponent of th* 
"liberal" party. — M. Sardou, Rabaga* 
(1872). 

Rabbi Abron of Trent, a fic- 
titious sage and most wonderful linguist. 
" He knew the nature of all manner of 
herbs, beasts, and minerals." — Reynard 
the Fox, xii. (1498). 

Rabbits. Those rabbits have more 
nature in them than you commonly find in 
rabbits ; i.e. my production is better 
than the production of other men. This 
was said by a conceited artist. — J. Foster, 
Life of Dickens, ii. 367. 

Rabelais (The English). Dean Swift 
was so called by Voltaire (1667-1745). 

Sterne (1713-1768) and Thomas Amory 
(1699-1788) have also been so called. 



RABELAIS. 



811 



RADEGONDE. 



Rabelais (The Modern), William Ma- 
ginn (1794-184-2). 

Rabelais of Germany, J. Fischart, 
called "Mentzer" (1550-1614). 

Rabelais's Poison. Rabelais, being 
at a great distance from Paris, and with- 
out money to pay his hotel bill or his 
fare, made up three small packets of 
brick-dust. One he labelled " Poison 
for the king," another " Poison for mon- 
sieur," and the third " Poison for the 
dauphin." The landlord instantly in- 
formed against this "poisoner," and the 
secretary of state removed him at once to 
Paris. When, however, the joke was 
found out, it ended only in a laugh. — 
Spectator (" Art of Growing Rich "). 

Rab'ican or Rabica'no, the horse 
of Astolpho. Its sire was Wind and its 
dam Fire. It fed on human food. The 
word means "short tail." — Ariosto, Or- 
lando Furioso (1516). 

%* Argalia's horse is called by the 
same name in Orlando Innamorato (1495). 

Rabisson, a vagabond tinker and 
knife-grinder. He was the only person 
who knew about " the gold-mine " left to 
the " miller of Grenoble." Rabisson was 
murdered for his secret by Eusebe Noel 
the schoolmaster of Bout des Monde. — E. 
Stirling, The Gold-Mine or Miller of 
Grenoble (1854). 

Rab'sheka (in the Bible Rab- 
shakeh), in the satire of Absalom and 
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is meant 
for sir Thomas Player (2 Kings xviii.). 

Next him let railing Kabsheka have place — 
So full of zeal, he has no need of grace. 

PL ii. (1632). 

Raby (Aurora), a rich young English 
orphan, catholic in religion, of virgin 
modesty, " a rose with all its sweetest 
leaves yet folded." She was staying in 
the house of lord and lady Amundeville 
during the parliamentary vacation. Here 
don Juan, " as Russian envoy,'' was also 
a guest, with several others. Aurora 
Raby is introduced in canto xv., and 
crops up here and there in the two re- 
maining cantos ; but, as the tale was 
never finished, it is not possible to divine 
what part the beautiful and innocent girl 
was designed by the poet to play. Pro- 
bably don Juan, having sown his " wild 
oats," might become a not unfit match 
for the beautiful orphan. — Byron, Don 
Juan (1824). 

Baby (The Rose of), the mother of 
Richard III. She was Cecily, daughter 



of Ralph Nevyll de Raby first earl of 
Westmoreland. Her husband was Richard 
duke of York, who was slain at the batt e 
of Wakefield in 1400. She died 1495. 

Rachael, a servant-^irl at lady 
Peveril's of the Peak. — Sir W. Scott, 
Teveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Ra'chael (2 syl.), one of the "hands' 
in Bounderby's mill at Coketown. She 
loved Stephen Blackpool, and was £reatly 
beloved by him in return ; but Stephen 
was married to a worthless drunkard. 
After the death of Stephen, Rachael 
watched over the good-for-nothing young 
widow, and befriended her. — C. Dickens, 
Hard Times (1854). 

Racine of Italy (The), Metastasio 
(1698-1782). 

Racine of Music (The), Antonio 
Gaspare Sacchini of Naples (1735-1786). 

Racket (Sir Charles), a young man 
of fashion, who has married the daughter 
of a Wealthy London merchant. In the 
third week of the honeymoon, sir Charles 
paid his father-in-law a visit, and quar- 
relled with his bride about a game of 
whist. The lady affirmed that sir Charles 
ought to have played a diamond instead 
of a club. Sir Charles grew furious, and 
resolved upon a divorce ; but the quarrel 
was adjusted, and sir Charles ends by 
saying, "You may be as wrong as you 
please, but I'll be cursed if I ever endea- 
vour to set you right again." 

Lady Racket, wife of sir Charles, and 
elder daughter of Mr. Drugget. — Murphy, 
Three Weeks after Marriage (1776). 

Racket (Widow), a sprightly, good- 
natured widow and woman of fashion. 

A coquette, a wit and a fiue lady.— Mrs. Cowley, The 
Belle's Stratagem, ii. 1 (1780). 

The "Widow Racket" was one of Mrs. Pope's best 
parts. Her usual manner of expressing piquant careless- 
ness consisted in tossing her head from right to left, and 
striking the palm of one hand with the back of the other 
[17-10-1797].— James Smith. 

Rackrent (Sir Condy), in Miss Edge- 
worth's novel of Castle Rackrent (1802). 

Raddle (Mrs.), keeper of the lodgings 
occupied by Bob Sawyer. The young 
medical practitioner invited Mr. Pickwick 
and his three friends to a convivial meet- 
ing ; but the termagant Mrs. Raddle 
brought the meeting to an untimely end. 
— C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
(1836). 

Rad'egonde (St.) or St. Radegund, 
queen of Prance (born 519, died 587). She 
was the daughter of Bertaire king of 



RADIGUND. 



812 



RALPH. 



Thuringia, and brought up a pagan. 
King Clotaire I. taught her the Christian 
religion, and married her in 538 ; but six 
years later she entered a nunnery, and 
lived in the greatest austerity. 

There thou must walk in greatest gravity, 
And seem as saintlike as St. Radegund. 

Spenser, Mother Hubberd's Tale (1591). 

Radigund or Radegone, the proud 
queen of the Amazons. Being rejected 
by Bellodant "the Bold," she revenged 
herself by degrading all the men who fell 
into her power by dressing them like 
women, giving them women's work to 
do, such as spinning, carding, sewing, 
etc., and feeding them on bread and 
water to effeminate them (canto 4). 
When she overthrew sir Artegal in single 
combat, she imposed on him the condition 
of dressing in "woman's weeds," with a 
■white apron, and to spend his time in 
spinning flax, instead of in deeds of arms. 
Radigund fell in love with the captive 
knight, and sent Clarinda as a go-between ; 
but Clarinda tried to win him for herself, 
and told the queen he was inexorable 
(canto 5). At length Britomart arrived, 
cut off Radigund's head, and liberated 
the captive knight (canto 7). — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, v. 4-7 (1596). 

Rag and Famish (The), the Army 
and Navy Club ; so christened by Punch. 
The rag refers to the flag, and the famish 
to the Dad cuisine. 

Ragged Regiment (The), the wan 
figures in Westminster Abbey, in a gal- 
lery over Islip's Chapel. 

Railway King (The), George Hud- 
son of Yorkshire, chairman of the North 
Midland Company. In one day he 
cleared by speculation £100,000. It was 
the Rev. Sydney Smith who gave Hud- 
son the title of " Rail'way King " (1800- 
1871). 

Raine (Old Roger), the tapster, near 
the abode of sir Geoffrey Peveril. 

Dame Raine, old Roger's widow ; after- 
wards Dame Chamberlain. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles IT.). 

Rainy-Day Smith, John Thomas 
Smith, the antiquary (1766-1833). 

Rajah of Mattan (Borneo) has a 
diamond which weighs 367 carats. The 
largest cut diamond in the world. It js 
considered to be a palladium. (See 
Diamonds.) 

Rake (Lord), a nobleman of the old 
school, fond of debauch, street rows, 



knocking down Charlies, and seeing his 
guests drunk. His chief boon com- 
panions are sir John Brute and colonel 
Bully. — Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife 
(1697). 

Rakeland (Lord), a libertine, who 
makes love to married women, but takes 
care to keep himself free from the bonds 
of matrimony. — Mrs. Inchbald, The 
Wedding Day' (1790). 

Rak'she (2 syl.), a monster, which 
lived on serpents and dragons. (See 

OUKANABAD.) 

Raleigh (Sir Walter), introduced by 
sir W. Scott in Kenilworth. The tradition 
of sir Walter laying down his cloak on a 
miry spot for the queen to step on, and 
the queen commanding him to wear the 
"muddy cloak till her pleasure should 
be further known," is mentioned in ch. 
xv. (1821). 

The following is a parallel instance of 
instinctive politeness : — 

A lady on her way to visit a sick man, came to a puddle. 
A little boy, who saw the difficulty she was in, stepped into 
the mud, and, throwing off his wooden shoes, jumped over 
the plash. The lady cried out, " Little boy, you have left 
your shoes behind you ! " " Yes, ma'am," he replied ; 
"they are for you to walk on." — Temple Bar, cxxxiii. 
(" Politeness," a true story). 

Raleigh (Sir Walter). Jealous of the 
earl of Essex, he plots with lord Burleigh 
to compass his death. — Henry Jones, The 
Earl of Essex (1745). 

Ralph, abbot of St. Augustine's, ex- 
pended £43,000 on the repast given at his 
installation. 

It was no unusual thing for powerful 
barons to provide 30,000 dishes at a 
wedding breakfast. The coronation din- 
ner of Edward III. cost £40,000, equal to 
half a million of money now. The duke 
of Clarence at his marriage entertained 
1000 guests, and furnished his table with 
36 courses. Archbishop Neville had 
1000 egrettes served at one banquet, and 
the whole species seems to have been 
extirpated. 

After this it will be by no means diffi- 
cult to understand why Apicius despaired 
of being able to make two ends meet, 
when he had reduced his enormous for- 
tune to £80,000, and therefore hanged 
himself. 

*** After the winter of 1327 was over, 
the elder Spencer had left of the stores 
laid in by him the preceding November 
and salted down, " 80 salted beeves, 500 
bacons, and 600 muttons." 

Ralph, son of Fairfield "the miller. An 



RALPH. 



813 



RAMIRO. 



outlandish, ignorant booby, jealous of 
his sister Patty, because she "could paint 
picturs and strum on the harpsicols." He 
was in love with Fanny the gipsy, for 
which "feyther" was angry with him; 
but "what argufies feyther's anger?" 
However, he treated Fanny like a brute, 
and she said of him, " He has a heart as 
hard as a parish officer. I don't doubt but 
he would stand by and see me whipped." 
When his sister married lord Aimworth, 
Ralph said : 

Captain Ralph my lord will dub me, 

Soon I'll mount a huge cockade ; 
Moun«eer shall powder, queue, and club me,— 

'Gad 1 I'll be a roaring blade. 
If Fan shoukl offer then to snub me. 

When in scarlet I'm arrayed ; 
Or my feyther 'temp to drub me — 

Let him frown, but who's afraid r 

Bickerstaff, 7Ae Maid of the Mitt (1647). 

Ralph or Ralpho, the 'squire of Hudi- 
bras. Fully described in bk. i. 457-644. 
— S. Butler, Hudibras (1663-78). 

The prototype of "Ralph" was Isaac 
Robinson, a zealous butcher in Moorfields. 
Ralph represents the independent party, 
and Hudibras the presbyterian. 

%* In regard to the pronunciation of 
this name, which in 1878 was the subject 
of a long controversy in Notes and 
Queries, Butler says : 

A squire he had whose name was Ralph, 
That in tu adventure went his half; . . . 
And when we can, with metre safe, 
We'll call him Ralpho, or plain Ra'ph. 

Bk.L45ft 

Ralph (Rough), the helper of Lance 
Outram park-keeper at sir Geoffrey 
Peveril's of the Peak.— Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Ralph (James), an American who came 
to London and published a poem entitled 
Night (1725). 

Silence, ye wolves ! while Ralph to Cynthia howls, 
Making night hideous ; answer him, ye owls. 

Pope, The Dunciad, iiL 165 (1728). 

Ralph [de Lascotjrs], captain of the 
Uran'ia, husband of Louise de Lascours. 
Ralph is the father of Diana and Martha 
alias Orgari'ta. His crew having re- 
belled, Ralph, his wife, infant [Martha], 
and servant Bar'abas were put into a 
boat, and turned adrift. The boat ran 
on a huge iceberg, which Ralph supposed 
to be a small island. In time, the iceberg 
broke, when Ralph and his wife were 
drowned, but Martha and Barabas 
escaped. Martha was taken by an 
Indian tribe, who brought her up, and 
named her Orgarita ("withered corn"), 
because her skin was so white and fair. — 
E. Stirling, Orphan of the Frozen Sea 
(1856). 



Ralph Roister Doister, by 

Nicholas LTdall, the first English comedy, 
about 1534. It contains nine male and 
four female characters. Kalph is a vain, 
thoughtless, blustering fellow, who is in 
pursuit of a rich widow named Custance, 
but he is baffled in his intention. 

Ram Alley, in Fleet Street, London. 
Now called Hare Place. It was part of 
the Sanctuary. 

Ramble (Sir Robert), a man of 
gallantry, who treats his wife with such 
supreme indifference that she returns to 
her guardian, lord Norland, and resumes 
her maiden name of Maria Wooburn. 
Subsequently, however, she returns to 
her husband. 

Mrs. Ramble, wife of sir Robert, and 
ward of lord Norland. — Inchbald, Every 
One has His Fault (1794). 

Ram'iel (3 syl.), one of the "atheist 
crew" o'erthrown by Ab'diel. (The word 
means, according to Hume, " one who 
exalts himself against God.") — Milton, 
Paradise Lost, vi. 371 (1665). 

Raminagolbris. Lafontaine, in his 
fables, gives this name to a cat. Rabe- 
lais, in his Pantag'ruel, iii. 21, satirizes 
under the same name Guillaume Cre'tin, 
a poet. 

Rami'rez, a Spanish monk, and 
father confessor to don Juan duke of 
Braganza. He promised Velasquez, 
when he absolved the duke at bed-time, 
to give him a poisoned wafer prepared by 
the Carmelite Castruccio. This he was 
about to do, when he was interrupted, 
and the breaking out of the rebellion 
saved the duke from any similar attempt. 
— Robert Jephson, Braganza (1775). 

Rami'ro (King) married Aldonza, 
who, being faithless, eloped with Alboa'- 
zar the Moorish king of Gaya. Ra- 
miro came disguised as a traveller to 
Alboazar's oastle, and asked a damsel for 
a draught of water, and when he lifted 
the pitcher to his mouth, he dropped in 
it his betrothal ring, which Aldonza saw 
and recognized. She told the damsel to 
bring the stranger to her apartment. 
Scarce had he arrived there when the 
Moorish king entered, and Ramiro hid 
himself in an alcove. " What would j-ou 
do to Ramiro," asked Aldonza, "if he 
were in your power?" "I would hew 
him limb from limb," said the Moor. 
" Then lo ! Alboazar, he is now skulking 
in that alcove." With this, Ramiro was 



RAMORNY. 



814 



RANGER. 



dragged forth, and the Moor said, 
" And how would you act if our lots 
were reversed?" Ramiro replied, "I 
would feast you well, and send for my 
chief princes and counsellors, and set 
you before them, and bid you blow your 
horn till } r ou died. "Then be it so," 
said the Moor. But when Ramiro blew 
his horn, his "merry men " rushed into 
the castle, and the Moorish king, with 
Aldonza and all their children, princes, 
and counsellors, were put to the sword. — 
Southey, Ramiro (a ballad from the Por- 
tuguese, 1804). 

Ramomy {Sir John), a voluptuary, 
master of the horse to prince Robert of 
Scotland. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Ferth (time, Henry IV.). 

Ramsay {David), the old watch- 
maker near Temple Bar. 

Margaret Ramsay, David's daughter. 
She marries lord Nigel. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Ramsbottom {Mrs.), a vile speller 
of the language. Theodore Hook's pseu- 
donym in the John Bull newspaper, 1829. 

%* Winifred Jenkins, the maid of 
Miss Tabitha Bramble (in Smollett's 
Humphrey Clinker, 1770), rivals Mrs. 
Ramsbottom in bad spelling. 

Randal, the boatman at Lochleven 
Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Randolph {Lord), a Scotch noble- 
man, whose life was saved by young Nor- 
val. For this service his lordship gave 
the youth a commission ; but Glenalvon 
the heir-presumptive hated the new fa- 
vourite, and persuaded lord Randolph that 
Norval was too familiar with his lady. 
Accordingly, Glenalvon and lord Randolph 
waylaid the lad, who being attacked 
slew Glenalvon in self-defence, but was 
himself slain by lord Randolph. When 
the lad was killed, lord Randolph learned 
that "Norval" was the son of lady 
Randolph by lord Douglas her former 
husband. He was greatly vexed, and 
went to the war then raging between 
Scotland and Denmark, to drown his 
sorrow by activity and danger. 

Lady Randolph, daughter of sir Mal- 
colm, was privately married to lord 
Douglas, and when her first boy was 
born she hid him in a basket, because 
there was a family feud between Malcolm 
and Douglas. Soon after this, Douglas 
was slain in battle, and the widow 
married lord Randolph. The babe was 



found by old Norval a shepherd, who 
brought it up as his own son. When 
18 years old, the lad saved the life of 
lord Randolph, and was given a commis- 
sion in the army. Lady Randolph, 
hearing of the incident, discovered that 
young Norval was her own son Douglas. 
Glenalvon, who hated the new favourite, 
persuaded lord Randolph that the young 
man was too familiar with lady Ran- 
dolph, and being waylaid, a fight ensued, 
in which Norval slew Glenalvon, but was 
himself slain by lord Randolph. Lord 
Randolph, being informed that the young 
man was lady Randolph's son, went to 
the wars to " drive away care ; " and lady 
Randolph, in her distraction, cast herself 
headlong from a steep precipice. — J. 
Home, Douglas (1757). 

The voice of Mrs. Crawford [1734-1801], when thrown 
out by the vehemence of strong feeling, seemed to wither 
up the hearer; it was a flaming arrow, a lighting of 
passion. Such was the effect of her almost shriek to old 
Norval, "Was he alive?" It was like an electric sl.o N k, 
which drove the blood back to the heart, and produced a 
shudder of terror threugh the crowded theatre.— Boaden, 
Life of Kemble. 

Random, a man of fortune with a 
scapegrace son. He is pale and puffy, 
with gout and a tearing cough. Random 
goes to France to recruit his health, and 
on his return to England gets arrested 
for debt by mistake for his son. He 
raves and rages, threatens and vows ven- 
geance, but finds his son on the point 
of marrying a daughter of sir David 
Dunder of Dunder Hall, and forgets his 
evils in contemplation of this most 
desirable alliance. — G. Colman, Ways 
and Means (1788). 

Random {Roderick), a young Scotch 
scapegrace in quest of fortune. At one 
time he revels in prosperity, at another 
he is in utter destitution. Roderick is 
led into different countries (whose pecu- 
liarities are described), and falls into the 
society of wits, sharpers, courtiers, and 
harlots. Occasionally lavish, he is essen- 
tially mean ; with a dash of humour, he 
is contemptibly revengeful ; and, though 
generous-minded when the whim jumps 
with his wishes, he is thoroughly selfish. 
His treatment of Strap is revolting to 
a generous mind. Strap lends him 
money in his necessity, but the heartless 
Roderick wastes the loan, treats Strap 
as a mere servant, fleeces him at dice, 
and cuffs him when the game is adverse. 
— T. Smollett, Roderick Random (1748). 

Ranger, the madcap cousin of 
Clarinda, and the leading character in 

Hoadly's Suspicious Husband (1747). 



RANTIPOLE. 



815 



RAT WITHOUT A TAIL. 



Ran'tipole (3 sgl.), a madcap. One 
of the nicknames given to Napoieon III. 
(See Napoi.kon III.) 

Dick, be a little rantipolista. 

Colinan, Hei,.at-Liiw, L 2 (1797). 

Raoul [7?aW], the old huntsman of 
sir Raymond Berenger. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Raoul di Nangis (Sir), the 
huguenot in love with Valentina (daughter 
of the comte de St. Bris, governor of the 
Louvre). Sir Raoul is offered the hand 
of Valentina in marriage, but rejects it 
because he fancies she is betrothed to the 
comte de Nevers. Nevers being slain 
in the Bartholomew Massacre, Raoul 
marries Valentina, but scarcely is the 
ceremony over when both are shot by 
the musketeers under the command of 
St. Bris. — Meyerbeer, Les Huguenots 
(opera, 1836). 

Raphael (2 or 3 syL), called by 
Milton, "The Sociable Spirit," and " The 
Affable Archangel." In the book of Tobit 
it was Raphael who travelled with Tobias 
into Media and back again ; and it is the 
same angel that holds discourse with 
Adam through two books of Paradise 
Lost, v. and vi. (1665). 

Raphael, the guardian angel of John 
the Beloved. 

V Longfellow calls Raphael "The 
Angel of the Sun," and says that he brings 
to "man "the gift of faith." — Golden 
Legend ("Miracle-Play," iii., 1851). 

Raphael (The Flemish), Frans Floris. 
His chief works are " St. Luke at His 
Easel," and the " Descent of the Fallen 
Angels," both in Antwerp Cathedral 
(1520-1570). 

Raphael (The French), Eustace Lesueur 
(1617-1655). 

Raphael of Cats (The), Godefroi 
Mind, a Swiss painter, famous for his cats 
(1768-1814). 

Raphael of Holland (The), Mar- 
tin van Hemskerck (1498-1574). 

Raphael's Enchanter, La Forna- 
rina, a baker's daughter. Her likeness 
appears in several of his paintings. (See 
Forkauina.) 

Rapier (The) was introduced by 
Bowland York in 1587. 

He [Row land Fork] was a Londoner, famous among 
the cutters in his time for bringing in a new kind of 
fight— to run the point of a rapier into a man's body . . . 
before that time the use was with little bucklers, and 
with broadswords to strike and never thrust, and it was 



accounted unmanly to strike under the girdle. — Carleton, 
Thankjul llemembrance (16*25). 

Rare Ben. Ben Jonson, the drama- 
tist, was so called by Robert Herrick 
(1574-1637). 

Raredrench (Master), apothecary. 
— Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

Rascal, worthless, lean. A rascal 
deer is a lean, poor stag. Brutus calls 
money " rascal counters," i.e. contemp- 
tible, ignoble. 

When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous. 
To lock sucti rascal counters from his friends, 
Be ready, pods, with all your thunderbolts; 
Dash him to pieces ! 

Shakespeare, Julius Ccesar, act ir. sc 3 (1607). 

Rashleigh Osbaldistone, called 
" the scholar," an hypocritical and 
accomplished villain, killed by Rob Roy. 
— Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George 
I.). 

* # * Surely never gentleman was 
plagued with such a family as sir Hil- 
debrand Osbaldistone of Osbaldistone 
Hall. (1) Percival, "the sot;" (2) 
Thorncliff, "the bully;" (3) John, "the 
gamekeeper; (4) Richard, "the horse- 
jockey;" (5) Wilfred, "the fool;" 
(6) Rashleigh, " the scholar and knave." 

Ras'selas, prince of Abyssinia, 
fourth son of the emperor. According to 
the custom of the country, he was con- 
fined in a private paradise, with the rest 
of the royal family. This paradise was 
in the valley of Amhara, surrounded by 
high mountains. It had only one en- 
trance, which was by a cavern under 
a rock concealed by woods, and closed by 
iron gates. He escaped with his sister 
Nekayah and Imlac the poet, ' and 
wandered about to find out what con- 
dition or rank of life was the most happy. 
After careful investigation, he found no 
lot without its drawbacks, and resolved 
to return to the "happy valley." — Dr. 
Johnson, Rasselas (1759). 

The mad astronomer, who imagined that he possessed 
the regulation of the weather and the distribution of the 
seasons, is an original character in romance ; and the 
"happy valley," in which Rasselas resides, is sketched 
with poetic feeling.— Young. 

Rat. One of the richest provinces of 
Holland was once inundated by a hole 
made in the dykes by a single water-rat. 

Rat without a Tail. Witches 
could assume any animal form, but the 
tail was ever wanting. Thus, a cat 
without a tail, a rat without a tail, a dog 
without a tail, were witch forms. — See 
Macbeth, act i. sc. 3. 



EATS. 



816 



RAVENSTONE. 



Hats (Devouredby). Archbishop Hatto, 
count Gmaf, bishop Widerolf of Stras- 
burg, bishop Adolph of Cologne, Freiherr 
von Giittingen, were all devoured by rats. 
(See Hatto, p. 429.) 

Rateliffe (James), a notorious thief. 
— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Rateliffe (Mr. Hubert), a friend of sir 
Edward Maulev "the Black Dwarf." — 
Sir W. Scott, ~The Black Dwarf (time, 
Anne). 

Rateliffe (Mrs.), the widow of "don 
Carlos" who rescued Sheva at Cadiz 
from an auto da fe. 

Charles Batcliffe, clerk of sir Stephen 
Bertram, discharged because he had a 
pretty sister, and sir Stephen had a 
3-oung son. Charles supported his 
widowed mother and his sister by his 
earnings. He rescued Sheva, the Jew, 
from a howling London mob, and was 
left the heir of the old man's property. 

Miss [Eliza] Batcliffe, sister of Charles, 
clandestinely married to Charles Bertram 
and given £10,000 by the Jew to reconcile 
sir Stephen Bertram to the alliance. She 
was handsome, virtuous, and elegant, 
mild, modest, and gentle. — Cumberland, 
The Jew (1776). 

Rath'mor, chief of Clutha (the 
Clyde), and father of Calthon and Colmar. 
Dunthalmo lord of Teutha " came in his 
pride against him," and was overcome, 
whereupon his anger rose, and he went 
b) r night with his warriors, and slew 
Rathmor in his own halls, where his 
feasts had so often been spread for 
strangers. — Ossian, Calthon and Colmal. 

Rattlin (Jack), a famous naval cha- 
racter in Smollett's Roderick Bandom. 
Tom Bowling is in the same novel 
(1749). 

Rattray (Sir Runnion), of Runna- 
gullion ; the duelling friend of sir Mango 
Malagrowthcr. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Raucocan'ti, leader of a troupe of 
singers going to act in Sicily. The 
whole were captured by Lambro the 
pirate, and sold in Turkey as slaves. 

'Twould not become myself to dwell upon 

My own merits, ami tho' young, I see, sir, you[don Juan] 

Have got a travelled air. whicli shews you one 

To whom the opera is by no means new. 

You've heard of Kaucocanti— I'm that man . . . 

You was [«tcl not last year at the fair of Lugo, 

But next, when I'm engaged to sing there,— do ro. 

Byron, Don Juan. iv. 88 (1820). 



Raven, emblem of Denmark, and 
standard of the Danes. Necromantic 
powers are ascribed to it. Asser says, 
in his Life of Alfred, If the Danes 
were destined to gain a victory, "a live 
crow would appear flying on the middle 
of the unfurled flag; but if they were 
doomed to be defeated, the flag would 
hang down motionless ; " and this, he 
continues, " was often proved to be so." 

The raven banner was called Landeyda 
("the desolation of the country"), and its 
device was woven by the daughters of 
Regner Lodbrok. 

... we have shattered back 
The hugest wave from Norseland ever yet 
Surgpd on us, and our battle-axes broken 
The Haven's wing, and dumbed the carrion croak 
From the gray sea for ever. 

Tennyson, BaroTd, iv. 3 (1875). 

Raven (Barnaby's), Grip, a large bird, 
of most impish disposition. Its usual 
phrases were: " I'm a devil ! " " Never say 
die ! " "Polly, put the kettle on ! " He also 
uttered a cluck like cork-drawing, a 
barking like a dog, and a crowing like a 
cock. Barnabj^ Rudge used to carry it 
about in a basket at his back. The bird 
drooped while it was in jail with his 
master, but after Barnaby's reprieve, 

It soon recovered its good looks, and became as glossy 
and sleek as ever . . . but for a whole year it never 
indulged in any other sound than a grave and decorous 
croak. . . . One bright summer morning ... the bird 
advanced with fantastic steps to the door of the Maypole, 
and then cried, " I'm a devil ! " three or four times with 
extraordinary rapture, . . . and from that time constantly 
practised and improved himself in the vulgar tongue. — 
0. Dickens, Barnaby Rudge, ii. (1&41). 

Ravens of Owain (The). Owain 
had in his armj r 300 ravens, who were 
irresistible. It is thought that these 
ravens were warriors who bore this device 
on their shields. 

A man who caused the birds to fly upon the host, 
Like the ravens of Owain eager for prey. 

Bleddynt Vardd, J/yvyrian A rchaiologg, L 385. 

Ravens once White. One day, 
a raven told Apollo that Coro'nis, a 
Thessalian nymph whom he passionately 
loved, was faithless. Apollo, in his rage, 
shot the nymph, but hated the raven, 
and " bade him prate in white plumes 
never more." — Ovid, Metaitu, ii. 

Ravenspurn, at the mouth of the 
Humber, where Henry IV. landed, in 
1399, to depose Richard II. It no 
longer exists, having been wholly en- 
gulfed by the sea, but no record exists 
of the date of this engulf ment. 

Ra'venstone or Ra'benstein, the 
stone gibbet of Germany. So called 
from the ravens which perch on it. 



RAVENSWOOD. 



817 



READY-TO-HALT. 



Do you think 
I'll honour you so much as save your throat 
From the ravenstone. by choking you myselfT 

Byron, Werner, ii. 9 (1822). 

Ravenswood (Allan lord of), a 
decayed Scotch nobleman of the royalist 
party. 

Matter 'Edgar Rarensrcood, the son of 
Allan. In love with Lucy Ashton, 
daughter of sir William Ashton lord- 
keeper of Scotland. The lovers plight 
their troth at the " Mermaid's Fountain," 
but Lucy is compelled to marry Frank 
Hayston laird of Bucklaw. The bride, 
in a fit of insanity, attempts to murder 
the bridegroom, and dies in convulsions. 
Bucklaw recovers, and goes abroad. 
Colonel Ashton appoints a hostile meet- 
ing with Edgar ; but young Kavenswood, 
on his way to the place appointed, is lost 
in the quicksands of Kelpies Flow, in 
accordance with an ancient prophecy. — 
Sir W. Sentt. Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

%* In Donizetti's opera of Lucia di 
Lammermoor, Bucklaw dies of the wound 
inflicted by the bride, and Edgar, heart- 
broken, comes on the stage and kills 
himself. 

The catastrophe in the Bride of Lammermoor. where 
[Edgar] Ravenswood is swallowe ! up Ky a qui, I sand, is 
singularly grand in romance, but -would be inadmissible 
in a drama.— Encyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 

Rawhead and Bloody-Bones, 

two bogies or bugbears, generally coupled 
together. In some cases the phrase is 
employed to designate one and the 
same " shadowy sprite." 

Servants awe children ... by telling them of Raw- 
head and Bloody-bones.— Locke. 

Rayland (Mrs.), the domineering 

ladv of the Old Manor-House, bv Charlotte 
Smith (1749-1806). 

Mrs. Ravland is a sort of queen Elizabeth in private 
life.— Sir W. Scott 

Raymond, count of Toulouse, the 
Nestor of the crusaders. He slays 
Aladine king of Jerusalem, and plants 
the Christian standard on the tower of 
David. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xx. 
(1516). 

*** Introduced by sir W. Scott, in 
Count Robert of Paris, a novel of the 
period of Rufus. 

Raymond (Sir Charles), a country 
gentleman, the friend and neighbour of 
sir Robert Belmont. 

Colonel Raymond, son of sir Charles, 
in love with Rosetta Belmont. Being 
diffident and modest, Rosetta delights in 
tormenting him, and he is jealous even of 



William Faddle "a fellow made up of 
knavery, noise, and impudence." 

Harriet Raymond, daughter of sir 
Charles, whose mother died in giving 
her birth. She was committed to the 
care of a governante, who changed her 
name to Fidelia, wrote to sir Charles to 
say that she was dead, and sold her at 
the age of 12 to a villain named Villard. 
Charles Belmont, hearing her cries of 
distress, rescued her and took her home. 
The governante at death confessed the 
truth, and Charles Belmont married her. 
— Edward Moore, The Foundling (174*;. 

Raz'eka, the giver of food, one of 
the four gods of the Adites (2 syl.). 

We called on Baaeka far food. 

Soulhey, Tiuilah-i the Dcttroyer, L 24 (1797). 

Razor, a barber who could " think 
of nothing but poor old England." He 
was the friend and neighbour of Quid- 
nunc the upholsterer, who was equally 
crazy about the political state of the 
nation, and the affairs of Europe in 
general. — Murphy, The Upholsterer 
(1758). 

Razor (To cut blocks with a). Oliver 
Goldsmith said of Edward Burke, the 
statesman : 

Too deep for his hearers, he went on refining. 

And thought of convincing, while they thought of dining; 

Tho' equal to all tilings, to all thing* unfit : 

Too nice for a statesman, too proud for a wit ; 

For a patriot too cool ; for a drudge disobedient: 

And too fond of the ri-jht to pursue ihe ex)~dicnt. 

In short, 'twas his fate, unemployed or in place, sir. 

To eat mutton cold, and cut blocks with a razor. 

Retaliation (17741. 

The National Razor. The guillotine 
was so called in the first French Revo- 
lution. 

Read (Sir William), a tail or, who set 
up for oculist, and was knighted by 
queen Anne. This quack was employed 
both by queen Anne and George I. Sir 
William could not read. He professed 
to cure wens, wrv-necks, and hare-lips 
(died 1715). 

None shall their rise to merit owe — 
That popish doctrine is exploded quite. 
Or Ralph had been no duke, and Read no knight- 
A Political Squib of ihe Period. 

%* The "Ralph" referred to is Ralph 
Montagu, created viscount in 1682, and 
duke of Montagu in 1705 (died 1709). 

Ready-to-Halt, a pilgrim that 
journeyed to the Celestial City on 
crutches. He joined Mr. Greathearts 
party, and was carried to heaven in a 
chariot cf fire.— Bunyan, Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress, ii. (1684). 

3 G 



REASON. 



818 



RED HAND OF ULSTER. 



Reason (Tfte Feast of). 

There St. John mingles with my friendly bowl, 
The feast of reason and the flow of soul. 
Pope, Satire, i. ("Imitations of Horace"), 127-8 (1734). 

Reason {The goddess of), in the French 
Revolution, some say, was the wife of 
Momoro the printer ; but Lamartine says 
it was Mdlle. Malliard, an actress. 

Chaumette, assisted by Lais, an actor of the Opera, had 
arranged the /etc of December 20, 1793. Mdlle Malliard, 
an actress, brilliant with youth and talent, played the part 
of the goddess. She was borne in a palanquin, the canopy 
of which was formed of oak branches. Women in white, 
with tri-coloured sashes, preceded her. Attired with thea- 
trical buskins, a Phrygian cap, and a blue chlamys over a 
transparent tunic, she was taken to the foot of the altar, 
and seated there. Behind her burnt an immense torch, 
symbolizing " the flaine of philosophy," the true light of 
the world. Chaumette, taking a censer in his hands, fell 
on his knees to the goddess, and offered incense, and the 
whole concluded with dancing and song. — M. de Lamar- 
tine. 

Rebecca, leader of the RebeccaTtes, 
a band of Welsh rioters, who in 1843 
made a raid upon toll-gates. The 
captain and his guard disguised them- 
selves in female attire. 

*#* This name arose from a gross 
perversion of a text of Scripture : " And 
they blessed Rebekah, and said unto 
her, ... let thy seed possess the gate of 
those which hate them " (Gen. xxiv. 60). 

Rebecca, daughter of Isaac the Jew ; 
meek, modest, and high-minded. She 
loves Ivanhoe, who has shown great 
kindness to her and to her father; and 
when Ivanhoe marries Rowena, both 
Rebecca and her father leave England 
for a foreign land. — Sir W. Scott, Ivan- 
hoe (time, Richard I.). 

Rebecca (Mistress), the favourite wait- 
ing-maid of Mrs. Margaret Bertram of 
Singleside.— Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- 
ing (time, George II.). 

Record, noted for his superlatives, 
"most presumptuous," "most audacious," 
" most impatient," as : 

Oh, you will, most audacious. . . Look at him, most 
inquisitive. . . . Under lock and key, most noble. . . . 
I will, most dignified.— S. Birch, The Adopted Child. 

Recruiting Officer (The), a comedy 
by G. Farquhar (1705). The "recruiting 
officer " is sergeant Kite, his superior 
officer is captain Plume, and the recruit 
is Sylvia, who assumes the military dress 
of her brother and the name of Jack 
Wilful alias Pinch. Her father, justice 
Balance, allows the name to pass the 
muster, and when the trick is discovered, 
to prevent scandal, the justice gives her 
in marriage to the captain. 

Red Book of Hergest (The), a 

collection of children's tales in Welsh ; so 
called from the name of the place where 



it was discovered. Each tale is called 
in Welsh a Mabinogi, and the entire col- 
lection is the Mabinogion (from mab, "a 
child"). The tales relate chiefly to 
Arthur and the early British kings. A 
translation in three vols., with notes, 
was published by lady Charlotte Guest 
(1838-49). 

Red-Cap (Mother), an old nurse at 
the Hungerford Stairs. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Red-Cap (Mother). Madame Bufflon 
was so called, because her bonnet was 
deeply coloured with her own blood in a 
street fight at the outbreak of the French 
Revolution. — W. Melville. 

Red Cross Knight (TJie) repre- 
sents St. George the patron saint of Eng- 
land. His adventures, which occupy 
bk. i. of Spenser's Faery Queen, sym- 
bolize the struggles and ultimate victory 
of holiness over sin (or protestantism over 
popery). Una comes on a white ass to 
the court of Gloriana, and craves that one 
of the knights would undertake to slay 
the dragon which kept her father and 
mother prisoners. The Red Cross Knight, 
arrayed in all the armour of God (Eph. 
vi. 11-17), undertakes the adventure, and 
goes, accompanied for a time with Una; 
but, deluded by Archimago, he quits the 
lady, and the two meet with numerous 
adventures. At last, the knight, having 
slain the dragon, marries Una ; and thus 
holiness is allied to the Oneness of Truth 
(1590). 

Red Flag (^4) signified war in the 
Roman empire ; and when displayed on 
the capitol it was a call for assembling 
the military for active service. 

Red Hair. Judas was represented in 
ancient paintings with red hair and red 
beard. 

His very hair is of the dissembling colour, 
Something browner than Judas's. 
Shakespeare, As You Like It, act iv. sc. 4 (1600). 

Red Hand of Ulster. 

Calverley of Calverley, Yorkshire. 
Walter Calverley, Esq., in 1G05, mur- 
dered two of his children, and attempted 
to murder his wife and a child "at 
nurse." This became the subject of The 
Yorkshire Tragedy. In consequence of 
these murders, the family is required to 
wear "the bloody band." 

The Holt family, of Lancashire, has a 
similar tradition connected with their coat 



RED HORSE. 



819 



RED SWAN. 



Red Horse (Vale of the), in War- 
wickshire ; so called from a horse cut in 
a hill of reddish soil, "a witness of that 
day we won upon the Danes." 

White horse is . . . exalted to the skies ; 
But Red horse of you ali contemned only lies. 

Drayton, l'olyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Red Knight (The), sir Perimo'nes, 
one of the four brothers who kept the 
passages leading to Castle Perilous. In 
the allegory of Gareth, this knight repre- 
sents noon, and was the third brother. 
Night, the eldest born, was slain by sir 
Gareth ; the Green Knight, which repre- 
sents the young day-spring, was over- 
come, but not slain ; and the Red Knight, 
being overcome, was spared also. The 
reason is this : darkness is slain, but 
dawn is only overcome by the stronger 
light of noon, and noon decays into the 
evening twilight. Tennyson, in his 
Gareth and Lynettc, calls sir Perimones 
"Meridies" or "Noonday Sun." The 
Latin name is not consistent with a 
British tale. — Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 129 (1470) ; Tennyson, 
Idylls. 

Red Knight of the Red Lands 
( The), sir Ironside. "He had the strength 
of seven men, and every day his strength 
went on increasing till noon." This 
knight kept the lady Liones captive in 
Castle Perilous. In the allegory of sir 
Gareth, sir Ironside represents death, and 
the captive lady "the Bride" or Church 
triumphant. Sir Gareth combats with 
Night, Morn, Noon, and Evening, or 
fights the fight of faith, and then over- 
comes the last enemy, which is death, 
when he marries the lady or is received 
into the Church Avhich is "the Lamb's 
Bride." Tennyson, in his Gareth and 
Lynctte, makes the combat with the Red 
Knight ("Mors" or "Death") to be a 
single stroke ; but the History says that it 
endured from morn to noon, and from 
noon to night — in fact, that man's whole 
life is a contest with moral and physical 
death. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 134-137 (1470) ; Tennyson, 
Idylls (" Gareth and Lynette"). 

Red Land (The). Westphalia was 
so called by the members of the Vehni- 
gericht. 

Originally, none but an inhabitant of the Red Land . . . 
could be admitted a member of the Wissende [or secret 
tribunal].— Chambers, Encyc, ir. 281. 

Red-Lattice Phrases, ale-house 
talk. Red lattices or chequers were 
ordinary ale-house signs. — Shakespeare, 



Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 4 
(1596). 

The chequers were the arms of Fitzwarrcn, the head of 
which house, in the days of the Henrys, was invested with 
the power of licensing the establishments of vintners and 
publicans. Houses ]i< reused notified the same by display- 
ing the Fitzwarren arms. — Timet, April 29, 1869. 

Red Pipe. The Great Spirit long 
ago called the Indians together, and, 
standing on the red pipe-stone rock, 
broke off a piece, which he made into a 
pipe, and smoked, letting the smoke 
exhale to the four quarters. He then 
told the Indians that the red pipe-stone 
was their flesh, and they must use the 
red pipe when the}' made peace ; and that 
when they smoked it the war-club and 
scalping-knife must not be touched. 
Having so spoken, the Great Spirit was 
received up into the clouds. — American- 
Indian Mythology. 

The red pipe has blown its fumes of peace and war to 
the remotest corners of the continent. It visited every 
warrior, and parsed through its reddened stem the irre- 
vocable oath of war and desolation. Here, too, the peace- 
breathing calumet was born, and fringed with eagle's 
quills, which has shed its thrilling fumes over the land, 
and soothed the fury of the relentless savage.— Catlin, 
Letters on . . . the A'orth A mencans, ii. ICO. 

Red Riding-Hood (Little), a child 
with a red cloak, who goes to carry cakes 
to her grandmother. A wolf placed itself 
in the grandmother's bed, and when the 
child remarked upon the size of its eyes, 
ears, and nose, replied it was the better 
to see, hear, and smell the little grand- 
child. " But, grandmamma," said the 
child, "what a great mouth you have 
got ! " " The better to eat you up," was 
the reply, and the child was devoured by 
the wolf. 

This nursery tale is, with slight varia- 
tions, common to Sweden, Germany, and 
France. In Charles Perrault's Cuntes des 
Fees (1697) it is called "Le Petit Chaperon 
Rouge." 

Red Sea (The). So called by the 
Greeks and Romans. Perhaps because it 
was the sea of Edom("the red man"), 
perhaps because the shore is a red sand, 
perhaps because the waters are reddened 
bv red sea-weeds or a red bottom. The 
Hebrews called it "The Weedy Sea" 
( Vam-Suph). 

The Rede Sea is not more rede than any other sea, but 
in some places thereof is the graveile rede, and therefore 
men clepen it the Rede Sea.— Manderille, Travels (1499). 

Red Swan (The). Odjibwa, hearing 
a strange noise, saw in the lake a most 
beautiful red swan. Pulling his bow, he 
took deliberate aim, without effect. He 
shot every arrow from his quiver with the 
same result ; then, fetching from his 
lather's medicine sack three poisoned 



REDGAUNTLET. 



820 



REEVE'S TALE. 



arrows, he shot them also at the hird. 
The last of the three arrows passed through 
the swan's neck, whereupon the bird rose 
into the air, and sailed away towards 
the setting sun. — Schoolcraft, Algic Re- 
searches, ii. 9 (1839), 

Redgauntlet, a story, told in a 
series of letters, about a conspiracy formed 
by sir Edward Hugh Redgauntlet, on 
behalf of the "Young Pretender" Charles 
Edward, then above 40 years of age. 
The conspirators insist that the prince 
should dismiss his mistress, Miss Walk- 
ingshaw, and, as he refuses to comply 
with this demand, they abandon their 
enterprise. Just as a brig is prepared for 
the prince's departure from the island, 
colonel Campbell arrives with the military. 
He connives, however, at the affair, the 
conspirators disperse, the prince embarks, 
and Redgauntlet becomes the prior of a 
monastery abroad. This is one of the 
inferior novels, but is redeemed by the 
character of Peter Peebles. — Sir W. Scott, 
Redgauntlet (1824). 

Redgauntlet embodies a great deal of Scott's own per- 
sonal history and experience. — Chambers, English Lite- 
rature, ii. 588. 

Redgauntlet (Sir Alberick), an ancestor 
of the family. 

Sir Edward Redgauntlet, son of sir 
Alberick ; killed by his father's horse. 

Sir Robert Redgauntlet, an old tory, 
mentioned in Wandering Willie's tale. 

Sir John Redgauntlet, son and successor 
of sir Robert, mentioned in Wandering 
Willie's tale. 

Sir Redwald Redgauntlet,- son of sir 
John. 

Sir Henry Darsie Redgauntlet, son of 
sir Redwald. 

Lady Henry Darsie Redgauntlet, wife 
of sir Henry Darsie. 

Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet, alias 
Darsie Latimer, son of sir Henry and 
lad}' Darsie. 

Miss Lilias Redgauntlet, alias Green- 
mantle, sister of sir Arthur. She marries 
Allan Fairford. 

Sir Edward Hugh Redgauntlet, the 
Jacobite conspirator. He is uncle to 
Darsie Latimer, and is called " Laird of 
the Lochs," alias "Mr. Herries of Bir- 
renswark," alias "Master Ingoldsby." — 
Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Redi (Francis), an Italian physician 
and lyric poet. He was first physician 
to the grand-duke of Tuscan v (1626- 
1698). 



Even Redi, tho' he chanted 
Bacchus in the Tuscan valleys, 

Never drank the wine he vaunted 
In his dithyrambic sallies. 

Longfellow, Drinking Song. 

Redlaw (Mr.), the "haunted man." 
He is a professor of chemistry, who 
bargained with the spirit which haunted 
him to leave him, on condition of his im- 
parting to others his own idiosyncrasies. 
From this moment the chemist carried 
with him the infection of sullenness, 
selfishness, discontent, and ingratitude. 
On Christmas Day the infection ceased. 
Redlaw lost his morbid feelings, and all 
whosuffered byhis infection, beinghealed, 
were restored to love, mirth, benevolence, 
and gratitude. — C. Dickens, The Haunted 
Man (1848). 

Redmain (Sir Magnus), governor of 
the town of Berwick (fifteenth century) . 

He was remarkable for his long red beard, and was 
therefore called by the English " Magnus Red-beard." but 
by the Scotch, in derision, " Magnus Red-mane," as if his 
beard had been a horse-mane.— Godscroft, 178. 

Redmond O'Neale, Rokeby's 
page, beloved by Rokeby's daughter 
Matilda, whom be marries. He turns out 
to be Mortham's son and heir. — Sir W. 
Scott, Rokeby (1812). 

Reece (Captain), R.N., of the Mantel- 
piece ; adored by all his crew. They 
had feather-beds, warm slippers, hot- 
water cans, brown Windsor soap, and 
a valet to every four, for captain Reeoe 
said, " It is my duty to make my men 
happy, and I will." Captain Reece had 
a daughter, ten female cousins, a niece, 
and a ma, six sisters, and an aunt or two, 
and, at the suggestion of William Lee 
the coxswain, married these ladies to his 
crew — " It is my duty to make my men 
happy, and I w r ill." Last of all. captain 
Reece married the widowed mother of his 
coxswain, and they were all married on 
one day — " It was their duty, and they 
did it."— W. S. Gilbert, The Bab Ballads 
(" Captain Reece, R.N."). 

Reeve's Tale (The). Symond Sym- 
kyn, a miller of Trompington, near 
Cambridge, used to serve " Soler Hall 
College," but was an arrant thief. Two 
scholars, Alcyn and John, undertook to 
see that a sack of corn sent to be ground 
was not tampered w T ith ; so one stood by 
the hopper, and one by the trough which 
received the flour. In the mean time, 
the miller let their horse loose, and, when 
the young men went to catch it, purloined 
half a bushel of the flour, substituting meal 
instead. It was so late before the horse 
could be caught, that -the miller offered 



KEFORMADO CAPTAIN. 



821 



REGIMEN, ETC. 



the two scholars a " shakedown " in his 
own chamber, but when they were in 
bed he began to belabour them unmerci- 
fully. A scuffle ensued, in which the 
miller, being tripped up, fell upon his 
wife. His wife, roused from her 6leep, 
seized a stick, and mistaking the bald pate 
of her husband for the night-cap of one 
of the young men, banged it so lustily 
that the man was almost stunned with 
the blows. In the mean time, the two 
scholars made off without payment, 
taking with them the sack and also the 
half-bushel of flour which had been made 
into cakes. — Chaucer, Canterbury Talcs 
(1388). 

%* Boccaccio has a similar story in 
his Decameron. It is also the subject of 
a fabliau entitled De Goinbert et des 
Jk'ux Clers. Chaucer borrowed his story 
from a fabliau given by Thomas Wright 
in his Anecdota Literaria, 15. 

Reformado Captain, an officer 
shelved or degraded because his troops 
have been greatly reduced. 

Reformation (The). It was noticed 
in the early Lollards, and was radiant in 
the works of Wyclift'e. 

It was present in the pulpit of Pierre 
de Bruys, in the pages of Arnoldo da 
Brescia, in the cell of Roger Bacon. 

It was active in the field with Peter 
Revel, in the castle of lord Cobham, in 
the pulpit with John Huss, in the camp 
with John Ziska, in the class-room of 
Pico di Mirandola, in the observatory 
of Abraham Zacuto, and the college of 
Antonio di Lebrija, before father Martin 
was born. 

Re'gan, second daughter of king 
Lear, and wife of the duke of Cornwall. 
Having received the half of her father's 
kingdom under profession of unbounded 
love, she refused to entertain him with 
his suite. On the death of her husband, 
she designed to marry Edmund natural 
son of the earl of Gloster, and was 
poisoned by her elder sister Goneril out 
of jealousy. Regan, like Goneril, is 
proverbial for "filial ingratitude." — 
Shakespeare, King Lear (1605). 

Regent Diamond ( The). So called 
from the regent duke of Orleans. This 
diamond, the property of France, at first 
set in the crown, and then in the sword 
of state, was purchased in India by a 
governor of Madras, of whom the regent 
bought it for £80,000. 

Regillus (The- Battle of the Lake). 



Regillus Lacus is about twenty miles 
east of Rome, between Gabii (north) and 
Lavicum (south). The Romans had ex- 
pelled Tarquin the Proud from the throne, 
because of the most scandalous conduct 
of his son Sextus, who had violated 
Lucretia and abused her hospitality. 
Thirty combined cities of Latium, with 
Sabines and Volscians, took the part of 
Tarquin, and marched towards Rome. 
The Romans met the allied army at the 
lake Regillus, and here, on July 15, n.c. 
499, they won the great battle which con- 
firmed their republican constitution, and 
in which Tarquin, with his sons Sextus 
and Titus, was slain. While victory 
was still doubtful, Castor and Pollux, on 
their white horses, appeared to the Roman 
dictator, and fought for the Romans. The 
victory was complete, and ever after the 
Romans observed the anniversary of this 
battle with a grand procession and sacrifice. 
The procession started from the temple 
of Mars outside the city walls, entered by 
the Porta Capena, traversed the chief 
streets of Rome, marched past the temple 
of Vesta in the forum, and then to the 
opposite side of the great "square," where 
they had built a temple to Castor and 
Pollux in gratitude for the aid rendered 
by them in this battle. Here offerings 
were made, and sacrifice was offered to 
the Great Twin-Brothers, the sons of 
Leda. Macaulay has a lay, called The 
Battle of the Lake Begillus, on the sub- 
ject. 

Where, by the lake R«gillus. 

Under the Porcian height. 
All in the land of Tusculum, 

Was fought the glorious fight. 
Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome (1842) 

A very parallel case occurs in the life 
of Mahomet. The Koreishites had armed 
to put down "the prophet;" but Ma- 
homet met them in arms, and on January 
13, 624, won the famous battle of Bedr. 
In the Koran (ch. iii.), he tells us that 
the angel Gabriel, on his horse Hai'zum, 
appeared on the field with 3000 "angels," 
and won the battle for him. 

In the conquest of Mexico, we are told 
that St. James appeared on his grey horse 
at the head of the Castilian adventurers, 
and led them on to victory. Bernal Diaz, 
who was in the battle, saw the grey horse, 
but fancies the rider was Francesco de 
Morla, though, he confesses, " it might be 
the glorious apostle St. James " for aught 
he knew. 

Regimen of the School of Sa- 
lerno, a collection of precepts in Latin 
verse, written by John of Milan, a poefc 



REGION OF DEATH. 



822 



RELICS. 



of the eleventh century, for Robert duke 
of Normandy. 

A volume universally known 

As the " Regimen of the School of Salem." 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Region of Death. (Marovsthulli), 
Thurr, near Delhi, fatal, from some at- 
mospheric influence, especially about sun- 
set. 

Regno (The), Naples. 

Are our wiser heads leaning towards an alliance with the 
pope and the Regno ? — George Eliot (Marian Evans). 

Reg'ulus, a Roman general who 
conquered the Carthaginians (b.c. 256), 
and compelled them to sue for peace. 
While negotiations were going on, the 
Carthaginians, joined by Xanthippos the 
Lacedemonian, attacked the Romans at 
Tunis, and beat them, taking Regulus 
prisoner. In 250, the captive was sent to 
Rome to make terms of peace and demand 
exchange of prisoners, but he used all 
his influence with the senate to dissuade 
them from coming to terms with their 
foe. On his return to captivity, the 
Carthaginians cut off his eyelashes and 
exposed him to the burning sun, then 
placed him in a barrel armed with nails, 
which was rolled up and down a hill till 
the man was dead. 

%* This subject has furnished Pradon 
and Dorat with tragedies (French), and 
Metastasio the Italian poet with an opera 
called Regolo (1740). " Regulus" was a 
favourite part of the French actor Fran- 
cois J. Talma. 

Rehearsal (The), a farce by George 
Villiers duke of Buckingham (1671). It 
was designed for a satire on the rhyming 
plays of the time. The chief character, 
Bayes (1 syl.), is meant for Dryden. 

The name of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, de- 
mands cordial mention by every writer on the stage. He 
lived in an age when plays were chiefly written in rhyme, 
which served as a vehicle for foaming sentiment clouded 
by hyperbola. . . . The dramas of Lee and Settle . . . 
are made up of blatant couplets that emptily thundered 
through five long acts. To explode an unnatural custom 
by ridiculing it, was Buckingham's design in The AV- 
hearsaf, but in doing this the gratification of private 
dislike was a greater stimulus than the wish to promote 
the public good.— W. C. Russell, Representative Actors. 

Reichel (Colonel), in Charles XII., 
by J. R. Planche (1826), 

Rejected Addresses, parodies on 
Wordsworth, Cobbett, Southey, Scott, 
Coleridge, Crabbe, Byron, Theodore 
Hook, etc., by James and Horace Smith ; 
the copyright after the sixteenth edition 
was purchased by John Murray, in 1810, 
for £131. The directors of Drury Lane 
Theatre had offered a premium for the 
best poetical address to be spoken at the 



opening of the new building, and the 
brothers Smith conceived the idea of 
publishing a number of poems supposed 
to have been written for the occasion and 
rejected by the directors (1812). 

" I do not see why they should have been rejected," 
said a Leicestershire clergyman, "for I think some of 
them are very good." — James Smith. 

Reksh, sir Rustam's horse. 

Relapse (The), a comedy by Van- 
brugh (1697). Reduced to three acts, 
and adapted to more modern times by 
Sheridan, under the title of A Trip to 
Scarborough (1777). 

Rel'dresal, principal secretary for 
private affairs in the court of Lilliput, 
and great friend of Gulliver. When it 
was proposed to put the Man-mountain 
to death for high treason, Reldresal moved, 
as an amendment, that the "traitor should 
have both his eyes put out, and be suffered 
to live that he might serve the nation." — 
Swift, Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage to 
Lilliput," 1726). 

*#* Probably the dean had the Bible 
story of Samson and the Philistines in 
his thoughts. 

Relics (Sacred). The most famous 
are the following : — 

Coal. One of the coals that roasted St. Lawrence. 

Face. The face of a seraph, with only part of the 
nose. (See below, " Snout.") 

FINGER. A finger of St. Andrew; one of John the 
Baptist ; one of the Holy Ghost ; and the thumb of St. 
Thomas. 

Handkerchiefs {Tioo), with impressions of the face 
of Christ : one sent by our Lord Himself, as a present to 
Agbarus prince of Edessa; and the other given to St. 
Veronica, as the "Man of sorrows" was on His way to 
execution. The woman had lent it to Jesus to wipe His 
brow with, and when He returned it an impression of 
His face was photographed on it. 

Head. Two heads of John the Baptist. 

Hem. The hem of our Lord's garment which the 
woman with the issue of blood touched ; and the hem of 
Joseph's garment. 

Lock of Hair. A lock of the hair with which Mary 
Magdalene wiped the Saviour's feet. 

Nail. One of the nails used in the Crucifixion, set in 
the " iron crown of Lombardy." 

Phial of Sweat. A phial of the sweat of St. Michael, 
when he contended with Satan. 

Ravs of a Star. Some of the rays of the guiding star 
which appeared to the Wise Men of the East. 

Rib. A rib of the " Verbuni caro factum," or the 
Word made flesh. 

Rod. Moses' rod. 

Seamless Coat. The seamless coat of our Lord, for 
which lots were cast at the Crucifixion. 

Suppers. A pair of slippers worn by Enoch before the 
Flood. 

Snout The "snout" of a seraph, supposed to have 
belonged to the face (see above). 

Spoon. The pap-dish and spoon used by the Virgin 
Mary for the child Jesus. 

Sword and Shield. The short sword of St. Michael, 
and his square buckler lined with red velvet. 

Tear. The tear shed by Jesus over the grave of 
Lazarus. It was given by an angel to Mary Magdalene. 

Tooth. A tooth of our Lord Himself. 

Water-hot. One of the water-pots used at the 
marriage at Cana. in Galilee. 

This list is taken from Brady's Clavit Calendaria. 240 
(1839). 



RELOXA. 



823 



RENZO AND LUCIA. 



It appears by the confessions of the Inquisition that 
instances of failure have occurred, but the sacred rrlics 
have always recovered thrir virtue when (as (Salbert, a 
monk of Marcliiermes informs us), " they are flogged with 
rods."— Brady, -41. 

*** In the Hotel de Cluny, Paris, we 
are shown a ring which we are assured 
contains part of one of the thorns of the 
"crown of thorns." 

Reloxa, the clock town. (From the 
Spanish relox, "a clock.") 

It would be an excellent joke, indeed, if the natives of 
Reloxa were to slay every one who only asked them what 
o'clock it was.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 8 (1615). 

Remember Thou art Mortal! 
When a Roman conqueror entered the 
city in triumph, a slave was placed in 
the chariot to whisper from time to time 
into the ear of the conqueror, " Remem- 
ber thou art a man ! " 

Vespasian, the Roman emperor, had a 
slave who said to him daily as he left 
his chamber, " Remember thou art a 
man ! " 

In the ancient Egyptian banquets it 
was customary during the feast to draw a 
mummy in a car round the banquet hall, 
while one uttered aloud, "To this estate 
you must come at last ! " 

When the sultan of Serendib (i.e. 
Ceylon) went abroad, his vizier cried 
aloud, " This is the great monarch, the 
tremendous sultan of the Indies . . . 
greater than Solima or the grand Mihr- 
age ! " An officer behind the monarch 
then exclaimed, " This monarch, though 
so great and powerful, must die, must 
die, must die ! " — Arabian Nights (" Sind- 
bad," sixth voyage). 

Remois (2 syl.), the people of Rheims, 
in France. 

Remond, a shepherd in Britannia's 
Pastorals, by William Browne (1613). 

Remond, young Remond, that full well could sing, 
And tune his pipe at Pan's birth carolling; 
Who, for his nimble leaping, sweetest layes, 
A laurell garland wore on holidayes ; 
In framing of whose hand dame Nature swore, 
There never was his like, nor should be more. 

Pastoral, i. 

Rem'ora, a little fish, which fastens 
itself on the keel of a ship, and impedes 
its progress. 

The shippe is as insensible of the living as of the dead ; 
as the living make it not goe the faster, so the dead make 
it not goe the slower, for the dead are no Rhemoras [He] 
to alter the course of her passage. — Uelpe to Memory, etc., 
66 (1630). 

A goodly ship with banners bravely dight, 

And flag on her top-gallant I espied. . . . 

All suddenly their clove unto her keel 

A litUe fish that men call Kemora, 

Which stopped her course and held her by the heel. 

That wind nor tide could move her thence away. 

Spenser, Sonnet* (1591). 



Rem'ores, birds which retard the 
execution of a project. 

" Reniores " aves in auspicio dicuntur qua? acturum 
alii|iiid reuiorari compelluut. — Festus, De Yerborum 
Hiynijicatione. 

Re'naud, one of the paladins of 
Charlemagne, always described with the 
properties of a borderer, valiant, alert, 
ingenious, rapacious, and unscrupulous. 
Better known in the Italian form Rinaldo 
(q.v.). 

Renault, a Frenchman, and one of 
the chief conspirators in which Pierre 
was concerned. When Jaffier joined the 
conspiracy, he gave his wife Belvide'ra 
as surety of his fidelity, and a dagger 
to be used against her if he proved un- 
faithful. Renault attempted the honour 
of the lady, and Jaffier took her back 
in order to protect her from such insults. 
The old villain died on the wheel, and no 
one pitied him. — T. Otwav, Venice Pre- 
served (1682). 

Rene, the old king of Provence, 
father of queen Margaret of Anjou (wife 
of Henry VI. of England). A minstrel- 
monarch, friend to the chase and tilt, 
poetry and music. Thiebault says he 
gave in largesses to knights-errant and 
minstrels more than he received in 
revenue (ch. xxix.). — Sir W. Scott, Anne 
of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Rene' (2 syl.), the hero and title of a 
romance bj" Chateaubriand (1801). It 
was designed for an episode to his Genie 
du Christianisme (1802). Rene is a man 
of social inaction, conscious of possessing 
a superior genius, but his pride produces 
in him a morbid bitterness of spirit. 

Rene' [Leblanc], nolan- public of 
Grand Pre', in Acadia (Nova Scotia). 
Bent with age, but with long yellow hair 
flowing over his shoulders. He was the 
father of twenty children, and had a 
hundred grandchildren. When Acadia 
was ceded by the French to England, 
George II. confiscated the goods of the 
simple colonists, and drove them into 
exile. Rene went to Pennsylvania, where 
he died, and was buried. — Longfellow, 
Evangeline (1849). 

Rentowel (Mr. Jabesh), a covenant- 
ing preacher. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

With the vehemence of some pulpit-drumming Gowk- 
thrapple [ Waverley], or " precious " Mr. Jabesh Ren- 
towel. — Cariyle. 

Renzo and Lucia, the hero and 
heroine of an Italian novel by Alessando 
Manzoni. entitled The Betrothed Lover 



REPUBLICAN QUEEN. 



824 



REVENGE. 



("Promessi Sposi"). This novel con- 
tains an account of the Bread Riot and 
plague of Milan. Cardinal Borro'meo is, 
of course, introduced. There is an Eng- 
lish translation (1827). 

Republican Queen (The), Sophie 
Charlotte, wife cf Frederick I. of Prussia. 

Resolute {The), John Florio, philo- 
logist. He was the tutor of prince 
Henry (1545-1625). 

*** This "Florio "was the prototype 
of Shakespeare's " Holof ernes." 

Resolute Doctor {The), John 
Baconthorp (*-1346). 

*** Guillaume Durandus de St. Pour- 
cain was called " The Most Resolute 
Doctor" (1267-1332). 

Restless (Sir John), the suspicious 
husband of a suspicious wife. Both are 
made wretched by their imaginings of the 
other's infidelity, but neither have the 
slightest ground for such suspicion. 

Lady Restless, wife of sir John. As 
she has a fixed idea that her husband is 
inconstant, she is always asking the ser- 
vants, "Where is sir John?" " Is sir John 
returned?" "Which way did sir John 
go ? " " Has sir John received any let- 
ters ? " "Who has called?" etc. ; and, 
whatever the answer, it is to her a con- 
firmation of her surmises. — A. Murphy, 
All in the Wrong (1761). 

Reuben Dixon, a village school- 
master of " ragged lads." 

'Mid noise, and dirt, and stench, and play, and prate, 
He calmly cuts the pen or views the slate. 

Crab be. Borough, xxiv. (1810). 

Reuben and Seth, servants of 
Nathan ben Israel, the Jew at Ashby, a 
friend of Isaac and Rebecca. — Sir W. 
Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Reullu'ra {i.e. "beautiful star"), the 
wife of Aodh, one of the Culdees or 
primitive clergy of Scotland, who 
preached the gospel of God in Io'na, an 
island south of Staft'a. Here Ulvfa'gre 
the Dane landed, and, having put all who 
opposed him to death, seized Aodh, 
bound him in iron, carried him to the 
church, and demanded where the trea- 
sures were concealed. Just then ap- 
peared a mysterious figure all in white, 
who first unbound Aodh, and then taking 
the Dane by the arm, led him up to the 
statue of St. Columb, which immediately 
fell and crushed him to death. Then 
turning to the Norsemen, the same mys- 
terious figure told them to "go back, 
and take the bones of their chief with 



them ; " adding, whoever lifted hand in 
the island again should be a paralytic for 
life. The "saint" then transported the 
remnant of the islanders to Ireland ; but 
when search Avas made for Rewllura, her 
body was in the sea, and her soul in 
heaven. — Campbell, Reullura. 

Reutha'mir, the principal man of 
Balclutha a town belonging to the 
Britons on the river Clyde. His daugh- 
ter Moina married Clessammor (Fingal's 
uncle on the mother's side). Reuthamir 
was killed by Comhal (Fingal's father) 
when he attacked Balclutha and burned 
it to the ground. — Ossian, Garthon. 

Rev'eller (Lady), cousin of Valeria 
the blue-stocking. Lady Reveller is very 
fond of play, but ultimately gives it up, 
and is united to lord Worthy. — Mrs. 
Centlivre, The Basset Table (1706). 

Revenge (The), a tragedy by Ed- 
ward Young (1721). (For the plot, see 
Zanga.) 

Revenge (The), the ship under the 
command of sir Richard Grenville, an- 
chored at Flores, in the Azores, when a 
fleet of fifty-three Spanish ships hove in 
sight. Lord Thomas Howard, with six 
men-of-war, sailed off ; but sir Richard 
stood his ground. He had only a hundred 
men, but with this crew and his one ship he 
encountered the Spanish fleet. The fight 
was very obstinate. Some of the Spanish 
ships were sunk, and many shattered ; but 
sir Richard at length was wounded, and 
the surgeon shot while dressing the wound. 
" Sink the ship, master gunner ! " cried 
sir Richard ; " sink the ship, and let 
her not fall into the hands of Spain ! " 
But the crew were obliged to yield, and 
sir Richard died. The Spaniards were 
amazed at Greuville's pluck, and gave 
him all honours as they cast his body 
into the sea. The Revenge was then 
manned by Spaniards, but never reached 
the Spanish coast, for it was wrecked in 
a tempest, and went down with all hands 
aboard. — Tennvson, The Revenje, a bal- 
lad of the fleet (1878). 

*** This sea-fight is the subject of one 
of Froude's essays. 

Canon Kingsley has introduced it in 
Westward Ho! where he gives a descrip- 
tion of sir Richard Grenville. 

Lord Bacon says the fight "waa 
memorable even beyond credit, and to 
the height of heroic fable." 

Mr. Arber published three interesting 



REVENGE. 



825 



REYNOLDS. 



contemporary documents relating to The 
Revenge, by sir Walter Raleigh. 

Gervase Markham wrote a long poem 
on the subject (two hundred stanzas of 
eight lines each). 

Revenge (The Palace of), a palace of 
crystal, provided with even-thing agree- 
able to life, except the means of going 
out of it. The fairy Pagan made it, and 
when Imis rejected his suit because she 
loved prince Philax, he shut them up in 
this palace out of revenge. At the end of 
a few years, Pagan had his revenge, for 
Philax and Imis longed as eagerly for a 
separation as they had once done to be 
united. — Comtesse D'Aunov, Fairy Tales 
(" Palace of Revenge," 1682). 

Revenons a nos Moutons, let us 
return to the matter in hand. The phrase 
comes from an old French comedy of the 
fifteenth century, entitled VAvocat Pate- 
lin, by Blanchet. A clothier, giving 
evidence against a shepherd who had 
stolen some sheep, is for ever running 
from the subject to talk about some cloth 
of which Patelin, his lawyer, had de- 
frauded him. The judge from time to 
time pulls him up, by saying " Well, 
well! and about the sheep?" "What 
about the sheep?" (See Patelix, p. 
737.) 

Revolutionary Songs. By far 

the most popular were : 

1. La Marseillaise, both words and 
music by Rouget de Lisle (1792). 

2. Veillons au Salut de l' Empire, by 
Adolphe S. Boy (1791). Music by Da- 
layra. Very strange that men whose 
whole purpose was to destroy the empire, 
should go about singing, " Let us guard 
it!" 

3. Ca Ira, written to the tune of Le 
Carillon National, in 1789, while prepa- 
rations were being made for the Fete de 
la Federation. It was a great favourite 
with Marie Antoinette, who was for ever 
"strumming the tune on her harpsi- 
chord." 

4. Chant du Depart, by Marie Joseph 
de Che'nier (1794). Music by Mehul. 
This was the most popular next to the 
Marseillaise. 

5. La Carmagnole. "Madame Veto 
avait promis de faire e'gorger tout 
Paris ..." (1792). Probably so called 
from Carmagnole, in Piedmont. The 
burden of this dancing song is : 

Danson la Carmagnole, 

Vire le son ! Vive le son I 
Danson la Carmagnole. 

Vive le son du canon ! 



6. Le Vengeur, a cock-and-bull story, 
in verse, about a ship so called. Lord 
Howe took six of the French ships, June 
1, 1794 ; but Le Vengeur was sunk by the 
crew that it might not fall into the hands 
of the English, and went down while the 
crew shouted, "Vive la Re'publique ! " 
There is as much truth in this story as in 
David's picture of Napoleon "Crossing 
the Alps." 

In the second Revolution we have : 

1. La Parisienne, called " The Mar- 
seillaise of 1830," by Casimir Delavigne, 
the same year. 

2. La France a V Horreur du Servage, 
by Casimir Delavigne (1843). 

3. La Champ de Bataille, by Emile 
Debreaux (about 1830). 

The chief political songs of Be'ranger 
are : Adieux de Marie Stuart, La Cocarde 
Blanche, Jacques, La De'esse, Marquis de 
Carabas, Le Sacre de Charles le Simple, 
Le Senateur, Le Vieux Caporal, and Le 
Vilain. 

Rewcastle (Old John), a Jedburgh 
smuggler, and one of the Jacobite con- 
spirators with the laird of Ellieslaw. — 
Sir W. Scott, TJie Black Dwarf (time, 
Anne). 

Reynaldo, a servant to Polonius. — 
Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596). 

Reynard the Fox, the hero of the 
beast-epic so called. This prose poem is 
a satire on the state of Germany in the 
Middle Ages. Reynard represents the 
Church ; Isengrin the wolf (his uncle) 
typifies the baronial element ; and Nodel 
the lion stands for the regal power. The 
plot turns on the struggle for supremacy 
between Reynard and Isengrin. Reynard 
uses all his endeavours to victimize every 
one, especially his uncle Isengrin, and 
generally succeeds. — Reinecke Fuchs 
(thier-epos, 1498). 

Reynardine (3 syl.), eldest son of 
Reynard the fox. He assumed the 
names of Dr. Pedanto and Crabron. — 
Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Reynold of Montalbon, one of 

Charlemagne's paladins. 

Reynolds (Sir Joshua) is thug de- 
scribed by Goldsmith : 

Here Reynolds is laid ; and, to tell you my mind, 
He has not left a wiser or better behind. 
His pencil was striking, resistless, and grand ; 
His mannrrs were gentle, complying, and bland. . . . 
To coxcombs averse, yet most civilly steering. 
When they judged without skill, he was still hard at 
hearing; 



REZIO. 



826 



RHESUS. 



When they talked of their Raphaels, Corregios [sic], and 

stuff, 
He shifted his trumpet, and only took snuff. 

Retaliation (1774). 

N.B. — Sir Joshua Reynolds was hard of 
hearing, and used an ear-trumpet. 

Rez'io {Dr.) or " Pedro Rezio of 
Ague'ro," the doctor of Barata'ria, who 
forbade Sancho Panza to taste any of the 
meats set before him. Roast partridge 
was "forbidden by Hippoc'rates." Po- 
dri'da was "the most pernicious food in 
the world." Rabbits were " a sharp-haired 
diet." Veal was "prejudicial to health." 
But, he said, the governor might eat "a 
few wafers, and a thin slice or two of 
quince." — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. 
iii. 10 (1615). 

Dr. Sangrado seems to be copied in 
some measure from this character. His 
panacea was hot water and stewed apples. 
— Lesage, Gil Bias (1715-35). 

Dr. Hancock (a real character) pre- 
scribed cold water and stewed prunes. 

Rhadaman'thus, son of Jupiter and 
Euro'pa. He reigned in the Cyclades 
with such partiality, that at death he was 
made one of the judges of the infernal 
regions. 

And if departed souls must rise again, . . . 
And bide the judgment of reward or pain ; . . . 
Then Rhadamanthus and stern Minos were 
True types of justice while they lived here. 

Lord Brooke, Monarchic i. (1554-1628). 

Rhampsini'tos, ^ king of Egypt, 
usually called Ram'eses III., the richest 
of the Egyptian monarchs, who amassed 
72 millions sterling, which he secured in 
a treasury of stone. By an artifice of 
the builder, he was robbed every night. — 
Herodotos, ii. 121. 

A parallel tale is told of Hyrieus 
[Hy'.ri.uce] of HyrTa. His two architects, 
Trophonios and Agamedes (brothers), built 
his treasure-vaults, but left one stone 
removable at pleasure. After great loss 
of treasure, Hyrieus spread a net, in 
which Agame'des was caught. To pre- 
vent recognition, Trophonios cut off his 
brother's head. — Pausanias, Itinerary of 
Greece, ix. 37, 3. 

A similar tale is told of the treasure- 
Vaults of Augeas king of Elis. 

Rha'sis or Mohammed Aboubekr ibn 
Zakaria el Razi, a noted Arabian physi- 
cian. He wrote a treatise on small-pox 
and measles, with some 200 other treatises 
(850-923). 

Well, error has no end ; 
And Rhasis is a sage. 

R. Browning, Paracelsus, iii. 

Rhea's Child. Jupiter is so called 



by Pindar. He dethroned his father 
Saturn. 

The child 
Of Rhea drove him [Saturn] from the upper sky. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Rheims {TJie Jackdaw of). The 
cardinal-archbishop of Rheims made a 
grand feast, to which he invited all the 
joblillies of the neighbourhood. There 
were abbots and prelates, knights and 
squires, and all who delighted to honour 
the great panjandrum of Rheims. The 
feast over, water was served, and his lord- 
ship's grace, drawing off his turquoise ring, 
laid it beside his plate, dipped his fingers 
into the golden bowl, and wiped them 
on his napkin ; but when he looked to put 
on his ring, it was nowhere to be found. 
It was evidently gone. The floor was 
searched, the plates and dishes lifted up, 
the mugs and chalices, every possible and 
impossible place was poked into, but 
without avail. The ring must have been 
stolen. His grace was furious, and, in 
dignified indignation, calling for bell, 
book, and candle, banned the thief, both 
body and soul, this life and for ever. It 
was a terrible curse, but none of the 
guests seemed the worse for it — except, 
indeed, the jackdaw. The poor bird was 
a pitiable object, his head lobbed down, 
his wings draggled on the floor, his 
feathers were all ruffled, and with a 
ghost of a caw he prayed the company to 
follow him ; when lo ! there was the ring, 
hidden in some sly corner by the jack- 
daw as a clever practical joke. His 
lordship's grace smiled beuignantly, and 
instantly removed the curse ; when lo ! 
as if by magic, the bird became fat and 
sleek again, perky and impudent, wag- 
ging his tail, winking his eye, and cock- 
ing his head on one side, then up he 
hopped to his old place on the cardinal's 
chair. Never after this did he indulge in 
thievish tricks, but became so devout, so 
constant at feast and chapel, so well- 
behaved at matins and vespers, that when 
he died he died in the odour of sanctity, 
and was canonized, his name being 
changed to that of Jim Crow. — Barham, 
Ingoldsby Legends ("Jackdaw of Rheims," 
1837). 

Rhene (1 syl.), the Rhine, the Latin 
Jihe'nus. — Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 353 
(1665). 

Rhesus was on his march to aid the 
Trojans in their siege, and had nearly 
reached Troy, when he was attacked in 
the night by Ulysses and Diomed. In 



RHETORIC OF A SILVER FEE. 827 



RIBBON. 



this surprise Rhesus and all his army were 
cut to pieces. — Homer, Iliad, x. 

A very parallel case was that of Sweno 
the Dane, who was marching to join 
Godfrey and the crusaders, when he was 
attacked in the night by Solyman, and 
both Sweno and his army perished. — 
Tacso, Jerusalem Delivered (15/5). 

Rhetoric of a Silver Fee {The). 

He will reverse the watchman's harsh decree, 
Moved by the rhetoric of a silver fee. 

Gay, Trivta, iii. 317 (1712). 

Rhiannon's Birds. The notes of 
these birds were so sweet that warriors 
remained spell-bound for eighty years 
together listening to them. These birds 
are often alluded to by the Welsh bards. 
(Rhiannon was the wife of prince Pwyll.) 
— The Mabino<jion, 363 (twelfth century). 

The snow-white bird which the monk 
Felix listened to sang so enchantingly 
that he was spell-bound for a hundred 
years listening to it. — Longfellow, Golden 
Legend. 

Rhine (The Irish). The Black water 
is so called from its scenery. 

Rhinnon Rhin Barnawd's 
Bottles had the virtue of keeping sweet 
whatever liquor was put in them. — The 
Mabinogion ("Kilhwch and Olwen," 
twelfth century). 

Rhinoceros. The horn of the rhi- 
noceros being "cut through the middle 
from one extremity to the other, on it 
will be seen several white lines repre- 
senting human figures." — Arabian Nights 
(" Sindbad's Second Voyage"). 

Rhinoceros- Horn a Poison- Detector. If 
poison is put into a vessel made of a 
rhinoceros's horn, the liquid contained 
therein will effervesce. 

Rhinoceros and Elephant. The rhino- 
ceros with its horn gores the elephant 
under the belly, but blood running into 
the eyes of the rhinoceros, blinds it, and 
it becomes an easy prey to the roc. — 
Arabian Nights (" Sindbad's Second 
Voyage"). 

Rhodalind, daughter of Aribert king 
of Lombardy, in love with duke Gondi- 
bert ; but Gondibert preferred Birtha, a 
country girl, daughter of the sage As- 
tragon. While the duke is whispering 
sweet love-notes to Birtha, a page comes 
post-haste to announce to him that the 
king has proclaimed him his heir, and is 
about to give him his daughter in mar- 
riage. The duke gives Birtha an emerald 
ring, and says if he is false to her the 
emerald will lose its lustre 5 then hastens 



to court in obedience to the king's sum- 
mons. Here the tale breaks off, and 
was never finished. — Sir Wm. Davenant, 
Gondibert (1605-1668). 

Rhodian Venus (The). This wa3 
the "Venus" of Protog'enes mentioned by 
Pliny, Natural History, xxxv. 10. 

When first the Rhodian's mimic art arrayed 
The Queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade, 
The happy master mingled in his piece 
Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece. 
Campbell. Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 

Prior (1664-1721) refers to the same 
painting in his fable of Protogenes and 

Apelles : 

I hope, sir, you intend to stay 

To see our Venus ; 'tis the piece 

The most renowned throughout all Greece. 

Rhod'ope (3 syl.) or Rhod'opis, 
a celebrated Greek courtezan, who after- 
wards married Psammetichus king of 
Egypt. It is said that she built the third 
pyramid. — Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxxvi. 12. 

A statelier pyramis to her I'll rear, 
Than Rhodope's. 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 6 (1589). 

Rhombus, a schoolmaster who 
speaks "a leash of languages at once," 
puzzling himself and his hearers with a 
jargon like that of " Holofernes " in 
Shakespeare's Love' s Labour' s Lost (1594). 
— Sir Philip Sidney, Pastoral Entertain- 
ment (1587). 

Rhombus, a spinning-wheel or rolling 
instrument, used by the Roman witches 
for fetching the moon out of heaven. 

Quae nunc Thessalico lunam deducere rhombo [sciet\ — 
Martial, Epigrams, ix. 30. 

Rhone of Christian Eloquence 
{The), St. Hilary (300-367). 

Rhone of Latin Eloquence 

{The). St. Hilary is so called by St. 
Jerome (300-367). 

Rhongomyant, the lance of king 
Arthur. — The Mabinogion ("Kilhwch and 
Olwen," twelfth century). 

Rhyming to Death. In 1 Henry 
VI. act i. sc. 1, Thomas Beaufort duke 
of Exeter, speaking about the death of 
Henry V., says. " Must we think that 
the subtle-witted French conjurors and 
sorcerers, out of fear of him, ' by magic 
verses have contrived his end ' ? " The 
notion of killing by incantation was at 
one time very common. 

Irishmen . . . will not stick to affirrae that they can 
rime either man or beast to death. — Reg. Scot, Discoverie 
of Witchcraft (1564). 

Ribbon. The yellow ribbon, in 
France, indicates that the wearer has 
won a me'daitle militaire (instituted by 



RIBEMONT. 



828 



RICHELIEU. 



Napoleon III.) as a minor decoration of 
the Legion of Honour. 

The red ribbon marks a chevalier of 
the Legion of Honour. A rosette 
indicates a higher grade than that of 
chevalier. 

Ribemont (3 syl.), the bravest and 
noblest of the French host in the battle 
of Poitiers. He alone dares confess that 
the English are a brave people. In the 
battle he is slain by lord Audley. 
— Shirley, Edward the Black Prince 
(1640). 

Ribemont {Count), in The Siege of Calais, 
by Colman. 

Riccar'do, commander of Plymouth 
fortress, a puritan to whom lord Walton 
has promised his daughter Elvira in 
marriage. Riccardo learns that the lady 
is in love with Arthur Talbot, and when 
Arthur is taken prisoner by Cromwell's 
soldiers, Riccardo promises to use his 
efforts to obtain his pardon. This, 
however, is not needful, for Cromwell, 
feeling quite secure of his position, 
orders all the captives of war to be 
released. Riccardo is the Italian form 
of sir Richard Forth. — Bellini, I Puritani 
(opera, 1834). 

Rieeiardetto, son of Aymon, and 
brother of Bradamante. — Ariosto, Or- 
lando Furioso (1516). 

Rice. Eating rice with a bodkin. 
Amine, the beautiful wife of SidiNouman, 
ate rice with a bodkin, but she was a ghoul. 
(See Amine.) 

Richard, a fine, honest lad, by trade 
a smith. He marries on New Year's Day 
Meg, the daughter of Toby Veck. — C. 
Dickens, The Chimes (1844). 

Richard (Squire), eldest son of sir 
Francis Wronghead of Bumper Hall. A 
country bumpkin, wholly ignorant of the 
world and of literature. — Vanbrugh and 
Cibber, The Provoked Husband (1727). 

Robert Wetherilt [1708-1745] came to I)rury Lane a 
boy, where he showed his rising genius in the part of 
"squire Richard." — Chetwood, History af the Stage. 

Richard (Prince), eldest son of king 
Henry II.— Sir W. Scott. The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

Richard " Coeur de Lion," introduced 
in two noveis by sir W. Scott (The 
Talisman and Ivanhoe). In the latter he 
first appears as " The Black Knight," at 
the tournament, and :s called Le Noir 
Faineant or " The Black Sluggard ; " also 
"The Knight of the Fetter-lock." 



Richard a Name of Terror. The name 
of Richard L, like that of Attila, Bona- 
parte, Corvinus, Narses, Sebastian, Tal- 
bot, Tamerlane, and other great con- 
querors, was at one time employed in 
terrorem to disobedient children. (See 
Names of Terror, p. 675.) 

His tremendous name was employed by the Syrian 
mothers to silence their infante ; and if a horse suddenly 
started from the way, his rider was wont to exclaim, 
"Dost thou think king Richard is in the bush t "—Gib- 
bon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, xi. 146 
(1776-88). 

The Daughters of Richard I. When 
Richard was in France, Fulco a priest 
told him he ought to beware how he 
bestowed his daughters in marriage. "I 
have no daughters," said the king. 
"Nay, nay," replied Fulco, "all the 
Avorld knows that you have three — Pride, 
Covetousness, and Lechery." " If these 
are my daughters," said the king, " I 
know well how to bestow them where 
they will be well cherished. My eldest 
1 give to the Knights Templars ; my 
second to the monks ; and my third, I 
cannot bestow better than on yourself, 
for I am sure she will never be divorced 
nor neglected." — Thomas Milles, True 
Nobility (1610). 

The Horse of Richard I., Fennel. 

Ah, Fennel, my noble horse, thou bleedest, thou art 
slain ! — Cceur de Lion a>id Bis Horse. 

The Troubadour of Richard I., Ber- 
trand de Born. 

Richard II.'s Horse, Roan Barbary. 
— Shakespeare, Richard II. act v. sc. 5 
(1597). 

'Richard III., a tragedy by Shake- 
speare (1597). At one time, parts of 
Rowe's tragedy of Jane Shore were 
woven in the acting edition, and John 
Kemble introduced other clap-traps from 
Colley Cibber. The best actors of this 
part were David Garrick (1716-1779), 
Henrv Mossop (1729-1773), and Edmund 
Kean" (1787-1833). 

Richard III. was only 19 years old at the opening of 

Shakespeare's play. — Sharon Turner. 

The Horse of Ric/iard III, White 
Surrev. — Shakespeare, Richard III. act 
v. sc/3 (1597). 

Richard's himself again I These words 
were interpolated by John Kemble from 
Colley Cibber. 

Richelieu (Armand), cardinal and 
chief minister of France. The duke of 
Orleans (the king's brother), the count de 
Baradas (the king's favourite), and other 
noblemen conspired to assassinate Riche- 
lieu, dethrone Louis XI 1 1., and make 



RICHLAND. 



829 



RIGDUM-FUNNTDOS. 



Gaston duke of Orleans the recent. The 
plot was revealed to the cardinal by 
Marion de Lorme, in whose house the 
conspirators met. The conspirators were 
arrested, and several of them put to 
death, but Gaston duke of Orleans turned 
king's evidence and was pardoned. — Lord 
Lytton, Richelieu (1839). 

Richland {Miss), intended for Leon- 
tine Croaker, but she gives her hand in 
marriage to Mr. lloneywood, "the good- 
natured man," who promises to abandon 
his quixotic benevolence, and to make it 
his study in future "to reserve his pity 
for real distress, his friendship for true 
merit, and his love for her who first 
taught him what it is to be happy." — 
Goldsmith, The Good-natured Man (1*768). 

Richmond ( The duchess of), wife of 
Charles Stuart, in the court of Charles 
II. The line became extinct, and the 
title was given to the Lennox familv. — Sir 
W. Scott, Feveril of the Feak ' (time, 
Charles II.). 

Richmond (The earl of), Henry of 
Lancaster. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Richmond Hill (The Lass of), Miss 
I' Anson of Hill House, Richmond, York- 
shire. Words by M'Xally ; music by 
James Hook, who married the voung 
lady. 

7 he Less of Richmond Hill is one of the sweetest 
ballads in the language. — John Bell. 

Rickets (Mabel), the old nurse of 
Frank Osbaldistone. — Sir W. Scott, Rob 
Roy (time, George I.). 

Riderhood (Rogue), the villain in 
Dickens's novel of Our Mutual Friend 
(1864). 

Rides on the Tempest and 
Directs the Storm. Joseph Addison, 
speaking of the duke of Marlborough and 
his famous victories, sa} s that he in- 
spired the fainting squadrons, and stood 
unmoved in the shock of battle : 

So when an angel by divine command, 
With rising tempests shakes a guilty land, 
f uch as of late o'er pale Britannia past. 
Calm and serene he drives the furious blast ; 
And. pleased th' Almighty's orders to perform, 
Rides on the tempest and directs the storm. 

Tlie Campaign (1705). 

%* The "tempest" referred to by 
Addison in these lines is that called "The 
Great Storm," November 26-7. 1703, the 
most terrible on record. The loss of 
property in London alone exceeded two 
millions sterling. Above 8000 persons 
were drowned, 12 men-of-war were 



wrecked, 17,000 trees in Kent alone were 
uprooted, Eddystone lighthouse was de- 
stroyed, 15,000 sheep were blown into the 
sea, and the bishop of Bath and Well? 
with his wife were killed in bed in theii 
palace in Somersetshire. 

Ridicule (Father of). Francois Ra- 
belais is so styled by sir William Temple 
(1495-1553). 

Ridolphus, one of the band of 
adventurers that joined the crusaders. 
He was slain by Argant/*s (bk. vii.). — 
Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Rienzi (Nicolo Gabrlni) or Cola di 
Rienzi. last of the tribunes, who as- 
sumed the name of " Tribune of Liberty, 
Peace, and Justice" (1313-1354). 

%* Cola di Rienzi is the hero of a 
novel by lord Bulwer Lytton, entitled 
Rienzi or The Last of the Barons (1849). 

Rienzi, an opera by Wagner (1841). It 
opens with a number of the Orsini break- 
ing into Rienzi's house, in order to abduct 
his sister Irene, but in this they are foiled 
by the arrival of the Colonna and his fol- 
loAvers. The outrage provokes a general 
insurrection, and Rienzi is appointed 
leader. The nobles are worsted, and 
Rienzi becomes a senator ; but the aris- 
tocracy hate him, and Paolo Orsini seeks 
to assassinate him, but without success. 
By the machinations of the German 
emperor and the Colonna, Rienzi is ex- 
communicated and deserted by all his 
adherents. He is ultimately fired on by 
the populace and killed on the steps of 
the capitol. Libretto by J. P. Jackson. 

Rienzi (The English), William with 
the Long Beard, alias Fitzosbert (*-1196). 

Rigaud (Mons.), a Belgian, 35 years 
of age, confined in a villainous prison at 
Marseilles for murdering his wife. He 
had a hooked nose, handsome after its 
kind but too high between the eyes, and 
his eyes, though sharp, were too near to 
one another. He was, however, a large, 
tall man, with thin lips, and a goodly 
quantity of dry hair shot with red. 
When he spoke, his moustache went up 
under his nose, and his nose came down 
over his moustache. After his liberation 
from prison, he first took the name of 
Lagnier, and then of Blandois, his name 
being Rigaud Lagnier Blandois. — Charles 
Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 

Rigdum-Funnidos, a courtier in 
the palace of king Chrononhotonthologos. 
After the death of the king, the widowed 



RIGHT-HITTING BRAND. 



830 



RING. 



queen is advised to marry «gain, and 
Rigdum-Funuidos is proposed to her 
as " a very proper man." At this Aldi- 
borontephoscophomio takes umbrage, and 
the queen says, "Well, gentlemen, to 
make matters easy, I'll have you both." 
— H. Carey, Chrononhotonthoiogos (1734). 
*** John Ballantyne, the publisher, 
was so called by sir W. Scott. He was 
"a quick, active, intrepid little fellow, 
full of fun and merriment ... all over 
quaintness and humorous mimicry." 

Right-Hitting Brand, one of the 

companions of Robin Hood, mentioned 
by Mundy. 

Rig'olette (3 syl.), a grisette and 
courtezan. — Eugene Sue, Mysteries of 
Paris (1842-3). 

Rigoletto, an opera, describing the 
agony of a father obliged to witness the 
prostitution of his own daughter. — Verdi, 
Rigoletto (1852). 

* + * The libretto of this opera is bor- 
rowed from Victor Hugo's drama Le Hoi 
s' Amuse. 

Rimegap (Joe), one of the miners of 
sir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak. — Sir 
W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Rimini (Francesca di), a woman of 
extraordinary beauty, daughter of a sig- 
nore of Ravenna. She was married to 
Lanciotto Malatesta signore of Rimini, 
a man of great bravery, but deformed. 
His brother Paolo was extremely hand- 
some, and with him Francesca fell in 
love. Lanciotto, detecting them in 
criminal intercourse, killed them both 
(1389). 

This tale forms one of the episodes of 
Dante's Inferno ; is the subject of a tragedy 
called Francesca di Rimini, by Silvio Pel- 
lico (1819) ; and Leigh Hunt, about the 
same time, published his Story of Rimini, 
in verse. 

Rimmon, seventh in order of the 
hierarchy of hell: (1) Satan, (2) Beelze- 
bub, (3) Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Tham- 
muz, (6) Dagon, (7) Rimmon whose chief 
temple was at Damascus (2 Kings v. 18). 

Him I Dagon] followed Rimmon. whose delightful seat 
Was fair Damascus on the fertile banks 
Of Al'bana and Pharphar, lucid streams. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 467, etc. (1665). 

Rinaldo, son of the fourth marquis 
d'l^ste, cousin of Orlando, and nephew 
of Charlemagne. He was the rival of 
Orlando in his love for Angelica, but 
Angelica detested him. Rinaldo brought 



an auxiliary force of English and Scotch 
to CBarlemagne, which "Silence" con- 
ducted safely into Paris. — Ario6to, Or- 
lando Furioso (1516). 

Binaldo, the Achilles of the Christian 
army in the siege of Jerusalem. He was 
the son of Bertoldo and Sophia, but was 
brought up by Matilda. Rinaldo j oined the 
crusaders at the age of 15. Being sum- 
moned to a public trial for the death of 
Gernando, he went into voluntary exile. 
— Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

*** Pulci introduces the same character 
in his bernesque poem entitled Morgante 
Maggiore, which holds up to ridicule the 
romances of chivalry. 

Rinaldo, steward to the countess of 
Rousillon.— Shakespeare, All's Well that 
Ends Well (1598). 

Rinaldo of Montalban, a knight 
who had the "honour" of being a public 
plunderer. His great exploit was stealing 
the golden idol of Mahomet. 

In this same Mirror of Knighthood we meet with 
Rinaldo de Montalban and his companions, with the 
twelve peers of France, and Turpin the historian. ... 
Rinaldo had a broad face, and a pair of large rolling eyes ; 
his complexion was ruddy, and his disposition choleric. 
He was, besides, naturally profligate, and a great en- 
courager of vagrants.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1. i. 1, 6 
(1605). 

Ring (CorcuoVs), composed of six 
different metals. It ensured the wearer 
success in any undertaking in which he 
chose to embark. 

"While you have it on your finger," said the old man, 
"misfortune shall fly from your hous'fe, and nolH>dy shall 
be able to hurt you ; but one condition is attached to the 
gift, which is this : when you have chosen for yourself a 
wife, you must remain faithful to her as long as she lives. 
The moment you neglect her for another, you will lose the 
ring."— T. S. Gueulette, Chinese Tales ("Corcud and HU 
Four Sons," 1723). 

Ring (Dame Lidnes's), a ring given 
by Dame Liones to sir Gareth during a 
tournament. 

"That ring," said Dame Lionel, "increaseth my beauty 
much more than it is of itself ; and this is the virtue of my 
ring : that which is green it will turn to red, and that 
which is red it will turn green ; that which is blue it will 
turn white, and that which is white it will turn blue ; and 
so with all other colours. Abo, whoever beareth my ring 
can never lose blood."— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
A rthur, i. 146 (1470). 

Ring (Fairy). Whoever lives in a house 
built over a fairy-ring shall wonderfully 
prosper in everything. — Athenian Oracle. 
i. 307. 

Ring (Luned's). This ring rendered 
the wearer invisible. Luned or Lynet 
gave it to Owain, one of king Arthur's 
knights. Consequently, when men were 
sent to kill him he was nowhere to be 
found, for he was invisible. 

Take this ring, ana put it on thy finger, with the ston« 
inside thy hand , and close thy hand uj.on the stone ; and 



RING. 



831 



RINGDOVE. 



as long as thou oonccalest it, it will conceal thee.— The 
Mahinmjion {" Lady of the Fountain," twelfth century). 

Ring ( The Steel) made by Seidel-Beckir. 
This ring enabled the wearer to read the 
secrets of another's heart. — Comte de 
Caylus, Oriental Tales ("The Four 
Talismans," 1743). 

Ring {The Talking), a ring given by 
Tartaro, the Basque Cyclops, to a girl 
whom he wished to marry. Immediately 
she put it on, it kept incessantly saying, 
"You there, and I here;" so, to get rid 
of the nuisance, she cut off her finger and 
threw both ring and finger into a pond. 
—Rev. W. Webster, Basque Legends, 4 
(1876). 

The same storv appears in Campbell's 
Popular Tales of the West Highlands, 
i. Ill, and in Grimm's tale of The Robber 
and His Sons. When the robber put on 
the ring, it incessantly cried out, "Here I 
am ; " so he bit off his finger, and threw 
it from him. 

Ring. The Virgin's Wedding Ring, kept 
in the Duomo of Perugia, under fourteen 
locks. 

Ring Posies. 

AEI (Greek for "always"). 

A heart content Can ne'er repent. 

All for all. 

All I refuse, And thee I choose. 

Bear and forbear. 

Beyond this life. Love me, dear wife. 

De bon cor. (Sixteenth century; found at York.) 

Death never parts Such loving hearts. 

Dieu vous garde. 

En bon an. (Fifteenth century; H. Elliuan, Esq.) 

En bou foye. 

Endless my love. As this shall prove. 

For ever and for aye. 

God alone Made us two one. 

God did decree This unity. 

God tend me well 10 keep. (The ring given by Henry 

VIII. to Anne of Cleves.) 
Got bwar uns beid in Lieb und Leid ("With clasped 

hands," etc.). 
Heart and hand At thy command. 
I have obtained Whom God ordained. 
In love abide. Till death divide. 

In loving thee I love myself. 

In thee, my choice, I do rejoice. 

In unity Let's live and die. 

Joined in one By God alone. 

Joy be with you ; or, in French, Joye sans cesse. 

Le cuer de moy. (Fifteenth century. With Virgin and 
Child.) 

Let love increase. 

Let reason rule. 

Let vs loue Like turtle -doue. 

Liue to loue, loue to liue. 

Live happy. 

Loue for loue. 

Love alway, By night and day. 

Love and respect I do expect. 

Love is heaven, and heaven is love. 

Love me, and leave me not. 

May God above Increase our love. 

May you live long. 

Mizp;.h |i e. watch -tower'i. 

Mutual forbearance. 

My heart and I, Until I die. 

My wille were. (Gold signet-ring, with a cradle as devi ) 

Never newe. (Alianour, wife of the duke of Somerset) 

No gift can show The love I owe. 

Not two, hut one. Till lif e is gone. 



Post spinas palma. 
Pray to love, and love to pray. 

Quod Deus coniunsit homo non separet. (Sixteenth cen- 
tury, G. H. Gower, Esq.) 
Silence ends strife With man and wife. 
Tecta lege, lecta tege. (Ring of Matthew Paris ; found at 

Hereford.) 
Till death us depart. (Margaret, wife of the earl of 

Shrewsbury.) 
Till my life's ende. (Elizabeth, wife of lord Latymer.) 
To enjoy is to obey. 
Tout pur vous. (Fifteenth century, with St. Christopher.) 

Treu und fest. 

True love Will ne'er remove. 

Truth trieth troth. 

We join our love In God above. 

Wedlock, 'tis said. In heaven is made. 

Whear this i giue, i wish to liue. 

When this you see. Remember me. 

Where hearts agree. There God will be. 

Yours in heart. 

Ring and the Book (The), an 
idyllic epic, by Robert Browning, founded 
on a cause ce'lebre of Italian history in 
1698. The case was this : Guido Fran- 
ceschini, a Florentine count of shattered 
fortune, married Pompilia, thinking her 
to be an heiress. When the young bride 
discovered she had been married for her 
money only, she told her husband she 
was no heiress at all, but was only the 
supposititious child of Pietro (2 syl.), 
supplied by one Violante, for the sake of 
keeping in his hands certain entailed pro- 
perty. The count now treated Pompilia 
so brutally that she ran away from home, 
under the protection of Caponsacchi, a 
young priest, and being arrested at Rome, 
a legal separation took place. Pompilia 
sued for a divorce, but, pending the suit, 
gave birth to a son. The count now 
murdered Pietro, Violante, and Pompilia, 
but being taken red-handed, was brought 
to trial, found guilty, and executed. 

Ring the Bells Backwards (2b), 
to ring a muffled peal, to lament. Thus, 
John Cleveland, wishing to show his 
abhorrence of the Scotch, says : 

How ! Providence ! and yet a Scottish crew 1 . . . 
Ring the bells backwards. I am all on fire ; 
Not all the buckets in a country quire 
Shall quench my rage. 

The Rebel Scot (1613-1659). 

Ringdove (The Swarthy). The re- 
sponses of the oracle of Dodona, in EpTros, 
were made by old women called " pi- 
geons," who derived their answers from 
the cooing of certain doves, the bubbling 
of a spring, the rustling of the sacred oak 
[or beech'] , and the tinkling of a gong or 
bell hung in the tree. The women were 
called pigeons by a play on the word 
peliee, which means " old women " as well 
as "pigeons;" and as they came from 
Libya they were swarthy. 

According to fable, Zeus gave his 
daughter Thebe two black doves en- 
dowed with the gift of human speech; 



RINGHORSE. 



RIVALS. 



one of them flew into Libya, and the 
other into Dodona. The former gave 
the responses in the temple of Amnion, 
and the latter in the oracle of Dodona. 

. . . beech or lime. 
Or that Toessalian growth 
In which the swarthy ringdove sat, 
And mystic sentence spoke. 

Tennyson, 

Ringhorse {Sir Robert), a magistrate 
at Old St. Ronan's.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Ringwood, a young Templar. — Sir 
W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 
I.). 

Rintherout {Jenny}, a servant at 
Monkbarns to Mr. Jonathan Oldbuck the 
antiquary.— Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Itiou {Captain), called by Nelson 
"The Gallant and the Good;" fell in 
the battle of the Baltic. 

Brave hearts ! to Britain's pride 

Once so faithful and so true. 
On the deck of fame that died, 

With the gallant, good Riou. 

Campbell, Battle of the Baltic (1777-1844). 

R. I. P., i.e. requiescat in pace. 

Rip van Winkle slept twenty years 
in the Kaatskill Mountains of North 
America. (See Winkle.) 

Epimenides the Gnostic slept for fifty- 
seven years. 

Nourjahad, wife of the Mogul emperor 
Geangir, who discovered the otto of 
roses. 

Gyneth slept 500 years, by the enchant- 
ment of Merlin. 

The seven sleepers slept for 250 years 
in mount Celion. 

St. David slept for seven years. (See 
Oumandixe.) 

(The following are not dead, but only 
sleep till the fulness of their respective 
times: — Elijah, Endymion, Merlin, king 
Arthur, Charlemagne, Frederick Barba- 
rossa and his knights, the three Tells, 
Desmond of Kilmallock, Thomas of 
Erceldoune, Bobadil el Chico, Brian 
Boroimhe, Knez Lazar, king Sebastian 
of Portugal, Olaf Tryggvason, the 
French slain in the Sicilian Vespers, and 
one or two others.) 

Riquet ■with the Tuft, the beau- 
ideal of ugliness, but with the power of 
bestowing wit and intelligence on the 
person he loved best. Riquet fell in love 
with a most beautiful woman, as stupid 
as he was ugly, but possessing the power 
of giving beauty to the person she loved 



best. The two married, whereupon Riquet 
gave his bride wit, and she bestowed on 
him beauty. This, of course, is an alle- 
gory. Love sees through a couleur de 
rose. — Charles Perrault, Contes des Fees 
(" Riquet a la Houppe," 1697). 

*** This tale is borrowed from the 
Nights of Straparola. It is imitated by 
Mde. Villeneuve in her Beauty and the 
Beast. 

Risingham {Bertram), the vassal 
of Philip of Mortham. Oswald Wycliffe 
induced him to shoot his lord at Marston 
Moor ; and for this deed the vassal de- 
manded all the gold and movables of his 
late master. Oswald, being a villain, 
tried to outwit Bertram, and even to 
murder him ; but it turned out that Philip 
of Mortham was not killed, neither was 
Oswald Wycliffe his heir, for Redmond 
O'Neale (Rokeby's page) was found to 
be the son and heir of Philip of Mortham. 
—Sir W. Scott, Rokeby (1812). 

Ritho or Rython, a giant who had 
made himself furs of the beards of kings 
killed by him. He sent to king Arthur 
to meet him on mount Aravius, or else 
to send his beard to him without delay. 
Arthur met him, slew him, and took 
"fur" as a spoil. Drayton says it was 
this Rython who carried off Helena the 
niece of duke Hoel ; but Geoffrey of 
Monmouth says that king Arthur, having 
killed the Spanish giant, told his army 
"he had found none so great in strength 
since he killed the giant Ritho ; " by 
which it seems that the Spanish giant 
and Ritho are different persons, although 
it must be confessed the scope of the 
chronicle seems to favour their identity. 
—Geoffrey, British History, x. 3 (1142). 

As how great Rython's self he [Arthur] slew . . . 
Who ravished Howell's niece, young Helena the fair. 
Drayton, Polyolbiun, iv. (16)2). 

Ritsonism, malignant and insolent 
criticism. So called from Joseph Ritson 
(1752-1803). 

Ritson's assertion must be regarded as only an example 
of that peculiar species of malignant and brutal insolence 
in criticism, which ought from him to be denominated 
" Ritsonism."— R. Southey. 

Rival Queens {The), Sati'ra and 
Roxa'na. Statlra was the daughter of 
Darius, and wife of Alexander the Great. 
Roxana was the daughter of Oxyartes 
the Bactrian ; her, also, Alexander mar- 
ried. Roxana stabbed Statira and killed 
her. — N. Lee, Alexander the Great or The 
Rival Queens (1678). 

Rivals {The), a comedy by Sheridan 
(1775). The rivals are Bob Acres and 



RIVER OF JUVENESCENCE. 



633 



ROB ROY M'GREGOR. 



ensign Beverley (alias captain Absolute), 
and Lydia Languish is the lady they 
contend for. Bob Acres tells captain 
Absolute that ensign Beverley is a 
booby ; and if he could find him out, 
he'd teach him his place. He sends a 
challenge to the unknown by sir Lucius 
O'Trigger, but objects to forty yards, 
and thinks thirty-eight would suffice. 
When he finds that ensign Beverley is 
captain Absolute, he declines to quarrel 
with his friend ; and when his second 
calls him a coward, he fires up and 
exclaims, "Coward! Mind, gentlemen, 
he calls me 'a coward,' coward by mj r 
valour ! " and when dared by sir Lucius, 
he replies, " I don't mind the word 
4 coward ; ' ' coward ' may be said in a 
joke ; but if he called me ' poltroon,' ods 

daggers and balls " "Well, sir, 

what then?" "Why," rejoined Bob 
Acres, " I should certainly think him 
very ill-bred." Of course, he resigns aU 
claim to the lady's hand. 

River of Juvenescence. Prester 
John, in his letter to Manuel Comnenus 
emperor of Constantinople, says there is 
a spring at the foot of mount Olympus 
which changes its flavour hour by hour, 
both night and day. Whoever tastes 
thrice of its waters will never know 
fatigue or the infirmities of age. 

River of Paradise, St. Bernard 
abbot of Clairvaux (1091-1153). 

River of Swans, the Poto'mac, 
United States, America. 

Rivers (The king of), the Tagus. 

Tagus they crossed, where, midland ou his way, 
The king of rivers rolls his stately streams. 
Southey, Roderick, the Last of the Goths, xi. (1814). 

Rivers, Arise. ... In this Vaca- 
tion Exercise, George Rivers (son of sir 
John Rivers of Westerham, in Kent), 
with nine other freshmen, took the part 
of the ten " Predicaments," while Milton 
himself performed the part of "Ens." 
Without doubt, the pun suggested the 
idea in Milton's Vacation Exercise( 1627) : 

Rivers, arise ; whether thou be the son 

Of utmost Tweed, or Ouse. or gulpny Don, 

Or Trent, who, like some earth born giant, spreads 

His thirty arms along the indented meads. 

Or sullen Mole that runneth underneath, 

Or Severn swift, guilty of maiden's death. 

Or rocky Avon, or of sedgy Lee, 

Or cooly Tyne, or ancient hallowed Dee, 

Or Huruber loud that keeps the Scythian's name, 

Or Madway smooth, or royal towered Thame. 

Rivulet Controversy [The) arose 
against Rev. T. T. Lynch, a Congregation- 
alist who in 1853 had expressed neologian 
views in The Rivulet, a book of poems. 



Road ( The Law of the), in England 
is "drive to the left," the opposite of the 
American rule. Hence the English epi- 
gram : 

The law of the road is a paradox quite, 

In riding or driving along : 
IX you go to the left, you are sure to go right ; 

If you go to the right, you go wrong. 

Road to Ruin, a comedy by Thomas 
Holcroft (1792). Harry liornton and 
his friend Jack Milford are on " the road 
to ruin " by their extravagance. The 
former brings his father to the eve of 
bankruptcy ; and the latter, having spent 
his private fortune, is cast into prison for 
debt. Sulky, a partner in the bank, 
comes forward to save Mr. Dornton from 
ruin ; Harry advances £6000 to pay his 
friend's debts, and thus saves Milford 
from ruin ; and the father restores the 
money advanced by Widow Warren to 
his son, to save Harry from the ruin of 
marrying a designing widow instead of 
Sophia Freelove, her innocent and charm- 
ing daughter. 

Roads (The king of), John Loudon 
Macadam, the improver of roads (1756- 
1836). 

* + * Of course, the wit consists in the 
pun (Rhodes and Roads). 

Roan Barbary, the charger of 
Richard II., which would sat from his 
master's hand. 

Oh how it yearned my heart, when I beheld 
In London streets that coronation day. 
When Bolingbroke rode on Roan Barbary I 
That horse that thou so often hast bestrid ; 
That horse that I so carefully have dressed ! 

Shakespeare, Richard II. act v. sc. 5 (1597). 

Rob Roy, published in 1818, excel- 
lent for its bold sketches of Highland 
scenery. The character of Bailie Nicol 
Jarvie is one of Scott's happiest concep- 
tions ; and the carrying of him to the 
wild mountains among outlaws and des- 
peradoes is exquisitely comic. The hero, 
Frank Osbaldistone, is no hero at all. 
Dramatized by I. Pocock. 

None of Scott's novels was more popular than Rob 
Roy, yet, as a story, it is the most ill-concocted and 
defective of the whole series. — Chambers, English Lite- 
rature, ii. 587. 

Rob Roy M'Gregor, i.e. " Robert 
the Red," whose surname was MacGregor. 
He was an outlaw, who assumed the 
name of Campbell in 1662. He may 
be termed the Robin Hood of Scotland. 
The hero of the novel is Frank Osbaldis- 
tone, who gets into divers troubles, from 
which he is rescued by Rob Roy. The 
last service is to kill Rashleigh Osbaldis- 
tone, whereby Frank's great enemy is 
3 H 



ROB TALLY-HO. 



834 



ROBERT OF PARIS. 



removed ; and Frank then marries Diana 
Vernon. — Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, 
George I.). 

Rather beneath the middle size than above it, his 
limbs were tormed upon the very strongest model that 
is consistent with agility. . . . Two points in his person 
interfered with the rules of symmetry : his shoulders were 
too broad . . . and his arms (though round, sinewy, and 
strong) were so very long as to be rather a deformity. 
— Ch. xxiii. 

Rob Tally-ho, Esq., cousin of the 
Hon. Tom Dashall, the two blades whose 
rambles and adventures through the 
metropolis are related by Pierce Egan 

(1821-2). 

Rob the Rambler, the comrade of 
Willie Steenson the blind fiddler. — Sir 
W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Robb (Duncan), the grocer near 
Ellangowan. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- 
ing (time, George II.). 

Robber (Alexander's). The pirate 
who told Alexander he was the greater 
robber of the two, was Dionldes. (See 
Evenings at Home, art. "Alexander 
and the Robber.") The tale is from 
Cicero : 

Nam qnum qusereretur ex eo, quo scelere impulsus 
mare haberet infestum uno myoparone : eodem, iuquit, 
quo tu orbem terrae. — De Repub., iii. 14 sec. 2-t. 

Robber (Edward the). Edward IV. was 
so called by the Scotch. 

Robert, father of Marian. He had 
been a wrecker, and still hankered after 
the old occupation. One night, a storm 
arose, and Robert went to the coast to see 
what would fall into his hands. A body 
was washed ashore, and he rifled it. 
Marian followed, with the hope of re- 
straining her father, and saw in the dusk 
some one strike a dagger into a prostrate 
body. She thought it was her father, 
and when Robert was on his trial, he was 
condemned to death on his daughter's 
evidence. Black Norris, the real mur- 
derer, told her he would save her father 
if she would consent to be his wife ; she 
consented, and Robert was acquitted. 
On the wedding day, her lover Edward 
returned to claim her hand, Norris was 
seized as a murderer, and Marian was 
saved. — S. Knowles, The Daughter 
(1836). 

Robert, a servant of sir Arthur War- 
dour at Knockwinnock Castle. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Robert (Mons.), a neighbour of Sgana- 
rrlle. Hearing the screams of Mde. 
Martine (Sganarelle's wife), he steps over 



to make peace between them, whereupon 
madame calls him an impertinent fool, 
and says, if she chooses to be beaten by 
her husband, it is no affair of his ; and 
Sganarelle says, "Je la veux battre, si 
je le veux ; et ne la veux pas battre, si 
je ne le veux pas ; " and beats M. Robert 
again. — Moliere, Le Me'decin Malgre Lui 
(1666). 

Robert Macaire, a bluff, free- 
living libertine. His accomplice is 
Bertrand a simpleton and a villain. — 
Daumier, E Auberge des Adrets. 

Robert Street, Adelphi, London. 
So called from Robert Adams, the 
builder. 

Robert duke of Albany, brother 
of Robert III. of Scotland.— Sir W. 
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 

Robert duke of Normandy 

sold his dominions to Rufus for 10,000 
marks, to furnish him with ready money 
for •Mie crusade, which he joined at the 
head of 1000 heavy-armed horse and 
1000 light-armed Normans. — Tasso, Jeru- 
salem Delivered (1575). 

Robert III. of Scotland, introduced 
by sir W. Scott in the Fair Maid of Berth 
(time, Henry IV.). 

Robert le Diable, son of Bertha 
and Bertramo. Bertha was the daughter 
of Robert duke of Normandy, and 
Bertramo was a fiend in the guise of a 
knight. The opera shows the struggle 
in Robert between the virtue inherited 
from his mother and the vice inherited 
from his father. His father allures him 
to gamble till he loses everything, and 
then claims his soul, but his foster-sister 
Alice counterplots the fiend, and rescues 
Robert by reading to him his mother's 
will. — Meyerbeer, Roberto il Diavolo 
(libretto by Scribe, 1831). 

*** Robert le Diable was the hero of 
an old French metrical romance (thir- 
teenth century). This romance in the 
next century was thrown into prose. 
There is a miracle-play on the same 
subject. 

Robert of Paris (Count), one of the 
crusading princes. The chief hero of 
this novel is Hereward (3 syl.), one of the 
Varangian guard of the emperor Alexius 
Comnenus. He and the count fight a 
single combat with battle-axes ; after 
which Hereward enlists under the count's 
banner, and marries Bertha also called 



ROBERT THE DEVIL. 



835 



ROBIN HOOD. 



Agatha.— Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Robert the Devil or Robert the 
Magnificent, Robert I. duke of 
Normandy, father of William "the 
Conqueror" (*, 1028-1035). 

Robert Francois Damiens, who tried to 
assassinate Louis XV., was popularly so 
called (*, 1714-1757). 

Roberts, cash-keeper of Master 
George Heriot the king's goldsmith. — Sir 
W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 

Roberts (John), a smuggler. — Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Robespierre's Weavers, the 

fish-fags and their rabble female fol- 
lowers of the very lowest class, parti- 
zans of Robespierre in the first French 
Revolution. 

Robin, the page of sir John Fal- 
staff. — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of 
Windsor (1601). 

Robin, servant of captain Rovewell, 
whom he helps in his love adventure with 
Arethusa daughter of Argus. — Carey, 
Contrivances (1715). 

Robin, brother-in-law of Farmer Crop, 
of Cornwall. Having lost his property 
through the villain}- of lawyer Endless, he 
emigrates, and in three years returns. The 
ship is wrecked off the coast of Corn- 
wall, and Robin saves Frederick the 
j'oung squire. On landing, he meets his 
old sweetheart Margaretta at Crop's house, 
and the acquaintance is renewed by 
mutual consent. — P. Hoare, No Song no 
Supper (1790). 

Robin, a young gardener, fond of the 
minor theatres, where he has picked up 
a taste for sentimental fustian, but all 
his rhapsodies bear upon his trade. 
Thus, when Wilelmina asks why he 
wishes to dance with her, he replies : 

Ask the plants why they love a shower ; ask the sun- 
flower why it loves the sun ; ask the snowdrop why it is 
white ; ask the violet why it is blue ; ask the trees 
why they blossom ; the cabbages why they grow. 'lis all 
because they can't help it ; no more can I help my love 
for you.— 0. Dibdin, The Waterman, i. (1774). 

Robin (Old), butler to old Mr. Ralph 
Morton of Milnwood. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Robin Bluestring. Sir Robert 
Walpole was so called, in allusion to his 
blue ribbon as a knight of the Garter 
(1676-1745). 

Robin Gray (Auld). The words of 



this song are by lady Anne Lindsay, 
daughter of the earl of Balcarres ; she 
was afterwards lady Barnard. The song 
was written in 1772 to an old Scotch tune 
called The Bride /morn Grab when the Sun 
gaed Down. (See Gray, p. 402.) 

Robin Hood was born at Locksley, 
in Notts., in the reign of Henry II. (1160). 
His real name was Fitzooth, and it is 
commonly said that he was the earl of 
Huntingdon. Having outrun his fortune, 
and being outlawed, he lived as a free- 
booter in Barnsdale (Yorkshire), Sher- 
wood (Notts.), and Plompton Bark (Cum- 
berland). His chief companions were 
Little John (whose name was Nailor), 
William Scadlock (or Scarlet), George 
Green the pinder (or pound-keeper) of 
Wakefield, Much a miller's son, and 
Tuck a friar, with one female named 
Marian. His company at one time con- 
sisted of a hundred archers. He was 
bled to death in his old age by a relative, 
the prioress of Kirkley's Nunnery, in 
Yorkshire, November 18, 1247, aged 87 
years. 

%* An excellent sketch of Robin 
Hood is given by Drayton in his Poly- 
olbion, xxvi. Sir W. Scott introduces 
him in two novels — Jcanhoe and The 
Talisman. In the former he first appears 
as Locksley the archer, at the tourna- 
ment. He is also called " Dickon Bend- 
the-Bow." 

The following dramatic pieces have the 
famous outlaw for the hero : — Robin 
Hood, i. (1597), Mundav ; Robin Hood, 
ii. (1598), Chettle; Robin Hood (1741), 
an opera, by Dr. Arne and Burney ; 
Robin Hood (1787), an opera, by O'Keefe, 
music bv Shield ; Robin Hood, by Mac- 
nally (before 1820). 

Major tells us that this famous robber 
took away the goods of rich men only ; 
never killed any person except in self- 
defence ; never plundered the poor, but 
charitably fed them ; and adds, " he was 
the most humane and the prince of all 
robbers." — Britannia? Historia, 128 (1740). 

The abbot of St. Mary's, in York, and 
the sheriff of Nottingham were his betes 
noires. Mundav and Chettle wrote a 
popular play in 1601, entitled The Death 
of Robert Earl of Huntington. 

Epitaph of Robin Hood. 

Hear undernead dis laitl stean 
Laiz robert earl of Huntingtun. 
Near arcir ver az hie -a geud, 
An pipl kauld im robin heud. 
Sick uilawz az hi an iz men 
Vil england nivr si agen. 
Obiit 24 (? 14) kal dekembris. 1247. 

Dr. Gale (dean of York). 



ROBIN REDBREAST. 



ROBSART. 



Robin Hood's Fat Friar was friar 
Tuck. 

Robin Hood's Men, outlaws, free- 
booters. 

There came sodainly twelve men all appareled in short 
eotes of Kentish Kendal \/jri'en\ . . . every one of them 
. . . like outlaws or Robyn Hodes men.— Hall [fo. lvi. b). 

1. Robin Hood in Bamsdale Stood, said 
to a person who is not speaking to the 
point. This is the only line extant of a 
song of great antiquity, and a favourite 
in the law-courts. 

A case in Yelverton was alluded to, but the court re- 
marked, "You may as well say by way of inducement to a 
traverse, 'Robin Hood in Barnwood stood.'" — Bush v. 
Leake. 

Mes tout un come il ust replie " Robin Whood in Barn- 
wood stood," absque hoc q def. p. commandement sir 
John. — Witham. v. Barker. 

Robin Hood upon Greendale stood. 

State Trials, iii. 634. 

2. Come, turn about, Robin Hood, a chal- 
lenge in defiance of exceeding pluck. 

O Love, whose power and might 

No creature ere withstood. 
Thou foicest me to write. 

Come, turn about, Robin Hood. 

Wit and Drollery (1661). 

3. Many talk of Robin Hood that never shot 
I in his bow, many prate of things of 
, which they have no practical knowledge. 

Herein our author hath verified the proverb, " Talking 
at large of Robin Hood, in whose bow he never shot." — 
; Fuller, Worthies. 315 (1662). 

Molti parlan cli Orlando 

Chi non vidUero mai suo brando. 

Italian Proverb. 

4. To sell Robin Hood s Penny worths, sold 
much under the intrinsic value. As 
Robin Hood stole his goods, he sold them 
at almost any price. It is said that 
chapmen bought his wares most eagerly. 

All men said it became me well, 

And Robin Hood's pennyworths I did sell. 

Randal-a-Barnaby. 

Robin Redbreast. One tradition 
is that the robin pecked a thorn out of 
the crown of thorns when Christ was on 
His way to Calvary, and the blood which 
issued from the wound, falling on the 
bird, dyed its breast red. 

Another tradition is that it carries in 
its bill dew to those shut up in the 
burning lake, and its breast is red from 
being scorched by the fire of Gehenna. 

He brings cool dew in his little bill. 

And lets it tall on the souls of sin ; 
You can see the mark on his reil breast still, 

Of fires that scorch as he drops it jn. 

J. G. Whittief, The Robin. 

Robin Redbreasts, Bow Street 
officers. So called from their red vests. 

Robin Roughhead, a poor cottager 
and farm labourer, the son of lord Lack- 
wit. On the death of his lordship, Robin 



Roughhead comes into the title and 
estates. This brings out the best 
qualities of his heart — liberality, bene- 
volence, and honesty. He marries Dolly, 
to whom he was already engaged, and 
becomes the good genius of the peasantry 
on his estate. — Allingham, Fortune's 
Frolic. 

Robin and Makyne (2 syl.), an 
old Scotch pastoral. Robin is a shep- 
herd, for whom Makyne sighs, but he 
turns a deaf ear to her, and she goes 
home to weep. In time, Robin sighs for 
Makyne, but she replies, " He who wills 
not when he may, when he wills he shall 
have nay." — Percy, Reliques, etc., II. 

Robin of Bagshot, alias Gordon, 
alias Bluff Bob, alias Carbuncle, alias Bob 
Booty, one of Macheath's gang of thieves, 
and a favourite of Mrs. Peachuni's. — 
Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727). 

Robins (Zerubbabel), in Cromwell's 
tooop. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
Commonwealth), s. 

Robinson. Before you can say, Jack 
Robinson, a quotation from one of Hud- 
son's songs, a tobacconist that lived at 
98, Shoe Lane, in the early part of the 
present century. 

*** Probably Hudson only adopted 
the phrase. 

Robinson Cru'soe (2 syl.), a tale 
by Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe ran 
away from home, and went to sea. 
Being wrecked, he led for many years a 
solitary existence on an uninhabited 
island of the tropics, and relieved the 
weariness of life by numberless con- 
trivances. At length he met a human 
being, a young Indian, whom he saved 
from death on a Friday. He called him 
his " man Friday," and made him his 
companion and servant. 

Defoe founded this story on the ad- 
ventures of Alexander Selkirk, sailing- 
master of the Cinque Ports Galley, who 
was left by captain Stradling on the desolate 
island of Juan Fernandez for four years 
and four months (1704-170D), when he 
was rescued by captain Woodes Rogers 
and brought to England. 

Robsart (Amy), countess of Lei- 
cester. She was betrothed to Edmund 
Tressilian. When the earl falls into 
disgrace at court for marrying Amy, 
Richard Varney loosens a trap-door at 
Cumnor Place ; and Amy, rushing for- 



ROC. 



837 



RODERICK. 



ward to greet her husband, falls into the 
abyss and is killed. 

Sir Hugh Robsart, of Lidcote Hall, 
father of Amy. — Sir W. Scott, Kcnilwortk 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Roc, a white bird of enormous size. 
Its strength is such that it will lift up 
an elephant from the ground and carry it 
to its mountain nest, where it will devour 
it. In the Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
ments, it was a roc which carried 
Sindbad the sailor from the island on 
which he had been deserted by his 
companions (" Second Voyage "). And it 
was a roc which carried Agib from the 
castle grounds of the ten young men who 
had lost their right eyes ("The Third 
Calender's Story "). Sindbad says one 
claw of the roc is as "big as the trunk 
of a large tree," and its egg is " fifty 
paces [150 feet] in circumference." 

%* The " rukh " of Madagascar lays an 
egg equal to 148 hen's eggs. — Comptes 
Jiendus, etc., xxxii. 101 (1851). 

Rocco, the jailer sent with Fidelio 
(Leonora) to dig the grave of Fernando 
Florestan (j.v.). — Beethoven, Fidelio 
(1791). 

Roch'dale (Sir Simon), of the manor- 
house. He is a J.P., but refuses to give 
justice to Job Thornberry the old brazier, 
who demands that his son Frank Roch- 
dale should marry Mary [Thornberry], 
whom he has seduced. At this crisis, 
Peregrine appears, and tells sir Simon 
he is the elder brother, and as such is 
heir to the title and estates. 

Frank Rochdale, son of the baronet, 
who has promised to marry Mary Thorn- 
berry, but sir Simon wants him to marry 
lady Caroline Braymore, who has £4000 
a year. Lady Caroline marries the Hon. 
Tom Shuffleton, and Frank makes the 
best reparation he can by marrying Mary. 
— G. Colman, junior, John Bull (1805). 

Roche's Bird (Sir Boyle), which 
was " in two places at the same time." 
The tale is that sir Boyle Roche said in 
the House of Commons, "Mr. Speaker, 
it is impossible I could have been in two 
places at once, unless I were a bird." 
This is a quotation from Jevon's play, 
The Devil of a Wife (seventeenth cen- 
tury). 

Wife. I cannot be in two places at once. 

Husband (Rowland). Surely no, unless thou wert a bird. 

Rocheclifle (Br. Anthony), formerly 
Joseph Albany, a plotting royalist. — Sir 



W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Rochester (Tlie earl of), the 
favourite of Charles II., introduced in 
high feather by sir W. Scott in Woodstock, 
and in Peveril of the Peak in disgrace. 

Rock (Dr. Richard), a famous 
quack, who professed to cure every 
disease. He was short of stature and 
fat, wore a white three-tailed wig, 
nicely combed and frizzed upon each 
cheek, carried a cane, and halted in his 
gait. 

Dr. Rock. F.U.N., never wore a hat. ... He and Dr. 
Franks Mere at variance. . . . Rock cautioned the world 
to beware of bog-trotting quacks, while Franks called his 
rival '• Dumplin' Dick." Head of Confucius, what profa- 
nation !— Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World (1759). 
Oh 1 when his nerves had once received a shock. 
Sir Isaac Newton might have pone to Rock. 

Crabbe, Borough (1810). 

Rock Lizards, natives of Gibraltar, 
born in the town, of British parents. 

Rocket. He rose like a rocket, and 
fell like the stick. Thomas Paine said 
this of Mr. Burke. 

Rocnabad, a stream near the city of 
Schiraz, noted for the purity of its 
waters. 

" I am disgusted with the mountain of the Four Foun- 
tains," said the caliph Omar ben Abdal-aziz ; "and am 
resolved to go and drink of the stream of Kocnabad." — 
W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 

Roderick, the thirty-fourth and last 
of the Gothic kings of Spain, son of 
Theod'ofred and Rusilla. Having vio- 
lated Florinda, daughter of count Julian, 
he was driven from his throne by the 
Moors, and assumed the garb of a monk 
with the name of "father Maccabee." 
He was present at the great battle of 
Covadonga, in which the Moors were cut 
to pieces, but what became of him after- 
wards no one knows. His helm, sword, 
and cuirass were found, so was his steed. 
Several generations passed away, when, 
in a hermitage near Viseu, a tomb was 
discovered, "which bore in ancient cha- 
racters king Roderick's name ; " but im- 
agination must fill up the gap. He is 
spoken of as most popular. 

Time has been 
When not a tongue within the Pyrenees 
Dared whisper in dispraise of Roderick's name, 
Lest, if the conscious air had caught the sound, 
The vengeance of the honest multitude 
Should fall upon the traitorous head, and brand 
For life-long infamy the lying lips. 

Southey, Roderick, etc., xv. (1814). 

Roderick's Dog was called Theron. 
Roderick's Horse was Orel'io. 

Roderick ( The Vision of don) . Roderick 
the last of the Gothic kings of Spain 



RODERICK DHU. 



RODMOND. 



descended into an ancient vault near 
Toledo. This vault was similar to that 
in Greece, called the cave of Triphonios, 
where was an oracle. In the vault 
Roderick saw a vision of Spanish history 
from his own reign to the beginning of 
the nineteenth century. Period I. The 
invasion of the Moors, with his own 
defeat and death. Period II. The Augus- 
tine age of Spain, and their conquests in 
the two Indies. Period III. The oppres- 
sion of Spain by Bonaparte, and its 
succour by British aid. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Vision of Bon Roderick (1811). 

Roderick Dhu, an outlaw and chief 
of a banditti, which resolved to win back 
the spoil of the " Saxon spoiler." Fitz- 
James, a Saxon, met him and knew him 
not. He asked the Saxon why he was 
roaming unguarded over the mountains, 
and Fitz-James replied that he had 
sworn to combat with Roderick, the 
rebel, till death laid one of them pro- 
strate. " Have, then, thy wish ! " ex- 
claimed the stranger, "for I am Roderick 
Dhu." As he spoke, the whole place 
bristled with armed men. Fitz-James 
stood with his back against a rock, and 
cried, " Come one, come all, this rock 
shall fly ere I budge an inch." Sir 
Roderick, charmed with his daring, 
waved his hand, and all the band disap- 
peared as mysteriously as they had ap- 
peared. Sir Roderick then bade the Saxon 
fight, "For," said he, "that party will 
prove victorious which first slays an 
enemy." " Then," replied Fitz-James, 
" thy cause is hopeless, for Red Murdock 
is slain already." They fought, how- 
ever, and Roderick was slain (canto v.). 
—Sir W. Scott, The Lady of the Lake 
(1810). 

Roderick Random, a child of im- 
pulse, and a selfish libertine. His treat- 
ment of Strap is infamous and most 
heartless. — Smollett, Roderick Random 
(1748). 

Rod'erigo or Roderi'go (3 syl.% 

a Venetian gentleman in love with Des- 
demona. When Desdemona eloped with 
Othello, Roderigo hated the "noble 
Moor," and Ia'go took advantage of this 
temper for his own base ends. — Shake- 
speare, Othello (1611). 

Roderigo's suspicious credulity and impatient submis- 
sion to the cheats which he sees practised on him. and 
which, by persuasion, he suffers to be repeated, exhibit 
t. strong picture of a weak mind betrayed by unlawful 
desires to a false friend.— Dr. Johnson. 

Rodilardus, a huge cat, which 
attacked Panurge, and which he mistook 



for "a young soft-chinned devil." The 
word means "gnaw-lard" (Latin, rodere 
lardum). — Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 67 
(1545). 

He saw in a fine painting the stories of the most famous 
cats : as Rodillardus [sic] hung by the heels in a council of 
rats, puss in boots, the marquis de Carabas. Whittington's 
cat, the writing cat, the cat turned woman, witches in 
the shape of cats, and so on.— Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 
Tales ("The White Cat," 1682). 

*** " The marquis de Carabas." (See 
Puss in Boots.) 

Rodri'go, king of Spain, conquered 
by the Moors. He saved his life by 
flight, and wandered to Guadalete, where 
he begged food of a shepherd, and gave 
him in recompense his royal chain and 
ring. A hermit bade him, in penance, 
retire to a certain tomb full of snakes 
and toads, where, after three days, the 
hermit found him unhurt ; so, going to 
his cell, he passed the night in prayer. 
Next morning, Rodrigo cried aloud to the 
hermit, " They eat me now ; I feel the 
adder's bite." So his sin was atoned for, 
and he died. 

*** This Rodrigo is Roderick, the last 
of the Goths. 

Rodri'go, rival of Pe'dro " the pilgrim," 
and captain of a band of outlaws. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Pilgrim (1621). 

Rodri'go de Mondragon (Don), 
a bully and tyrant, the self-constituted 
arbiter of all disputes in a tennis-court of 
Valladolid. 

Don Rodrigo de Mondragon was about 30 years of age, 
of an ordinary make, but lean and muscular ; he had two 
little twinkling eyes, that rolled in his head and threatened 
everybody lie looked at ; a very flat nose, placed between 
red whiskers that curled up to his very temples ; and a 
manner of speaking so rough and passionate that his 
words struck terror into everybody.— Lesage, Gil Bias, ii. 
5 (1715). 

Rodhaver, the sweetheart of Zal a 
Persian. Zal being about to scale her 
bower, she let down her long tresses to 
assist him, but Zal managed to fix his 
crook into a projecting beam, and thus 
made his way to the lady of his devotion. 
— Champion, Ferdosi. 

Rodmond, chief mate of the Bri- 
tannia, son of a Northumbrian engaged 
in the coal trade ; a hardy, weather-beaten 
seaman, uneducated, "boisterous of man- 
ners," and regardless of truth, but tender- 
hearted. He was drowned when the ship 
struck on cape Colonna, the most southern 
point of Attica. 

Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud, 
Bold without caution, without honours proud. 
In art unschooled, each veteran rule he prized, 
And all improvement haughtily despised. 

Falconer, T/ie shipwreck, I. (1756). 



RODOGUNE. 



839 



ROHA. 



Ro'dogune, Rhodogune, orRho'- 
dogyne (3 syl.), daughter of Phraa'tes 
king of Parthia. She married Deme'trius 
Nica'nor (the husband of Cleopat'ra queen 
of Syria) while in captivity. (See p. ll'ii.) 

%* P. Corneille has a tragedy on the 
subject, entitled Rodogune (1(346). 

Rodolfo %Tl conte). It is in the bed- 
chamber of this count that Ami'na is 
discovered the night before her espousal 
to Elvi'no. Ugly suspicion is excited, 
but the count assures the young farmer 
that Amina walks in her sleep. While 
they are talking, Amina is seen to get 
out of a window and walk along a narrow 
edge of the mill-roof while the huge 
wheel is rapidly revolving. She crosses 
a crazy bridge, and walks into the very 
midst of the spectators. In a few minutes 
she awakes, and flies to the arms of her 
lover. — Bellini, La Sonnambula (opera, 
1831). 

Rodomont, king of Sarza or Algiers. 
He was Ulien's son, and called the " Mars 
of Africa." His lady-love was Dor'alis 
princess of Grana'da, but she eloped with 
Mandricardo king of Tartary. At 
Rogero's wedding, Rodomont accused him 
of being a renegade and traitor, where- 
upon they fought, and Rodomont was 
slain. — Orlando Innamorato (1495) ; and 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Who so meek ? I'm sure I quake at the very thought of 
him ; why, he's as fierce as Rodomont ! — Dryden, Spanish 
Fryar, v. 2 (1680). 

*** Rodomontade (4 syl.), from Ro- 
domont, a bragging although a brave 
knight. 

Rogel of Greece ( The Exploits and 
Adventures of), part of the series called 
Le Roman des Romans, pertaining to 
" Am'adis of Gaul." This part was added 
by Feliciano de Silva. 

Roger, the cook, who " cowde roste, 
sethe, broille, and frie, make mortreux, 
and wel bake a pye." — Chaucer, Canter- 
bury Tales (1388)/ 

Roger (Sir), curate to "The Scornful 
Lady " (no name given). — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Scornful Lady (1616). 

Roger Bontemps, the personation 
of contentment with his station in life, 
and of the buoyancy of good hope. 
" There's a good time coming, John." 

Vous pauvres. pleins d'envie ; 

Vous rich, desireux ; 
Vous dont le char devie 

Apres un cours heureux ; 
Vous qui perdrez peut-etre 

Des titres eclatans ; 



Eh ! gal ! prenez t>our maltre 
Le gros Roger Bontempa. 

Benmger (1780-1856). 

Ye poor, with envy goaded ; 

Ye rich, (or more who long ; 
Ye who by fortune loaded 

Find ali thine-' going wrong; 
Ye who l>> some dl—ttl 

See all your cables break ; 
From henceforth for your m:i?ter 

Sleek i:oger Boiiteni) s take. 

Roger de Coverley (Sir), an 
hypothetical baronet of Coverley or 
Cowlev, near Oxford. — Addison, The 
Spectator (1711, 1712, 1714). 

*** The prototype of this famous 
character was sir John Pakington, seventh 
baronet of the line. 

Roge'ro, brother of Marphi'sa ; 
brought up by Atlantes a magician. 
He married Brad'amant, the niece of 
Charlemagne. Rogero was converted to 
Christianity, and was baptized. His 
marriage with Bradamant and his election 
to the crown of Bulgaria, concludes the 
poem. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Who more brave than Rodomont? who more courteoui 
than Rogero ?— Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. (1605). 

Roge'ro, son of Roberto Guiscardo the 
Norman. Slain by Tisaphernes. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (1575). 

Roge'ro (3 syl.), a gentleman of Sicilia. 
— Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1604). 

%* This is one of those characters 
which appear in the dramatis persona, 
but are never introduced in the play. 
Rogero not only does not utter a word, he 
does not even enter the stage all through 
the drama. In the Globe edition his 
name is omitted. (See Violenta.) 

Roget, the pastoral name of George 
Wither in the four " eglogues," called 
The Shcpheards Hunting (1615). The 
first and last "eglogues" are dialogues 
between Roget and Willy his young 
friend ; in the second pastoral Cuddy is 
introduced, and in the third Alexis makes 
a fourth character. The subject of the 
first three is the reason of Roget's im- 
prisonment, which, he says, is a hunt that 
gave great offence. This hunt is in reality 
a satire called Abuses Stript and 'Whipi. 
The fourth pastoral has for its subject 
Roget's love of poetry. 

*** "Willy" is his friend William 
Browne of the Inner Temple (two years 
his junior), author of Britannia's Pas- 
torals. 

Roha, the camphor tree. "The juice 
of the camphor is made to run out from • 
wound at the top of the tree, and being 



ROI PANADE. 



840 



ROLANDO. 



received in a vessel, is allowed to harden 
in the sun."— Arabian Nights (" Sindbad's 
Second Voyage"). 

Roi Panade (" king of slops"), Louis 
XVIII. (1755, 1814-1824). 

Roister Doister {Ralph), a vain, 
thoughtless, blustering fellow, in pursuit 
of Custance a rich widow, but battled in 
his endeavour. — Nicholas Udall, Ralph 
Roister Doister (the first English comedy, 
1534). 

Rokesmith (John), alias John 
Harmon, secretary of Mr. Boffin. He 
lodged with the Wilfers, and ultimately 
married Bella Wilfer. John Rokesmith 
is described as "a dark gentleman, 30 
at the utmost, with an expressive, one 
might say, a handsome face." — Dickens, 
Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

%* For solution of the mystery, see 
vol. I. ii. 13. 

Roland, count of Mans and knight 
of Blaives. His mother, Bertha, was 
Charlemagne's sister. Roland is repre- 
sented as brave, devotedly loyal, unsus- 
picious, and somewhat too easily imposed 
upon. He was eight feet high, and had 
an open countenance. In Italian romance 
he is called Orlan'do. He was slain in 
the valle3 r of Roncesvalles as he was 
leading the rear of his uncle's army from 
Spain to France. Charlemagne himself 
had reached St. Jean Pied de Port at the 
time, heard the blast of his nephew's 
horn, and knew it announced treachery, 
but was unable to render him assistance 
(A.D. 778). 

Roland is the hero of The'roulde's 
Chanson de Roland; of Turpin's Chronique ; 
of Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato ; of 
Ariosto's Orlando Furioso ; of Piccini's 
opera called Roland (1778) ; etc. 

Roland's Horn, Olivant or Olifant. 
It was won from the giant Jatmund, and 
might be heard at the distance of thirty 
miles. Birds fell dead at its blast, and the 
whole Saracen army drew back in terror 
when they heard it. So loud it sounded, 
that the blast reached from Roncesvalles 
to St. Jean Pied de Port, a distance of 
several miles. 

Roland lifts Olifant to his mouth and blows it with all 
his might. The mountains around are lofty, but high 
above them the sound of the horn arises [at the third 
blast, it split in twain].— Song of Roland (as sung by 
Tuillefer, at the battle of Hastings). See Warton, His- 
tory of English Poetry, v. 1, sect. iii. VAi (1781). 

Roland's Horse, Veillantif, called in 
Italian Veglian'tino (" the little vigilant 
one"). 



In Italian romance, Orlando has another 
horse, called Brigliado'ro (" golden 
bridle"). 

Roland's Spear. Visitors are shown a 
spear in the cathedral of Pa'via, which 
they are told belonged to Roland. 

Roland's Sword, Duran'dal, made by 
the fairies. To prevent its falling into 
the hands of the enemy when Roland 
was attacked in the valley of Ronces- 
valles, he smote a rock with it, and it 
made in the solid rock a fissure some 
300 feet in depth, called to this day La 
Breche de Roland. 

Then would I seek the Pyrenean breach 

Which Roland clove with huge two-handed sway. 

And to the enormous labour left his name. 

Wordsworth. 

%* A sword is shown at Rocamadour, 
in the department of Lot (France), which 
visitors are assured was Roland's Duran- 
dal. But the romances say that Roland, 
dying, threw his sword into a poisoned 
stream. 

Death of Roland. There is a tradition 
that Roland escaped the general slaughter 
in the defile of Roncesvalles, and died of 
starvation while trying to make his way 
across the mountains. — John de la Bruiere 
Cham pier, De Gibaria, xvi. 5. 

Died like Roland, died of thirst. 

Nonnulli qui de Gallicis rebus historias conscripservmt, 
non dubitarunt posteris significare Rolandum Caroli illius 
magni sororis fi limn, virura certe bellica gloria omnique 
fortitudine nohillissimum, post ingentem Hispanorum 
credent prope Pyrenrei saltus juga, ubi insidire ab hoste 
collocatae fuerint, siti miserrime extinctum. Inde nostri 
intolerabili siti et immiti volentes significare se torqueri, 
facete aiunt "Rolandi morte se perire." — John de la 
Bruiere Champier, De Cibaria, xvi. 5. 

Roland (The Roman). Sicinius Den- 
tatus is so called by Niebuhr. He is 
not unfrequently called " The Roman 
Achilles " (put to death B.C. 450). 

Roland and Oliver, the two 
most famous of the twelve paladins of 
Charlemagne. To give a " Roland for an 
Oliver " is to give tit for tat, to give 
another as good a drubbing as you 
receive. 



Froissart, a countryman of ours [the French], \ 
England all Olivers and Rowlands bred 
During the time Kthvard the Third did reign. 

Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2 (1589). 

Roland de Vaux (Sir), baron of 
Triermain, who wakes Gyneth from her 
long sleep of 500 years, and marries her. 
— Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Triermain 
(1813). 

Rolando (Signor), a common railer 
against women, but brave, of a "happy 
wit and independent spirit." Rolando 
swore to marry no woman, but fell in 
love with Zam'ora, and married her, 



ROLANDSECK TOWER. 



841 



ROMAN DES ROMANS. 



declaring "she was no woman but an 
angel." — J. Tobin, The Honeymoon 
(1804). 

The resemblance between Rolando and 
Benedick will instantly occur to the 
mind. 

Rolandseck Tower, opposite the 
Drachenfels. Roland was engaged to 
Aude, daughter of sir Gerard and lady 
Guibourg ; but the lady, being told that 
Roland had been slain by Angoulaftre the 
Saracen, retired to a convent. The 
paladin returned home full of glory, 
having slain the Saracen, and when he 
heard that his lady-love had taken the 
veil, he built Rolandseck Castle, which 
overlooks the convent, that he might at 
least see the lady to whom he could never 
be united. After the death of Aude, 
Roland "sought the battle-field again, 
and fell at Roncevall." — Campbell, The 
Brave Roland. 

Roldan, " El encantado," Roldan 
made invulnerable by enchantment. The 
cleft " Roldan," in the summit of a high 
mountain in the kingdom of Valencia, 
was so called because it was made by a 
single back-stroke of Roldan's sword. 
The character is in two Spanish romances, 
authors unknown. — Bernardo del Carpio 
and Roncesvalles. 

This book [Rinaldo de Montalban], and all others 
written on French matters, shall be deposited in some dry 
place . . . except one called Bernardo del Carj.io, and 
another called lioncivalles, which shall certainly accom- 
pany the rest on the bonfire.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. 
L 6 (1605). 

Holla, kinsman of the inca Atali'ba, 
and the idol of the army. " In war a 
tiger chafed by the hunters' spears ; in 
peace more gentle than the unweaued 
lamb " (act i. 1). A firm friend and 
most generous foe. Rolla is wounded in 
his attempt to rescue the infant child of 
Alonzo from the Spaniards, and dies. 
His grand funeral procession terminates 
the drama. — Sheridan, Pizarro (altered 
from Kotzebue, 1799). 

John Kemble and two friends were returning to town 
in an open carriage from lord Abercorn's, and came to a 
toll-bar. As the toll-keeper and his daughter were fum- 
bling for change, Kemble cried out, in the words of Iiolla 
to the army," We seek no change, and least of all such 
change as they would bring us " (act ii. 2). — S. Rogers, 
Table Talk (1856). 

Rolling Stone. 

The stone that is rolling can gather no moss ; 
For master and servant oft changing is loss. 

T. Tusser, The Pciats of Huswifery ("Admo- 
nitions," 20, 1560). 

Hollo, duke of Normandy, called 
" The Bloody Brother." He caused the 
death of his brother Otto, and slew 
several others, some out of mere wanton- 



ness. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Bloody Brother (1G39). 

Roman {The), Jean Dumont, the 
French painter, Lc Remain (1700-1781). 

Stephen Picart, t lie French engraver, 
Lc Romam (1631-1721). 

Giulio I'ippi, called Giulio Romano 
(1492-1546). 

Adrian van Roomen, mathematician, 
Adrianus Romdnus (1561-1616). 

Roman Achilles, Sicinius Denta- 
tus (slain b.c. 450). 

Roman Bird (The), the eagle, the 
distinctive ensign of the Roman legion. 

Roman Brevity. Caesar imitated 
laconic brevity when he announced 
to Amintius his victory at Zcbi, in Asia 
Minor, over Pharna'ces, son of Mithri- 
datGs : Veni, vidi, vici. 

Poins. I will imitate the honourable Unman in brevity. 
— Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 2 (1598). 

Sir Charles Napier is credited with a 
far more laconic despatch on making 
himself master of Scinde in 1848. Taking 
possession of Hyderabad, and outflank- 
ing Shere Mohammed by a series of most 
brilliant manoeuvres, he is said to have 
written home this punning despatch: 
Feccdvi ("1 have sinned" [Scinde]). 

Roman Father (The), Horatius, 
father of the Horatii and of Horatia. 
The story of the tragedy is the well- 
known Roman legend about the Horatii 
and Curiatii. Horatius rejoices that his 
three sons have been selected to represent 
Rome, and sinks the affection of the 
father in love for his country. Horatia 
is the betrothed of Caius Curiatius, but is 
also beloved by Valerius, and when the 
Curiatii are selected to oppose her three 
brothers, she sends Valerius to him with 
a scarf to induce him to forego the fight. 
Caius declines, and is slain. Horatia is 
distracted ; they take from her every 
instrument of death, and therefore she 
resolves to provoke her surviving brother, 
Publius, to kill ber. Meeting him in 
his triumph, she rebukes him for murder- 
ing her lover, scoifs at his " patriotism," 
and Publius kills her. Horatius now 
resigns Publius to execution for murder, 
but the king and Roman people rescue 
him.— W. Whitehead (1741). 

*** Corneille has a drama on the same 
subject, called Les Horaces (1639). 

Roman des Romans (Le), a 
series of prose romances connected with 
Am'adis of Gaul. So called by Gilbert 
Saunier. 



ROMANS. 



842 



ROMUALD. 



Romans {Last of the), Rienzi the 
tribune (1310-1354). 

Charles James Fox (1749-1806). 

Horace Walpole, Ultimus Eomanorum 
(1717-1797). 

Caius Cassius was so called by Brutus. 

The last of all the Romans, fare thee well I 
It is impossible that ever Rome 
Should breed thy fellow. 
Shakespeare, Julius Ccesar, act v. sc. 3 (1607). 

Romans (Most Learned of the), Marcus 
Terentius Varro (b.c. 116-28). 

Romance of the Rose, a poetical 
allegory, begun by Guillaume di Lorris in 
the latter part of the thirteenth century, 
and continued by Jean de Meung in the 
former half of the fourteenth century. 
The poet dreams that Dame Idleness con- 
ducts him to the palace of Pleasure, 
where he meets Love, whose attendant 
maidens are Sweet-looks, Courtesy, 
Youth, Joy, and Competence, by whom 
he is conducted to a bed of roses. He 
singles out one, when an arrow from Love's 
bow stretches him fainting on the ground, 
and he is carried off. When he comes to 
himself, he resolves, if possible, to find his 
rose, and Welcome promises to aid him ; 
Shyness, Fear, and Slander obstruct him, 
and Reason advises him to give up the 
quest. Pity and Kindness show him the 
object of his search ; but Jealousy seizes 
Welcome, and locks her in Fear Castle. 
Here the original poem ends. The sequel, 
somewhat longer than the twenty-four 
books of Homer's Iliad, takes up the tale 
from this point. 

Roma'no, the old monk who took 
pity on Roderick in his flight (viii.), 
and went with him for refuge to a small 
hermitage on the sea-coast, where they 
remained for twelve months, when the 
old monk died. — Southev, Roderick, the 
Last of the Goths, i., ii. (1814). 

Rome Does (Do as). The saying 
originated with St. Ambrose (fourth 
century). It arose from the following 
diversity in the observance of Saturday : — 
The Milanese make it a feast, the Romans 
a fast. St. Ambrose, being asked what 
should be done in such a case, replied, " In 
matters of indifference, it is better to be 
guided by the general usage. When I am 
at Milan, I do not fast on Saturdays, but 
when I am at Rome, I do as they do at 
Rome." 

Rome of the North. Cologne was 
so called (says Hope) in the Middle Ages, 
from its wealth, power, and ecclesiastical 
foundations. 



Rome Saved by Geese. When 
the Gauls invaded Rome, a detachment 
in single file scaled the hill on which the 
capitol stood, so silently that the fore- 
most man reached the summit without 
being challenged ; but while striding 
over the rampart, some sacred geese were 
disturbed, and by their cackle aroused 
the guard. Marcus Manlius rushed to 
the wall, and hustled the Gaul over, thus 
saving the capitol. 

A somewhat parallel case occurred in 
Ireland in the battle of Glinsaly, in 
Donegal. A party of the Irish would 
have surprised the protestants if some 
wrens had not disturbed the guards by 
the noise they made in hopping about the 
drums and pecking on the parchment 
heads. — Aubrey, Miscellanies, 45. 

Ro'meo, a son of Mon'tague (3 syl.), 
in love with Juliet the daughter of 
Cap'ulet ; but between the houses of Mon- 
tague and Capulet there existed a deadly 
feud. As the families were irreconcilable, 
Juliet took a sleeping draught, that she 
might get away from her parents and elope 
with Romeo. Romeo, thinking her to be 
dead, killed himself ; and when Juliet 
awoke and found her lover dead, she also 
killed herself. — Shakespeare, Romeo and 
Juliet (1598). 

Fox said that Barry's " Romeo" was 
superior to Garrick's (S. Rogers, Table 
Talk). Fitzgerald says that Barry was 
the superior in the garden-scenes and in 
the first part of the tomb, but Garrick 
in the scene with the "friar" and in the 
dying part. 

Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy by 
Shakespeare (1598). The tale is taken 
from Rhomeo and Jidietta, a novel by 
Boisteau in French, borrowed from an 
Italian story by Bandelio (1554). 

In 1562 Arthur Brooke produced the 
same tale in verse, called The Tragicall 
History of Romeus and Jidiet. In 1567 
Painter published a prose translation of 
Boisteau's novel. 

Romp (The), a comic opera altered 
from Bickerstaff's Love in the City. Pris- 
cilla Tomboy is "the romp," and the plot 
is given under that name. 

A splendid portrait of Mrs. Jordan, in her character of 
"The Romp," hung over the mantelpiece in the dining- 
room \of A dolphin /'itzctorenccj.— Lord W. P. Lennox, 
Celebrities, etc., i. 11. 

Rom'uald (St). The Catalans had a 
great reverence for a hermit so called, and 
hearing that he was about to quit their 
country, called together a' parish meeting, 



ROMULA. 



843 



ROSA. 



to consult how they might best retain him 
amongst them, "For," said they, "he 
will certainly be consecrated, and his 
relics will bring a fortune to us." So 
they agreed to strangle him ; but their 
intention being told to the hermit, he 
secretly made his escape. — St. Foix, 
Essais Historiques sur Paris, v. 163. 

%* Southey has a ballad on the sub- 
ject. 

Rom'ola, the heroine and title of a 
novel by George Eliot (Mrs. Lewes). 
Romula married Tito Mel'ema, a Greek. 
(Brought out in Cornhill Magazine.) 

Romulus (The Second and Third), 
Camillus and Marius. Also called " The 
Second and Third Founders of Rome." 

Romulus and Remus, the twin 
sons of Silvia a vestal virgin and the 
god Mars. The infants were exposed in 
a cradle, and the floods carried the cradle 
to the foot of the Palatine. Here a wolf 
suckled them, till one Faustulus, the 
king's shepherd, took them to his wife, 
who brought them up. When grown to 
manhood, they slew Amulius, who had 
caused them to be exposed. 

The Greek legend of Tyro is in many 
respects similar. This Tyro had an 
amour with Poseidon (as Silvia had with 
Mars), and two sons were born in both 
cases. Tyro's mother-in-law confined her 
in a dungeon, and exposed the two infants 
(Pelias and Neleus) in a boat on the river 
Enipeus (3 syl.). Here they were dis- 
covered and brought up by a herdsman 
(Romulus and Remus were brought up by 
a shepherd), and when grown to man- 
hood, they put to death their mother-in- 
law, who had caused them to be exposed 
(as Romulus and Remus put to death 
their great-uncle Amulius). 

Ron, the ebony spear of prince Arthur. 

The temper of his sword, the tried Excalibor, 

The bigness and the length of Rone his noble spear, 

With Pridwin his great shield. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Ronald (Lord), in love with lady 
Clare, to whom he gave a lily-white doe. 
The day before the wedding, nurse 
Alice told lady Clare she was not " lady 
Clare " at all, but her own child. On 
hearing this, she dressed herself as a 
peasant girl, and went to lord Ronald to 
release him from his engagement. Lord 
Ronald replied, "If you are not the 
heiress born, we will be married to- 
morrow, and you shall still be lady 
Clare." — Tennyson, Lady Clare. 

Ronaldson (Neil), the old ranzel- 



man of Jarlshof (ch. vii.). — Sir W. Scott, 
The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Roncesvalles (4 syl.), a defile in the 
Pyrenees, famous for the disaster which 
befell Roland and his army. 

%* Sometimes the word has only 3 
syl., as Ronce.val.les or Ron.ce.val. 

Ed Olever des Vassals 
Ki morurent en Ronchevals. 
Lorrls, Roman de la Rou, ii. i. 13, 151 (thirteenth century). 
And the dead who, deathless all, 
Fell at famous Ronccval. 

Rondib'ilis, the physician consulted 
by Panurge on the knotty question, 
" whether he ought to marry, or let it 
alone." — Rabelais, Pantag'ruel (1545). 

*** This question, which Panurge was 
perpetually asking every one, of course 
refers to the celibacy of the clergy. 

Rondo (The Father of the), Jean 
Baptiste Davaux. 

Rooden Lane. All on one side, like 
Rooden Lane. The village of Rooden or 
Roden, in Herefordshire, is built all on 
one side of the road, the other side being 
the high wall of Heaton Park, the resi- 
dence of the earl of Wilton. 

Rope of Ocnus (A), profitless labour. 
Ocnus was always twisting a rope with 
unwearied diligence, but an ass ate it as 
fast as it was twisted. 

*** This allegory means that Ocnus 
worked hard to earn money, which his 
wife squandered by her extravagance. 

The work of Penelope's web was "never 
ending, still beginning, "because Penelope 
pulled out at night all that she had spun 
during the day. Her object was to defer 
doing what she abhorred but knew not 
how to avoid. 

Rope-Walk (Gone into the), taken up 
Old Bailey practice. The "rope" refers 
to the hangman's cord. — Barristers' Slang. 

Roper (Margaret) was buried with 
the head of her father, sir Thomas More, 
between her hands. 

Her, who clasped in her last trance 
Her murdered father's head. 

Tennyson. 

Roque (1 syl.), a blunt, kind-hearted 
old servitor to donna Floranthe. — Colman, 
Octavian (1824). 

Roque G-uinart, a freebooter, whose 
real name was Pedro Rocha Guin.irda. He 
is introduced by Cervantes in Don Quixote. 

Rosa, a village beauty, patronized by 
lady Dedlock. She marries Mrs. Ro'mce- 
well's grandson. — C. Dickens, Bleak Bouse 
(1853). 



ROSABELLE. 



844 



ROSAMOND. 



Rosabelle (3 syl.), the lady's-maid of 
lady Geraldine. Rosabelle promised to 
marry L'Eclair, the orderly of chevalier 
Florian. — W. Diniond, The Foundling of 
the Forest. 

Rosalind {i.e. Rose Daniel), the 
shepherd lass who rejected Colin Clout (the 
poet Spenser) for Menalcas (John Florio 
the lexicographer (1579). Spenser was at 
the time in his twenty-sixth year. Being 
rejected by Rosalind, he did not marry till 
he was nearly 41, and then we are told that 
Elizabeth was " the name of his mother, 
queen, and wife" (Sonnet, 74). In the 
Faery Queen, "the country lass" (Rosa- 
lind) is introduced dancing with the Graces, 
and the poet says she is worthy to be the 
fourth (bk. vi. 10, 16). In 1595 appeared 
the Epithala! mion, in which the recent 
marriage is celebrated. — Ed. Spenser, 
Shepheardes Calendar, i., vi. (1579). 

"Rosalinde" is an anagram for Rose 
Daniel, evidently a well-educated young 
lady of the north, and probably the "lady 
Mirabella " of the Faery Queen, vi. 7, 8. 
Spenser calls her "the widow's daughter 
of the glen " (eel. iv.), supposed to be 
either Burnley or Colne, near Hurstwood, 
in Yorkshire. Eel. i. is the plaint of 
Colin for the loss of Rosalind. Eel. vi. 
is a dialogue between Colin and Hobbinol 
his friend, in which Colin laments, and 
Hobbinol tries to comfort him. Eel. xii. 
is a similar lament to eel. i. Rose Daniel 
married John Florio the lexicographer, 
the " Hoi of ernes " of Shakespeare. 

Ros'alind, daughter of the banished 
duke who went to live in the forest of 
Arden. Rosalind was retained in her 
uncle's court as the companion of bis 
daughter Celia ; but when the usurper 
banished her, Celia resolved to be her 
companion, and for greater security 
Rosalind dressed as a bo\ r , and assumed 
the name of Ganimed, while Celia dressed 
as a peasant girl, and assumed the name 
of Aliena. The two girls went to the 
forest of Arden, and lodged for a time in 
a hut ; but they had not been long there 
when Orlando encountered them. Or- 
lando and Rosalind had met before at a 
wrestling match, and the acquaintance 
was now renewed ; Ganimed resumed her 
proper apparel, and the two were married 
with the sanction of the duke. — Shake- 
speare, As You Like It (1598). 

Nor shall the griefs of Lear he alleviated, or the charms 
and wit of Rosalind be abated by time— N. Drake, M.D., 
Shakespeare and Jlis Times, ii. 554 (1817). 

Rosaline, the niece of Capulet, with 
whom Romeo was in love before he saw 



Juliet. Mercutio calls her "a pale- 
hearted wench," and Romeo says she did 
not ' ' grace for grace and love for love 
allow," like Juliet. — Shakespeare, Romeo 
and Juliet (1598). 

*** Rosaline is frequently mentioned 
in the first act of the play, but is not one 
of the dramatis persona?. 

Rosaline, a lady in attendance on the 
princess of France. A sharp wit was 
wedded to her will, and "two pitch 
balls were stuck in her face for eyes." 
Rosaline is called "a merry, nimble, 
stirring spirit." Biron, a lord in atten- 
dance on Ferdinand king of Navarre, 
proposes marriage to her, but she replies : 

You must be purged first, your sins are racked . . , 
Therefore if you my favour mean to get, 
A twelvemonth shall you spend, and never rest, 
But seek the weary beds of people sick. 

Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 

Rosalu'ra, the airy daughter of 
Nantolet, beloved by Belleur. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase 
(1652). 

Ros'amond (The Fair), Jane Clif- 
ford, daughter of Walter lord Clifford. 
The lady was loved not wisely but too 
well by Henry II., who kept her for 
concealment in a labyrinth at Woodstock. 
Queen Eleanor compelled the frail fair 
one to swallow poison (1177). 

She was the fayre daughter of Walter lord Clifford . . . 
Henry made for her a house of wonderfull working, so 
that no man or woman might come to her. This house 
was named " Labyrinthus," and was wrought like unto a 
knot, in a garden called a maze. But the queen came to 
her by a clue of thredde, and so dealt with her that she 
lived not long after. She was buried at Godstow, in a 
house of nunnes, with these verses upon her tombe : 

Hie jacet in tumba Rosa mundi, non Rosa munda ; 

Kon redolet, sed olet, quae redolere solet. 

Here Rose the graced, not Jtose the chaste, repose*; 

The smell tltat rises is no smell of roses. 

*%* The subject has been a great 
favourite with poets. We have in Eng- 
lish the following tragedies : — The Com- 
plaint of Rosamond, by S. Daniel (before 
1619) ; Henry II. . . . with the Death of 
Rosamond, either Bancroft or Mountford 
(1693) ; Rosamond, by Addison (1706) ; 
Henry and Rosamond, by Hawkins 
(1749) ; Fair Rosamond, by Tennyson 
(1879). In Italian: Rosmonda, by Ru- 
cellai (1525). In Spanish : Rosmunda, 
by Gil y Zarate (1840). We have also 
Rosamond, an opera, by Dr. Arne (1733) ; 
and Rosamonde, a poem in French, bv C. 
Briffaut (1813). Sir Walter Seott'has 
introduced the beautiful soiled dove in 
two of his novels — The lalisman and 
Woodstock. 

*** Dryden says her name was Jane : 

Jane Clifford was her name, as books aver ; 

" Fair Rosamond " was but her mm de guerre. 



ROSANA. 



845 



ROSE OF ARRAGON. 



We rede that in Englande mi a king tliat had a 
concuhyne whose.name was Kn.se, and for hir greate hewtye 
he cleped hir Rose a moiiiiite (Rosa mtindil. that is to say. 
ROM of the world, for him tho'ight that she passed »1 
wyinen in liewtye.— R. 1'wisoii (1493), subsequently 
printed by Wynken de Worde in 1496. 

The Bosemunde of Alfieri is quite 
another person. (See Rosemoxd.) 

Rosa'na, daughter of the Armenian 
queen, who helped St. George to quench 
the seven lamps of the knight of the 
Black Castle. — R. Johnson, T)u 
Champions of Christendom, ii. 8, 9 (1617). 

Roscius (Quintus), the greatest of 
Roman actors (died B.C. 62). 

What scene of death hath Roscius now to act ? 
Shakespeare, 3 Henry Vi. act v. sc. C (1592). 

Roscius (The British), Thomas Better- 
ton (1635-1710), and David Garriek 
(1716-1779). 

%* The earl of Southampton says 
that Richard Burbage " is famous as our 
English Roscius " (1566-1619). 

Boscius (The Irish), Spranger Barry, 
"The Silver-Tongued " (1719-1777). 

Boscius (The Young), "William Henry 
West Betty, who in 1803 made his debut 
in London. He was about 12 years of 
age, and in fiftv-six nights realized 
£34,000. He died, aged 84, in 1874. 

Roscius of France (The), Michel 
Boyron or Baron (1653-1729). 

Roscrana, daughter of Cormac king 
of Ireland (grandfather of that Cormac 
murdered by Cairbar). Roscra'na is 
called "the blue-eyed and white-handed 
maid," and was " like a spirit of heaven, 
half folded in the skirt of a cloud." 
Subsequently she was the wife of Fingal 
king of Morven, and mother of Ossian 
" kin'* of bards." — Ossian, Temora, vi. 

%* Cormac, the father of Roscrana, 
was great-grandfather of that Cormac 
who was reigning when Swaran made his 
invasion. The line ran thus : (1) Cormac 
I., (2) Cairbre, his son, (3) Artho, his son, 
(4) Cormac II., father-in-law of Fingal. 

Rose, "the gardener's daughter," a 
story of happy first love, told in later 
years by an old man who had, in his 
younger days, trifled with the passion of 
love ; but, like St. Augustin, was always 
"loving to love " (amans amare), and was 
at length heart-smitten with Rose, whom 
he married. (See Alice.) — Tennyson, 
TJie Gardener's Daughter. 

Bose. Sir John Mandeville says that 
a Jewish maid of Bethlehem (whom 
Southey names Zillah) was beloved by 
one Ham'uel a brutish sot. Zillah re- 



jected his suit, and Hamuel, in revenge, 
accused the maiden of ollences for which 
6he was condemned to be burned alive. 
When brought to the stake, the flames 
burnt Hamuel to a cinder, but did no 
harm to Zillah. There she stood, in a 
garden of roses, for the brands which had 
been kindled became red roses, and those 
which had not caught lire became white 
ones. These are the first roses that ever 
bloomed on earth since the loss of 
paradise. 

As the fyre began to brenne about hire, she made her 
preyeres to oure Lord . . . and anon was the fayer 
quenched and oute, and brondes that weren brenn\n».'e 
becomen white roaerea . . and theise werein the first 
roseres that ever ony man saughe.— Sir John Maunde- 
rille, Voiaye and Traivaile. 

Bose. According to Mussulman tradi- 
tion, the rose is thus accounted for : 
"When Mahomet took his journey to 
heaven, the sweat which fell on the 
earth from the prophet's forehead pro- 
duced xrhite roses, and that which fell 
from Al Borak' (the animal he rode) 
produced yellow ones. 

Bose. On mount Cal'asay (the Indian 
Olympus) is a table on which lies a silver 
rose that contains two women, as bright 
and fair as pearls ; one is called Brigas'iri 
("lady of the mouth"), and the other Ta- 
ras'iri(" lady of the tongue"), because they 
praise God without ceasing. In the 
centre of the rose is the triangle or 
residence of God. — Baldaeus. 

And when the bell hath sounded. 
The Rose with all the mysteries i lsurrounded. 
The Bell, the Table, and mount Calasay, 
The holy hill itself with all thereon . . . 
Dissolves away. 

Southey, Curse of Kehama, xix. 11 (1809). 

Bose (Couleur de), an exaggerated 
notion of the excellence or goodness of 
something, produced by hope, love, or 
some other favourable influence. Love, 
for example, sees the object beloved 
through a medium of heart- joy, which 
casts a halo round it, and invests it with 
a roseate hue, as if seen through glass 
tinted with rose-pink. Hence the lover 
says of Maud : 

Rosy is the west rosy is the south ; 

Roses are her cheeks, and a rose her mouth. 

Tennyson, Maud, I. xvii. (1855). 

Bose. u Queen rose of the rosebud 
garden of girls." — Tennyson, Ma-ad, I. 
xxii. 9 (1855). 

Rose of Arragon (TJie), a drama 
by S. Knowles (1842). Olivia, daughter 
of Ruphi'no (a peasant), was married to 
prince Alonzo of Aragon. The king 
would not recognize the match, but sent 
his son to the army, and made the cortez 



ROSE OF HARPOCRATE. 



846 



ROSINANTE. 



pass an act of divorce. A revolt having 
been organized, the king was dethroned, 
and Almagro was made regent. Almagro 
tried to marry Olivia, and to murder her 
father and brother, but the prince return- 
ing with the army made himself master 
of the city, Almagro died of poison, the 
marriage of the prince and peasant was 
recognized, the revolt was broken up, 
and order was restored. 

Rose of Har'pocrate (3 syl.). 
Cupid gave Uarpocrate a rose, to bribe 
him not to divulge the amours of his 
mother Venus. 

Red as a rose of Harpocrate. 

E. B. Browning, ItobeVi Child, iii. 

Rose of Paradise. The roses which 
grew in paradise had no thorns. " Thorns 
and thistles " were unknown on earth till 
after the Fall (Gen. iii. 18). Both St. 
Ambrose and St. Basil note that the roses 
in Eden had no thorns, and Milton says, 
in Eden bloomed " Flowers of all hue, 
and without thorn the rose." — Paradise 
Lost, iv. 256 (1665). 

Rose of Raby, the mother of 
Richard III. This Was Cecily, daughter 
of Ralph de Nevill of Raby earl of 
Westmoreland. 

Rose of York, the heir and head of 
the York faction. 

When Warwick perished, Edmond de la Pole became 
the Rose of York, and if this foolish prince should be 
removed by death . . . his )'oung and clever brother 
[Richard] would be raised to the rank of Rose of York.— 
W. H. Dixon, Two Queans. 

Roses (War of the). The origin of 
this expression is thus given by Shake- 
speare : 

Plant. let him that is a true-born gentleman . . . 
If he supposes that I have pleaded truth. 
From off this briar pluck a white rose with me. 

Somer&et. let him that is no coward, nor no flatterer, 
But dare maintain the party of the truth, 
Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me. 

Whereupon Warwick plucked a white 
rose and joined the Yorkists, while 
Suffolk plucked a red one and joined 
the Lancastrians. — Shakespeare, 1 Henry 
VI. act ii. sc. 4 (1589). 

Rosemond, daughter of Cunimond 
king of the Gepidaa. She was compelled 
to marry Alboin king of the Lombards, 
who put her father to death a.d. 567. 
Alboin compelled her to drink from the 
skull of her own father, and Rosemond 
induced Peride'us (the secretary of Hel- 
michild her lover) to murder the wretch 
(573). She then married Helmichild, fled 
to Ravenna, and sought to poison her second 
husband, that she might marry Longinthe 
exarch ; but Helmichild, apprised of her 



intention, forced her to drink the mixture 
she had prepared for him. This lady is 
the heroine of Alfieri's tragedy called Rose- 
monde (1749-1803). (See Rosamond.) 

Ro'sencrantz, a courtier in the 
court of Denmark, willing to sell or 
betray his friend and schoolfellow, prince 
Hamlet, to please a king. — Shakespeare, 
Hamlet (1596). 

Rosetta, the wicked sister of Bru- 
netta and Blon'dina, the mothers of Chery 
and Fairstar. She abetted the queen- 
mother in her wicked designs against the 
offspring of her two sisters, but, being 
found out, was imprisoned for life. — Com- 
tesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Princess 
Fairstar," 1682). 

Roset'ta, a bright, laughing little co- 
quette, who runs away from home because 
her father wants her to marry young 
Meadows whom she has never seen. She 
enters the service of justice Woodcock. 
Now, it so happens that sir William 
Meadows wishes his son to marry Ro- 
setta, whom he has never seen, and he also 
runs away from home, and under the name 
of Thomas becomes gardener to justice 
Woodcock. Rosetta and young Meadows 
here fall in love with each other, and the 
wishes of the two fathers are accom- 
plished. — Isaac Bickerstaff, Love in a 
Village (1763). 

In 1786 Mrs. Billington made her dibut in "Rosetta," 
at once dazzling the town with the brilliancy of her 
vocalization and the flush of her beauty. — C. R. Leslie. 

Rosetta [Belmont], daughter of 
sir Robert Belmont. Rosetta is high- 
spirited, witty, confident, and of good 
spirits. " If you told her a merry story, 
she would. sigh; if a mournful one, she 
would laugh. For yes she would say, ' no,' 
and for no, * yes.' " She is in love with 
colonel Raymond, but shows her love by 
teasing him, and colonel Raymond is 
afraid of the capricious beauty. — Edward 
Moore, The Foundling (1748). 

Rosiclear and Donzel del Phe- 
"bo, the heroine and hero of the Mirror 
of Knighthood, a mediaeval romance. 

Rosinan'te (4 syl.), the steed of don 
Quixote. The name implies "that the 
horse had risen from a mean condition to 
the highest honour a steed could achieve, 
for it was once a cart-horse, and was 
elevated into the charger of a knight- 
errant." — Cervantes, Hon Quixote, I. ii. 1 
(1605). 

Rosinai.te was admirably drawn, so lean, lank, meAgre, 
drooping, sharp-backed, and raw-boned, as to excite much 
curiosity and mirth.— Pt. 1. ii. 1. 



ROSIPHELE. 



847 



ROUND TABLE. 



Rosiphele (3 »yf.), princess of Ar- 
menia ; of surpassing beauty, but in- 
sensible to love. She is made to submit 
to the yoke of Cupid by a vision which 
befell her on a May-day ramble. — Gower, 
Confessio Amantis (1393). 

Rosmonda, a tragedy in Italian, by 
John R. Ruccellai (1525). This is one 
of the first regular tragedies of modern 
times. Sophonisba, by Trissino, preceded 
it, being produced in 1514 and performed 
in 1515. 

Rosny (Sabina), the young wife of 
lord Sensitive. "Of noble parents, who 
perished under the axe in France." The 
young orphan, "as much to be admired 
for her virtues as to be pitied for her 
misfortunes," fled to Padua, where she 
met lord Sensitive. — Cumberland, First 
Love (1796). 

Ross (Lord), an officer in the king's 
army under the duke of Monmouth. — Sir 
W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles 
IL). 

Boss (The Man of), John Kyrle of 
Whitehouse, in Gloucestershire. So 
called because he resided in the village 
of Ross, Herefordshire. Kyrle was a 
man of unbounded benevolence, and be- 
loved by all who knew him. 

%* Pope celebrates him in his Moral 
Essays, iii. (1709). 

Rosse (2 syl.), the sword which the 
dwarf Elberich gave to Otwit king of 
Lombardy. It was so keen that it left no 
gap where it cut. 

Balmung, the sword forged by Wieland 
and given to Siegfried, was so keen that 
it clove Amilias in two without his know- 
ing it, but when he attempted to move 
he fell asunder. 

This sword to thee I give ; it is all bright of hue. 
Whatever it may cleave no gap will there ensue. 
From Almari I brought it, and Rosse 1 is its name. 

The Heldenbuch. 

Rostocostojambedanesse (M. 

N.), author of After Beef, Mustard. — 
Rabelais, Pantag'ruel, ii. 7 (1533). 

Rothmar, chief of Tromlo. He at- 
tacked the vassal kingdom of Croma while 
the under-king Crothar was blind with age, 
resolving to annex it to his own dominion. 
Crothar's son, Fovar-Gormo, attacked the 
invader, but was defeated and slain. Not 
many days after, Ossian (one of the 
sons of Fingal) arrived with succours, 
renewed the battle, defeated the victorious 
army, and slew the invader. — Ossian, 
Croma. 



Rothsay ( The duke of), prince Robert, 
eldest son of Robert III. of Scotland. 

Margaret duchess of Bothsay. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fair Maid of Berth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Rou (The Boman de), a metrical and 
mythical history, in Norman-French, of 
the dukes of Normandy from Rollo 
downwards, by Robert Wace (author of 
Le Brut). 

%* Rou', that is, Boul, the same as 
Rollo. 

Roubigne (Julie de), the heroine and 
title of a novel by Henry Mackenz.e 
(1783). 

Rougedragon (Lady Bachel), the 
former guardian of Lilias Redgauntlet. — 
Sir W. Scott, Bedyauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Rouncewell (Mrs.), housekeeper at 
Chesney "Wold to lord and lady Dedlock, 
to whom she is most faithfully attached. 
— C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853). 

Round Table (The), a table made 
at Carduel by Merlin for Uther the pen- 
dragon. Uther gave it to king Leode- 
graunce of Camelyard, and when Arthur 
married Guinever (the daughter of Leo- 
degraunce), he received the table with 
a hundred knights as a wedding present 
(pt. i. 45). The table would seat 150 
knights (pt. iii. 36), and each seat was 
appropriated. One of them was called 
the " Siege Perilous," because it was fatal 
for any one to sit therein except the 
knight who was destined to achieve the 
holy graal (pt. iii. 32). King Arthur 
instituted an order of knighthood called 
" the knights of the Round Table," the 
chief of whom were sir Launcelot, sir 
Tristram, and sir Lamerock or Lamorake. 
The "Siege Perilous" was reserved for 
sir Galahad, the son of sir Launcelot by 
Elaine. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur (1470). 

* slc * There is a table shown at Win- 
chester as "Arthurs Round Table," but 
it corresponds in no respect with the 
Round Table described in the History of 
Prince Arthur. Round Tables were not 
unusual, as Dr. Percy has shown, with 
other kings in the times of chivalry. 
Thus, the king of Ireland, father of 
Christabelle, had his "knights of the 
Round Table."— See "Sir Cauline," in 
Percy's Beliques. 

In the eighth year of Edward I., Roger 
de Mortimer established at Kenilworth 
a Round Table for "the encouragement 



ROUSSEAU. 



848 



ROYAL MOTTOES. 



of military pastimes." Some seventy- 
years later, Edward III. had his Round 
Table at Windsor; it was 200 feet in 
diameter. 

Rousseau (Jean Jacques) used to 
say that all fables which ascribe speech 
and reason to dumb animals ought to be 
withheld from children, as being only 
vehicles of deception. 

I shall not ask Jean Jacques Rousseau 
If birds confabulate or no ; 
"Tis clear that they were always able 
To hold discourse— at least in fable. 
Cowper, Pairing-Time Anticipated (1782 

Roustam or Rostam, the Persian 
Hercules. He was the son of Zal, and a 
descendant of Djamshid. At one time 
Roustam killed 1000 Tartars at a blow ; 
he slew dragons, overcame devils, captured 
cities, and performed other marvellous ex- 
ploits. This mighty man of strength fell 
into disgrace for refusing to receive the 
doctrines of Zoroaster, and died by the 
hand of one of his brothers named Scheg- 
had (sixth century B.C.). 

Rover, a dissolute young spark, who 
set off vice "as naughty but yet nice." — 
Mrs. Behn, The Rover (1680). 

William Mountford [1660-1692] had so much in him of 
the agreeable, that when he played " The Rover," it was 
remarked by many, and particularly by queen Mary, that 
it was dangerous to see him act— he made vice so alluring. 
— C. Dibdin, History of the Stage. 

Rove well (Captain), in love with 
Arethusa daughter of Argus. The lady's 
father wanted her to marry squire Cuckoo, 
who had a large estate ; but Arethusa 
contrived to have her own way and marry 
captain Rovewell, who turned out to be 
the son of Ned Worth}', who gave the 
bridegroom £30,000. — Carey, Contrivances 
(1715). 

Rowe (Nicholas), poet-laureate (1673, 
1714-1718). The monument in West- 
minster Abbey to this poet was by Rys- 
brack. 

Rowena (TJie lad;/), of Hargettstan- 
stede, a ward of Cedric the Saxon, of 
Rotherwood. She marries Ivanhoe. — Sir 
W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Rowland (Childe), youngest brother 
of Helen. Under the guidance of Merlin, 
he undertook to bring back his sister from 
elf-land, whither the fairies had carried 
her, and he succeeded in his perilous ex- 
ploit. — An Ancient Scotch Ballad. 

Rowland for an Oliver (A), a tit 
for tat ; getting as good as you gave. 
Rowland (or Roland) and Oliver were 
two of Charlemagne's paladins, so much 



alike in prowess and exploits that they 
might be described as "fortemque Gyan, 
fortemque Cloanthum" (JEneid, i. 222). 

Och ! Mrs. Mustard-pot, have you found a Rowland for 
your Oliver at last ?— T. Knight, The Honest Thieves. 

Rowley, one of the retainers of Julia 
Avenel (2 syl.). — Sir W. Scott, The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Rowley (Master), formerly steward of 
Mr. Surface, senior, the friend of Charles 
Surface, and the fidus Achates of sir 
Oliver Surface the rich uncle. — Sheridan, 
School for Scandal (1777). 

Rowley (Thomas), the hypothetical 
priest of Bristol, said by Chatterton to 
have lived in the reigns of Henry VI. 
and Edward IV., and to have written 
certain poems, of which Chatterton him- 
self was the author. 

Rowley Overdees, a highwayman. 
— Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Roxa'na, daughter of Oxyartes of 
Bactria, and wife or concubine of Alex- 
ander the Great. Proud, imperious, and 
relentless, she loved Alexander with a 
madness of love; and being jealous of 
Statlra, daughter of king Darius, and 
wife of Alexander, she stabbed her and 
slew her. — N. Lee, Alexander the Great 
(1678). 

So now am I as great as the famed Alexander ; but mjr 
dear Statira and Roxana, don't exert yourselves so much 
about me.— Mrs. Ceutlivre, The Wonier, iii. 1 (1714). 

Roxa'na and Stati'ra. Dr. 
Doran says that Peg Woffington (as 
" Roxana "), jealous of Mrs. Bellamy (as 
"Statira") because she was better dressed, 
pulled her to the floor when she left 
the stage, and pummelled her with the 
handle of her dagger, screaming as she 
did so : 

Nor he, nor heaven, shall shield thee from my justice. 

Die, sorceress, die 1 and all my wrongs die with thee 1 

Table Traits. 

Campbell tells a very similar story of 
Mrs. Barry (" Roxana") and Miss Boutwell 
(" Statira "). The stage-manager had 
given to Miss Boutwell a lace veil, and 
Mrs. Barry out of jealousy actually stabbed 
her rival in acting, and the dagger went 
a quarter of an inch through the stays 
into the flesh. 

Royal Mottoes or Legends. 
Dieu et mon droit, Richard I. 
Honi soit qui vial y pense, Edward III. 
Semper eadem, Elizabeth and Anne. 
Je maintiendrai, William HI. 



KOYAL STYLE OF ADDRESS. 849 



RUDDYMANE. 



Royal Style of Address. 

" My Liege," the usual style till the 
Lancastrian usurpation. 

" Your Grace," Henry IV. 

"Your Excellent Gra*ce," Henry VI. 

" Most High and Mighty Prince," 
Edward IV. 

" Your Highness," Henry VII. 

"Your Majesty," Henry VIII. So 
addressed in 1520, by Francois I. 

" The King's Sacred Majesty," James I. 

" Your most Excellent Majesty," 
Charles II. 

"Your most Gracious Majesty," our 
present style. 

Royal Titles. 

William I. called himself, " Rex Anglorum, comes 
Norniannoruni et Ciuoinanentium." 

William II. called himself, "Rex Ajiglorum," or 
" Monarchicus Britasinue." 

Henry I. called himself, "Rex Anglorum et dux Nor- 
mannorurn." Subsequent to 1106 we find " Del gratia " 
Introduced in charters. 

Hknrv U-. called himself, " Rex Anglorum, et dux Nor- 
mannorura et AquHaimorum, et comes Andegavorum ; " 
or " Rex Angliae, dux Normanniae et Aquitaniae, et comes 
Andegaviae." 

Richard I. began his charter* with, "Dei gratia, rex 
Angiite, et dux Nonnaniae et Aquitaniae, et conies Ande- 
gaviae." 

John headed his charters with, "Johannes, D.G. rex 
Angliae, dominus Hiberniae, dux Normanniaeet Aquitaniae, 
et comes Andegaviae." Instead of " Hiberniae," we some- 
times find " Iberniae." and sometimes " Ybernine." 

Henri- III. followed the style of his father till October, 
1259, whon he adopted the form. "D.G. rex Angliae. 
dominus Hiberniae, et dux Aquitaniae." 

Edward I. id~pted the latter style. So did Edward II. 
till 1326, when he used the form. " Rex Angliae et dominus 
Hiberniae." Edward I. for thirteen years headed his 
charters with, " Edwardus. Dei gratia rex Angliae. do- 
minus Hiberniae, et dux Aquitaniae." But after 1337 the 
form ran thus ; " Edwardus, D.G. rex Angliae et Franciae, 
dominus Hiberniae, et dux Aquitaniae;" and sometimes 
" Francite " stands before " Angliae." 

Richard II. began thus: " Richardus, D.G. rex 
Angliae et Franciae. et dominus Hiberniae." 

Henry IV. continued the same style. So did Henry V. 
till 14'20, after which date he adopted the form, " Herni- 
als, D.G. rex Angliae, haeres et regens Franciae, et do- 
minus Hiberniae " 

Hknry VI. began, "Henricus, D.G. rex Angliae et 
Franciae, et dominus Hiberniae." 

Edward IV.. Edward V., Richard III., Henry VII. 
continued the same style. 

From Henry VIII. (1521) to George III. (1800). the 
royal style and title was, " • by the grace of God, of Great 
Britain, France, and Ireland, king. Defender of the 
Faith." 

From George III. (1800) to the present day, it has been, 
" * by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great 
Britain and Ireland, king. Defender of the Faith." 

A knowledge of these styles is of im- 
mense value in establishing the time of 
royal documents. Richard I. was the 
first to adopt the style, " king of Eng- 
land." The previous kings called them- 
selves " king of the English." 

Ruaeh, the isle of winds, visited by 
Pantag'ruel and his companions on their 
way to the oracle of the Holy Bottle. 
The people of this island live on wind, 
Buch as flattery, promises, and hope. 
The poorer sort are very ill-fed, but the 



great are stuffed with huge mill-draughts 
of the same unsubstantial puffs. — Rabe- 
lais, Pantagruel, iv. 43 (1545). 

Ru'bezahl, Number Nip, a famous 
mountain-spirit of Germany, correspond- 
ing to our Puck. 

Rubi, one of the cherubs or spirits of 
wisdom who was with Eve in paradise. 
He loved Liris, who was young, proud, 
and most eager for knowledge. She 
asked her angel lover to let her see him 
in his full glory ; so Rubi came to her in 
his cherubic splendour. Liris, rushing 
into his arms, was burnt to ashes ; and the 
kiss she gave him became a brand upon 
his forehead, which shot unceasing agony 
into his brain. — T. Moore, Loves of the 
Angels, ii. (1822). 

Ru'bicon, a small river which sepa- 
rated ancient Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, 
the province allotted to Julius Caesar. 
When Caesar crossed this river, he passed 
beyond the limits of his own province, 
and became an invader of Italy. 

Rubicon (Napoleon's), Moscow. The 
invasion of Moscow was the beginning 
of Napoleon's fall. 

Thou Rome, who saw'st thy Caesar's deeds outdone I 
Alas ! why passed he \.\ipolron\ too the Rubicon? . . . 
Moscow ! thou limit of his long career, 
For which rude Charles had wept his frozen tear. 

Byron. Age of Bronze, v. (1821). 

* + * Charles XII. of Sweden formed 
the resolution of humbling Peter the 
Great (1709). 

Rubo'nax, a man who hanged him- 
self from mortification and annoyance at 
some verses written upon him by a poet. 
— Sir P. Sidnev, Defence of Foesie 
(1595). 

Rubrick (The Rev. Mr.), chaplain 
to the baron of Bradwardine. — Sir W. 
Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 

Ruby (Lady), the young widow of 
lord Ruby. Her " first love " was Frede- 
rick Mowbray, and when a widow she 
married him. She is described as 
" young, blooming, and wealthy, fresh 
and fine as a daisy." — Cumberland, First 
Love (1796). 

Rucellai (John), i.e. Oricellarius, 
poet (1475-1525), son of Bernard 
Rucellai of Florence, historian and diplo- 
matist. 

As hath been said by Rucellai. 
Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863). 

Ruddyiriane (3 syl.), the name 
given by sir Guyon to the babe rescued 
from Amavia, who had stabbed herself 
3 I 



RUDGE. 



850 



RUDIGER. 



in grief at the death of her husbaDd. 
So called because : 

... in her streaming blood he [the infant] did embay 
His little hands. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 1, 3 (1590). 

Rudge (Barnaby), a half-witted 
young man of three and twenty years 
old ; rather spare, of a fair height and 
strong make. His hair, of which he had 
a great profusion, was red, and hung in 
disorder about his face and shoulders. 
His face was pale, his eyes glassy and 
protruding. His dress was green, clum- 
sily trimmed here and there with gaudy 
lace. A pair of tawdry ruffles dangled 
at his wrists, while his throat was nearly 
bare. His hat was ornamented with a 
cluster of peacock's feathers, limp, 
broken, and trailing down his back. 
Girded to his side was the steel hilt of an 
old sword, without blade or scabbard ; 
and a few knee-ribbons completed his 
attire. He had a large raven, named 
Grip, whieh he carried at his back in a 
basket, a most knowing imp, which used 
to cry out in a hoarse voice, " Halloa ! " 
"I'm a devil ! " " Never say die ! " 
" Polly, put the kettle on ! V 

Barnaby joined the Gordon rioters for 
the proud pleasure of carrying a flag 
and wearing a blue bow. He was ar- 
rested and lodged in Newgate, from whence 
he made his escape, with other prisoners, 
when the. jail was burnt down by the 
rioters ; but both he and his father and 
Hugh, being betrayed by Dennis the hang- 
man, were recaptured, brought to trial, 
and condemned to death, but by the 
influence of Gabriel Varden the lock- 
smith, the poor half-witted lad was re- 
prieved, and lived the rest of his life Avith 
his mother in a cottage and garden near 
the Maypole. 

Here he lived, tending the poultry and the cattle, 
working in a garden of his own, and helping every one. 
He was known to every bird and beast about the p!:ice, 
and had a name for every one. Never was there a lighter- 
hearted husbandman, a creature more popular with young 
and old, a blither and more happy soul than Barnaby. 
— Oh, lxxxii. 

Mr. Budge, the father of Barnaby, 
supposed to have been murdered the same 
night as Mr. Haredale, to whom he was 
steward. The fact is that Rudge himself 
was the murderer both of Mr. Haredale and 
also of his faithful servant, to whom the 
crime was falsely attributed. After the 
murder, he was seen by many haunting 
the locality, and was supposed to be a 
ghost. He joined the Gordon rioters when 
they attacked and burnt to the ground 
the house of Mr. Haredale, the son of the 



murdered man, and, being arrested (ch. 
lvi.), was sent to Newgate, but made his 
escape with the other prisoners when it 
was burnt down by the rioters. Being 
betrayed by Dennis, he was brought to 
trial for murder, but we are not told if 
he was executed (ch. lxxiii.). His name 
is not mentioned again, and probably he 
suffered death. 

Mrs. [Mary} Budge, mother of Bar- 
naby, and very like him, " but where in 
his face there was wildness and vacancy, 
in hers there was the patient composure 
of long effort and quiet resignation." 
She was a widow. Her husband (steward 
at the Warren), who murdered his master, 
Mr. Haredale, and his servant, told her of 
his deed of blood a little before the birth of 
Barnaby, and the woman's face ever after 
inspired terror. It wa6 thought for many 
years that Rudge had been murdered in 
defending his master, and Mrs. Rudge 
was allowed a pension by Mr. Haredale, 
son and heir of the murdered man. 
This pension she subsequently refused to 
take. After the reprieve of Barnaby, Mrs. 
Rudge lived with him in a cottage near 
the Maypole, and her last days were her 
happiest. — C. Dickens, Barnaby Budge 
(1841). 

Ru'diger, a wealthy Hun, liegeman 
of Etzel, sent to conduct Kriemhild to 
Hungary. When Giinther and his suite 
went to visit Kriemhild, Rudiger enter- 
tained them all most hospitably, and gave 
his daughter in marriage to Giselher 
(Kriemhild's brother). " In the broil 
which ensued, Rudiger was killed fight- 
ing against Gemot, but Gemot dropped 
down dead at the same moment, "each by 
the other slain." — Nibelungen Lied (by 
the minnesingers, 1210). 

Bu'diger, a knight who came to Wald- 
hurst in a boat drawn by a swan. 
Margaret fell in love with him. At every 
tournament he bore off the prize, and 
in everything excelled the youths about 
him. "Margaret became his wife. A 
child was born. On the christening day, 
Rudiger carried it along the banks of 
the Rhine, and nothing that Margaret 
said could prevail on him to go home. 
Presently, the swan and boat came in 
sight, and carried all three to a desolate 
place, where was a deep cavern. Rudiger 
got on shore, still holding the babe, and 
Margaret followed. They reached the 
cave, two giant arms clasped Rudiger, 
Margaret sprang forward and seized the 
infant, but Rudiger was never seen more. 



RUFFIANS' HALL. 



851 



RUPERT. 



— R. Southey, Rudigcr (a ballad from 
Thomas Hey wood's notes). 

Ruffians' Hall. West Smithfield 
was for many years so called, because of 
its being the usual rendezvous for duellists, 
pugilists, and other "ruffians." 

Rufus (or the lied), William II. of 
England (1057, 1087-1100). 

Rugg (Mr.), a lawyer living at 
Pentonville. A red-haired man, who 
wore a hat with a high crown and narrow 
brim. Mr. Pancks employed him to 
settle the business pertaining to the estate 
which had long lain unclaimed, to which 
Mr. Dorrit was heir-at-law. Mr. Rugg 
delighted in legal difficulties as much as 
a housewife in her jams and preserves. — 
C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 

Ruggie'ro, a young Saracen knight, 
born of Christian parents. He fell in 
love with Bradamant (sister of Rinaldo), 
whom he ultimately married. Ruggierois 
especially noted for possessing a hippogriff 
or winged horse, and a shield of such 
dazzling splendour that it blinded those 
who looked on it. He threw away this 
shield into a well, because it enabled him 
to win victory too cheaply. — Orlando 
Innamorato (1495), and Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Rukenaw (Dame), the ape's wife, in 
the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
(1498). 

Rule a "Wife and Have a Wife, 
a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher 
(16*40). Donna Margariita, a lady of 
great wealth, wishes to marry in order 
to mask her intrigues, and seeks for a 
husband a man without spirit, whom she 
can mould to her will. Leon, the brother 
of Altea, is selected as the " softest fool 
in Spain," and the marriage takes place. 
After marriage, Leon shows himself 
firm, courageous, high-minded, but most 
affectionate. He "rules his wife" and 
her household with a masterly hand, 
wins the respect of every one, and the 
wife, wholly reclaimed, "loves, honours, 
and obex's " him. 

Rumolt, the chief cook of prince 
Giinther of Burgundv. — Nibelungen Lied, 
800 (1210). 

Rumpelstilzehen [Rumple. stiltz.- 
skin], an irritable, deformed dwarf. He 
aided a miller's daughter, who had been 
enjoined by the king to spin straw into 
gold ; and the condition he made with 
her for this service was that she should 



give him for wife her first daughter. 
The miller's daughter married the king, 
and when her first daughter was born 
the mother grieved so bitterly that the 
dwarf consented to absolve her of her 
promise, if, within three days, she could 
find out his name. The first day passed, 
but the secret was not discovered ; the 
second passed with no better success ; 
but on the third day some of the queen's 
servants heard a strange voice singing : 

Little dreams my dainty dame 
RumpelsUlzchen is ilj- name. 

The queen, being told thereof, saved her 
child, and the dwarf killed himself from 
rage. — German Popular Stories. 

Run- About Raid (The), Murray's 
insurrection against lord Darnley. So 
called from the hasty and incessant man- 
ner in which the conspirators posted from 
one part of the kingdom to another. 

Runa, the dog of Argon and Ruro, 
sons of Annir king of Inis-Thona an 
island of Scandinavia. — Ossian, The War 
of Inis-Thona. 

Runners. 

1. Iphicles, son of Phylakos and Kly- 
m6ne. Hesiod says he could run over 
ears of corn without bending the stems ; 
and Demaratos says that he could run on 
the surface of the sea. — Argonauts, i. 60. 

2. Camilla queen of the Yolsci was so 
swift of foot that she could run over 
standing corn without bending the ears, 
and over the sea without wetting her 
feet.— Virgil, JEneid, vii. 803 ; xi. 433. 

Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain. 
Flies o'er tii' unbending corn, and skims along the main. 

Pope. 

3. Ladas, the swift runner of king 
Alexander. He ran so fast that he never 
left a foot-print on the ground. 

4. Phidippides, a professional courier, 
ran from Athens to Sparta (150 miles) in 
two days. 

5. Theagenes, a native of Thasos, was 
noted for his swiftness of foot. 

%.* The Greek hemerodromos would 
run from twenty to thirty-six leagues in 
a day. 

Runny mede, the nom de plume of 
Beuj. Disraeli in the Times (1805- ). 

Rupert, i.e. major Roselheim, the 
betrothed of Meeta "the maid of Marien- 
dorpt." — S. Knowles, The Maid of Marien- 
dorpt (1838). 

Rupert (Prince), in the service of 
Charles II. Introduced by sir W. Scott 
in three of his novels — Woodstock, L,e,jend 
of Montrose, and Peveril of the Peak. 



RUPERT. 



852 



RUTH. 



Rupert (Sir), in love with Catherine. — 
S. Knowles, Love (1840). 

Rupert of Debate. Edward 
Geoffrey earl of Derby, when he was Mr. 
Stanley, was so called by lord Lytton 
(1799-1869). 

Rush. (Friar), a house-spirit, sent 
from the infernal regions in the seven- 
teenth century to keep the monks and 
friars in the same state of wickedness 
they then were. 

*** The legends of this roistering 
friar are of German origin. (Bruder 
Rausch means " brother Tipple.") 

Milton confounds " Jack-o'-Lantern " 
with friar Rush. The latter was not a 
field bogie at all, and was never called 
"Jack." Probably Milton meant "a 
friar with a rush- [light]." Sir Walter 
Scott also falls into the same error : 

Better we had thro' mire and bush 
Been lanthern-led by friar Kush. 

Marmion (1808). 

Rusilla, mother of Roderick the last 
of the Goths, and wife of Theodofred 
rightful heir to the Spanish throne. — 
Southey, Roderick, etc. (1814). 

Rusport (Lady), second wife of sir 
Stephen Rusport a City knight, and step- 
mother of Charlotte Rusport. Very 
proud, very mean, very dogmatical, and 
very vain. Without one spark of gene- 
rosity or loving charity in her compo- 
sition. She bribes her lawyer to destroy 
a will, but is thwarted in her dishonesty. 
Lady Rusport has a tendresse for major 
O' Flaherty; but the major discovers the 
villainy of the old woman, and escapes 
from this Scylla. 

Charlotte Rusport, step-daughter of 
lady Rusport. An amiable, ingenuous, 
animated, handsome girl, in love with 
her cousin Charles Dudley, whom she 
marries.— R. Cumberland, The West 
Indian (1771). 

Russet (Mr.), the choleric old father 
of Harriot, on whom he dotes. He is 
so self-willed that he -will not listen to 
reason, and has set his mind on his 
daughter marrying sir Harry Beagle. 
She marries, however, Mr. OaUly. (See 
Harriot.) — George Colman, The Jealous 
Wife (1761). 

Russian Byron (The), Alexander 
Sergeiviteh Pushkin (1799-1837). 

Russian History (The Father of), 
Nestor, a monk of Kiev. His Chronicle 
includes the years between 862 and 1116 
(twelfth century). 



Russian Murat (The), Michael 
Miloradowitch (1770-1820). 

Rust (Martin), an absurd old anti- 
quar3% "He likes no coins but those 
which have no head on them." He took 
a fancy to Juliet, the niece of sir Thomas 
Lofty, but preferred his "iEneas, his 
precious relic of Troy," to the living 
beauty ; and Juliet preferred Richard 
Bever to Mr. Rust ; so matters were 
soon amicably adjusted. — Foote, The 
Patron (1764). 

Rustam, chief of the Persian mythi- 
cal heroes, son of Zal "the Fair," king 
of India, and regular descendant of Ben- 
jamin the beloved son of Jacob the 
patriarch. He delivered king Caicaus 
(4 syl.) from prison, but afterwards fell 
into disgrace because he refused to em- 
brace the religious system of Zoroaster. 
Caicaus sent his son Asfendiar (or Is- 
fendiar) to convert him, and, as persua- 
sion availed nothing, the logic of single 
combat was resorted to. The fight lasted 
two days, and then Rustam discovered 
that Asfendiar bore a " charmed life," 
proof against all wounds. The valour of 
these two heroes is proverbial, and the 
Persian romances are full of their deeds 
of fight. 

Rustam's Horse, Reksh. — Chardin, 
Travels (1686-1711). 

In Matthew Arnold's poem, Sohrab and 
Ruatum, Rustum fights with and over- 
comes Sohrab, and finds too late that he 
has slain his own son. 

Rustam, son of Tamur king of Persia. 
He had a trial of strength with Rustam 
son of Zal, which was to pull away from 
his adversary an iron ring. The combat 
was never decided, for Rustam could no 
more conquer Rustam than Roland could 
overcome Oliver. — Chardin, Travels (1686- 
1711). 

Rusticus's Pig, the pig on which 
Rusticus fed daily, but which never 
diminished. 

Two Christians, travelling in Poland, . . . came to tho 
door of Rusticus, a heathen peasant, who had killed a 
fat hog to celebrate the birth of a son. The pilgrims, 
being invited to partake of the feast, pronounced a 
blessing on what was left, which tievit dimitiisttrd in 
size or weight from that moment, though all the family 
fed on it freely every day.— J. Brady, Clavis Calendaria, 
183. 

This, of course, is a parallelism to 
Elijah's miracle (1 Kings xvii. 11-16). 

Rut (Doctor), in The Magnetic Lady, 
by Ben Jonson (1632). 

Ruth, the friend of Arabella an 
heiress, and ward of justice Day. Ruth 



RUTHVEN. 



853 



SABA. 



also is an orphan, the daughter of sir 
Basil Thoroughgood, who died when she 
was two years old, leaving justice Day 
trustee. Justice Day takes the estates, 
and brings up Ruth as his own daughter. 
Colonel Careless is her accepted atne de 
cceur.—T. Knight, The Honest Thieves. 

Ruthven {Lord), one of the embassy 
from queen Elizabeth to Mary queen of 
Scots. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, 
Elizabeth). 

RutiTio, a merry gentleman, brother 
of Arnoldo. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Custom of the Country (1647). 

Rutland (The countess of), wife of 
the earl of Essex, whom he married when 
he started for Ireland. The queen knew 
not of the marriage, and was heart- 
broken when she heard of it. — Henry 
Jones, The Earl of Essex (1745). 

Rutland (The duchess of), of the court 
of queen Elizabeth. — Sir W. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Rutledge (Archie), constable at 
Osbaldistone Hall.— Sir W. Scott, Rob 
Roy (time, George I.). 

Rutledge (Job), a smuggler. — Sir W. 
Scott, Redyauntlet (time, George III.). 

Rut'terkin, name of a cat the spirit 
of a witch, sent at one time to torment 
the countess of Rutland (sixteenth cen- 
tury). 

Ruy'dera, a duenna who had seven 
daughters and two nieces. They were 
imprisoned for 500 years in the cavern 
of Montesi'nos, in La Mancha of Spain. 
Their ceaseless weeping stirred the com- 
passion of Merlin, who converted them 
into lakes in the same province. — Cer- 
vantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615). 

R. V. S. V. P., i.e. repondez vite si 
vous plait. 

Ryence (Sir), king of Wales, Ire- 
land, and many of the isles. When 
Arthur first mounted the throne, king 
Ryence, in scorn, sent a messenger to say 
" he had purrled a mantle with the beards 
of kings ; but the mantle lacked one 
more beard to complete the lining, and 
he requested Arthur to send his beard by 
the messenger, or else he would come 
and take head and beard too." Part of 
the insolence was in this : Arthur at the 
time was too young to have a beard at 
all; and he made answer, "Tell your 
master, my beard at present is all too 
young for puriling ; but I have an arm 



quite strong enough to drag him hither, 
unless he comes without delay to do ine 
homage." By the advice of Merlin, the 
two brothers Balin and Balan set upon 
the insolent king, on his way to lady De 
Vattce, overthrew him, slew "more than 
forty of his men, and the remnant fled." 
King Ryence craved for mercy ; so " they 
laid him on a horse-litter, and sent him 
captive to king Arthur." — SirT. Malory, 
History of Frince Arthur, i. 24, 34 (1470). 

Rymar (JfK Robert), poet at the Spa. 
—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, 
George III.). 

Ryno, youngest of the sons of Fingal 
king of Morven. He fell in the battle 
of Lena between the Norsemen led by 
Swaran and the Irish led by Fingal. 

"Rest I" said Fingal; "youngest of my sons, restl 
Rest. O Ryno, on Lena! We. too, shall be no more. 
Warriors must one day fall."— Ossian, fingal, v. 

Ryparog'rapher of Wits, Rabe- 
lais (1495-1553). 

%* Greek, ruparos ("foul, nasty"). 
Pliny calls Pyrlcus the painter a "ry- 
parographer." 

Rython, a giant of Brittany, slain 
by king Arthur. (See Ritho, p. 832.) 

Rython, the mighty giant, slain, 
Bv his good brand relieved Bretagne. 
Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Triermain, ii. 11 (1813). 



Saadi or Sadi, the Persian poet, called 
" The Nightingale of a Thousand Songs." 
His poems are The Gulistan or "Garden 
of Roses," The Bostan or " Garden of 
Fruits, " and The Pend-Ndmeh, a moral 
poem. Saadi (1184-1263) was one of 
the "Four Monarchs of Eloquence" (see 
p. 292). 

Saba or Zaba (The queen of), called 
Balkis. She came to the court of Solomon, 
and had by him a son named Melech. 
This queen of Ethiopia or Abyssinia is 
sometimes called Maqueda. — Zaga Zabo, 
Ap. Damian. a Goes. 

The Koran (ch. xxvii.) tells us that 
Solomon summoned before him all the 
birds to the valley of ants, but the lap- 
wing did not put in an appearance. 
Solomon was angrv, and was about to 



SABBATH-BREAKERS. 



854 



SACRED ISLE. 



ls sue an order of death, when the hird 
presented itself, saying, "I come from 
Saba, where I found a queen reigning in 
great magnificence, but she and her sub- 
jects worship the sun." On hearing this, 
Solomon sent back the lapwing to Saba 
with a letter, which the bird was to drop 
at the foot of the queen, commanding her 
to come at once, submit herself unto him, 
and accept from him the "true religion." 
So she came in great state, with a train 
of 500 slaves of each sex, bearing 500 
" bricks of solid gold," a crown, and 
sundry other presents. 

Sabbath-Breakers. The fish of 
the Red Sea used to come ashore on the 
eve of the sabbath, to tempt the Jews to 
violate the day of rest. The offenders at 
length became so numerous that David, 
to deter others, turned the fish into apes. — 
Jallalo'ddin. — Al Zamakh. 

Sabellan Song, incantation. The 
Sabelli or Samnites were noted for their 
magic arts and incantations. 

Sabine (The). Numathe Sabine was 
taught the way to govern by EgSria, one of 
the Camenae (prophetic nymphs of ancient 
Italy). He used to meet her in a grove, 
in which was a well, afterwards dedicated 
by him to the Camenae. 

Our statues — she 

That taught the Sabine how to rule. 

Tennyson, The Princess, il. (1830). 

Sablonniere {La), the Tuileries. 
The word means the "sand-pit." The 
tuileries means the " tile-works." Nico- 
las de Neuville, in the fifteenth century, 
built a mansion in the vicinity, which he 
called the " Hotel des Tuileries," and 
Francois I. bought the property for his 
mother in 1518. 

Sabra, daughter of Ptolemy king of 
Egypt. She was rescued by St. George 
from the hands of a giant, and ultimately 
married her deliverer. Sabra had three 
sons at a birth : Guy, Alexander, and 
David. 

Here come I, St. George, the valiant man, 
With naked sword and spear in han', 
Who fought the dragon and brought him to slaughter, 
And won fair Sabra thus, the king of Egypt's daughter. 
Notes and Queries; December 21, 1878. 

Sabrenr {Le Beau), Joachim Murat 
(1767-1815). 

Sab'rin, Sabre, or Sabri'na, the 

Severn, daughter of Locrine (son of Brute) 
and his concubine Estrildis. His queen 
Guendolen vowed vengeance, and, having 
assembled an army, made war upon 
Kocrine, who was slain. Guendolen now 



assumed the government, and commanded 
Estrildis and Sabrin to be cast into a 
river, since then called the Severn. — 
Geoffrey of Monmouth, British History, 
ii. 5 (1142). 

(An exquisite description of Sabine, 
sitting in state as a queen, is given in the 
opening of song v. of Drayton's Polyolbion, 
and the tale of her metamorphosis is re- 
corded at length in song vi. Milton in 
Comus, and Fletcher in The Faithful 
Shepherdess, refer to the transformation 
of Sabrina into a river.) 

Sabrinian Sea or Severn Sea, i.e. the 
Bristol Channel. Both terms occur not 
unfrequently in Drayton's Polyolbion. 

Sacehini (Antonio Maria Gaspare), 
called " The Racine of Music," con- 
temporary with Gliick and Piccini (1735- 

1786). 

I composed a thing to-day in all the gusto of Sacehini 
and the sweetness of Gliick. — Mrs. Cowley, A Bold Stroke 
for a Husband. 

Sacharissa. So Waller calls the lady 
Dorothea Sidney, eldest daughter of the 
earl of Leicester, to whose hand he 
aspired. Sacharissa married the earl of 
Sunderland. (Greek, sakchar, " sugar.") 

Saehente'ges (4 syt.), instruments 
of torture. A sharp iron collar was put 
round the victim's throat, and as he could 
not stir without cutting himself, he could 
neither sit, lie, nor sleep. — Ingram, Saxon 
Chronicle. 

Sackbut, the landlord of a tavern, in 
Mrs. Centlivre's comedy A Bold Stroke 
for a Wife (1717). 

Sackerson or Sacarson and 
"Harry Hunkes" were two famous bears 
exhibited in the reign of queen Elizabeth 
at Paris Garden, Southwark. 

Publius, a student of the common law. 
To Paris Garden doth himself withdraw; 
Leaving old Ployden, Dyer, and Broke alone, 
To see old Harry Hunkes and ifacirson. 

Sir John Davies, Epigram (about 1698). 

Sacred Fish, Greek, ichthus ("a 
fish "), is compounded of the initial Greek 
letters : I [esous] , CH [ristos] , TH [eou] 
U[ios], S[oter] (" Jesus Christ, God's 
Son, Saviour"). Tennyson, describing 
the " Lady of the Lake," says : 

And o'er her breast floated the sacred fish. 

Oareth and Lynctte (1858). 

Sacred Isle (The), Ireland. Also 
called "The Holy Isle, "from its multitude 
of saints. 

The Sacred Isle, Scattery, to which St. 
Senfitus retired, and vowed no woman 
should set foot thereon. - 



SACRED NINE. 



855 SAFE BIND, SAFE FIND. 



Oh. haste and leave this sacred isle, 
Unholy bark, ere morning smile. 

T. Moore, Irish Melodiet ("St. Senatiw 
and the Lady," 1814). 

Tlxe Sacred Isle, Enhallow, one of the 
Orkneys. (Norse, Eyinhalya, " holy isle.") 

The Sacred Isle, the peninsula of 
mount Athos (Ottoman empire). This 
island is remarkable for being exclusively 
inhabited by males. Not only are 
females of the human sex excluded, but 
cows also, mares, sow-pigs, hens, ducks, 
and females of all the animal race. — 
Milner, Gallery of Geoyraphy, GGG. 

Sacred Nine (The), the Muses, nine 
in number. 

Fair daughters of the Sun, the Sacred Nine, 
Here wake to ecstasy their harps divine. 

Falconer, The .Shipwreck, iii. 3 (1756). 

Sacred War ( The), a war undertaken 
by the Amphictyonic League for the 
defence of Delphi against the Cirrhaeans 
(B.C. 595-587). 

The Sacred War, a war undertaken 
by the Athenians for the purpose of 
restoring Delphi to the Phocians (b.c. 
448-447). 

The Sacred War, a war undertaken 
by Philip of Macedon, as chief of the 
Amphictyonic League, for the purpose of 
wresting Delphi from the Phocians 
(b.c. 357). 

Sa'cripant {Kiny), king of Circassia, 
and a lover of Angelica. — Bojardo, 
Orlando Innamorato (1495) ; Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

With the same stratagem, Sacripant had his steed 
stolen from under him, by that notorious thief Brunello, 
at the siege of Albracca.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1. iii. 
9 (1605). 

%* The allusion is to Sancho Panza's 
ass, which was stolen from under him by 
the galley-slave Gines de Passamonte. 

Sa'cripant, a false, noisy, hectoring 
braggart ; a kind of Pistol or Bobadil. — 
Tasso, Secchia Rapita (i.e. "Rape of the 
Bucket "). 

Sadah, the sixteenth night of the 
month Bayaman. — Persian Calendar. 

Sa'dak and Kalasra'de (4 syl.). 
Sadak, general of the forces of Am'urath 
sultan of Turkey, lived with Kalasrade 
in retirement, and their home life was so 
happy that it aroused the jealousy of the 
sultan, who employed emissaries to set 
fire to their house, carry off Kalasrade to 
the seraglio, and seize the children. 
Sadak, not knowing who were the agents 
of these evils, laid his complaint before 
Amurath, and then learnt that Kalasrade 



was in the seraglio. The sultan swore 
not to force his love upon her till she 
had drowned the recollection of her past 
life by a draught of the waters of oblivion. 
Sadak was sent on this expedition. On 
his return, Amurath seized the goblet, 
and, quaffing its contents, found "that 
the waters of oblivion were the waters 
of death." He died, and Sadak was 
made sultan in his stead.— J. Ridley, 
Tales of the Genii ( ' ' Sadak and Kalasrade, " 
ix., 1751). 

Sadaroubay. So Eve is called in 
Indian mythology. 

Sadder, one of the sacred books of 
the Guebres or Parsis. 

Saddle and the Ground. 

Between the saddle and the (.'round, 
Mercy he sought, and mercy found ; 

Should be : 

Betwixt the stirrup and the (rround, 
Mercy I asked, mercy I found. 

It is quoted in Camden's Remains. "A 
gentleman fell from his horse, and broke 
his neck. Some said it was a judgment 
on his evil life, but a friend, calling to 
mind the epitaph of St. Augustine, 
Misericordia Dominiinter pontcm etfontem, 
wrote the distich given above." 

Saddletree (Mr. Bartoline), the 
learned saddler. 

Mrs. Saddletree, the wife of Bartoline. 
— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Sadka-Sing, the mourner of the 
desert. — Sir W. Scott, Tite Suryeori's 
Dauyhter (time, George II.). 

Saemund Sigfusson, surnamed 
"the Wise," an Icelandic priest and 
scald. He compiled the Elder or Rhyth- 
mical Edda, often called Samund's Edda. 
This compilation contains not only my- 
thological tales and moral sentences, but 
numerous sagas in verse or heroic lays, 
as those of Volung and Helge, of Sigurd 
and Brynhilda, of Folsungs and Niflungs 
(pt. ii.). Probably his compilation con- 
tained all the mythological, heroic, and 
legendary lavs extant at the period in 
which he lived (1054-1133). 

Safa, in Arabia, the hill on which 
Adam and Eve came together, after 
having been parted for 200 years, during 
which time they wandered homeless over 
the face of the earth. 

Safe Bind, Safe Find— T. Tusser, 

The Romts of Iluswifery ("Washing," 
1557). 



SAFFRON GOWN. 



856 



SAGAS. 



Saffron Gown. 

She the saffron gown will never wear, 

And in no flower-strewn couch shall she be laid. 

"W. Morris, Atalanta'a Race. 

The poet has mistaken <ra6<ppa>v (" chaste, 
modest ") for saffron, a word wholly 
unknown in the Greek or Latin language. 
The "saophron" was a girdle worn by 
girls, indicative of chastity, and not 
yellow or saffron at all. (Saffron is the 
Arabic zaphran, through the French 
safran.) 

Saga, the goddess of history. — Scan- 
dinavian Mythology. 

Saga and Edda. The Edda is the 
Bible of the ancient Scandinavians. A 
saga is a book of instruction, generally 
but not always in the form of a tale, like 
a Welsh " mabinogi." In the Edda 
there are numerous sagas. As our Bible 
contains the history of the Jews, re- 
ligious songs, moral proverbs, and re- 
ligious stories, so the Edda contained 
the history of Norway, religious songs, 
a book of proverbs, and numerous stories. 
The original Edda was compiled and 
edited by Samiund Sigfusson, an Icelandic 
priest and scald, in the eleventh century. 
It contains twenty-eight parts or books, 
all of which are in verse. 

Two hundred years later, Snorro Stur- 
leson of Iceland abridged, re-arranged, 
aud reduced to prose the Edda, giving 
the various parts a kind of dramatic 
form, like the dialogues of Plato. It 
then became needful to distinguish these 
two works ; so the old poetical compila- 
tion is called the Elder or Bhythmical 
Edda, and sometimes the S&rnund Edda, 
while the more modern work is called 
the Younger or Prose Edda, and some- 
times the Snorro Edda. The Younger 
Edda is,, however, partly original. Pt. 
i. is the old Edda reduced to prose, but 
pt. ii. is Sturleson's own collection. This 
part contains " The Discourse of Bragi " 
(the scald of the gods) on the origin of 
poetry ; and here, too, Ave find the famous 
story called by the Germans the Nibclun- 
gen Lied. 

Sagas. Besides the sagas contained in 
the Eddas, there are numerous others. 
Indeed, the whole saga literature extends 
over 200 volumes. 

I. The Edda Sagas. The Edda is 
divided into two parts and twenty- 
eight lays or poetical sagas. The first 
part relates to the gods and heroes of 
Scandinavia, creation, and the early his- 
tory of Norway. The Scandinavian 



"Books of Genesis" are the "Voluspa 
Saga" or "prophecy of Vola " (about 2o0 
verses), " Vafthrudner's Saga," and 
" Grimner's Saga." These three resemble 
the Sibylline books of ancient Rome, and 
give a description of chaos, the forma- 
tion of the world, the creation of all 
animals (including dwarfs, giants, and 
fairies), the general conflagration, and 
the renewal of the world, when, like 
the new Jerusalem, it will appear all 
glorious, and there shall in no wise enter 
therein " anything that defileth, neither 
whatsoever worketh abomination, or 
maketh a lie." 

The " Book of Proverbs " in. the Edda 
is called the " Havama.1 Saga," and some- 
times " The High Song of Odin." 

The " Volsunga Saga " is a collection of 
lays about the early Teutonic heroes. 

The u Saga of St. Olaf " is the history 
of this Norwegian king. He was a savage 
tyrant, hated by his subjects, but because 
he aided the priests in forcing Chris- 
tianity on his subjects, he was canonized. 

The other sagas in the Edda are "The 
Song of Lodbrok " or " Lodbrog," "Her- 
vara Saga," the "Vilkina Saga," the 
" Blomsturvalla Saga," the "Ynglinga 
Saga" (all relating to Norway), the " Joms- 
vikingia Saga," and the "Knytlinga 
Saga" (which pertain to Denmark), the 
" Sturlunga Saga," and the " Eryrbiggia 
Saga " (which pertain to Iceland). All the 
above were compiled and edited by Sae- 
mund Sigfusson, and are in verse ; but 
Snorro Sturleson reduced them to prose 
in his prose version of the old Edda. 

II. Sagas not in the Edda. Snorro 
Sturleson, at the close of the twelfth 
century, made the second great collec- 
tion of chronicles in verse, called the 
Heimskringla Saga, or the book of the 
kings of Norway, from the remotest 
period to the year 1177. This is a most 
valuable record of the laws, customs, and 
manners of the ancient Scandinavians. 
Samuel Laing published his English 
translation of it in 1844. 

1. The Icelandic Sagas. Besides the 
two Icelandic sagas collected by Ssemund 
Sigfusson, numerous others were sub- 
sequently embodied in the Landama Boh, 
set on foot by Ari hinn Fronde, and con- 
tinued by various hands. 

2. Frithjof S Saga contains the life and 
adventures of Frithjof of Iceland, who 
fell in love with Ingeborg, the beautiful 
wife of Hring, king of Norway. On the 
death of Hring, the young widow mar- 
ried her Icelandic lover. Frithjof lived 



SAGAMAN. 



sb: 



ST. ALDOBRAND. 



in the eighth century, and this saga was 
compiled at the beginning of the four- 
teenth century, a year or two after the 
J/cimskringla. It is very interesting, 
because Tegne'r, the Swedish poet, has 
selected it for his Idylls (1825), just as 
Tennyson has taken his idyllic stories 
from the Morte d 1 Arthur or the Welsh 
Mabinoqion. TegneVs Idylls were trans- 
lated into English by Latham (1838), by 
Stcph^s (1841), and by Blackley (1857). 

3. The Swedisli Saga or lay of Swedish 
" history " is the Ingvars Saga. 

4. The Bussicm Saga or lay of Russian 
legendary history is the Egmunds Saga. 

5. The Folks Sagas are stories of ro- 
mance. From this ancient collection we 
have derived our nursery tales of Jack 
and t/ie Bean-Stalk, Jack the Giant-Killer, 
the Giant uho smelt the Blood of an Eng- 
lishman, Blue Beard, Cinderella, the Little 
Old Woman cut Shorter, the Pig that 
wouldn't go over the Bridge, Puss in 
Boots, and even the first sketches of 
Whittington and His Cat, and Baron 
Munchausen. (See Dasent Tales from the 
Norse, 1859.) 

6. Sagas of Foreign origin. Besides 
the rich stores of original tales, several 
foreign ones have been imported and 
translated into Norse, such as Barlaham 
and Josaphat, by Rudolf of Ems, one of 
the German minnesingers (see p. 79). 
On the other hand, the minnesingers 
borrowed from the Norse sagas their 
famous story embodied in the Nibclungen 
Lied, called the "German Iliad," which 
is from the second part of Snorro Stur- 
leson's Edda. 

Sagaman, a narrator of sagas. These 
ancient chroniclers differed from scalds 
in several respects. Scalds were min- 
strels, who celebrated in verse the ex- 
ploits of living kings or national heroes ; 
sagamen were tellers of legendary stories, 
either in prose or verse, like Schehera- 
zade the narrator of the Arabian Nig Ids, 
the mandarin Fum-Hoam the teller of 
the Chinese Talcs, Moradbak the teller 
of the Oriental Tales, Ferumorz who told 
the tales to Lalla Rookh, and so on. 
Again, scalds resided at court, were 
attached to the royal suite, and followed 
the king in all his expeditions ; but 
sagamen were free and unattached, and 
told their tales to prince or peasant, in 
lordly hall or at village wake. 

Sagam'ite (4 syl.), a kind of soup or 
tisan, given by American Indians to the 
sick. 



Our virgins fed her with their kindly bowb 
Of fever-halm anil sweet mgamite. 
Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 19(1809). 

Sage of Concord (The), Ralph 
Waldo Emerson, of Boston, United 
States, author of Literary Ethics (1838), 

Poems (184G), Representative Men (1850), 
English Traits (1856), and numerous 
other works (1803- ). 

In Mr. Emerson we have a poet and a profoundly re- 
ligious man, who is really nnd entirely undaunted by the 
discoveries of science, past, present, or prospective. In 
his case, poetry, with the joy >«f a Bacchanal, takes her 
graver brother science by the hand, and cheers him with 
immortal laughter. By Emerson scientific conceptions 
are continually transmuted into the finer forms and 
warmer lines of an ideal world.— Professor Tyndall, Frmj- 
inentt of Science. 

No one who has conversed with the Sage of Concord 
can wonder at the love which his neighbours feel for him. 
or the reverence with which he is regarded by the scholars 
of England and America,— Xewspaper Biographical 
Sketch, .May, 1879. 

Sage of Monticello (The), Thomas 
Jefferson, the third president of the 
United States, whose country seat was 
at Monticello. 

As from the grave where Henry sleeps. 

From Vernon's weeping willow, 
And from the grassy pall which hides 

The Sage of Monticello . . . 
Virginia, o'er thy land of slaves 

A warning voice is swelling. 

Whittier, Voices of Freedom (1836). 

Sage of Samos (The), Pythagoras, 
a native of Samos (b.c. 584-506). 

Sages ( The Seven). (See Seven Wise 
Mkx of Greece.) 

Sag'ittary, a monster, half man and 
half beast, described as "a terrible archer, 
which neighs like a horse, and with eyes 
of fire which strike men dead like 
lightning." Any deadly shot is a sagit- 
tary.— Guido delle Colonna (thirteenth 
century), Historia Troy ana Prosayce Com- 
posita (translated by Lydgate). 

The dreadful Sagittary, 
Appals our numbers. 
Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida (1602). 

(See also Othello, act i. sc. 1, 3. The 
barrack is so called from the figure of an 
archer over the door.) 

Sagramour le De'sirus, a knight 
of the Round Table. — See Launcelot du 
Lac and Morte d' Arthur. 

Sa'liira (Al), one of the names of 
hell. — Sale, Al Koran, lxxix. notes. 

Sailor King (The), William IV. of 
Great Britain (1765, 1830-1837). 

Saint (The), Kang-he of China, who 
assumed the name of Chin-tsou-jin (1653, 
1661-1722). 

St. Aldobrand, the noble husband 
of lady Imogine, murdered by count 



ST. ALME. 



858 



ST. CHRISTOPHER. 



Bertram her quondam lover. — C. Maturin, 
Bertram (1816). 

St. Alme {Captain), son of Darlemont 
a merchant, guardian of Julio count of 
Harancour. He pays his addresses to 
Marianne Franval, to whom he is ulti- 
mately married. Captain St. Alme is 
generous, high-spirited, and noble- 
minded. — Thomas Holcroft, The Deaf and 
Dumb (1785). 

St. Andre, a fashionable dancing- 
master in the reign of Charles II. 

St Andre's feet ne'er kept more equal time. 

Dryden, MacFlecknoe (1682). 

St. An'gelo (Castle of), once called 
the Moles Adria'ni, the tomb of the 
emperor Adrian, a structure as big as a 
village. 

St. Asaph (The dean of), in the 
court of queen Elizabeth. — Sir \V. Scott, 
Kenilworth (1821). 

St. Basil Outwits the Devil. 

(See Sinner Saved.) 

St. Bef ana, the day of the Epiphany 
(January 6). (See Befana, p. 90.) 

St. Botolph (The prior of).— Sir W. 
Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

St. Brandan or San Bor'andan 

(The Island of), a flyiug island, some 
ninet}' leagues in length, west of the 
Canaries. In an old French geographical 
chart it is placed 5° west of Ferro Island, 
29° N. lat. So late as 1721 Spain sent 
an expedition in quest of this fabulous 
island. The Spaniards believe that king 
Rodri'go ("the last of the Goths") made 
this island his retreat. The Portuguese 
assign it to St. Sebastian. The poets say 
it was rendered inaccessible to man by 
diabolical magic. Probably it owes its 
existence to some atmospheric illusion, 
such as the Fata morgana. 

St. Cecili, Cecily, or Ceeile (2 
syl.), the daughter of noble Roman 
parents, and a Christian. She married 
Valirian. One day, she told her husband 
she had "an aungel . . . that with gret 
love, wher so I wake or slepe, is redy ay 
my body for to kepe." Valirian re- 
quested to see this angel, and Ceeile told 
him he must first go to St. Urban, and, 
being purged by him "fro synne, than 
[then'] schul ye se that aungel." Valirian 
was accordingly " cristened " by St. 
Urban, returned home, and found the 
angel with two crowns, brought direct 
from paradise. One he gave to Ceeile 



and one to Valirian, saying that " bothc 
with the palme of martirdom schullen 
come unto God's blisful feste." Valirian 
suffered martyrdom first ; then Alma- 
chius, the Roman prefect, commanded 
his officers to " brenne Ceeile in a bath of 
flammes red." She remained in the bath 
all day and night, yet " sat she cold, and 
felte of it no woe." Then smote they her 
three strokes upon the neck, but could 
not smite her head off. She lingered on 
for three whole days, preaching and 
teaching, and then died. St. Urban 
buried ner body privately by night, and 
her house he converted into a church, 
which he called the church of Cecily. — 
Chaucer, Canterbury Tales ("The Second 
Nun's Tale," 1388). 

St. Christopher, a native of Lycia, 
very tall, and fearful to look at. He was 
so proud of his strength that he resolved 
to serve only the mightiest, and went in 
search of a worthy master. He first 
entered the service of the emperor; but 
one day, seeing his master cross him- 
self for fear of the devil, he quitted his 
service for that of Satan. This new 
master he found was thrown into alarm 
at the sight of a cross ; so he quitted 
him also, and went in search of the 
Saviour. One day, near a ferry, a little 
child accosted him, and begged the giant 
to carry him across the water. Christo- 
pher put the child on his back, but found 
every step he took that the child grew 
heavier and heavier, till the burden was 
more than he could bear. As he sank 
beneath his load, the child told the giant 
he was Christ, and Christopher resolved 
to serve Christ and Him alone. He 
died three days afterwards, and was 
canonized. The Greek and Latin 
Churches look on him as the protecting 
saint against floods, fire, and earthquake. 
— James de Voragine, Golden Legends, 100 
(thirteenth century). 

%* His body is said to be at Valencia, 
in Spain; one of his arms at Compostella; 
a jaw-bone at Astorga ; a shoulder at St. 
Peter's, in Rome ; and a tooth and rib at 
Venice. His day is May 9 in the Greek 
Church, and July 25 in the Latin. Of 
course, "the Christ-bearer" is an alle- 
gory. The gigantic bones called his 
relics may serve for " matters of faith " 
to give reality to the fable. 

(His name before conversion was Of- 
ferus, but after he carried Christ across 
the ford, it was called Christ-Offerus, 
shortened into Christopher, which means 
"the Christ-bearer.") . 






ST. CLARE. 



859 ST. PATRICK'S PURGATORY. 



St. Clare {August in), the kind, in- 
dulgent master of uncle Tom. He was 
beloved by all his slaves. 

Jliss Evangeline St. Clare, daughter of 
Mr. St. Clare. Evangeline was the good 
angel of the family, and was adored by 
uncle Tom. 

Miss Ophelia St. Clare, sister of Au- 
gustin. — Mrs. Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's 
Cabin (1852). 

St. Distaff, an imaginary saint, to 
whom January 7 or Twelfth Day is con- 
secrated. 

Partlv worke and partly play 
You must on St Distaff's Day ; 
Give St. Distaff all the right, 
Then give Christinas sport good night. 

Wit Atportitig in a P tt tu an t Grove 
of New fancies (1(557). 

St. Elmo's Fires, those electric 
lights seen playing about the masts of 
ships in stormy weather. 

And sudden bursting on their raptured sight. 
Appeared the splendour of St. Elmo's light. 

Ariosto, Orlando Furioto, ix. (1516). 

In 1696 M. de Forbes saw more than 
thirty feux St. Ehne on his ship. 

/Eneas tells Dido that these electric 
lights danced about the head of his son 
lulus when thev left the burning city of 
Troy. 

Ecce levis summo de vertice yisus Iuli 
Fundere lumen apex, iractuque innoxia molli 
Lambere flamma comas et circum teiupora pa=ci. 
Virgil, jEneid, ii. 632-4. 

Lo ! harmless flames upon lulus' head, 

While we embraced the boy, from heaven were shed, 

Played in his hair and on his temples fed. 

St. Etienne. There are sixty-nine 
places in France so called. A Paris 
newspaper stated that the "receiver of 
St, Etienne" had embezzled £4000, 
whereupon all the tax-gatherers of the 
sixty-nine places called St. Etienne 
brought separate actions against the 
paper, and the editor had to pay each 
one a hundred francs damages, besides 
fine and costs. — Standard, February 24, 
1879. 

St. Pilume'na or Filomexa, a new 
saint of the Latin Church. Sabatelli has 
a picture of this nineteenth-century saint, 
representing her as hovering over a group 
of sick and maimed, who are healed by 
her intercession. In 1802 a grave was 
found in the cemetery of St. Priscilla, 
and near it three tiles, with these words, 
in red letters : 



LUMEXA | j PAXTE 



CVMFI 



A re-arrangement of the tiles made the 
inscription, Pax Te-cum, Fi-lu.mkxa. 



That this was the correct rendering is 
quite certain, for the virgin martyr her- 
self told a priesi and a nun in a dream, 
that she was Fi[lia] Lumina, the daugh- 
ter Lumina, i.e. the daughter of the 
Light of the world. In confirmation of 
this dream, as her bones were carried to 
Mtignano, the saint repaired her own 
skeleton, made her hair grow, and per- 
formed so many miracles, that those 
must indeed be hard of belief who can 
doubt the truth of the story. 

St. George is the national 6aint of 
England, in consequence of the miracu- 
lous assistance rendered by him to the 
arms of the Christians under Godfrey de 
Bouillon during the first crusade. 

St. George's Sword, Askelon. 

George he shaved the dragon's beard, 
And Askelon was his razor. 

Percy's Reliquet, III. iii. 15. 

St. George (Le chevalier de), James 
Francis Edward Stuart, called " The Old 
(or elder) Pretender" (1688-1766). 

St. GraaL (See Sangraal.) 

St. I-ie'on, the hero of a novel of the 
same name by W. Goodwin (1799). St. 
Leon becomes possessed of the " elixir of 
life," and of the "philosopher's stone ;" 
but this knowledge, instead of bringing 
him wealth and happiness, is the source 
of misery and endless misfortunes. 

St. Leon is designed to prove that the happiness of 
mankind would not have been augmented by the gifts of 
immortal youth and inexhaustible riches.— Encyc. Brit., 
Art " Romance. " 

Saint Maur, one of the attendants 
of sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (a follower 
of prince John). — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

St. Nicholas, the patron saint of 
boys. He is said to have been bishop 
of Myra, in Lycia, and his death is placed 
in the year 326. 

St Nicholas is said to have supplied three maidens with 
marriage portions, by leaving at their windows bags of 
money. . . . Another legend describes the saint as having 
restored to life three [? two] murdered children. — Yonge. 

St. Patrick's Purgatory, in an 

islet in lough Derg, Ireland. Here the 
saint made a cave, through which was an 
entrance into purgatory ; and here those 
who liked to do so might forestall their 
purgatorial punishments while they were 
in the flesh. This was made the subject 
of a romance in the fourteenth century, 
and Calderon dramatized the subject in 
the seventeenth century. 

Who has not heard of St. Patrick's Purgatory . . . with 
its chapels and its toll-houses? Thither repair yearly 



ST. PETER'S OBELISK. 



860 



SAINTS FOR DISEASES. 



crowds of pious pilgrims, who would wash away at once 
the accumulated sins of their lives. — Wright. 

*** This source of revenue was abo- 
lished by order of the pope, on St. 
Patrick's Day, 1497. 

St. Peter's Obelisk, a stone pyra- 
mid of enormous size, on the top of 
which is an urn containing the relics of 
Julius Caesar. 

St. Prieux, the amant of Julie, in 
Rousseau's novel entitled Julie ou La 
Nouvelle Eelo'ise (1760). 

St. Ronan's Well, a novel by sir 
W. Scott (1823). An inferior work ; but 
it contains the character of Meg Dods, of 
the Clachan or Mowbray Arms inn, one 
of the very best 1© ,v comic characters in 
the whole range of fiction. 

St. Stephen's Chapel, properly 
the House of Commons, but sometimes 
applied to the two Houses of Parliament. 
So called by a figure of speech from St. 
Stephen's Chapel, built by king Stephen, 
rebuilt by Edward II. and III., and 
finally destroyed by fire in 1834. St. 
Stephen's Chapel was fitted up for the use 
of the House of Commons in the reign of 
Edward IV. The great council of the 
nation met before in the chapter-house of 
the abbey. 

St. Swithin, tutor of king Alfred, 
and bishop of Winchester. The monks 
wished to bury him in the chancel of the 
minster ; but the bishop had directed 
that his body should be interred under 
the open vault of heaven. Finding the 
monks resolved to disobey his injunction, 
he sent a heavy rain on July 15, the day 
assigned to the funeral ceremony, in con- 
sequence of which it was deferred from 
day to day for forty days. The monks 
then bethought them of the saint's in- 
junction, and prepared to inter the body 
in the churchyard. St. Swithin smiled 
his approbation by sending a beautiful 
sunshiny day, in which all the robes of 
the hierarchy might be displayed without 
the least fear of being injured by untimely 
and untoward showers. 

St. Tammany, . the patron of de- 
mocracy in the American states. His 
day is May 1. Tammany or Tammenund 
lived in the seventeenth century. He 
was a native of Delaware, but settled on 
the banks of the Ohio. He was a chief 
sachem of his tribe, and his rule was 
discreet and peaceful. His great maxim 
>vas, " Unite. In peace unite for mutual 
happiness, in war for mutual defence." 



Saints (Island of), Ireland. 

Saints (Royal). 

David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153). 

Edward the Confessor (1004, 1042- 
1066). 

Edward the Martyr (961, 975-979). 

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161). 

Ethelred I. king of Wessex (*, 866- 
871). 

Eugenius I. pope (*, 654-657). 

Felix I. pope (*, 269-274). 

Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon 
(1200, 1217-1252). 

Julius I. pope (*, 337-352). 

Kang-he, second of the Manchoo 
dynasty of China (*, 1661-1722). 

Lawrence Justiniani patriarch of Venice 
(1380, 1451-1465). 

Leo IX. pope (1002, 1049-1054). 

Louis IX. of France (1215, 1226-1270). 

Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030). 

Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038). 

Saints for Diseases. These saints 
either ward off ills or help to relieve 
them, and should be invoked by those 
who trust their power : — 

Ague. St. Pernel cures. 

Bad Dreams. St. Christopher protects from. 

Blear Eyes. St. Otilic cures. 

Blindness. St. Thomas a Becket cures. 

Boils and Blains. St. Rooke cures. 

CHASTITY. St. Susan protects. 

Children's Diseases {All). St. Blaise heals; and all 
cattle diseases. The bread consecrated on his day (Feb- 
ruary 3) and called " The Benediction of St. Blaise," should 
have been tried in the recent cattle plague. 

Cholera. Oola Beebee is invoked by the Hindus in 
this malady. 

Cholic. St. Erasmus relieves. 

Dancing Mania. St. Vitus cures. 

Defilement. St. Susan preserves from. 

Discovery of Lost Goods. St Ethelbert and St 
Elian. 

Doubts. St. Catharine resolves. 

Dying. St. Barbara relieves. 

Epilepsy. St. Valentine cures. 

Fire. St. Agatha protects from it, but St Florian 
should be invoked if it has already broken out. 

Flood, Fire, and Earthquake. St. Christopher 
saves from. 

Gout. St Wolfgang, they say, is of more service than 
Blair's pills. 

Gripes. St. Erasmus cures. 

Idiocy. St. Giidas is the guardian angel of idiots. 

Infamy. St Susan protects from. 

Infection. St. Roque protects from. 

Leprosy. St. Lazarus, the beggar. 

Madness. St Dymphna cures. 

MICE and RATS. St. Gertrude and St. Huldrick wan! 
them off. When phosphor paste fails, St. Gertrude 
might be tried, at any rate with less danger than arsenic. 

NIGHT Alarms. St. Christopher protects from. 

Plague. St. Koch, they say, iu this case is better 
than the "good bishop of Marseilles." 

Quenching Fire. St, Florian and St. Christopher 
should not be forgotten by fire insurance companies. 

QUINSY. St. Blaise will cure it sooner than tartarised 
antimony. 

Riches. St. Anne and St Vincent help those who 
seek it. Gold-diggers should ask them for nuggets. 

Scabs. St Rooke cures. 

Small-pox. St. Martin of Tours maybe tried by those 
objecting to vaccination. In Hindustan, Seetla wards it oir. 

Sudden Death. St. Martin saves from. 

TEMPERANCE. Father Mathew is called "The AposU* 
of Temperance " (l"y<J-185o). * 



SAINTS OF PLACES. 



861 SAINTS FOR SPECIAL, ETC. 



Tooth-ac'HB. St. Appoline cures better than creosote. 

Vkk.min-Dkstroyer.s. St. Gertrude and St. Hulrlrick. 
If these fail, try Battle, or the Southwark " vermin-killer." 

Wealth-Bestoweu. St. Anne, recommended to the 
nil tan. 

Saints of Places. The following 
are the patron saints of the cities, nations, 
or places set down : — 

Aberdeen, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is De- 
cember 6. 

Abyssinia, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day is 
October 27. 

Alexandria, St. Mark, who founded the church there 
(died a.d. 52). Hisdav is April 25. 

ALVS (The), Felix Neff( 1798-1 8»). 

A.ntioch, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20. 

ARDENNES (The), St. Hubert (656-730). He is called 
" The Apostle of the Ardennes." His days are May 30 and 
November 3. 

Armenia, St Gregory of Armenia (256-331). His day 
is September 30. 

BATH, St. David, from whose benediction the waters of 
Bath received their warmth and medicinal qualities (430- 
5441. His day is March 1. 

Beauvais, St. Lucian (died 290), called " The Apostle of 
Beauvais." His duv is January 8. 

Belgium, St. Boniface (680-755). His day is June 5. 

Bohemia, St. Wenceslaus. 

Brussels, the Virgin Mary ; St. Gudule, who died 712. 
St. Gudule's Day is January 8. 

CAGLIARI (in Sardinia), St. Efisio or St. Ephesus. 

Cappadocia, St Matthias (died A.D. 62). His day it 
February 24. 

Carthage, St. Perpetua (died 203). Her day is March 7. 

Cologne. St. Ursula (died 452). Her day is October 21. 

Corpu, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day is 
December 14. 

Cremona, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20. 

Denmark, St. Anscharius (801-864), whose day is Feb- 
ruary 3 ; and St. Canute (died 1086), whose day is January 19. 

Edinburgh, St GUes (died 550). His day is Septem- 
ber 1. 

England, St. George (died 290). St Bede calls Gregory 
the Great "The Apostle of England," but St Augustin 
was " The Apostle of the English People " (died 607). St. 
George's Day is April 23. 

Ethiopia, St Frumentius (died 360). His day is 
October 27. 

Flanders, St. Peter (died 66). His day is June 89. 

Florence, St. John the Baptist (died ad. 32). His 
days are June 24 and August 29. 

Forests, St. Silvester, because silva, in Latin, means " a 
wood." His day is June 20. 

Fortt, St. Barbara (died 335). Her dav is December 4. 

FRANCE. St Denys (died 272). His day is October 9. 
St. Remi is called "The Great Apostle of the French" 
(439-535). His day is October 1. 

Franconia St. Kilian (died 689). His dav is July 8. 

FRISELAND, St. Wilbrod or Willibrod (657-738). called 
" The Apostle of the Frisians." His day is November 7. 

Gaul, St. Irenaeus (130-200), whose day is June 28 ; and 
St. Martin (316-397), whose day is November IX. St 
Denys is called " The Apostle of the Gauls." 

Genoa, St. George of Cappadocia. His day is April 23. 

Gentiles. St. Paul was " The Apostle of the Gentiles" 
(died A.D. 66). His days are January 25 and June 29. 

GEORGIA, St Nino, whose day is September 16. 

Germany, St Boniface, "Apostle of the Germans" 
(680-755), whose day is June 5 ; and St. Martin (316-397), 
whose day is November 11. (St. Boniface was called 
Winfred till Gregory II. changed the name.) 

GLASGOW, St. Mungo, also called Kentigern (514-601). 

Groves, St. Silvester, because silva, in Latin, means "a 
wood." His day is June 20. 

Highlanders, St Columb (521-597). His day is 
June 9. 

mils, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4. 

HOLLAND, the Virgin Mary. Her days are : her Na- 
tivity, November 21 ; Visitation, July 2 ; Conception, 
December 8; Purification, February 2; Assumption, 
August 15. 

Hungary, 8t Louis; Mary of Aquisgrana (Aix-la- 
Chapelle) ; and St. Anastasius (died 628), whose day is 
January 22. 

INDIA, St. Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566) ; the Rev 
J. Eliot (1603-1690) ; and Francis Xavier (1506-3552), called 
" The Apostle of the Indians," whose day is December 3. 



IRELAND, St. Patrick (372-493). His day is March 17. 
(Some give his birth 387, and some his death 405.) 

[TALT, St. Anthony (251-3561. His dav is January 17. 
Lapland, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is Decem- 
ber 6. 

Lichfield, St. Chad, who lived there (died 672). His 
day is March 2. 
LIKOK, St. Albert (died 1195). His day is November 21. 
Lisbon, St. Vincent (.lied 304). His translation to Lis- 
bon is kept September 15. 

London, St. Paul, whose day is January 25 ; and St. 
Michael, whose day is September 29. 

MOSCOW, St. Nicholas(dir.l34tii. His day is December6. 

Mountains, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is Decem- 
ber 4. 

Naples, St. Januarius (died 291), whose dav is September 
19 ; and St. Thomas Aquinas (1227-1274), whose days are 
March 7 and July 18. 

Netherlands. St. Armand (589-679). 

North {The), St Ansgar (801-864), and Bernard Gilpin 
(1517-1583). 

Norway, St Anscharius, called "The Apostle of the 
North " (801-864), whose day is February 3 ; and St. Olaua 
(899, KMMI-1030). 

Oxford, St Frideswide. 

Padua, St, Justina, whose day is October 7; and St. 
Anthony (1195-1231), whose day is June 13. 

Paris, St Genevieve (419-512). Her day is January 3. 

Peak (The), Derbyshire, W. Bagshaw (1828-1708). 

Picts (The), St Ninian (fourth century), whose day is 
September 16 ; and St. Columb (521-597), whose day is 
Juno 9. 

Pisa, San Ranieri. 

Poitiers, St. Hilary (300-367). His day is January 14. 

Poland. St. Hedviga (1174-1243), whose day is October 
15; and St. Stanislaus (died 1078), whose dav is Miv 7. 

Portugal, St. Sebastian (250-288). His day is January 20. 

Prussia, St. Andrew, whose day is November 30 ; and 
St. Albert (died 1195). whose day is November 21. 

Rochester, St. Paulinus (353-431). His day is June 22. 

Rome, St. Peter and St. Paul. Both died on tne same 
day of the month, June 29. The old tutelar deity was 
Mars. 

Russia, St Nicholas, St. Andrew, St George, and the 
Virgin Mary. 

Saragossa, St. Vincent where he was born (died 304). 
His day is January 22. 

Sardinia, Mary the Virgin. Her days are : Nativity, 
November 21 ; Visitation, July 2 ; Conception, December 
8; Purification, February 2 ; Assumjjtion. August 15. 

SCOTLAND, St. Andrew, because his remains were 
brought by Regulus into Fifeshire in 368. His day is 
November 30. 

Sebastia (in Armenia), St. Blaise (died 316). His day 
is February 3. 

Sicily, St. Agatha, where she was born (died 251). 
Her day is Februarv 5. The old tutelar deity was Ceres. 

Silesia, St, Hedviga, also called Avoye (1174-1243). 
His day is October 15. 

Slaves or Slavi, St. Cyril, called " The Apostle of the 
Slavi " (died 868). His day is February 14 

Spain, St. James the Greater (died A.D. 44). His day is 
July 24. 

Sweden. St Anscharius, St John, and St. Eric IX. 
(reigned 1155-1161). 

Switzerland, St. Gall (died 646). His day is October 
16. 

United States, St. Tammany. 

Valleys, St. Agatha (died 251). Her day is February 5. 

Venice, St. Mark, who was buried there. His day is 
April 25. St. Pantaleon, whose day is July 27 ; and St. 
Lawrence Jnstiniani (1380-1465). 

Vienna St. Stephen (died A.D. 34). His day is Decem- 
ber 26. 

Vineyards, St. Urban (died 230). His day is May 25. 

Wales, St. David, uncle of king Arthur (died 544). His 
day is March 1. 

Woods, St. Silvester, because silva, in Latin, means " a 
wood." His day is June 20. 

Yorkshire, St Paulinus (353-431). His day is June 22. 

Saints for Special Classes of 
Persons, such as tradesmen, children, 
wives, idiots, students, etc. : — 

Archers, St. Sebastian, because he was shot by them. 

Armourers. St. George of Cappadocia. 

Artists and the Arts, St. Agatha ; but St Luke is the 
patron of painters, being himself one. 



SAINTS FOR SPECIAL, ETC. 862 



SAKHRAT. 



Bakers, St. Winifred, who followed the trade. 

Barbers, St. Louis. 

Barren Women. St. Margaret befriends them. 

Beggars, St. Giles. Hence the outskirts ot cities are 
often called " St. Giles." 

Bishops, etc., St. Timothy and St. Titus (1 Tim. iii. 
1 : Titus i. 7). 

Bund Folk, St. Thomas a Becket, and St. Lucy who 
was deprived of her eyes by Paschasius. 

Booksellers, St. John Port Latin. 

Brides, St. Nicholas, because he threw three stockings, 
filled with wedding portions, into the chamber window of 
three virgins, that they might marry their sweethearts, 
and not live a life of sin for the sake of earning a living. 

Burglars, St. Dismas, the penitent thief. 

Candle and Lamp makers, St. Lucy and Xucian. A 
pun upon lux, lucis (" light "). 

Cannoneers, St. Barbara, because she is generally 
represented in a fort or tower. 

Captives, St. Barbara and St. Leonard. 

Carpenters, St. Joseph, who was a carpenter. 

Children, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas. This latter 
saint restored to life some children, murdered by an inn- 
keeper of Myra and pickled in a pork-tub. 

Cobblers, St. Crispin, who worked at the trade. 

Cripples, St. Giles, because he refused to be cured of 
an accidental lameness, that he might mortify his flesh. 

Divines, St. Thomas Aquinas, author of Somme de 
Theology. 

Doctors, St. Cosine, who was a surgeon in Cilicia. 

Drunkards, St. Martin, because St. Martin's Day 
(November 11) happened to be the day of the Yinalia or 
feast of Bacchus. St. Urban protects. 

Dying, St. Barbara. 

Ferrymen, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman. 

Fishermen, St. Peter, who was a fisherman. 

Fools, St. Maturin, because the Greek word matia or 
mate means "folly." 

Free Trade. R. Cobden is called "The Apostle of 
Free Trade " (1804-1865). 

Freemen, St. John. 

Fullers, St. Sever, because the place so called, on the 
Adour, is or was famous for its tanneries and fulleries. 

Goldsmiths, St. Eloy, who was a goldsmith. 

Hatters, St. William, the son of a hatter. 

Hog and Swineherds, St. Anthony. Pigs unfit for 
food used anciently to have their ears slit, but one of the 
proctors of St. Anthony's Hospital dice tied a bell 
about the neck of a pig whose ear was slit, and no one 
ever attempted to injure it. 

Housewives, St. Osyth, especially to prevent their 
losing the keys, and to help them in finding these "tiny 
tormentors ; " St. Martha, the sister of Lazarus. 

Huntsmen, St. Hubert, who lived in the Ardennes, a 
famous hunting forest ; and St. Eustace. 

Idiots St. Gildas restores them to their right senses. 

Infants, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas. 

Infidels. Voltaire is called " The Apostle of Infidels" 
(1694-1778). 

Insane Folks, St. Dymphna. 

Lawyers, St. Yves Helori (in Sicily), who was called 
"The Advocate of the Poor," because he was always 
ready to defend them in the Jaw-courts gratuitously 
(1253-1303). 

Learned Men, St. Catharine, noted for her learning, 
and for converting certain philosophers sent to convince 
the Christians of Alexandria of the folly of the Christian 
faith. 

Madmen, St. Dymphna. 

Maidens, the Virgin Mary. 

Mariners, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman : and 
St. Nicholas, who was once in danger of shipwreck, and 
who, on one occasion, lulled a tempest for some pilgrims 
on their way to the Holy Land. 

Millers, St. Arnold, the son of a miller. 

Mercers, St. Florian, the son of a mercer. 

Mothers, the Virgin Mary ; St.. Margaret, for those who 
wish to be so. The girdle of St. Margaret, in St. Ger- 
main's, is placed round the waist of those who wish to he 
mothers. 

Musicians, St. Cecilia, who was an excellent musician. 

Nailers, St. Cloud, because clou, in French, means 
" a nail." 

Netmakers, St. James and St. John {Matt. iv. 21). 

Nursks, St. Agatha. 

Painters, St. Luke, who was a painter. 

Parish Clerks, St. Nicholas. 

Parsons, St. Thomas Aquinas, doctor of theology at 
Tar is. 



Physicians, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon ; St. Luke 
(Col. iv. 14). 

Pilgrims, St. Julian, St. Raphael, St. James of Com- 
postella. 

Pinmakers, St. Sebastian, whose body was as full of 
arrows in his martyrdom as a pincushion is of pins. 

POOR FOLKS, St. Giles, who affected indiaence, think- 
ing " poverty and suffering" a service acceptable to God. 

Portrait-painters and Photographers, St. Ve- 
ronica, who had a handkerchief with the face of Jesus 
photographed on it. 

Potters, St. Gore, who was a potter. 

Prisoners, St. Sebastian and St. Leonard. 

Sages, St. Cosine, St. Damian, and St. Catharine. 

Sailors, St. Nicholas and St. Christopher. 

Scholars, St. Catharine. (See " Learned Men.") 

School Children, St. Nicholas and St. Gregory. 

Scotch Reformers. Knox is "The Apostle of the 
Scotch Reformers " (1505-1572). 

Seamen, St. Nicholas, who once was in danger of 
shipwreck ; and St. Christopher, who was a ferryman. 

Shepherds and their Flocks, St. Windeline, who 
kept sheep, like David. 

Shoemakers, St, Crispin, who made shoes. 

Silversmiths, St. Eloy, who worked in gold and 
silver. 

Slaves, St. Cyril This is a pun ; he was " The Apostle 
of the Slavi." 

Soothsayers, etc., St. Agabus (A ctt xxi. 10). 

Sportsmen, St. Hubert. (See above, "Huntsmen.") 

Statuaries, St. Veronica. (See above, "Portrait- 
painters.") 

Stonemasons, St. Peter (John i. 42). 

Students, St. Catharine, noted for her great learning. 

Surgeons, St. Cosme, who practised medicine in Cilicia 
gratuitously (died 310). 

Sweethearts, St. Valentine, because in the Middle 
Ages ladies held their x " courts of love "about this tune. 
(See Valentine.) 

Swineherds and Swine, St. Anthony. 

Tailors, St. Goodman, who was a tailor. 

Tanners, St. Clement, the son of a tanner. 

Tax-collectors, St. Matthew (Matt. ix. 9). 

Tent.makers, St. Paul and St. Aquila, who were tent- 
makers (Acts xv iii. 3). 

Thieves, St. Dismas, the penitent thief. St. Ethcl- 
bert and St. Elian ward off thieves. 

Travellers, St. Raphael, because he assumed the 
guise of a traveller in order to guide Tobias from Nineveh 
to Rages (Tobit v.). 

Vintners and Vineyards, St. Urban. 

Virgins. St. Winifred and St. Nicholas. 

Wheelwrights, St. Boniface, the son of a wheelwright. 

WlGMAKERS, St. Louis. 

Wise Men, St. Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Catharine. 
Woolcombers and Staplers, St. Blaise, who was torn 
to pieces by " combes of yren." 

Sakhar, the devil who stole Solomon's 
signet. The tale is that Solomon, when 
he washed, entrusted his signet-ring to 
his favourite concubine Amina. Sakhar 
one day assumed the appearance of Solo- 
mon, got possession of the ring, and sat 
on the throne as the king. During this 
usurpation, Solomon became a beggar, 
but in forty days Sakhar flew away, and 
flung the signet-ring into the sea. It was 
swallowed by a fish, the fish was caught 
and sold to Solomon, the ring was re- 
covered, and Sakhar was thrown into the 
sea of Galilee with a great stone round 
his neck. — Jallalo'ddin, Al Zamakh. (See 
Fish and the Ring, p. 33(5.) 

Sakhrat [SaLrah'], the sacred stone 
on which mount Kaf rests. Mount Kaf 
is a circular plain, the home of giants and 
fairies. Any one who possesses a single 
grain of the stone Sakhrat, has the power 



SAKIA. 



863 



SALEM. 



of working miracles. Its colour is 
emerald, and its reflection gives the l>lue 
tint to the sky. — Mohammedan Mythology, 

Sa'kia, the dispenser of rain, one of 
the four gods of the Adites (2 sijl.). 

Saki.i. we Invoked for rain ; 
We called on Kazeka for food ; 
They did not he;vr our prayers— they could not hear. 
No cloud appeared In heaven. 
No nightly dews came down. 

Southe'y, Thaiaba the Destroyer, I. 24 (1707). 

Sakuilta'la, daughter of Viswamita 
and a water-nymph, abandoned by her 
parents, and brought up by a hermit. 
One day, king Dushyanta came to the 
hermitage, and persuaded Sakuntala to 
marry him. In due time a son was 
born, but Dushyanta left his bride at the 
hermitage. When the boy was six years 
old, his mother took him to the king, and 
Dushyanta recognized his wife by a ring 
which he had given her. Sakuntala was 
now publicly proclaimed queen, and the 
boy (whose name was Bharata) became 
the founder of the glorious race of the 
Bharatas. 

This story forms the plot of the famous 
drama Sakuntala by Kalidasa, well known 
to us through the translation of sir W. 
Jones. 

Sakya-Muni, the founder of Bud- 
dhism. Sakya is the family name of 
Siddhartha, and muni means "a recluse." 
Buddha ("perfection") is a title given to 
Siddhartha. 

SalacacaTbia or Salacacaby, a soup 
said to have been served at the table of 
Apicius. 

Bruise in a mortar parsley seed, dried peneryal, dried 
mint, ginger, green coriander, stoned raisins, honey, 
vinegar, oil, and wine. Put them into a cacabulum, with 
three crests of Pycentine bread, the flesh of a pullet, vestine 
cheese, pine-kernels, cucumbers, and dried onions minced 
small. Pour soup over the whole, garnish with snow, and 
serve up in the cacabulum. — King, The A rt of Cookery. 

Sal'ace (3 syl.) or Salacia, wife of 
Neptune, and mother of Triton. 

Triton, who boasts his high Neptunian race, 
Sprung from the god by Salace's embrace. 

Camoens, Lusiad, vi. (1572). 

Salad Days, days of green youth, 
while the blood is still cool. 

[Those were] my salad days I 
When I was green in judgment, cold in blood. 
Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, act i. sc. 5 (1608). 

Sal'adin, the soldan of the East. Sir 
W. Scott introduces him in The Talisman, 
first as Sheerkohf emir of Kurdistan, 
and subsequently as Adonbeck el Hakim' 
the physician. 

Salamanca, the reputed home of 
witchcraft and devilry in De Lancrt's 
time (1610). 



Salamanca {The Bachelor of), the title 
and hero of a novel by Lesage. The 
name of tire bachelor is don Cherubim, 
who is placed in all sorts of situations 
suitable to the author's vein of satire 
(1704). 

Salamander (A). Prester John, in 
his letter to Manuel ComnC-nus emperor 
of Constantinople, describes the sala- 
mander as a worm, and says it makes 
cocoons like a silkworm. These cocoons, 
being unwound by the ladies of the 
palace, are spun into dresses for the 
imperial women. The dresses are washed 
in flames, and not in water. This, of 
course, is asbestos. 

Sala'nio, a friend to Anthonio and 
Bassanio. — Shakespeare, Merchant of 
Venice (1598). 

Salari'no, a friend to Anthonio and 
Bassanio. — Shakespeare, Merchant of 
Venice (1598). 

Sa'leh. The Thamudites (3 syl.) 
proposed that Saleh should, by miracle, 
prove that Jehovah was a God superior to 
their own. Prince Jonda said he would 
believe it, if Saleh made a camel, big 
with young, come out of a certain rock 
which he pointed out. Saleh did so, and 
Jonda was converted. 

(The Thamudites were idolators, and 
Saleh the prophet was sent to bring them 
back to the worship of Jehovah.) 

Sdleh's Camel. The camel thus miracu- 
lously produced, used to go about the 
town, crying aloud, " Ho ! every one that 
wanteth milk, let him come, and I will 
give it him." — Sale, Al Koran, vii. notes. 
(See Isaiah lv. 1.) 

Sa'leh, son of Faras'che (3 syl.) queen 
of a powerful under-sea empire. His 
sister was Gulna're (3 syl.) empress of 
Persia. Saleh asked the king of Saman- 
dal, another under-sea emperor, to give his 
daughter Giauha're in marriage to prince 
Beder, son of Gulnare ; but the proud, 
passionate despot ordered the prince's 
head to be cut off for such presumptuous 
insolence. However, Saleh made his 
escape, invaded Samandal, took the king 
prisoner, and the marriage between Beder 
aud the princess Giauhare was duly cele- 
brated. — Arabian Nights ("Beder and 
Giauhare "). 

Sa'lem, a young seraph, one of the 
two tutelar angels of the Virgin Mary and 
of John the Divine, " for God had given 
to John two tutelar aLgels, the ohief of 



SALEMAL. 



SALVAGE KNIGHT. 



whom was Raph/ael, one of the most 
exalted seraphs of the hierarchy of 
heaven." — Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. 
'1748)* 

Sal'emal, the preserver in sickness, 
one of the four gods of the Adites (2 
si/l.). — D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque Orientate 
(1697). 

Salern' or Saler'no, in Italy, cele- 
brated for its school of medicine. 

Even the doctors of Salern 

Send me back word they can discern 

No cure for a malady like this. 

Longfellow, The Gulden Legend (1851). 

Salian Franks. So called from the 
Isala or Yssel, in Holland. They were a 
branch of the Sicambri ; hence when Clovis 
was baptized at Rheims, the old prelate 
addressed him as "Sigambrian," and said 
that "he must henceforth set at nought 
what he had hitherto worshipped, and 
worship what he had hitherto set at 
nought." 

Salisbury (Earl of), William Long- 
sword, natural son of Henry II. and 
Jane Clifford, "The Fair Rosamond." 
— Shakespeare, King John (1596) ; sir 
W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard 

Sallust of France (The). Ce'sar 
Vichard (1639-1692) was so called by 
Voltaire. 

Sal'macis, softness, effeminacy. 
Salmacis is a fountain of Caria, near 
Halicarnassus, which rendered soft and 
effeminate those who bathed therein. 

Beneath the woman's and the water's kiss. 
Thy moist liinbs melted into Salmacis . . . 
And all the boy's breath softened into sighs. 

Swinburne, Hermaphroditut. 

Salmigondin or " Salmygondin," a 
lordship of Dipsody, given b) r Pantag'ruel 
to Panurge (2 syl.). Alcofribas, who had 
resided six months in the giant's mouth 
without his knowing it, was made castellan 
of the castle. — Rabelais, JPantag'ruel, ii. 
32 ; iii. 2 (1533-45). 

The lordship of Salmygondin was worth 67 million 
pounds sterling per annum in "certain rent," and an 
annua! revenue for locusts and periwinkles, varying from 
£2t,:}57 to 12 millions in a good year, when the exports of 
locusts and periwinkles were nourishing. Panurge, how- 
ever, could not make the two ends meet. At the close of 
"less than fourteen days" he had forestalled three years' 
rent and revenue, and had to apply to Pantagruel to pay 
his debts. — Pantagruel, Hi. 2. 

Salmo'neus (3 syl.), king of Elis, 
wishing to be thought a god, used to 
imitate thunder and lightning by driving 
his chariot over a brazen bridge, and 
darting burning torches on every side. 



He was killed by lightning for his im- 
piety and folly. 

Salmoneus, who while he his carroach dravo 

Over the brazen bridge of Elis' stream, 
And did with artificial thunder brave 
Jove, till he pierced him with a lightning beam. 
Lord Brooke, Treatise on Monarchie, vL 
It was to be the literary Salmoneus of the political 
Jupiter.— Lord J.ytton. 

Sa'lo, a rivulet now called Xalon, near 
Bilbilis, in Celtiberia. This river is so 
exceedingly cold that the Spaniards used 
to plunge their swords into it while they 
were hot from the forge. The best 
Spanish blades owe their stubborn temper 
to the icy coldness of this brook. 

Ssevo Bilbilin optimam metallo 
Et ferro Plateam suo sonantem, 
Quam fluctu tenui sed inquieto 
Armorum Salo temperator ambit. 

Martial, Epigrammata. 
Praecipua his quidem ferri materia, sed aqua ipsa ferro 
violentior ; quippe temperamento ejus ferrum acriu* 
redditur ; nee ullum apud eos telum probatur quod non 
aut in Bilbili fluvio aut Chalybe tingatur. Unde etiatn 
Chalybes fluvii hujus nnitimi appellati, ferroque casterU 
praestare dicuntur. — Justin, Historia Philippica, xliv. 

Salome and the Baptist. When 

Salome delivered the head of John the 
Baptist to her mother, Herodias pulled 
out the tongue and stabbed it with her 
bodkin. 

When the head of Cicero was delivered 
to Marc Antony, his wife Fulvia pulled 
out the tongue and stabbed it repeatedly 
with her bodkin. 

Salopia, Shropshire. 

Admired Salopia 1 that with venial pride 
Eyes her bright form in Severn's ambient ware; 

Famed for her loyal aires in perils tried, 

Her daughters lovely, and her striplings brave. 
Shenstone, The Schoolmistress (1758). 

Salsabil, a fountain of paradise, the 
water of which is called Zenjebil. The 
word Salsabil means " that which goes 
pleasantly down the throat ; " and Zen- 
jebil means "ginger" (which the Arabs 
mix with the water that thej r drink). 

God shall reward the righteous with a garden, and silk 
garments. They shall repose on couches. They shall see 
there neither sun nor moon . . . the fruit thereof shall 
hang low, so as to be easily gathered. The bottles shall be 
silver shining like glass, and the wine shall be mixed with 
the water Zenjebil, a fountain in paradise named Salsabil. 
— Sale's Kordn, lxxvi. 

Salt River (To row up), to go 
against the stream, to suffer a political 
defeat. 

There is a small stream called the Salt River in Ken- 
tucky, noted for its tortuous course and numerous bars. 
The phrase is applied to one who has the task of propelling 
the boat up the stream ; but in political slang it is applied 
to those who are " rowed up."— J. Ionian. 

Salvage Knight (The), sir Ar- 
thegal, called Artegal from bk. iv. 6. 
The hero of bk. v. (Justice). — Spenser, 
Faery Queen (1596). 



SALVATOR- ROSA. 



865 



SAMIASA. 



Sal va'tor Rosa (The English), John 
Hamilton Mortimer (1741-1779;. 

Salvato're (4 syl.), Sal va'tor Rosa, 
an Italian painter, especially noted for 
his scenes of brigands, etc. (1616-1673). 

But, ever and anon, to soothe your vision, 

Fatigued with these hereditary glories, 
There rose a Carlo Dolce or a Titian, 
Or wilder group of savage Salvatore's. 

Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 71 (1824). 



Sam, 



gentleman, the friend of 



Francisco. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
Mans. Thomas (1G19). 

Sam, one of the Know-Nothings or 
Native American party. One of "Uncle 
Sam's " sons. 

Sam (Dicky), a Liverpool man. 

Sam (Uncle), the United States of 
North America, or rather the government 
of the states personified. So called from 
Samuel Wilson, uncle of Ebenezer 
Wilson. Ebenezer was inspector of 
Elbert Anderson's store on the Hudson, 
and Samuel superintended the workmen. 
The stores were marked E*A. U'S. 
(" Elbert Anderson, United States"), but 
the workmen insisted that U'S. stood 
for " Uncle Sam."— Mr. Frost. 

Sam Silverquill, one of the 
prisoners at Portanferry. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Sain Weller, servant of Mr. Pick- 
wick. The impersonation of the shrewd- 
ness, quaint humour, and best qualities 
of cockney low life. — C. Dickens, The 
Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Sa'mael (3 syl.), the prince of 
demons, who, in the guise of a serpent, 
tempted Eve in paradise. (See Samiel.) 

Samandal, the largest and most 
powerful of the under-sea empires. The 
inhabitants of these empires live under 
water without being wetted ; transport 
themselves instantaneously from place 
to place ; can live on our earth or in the 
Island of the Moon ; are great sorcerers ; 
and speak the language of " Solomon's 
seal." — ArabianNights (^Beder and Gian- 
hare"). 

Samarcand Apple, a perfect 
panacea of all diseases. It was bought 
by prince Ahmed, and was instrumental 
in restoring Nouroun'nihar to perfect 
health, although at the very point of 
death. 

In fact, sir, there is no disease, however painful or 
dangerous, whether fever, pleurisy, plague, or any other 
disorder, but it will instantly cure ; and that in the easiest 



possible way: it is simply to make the sick person smell 
of the apple.— Arabian tfiyhtt ("Ahmed and Pari- 
Banou "). 

SamTbenites [Sam'.be.neetz'], persons 
dressed in the sambcnlto, a yellow coat 
without sleeves, having devils painted 
on it. The sambenito was worn by 
" heretics " on their way to execution. 

And blow us up i' the open streets. 
Disguised ill rumps, like samhciiites. 

S. Butler, Uudibras. iii. 2 (1078). 

Sambo, any male of the negro race. 

No race has shown such capabilities of adaptation to 
varying soil and circumstances as the negro. Alike to 
them the snows of Canada, the rocky land of New Eng- 
land or the gorgeous profusion of the Southern Stales. 
Sambo and Cutt'ey expand under them alL— H. Beecher 
Stowe. 

Sam'eri (Al), the proselyte who 
cast the golden calf at the bidding of 
Aaron. After he had made it, he took 
up some dust on which Gabriel's horse 
had set its feet, threw it into the calf's 
mouth, and immediately the calf became 
animated and began to low. Al Bei- 
dawi says that Al Sameri was not really 
a proper name, but that the real name of 
the artificer was Musa ebn Dhafar. Sel- 
den says Al Sameri means "the keeper," 
and that Aaron was so called, because he 
was the keeper or "guardian of the 
people." — Selden, Be Diis Syris, i. 4 (see 
Al Koran, ii. notes). 

Sa'mian (The Long-Haired), *Pytha- 
goras or Budda Ghooroos, a native of 
Samos (sixth century B.C.). 

Samian He'ra. Hera or Here, wife 
of Zeus, was born at Samos. She was 
worshipped in Egypt as well as in 
Greece. 

Samian Letter (The), the letter Y, 
used by Pythagoras as an emblem of the 
path of virtue and of vice. Virtue is 
like the stem of the letter. Once deviated 
from, the further the lines are extended 
the wider the divergence becomes. 

When reason, doubtful, like the Samian letter, 
Points him two ways, the narrower the better. 

Pope, The Danciad, iv. (1742). 
Et tibi quae Samios diduxit litera ramos. 

Persius, Satires. 

Samian Sage (The), Pythagoras, 
born at Samos (sixth century B.C.). 

"Tis enough 
In this late age, adventurous to have touched 
Light on the numbers of the Samian Sage. 

Thomson. 

Samias'a, a seraph, in love with 
Aholiba'mah the granddaughter of Cain. 
When the Flood came, the seraph carried 
off his innamorata to another planet. — 
Byron, Heaven and Earth (1819). 
3 K 



SAMIEL. 



866 



SANCHA. 



Sa'miel, the Black Huntsman of the 
Wolfs Glen, who gave to Der Freischutz 
seven balls, six of which were to hit 
whatever the marksman aimed at, hut 
the seventh was to be at the disposal of 
Samiel. (See Samael.)— Weber, Der 
Freischutz (libretto by Kind, 1822). 

Samiel Wind (The), the simoom. 

Burning and headlong as the Samiel wind. 

T. Moore, Lalla liookh, i. (1817). 

Samient, the female ambassador of 
queen Mercilla to queen Adicia (wife of 
the soldan). Adicia treated her with 
great contumely, thrust her out of doors, 
and induced two knights to insult her ; 
but sir Artegal, coming up, drove at one 
of the unmannerly knights with such 
fury as to knock him from his horse and 
break his neck. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
v. (lo96). 

(This refers to the treatment of the 
deputies sent by the states of Holland to 
Spain for the redress of grievances. 
Philip ("the soldan"; detained the 
deputies as prisoners, disregarding the 
sacred rights of their office as ambas- 
sadors.) 

Sam'ite (2 syl.), a very rich silk, 
sometimes interwoven with gold or silver 
thread. 

... an arm 
Rose up from the bosom of the lake, 
Olothed in white samite. 

Tennyson, Morte d' Arthur (1858). 

Sam'ma, the demoniac that John 
" the Beloved " could not exorcise. Jesus, 
coming from the Mount of Olives, re- 
buked Satan, who quitted "the possessed," 
and left him in his right mind. — Klopstock, 
The Messiah, h. (1748). 

Sam'oed Shore (The). Samoi'eda is 
a province of Muscovy, contiguous to the 
Frozen Sea. 

Now, from the north 
Of Noruml ega, and the Samoed shore, . . . 
Boreas and Cajoias . . . rend the woods, and seas upturn. 
Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 695 (1665). 

Sampson, one of Capulet's servants. 
— Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (151)7). 

Samp'son, a foolish advocate, kinsman 
of judge Vertaigne (2 syl.). — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Little French Lawyer 
(1647). 

Sampson (Dominie) or Abel Sampson, 
tutor to Harry Bertram son of the laird of 
Ellangowan. One of the best creations 
of romance. His favourite exclamation 
is "Prodigious!" Dominie Sampson is 
very learned, simple, and green. Sir 
Walter describes him as "a poor, modest, 



humble scholar, who had Avon his way 
through the classics, but fallen to the lee- 
ward in the voyage of life." — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

His appearance puritanical. Ragged black clothes, blue 
worsted stockings, pewter-headed long cane.— Uuy Man- 
nering (dramatized), i. 2. 

Sampson (George), a friend of the 
Wilfer family. He adored Bella Wilfer, 
but married her voungest sister Lavinia. 
— C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

Samson ( The British), Thomas Top- 
ham (1710-1749). 

Samson Agonistes (4 syl.), " Sam- 
son the Combatant," a sacred drama by 
Milton, showing Samson blinded and 
bound, but triumphant ovef his enemies, 
who sent for him to make sport by feats 
of strength on the feast of Dagon. 
Having amused the multitude for a time, 
he was allowed to rest awhile against 
the " grand stand," and, twining his arms 
round two of the supporting pillars, he 
pulled the whole edifice down, and died 
himself in the general devastation (1632). 

Samson's Crown, an achievement 
of great renown, which costs the life of 
the doer thereof. Samson's greatest ex- 
ploit was pulling down the "grand 
stand. " occupied by the chief magnates 
of Philistia at the feast of Dagon. By 
this deed, " he slew at his death more than 
[air] they which he slew in his life." — ■ 
Judges xvi. 30. 

And by self-ruin seek a Samson's crown. 
Lord Brooke, Inquisition u/jon Fame, etc. (1554-1628). 

San Ben'ito, a short linen dress, 
with demons painted on it, worn by per- 
sons condemned by the Inquisition. 

For some time the "traitor Newman" was solemnly 
paraded in inquisitorial sun benito before the enlightened 
public— E. Yates, Celebrities, xxii. 

San Bris (Contedi), father of Valen- 
ti'na. During the Bartholomew slaughter, 
his daughter and her husband (Kaoul) 
were both shot by a party of musketeers, 
under the count's command. — Meyerbeer, 
Les Huguenots (opera, 1836). 

Sancha, daughter of Garcias king of 
Navarre, and wife of Fernan Gonsalez 
of Castile. Sancha twice saved the life 
of her husband : when he was cast into 
a dungeon by some personal enemies who 
waylaid him, she liberated him by bribing 
the jailer ; and when he was incarcerated 
at Leon, she effected his escape by changing 
clothes with him. 

The countess of Nithsdale effected the 
escape of her husband from the Tower, in 
1715, by changing clothes with him. 



SANCHEZ II. 



867 



SANG LI ER. 



The countess de Lavalette, in 1815, 
liberated her husband, under sentence of 
death, in the same way ; but the terror she 
suffered so affected her nervous system 
that she lost her senses, and never after- 
wards recovered them. 

San'ehez II. of Castile was killed at 
the battle of Zamo'ra, 1065. 

It was when brave king Sancher 
Was before Zuniora slain. 

Longfellow, The ChaVenge. 

Sanchi'ca, eldest daughter of Sancho 
and Teresa Panza. — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote (1605-15). 

Sancho (Bon), a rich old beau, uncle 
to Victoria. " He affects the misde- 
meanours of a youth, hides his baldness 
with amber locks, and complains of tooth- 
ache, to make people believe that his teeth 
are not false ones." Don Sancho " loves 
in the stvle of Koderigo I." — Mrs. Cowley, 
A Bold Stroke for a Husband (1782). 

Sancho Panza, the 'squire of don 
Quixote. A short, pot-bellied peasant, 
with plenty of shrewdness and good 
common sense. He rode upon an ass 
which he dearly loved, and was noted for 
his proverbs. 

Sancho Panza' s Ass, Dapple. 

Sancho Panza' s Island-City, Barataria, 
where he was for a time governor. 

Sancho Panza' s Wife, Teresa [Cascajo] 
(pt. II. i. 5) ; Maria or Mary [Gutierez] 
(pt. II. iv. 7) ; Dame Juana [Gutierez] 
(pt. I. i. 7) ; and Joan (pt. I. iv. 21). — 
Cervantes, Bon Quixote (1605-15). 

%* The model painting of Sancho 
Panza is by Leslie ; it is called " Sancho 
and the Duchess." 

Sanchoni'athonor Sanchoniatho. 
Nine books ascribed to this author were 
published at Bremen in 1837. The 
original was said to have been discovered 
in the convent of St. Maria de Merinhao, 
by colonel Pereira, a Portuguese ; but it 
was soon ascertained that no such convent 
existed, that there was no colonel of the 
name of Pereira in the Portuguese service, 
and that the paper bore the water-mark 
of the Osnabriick paper-mills. (See Im- 
postors, Literary.) 

Sanct-Cyr (Hugh de), the seneschal 
of king Rene', at Aix. — Sir W. Scott, 
Anne of Geier stein (time, EdAvard IV.). 

Saney Diamond ( The) weighs 53§ 
carats, and belonged to Charles "the 
Bold" of Burgundy. It was bought, in 
1495, by Emmanuel of Portugal, and was 
sold, in 1580, by don Antonio to the sieur 



de Sancy, in whose family it remained for 
a century. The sieur deposited it with 
Henri IV. as a security for a loan of money. 
The servant entrusted with it, being 
attacked by robbers, swallowed it, and 
being murdered, the diamond was re- 
covered by Nicholas de Harlay. We 
next hear of it in the possession of 
James II. of England, who carried it with 
him in his flight, in 1688. Louis XIV. 
bought it of him for £25,000. It was 
sold in the Revolution ; Napoleon I. re- 
bought it; in 1825 it was sold to Paul 
Demidoff for £80,000. The prince sold 
it, in 1830, to M. Levrat, administrator of 
the Mining Society ; but as Levrat failed 
in his engagement, the diamond became, 
in 1832, the subject of a lawsuit, which 
was given in favour of the prince. We 
next hear of it in Bombay ; in 1867 it 
was transmitted to England by the firm 
of Forbes and Co. ; in 1873 it formed part 
of " the crown necklace," worn by Mary of 
Sachsen Altenburg on her marriage with 
Albert of Prussia ; in 1876, in the in- 
vestiture of the Star of India by the 
prince of Wales, in Calcutta, Dr. W. H. 
Russell tells us it was worn as a pendant 
by the maharajah of Puttiala. 

*** Streeter, in his book of Precious 
Stones and Gems, 120 (1877), tells us it 
belongs to the czar of Russia, but if Dr. 
Russell is correct, it must have been sold 
to the maharajah. 

Sand (George). Her birth name was 
Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, after- 
wards Dudevant (1804-1877). 

Sand-Bag. Only knights were al- 
lowed to fight with lance and sword ; 
meaner men used an ebon staff, to one end 
of which was fastened a sand-bag. 

Engaged with money-bags, as bold 
As men with sand-bags did of old. 

S. Butler, Htuiibras (1663-78). 

San'dabar, an Arabian writer, about 
a century before the Christian era, famous 
for his Pa?-ables. 

It was rumoured he could say 
The Parables of Sandabar. 
Longfellow, The Wat/side Inn (prelude, 1863). 

Sanden, the great palace of king Lion, 
in the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox 
(1498). 

Sandibrd (Harry), the companion of 
Tommy Merton. — Thomas Day, History 
of Sandford and Merton (1783-9). 

San'glamore (3 syl.), the sword of 
Braggadochio. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 
(1590). 

Sanglier (Sir), a knight who insisted 



SANGLIER DES ARDENNES. 868 



SANGRADO. 



on changing wives with a sqnire, and 
when the lady objected, he cut off her 
head, and rode off with the squire's wife. 
Being brought before sir Artegal, sir 
Sanglier insisted that the living lady 
was his wife, and that the dead woman 
was the squire's wife. Sir Artegal com- 
manded that the living and dead women 
should both be cut in twain, and half of 
each be given to the two litigants. To 
this sir Sanglier gladly assented ; but 
the squire objected, declaring it would be 
far better to give the lady to the knight 
than that she should suffer death. On 
this, sir Artegal pronounced the living 
woman to be the squire's wife, and the 
dead one to be the knight's. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, v. 1 (1596). 

("Sir Sanglier" is meant for Shan 
O'Neil, leader of the Irish insurgents in 
1567. Of course, this judgment is bor- 
rowed from that of Solomon, 1 Kings 
iii. 16-27.) 

Sanglier des Ardennes, Guil- 
laume de la Marck (1446-1485). 

Sangraal, Sancgreal, etc., gene- 
rally said to be the holy plate from which 
Christ ate at the Last Supper, brought to 
England by Joseph of Arimathy. What- 
ever it was, it appeared to king Arthur 
and his 150 knights of the Round Table, 
but suddenly vanished, and all the knights 
vowed they would go in quest thereof. 
Only three, sir Bors, sir Percivale, and 
sir Galahad, found it, and only sir Gala- 
had touched it, but he soon died, and 
was borne by angels up into heaven. 
The sangraal of Arthurian romance is 
"the dish" containing Christ transub- 
stantiated by the sacrament of the Mass, 
and made visible to the bodily eye of man. 
This will appear quite obvious to the 
reader by the following extracts : — 

Then anon they heard cracking and crying of thunder. 
... In the midst of the blast entered a sunbeam more 
clear by seven times than the day, and all they were 
alighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost. . . . Then there 
entered into the hall the Holy Grale covered with white 
samite, but there was none that could see it, nor who 
bare it, but the whole hall was full filled with good 
odours, and every knight had such meat and drink as he 
best loved in the world, and when the Holy Grale had 
been borne through the hall, then the holy vessel departed 
suddenly, and they wist, not where it became.— Ch. 35. 

Then looked they and saw a man come out of the holy 
vessel, that had all the signs of the' passion of Christ, and 
he said ..." This is the holy dish wherein I ate the lamb 
on Sher-Thnrsday, and now hast thou seen it . . . yet hast 
thou not seen it so openly as thou shalt see it in "the city 
of Sarras . . . therefore thou must go hence and bear 
with thee this holy vessel, for this night it shall depart 
from the realm of Logris . . . and take with thee . . . 
sir Percivale and sir Bors." — Ch. 101. 

So departed sir Galahad, and sir Percivale and sir Bors 
with him. And so they rode three days, and came to a 
river, and found a ship . . . and when on board, they 
found in the midst the table of silver and the Sancgreal] 
covered with red samite. . . . Then sir Galahad iaid him 



down and slept . . . and when he woke ... he saw the 
city of Sarras (ch. 103). ... At the year's end, ... he 
saw before him the holy vessel, and a man kneeling upon 
his knees in the likeness of the bishop, which had about 
him a great fellowship of angels, as it had been Christ 
Himself . . . and when he came to the sakering of the 
Mass, and had done, anon he called sir Galahad, and said 
unto him, " Come forth, . . . and thou shalt see that 
which thou hast much desired to see " . . . and he beheld 
spiritual things . . . (ch. 104).— Sir T. Malory, History of 
Prince Arthur, iii. 35, 101, 104 (1470). 

The earliest story of the holy graal 
was inverse (a.d. 1100), author unknown. 

Chretien de Troyes has a romance in 
eight- syllable verse on the same subject 
(1170). 

Guiot's tale of Titurel founder of 
Graal-burg, and Varzival prince thereof, 
belongs to the twelfth century. 

Wolfram von Eschenbach, a minne- 
singer, took Guiot's tale as the foundation 
of his poem (thirteenth century). 

In Titurel the Younger tho subject is 
very fully treated. 

Sir T. Malory (in pt. iii. of the History 
of Prince Arthur, translated in 1470 from 
the French) treats the subject in prose 
very fully. 

R. S. Hawker has a poem on the San- 
graal, but it was never completed. 

Tennvson has an idyll called The Holy 
Grail (1858). 

Boissere'e published, in 1834, at Munich, 
a work On the Description of the Temple 
of the Holy Graal. 

Sangra'do (Doctor), of Valladolid. 
This is the "Sagredo" of Espinel's ro- 
mance called Marcos de Obregon. "The 
doctor was a tall, meagre, pale man, who 
had kept the shears of Cloth o employed for 
forty years at least. He had a very solemn 
appearance, weighed his discourse, and 
used ' great pomp of words.' His reason- 
ings were geometrical, and his opinions 
his own." Dr. Sangrado considered that 
blood was not needful for life, and that 
hot water could not be administered too 
plentifully into the system. Gil Bias 
became his servant and pupil, and was 
allowed to drink any quantity of water, 
but to eat only sparingly of beans, peas, 
and stewed apples. 

Other physicians make the healing art consist in the 
knowledge of a thousand different sciences, but I go a 
shorter way to work, and spare the trouble of studying 
pharmacy, anatomy, botany, and physic. Know, then, 
that all which is required is to bleed the patients copiously, 
and make them drink warm water. — Lesage, Gil Bias, ii. 
2 (1715). 

Dr. Hancock prescribed cold water and 
stewed prunes. 

Dr. Rezio of Barataria allowed Sancho 
Panza to eat "a few wafers and a thin 
slice or two of quince." — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, II. iii. 10 (1615). 



SANJAK-SHERIF. 



869 



SANTIAGO FOR SPAIN. 



Sanjak-Sherif, the banner of Ma- 
homet. (See p. 593.) 

Sansar, the icy wind of death, kept 
in the deepest entrails of the earth, called 
in Thalaba " Sarsar." 

She passed by rapid descents known only to Eblis. . . . 
and thus penetrated the very entrails of the earth, where 
breathes the Sansar or icy wind of death.— W. Beck ford, 
Vathck (1784). 

Sansculottes (3 syl.), a low, riff-raff 
party in the great French Revolution, so 
shabby in dress that they were termed 
"the trouser-less." The culotte is the 
brooches, called brccck by the ancient 
Gauls, and hauts-de-chausses in the reign 
of Charles IX. 

Sansculottism, red republicanism, 
or the revolutionary platform of the Sans- 
culottes. 

The duke of Brunswick, at the head of a large army, 
Invaded France to restore Louis XVI. to the throne, and 
save legitimacy from the sacrilegious hands of sansculot- 
tism.— G. H. Lewes, Story of Uovthe't Life. 

Literary Sansculottism, literature of a 
low character, like that of the "Minerva 
Press," the " Leipsic Fair," " Hollywell 
Street," " Grub Street," and so on. 

Sansfoy, a "faithless Saracen," who 
attacked the Red Cross Knight, but was 
slain by him. " He cared for neither 
God nor man." Sansfoy personifies in- 
fidelity. 

Sansfoy, full large of limb and every joint 

He was, and cared not for God or man a point. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 2 (1590). 

Saxisjoy, brother of Sansfoy. When 
he came to the court of Lucifera, he 
noticed the shield of Sansfoy on the arm 
of the Red Cross Knight, and his rage 
was so great that he was with difficulty 
restrained from running on the champion 
there and then, but Lucifera bade him 
defer the combat to the following day. 
Next day, the fight began, but just as the 
Red Cross Knight was about to deal his 
adversary a death-blow, Sansjoy was 
enveloped in a thick cloud, and carried 
off in the chariot of Night to the infernal 
regions, where /Esculapius healed him of 
his wounds. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 4, 
5 (1590). 

(The reader will doubtless call to mind 
the combat of Menalaos and Paris, and 
remember how the Trojan -was invested 
in a cloud and carried off by Venus under 
similar circumstances. — Homer, Iliad, 
iii.) 

Sansloy ("superstition"), the brother 
of Sansfoy and Sansjo\\ He carried off 
Una to the wilderness, but when the 



fauns and satyrs came to her rescue, he 
saved himself by flight. 

%* The moaning of this allegory is 
this : Una (truth), separated from St. 
George (holiness), is deceived by Hypo- 
crisy ; and immediately truth joins 
hypocrisy, it is carried away by supersti- 
tion. Spenser says the "simplicity of 
truth " abides with the common people, 
especially of the rural districts, after 
it is lost to towns and the luxurious 
great. The historical reference is to 
queen Mary, in whose reign Una (the 
Reformation) was carried captive, and 
religion, being mixed up with hypocrisy, 
degenerated into superstition, but the 
rural population adhered to the simplicity 
of the protestant faith. — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, i. 2 (1590). 

Sansonetto, a Christian regent of 
Mecca, vicegerent of Charlemagne. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Sansuenna, now Saragossa. 

Santa Casa, the house occupied by 
the Virgin Mary at her conception, and 
removed, in 1291, from Galilee to Loretto. 

Santa Klaus (1 syl.), the Dutch 
name of St. Nicholas, the patron saint 
of boys. 

In Flanders and Holland, the children put out their 
shoe or stocking on Christmas Eve, in the confidence that 
Santa Klaus or Knecht Clobes (as they call him) will put 
in a prize for good conduct before morning.— Yonge. 

Santiago [Sent. yah'. go}, the war- 
cry of Spain ; adopted, because St. James 
(Sant dago) rendered, according to tradi- 
tion, signal service to a Christian king of 
Spain in a battle against the Moors. 

Santiago for Spain. This saint 
was James, son of Zebedee, brother of 
John. He was beheaded, and caught his 
head in his hands as it fell. The Jews 
were astonished, but when they touched 
the body they found it so cold that their 
hands and arms were paralyzed. — Fran- 
cisco Xavier, Analcs de Galicia (1733). 

Santiago's Head. When Santiago went 
to Spain in his marble ship, he had no 
head on his body. The passage took 
seven days, and the ship was steered by 
the " presiding hand of Providence." — 
Espaiia Sagrada, xx. 6. 

Santiago had two heads. One of his 
heads is at Braga, and one at Compo- 
stella. 

*** John the Baptist had half a dozen 
heads at the least, and as many bodies, 
all capable of working miracles. 

Santiago leads the armies of Spain. 



SANTONS. 



870 



SARDOIN HERB. 



Thirty-eight instances of the interference 
of this saint are gravely set down as facts 
in the Chronicles of Galicia, and this is 
superadded: "These instances are well 
known, but I hold it for certain that the 
appearances of Santiago in our victorious 
armies have been much more numerous, 
and in fact that every victory obtained 
by the Spaniards has been really achieved 
bj r this great captain." Once, when the 
rider on the white horse was asked in 
battle who he was, he distinctly made 
answer, " I am the soldier of the King of 
kings, and my name is James." — Don 
Miguel Erce Gimenez, Armas i Triunfos 
del Reino de Galicia, 648-9. 

The true name of this saint was Jacobo. . . . We have 
first shortened Santo Jacobo into Santo Jac'o. We 
clipped it again into Sant' Jaco, and by changing the J 
into / and the c into g, we get Sant-Iago. In household 
names we convert Iago into D'iago or Diago, which we 
soften into Diego. — Ambrosio de Morales, Coronica 
General de Espaiia, ix. 7, sect. 2 (1586). 

Santons, a body of religionists, also 
called Abdals, who pretended to be in- 
spired with the most enthusiastic raptures 
of divine love. They were regarded by 
the vulgar as saints. — Olearius, Reisebe- 
schreibung, i. 971 (1647). 

He diverted himself with the number of calenders, 
santons, and dervises, who were continually coming and 
going, but especially Hith the Brahmins, faquirs, and 
other enthusiasts, who had travelled from the heart of 
India, and halted on their way with the emir.— Beckford, 
Yathek (1784). 

Sapphi'ra, a female liar. — Acts v. 1. 

She is called the village Sapphira.— Crabbe. 

Sappho {The English), Mrs. Mary 
D. Robinson (1758-1800). 

Sappho (The French), Mdlle. Scude'ri 
(1607-1701). 

Sappho (The Scotch), Catherine Cock- 
burn (1679-1749). 

Sappho of Toulouse, Clemence 
Isaure (2 syl.), who instituted, in 1490, 
Les Jeux Floraux. She is the authoress 
of a beautiful Ode to Spring (1463-1513). 

Sapskull, a raw Yorkshire tike, son 
of squire Sapskuil of Sapskull Hall. 
Sir Penurious Muckworm wishes him to 
marry his niece and ward Arbella, but as 
Arbella loves Gaylove a young barrister, 
the tike is played upon thus : Gaylove 
assumes to be Muckworm, and his lad 
Slango dresses up as a woman to pass 
for Arbella; and while Sapskull "mar- 
ries " Slango, Gaylove, who assumes the 
dress and manners of the Yorkshire tike, 
marries Arbella. Of course, the trick is 
then discovered, and Sapskull returns to 
the home of his father, befooled but not 



married. — Carey, The Honest Yorkshire- 
man (1736). 

Saracen (A), in Arthurian romance, 
means any unbaptized person, regardless 
of nationality. Thus, Priamus of Tus- 
cany is called a Saracen (pt. i. 96, 97) ; so 
is sir Palomides, simply because he 
refused to be baptized till he had done 
some noble deed (pt. ii.). — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur (1470). 

Saragossa, a corruption of Csesaroa 
Augusta. The city was rebuilt by Au- 
gustus, and called after his name. Its 
former name was Salduba or Saldyva. 

Saragossa ( The Maid of) , Augustina Zara- 
gossa or Saragoza, who, in 1808, when the 
city was invested by the French, mounted 
the battery in the place of her lover who 
had been shot. Lord Byron says, when he 
was at Seville, " the maid" used to walk 
daily on the prado, decorated with medals 
and orders, by command of the junta. — 
Southey, History of the Peninsular War 
(1832). 

Her lover sinks— she sheds no ill-timed tear ; 

Her chief is slain — she fills his fatal post ; 
Her fellows flee — she checks their base career ; 

The foe retires— she heads the sallying host 
. . . the flying Gaul, 

Foiled by a woman's hand before a battered wall. 
Byron, Childe Barold, i. 56 (1809). 

Sardanapa'lus, king of Nineveh 
and Assyria, noted for his luxury and 
voluptuousness. Arbaces the Mede 
conspired against him, and defeated him ; 
whereupon his favourite slave Myrra 
induced him to immolate himself on a 
funeral pile. The beautiful slave, having 
set fire to the pile, jumped into the 
blazing mass, and was burnt to death 
with the king her master (b.c. 817). — 
Byron, Sardanapalus (1819). 

Sardanapa'lus of China (The), 
Cheo-tsin, who shut himself up in his palace 
with his queen, and then set fire to the 
building, that he might not fall into the 
hands of Woo-wong (b.c. 1154-1122). 

(Cheo-tsin invented the chopsticks, 
and Woo-wong founded the Tchow 
dynasty.) 

Sardanapa'lus of Germany 
(The), Wenceslas VI. (or IV.) king of 
Bohemia and emperor of Germany (1359, 
1378-1419). 

Sardoin Herb (The), the herba 
Sardon'ia ; so called from Sardis, in Asia 
Minor. It is so acrid as to produce a 
convulsive spasm of the face resembling 
a grin. Phineas Fletcher says the device 
on the shield of Flattery is : 



SARDOXIAN SMILE. 



871 



SATURDAY. 



The Sardoin herb ... the word [motto] " I please in 
killing." 

The Purple Island, viii. (1633). 

Sardonian Smile or Grin, a 
smile of contempt. Byron expresses it 
when he says: "There was a laughing 
devil in his sneer." 

But when the villain saw her so afraid. 
He 'gan with guileful words her to persuade 
To banish fear, and with Sardonian smile 
Laughing at her, hi* false intent to shade. 

Spenser, Faery queen, v. 9 (1596). 

Sarma'tia, Poland, the country of 
the Sarmatae. In 1795 Poland "was 
partitioned between Russia, Prussia, and 
Austria. 

Oh. bloodiest picture in the book of Time ! 
Sarinatia fell unwept, without a crime. 
Found not a generous friend, a pitying foe. 
Strength in her arms, nor mercy in her woe. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

Sar'ra 'Grain of), Tyrian dye ; so 
called from surra or sar, the fish whose 
blood the men of Tyre used in their 
purple dye. — Virgil, Georgics, ii. 506. 

A military vest of purple . . 
Livelier than . . . the grain 
Of Sarra, worn by kings and heroes old 
In tune of truce. 

Milton. Paradise Lost. xi. 243 (1665). 

Sarsar, the icy wind of death, called 
in Vathek " Sansar." 

The Sarsar from its womb went forth. 
The icy wind of deatli. 
Southey', Thulaba the Destroyer, i. 44 (1797). 

Sassenach, a Saxon, an Englishman. 
(Welsh, saesonig adj. and saesoniad noun.) 

I would, if I thought I'd be able to catch some of the 
Sassenachs in London. — Very Far West Indeed. 

Satan, according to the Talmud, was 
once an archangel, but was cast out of 
heaven with one-third of the celestial host 
for refusing to do reverence to Adam. 

In mediaeval mythology, Satan holds 
the fifth, rank of the nine demoniacal 
orders. 

Johan Wier, in his De Prcestigiis 
D&monum (1564), makes Beelzebub the 
sovereign of hell, and Satan leader of 
the opposition. 

In legendary lore, Satan is drawn with 
horns and a tail, saucer eyes, and claws ; 
but Milton makes him a proud, selfish, 
ambitious chief, of gigantic size, beauti- 
ful, daring, and commanding. He de- 
clares his opinion that "'tis better to 
reign in hell than serve in heaven." 
Defoe has written a Political History of 
tJie Devil (1726). 

Satan, according to Milton, monarch of 
hell. His chief lords are Beelzebub, 
Moloch. Chemos, Thammuz, Dagon, 
Rimmon, and Belial. His standard- 
bearer, Azaz'el. 



He [Satan], above the rest 
In shape and gesture proudly eminent. 
Sn»«l hke a t.wer. His form had n..t yet lost 
All her original brightness ; nor appe a red 
Leas than archangel rained, and the excess 
Of gl"r> obeeurod . . . but hi. f toe 
Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care 
Sat on his faded check . . . cruel his eye. but cast 
Signs of remorse. 

Milton, Paradise Lost. L 589. etc. (1665). 

\* The word Satan means " enemy ; " 
hence Milton says : 

To whom the arcri-enemy, 
... in heaven called Satan 

Paraaise Lost, i. 81 (1665) 

Satanic School (The), a class of 
writers in the earlier part of the nine- 
teenth eentury, who showed a scorn for 
all moral rules, and the generally received 
dogmas of the Christian religion. The 
most eminent English writers of this 
school were Bulwer (afterwards lord 
Lytton), Byron, Moore, and P. B. Shelley. 
Of French" writers : Paul de Kock, Rous- 
seau, George Sand, and Victor Hugo. 

Immoral writers . . . men of diseased hearts and de- 
praved imaginations, who (forming a system of opinions 
to suit their own unhappy course of conduct) have 
rebelled against the holiest ordinances of human society, 
and hating revelauou which they try in vain to disbelieve, 
labour to make others as miserable as Uiemaehes, by 
infecting them with a moral virus that eats into their 
soul. The school which they have set up may properly be 
called "The Satanic School."— Southey, Vision of Judg- 
ment (preface, 182-2'. 

Satire (Father of), ArchilSchos of 
Paros (b.c. seventh century). 

Satire (Father of French), Mathurin 
Regnier (1573-1613). 

Satire (Father of Roman), Lucilius 
(b.c. 148-103). 

Satiro-mastix or The Untrussing 
of the Humorous Poet, a comedy by 
Thomas Dekker (1602). Ben Jonson, in 
1601, had attacked Dekker in The 
Poetaster, where he calls himself 
" Horace," and Dekker " Cris'pinus." 
Next year (16u2), Dekker replied with 
spirit to this attack, in a comedy entitled 
Satiro-mastix, where Jonson is called 
" Horace, junior." 

Saturday. To the following English 
sovereigns from the establishment of the 
Tudor dynasty, Saturday has proved a 
fatal dav : — 

Henry VII. died Saturdav, April 21, 
1509. 

George II. died Saturdav, October 
25, 1760. 

George III. died Saturday, January 
29, 1820, but of his fifteen children only 
three died on a Saturday. 

George IV. died Saturday, June 26, 
1830, but the princess Charlotte died on a 
Tuesday. 



SATURN. 



SAVIOUR OF THE NATIONS. 



Prince Albert died Saturday, De- 
cember 14, 1861. The duchess of Kent 
and the princess Alice also died on a 
Saturday. 

*** William III., Anne, and George I. 
all died on a Sunday ; William IV. on a 
Tuesday. 

Saturn, son of Heaven and Earth. 
He always swallowed his children imme- 
diately they were born, till his wife 
Rhea, not liking to see all her children 
perish, concealed from him the birth of 
Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, and gave 
her husband large stones instead, which 
he swallowed without knowing the dif- 
ference. 

Much as old Saturn ate his progeny ; 

For when his pious consort gave him stones 

la lieu of sons, of these he made no bones. 

Byron, Don Juan, xiv. 1 (1824). 

Saturn, an evil and malignant planet. 

He is a genius full of gall, an author born under the 
planet Saturn, a malicious mortal, whose pleasure consists 
in hating all the world.— Lesage, Gil Bias, v. 12 (1724). 

The children born under the sayd Saturne shall be great 
iangeleres and chyders . . . and they will never forgyve 
tyll they be revenged of theyr quarell.— Ptholomeus, 
Compost. 

Satyr. T. Woolner calls Charles II. 
' Charles the Satyr." 

Next flared Charles Satyr's saturnalia 
Of lady nymphs. 

My Beautiful Lady. 

*#* The most famous statue of the 
3atyrs is that by Praxiteles of Athens, in 
the fourth century. 

Satyrane (Sir), a blunt but noble 
knight, who helps Una to escape from the 
fauns and satyrs. — Spenser, Faery Queen, 
i. (1590). 

A-nd passion, erst unknown, could gain 
The breast of blunt sir Satyrane. 

Sir W. Scott. 

*** " Sir Satyrane " is meant for sir 
John Perrot, a natural son of Henry VIII., 
and lord deputy of Ireland from 1583 to 
1588 ; but in 1500 he Avas in prison in 
the Tower for treason, and was beheaded 
in 1592. 

Satyr'icon, a comic romance in Latin, 
by Petro'nius Ar'biter, in the first century. 
Very gross, but showing great power, 
beauty, and skill. 

Saul, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Ackitophel, is meant for Oliver 
Cromwell. As Saul persecuted David 
and drove him from Jerusalem, so Crom- 
well persecuted Charles II. and drove 
him from England. 

... ere Saul they chose, 
God was their king, and God they durst depose. 

Ft. i. (1681). 



%* This was the "divine right "of 
kings. 

Saunders, groom of sir Geoffrey 
Peveril of the Peak. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Saunders (Richard), the pseudonym of 
Dr. Franklin, adopted in Poor Richard's 
Almanac, begun in 1732. 

Saunders Sweepclean, a king's 
messenger at Knockwinnock Castle. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, 
George III.). 

Saunderson (Saunders), butler, etc., 
to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Bradwardine 
baron of Bradwardine and Tully Veolan. 
— Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 
II.). 

Saurid, king of Egypt, say the Cop- 
tites (2 syl.), built the pyramids 300 
years before the Flood, and, according to 
the same authority, the following inscrip- 
tion was engraved upon one of them : — 

I, king Saurid, built the pyramids . . . and finished 
them in six years. He that comes after me . . . let him 
destroy them in 600 if he can ... 1 also covered them 
. . . with satin, and let him cover them with matting.— 
Greaves, Pyramidographia (seventeenth century). 

Saut de PAllemand (Le), "du 
lit a la table, et de la table au lit." 

Of the gods I but ask 
That my life, like the Leap of the German, may be 
" Du lit a la table, de la table au lit." 

T. Moore, The Fudge Family in Paris, viii. (1818). 

Savage (Captain), a naval com- 
mander. — Captain Marryat, Peter Simple 
(1833). 

Sav'il, steward to the elder Loveless. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher, The Scornful 
Lady (1616). 

Savile Row (London). So called 
from Dorothy Savile the great heiress, 
who became, by marriage, countess of 
Burlington and Cork. (See Clifford 
Street, p. 197.) 

Sav'ille (2 syl.), the friend of Dori- 
court. He saves lady Frances Touch- 
wood from Courtall, and frustrates his 
infamous designs on the lady's honour. — 
Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem 
(1780). 

Saville (Lord), a young nobleman with 
ChifHnch (emissary of Charles II.). — Sir 
W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Saviour of Rome. C. Marlus was 
so called after the overthrow of theCimbri, 
July 30, B.C. 101. 

Saviour of the Nations. So the 



SAVOY. 



873 



SCALLOP-SHELL. 



duke of Wellington was termed after the 
overthrow of Bonaparte (1769-1868). 

Oh, Wellington . . . called " Saviour of the Nations:" 
Byron, Don Jain, ix. 5 (18^4). 

Savoy (The), a precinct of the Strand 
(London), in which the Savoy Palace 
stood. So called from Peter earl of 
Savoy, uncle of queen Eleanor the wife 
of Henry III. Jean le Bon of France. 
when captive of the Black Prince, was 
lodged in the Savoy Palace (1356-9). 
The old palace was burnt down by the 
rebels under Wat Tvler in 1381. Henry 
VII. rebuilt it in' 1505. St. Mary le 
Savoy, or the "Chapel of St. John," 
still stands in the precinct. 

Sawney, a corruption of Sandie, a 
contracted form of Alexander. Sawney 
means a Scotchman, as David a Welsh- 
man. John Bull an Englishman, cousin 
Michael a German, brother Jonathan a 
native of the United States of North 
America, Micaire a Frenchman, Colin 
Tampon a Swiss, and so on. 

Sawyer (Bob), a dissipated, strug- 
gling young medical practitioner, who 
tries to establish a practice at Bristol, 
but without success. Sam Weller calls 
him "Mr. Sawbones." — C. Dickens, The 
Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Sax'ifrage (3 syl.). So called from 
its virtues as a lithontriptic. 

So saxifrage is good, and hart's-tongue for the stone, 
With agrimony, and that herb we call St, John. 

Drayton. I'olyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Saxon. Higden derives this word 
from the Latin saxum, "a stone." This 
reminds one of Lloyd's derivation of 
" Ireland," "the land of Ire," and Du- 
cange's "Saracen" from " Surah, Abra- 
ham's wife." Of a similar character are 
" Albion" from albus, "white;" "Picts" 
from pictus, " painted ; " " Devonshire " 
from Debon's share; "Isle of Wight" 
from " Wihtgar, son of Cerdic ; " 
"Britain" from Brutus, a descendant of 
iEneas, " Scotland " from skotos, " dark- 
ness ; " "Gaul" (the French) from 
gallus, "a cock;" "Dublin," from 
d>d)\_iu!ri] lin[teu?n~], " questionable linen," 
and so on. 

Men of that eowntree ben more lyghter and stronger on 
the see than other scommers or theeves of the see . . . 
and ben called Saxones, of saxum, a stone, for they ben 
as hard as stones. — folycronicon, i. 26 (13a/). 

Saxon, Drayton says, is so called from 
an instrument of war called by the Ger- 
mans handseax. The seax was a short, 
crooked sword. 



And of those crooked skains they used in war to bear. 
Which in their thundering tongue the Germans Vi/iiiiM* 

name. 
The) Saxons first were named. 

Polyolbion, ir. (1612). 

Saxon Duke (The), mentioned by 
Butler in his Hudibrae, was John Frede- 
rick duke of Saxony, of whom Charles 
V. said, " Never saw I such a swine 
before." 

Say and Mean. You speak like a 
L'luiiuak, you say one thing and mean 
another. The Basque Lamin*ks{" fairies") 
always say exactly the contrary to what 
they mean. 

She said to her, " I must go from home, but your work 
is in the kitchen ; smash the pitcher, break all the 
plates, beat the children, give them their breakfast by 
themselves, smudge their fctces. and rumple well their 
hair." When the Laminak returned home, she asked 
the girl which she preferred — a bag of charcoal or a bag 
of gold, a beautiful star or a donkey's taUl The girl 
made answer, "A bag of charcoal and a donkey's tail." 
Whereupon the fairy gave her a bag of gold and a 
beautiful star.— Rev. W. Webster, Basque Leyetuit, 53 
(1376). 

Sboga (Jean), the hero of a romance 
by C. Nodier (1818), the leader of a 
bandit, in the spirit of lord Byron's Cor- 
sair and Lara. 

Scadder (General), agent in the 
office of the "Eden Settlement." His 
peculiarity consisted in the two distinct 
expressions of his profile, for " one side 
seemed to be listening to what the other 
side was doing." — C. Dickens, Martin 
Chuzzleicit (1844). 

Scalds, court poets and chroniclers of 
the ancient Scandinavians. They resided 
at court, were attached to the royal suite, 
and attended the king in all his wars. 
They also acted as ambassadors between 
hostile tribes, and their persons were held 
sacred. These bards celebrated in song 
the gods, the kings of Norway, and 
national heroes. Their lays or vyses 
were compiled in the eleventh century 
by Saemund Sigfusson, a priest and 
scald of Iceland, and the compilation is 
called the Elder or Rhythmical Edda. 

Seallop-Shell (The). Every one 
knows that St. James's pilgrims are dis- 
tinguished by scallop-shells, but it is a 
blunder to suppose that other pilgrims 
are privileged to wear them. Three of 
the popes have, by their bulls, distinctly 
confirmed this right to the Compostella 
pilgrim alone : viz., pope Alexander III., 
pope Gregory IX., and pope Clement V. 

Now, the escallop or scallop is a shell- 
fish, like an oyster or large cockle ; but 
Gwillim tells us what ignorant zoologists 
have omitted to mention, that the bivalve 



SCALPING. 



874 



SCAPIN. 



is "engendered solely of dew and air. 
It has no blood at all ; yet no food that 
man eats turns so soon into life-blood as 
the scallop." — Display of Heraldry, 171. 

Scallop-shells used by Pilgrims. The 
reason why the scallop-shell is used by 
pilgrims is not generally known. The 
legend is this : When the marble ship 
which bore the headless bod}' of St. 
James approached Bouzas, in Portugal, 
it happened to be the wedding day of 
the chief magnate of the village ; and 
while the bridal party was at sport, the 
horse of the bridegroom became un- 
manageable, and plunged into the sea. 
The ship passed over the horse and its 
rider, and pursued its onward course, 
when, to the amazement of all, the horse 
and its rider emerged from the water 
uninjured, and the cloak of the rider was 
thickly covered with scallop-shells. 
All were dumfounded, and knew not 
what to make of these marvels, but a 
voice from heaven exclaimed, " It is the 
will of God that all who henceforth 
make their vows to St. James, and go 
on pilgrimage, shall take with them 
scallop-shells ; and all who do so shall 
be remembered in the day of judgment." 
On hearing this, the lord of the village, 
with the bride and bridegroom, were duly 
baptized, and Bouzas became a Christian 
Church. — Sanctoral Portugues (copied 
into the Breviaries of Alcobaga and St. 
Cucufate). 

Cunctis mare cernentibus, 
Sed a profundo ducitur ; 
Natus Regis submergitur, 
Tutus plenus concliilibus. 

Hymn for St. James's Day. 

In sight of all the prince went down, 

Into the deep sea dells ; 
In sight of all the prince emerged, 

Covered with scallop-shells. 

Scalping (Rules for). The Cheyennes, 
in scalping, remove from the part just over 
the left ear, a piece of skin not larger than 
a silver dollar. The Arrapahoes take a 
similar piece from the region of the right 
ear. Others take the entire skin from 
the crown of the head, the forehead, or 
the nape of the neck. The Utes take the 
entire scalp from ear to ear, and from 
the forehead to the nape of the neck. 

Scambister (Eric), the old butler of 
Magnus Troil the udallerof Zetland. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.). 

%* A udaller is one who holds his lands 
by allodial tenure. 

Scandal, a male charactei in Love for 
Love, by Congreve (1695). 



Scandal (School for), a comedy by 
Sheridan (1777). 

Scanderbeg. So George Castriota, an 
Albanian hero, was called. Amurath II. 
gave him the command of 5000 men, and 
such was his daring and success, that he 
was called Skander (Alexander). In the 
battle of Morava (1443), he deserted 
Amurath, and, joining the Albanians, won 
several battles over the Turks. At the 
instigation of Pius II. he headed a crusade 
against them, but died of a fever, before 
Mahomet II. arrived to oppose him (1404- 
1467). (Beg or Bey is the Turkish for 
"prince.") 

Scanderbeg 's sword needs Scanderbeg's 
arm. Mahomet II. "the Great" re- 
quested to see the scimitar which George 
Castriota used so successfully against the 
Ottomans in 1461. Being shown it, and 
wholly unable to draw it, he pronounced 
the weapon to be a hoax, but received for 
answer, " Scanderbeg's sword needs Scan- 
derbeg's arm to wield it." 

The Greeks had a similar saying, 
" None but Ulysses can draw Ulysses's 
bow." Robin Hood's bow needed Robin 
Hood's arm to draw it ; and hence the pro- 
verb, " Many talk of Robin Hood that 
never shot in his bow." 

Scandinavia, Sweden and Norway, 
or Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. 

Scapegoat (The), a farce by John 
Poole. Ignatius Polyglot, a learned pun- 
dit, master of seventeen languages, is the 
tutor of Charles Eustace, aged 24 years. 
Charles has been clandestinely married 
for four years, and has a little son, named 
Frederick. Circumstances have occurred 
which render the concealment of this 
marriage no longer decorous or possible, 
so he breaks it to his tutor, and conceals 
his young wife for the nonce in Polyglot's 
private room. Here she is detected by 
the housemaid, Molly Maggs, who tells 
her master, and old Eustace says, the only 
reparation a man can make in such cir- 
cumstances is to marry the girl at once. 
" Just so," says the tutor. " Your son is 
the husband, and he is willing at once to 
acknowledge his wife and infant son." 

Seapin, valet of Le'andre son of seignior 
Geronte. (See Fourberiks.)— Moliere, 
Les Fourberies de Seapin (1671). 

J*ai, sans doute recu du ciel un gtSnie assez beau pour 
toutes les fabriques de ces gentillesses d'esprit, de cea 
galanteries ingenieiises. a qui le rulgaire ignorant donne 
lo nom de fourberies; et je puis dire, sans vanite, qu'on 
!i'.i juere vu d'homme qui fut plus habile ouvrier de 
ressorts et d'intrigues, qui ait acquis plus de gloire que 



SCAPINO. 



875 



SCHACABAC. 



moi dans ce noble metier.— Moliere, Les Fourberies de 
Scapin, i. 9 (1671). 

(Otway has made an English version of 
this play, called The Cheats of Scapin, 
in which Leandre is Anglicized into 
" Leander," Geronte is called " Gripe,"and 
his friend Argante father of Zerbinette 
is called "Thrifty" father of " Lucia.") 

Scapi'no, the cunning, knavish ser- 
vant ot Gratiano the loquacious and 
pedantic Bolognese doctor. — Italian Mask. 

Scar'amouch, a braggart and fool, 
most valiant in words, but constantly being 
drubbed by Harlequin. Scaramouch is 
a common character in Italian farce, 
originally meant in ridicule of the Spanish 
dun, and therefore dressed in Spanish 
costume. Our clown is an imbecile old 
idiot, and wholly unlike the dashing pol- 
troon of Italian pantomime. The best 
"Scaramouches" that ever lived were 
Tiberio Fiurelli, a Neapolitan (born 1608), 
and Gandini (eighteenth century). 

Scarborough "Warning (A), a 
warning given too late to be taken advan- 
tage of. Fuller says the allusion is to an 
event which occurred in 1557, when 
Thomas Stafford seized upon Scarborough 
Castle, before the townsmen had any 
notice of his approach. Heywood says a 
" Scarborough warning" resembles what 
is now called Lynch law : punished first, 
and warned afterwards. Another solution 
is this : If ships passed the castle without 
saluting it by striking sail, it was custom- 
ary to fire into them a shotted gun, by 
way of warning. 

Be suerly seldom, and never for much . . . 

Or Scarborow warning, as ill I believe. 

When ("Sir, I arrest ye ") gets hold of thy sleeve. 

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, x. 23 (1557). 

Scarlet (Will), Scadlock, or 
Scathelocke, one of the companions 
of Robin Hood. 

"Take thv good bowe in thy hande," said Robyn, 

"Let Moche wend with the [tkee\ 
And so shall Wyllyam Scathelocke, 
And no man abyde with me." 

Kitson, Jiobin Hood Ballads, I 1 (1520). 
The tinker looking him about, 

Robin his horn did blow ; 

Then came unto him Little John 

And William Scadlock too. 

Ditto, ii. 7 (1656). 
And there of him they made a 
Good yeoman Robin Hood, 
Scarlet and Little John, 
And Little John, hey ho .' 

Ditto, appendix 2 (1790). 

In the two dramas called The First and 
Second Parts of Robin Hood, by Anthony 
Munday and Henry Chettle, Scathlock or 
Scadlock is called the brother of Will 
Scarlet. 



. . . possible that Warman's spite . . . doth hufit the Uvea 
Of bun nie Scarlet and his brother Scathlock. 

Pt. L (1597). 

Then " enter Warman, with Scarlet and 
Scathlock bounde," but Warman is ba- 
nished, and the brothers are liberated and 
pardoned. 

Scarlet Woman ( The), popery (Rev. 
xvii. 4). 

And fulminated 
Against the scarlet woman and her creed. 

Tennyson, Sea Dreams. 

Scathelocke (2 syl.) or Scadlock, 
one of the companions of Robin Hood. 
Either the brother of Will Scarlet or 
another spelling of the name. (See 
Scarlet.) 

Scavenger's Daughter (The), an 
instrument of torture, invented by sir 
William Skevington, lieutenant of the 
Tower in the reign of Henry VIII. " Sca- 
venger" is a corruption of Skevington. 

lo kiss the scavenger's daughter, to 
suffer punishment by this instrument of 
torture, to be beheaded by a guillotine or 
some similar instrument. 

Scazon, plu. Scazon'tes (3 syl.), a 
lame iambic metre, the last being a 
spondee or trochee instead of an iambus 
(Greek, skazo, " to halt, to hobble "), as : 

1. Quicumque regno fidit, et magna p jtens. 

2. O Musa, gressum quae volens tratis ciaudum. 

Or in English : 

1. A little onward lend thy guiding hand. 

2. He unsuspicious led him ; when Samson . . . 

(1 is the usual iambic metre, 2 the sca- 
zontes.) 

Sceaf [SJieef], one of the ancestors of 
Woden. So called because in infancy he 
was laid on a wheatsheaf , and cast adrift 
in a boat ; the boat stranded on the shores 
of Sleswig, and the infant, being considered 
a gift from the gods, was brought up 
for a future king. — Beowulf (an Anglo- 
Saxon epic, sixth century). 

Scepticism (Father of Modem), 
Pierre Bayle (1647-1706). 

Schacabac, " the hare-lipped," a man 
reduced to the point of starvation, invited 
to a feast by the rich Barmecide. Instead 
of victuals and drink, the rich man set 
before his guest empty dishes and empty 
glasses, pretending to enjoy the imagin- 
ary foods and drinks. Schacabac entered 
into the spirit of the joke^ and did the 
same. He washed in imaginary water, ate 
of the imaginary delicacies, and praised 
the imaginary wines. Barmecide was so 
delighted with his guest, that he ordered 



SCHAHRIAH. 



876 



SCHEMSELNIHAR. 



in a substantial meal, of which he made 
Schacabac a most welcome partaker. 
— Arabian Nights ("The Barber's Sixth 
Brother"). (See Shaccabac.) 

Schah'riah, sultan of Persia. His 
wife being unfaithful, and his brother's 
wife too, S.chahriah imagined that no 
woman was virtuous. He resolved, there- 
fore, to marry a fresh wife every night, 
and to have her strangled at daybreak. 
Scheherazade, the vizier's daughter, mar- 
ried him notwithstanding, and contrived, 
an hour before daybreak, to begin a story 
to her sister in the sultan's hearing, always 
breaking off before the story was finished. 
The sultan got interested in these tales ; 
and, after a thousand and one nights, re- 
voked his decree, and found in Schehera- 
zade a faithful, intelligent, and loving 
wife. — Arabian Nights' Entertainments. 

Schah/zaman, sultan of the "Island 
of the Children of Khal'edan," situate in 
the open sea, some twenty days' sail from 
the coast of Persia. This sultan had a son, 
an only child, named Camaral'zaman, the 
most beautiful of mortals. Camaralzaman 
married Badoura the most beautiful of 
women, the only daughter of Gaiour 
(2 syl.) emperor of China. — Arabian 
Nights ("Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 

Sehaibar (2 syl.), brother of the fairy 
Pari-Banou. He was only eighteen 
inches in height, and had a huge hump 
both before and behind. His beard, 
though thirty feet long, never touched the 
ground, but projected forwards. His 
moustaches went back to his ears, and 
his little pig's eyes were buried in his 
enormous head. He wore a conical hat, 
and carried for quarter-staff an iron bar 
of 500 lbs. weight at least. — Arabian 
Nights ("Ahmed and Pari-Banou"). 

Schamir {The), that instrument or 
agent with which Solomon wrought the 
stones of the Temple, being forbidden to 
use any metal instrument for the purpose. 
Some say the Schamir' was a worm ; some 
that it was a stone ; some that it was "a 
creature no bigger than a barleycorn, 
which nothing could resist." 

Scheherazade [Sha.ha'.ra.zah'.de], 
the hypothetical relater of the stories in 
the Arabian Nights. She was the elder 
daughter of the vizier of Persia. The 
sultan Sehahriah, exasperated at the 
iniidclity of his wife, came to the hasty 
conclusion that no woman could be faith- 
ful ; so he determined to marry a new wife 
every night, and strangle her at daybreak. 



Scheherazade, wishing to free Persia of 
this disgrace, requested to be made the 
sultan's wife, and succeeded in her wish. 
She was young and beautiful, of great 
courage and ready wit, well read, had an 
excellent memory, knew history, philo- 
sophy, and medicine, was besides a good 
poet, musician, and dancer. Schehera- 
zade obtained permission of the sultan 
for her younger sister, Dinarzade, to sleep 
in the same chamber, and instructed her 
to say, one hour before daybreak, " Sister, 
relate to me one of those delightful stories 
which you know, as this will be the last 
time." Scheherazade then told the sultan 
(under pretence of speaking to her sister) 
a story, but always contrived to break 
off before the story was finished. The 
sultan, in order to hear the end of the 
story, spared her life till the next night. 
This went on for a thousand and one 
nights, when the sultan's resentment was 
worn out, and his admiration of his sul- 
tana was so great that he revoked his 
decree. — Arabian Nights' Entertainments. 
(See Moradbak.) 

Roused like the sultana Scheherazade, and forced into a 
story. — C. Dickens, David Copperfieid (1849). 

Schemseddin Mohammed, elder 
son of the vizier of Egypt, and brother of 
Noureddin Ali. He quarrelled with his 
brother on the subject of their two child- 
ren's hypothetical marriage ; but the 
brothers were not yet married, and children 
"were only in supposition." Noureddin 
Ali quitted Cairo, and travelled to Basora, 
where he married the vizier's daughter, 
and on the very same day Schemseddin 
married the daughter of one of the chief 
grandees of Cairo. On one and the same 
day a daughter was born to Schemseddin 
and a son to his brother Noureddin Ali. 
When Schemseddin's daughter was 20 
years old, the sultan asked her in marriage, 
but the vizier told him she was betrothed 
to his brother's son, Bed'reddin Ali. At 
this reply, the sultan, in anger, swore 
she should be given in marriage to the 
"ugliest of his slaves," and accordingly 
betrothed her to Hunchback a groom, both 
ugly and deformed. By a fairy trick, 
Bedreddin Ali was substituted for the 
groom, but at daybreak was conveyed to 
Damascus. Here he turned pastry-cook, 
and was discovered by his mother by 
his cheese-cakes. Being restored to his 
country and his wife, he ended his life 
happily. — Arabian Nights (" Noureddin 
Ali," etc.). (See Ciieese-Cak.es, p. 180.) 

Schemsel'nihar, the favourite sul- 
tana of Haroun-al-Raschid caliph of 



SCHLEMIIIL. 



877 



SCIO. 



Bagdad. She fell in love with Aboul- 
hassan Ali ebn Becar prince of Persia. 
From the first moment of their meeting, 
they began to pine for each other, and 
fell sick. Though miles apart, they died 
at the same hour, and were both buried 
in one grave. — Arabian Nights (" Aboul- 
hassan and Schemselnihar"). 

Schlemihl (Peter), the hero of a 
popular German legend. Peter sells his 
shadow to an " old man in grey," who 
meets him while fretting under a dis- 
appointment. The name is a household 
term for one who makes a desperate and 
silly bargain. — Chamisso, Peter Schle- 
mihl (1813). 

Scholastic (The), Epipha'nius, an 
Italian scholar (sixth century). 

Scholastic Doctor (The), Anselm 
of Laon (1050-1117). 

Scholey (Lawrence), servant at 
Burgh-Westra. His master is Magnus 
Troil the udaller of Zetland.— Sir W. 
Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.). 

* + * Udaller, one who holds land by 
allodial tenure. 

Sehonfelt, lieutenant of sir Archibald 
von Hagenbach a German noble. — Sir W. 
Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
IV.). 

School of Husbands (Lecole des 
Maris, "wives trained by men"), acomedy 
by Moliere (1661). Ariste and Sgana- 
relle, two brothers, bring up Le'onor and 
Isabelle, two orphan sisters, according to 
their systems for making them in time 
their model wives. Sganarelle's system 
was to make the woman dress plainh', 
live retired, attend to domestic duties, 
and have few indulgences. Ariste's 
system was to give the woman great 
liberty, and trust to her honour. Isabelle, 
brought up by Sganarelle, deceived him 
and married another ; but Leonor, brought 
up by Ariste, made him a fond and faith- 
ful wife. 

Sganarelle's plan : 

J'entend que la mienne Tive 4 ma fantasie — 
Que d'une serge honnSte elle ait son vehement, 
Et ne porte, le noir qu' aux bons jours settlement ; 
Qu' enfermee au logis, en personne bien sage, 
Elle s'applique toute aux choses d« menage, 
A recoudre mon linge aux heures de loisir, 
Ou bien a tricoter quelques bas par plaisir ; 
Qu' aux discours des muguets elle ferme l'oreille, 
Et ne sorte jamais sans avoir qui la veille. 

Ariste's plan : 

Leur sexe aiuie a jouir d'un peu de liberte ; 
On le retient fort mal par tant d'austerite 1 ; 
Et ies soius defiants, les verrosx et les grilles, 
Ne font pas la vertu des femmes ni des lilies; 



Cest 1'honneur qui les doit tenir dans le devoir, 
Non la siSverite que nous Jf-ur faisoiis voir . . . 
Je trouve que le coeur est ce qu'U faut gagner. 

Act i. 2. 

School for Wives (Ve'cole des 
Fannies, " training for wives "), a comedy 
by Moliere (1662). Arnolphe has a 
crotchet about the proper training of girls 
to make good wives, and tries his scheme 
upon Agnes, whom he adopts from a 
peasant's cottage, and designs in due time 
to make his wife. He sends her from early 
childhood to a convent, where difference 
of sex and the conventions of society are 
wholly ignored. When removed "from 
the convent, she treats men as if they 
were schoolgirls, kisses them, plays with 
them, and treats them with girlish 
familiarity. The consequence is, a young 
man named Horace falls in love" with 
her, and makes her his wife, but Arnolphe 
loses his pains. 

Cbacun a sa methode 
En femme, comme en tout, je veux suivre ma mode . . . 
Un air doux et pose, parmi d'autres enfants, 
M'inspira de l'ainour pour elle des quatreans ; 
Sa mere se trouvant de pauvrete presee, 
De la lui demander il me vint en pensee ; 
Et la bonne paysanne, apprenant mon desire, 
A s'oter cette charge eut beaucoup de plaisir. 
Dans un petit couvent. loin de toute pratique, 
Je la lis elever aelon ma politique. 

Act i. 1. 

Schoolmen. (For a list of the 
schoolmen of each of the three periods, 
see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 79-1.) 

Schoolmistress (The), a poem in 
Spenserian metre, by Shenstone (17oX). 
The " schoolmistress " was Sarah Lloyd, 
who taught the poet himself in infancy. 
She lived in a thatched cottage, before 
which grew a birch tree, to which allusion 
is made in the poem. 

There dweils, in lowly shed, and mean attire, 

A matron old, whom we schoolmistress name . . . 

And all in sight doth rise a birchen tree. 

Stanzas 2, 3. 

Schreckenwald (Hal), steward of 
count Albert. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Schwanker (Jonas), jester of Leo- 
pold archduke of Austria.— Sir W. 
Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Scian Muse (The), Simon'ides, bora 
at Scia or Cea, now Zia, one of the 
Cyclades. 

The Scian and the Teian Muse [Anacreon] . . . 
Have found the fame your shores refuse. 
Byron, Don Juan, iii. (" The Isles of Greece," 1820). 

Science ( The prince of), Tehuhe, "The 
Aristotle of China" (died a.d. 1200). 

Scio (now called Chios), one of the 
seven cities which claimed to be the 
birthplace of Homer. Hence he is 



SCIOLTO. 



878 



SCOGAN'S JEST. 



sometimes called " Scio's Blind Old 
Bard." The seven cities referred to 
make an hexameter verse : 

Smyrna,Chios,Coloph6n,Salamis,Rhodos,Argos,Athenae;or 
Smyrna.Chios.Coiophon, Ithaca, Pylos, Argos.Athenae. 
Antipater Sidonius, A Greek Epigram. 

Sciol'to (3 syl.), a proud Genoese 
nobleman, the father of Calista. Calista 
was the bride of Altamont, a young man 
proud and fond of her, but it was dis- 
covered on the wedding day that she 
had been seduced by Lothario. This 
led to a series of calamities : (1) Lothario 
was killed in a duel by Altamont ; (2) 
a street riot was created, in which Sciolto 
received his death-wound ; and (3) Ca- 
lista stabbed herself. — N. Rowe, The Fair 
Penitent (1703). 

(In Italian, Sciolto forms but two 
syllables, but Rowe has made it three in 
every case.) 

Scipio " dismissed the Iberian maid" 
(M ilton, Paradise Regained, ii. ) . The poet 
refers to the tale of Scipio's restoring a 
captive princess to her lover Allucius, and 
giving to her, as a wedding present, the 
monev of her ransom. (See Continence, 
pp. 209, 210.) 

During his command in Spain, a circumstance occurred 
which contributed more to his fame and glory than all 
his military exploits. At the taking of New Carthage, a 
lady of extraordinary beauty was brought to Scipio, who 
found himself greatly affected by her charms. Under- 
standing, however, that she was betrothed to a Celti- 
berian prince named Allucius, he resolved to conquer his 
rising passion, and sent her to her lover without recom- 
pense. A silver shield, on which this interesting event 
is depicted, was found in the river Rhone by some fisher- 
men in the seventeenth century. — Goldsmith, History of 
Home, xiv. 3. (Whittaker's improved edition contains a 
fac-simile of the shield on p. 215.) 

Scipio, son of the gipsy woman Cos- 
colina and the soldier Torribio Scipio. 
Scipio becomes the secretary of Gil Bias, 
and settles down with him at "the castle 
of Lirias." His character and adventures 
are very similar to those of Gil Bias him- 
self, but he never rises to the same level. 
Scipio begins by being a rogue, who 
pilfered and plundered all who employed 
him, but in the service of Gil Bias" he 
was a model of fidelity and integrity. — 
Lesage, Gil Bias (1715). 

Seiro'nian Rocks, between Meg'ara 
and Corinth. So called because the 
bones of Sciron, the robber of Attica, 
were changed into these rocks, when 
Theseus (2 syl.) hurled him from a cliff 
into the sea. It was from these rocks 
that Ino cast herself into the Corinthian 
bay. — Greek Fable. 

Scirum. The men of Scirum used 
to shoot against the stars. 



Like . . . men of wit bereaven. 
Which howle and shoote against the lights of heaven. 
Wm. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, iv. (1613). 

Scobellum, a very fruitful land, the 
inhabitants of which were changed into 
beasts \>y the vengeance of the gods. 
The drunkards were turned into swine, 
the lechers into goats, the proud into 
peacocks; shrews into magpies, gamblers 
into asses, musicians into song-birds, the 
envious into dogs, idle women into milch 
cows, jesters into monkeys, dancers into 
squirrels, and misers into moles. 

They exceeded cannibals in cruelty, the Persians in 
pride, the Egyptians in luxury, the Cretans in lying, the 
Germans in drunkenness, and all in wickedness.— J. 
Ridley [R. Johnson], Th* Seven Champions of Christen- 
dom, iii. 10 (1617). 

Scogan {Henry), M.A., a poet, con- 
temporary with Chaucer. He lived in 
the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., 
and probably Henrj 7 V. Among the 
gentry who had letters of protection to 
attend Richard II. in his expedition into 
Ireland, in 1399, is " Henricus Scogan, 
Armiger." — Tyrwhitt's Chaucer, v. 15 
(1773). 

Scogan ? Whatwas he T 
Oh, a fine gentleman and a master of arts 
Of Henry the Fourth's time, that made disguises 
For the king's sons, and writ in ballad royal 
Daintily well. 

Ben Jonson, The Fortunate Islet (1626). 

Scogan (John), the favourite jester 
and buffoon of Edward IV. " Scogan's 
jests" were published by Andrew Borde, 
a physician in the reign of Henry VIII. 

The same sir John [Falstaff], the very same. I saw 
him break Skogan's head at the court-gate, when he was 
a crack not Uius high. — Shakespeare, 2 Uenry IV. act iii. 
sc. 2. 

%* Shakespeare has confounded Henry 
Scogan, M.A., the poet, who lived in the 
reign of Henry IV., with John Scogan 
the jester, who lived about a century 
later, in the reign of Edward IV. ; and, of 
course, sir John Falstaff could not have 
known him when "he was a mere crack." 

Scogan's Jest. Scogan and some 
companions, being in lack of money, 
agreed to the following trick : — A peasant, 
driving sheep, was accosted by one of the 
accomplices, who laid a wager that his 
sheep were hogs, and agreed to abide by 
the decision of the first person they met. 
This, of course, was Scogan, who instantly 
gave judgment against the herdsman. 

A similar joke is related in the Hitopa- 
desa, an abridged version of Pilpay's 
Fables. In this case, the "peasant" is 
represented by a Brahmin carrying a 
goat, and the joke was to persuade the 
Bruhmin that he was carrying a dog. 
' ' How is this, friend," says one, "that you, 



SCONE. 



879 



SCOTLAND A FIEF, ETC. 



a Brahmin, carry on your back such an 
unclean animal as a dog ? " " It is not a 
dog," s&ys the Brahmin, "but a goat ; " 
and trudged on. Presently another made 
the same remark, and the Brahmin, be- 
ginning to doubt, took down the goat to 
look at it. Convinced that the creature 
was really a goat, he went on, when 
presently a third made the same re- 
mark. The Brahmin, now fully persuaded 
that his eyes were befooling him, threw 
down the goat and went away without it ; 
whereupon the three companions took 
possession of it and cooked it. 

In Tyll EtUenspiegel we have a similar 
hoax. Eulenspiegel sees a man with a 
piece of green cloth, which he resolves 
to obtain. He employs two confederates, 
both priests. Says Eulenspiegel to the 
man, " What a famous piece of blue 
cloth ! Where did you get it ? " " Blue, 
you fool ! why, it is green." After a short 
contention, a bet is made, and the ques- 
tion in dispute is referred to the first 
comer. This was a confederate, and he 
at once decided that the cloth was blue. 
"You are both in the same boat," says 
the man, " which I will prove by the priest 
yonder." The question being put to the 
priest, is decided against the man, and the 
three rogues divide the cloth amongst 
them. 

Another version is in novel 8 of For- 
tini. The joke was that certain kids 
he had for sale were capons. — See Dun- 
lop, History of Fiction, viii. art. " Ser 
Giovanni." 

Scone [Skoon], a palladium stone. It 
was erected in lcolmkil for the coronation 
of Fergus Eric, and was called the Lia- 
Fail of Ireland. Fergus the son of Fergus 
Eric, who led the Dalriads to Argyllshire, 
removed it to Scone ; and Edward I. 
took it to London. It still remains in 
Westminster Abbey, where it forms the 
support of Edward' the Confessor's chair, 
which forms the coronation chair of the 
British monarchs. 

Ni fallat fatum. Scoti. quocunque locatum 
Inver.ient lapidem, regnare tenentur ibidem. 

Lardner, llUtory of Scotland, i. 67 (1832). 
Where'er this stone is placed, the fates decree. 
The Scottish race shall there the sovereigns be 

%* Of course, the " Scottish race" is 
the dynasty of the Stuarts and their 
successors. 

Scotch. Guards, in the service of 
the French kings, Avere called his garde die 
corps. The origin of the guard was this : 
When St. Louis entered upon his first 
crusade, he was twice saved from death 



by the valour of a small band of Scotch 
auxiliaries under the commands of the 
earls of March and Dunbar, Walter 
Stewart, and sir David Lindsay. In 
gratitude thereof, it was resolved that 
"a standing guard of Scotchmen, recom- 
mended by the king of Scotland, should 
evermore form the body-guard of the 
king of France." This decree remained 
in force for five centuries. — Grant, The 
Scottish Cavalier, xx. 

Sco'tia, Scotland ; sometimes called 
" Scotia Minor." The Venerable Bede 
tells us that Scotland was called Cale- 
donia till A.i). 258, when it was invaded 
by a tribe from Ireland, and its name 
changed to Scotia. 

Scotia Magna or Major, Ireland. 

Scotland. So called, according to 
legend, from Scota, daughter of Pharaoh. 
What gives this legend especial interest 
is, that when Edward I. laid claim to the 
country as a fief of England, he pleaded 
that Brute the British king, in the days 
of Eli and Samuel, had conquered it. 
The Scotch, in their defence, pleaded 
their independence in virtue of descent 
from Scota, daughter of Pharaoh. This 
is not fable, but sober history. — Kvmer, 
Fccdera, I. ii. (1703). 

Scotland Yard (London). So called 
from a palace which stood there for the 
reception of the king of Scotland when 
he came to England to pay homage to 
his over-lord the king of England. 

Scotland a Fief of England. 
When Edward I. laid claim to Scotland as 
a fief of the English crown, his great plea 
was that it was awarded to Adelstan by 
direct miracle, and, therefore, could never 
be alienated. His advocates seriously 
read from The Life and Miracles of St. 
John of Beverley this"extract : Adelstan 
went to drive back the Scotch, who had 
crossed the border, and, on reaching the 
Tyne, St. John of Beverley appeared to 
him, and bade him cross the river at 
daybreak. Adelstan obeyed, and reduced 
the whole kingdom to submission. On 
reaching Dunbar, in the return march, 
Adelstan prayed chat some sign might 
be given, to testify to all ages that God 
had delivered the kingdom into his 
hands. Whereupon he was commanded 
to strike the basaltic rock with his sword. 
This did he, and the blade sank into the 
rock "as if it had been butter," cleaving 
it asunder for " an ell or more." As the 
cleft remains to the present hour, in testi- 



SCOTLAND'S SCOURGE. 



880 



SCOURGE OF PRINCES. 



mony of this miracle, why, of course, cela 
va sans dire. — Rymer, Fozdera, I. ii. 771 
(1703). 

Scotland's Scourge, Edward I. 
His son, Edward II., buried him in 
Westminster Abbey, where his tomb is 
still to be seen, with the following inscrip- 
tion : — 

Edwardus Longus, Srotorum Malleus, hie est. 
(Our Longshanks, " Scotland's Scourge," lies here). 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xvii. (1613). 
So Longshanks, Scotland's Scourge, the land laid waste. 
Ditto, xxix. (1622). 

Scots (scuite, u a wanderer, a ro- 
ver"), the inhabitants of the western 
coast of Scotland. As this part is very 
hilly and barren, it is unfit for tillage ; 
and the inhabitants used to live a roving 
life on the produce of the chase, their 
chief employment being the rearing of 
cattle. 

The Caledonians became divided into two distinct 
nations . . . those on the western coast which was hilly 
and barren, and those towards the east where the land 
is fit for tillage. ... As the employment of the former 
did not fix them to one place, they removed from one 
heath to another, as suited best with their convenience 
or inclination, and were called by their neighbours Scuite 
or the "wandering nation."— Dissertation on the Poems 
of Ossian. 

Scots (The Royal). The hundred cuir- 
assiers, called hommes des armes, which 
formed the bod3'-guard of the French 
king, were sent to Scotland in 1633 by 
Louis XIII., to attend the coronation of 
Charles I. at Edinburgh. On the out- 
break of the civil war, eight years after- 
wards, these cuirassiers loyally adhered 
to the crown, and received the title of 
" The Royal Scots." At the downfall of 
the king, the hommes des armes returned 
to France. 

Scott {The Southern). Ariosto is so 
called by lord Byron. 

First rose 
The Tuscan father's "comedy divine " [Dante] ; 
Then, not unequal to the Florentine, 
The southern Scott, the minstrel who called forth 
A new creation with his magic line, 
And, like the Ariosto of the North [sir W. Scott], 
Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth. 
Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 40 (1817). 



Scott of Belgium {The Walter), 
Hendrick Conscience (1812- ). 

Scottish AnacrCon (The), Alex- 
ander Scot is so called by Pinkerton. 

Scottish Boanerges {The), Robert 
and James Haldane (nineteenth century). 
Robert died 1842, aged 79, and James 
1851. 



Scottish Hogarth 
Allan (1744-1796). 



(The), David 



Scottish Homer (The), William 
Wilkie, author of an epic poem in rhyme 
entitled The Epigoniad (1753). 

Scottish Solomon (The), James 
VI. of Scotland, subsequently called 
James I. of England (1566, 1603-1625). 

*** The French king culled him far 
more aptly, "The Wisest Fool in Christen- 
dom." 

Scottish Teniers (The), sir David 
Wilkie (1785-1841). 

Scottish Theoc'ritos (The), Allan 
Ramsay (1685-1758). 

Scotus. There were two schoolmen 
of this name : (1) John Scotus Erigtm, a 
native of Ireland, who died 8 8, in the 
reign of king Alfred ; (2) John Duns 
Scotus, a Scotchman, who died 1308. 
Longfellow confounds these two in his 
Golden Legend when he attributes the 
Latin version of St. Dionystus the Arco- 
pagite to the latter schoolman. 

And done into Latin by that Scottish beast, 
Erigena Johannes. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Scourers, a class of dissolute young 
men, often of the better class, who in- 
fested the streets of London in the seven- 
teenth century, and thought it capital 
fun to break windows, upset sedan-chairs, 
beat quiet citizens, and molest young 
women. These young blades called 
themselves at different times, Muns, 
Hectors, Scourers, Nickers, Hawcabites, 
and Mohawks or Mohocks. 

Scourge of Christians (The), 
Noureddin-Mahmud of Damascus (1116- 
1174). 

Scourge of God (Tlie), Attila king 
of the Huns, called Flagellum Dei (died 
A.D. 453). Genseric king of the Vandals, 
called Virga Dei (*, reigned 429-477). 

Scourge of Princes (The), Pietro 
Aretino of Arezzo,.a merciless satirist of 
kings and princes, but very obscene and 
licentious. He called himself "Aretino 
the Divine" (1492-1557). 

Thus Aretin of late got reputation 
By scourging kings, as Lucian did of old 
By scorning gods. 
Lord Brooke, Jiujuisition upon Fame (1554-1628). 

Suidas called Lucian " The Blas- 
phemer ; " and he added that he was 
torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety. 
Some of his works attack the heathen 
philosophy and religion. His Jupiter 
Convicted shows Jupiter to be powerless, 
and Jupiter the Tragedian shows Jupiter 



SCOURGE OF SCOTLAND. 



«81 



SCROGGEN. 



and the other gods to be myths (120- 
200). 

Scourge of Scotland, Edward I. 
Scoturum Malleus (1239, 1272-1307). 

Scraoe-All, a soapy, psalm-singing 
hypocrite, who combines with Cheaply to 
supply young heirs with cash at most 
exorbitant usury. (See Cheatly.) — 
Shadwell, Squire of Alsatia (1688). 

Scrape on, Gentlemen. Hadrian 

went once to the public baths, and, seeing 
an old soldier scraping himself with a 
potsherd for want of a flesh-brush, sent 
him a sum of money. Next day, the 
bath was crowded with potsherd scrapers ; 
but the emperor said when he saw them, 
" Scrape on, gentlemen, but you will not 
scrape an acquaintance with me." 

Scribble, an attorney's clerk, who 
tries to get married to Polly Honey- 
combe, a silly, novel-struck girl, but well 
off. He is happily foiled in his scheme, 
and Polly is saved from the consequences 
of a most unsuitable match. — G. Colman 
the elder, Polly Honeycomhe (1760). 

Scrible'rus (Cornelius), father of 
Martlnus. He was noted for his pe- 
dantry, and his odd whims about the 
education of his son. 

Martinus Scriblerus, a man of capacity, 
who had read everything ; but his j udg- 
ment was worthless, and his taste per- 
verted. — (?) Arbuthnot, Memoirs of the 
Extraordinary Life, Works, and Dis- 
coveries of Martinus Scriblerus. 

*** These "memoirs" were intended 
to be the first instalment of a general 
satire on the false taste in literature 
prevalent in the time of Pope. The only 
parts of any moment that were written 
of this intended series were Pope's Trea- 
tise of the Bathos or Art of Sinking in 
Poetry, and his Memoirs of P. P., Clerk 
of this Parish (1727), in ridicule of Dr. 
Burnet's History of His Own Time. The 
Hunciad is, however, preceded by a Pro- 
legomena, ascribed to Martinus Scriblerus, 
and contains his notes and illustrations on 
the poem, thus connecting this merciless 
satire with the original design. 

Scriever (Jock), the apprentice of 
Duncan Macwheeble (bailie at Tully 
Yeolan to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Brad- 
wardine bar n of Bradwardine and Tully 
Yeolan). — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Scriptores Decern, a collection of 
ten ancient chronicles on English history, 



in one vol. folio, London, 1652, edited 
by Roger Twysden and John Selden. 
The volume contains: (1) Simeon Du- 
nelmensis [Simeon of Durham], Historia; 

(2) Johannes Hagustaldensis [John of 
Hexham], Historia Continuata ; (3) Ri- 
chardus Hagustaldensis [Richard of 
Hexham], De Gestis Regis Stephani ; (4) 
Ailredus Rievallensis [Ailred of Rieval], 
Historia (genealogy of the kings) ; (5) 
Radulphus de Diceto [Ralph of Diceto], 
Abbreviations Chronicorum and Ymagines 
Historiarum; (6) Johannes Rrompton, 
Chronicon ; (7) Gervasius Dorobornensis 
[Gervais of Dover], Chronica, etc. (burn- 
ing and repair of Dover Church ; conten- 
tions between the monks of Canterbury 
and archbishop Baldwin ; and lives of 
the archbishops of Canterbury) ; (8) 
Thomas Stubbs (a dominican), "Chronica 
Pontificum ecc. Eboraci [i.e. York] ; (9) 
Guilielmus Thorn Cantuariensis [of Can- 
terbury], Chronica; and (10) Henricus 
Knighton Leicestrensis [of Leicester], 
Chronica. (The last three are chronicles 
of " pontiffs " or archbishops.) 

Scriptores Quinque, better known 
as Scriptores Post Bedam, published at 
Frankfurt, 1601, in one vol. folio, and 
containing: (1) Willielm Malmesburi- 
ensis, He Gestis Begum Anglorum, Historia? 
Novella?, and He Gestis Pontificum Anglo- 
rum ; (2) Henry Huntindoniensis, Historia; 

(3) Roger Hovedeni [Hoveden], Annales ; 

(4) Ethelwerd, Chronica ; and (5) Ingul- 
phus Croylandensis [of Croyland], His- 
toria. 

Scriptores Tres, three "hypo- 
thetical " writers on ancient history, 
which Dr. Bertram professed to have dis- 
covered between the years 1747 and 1757. 
They are called Richardus Corinensis [of 
Cirencester], He Situ Britannia; ; Gildas 
Badonicus ; and Nennius Banchorensis 
[of Bangor]. J. E. Mayor, in his pre- 
face to Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum 
Historiale, has laid bare this literary 
forgery. 

Scripture. Parson Adams's wife said 
to her husband that in her opinion "it 
was blasphemous to talk of Scriptures 
out of church." — Fielding, Joseph An- 
drews. 

A great impression in my youth 
Was made by Mrs. Adams, where she cries, 
"That Scriptures out of church are blasphemous.** 
Byron, Don Juan, xiiL 96 (1824% 

Scroggen, a poor hack author, cele- 
brated by Goldsmith in his Hescription 
of an Author's Bedchamber. 

3 t 



SCROGGENS. 



SCUDAMOUR. 



Scroggens (Giles), a peasant, who 
courted Molly Brown, but died just be- 
fore the wedding day. Molly cried and 
cried for him, till she cried herself fast 
asleep. Fancying that she saw Giles 
Scroggens's ghost standing at her bed- 
side, she exclaimed in terror, "What 
do you want?" "You for to come for 
to go along with me," replied the ghost. 
"I ben't dead, you fool"!" said Molly; 
but the ghost rejoined, "Why, that's no 
rule." Then, clasping her round the 
waist, he exclaimed, "Come, come with 
me, ere morning beam." "I won't!" 
shrieked Molly, and woke to find "'twas 
nothing but a dream." — A Comic Ballad. 

Scroggs (Sir William), one of the 
judges. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Scrooge (Ebenezer), partner, exe- 
cutor, and heir of old Jacob Marley, 
stock-broker. When first introduced, he 
is "a squeezing, grasping, covetous old 
hunks, sharp and hard as a flint ; " with- 
out one particle of sympathy, loving no 
one, and by none beloved. One Christmas 
Day, Ebenezer Scrooge sees three ghosts : 
The Ghost of Christmas Past ; the Ghost 
of Christmas Present ; and the Ghost of 
Christmas To-come. The first takes him 
back to his young life, shows him what 
Christmas was to him when a schoolboy, 
and when he was an apprentice ; reminds 
him of his courting a young girl, whom 
he forsook as he grew rich ; and shows him 
that sweetheart of his young days married 
to another, and the mother of a happy 
family. The second ghost shows him 
the joyous home of his clerk Bob 
Cratchit, who has nine people to keep on 
15s. a week, and yet could find where- 
withal to make merry on this day ; 
it also shows him the family of his 
nephew, and of others. The third ghost 
shows him what would be his lot if he 
died as he then was, the prey of harpies, 
the jest of his friends on 'Change, the 
world's uncared-for Avaif . These visions 
wholly change his nature, and he becomes 
benevolent, charitable, and cheerful, lov- 
ing all, and by all beloved. — C. Dickens, 
A Christinas Carol (in five staves, 1843). 

Screw, the clerk of lawyer Glossin. 
— Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Scrub, a man-of-all-work to lady 
Bountiful. He describes his duties thus : 

Of a Monday I drive the coach, of a Tuesday I drive the 
plough, on Wednesday I follow the hounds, on Thursday 
1 (luu the tenants, on Friday 1 go to market, on Saturday 



I draw warrants, and on Sunday I draw beer.— Geo. 
Farquhar, The Beaux' Stratagem, iil. 4 (1707). 

One day, when Weston [1727-1776J was announced to 
play "Scrub," he sent to request a loan of money from 
Garrick, which was refused ; whereupon Weston did not 
put in his appearance in the green-room. So Garrick came 
to the foot-lights, and said, "Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. 
Weston being taken suddenly ill, he is not capable of ap- 
pearing before you this evening, and so with your permis- 
sion I will perform the part of ' Scrub ' in his stead." 
Weston, who was in the gallery with a sham bailiff, now 
hallooed out, " I am here, hut the bailiff won't, let me 
come." The audience roared with laughter, clamoured lor 
Weston, insisted he should play " Scrub," and the manager 
was obliged to advance the loan and release the debtor. — 
Spirit of the Public Journals (1825). 

Scrubin'da, the lady who " lived by 
the scouring of pots in Dyot Street, 
Bloomsbury Square." 

Oh, was I a quart, pint, or gill, 

To be scrubbed by her delicate hands ! . . . 
My parlour that's next to the sky 

I'd quit, her blest mansion to share ; 
So happy to live and to die 

In Dyot Street, Bloomsbury Square. 

W. B. Rhodes, Bombastes Furioso (1790). 

Scruple, the friend of Random. He 
is too honest for a rogue, and too con- 
scientious for a rake. At Calais he met 
Harriet, the elder daughter of sir David 
Dunder of Dunder Hall, near Dover, and 
fell in love with her. Scruple subsequently 
got invited to Dunder Hall, and was told 
that his Harriet was to be married next 
day to lord Snolt. a stumpy, "gummy" 
fogey of five and forty. Harriet hated 
the idea, and agreed to elope with Scruple ; 
but her father discovered by accident the 
intention, and intercepted it. However, 
to prevent scandal, he gave his consent 
to the union, and discovered that Scruple, 
both in family and fortune, was quite 
suitable for a son-in-law. — G. Colman, 
Ways and Means (1788). 

Scu'damour (Sir), the knight be- 
loved by Am'oret (whom Britomart de- 
livered from Busyrane the enchanter), 
and whom she ultimately married. He 
is called Scudamour (3 syl.) from [e~\scu 
d'amour ("the shield of love"), which 
he carried (bk. iv. 10). This shield was 
hung by golden bands in the temple 
of Venus, and under it was written: 
"Whosevek bk this Shield, Faire 
Amoret be his." Sir Scudamour, de- 
termined to win the prize, had to fight 
with twenty combatants, overthrew them 
all, and the shield was his. When he 
saw Amoret in the company of Brito- 
mart dressed as a knight, he Avas racked 
with jealousy, and went on his wander- 
ings, accompanied by nurse Glauce for 
" his 'squire ; " but somewhat later, seeing 
Britomart without her helmet, he felt 
that his jealousy was groundless (bk. iv. 
6). His tale is told by himself (bk. 



SCULPTURE. 



883. 



SEA-CAPTAIN. 



iv. 10).— Spenser, Faery Queen, iii., iv. 
(1590-6). 

Sculpture (Father of French), Jean 
Goujon (1510-1572). (i. Pilon is so 
called also (1515-1590). 

Scyld, the king of Denmark preceding 
Beowulf. The Anglo-Saxon epic poem 
called Beowulf (sixth century) begins 
with the death of Scyld. 

At his appointed time, Scyld deceased, very decrepit, 
and went into the peace of the Lord. They . . . bore 
him to the sea-shore as he himself requested. . . . There 
on the beach stood the ring-prowed ship, the vehicle of 
the noble . . . ready to set out. They laid down the dear 
prince, the distributer of rings, in the bosom of the ship, 
the mighty one beside the mast . . . they set up a golden 
ensign high overhead . . . they gave him to the deep. 
Sad was Uieir spirit, mournful their mood. — Kemble, 
Ueowulf (an Anglo-Saxon poem, 1833). 

Scylla and Charybdis. The 
former was a rock, in which dwelt Scylla, 
a hideous monster encompassed with dogs 
and wolves. The latter was a whirlpool, 
into which Charybdis was metamor- 
phosed. — Classic Fable. 

Scylla and Charybdis of Scot- 
land, the " Swalchie whirlpool," and 
the "Merry Men of Mey," a bed of 
broken water which boils like a witch's 
caldron, on the south side of the Stroma 
Channel. 

("Merry Men;" men is a corruption 
of BMWl in this phrase.) 

Scythian (That Brave), Darius the 
Persian. According to Herod'otos, all 
the south-east of Europe used to be called 
Scythia, and Xenophon calls the dwellers 
south of the Caspian Sea "Scythians" 
also. In fact, by Scj'thia was meant the 
south of Russia and west of Asia ; hence 
the Hungarians, a Tartar horde settled 
on the east coast of the Caspian, who, in 
889, crossed into Europe, are spoken of 
as " Scythians," and lord Brooke calls 
the Persians "Scythians." The reference 
below is to the following event in Persian 
history : — The death of Smerdis was kept 
for a time a profound secret, and one of 
the officers about the court who resembled 
him, usurped the crown, calling himself 
brother of the late monarch. Seven of 
the high nobles conspired together, and 
slew the usurper, but it then became a 
question to which of the seven the crown 
should be offered. They did not toss for 
it, but they did much the same thing. 
They agreed to give the crown to him 
whose horse neighed first. Darius's horse 
won, and thus Darius became king of the 
Persian empire. 



That brave Scythian, 
Who found more sweetness in his horsed neighing 
Than all the Phrygian, Dorian. I.ydinn playing. 

Lord B.ooUe (1554-1688). 

%* Marlowe calls Tamburlaine oi 
Tartary "a Scythian." 

You shall hear the Scythian Tamburlaine 
Threatening the world with sign a-tounding terms. 
Marlowe, Tamburlaine (prologue, 1587). 

Scythian's Name ( The). Humbei 
or Humbert king of the Huns invaded 
England during the reign of Locrin, 
some 1000 years B.C. In his flight, he 
was drowned in the river Abus, which 
has ever since been called the H umber, 
after "the Scvthian's name." — Geoffrey, 
British History, ii. 2 (1142) ; and Milton's 
History of England. 

Or Humber loud that keeps the Scythian's name._ 
Milton, Vacation KxcrcUc (lti-7). 

Sea (The Great). The Mediterranean 
was so called by the ancients. 

Sea (The Waterless). Prester John, in 
his letter to Manuel Comnenus emperoi 
of Constantinople, says that in his country 
there is a "waterless sea," which none 
have ever crossed. It consists of tumbling 
billows of sand, never at rest, and contains 
fish of most excellent flavour. 

Three days' journey from the coast of 
the Sand Sea is a mountain whence rolls 
down a "waterless river," consisting of 
small stones, which crumble into sand 
when they reach the " sea." 

Near the Sand Sea is a fountain called 
Mussel, because it is contained in a basin 
like a mussel-shell. This is a test foun- 
tain. Those who test it, strip off their 
clothes, and if they are true and leal, the 
water rises three times, till it covers 
their head. 

Sea-Born City (The), Venice. 

Sea-Captain (The), a drama by lord 
Lytton (1839). Norman, "the sea-cap- 
tain," was the son of lady Arundel by her 
first husband, who was murdered. He was 
born three days after his father's murder, 
and was brought up by Onslow, a village 
priest. At 14 he went to sea, and became 
the captain of a man-of-war. Lady 
Arundel married again, and had another 
son named Percy. She wished to ignore 
Norman, and to settle the title and estates 
on Percy, but it was not to be. Norman 
and Percy both loved Violet, a ward of 
lady Arundel. Violet, however, loved 
Norman only. A scheme was laid to 
murder Norman, but failed ; and at the 
end Norman was acknowledged by his 
mother, reconciled to his brother, and 
married to the ward. 



SEA-GIRT ISLE. 



884 



SEBASTIAN. 



Sea-G-irt Isle {The), Great Britain. 

Sea of Sedge {The), the Red Sea. 
The Red Sea so abounds with sedge that 
in the Hebrew Scriptures it is called " The 
Weedy or Sedgy Sea." Milton refers to 
it when he says, the rebel angels were as 
numberless as the 

. . . scattered sedge 
Aflote, when with fierce winds Orion armed 
Hath vexed the Red Sea coast. 

Paradise Lost, i. 304 (1665). 

Sea of Stars. The source of the 
Yellow River, in Thibet, is so called 
because of the unusual sparkle of the 
waters. 

Like a sea of stars, 
The hundred sources of Hoangho [the Yellow River]. 
Soutbey, Thataba the Destroyer, vi. 12 (1797). 

Seaforth {TJie earl of), a royalist, in 
the service of king Charles I. — Sir W. 
Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 

Seasons {The), a descriptive poem in 
blank verse, by James Thomson, "Win- 
ter" (1726), "Summer" (1727), "Spring" 
(1728), "Autumn" (1730). "Winter" 
is inscribed to the earl of Wilming- 
ton ; "Summer" to Mr. Doddington ; 
"Spring" to the countess of Hertford; 
and "Autumn" to Mr. Onslow. 

1. In "Winter," after describing the 
season, the poet introduces his episode of 
a traveller lost in a snowstorm, "the 
creeping cold lays him along the snow, 
a stiffened corse," of wife, of children, 
and of friend unseen. The whole book 
contains 1069 lines. 

2. "Summer" begins with a descrip- 
tion of the season, and the rural pursuits 
of haymaking and sheep-shearing ; 
passes on to the hot noon, when "nature 
pants, and every stream looks languid." 
After describing the tumultuous character 
of the season in the torrid zone, he returns 
to England, and describes a thunder- 
storm, in which Celadon and Amelia are 
overtaken. The tnunder growls, the 
lightnings flash, louder and louder crashes 
the aggravated roar, "convulsing heaven 
and earth." The maiden, terrified, clings 
to her lever for protection. " Fear not, 
sweet innocence," he says. " He who 
involves yon skies in darkness ever 
smiles on thee. 'Tis safety to be near 
thee, sure, and thus to clasp perfection." 
As he speaks the words, a Hash of light- 
ning strikes the maid, and lays her a 
blackened corpse at the young man's feet. 
The poem concludes with the more peace- 
ful scenery of a summer's evening, when 
tin storv of Damon and Musidora is 



introduced. Damon had long loved the 
beautiful Musidora, but met with scant 
encouragement. One summer's evening, 
he accidentally came upon her bathing, 
and the respectful modesty of his love so 
won upon the damsel that she wrote 
upon a tree, "Damon, the time may 
come when you need not fly." The 
whole book contains 1804 lines. 

8. In "Spring" the poet describes its 
general features, and its influence on the 
vegetable and animal world. He de- 
scribes a garden with its haram of flowers, 
a grove with its orchestry of song-birds 
making melody in their love, the rough 
world of brutes furious and fierce with 
their strong desire, and lastly man tem- 
pered by its infusive influence. The book 
contains 1173 lines. 

4. In "Autumn" we are taken to the 
harvest-field, where the poet introduces 
a story similar to that of Ruth and Boaz. 
His Ruth he calls "Lavinia," and his 
Boaz " Palemon." He then describes 
partridge and pheasant shooting, hare 
and fox hunting, all of which he con- 
demns. After luxuriating in the orchard 
and vineyard, he speaks of the emigration 
of birds, the falling of the sear and yellow 
leaf, and concludes with a eulogy of 
country life. The whole book contains 
1371 lines. 

*** It is much to be regretted that the 
poet's order has not been preserved. The 
arrangement of the seasons into Spring, 
Summer, Autumn, and Winter, is un- 
natural, and mars the harmony of the 
poet's plan. 

Seatonian Prize. The Rev. Thomas 
Seaton, Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge 
University, bequeathed the rents of his 
Kislingbury estate for a yearly prize of 
£40 to the best English poem on a 
sacred subject announced in January, and 
sent in on or before September 29 follow- 
ing. 

Shall hoary Granta call her sable sons . . . 
Shall these approach the Muse? Ah. no ! she flies, 
And even spurns the great Seatonian prize. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Sebastes of Mytile'ne (4 s.y/.), 
the assassin in the " Immortal Guards." — 
Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Tarts 
(time, Rufus). 

Sebastian, a young gentleman of 
Messaline, brother to Viola. They were 
twins, and so much alike that they could 
not be distinguished except by their dress. 
Sebastian and his sister being shipwrecked, 
escaped to Illyria. Here Sebastian was 
mistaken for his sister (who had assumed 



SEBASTIAN. 



885 



SEDLEY. 



man's apparel), and was invited by the 
countess Olivia to take shelter in her 
house from a street broil. Olivia was in 
love with Viola, and thinking Sebastian 
to be the object of her love, married him. 
— Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1614). 

Sebastian, brother of Alonso king of 
Naples, in TJie Tempest (1609). 

Sebas'tian, father of Valentine and 
Alice. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. 
Thomas (1619). 

Sebastian (Don), king of Portugal, is 
defeated in battle and taken prisoner by 
the Moors (1574). He is saved from 
death by Dorax a noble Portuguese, 
then a renegade in the court of the 
emperor of Barbary. The train being 
dismissed, Dorax takes off his turban, 
assumes his Portuguese dress, and is 
recognized as Alonzo of Alcazar. — Dry- 
den, Don Sebastian (1690). 

The quarrel and reconciliation of Sebastian and Dorax 
[alias Alomo of Alcazar] is a masterly copy from a similar 
scene between Brutus and Cassius I in Shakespeare's Julius 
Ccesar].— R. Chambers, English Literature, i. 380. 

Don Sebastian, a name of terror to 
Moorish children. 

Nor shall Sebastian's formidable name 
Be longer used to still the crving babe. 

Dryden, Don Sebastian (1690). 

Sebastian I. of Brazil, who fell in 
the battle of Alcazarquebir in 1578. The 
legend is that he is not dead, but is 
patiently biding the fulness of time, 
when he will return, and make Brazil the 
chief kingdom of the earth. (See Bar- 

BAROSSA.) 

Sebastoc'rator (Tlie), the chief 
officer of state in the empire of Greece. 
Same as Protosebastos. — Sir W. Scott, 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Sebile (2 syl.), la Dame du Lac in 
the romance called Perceforest. Her 
castle was surrounded by a river, on 
which rested so thick a fog that no one 
could see across it. Alexander the 
Great abode with her a fortnight to be 
cured of his wounds, and king Arthur 
was the result of this amour (vol. i. 42). 

Secret Hill (The). Ossian said to 
Oscar, when he resigned to him the 
command of the morrow's battle, " Be 
thine the secret hill to-night," referring 
to the Gaelic custom of the commander 
of an army retiring to a secret hill the 
night before a battle, to hold communion 
with the ghosts of departed heroes. — 
Ossian, Gathlin of Clutha. 

Secret Tribunal (The), the count 



of the Holy Vehme.— Sir W. Scott, Anne 
of Geierstcin (time, Edward IV.). 

Secrets. The Depository of the Secrets 
of all the World was the inscription over 
one of the brazen portals of Fakreddin's 
valley.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 

Sedgwick (Doomsday), William 
Sedgwick, a fanatical "prophet" in the 
Commonwealth, who pretended that it 
had been revealed to him in a vision 
that the day of doom was at hand. 

Sedillo, the licentiate with whom 
Gil Bias took service as a footman. 
Sedillo was a gouty old gourmand of 69. 
Being ill, he sent for Dr. Sangrado, 
who took from him six porringers of 
blood every day, and dosed him in- 
cessantly with warm water, giving him 
two or three pints at a time, saying, "a 
patient cannot be blooded too much ; for 
it is a great error to suppose that blood is 
needful for the preservation of life. 
Warm water," he maintained, "drunk in 
abundance, is the true specific in all 
distempers." When the licentiate died 
under this treatment, the doctor insisted 
it was because his patient had neither 
lost blood enough nor drunk enough 
warm water. — Lesage, Gil Bias, ii. 1, 2 
(1715). 

Sedley (Mr.), a wealthy London 
stock-broker, brought to ruin by the 
fall of the Funds just prior to the battle 
of Waterloo. The old merchant then 
tried to earn a meagre pittance by selling 
wine, coals, or lottery-tickets by com- 
mission, but his bad wine and cheap 
coals found but few customers. 

Mrs. Sedley, wife of Mr. Sedley. A 
homely, kind-hearted, bonny, motherly 
woman in her prosperous days, but 
soured by adversity, and quick to take 
offence. 

Amelia Sedley, daughter of the stock- 
broker, educated at Miss Pinkerton's 
academy, Chiswick Mall, and engaged 
to captain George Osborne, son of a rich 
London merchant. After the ruin of 
old Sedley, George married Amelia, and 
was disinherited by his father. He was 
adored by his young wife, but fell on 
the field of Waterloo. Amelia then 
returned to her father, and lived in great 
indigence, but captain Dobbin greatly 
loved her, and did much to relieve her 
worst wants. Captain Dobbin rose in 
his profession to the rank of colonel, and 
married the young widow. 

Joseph Sedley, a collector, of Boggley 



SEDLEY. 



886 SELF-ADMIRATION SOCIETY. 



Wollah ; a fat, sensual, conceited dandy, 
vain, shy, and vulgar. " His excellency" 
fled from Brussels on the day of the battle 
between Napoleon and Wellington, and 
returned to Calcutta, where he bragged 
of his brave deeds, and made it appear 
that he was Wellington's right hand ; 
so that he obtained the sobriquet of 
" Waterloo Sedley." He again returned 
to England, and became the "patron" 
of Becky Sharp (then Mrs. Rawdon 
Crawley, but separated from her hus- 
band). This lady proved a terrible 
dragon, fleeced him of all his money, 
and in six months he died under very 
suspicious circumstances. — Thackeray, 
Vanity Fair (1848). 

Sedley (Sir Charles), in the court of 
Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, Woodstock 
(time, Commonwealth). 

See, the Conquering Hero 
Conies ! This song stands at the open- 
ing of act ii. of Alexander the Great, a 
tragedy by N. Lee (1678). 

(Set to music by Handel, and intro- 
duced in the oratorio of Judas Maccabams, 
1743.) 

Seelencooper (Captain), superin- 
tendent of the military hospital at Ryde. 
— Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter 
(time, George II.). 

Seer (TJie Poughkeepsie), Andrew 
Jackson Davis. 

Segonti'ari, inhabitants of parts of 
Hampshire and Berkshire, referred to in 
the Commentaries of Caesar. 

Seicen'to (3 syl.), the sixteenth 
century of Italian notables, the period of 
bad taste and degenerate art. The de- 
graded art is termed Seicentista, and the 
notables of the period the Seicentisti. 
The style of writing was inflated and 
bombastic, and that of art was what is 
termed " rococo." The chief poet was 
Marini (1569-1615), the chief painter 
Caravaggio (1569-1609), the chief sculp- 
tor Bernini (1593-1680), and the chief 
architect Borromini (1599-1667). 

Sede, in Voltaire's tragedy of Mahomet, 
was the character in which Talma, the 
great French tragedian, made his debut in 
1787. 

Seidel-Beckir, the most famous of 
all talismanists. He made three of 
extraordinary power : Viz., a little golden 
fish, which would fetch from the sea 
whatever was desired of it ; a poniard, 
which rendered the person who bore it 



invisible, and all others whom he wished 
to be so ; and a steel ring, which enabled 
the wearer to read the secrets of another's 
heart. — Comte de Cavlus, Oriental Tales 
(" The Four Talismans," 1743). 

Seine (1 syl.), put for Paris. Tenny- 
son calls the red republicanism of Paris, 
" The red fool-fury of the Seine." 

Setting the Seine on fire. The Seine is 
a drag-net as well as a river. Hence 
drag-men are called in French les pecheurs 
d la seine, and it has been argued that 
the French expression, "He will never 
set the Seine on fire," arose from the 
fact that an active fisherman pulling the 
seine up very briskly was liable to set it on 
fire ; a lazy one was not. But it is quite 
as probable that the phrase was borrow- 
ed from the familiar English one about 
setting the Thames on fire (for deriva- 
tion of which see Thames), especially as 
it is very seldom used by the French, 
their equivalent being , " He is not fit to 
be trusted in the powder-magazines." 

Sejanus (jEUus), a minister of 
Tiberius, and commander of the praetorian 
guards. His affability made him a great 
favourite. In order that he might be 
the foremost man of Rome, all the 
children and grandchildren of the em- 
peror were put to death under sundry 
pretences. Drusus, the son of Tiberius, 
then fell a victim. He next persuaded 
the emperor to retire, and Tiberius went 
to Campania, leaving to Sejanus the sole 
management of affairs. He now called 
himself emperor ; but Tiberius, roused 
from his lethargy, accused his minister 
of treason. The senate condemned him 
to be strangled, and his remains, being 
treated with the grossest insolence, were 
kicked into the Tiber, a.d. 31. This was 
the subject of Ben Jonson's first historical 
play, entitled Sejanus (1603). 

Sejjin or Sejn, the record of all 
evil deeds, whether by men or the genii, 
kept by the recording angel. It also 
means that dungeon beneath the seventh 
earth, where Eblis and his companions 
are confined. 

Verily, the register of the deeds of the wicked is surely 
in Sejjin.— Sale, Al Kordn, lxxxiii. 

Selby (Captain), an officer in the 
guards. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Self- Admiration Society (The). 
Poets: Morris, Rosetti, and Swinburne. 
Painters : Brown, Mudon, Whistler, and 
some others. 



SELIM. 



887 SEMIRAMIS OF THE NORTH. 



Selim, son of Abdallah, who was 
murdered by his brother Giaffir (pacha of 
Aby'dos). After the death of his brother, 
lii;irrir (2 syl.) took Selim under his 
charge and brought him up, but treated 
him with considerable cruelty. Giaffir 
had a daughter named Zuleika (3 syl.), 
with whom Selim fell in love ; but 
Zuleika thought he was her brother. As 
soon as Giaftir discovered the attachment 
of the two cousins for each other, he 
informed his daughter that he intended 
her to marry Osmyn Bey ; but Zuleika 
eloped with Selim, the pacha pursued 
after them, Selim was shot, Zuleika 
killed herself, and Giaffir was left child- 
less and alone. — Byron, Bride of Abydos 
(1813). 

Selim, son of Acbar. Jehanguire was 
called Selim before his accession to the 
throne. He married Nourmahal the 
" Light of the Haram," but a coolness 
rose up between them. One night, Nour- 
mahal entered the sultan's banquet-room 
as a lute-player, and so charmed young 
Selim that he exclaimed, " If Nourmahal 
had so sung, I could have forgiven her ! " 
It was enough. Nourmahal threw off 
her disguise, and became reconciled to 
her husband. — T. Moore, Lalla Rookh 
(" Light of the Haram," 1817). 

Selim, 6on of the Moorish king of 
Algiers. [Horush] Barbarossa, the Greek 
renegade, having made himself master 
of Algiers, slew the reigning king, but 
Selim escaped. After the lapse of seven 
years, he returned, under the assumed 
name of Achmet, and headed an uprising 
of the Moors. The insurgents succeeded, 
Barbarossa was slain, the widowed queen 
Zaphlra was restored to her husband's 
throne, and Selim her son married Irene 
daughter of Barbarossa. — J. Brown, Bar- 
barossa (1742 or 1755). 

Selim, friend of Etan (the supposed 
son of Zamti the mandarin). — Murphy, 
The Orphan of China (1759). 

Sel'ima, daughter of Bajazet sultan 
of Turkey, in love with prince Axalla, 
but promised by her father in marriage 
to Omar. When Selima refused to marry 
Omar, Bajazet would have slain her ; but 
Tamerlane commanded both Bajazet and 
Omar to be seized. So every obstacle 
was removed from the union of Selima 
and Axalla. — N. Rowe, Tamerlane (1702). 

Sel'ima, one ef the six Wise Men from 
the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
— Klopstock, The Messiah, v. (1771). 



SeTith, one of the two guardian 

angels of the Virgin Mary and of John 
the Divine. — Klopstock, Tfie Messiah, ix. 
(1771). 

Sellock (Cisly), a servant-girl in the 
service of ladv and sir Geoffrey Peveril 
of the Peak.— Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Selma, the royal residence of Fingal, 
in Morven (north-west coast of Scot- 
land). 

Selma. thy halls are silent. There is no sound in the 
woods of Morven.— Ossian, Lathmon. 

Selvaggio, the father of sir Industry, 
and the hero of Thomson's Castle of In- 
dolence. 

In Fairy -land there lived a knight of old, 

Of feature stern, Selvaggio well y-clept ; 
A rough, unpolished man, robust and bold, 

But wondrous poor. He neither sowed nor reaped ; 

Ne stores in summer for cold winter heaped. 
In hunting all his days away he wore — 

Now scorched by June, now in November steeped. 
Now pinched by biting January sore. 
He still in woods pursued the libbard and the boar. 

Thomson, Castle of Indolence, ii. 5 (1745). 

Sem'ele (3 syl.), ambitious of enjoy- 
ing Jupiter in all his glory, perished 
from the sublime effulgence of the god. 
This is substantially the tale of the 
second story of T. Moore's Loves of the 
Angels. Liris requested her angel lover 
to come to her in all his angelic bright- 
ness ; but was burnt to ashes as she fell 
into his embrace. 

For majesty gives nought to subjects, . . . 
A royal smile, a guinea's glorious rays, 
Like Simele, would kill us with its blaze. 

Peter Pindar [Dr. WolcotJ Progress of 
Admiration (1809). 

Semi'da, the young man, the only 
son of a widow, raised from the dead by 
Jesus, as he was being carried from the 
walls of Nain. He was deeply in love 
with Cidli, the daughter of Jairus. 

He was in the bloom of life. His hair hung in curls 
on his shoulders, and he appeared as beautiful as David 
when, sitting by the stream of Bethlehem, he was ravished 
at the voice of God.— Klopstock, The Messiah, iv. (1771). 

Semir'amis, queen of Assyria, wife 
of Ninus. She survived her husband, 
and reigned. The glory of her reign 
stands out so prominently that she quite 
eclipses all the monarchs of ancient 
Assyria. After a reign of forty-two 
years, she resigned the crown to her son 
Mnyas, and took her flight to heaven in 
the form of a dove. Semiramis was the 
daughter of DercSto the fish-goddess 
and a Syrian youth, and, being exposed 
in infancy, was brought up by doves. 

Semiramis of the North, Mar- 
garet, daughter of Waldemar III. of 
Denmark. At the death of her father, 



SEMIRAMIS OF THE NORTH. 888 



SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY. 



she succeeded him ; by the death of her 
husband, Haco VIII. king of Norway, 
she succeeded to that kingdom also ; and 
having conquered Albert of Sweden, she 
added Sweden to her empire. Thus was 
she queen of Denmark, Norway, and 
Sweden (1353-1412). 

Semiramis of the North, Catharine of 
Russia, a powerful and ambitious sove- 
reign, but licentious, sensual, and very 
immoral (1729-1796). 

SerrLkail, the angel of the winds and 
waves. 

I keep the winds in awe with the hand which you see 
in the air, and prevent the wind Haidge from coming 
forth. If I gave it freedom, it would reduce the universe 
to powder. With my other hand I hinder the sea from 
overflowing, without which precaution it would cover the 
face of the whole earth. — Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales 
(" History of Abdal Motalleb," 1743). 

Semo (Son of), Cuthullin general of 
the Irish tribes. 

Sempro'nius, one of the " friends " 
of Timon of Athens, and "the first man 
that e'er received a gift from him." 
When Timon sent to borrow a sum of 
money of " his friend," he excused him- 
self thus : As Timon did not think 
proper to apply to me first, but asked 
others before he sent to me, I consider 
his present application an insult. u Go," 
said he to the servant, " and tell your 
master : 

Who bates mine honour shall not know my coin." 
Shakespeare, Timon of Athens, act iii. sc. 3 (1600). 

Sempro'nius, a treacherous friend of 
Cafco while in Utica. Sempronius tried 
to mask his treason by excessive zeal 
and unmeasured animosity against Caesar, 
with whom he was acting in alliance. 
He loved Marcia, Cato's daughter, but 
his love was not honourable love ; and 
when he attempted to carry off the lady 
by force, he was slain by Juba the 
Numidian prince. — J. Addison, Cato 
(1713). 

I'll conceal 
My thoughts in passion, 'tis the surest way. 
I'll bellow out for Rome and for my country, 
And mouth at Caesar till I shake the senate. 
Your cold hypocrisy's a stale device, 
A worn-out trick. 



Sena'nus (St.), the saint who fled 
to the island of Scattery, and resolved 
that no woman should ever step upon the 
isle. An angel led St. Can'ara to the^ 
isle, but Senanus refused to admit her. — * 
T. Moore, Irish Melodies (" St. Senanus 
and the Lady," 1814). 

Sen'eca (The Christian), bishop Hall 
of Norwich (1574-1656). 



Sene'na (3 syl.), a Welsh maiden in 
love with Car'adoc. She dressed in boy's 
clothes, and, under the assumed name" of 
Mervyn, became the page of the princess 
Goervyl, that she might follow her lover 
to America, when Madoc colonized Caer- 
Madoc. Senena was promised in mar- 
riage to another ; but when the wedding 
day arrived and all was ready, the bride 
was nowhere to be found. 

. . . she doffed 
Her bridal robes, and dipt her golden locks, 
And put on boy's attire, thro' wood and wild 
To seek her own true love ; and over sea, 
Forsaking all for him, she followed him. 

Southey, Madoc, ii. 23 (1805). 

Sennac'herib, called by the Orien- 
tals king Moussal. — D'Herbelot, Notes to 
the Koran (seventeenth century). 

-Sennamar, a very skilful architect 
who built at Hirah, for N6man-al-A6uar 
king of Hirah, a most magnificent palace. 
In order that he might not build another 
equal or superior to it for some other 
monarch, Noman cast him headlong from 
the highest tower of the building. — 
D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque Orientate (1697). 
%* A parallel tale is told of Neim'- 
heid (2 syl.), who employed four archi- 
tects to build for him a palace in Ireland, 
and then, jealous lest the}' should build 
one like it or superior to it for another 
monarch, he had them all privately put 
to death. — O'Halloran, History of Ireland. 

Sensitive (Lord), a young nobleman 
of amorous proclivities, who marries 
Sablna Rosny, a French refugee, in 
Padua, but leaves her, more from reck- 
lessness than wickedness. He comes to 
England and pays court to lady Ruby, 
a rich young widow ; but lady Ruby 
knows of his marriage to the young 
French girl, and so hints at it that his 
lordship, who is no libertine, and has a 
great regard for his honour, sees that his 
marriage is known, and tells lady Ruby 
he will start without delay to Padua, 
and bring his young wife home. This, 
however, was not needful, as Sabina was 
at the time the guest of lady Ruby. 
She is called forth, and lord Sensitive 
openly avows her to be his wife. — Cum- 
berland, First Love (1796). 

Sentimental Journey (Tke), by 
Laurence Sterne (1768). It was intended 
to be sentimental sketches of his tour 
through Italy in 1764, but he died soon 
after completing the first part. The 
tourist lands at Calais, and the first 
incident is his interview with a poor 
monk of St. Francis, who begged alms 



SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY. 



889 



SERASKIER. 



for his convent. Sterne refused to give 
anything, but his heart smote him for his 
churlishness to the meek old man. From 
Calais he goes to Montriul (Montreuil- 
sur-Mer), and thence to Nampont, near 
Cressy. Here occurred the incident, which 
is one of the most touching of all the 
sentimental sketches, that of"" The Dead 
Ass." His next stage was Amiens, and 
thence to Paris. While looking at the 
Bastille, he heard a voice crying, "I can't 
get out ! I can't get out ! " He thought 
it was a child, but it was only a caged 
starling. This led him to reflect on the 
delights of liberty and miseries of cap- 
tivity. Giving reins to his fancy, he 
imaged to himself a prisoner who for 
thirty years had been confined in a dun- 
geon, during all which time " he had 
seen no sun, no moon, nor had the voice 
of kinsman breathed through his lattice." 
Carried away by his feelings, he burst 
into tears, for he "could not sustain the 
picture of confinement which his fancy 
had drawn." While at Paris, our tourist 
visited Versailles, and introduces an in- 
cident which he had witnessed some years 
previously at Rennes, in Brittany. It 
was that of a marquis reclaiming his 
sword and "patent of nobility." Any 
nobleman in France who engaged in 
trade, forfeited his rank ; but there was 
a law in Brittany that a nobleman of 
reduced circumstances might deposit his 
sword temporarily with the local magis- 
tracy, and if better times dawned upon 
him, he might reclaim it. Sterne was 
present at one of these interesting cere- 
monies. A marquis had laid down his 
sword to mend his fortune by trade, and 
after a successful career at Martinico for 
twenty years, returned home, and re- 
claimed it. On receiving his deposit from 
the president, he drew it slowly from the 
scabbard, and, observing a spot of rust 
near the point, dropped a tear on it. As 
he wiped the blade lovingly, he remarked, 
"I shall find some other way to get it 
off." Returning to Paris, our tourist 
starts for Italy ; but the book ends with 
his arrival at Moulines (Moulins). Some 
half a league from this city he encountered 
Maria, whose pathetic sto.ry had been 
told him by Mr. Shandy. She had lost 
her goat when Sterne saw her, but had 
instead a little dog named Silvio, led by 
a string. She was sitting under a poplar, 
playing on a pipe her vespers to the 
Virgin. Poor Maria had been crossed in 
love, or, to speak more strictly, the cure 
of Moulines had forbidden her banns, and 



the maiden lost her reason. Her story is 
exquisitely told, and Sterne says, "Could 
the traces be ever worn out of her brain, 
and those of Eliza out of mine, she should 
not only eat of my bread and drink of my 
cup, but Maria should lie in my bosom, 
and be unto me as a daughter." 

Sentinel and St. Paul's Clock 

(The). The sentinel condemned to death 
by court-martial for falling asleep on his 
watch, but pardoned because he" affirmed 
that he heard St. Paul's clock strike 
thirteen instead of twelve, was John 
Hatfield, who died at the age of 102, 
June, 1770. 

Sentry (Captain), one of the members 
of the club under whose auspices the 
Spectator was professedly issued. 

September Massacre (The), the 
slaughter of loyalists confined in the 
Abbaye. This massacre took place in 
Paris between September 2 and 5, 1792, 
on receipt of the news of the capture of 
Verdun. The number of victims was 
not less than 1200, and some place it as 
high as 4000. 

September the Third was Crom- 
well's day. On September 3, 1650, he 
won the battle of Dunbar. On Sep- 
tember 3, 1651, he won the battle of 
Worcester. On September 3, 1658, he 
died. 

Serab, the Arabic word for the Fata 
morgana. — See Quintus Curtius, De Rebus 
Alexandri, vii. 

The Arabic word Serdb signifies that false appearance 
which, in Eastern countries, is often seen in sandy plains 
about noon, resembling a large lake of water in motion. 
It is occasioned by the reverberation of the sunbeams. 
It sometimes tempts thirsty travellers out of their way, 
but deceives them when they come near, either going 
forward or quite vanishing.— Sale, Al Kor&n. xxiv. notes. 

The actions of unbelievers are like the serdb of the 
plain ; he who is thirsty takes it for water, and finds it 
deceit. — A I Kordn. 

Seraphic Doctor (The), St. Bona- 
ventura, placed by Dante among the 
saints of his Paradiso (1221-1274). 

Seraphic Saint (The), St. Francis 
d'Assisi (1182-1226). 

Of all the saints, St. Francis was the most blameless and 
gentle. — Dean Milman. 

Seraphina Arthur et (Miss), a, 
pa | ist. Her sister is Miss Angelica 
Arthuret. — Sir W. Scott, Eedgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Sera'pis, an Egyptian deity, sym- 
bolizing the Nile, and fertility in general. 

Seraskier' (3 syl.), a name given by 



SERB. 



890 



SERPENT. 



the Turks to a general of division, 
generally a pacha with two or three 
tails. (Persian, seri asker, "head of the 
army.") 

. . three thousand Moslems perished here, 
And sixteen bayonets pierced the seraskier. 

Byron, Don Juan, viii. 81 (1824). 

Serb, a Servian or native of Servia. 

Serbo'nian Bog (The). Serbon 
was a lake a thousand miles in compass, 
between mount Ca'sius and the city of 
Damietta, one of the eastern mouths of 
the Nile. The Serbonian Bog was sur- 
rounded on all sides by hills of loose 
sand, and the sand, carried into it by high 
winds, floated on the surface, and looked 
like a solid mass. Herodotos (Greek 
History, ii. 6) tells us that whole armies, 
deceived by the appearanee, have been 
engulfed in the bog. (See also Diodo'rus 
Siculus, Bibliotheca Histona, i. 35 ; and 
Lucan's Pharsalia, viii. 539.) 

A gulf profound as that Serbonian Bog 
Betwixt Daniiata (3 syl.) and mount Casius old, 
Where armies whole have sunk. 

Milton, Faradise Lout, ii. 592, etc. (1665). 

Diodorus Siculus (Bibliotheca Historia, 
i. 30) says : " Many, missing their way, 
have been swallowed up in this bog, 
together with whole armies." Dr. Smith 
says : "When Darius Ochus was on his 
way to Egypt, this bog was the scene of 
at least a partial destruction of the Persian 
army" (Classical Dictionary, art. " Ser- 
bonis Lacus"). 

Sereme'nes (4 syl.), brother-in-law 
of king Sardanapalus, to whom he en- 
trusts his signet-ring to put down the 
rebellion headed by Arbaces the Mede 
and Belesis the Chaldean soothsayer. 
Seremenes was slain in a battle with the 
insurgents. — Byron, Sirdanapalus (1819). 

Sere'na, allured by the mildness of 
the weather, went into the fields to gather 
wild flowers for a garland, when she was 
attacked by the Blatant Beast, who 
carried her off in its mouth. Her cries 
attracted to the spot sir Calidore, who 
compelled the beast to drop its prey. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, vi. 3 (1596). 

Serendib, now called Ceylon. When 
Adam and Eve were cast down from 
paradise, Adam fell on the isle of Seren- 
dib, and Eve near Joddah, in Arabia. 
After the lapse of 200 years, Adam joined 
Eve, and lived in Ceylon. 

We passed several islands, amongst others the island of 
Bells, distant about ten days' sail from that of Serendib. — 
Arabian Nights (" Sindbad," sixth voyage). 

%* A print of Adam's foot is shown 
on Pico de Adam, in the island of Seren- 



dib or Ceylon. According to the Koran, 
the garden of Eden was not on our earth 
at all, but in the seventh heaven. — Ludo- 
vico Marracci, Al Koran, 24 (1698). 

Sergis (Sir), the attendant on Irena. 
He informs sir Artegal that Irena is the 
captive of Grantorto, who has sworn to 
take her life within ten days, Hnless some 
knight will volunteer to be her cham- 
pion, and in single combat prove her 
innocent of the crime laid to her charge. 
— Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 11 (1596). 

Sergius, a Nestorian monk, said to 
be the same as Boheira, who resided at 
Bosra, in Syria. This monk, we are told, 
helped Mahomet in writing the Koran. 
Some say it was Said or Felix Boheira. 

Boheira's name, in the books of Christians, is Sergius. 
— Masudi, History, 24 (A.D. 956). 

Serian Worms, silkworms from 
Sericum (China), the country of the 
Seres; hence, serica vestis, " a silk dress." 

No Serian worms he knows, that with their thread 
Draw out their silken lives ; nor silken pride ; 

His lambs' warm fleece well fits his little need, 
Not in that proud S'idonian tincture dyed. 

Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, xii. (1633). 

Serimner, the wild boar whose lard 
fed the vast multitude in Einheriar, the 
hall of Odin. Though fed on daily, the 
boar never diminished in size. Odin 
himself gave his own portion of the lard 
to his two wolves Geri and Freki. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. (See Rusxicus's 
Pig, p. 852.) 

Seri'na, daughter of lord Acasto, 
plighted to Chamont (the brother of 
Monimia "the orphan"). — Otway, The 
Orphan (1680). 

Seriswattee, the Janus of Hindu 
mythology. 

Serpent (A), emblem of the tribe of 
Dan. In the old church at Totness is 
a stone pulpit divided into compartments, 
containing shields decorated with the 
several emblems of the Jewish tribes, of 
which this is one. 

Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the 
path, that biteth the horse's heels, so that his rider shall 
fall backward.— Gen. xlix. 17. 

Serpent (African). (For Lucan's list, 
see under Phaksalia.) 

The Serpent and &itan. There is an 
Arabian tradition that the devil begged 
all the animals, one alter another, to 
carry him into the garden, that lie might 
speak to Adam and Eve, but they all 
refused except the serpent, who took him 
between two of its teeth. It was then 
the most beautiful of all the animals. 



SERPENT D'ISABIT. 



891 SEVEN CHAMPIONS, ETC. 



and walked upon legs and feet. — Masudi, 
History, 22 (a.d. 956). 

The Serpent's Punishment. The 
punishment of the serpent for tempting 
Eve was this: (1) Michael was com- 
manded to cut off its legs ; and (2) the 
serpent was doomed to feed on human 
excrements ever after. 

Y llamd [Dios] a la serpiente, y a Michael, aquel que 
tiene la espada de Dios, y le dixo ; Aquesta sierpe es 
acelerada, echala la priiuera del parayso, y corUile las 
pieruas, y si quisiere caminar, arrastrara la vida por tierra. 
V llamo a Satanas, el qual vino riendo, y dixole; Porque 
tu reprobo has engafiado a aqueslos, y los has heclio 
iinniundos? Yo quiero que toda ininiundicia suya, y de 
todos sus hijos, en saliendo de sus euerpos entre por tu 
boca, porque en verdad ellos haran penitencia, y tu que- 
daras barto de ininiundicia. — Gospel of Uarmibas. 

Serpent d'Isabit, an enormous 
.monster, whose head rested on the top of 
the Pic du Midi de Bigorre, its body 
tilled, the whole valley of Luz, St. 
Sauveur, and Gedres, and its tail was 
coiled in the hollow below the cirque of 
Gavarnie. It fed once in three months, 
and supplied itself by making a very 
strong inspiration of its breath, where- 
upon every living thing around was 
drawn into its maw. It was ultimately 
killed by making a huge bonfire, and 
waking it from its torpor, when it 
became enraged, and drawing a deep 
breath, drew the bonfire into its maw, 
and died in agony. — Rev. W. Webster, 
A Pyrenean Legend (1877). 

Serpent Stone. In a earn on the 
Mound of Mourning was a serpent which 
had a stone on the tail, and " whoever 
held this stone in one hand would have 
in the other as much gold as heart could 
desire." — The Mabinogion ("Peredur," 
twelfth century). 

Served My God. Wolsey said, in 
his fall, " Had I but served my God with 
half the zeal I served my king, He would 
not in mine age have left me naked to 
mine enemies." — Shakespeare, Henry 
VIII. actiii. sc. 2 (1601). 

Samrah, when he was deposed from 
the government of Basorah by the caliph 
Moawiyah, said, " If I had served God 
so well as I have served the caliph, He 
would never have condemned me to all 
eternity." 

Antonio Perez, the favourite of 
Philip II. of Spain, said, "Mon zele 
etoit si grand vers ces benignes puissances 
[i.e. Turin] qui si j'en eusse eu autant 
pour Dieu, je ne doubte point qu'il ne 
m'eut deja recompense' de son paradis." 

The earl of Gowrie, when in 1584 he 
was led to execution, said, " If I had 
served God as faithfully as I have done 



the king [James VI.~\ % I should not have 
come to this end." — Spotswood, History 
of the Church of Scotland, 332, 333 (1053). 

Service Tree. A wand of the 
service tree has the power of renewing 
the virulence of an exhausted poison. 
— Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 'Tales 
(" Fiorina," 1682). 

Ses'ame (3 syl.), the talismanic word 
which would open or nhut the door 
leading into the cave of the forty thieves. 
In order to open it, the words to be 
uttered were, " Open, Sesame ! " and in 
order to close it, "Shut, Sesame!" Sesame 
is a plant which yields an oily grain, and 
hence, when Cassim forgot the word, he 
substituted barley, but without effect. 

Mrs. Habberfield, coining to a small iron grating, ex- 
changed some words with my companions, which pro* 
duced its much effect as tlie " Open, Sesame 1 ! " of nursery 
renown.— Lord W. P. Lennox, Celebrities, etc., i. 5a. 

Opening a handkerchief, in which he had a sample of 
sesame, he inquired of me how much a large measure of 
the grain was worth ... I told him that, according to the 
present price, a large measure was worth one hundred 
drachms of silver . . . and he left the sesame with me.— 
A rabian A'igKU ("The Christian Merchant's Story "). 

Sesostris {The Modern), Napoleon 
Bonaparte (1769, 1804-1815, 1821). 

But where is he, the modern, mightier far. 
Who, born no king, made monarchs draw his car ; 
The new Sesostris, whose unharnessed kings, 
Freed from the bit, believe themselves with wings. 
And spurn the dust o'er which they crawled of late, 
Chained to the chariot of the chieftain's state f 

Byron, Age of Bronze (1821). 

*** "Sesostris," in Fenelon's Te'le'maque, 
is meant for Louis XIY. 

Set'ebos, a deity of the Patagonians. 

His art is of such power, 
It would control my dam's god Setebos. 

Shakespeare, The Tempest (1609). 
The giants, when they found themselves fettered, 
roared like bulls, and cried upon Setebos to help them. — 
Eden, History of Travayle. 

Seth, a servant of the Jew at Ashby. 
Reuben is his fellow-servant. — Sir W. 
Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Settle {Elkana), the poet, introduced 
by sir W. Scott in Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II.). 

Seven Bodies in Alchemy. The 

Sun is gold, the Moon silver, Mars iron, 
Mercury quicksilver, Saturn lead, Jupiter 
tin, and Venus copper. 

The bodies seven, eek, lo hem heer anoon : 
Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe ; 
Mars yren, Mercurie quyksilver we clepe ; 
Saturnus leed, and Jubitur is tyn, 
And Venus ciper, by my fader "kyn. 
Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (prologue to " The Chanounes 
Yemanes Tale," 1388). 

Seven Champions of Chris- 
tendom {The): St. George for Eng- 
land ; St. Andrew for Scotland ; St. 
Patrick for Ireland ; St. David foi 



SEVEN-HILLED CITY. 



892 



SEVEN SLEEPERS. 



Wales ; St. Denys for France ; St. James 
for Spain ; and St. Anthony for Italy. 

*** Richard Johnson wrote The 
Famous History of the Seven Champions 
of Christendom (1617). 

Seven-Hilled City {The), in 
Latin Urbs Septicollis ; ancient Rome, 
built on seven hills, surrounded by 
Servius Tullfus with a line of fortifi- 
cations. The seven hills are the Palla- 
tlnus, the Capitolinus, the Quirinalis, the 
Caelius, the Aventlnus, the Viminalis, 
and Esquillnus. 

Seven Mortal Sins (The): (1) 
pride, (2) wrath, (3) envy, (4) lust, (5) 
gluttony, (6) avarice, and (7) sloth. (See 
Seven Virtues.) 

Seven Bienzi's Number. 

October 7, Rienzi's foes yielded to his power. 
7 months Rienzi reigned as tribune. 
7 years he was absent in exile. 

7 weeks of return saw him without an enemy (Oct. 7). 
7 was the number of the crowns the Roman convents 
and Roman council awarded him. 

Seven Senses (The). According to 
Ecclesiasticus, they are seeing, hearing, 
tasting, feeling, smelling, understanding, 
and speech. 

The Lord created man . . . and they received the use 
of the five operations of the Lord, and in the sixth place 
He imparted [to] them understanding, and in the seventh 
speech, an interpreter of the cogitations thereof. — 
jtcclw. xvii. 5. 

Seven Sisters (The). The window 
in the ninth transept of York Cathedral 
is so called because it has seven tall 
lancets. 

The Seven Sisters, seven culverins 
cast by one Borthwick. 

And these were Borthwick's " Sisters Seven," 
And culverins which France had given. 
Ill-omened gift. The guns remain 
The conqueror's spoil on Flodden plain. 

Sir W. Scott, Marmion, iv. (1808). 

Seven Sleepers (The). The tale 
of these sleepers is told in divers manners. 
The best accounts are those in the Koran, 
xviii., entitled, "The Cave, Revealed at 
Mecca ; " The Golden Legends, by Jacques 
de Voragine ; the De Gloria Martyrum, 
i. 9, by Gregory of Tours ; and the 
Oriental Tales, by comte de Caylus 
(1743). 

Names of the Seven Sleepers. Gregory 
of Tours says their names were : Con- 
stantine, Dionysius, John, Maximian, 
Malchus, Martinian or Marcian, and 
SerapTon. In the Oriental Tales the 
names given are : Jcmlikha, Mekchilinia, 
Mechlima, Merlima, Debermouch, Char- 
nouch, and the shepherd Keschetiouch. 
Their names are not given in the Koran. 



Number of the Sleepers. Al Seyid, a 
Jacobite Christian of Najran, saj r s the 
sleepers were only three, with their dog ; 
others maintain that their number was 
five, besides the dog; but Al Beidawi, 
who is followed by most authorities, 
says they were seven, besides the dog. 

Duration of the Sleep. The Koran 
says it was " 300 years and nine years 
over ; " the Oriental Tales say the 
same ; but if Gregory of Tours is fol- 
lowed, the duration of the sleep was 
barel}' 230 years. 

The Legend of the Seven Sleepers. (1) 
According to Gregory of Tours. Gregory 
says they were seven noble youths of " 
Ephesus, who fled in the Decian per- 
secution to a cave in mount Celion, the 
mouth of which was blocked up by 
stones. After 230 years they were dis- 
covered, and awoke, but died within a 
few days, and were taken in a large 
stone coffin to Marseilles. Visitors are 
still shown in St. Victor's Church the stone 
coffin. 

If there is any truth at all in the legend, 
it amounts to thist In a.d. 250 some 
youths (three or seven) suffered martyr- 
dom under the emperor Decius, " fell 
asleep in the Lord," and were buried in 
a cave of mount Celion. In 479 (the 
reign of Theodosius) their bodies were 
discovered, and, being consecrated as 
holy relics, were removed to Marseilles. 

(2) According to the Oriental Tales. 
Six Grecian youths were slaves in the 
palace of Dakianos (Decktnus, Decius). 
This Dakianos had risen from low 
degrees to kingly honours, and gave 
himself out to be a god. Jemlikha was 
led to doubt the divinity of his master, 
because he was unable to keep off a fly 
which persistently tormented him, and 
being roused to reflection, came to the 
conclusion that there must be a god to 
whom both Dakianos and the fly were 
subject. He communicated his thoughts 
to his companions, and they all fled 
from the Ephesian court till they met the 
shepherd Keschetiouch, whom they con- 
verted, and who showed them a cave 
which no one but himself knew of. 
Here they fell asleep, and Dakianos, 
having discovered them, commanded the 
mouth of the cave to be closed up. 
Here the sleepers remained 309 years, at 
the expiration of which time they all 
awoke, but died a few hours afterwards. 

The Dog of the Seven Sleepers. In the 
notes of the Koran by Sale, the dog's 
same is Kratim, Kratimer, or Katmir. 



SEVEN SORROWS OF MARY. 893 SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE. 



ma 



In the Oriental Tales it is Catnier, which 
looks like a clerical blunder for Catmer, 
only it occurs frequently. It is on.' of 
the ten animals admitted into Mahomet's 
paradise. The Koran tells us that the 
dog followed the seven young men into 
the cave, but they tried to drive him 
away, and even broke three of its legs 
with stones, when the dog said to them, 
love those who love God. Sleep, 
masters, and I will keep guard." In the 
Oriental Tales the dog is made to say, 
" You go to seek God, but am not I also 
a child of God?" Hearing this, the 
young men were so astounded, they went 
immediately, and carried the dog into 
the cave. 

The Place of Sepulture of the Seven 
Sleepers. Gregory of Tours tells us that 
the bodies were removed from mount 
Celion in a stone coffin to Marseilles. The 
Koran with Sale's notes informs us they 
were buried in the cave, and a chapel was 
built there to mark the site. (See 
Sleeper.) 

The Seven Sleepers turning on their sides. 
William of Malmesbury says that Edward 
the Confessor, in his mind's eye, saw the 
seven sleepers turn from their right sides 
to their left, and (he adds) whenever they 
turn on their sides it indicates great 
disasters to Christendom. 

Woe. woe to England ! I have seen a vision : 
The seven sleepers in the cave of Ephesus 
Have turned from right to left. 

Tennyson, Harold, L 1. 

Seven Sorrows of Mary {The) : 
(1) Simeon's prophecy, (2) the flight into 
Egypt, (3) Jesus missed, (4) the betraval, 
(o) the crucifixion, (6) the taking down 
from the cross, and (7) the ascension. 
Her Seven Joys were : (1) the annuncia- 
tion, (2) the visitation, (3) the nativitv, 
(4) the adoration of the Magi, (5) the pre- 
sentation in the Temple, (6) finding the 
lost Child, and (7) the assumption. 

Seven Times Christ Spoke on 
the Cross : (1) " Father, forgive them ; 
for they know not what they do ; " (2) 
" To-day shalt thou be with Me in para- 
dise ; " (3) " Woman, behold thy son ! " 
(4) " My God, My God, why hast Thou 
forsaken Me?" (5) "I thirst;" (6) 
" It is finished ! " (7) " Father, into Thy 
hands I commend My spirit." 

Seven Towers (The), a State prison 
in v onstantinople, near the sea of Mar- 
mora. It stands at the west of the 
Seraglio. 

But th n tl ey never came to the Seven Towers. 

B..ron, Don Juan, v. 150 (1820 



Seven Virtues (The): (1) faith, 
(2) hope, (3) charity, (4) prudence, (5) 
justice, (6) fortitude, and (7) temperance. 
The first three are called "the holy 
virtues." (See Seven Mortal Sins.) 

Seven "Wise Masters. Lucien 
the son of Dolopathos was placed under 
the charge of Virgil, and was tempted in 
manhood by his step-mother. He re- 
pelled her advances, and she accused him 
to the king of taking liberties with her. 
By consulting the stars, it was discovered 
that if he could tide over seven days his life 
would be spared ; so seven wise masters 
undertook to tell the king a tale each, in 
illustration of rash judgments. When 
they had all told their tales, the prince 
related, under the disguise of a tale, the 
story of the queen's wantonness ; where- 
upon Lucien was restored to favour, and 
the queen was put to death. — Sandabar, 
Parables (contemporary with king Cou- 
rou). 

* + * John Rolland of Dalkeith has 
rendered this legend into Scotch verse. 
There is an Arabic version by Nasr 
Allah (twelfth century), borrowed from 
the Indian by Sandabar. In the Hebrew 
version by rabbi Joel (1270), the legend 
is called Kalilah and Dimnah. 

Seven Wise Men (The). 

One of Plutarch's brochures in the 
MoraLia is entitled, " The Banquet of the 
Seven Wise Men," in which Periander is 
made to give an account of a contest at 
Chalcis between Homer and Hesiod, in 
which the latter wins the prize, and re- 
ceives a tripod, on which he caused to be 
engraved this inscription : 

This Hesiod vows to the Heliconian nine. 
In Chalcis won from Homer the divine. 

Seven "Wise Men of Greece 

(The), seven Greeks of the sixth century 
B.C., noted for their maxims. 

Bias. His maxim was, "Most men are 
bad" ("There is none that doeth good, no, 
not one," Psalm xiv. 3) : oi a-Xt/ow kukoi 
(fl. B.C. 550). 

Chilo. "Consider the end:" TeXov 

opuv fiaxyov ftiou (fl. B.C. 590). 

Cleobueos. " Avoid extremes " (the 
golden mean) : "Aolo-tov /u.e-r^oi> (fi. b.c. 
580). 

Periander. " Nothing is impossible 
to industry" (patience and perseverance 
overcome mountains) : MeXeVfi to itav (b.c. 
665-585). 

Pittacos. " Know thy opportunity " 
(seize time bv the forelock) ; Kui^ov -fvwti, 
(B.C. 652-569). 



SEVEN WONDERS OF WALES. 894 



SEX. 



Solon. " Know thyself : " rvwOi aeav- 
t6v (b.c. 638-558). 

Thales (2 syL). "Suretyship is the 
forerunner of ruin" ("He that hateth 
suretyship is sure," Prov. xi. 15) : Eyfva, 

irdpa 6'arn (B.C. 636-546). 

First Solon, who made the Athenian laws ; 
While Chilo, in Sparta, was famed for his saws; 
In Miletos did Thales astronomy teach ; 
Bias used in PrienS his morals to preach ; 
Cleobulos, of Lindos, was handsome and wise; 
MitylenG gainst thraldom saw Pitt&cos rise; 
Periander is said to have gained, thro' his court, 
The title that Myson, the Chenian, ought. 

*** It is Plato who says that Myson 
should take the place of Periander as one 
of the Seven Wise Men. 

Seven "Wonders of Wales {The) : 
(1) Snowdon, (2) Pystyl Rhaiadr water- 
fall, (3) St. Winifred's well, (4) Overton 
churchyard, (5) Gresford church bells, 
(6) Wrexham steeple (? tower), (7) Llan- 
gollen bridge. 

Seven "Wonders of the Peak 

(Derbyshire) : The three caves called the 
Devil's Arse, Pool, and Eden ; St. Anne's 
Well, which is similar in character " to 
that most dainty spring of Bath ; " Tides- 
well, which ebbs and flows although so 
far inland ; Sandy Hill, which never 
increases at the base or abates in height ; 
and the forest of the Peak, which bears 
trees on hard rocks. — Drayton, Polyolbion, 
xxvi. (a full description of each is given, 
1622). 

Seven Wonders of the "World 

(The): (1) The pyramids of Egypt, (2) 
the hanging gardens of Babylon, (3) the 
tomb of Mausolos, (4) the temple of Diana 
at Ephesus, (5) the colossos of Rhodes, 
(6) the statue of Zeus by Phidias, (7) 
the pharos of Egypt, or else the palace of 
Cyrus cemented with gold. 

The pyramids first, which in Egypt were laid ; 
Next Babylon's garden, for Arnytis made; 
Then Mausolos's tomb of affection and guilt; 
Fourth, the temple of Dian, in Ephesus built ; 
The colossos of Rhodes, cast in brass, to the sun ; 
Sixth, Jupiter's statue, by Phidias done ; 
The pharos of Kgypt, last wonder of old, 
Or palace of Cyrus, cemented with gold. 

Seven Years. 

Barbarossa changes his position in his 
sleep every seven years. 

Charlemagne starts in his chair from 
sleep every seven years. 

()<;ier the Dane stamps his iron mace 
on the floor ev^ery seven years. 

Olaf Redbeard of Sweden uncloses his 
eyes every seven years. 

Seven Years' "War {The), the war 
maintained by Frederick II. of Prussia 



against Austria, Russia, and France (1756- 

1763). 

Seven against Thebes (The). 
At the death of (Edipus, his two sons 
EteOcles and Polynices agreed to reign 
alternate years, but at the expiration of 
the first year Eteocles refused to resign 
the crown to his brother. Whereupon, 
Polynices induced six others to join him 
in besieging Thebes, but the expedition 
was a failure. The names of the seven 
Grecian chiefs who marched against 
Thebes were : Adrastos, Amphiaraos, 
Kapaneus, Hippomedon (Argives), Par- 
thenopaeos (an Arcadian), Polynices (a 
Theban), and Tydeus (an JSolian). (See 
Epigoni.) 

iEschylos has a tragedy on the sub- 
ject. 

Severall, a private farm or land with 
enclosures; a "champion" is an open 
farm not enclosed. 

The country enclosed I praise [severall] ; 
The other delighteth not me [champion}. 

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, liii. 1 (1557). 

Severn, a corruption of Averne, 
daughter of Astrild. The legend is this : 
King Locryn was engaged to Gwendolen 
daughter of Corlneus, but seeing Astrild 
(daughter of the king of Germany), who 
came to this island with Homber king 
of Hungary, fell in love with her. While 
Corineus lived he durst not offend him, 
so he married Gwendolen, but kept 
Astrild as his mistress, and had by her 
a daughter (Averne). When Corineus 
died, he divorced Gwendolen, and de- 
clared Astrild queen, but Gwendolen 
summoned her vassals, dethroned Locryn, 
and caused both Astrild and Averne to 
be cast into the river, ever since called 
Severn from Averne "the kinges dohter." 

Sex. Milton says that spirits can 
assume either sex at pleasure, and Michael 
Psellus asserts that demons can take what 
sex, shape, and colour they please, and 
can also contract or dilate their form at 
pleasure. 

For spirits, when they please. 
Can either sex assume, or both ; so soft 
And uncompounded is their essence pure ; 
Not tied or manacled with joint and limb, 
Nor founded on the brittle strength of hones. 
Like cumbrous flesh. 

I'aradise Lost, i. 4J3, etc. (1665). 

Sex. Creneus and Tire'sias were at one 
part of their lives of the male sex, and at 
another part of their lives of the female 
sex. (See these names.) 

Iphis was first a woman, and then a 



SEXTUS. 



895 



SGANARELLE. 



man. — Ovid, Metamorphoses, ix. 12 ; xiv. 
699. 

Sextus [Tarquinius]. There are 
several points of resemblance in the story 
of Sextus and that of Paris son of Priam. 
(1) Paris was the guest of Menelaos 
when he eloped with his wife Helen ; and 
Sextus was the guest of Lucretia when 
he defiled her. (2) The elopement of 
Helen was the cause of a national war 
between the Greek cities and the allied 
cities of Troy ; and the defilement of 
Lucretia was the cause of a national war 
between Koine and the allied cities under 
Por'sena. (3) The contest between Greece 
and Troy terminated in the victory of 
Greece, the injured party ; and the con- 
test between Rome and the supporters of 
Tarquin terminated in favour of Pome, 
the injured party. (4) In the Trojan war, 
Paris, the aggressor, showed himself be- 
fore the Trojan ranks, and defied the 
bravest of the Greeks to single combat, 
but when Menelaos appeared, he took to 
flight ; so Sextus rode vauntingly against 
the Roman host, but when Herminius 
appeared, fled to the rear like a coward. 
(5) In the Trojan contest, Priam and his 
sons fell in battle ; and in the battle of the 
lake Regillus, Tarquin and his sons were 
slain. 

*** Lord Macaulay has taken the 
"Battle of the Lake Regillus" as the 
subject of one of his Lays of Ancient 
Rome. Another of his lays, called 
"Horatius," is the attempt of Porsena 
to re-establish Tarquin on the throne. 

Seyd, pacha of the Morea, assassinated 
by Gulnare (2 syl.) his favourite con- 
cubine. Gulnare was rescued from the 
burning harem b} r Conrad " the corsair." 
Conrad, in the disguise of a dervise, was 
detected and seized ki the palace of Sej'd, 
and Gulnare, to effect his liberation, mur- 
dered the pacha. — Byron, T/ie Corsair 
(1814). 

Seyton (Lord), a supporter of queen 
Mary's cause. 

Catherine Seyton, daughter of lord 
Seyton, a maid of honour in the court 
of queen Mary. She appears at Kinross 
village in disguise. 

Henry Seyton, son of lord Sevton. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time," Eliza- 
beth). 

Sforza, of Lombardy. He with his 
two brothers (Achilles and Palamedes, 
were in the squadron of adventurers in the 
allied Christian army. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 



\* The word Sforza means "force," 
and, according to tradition, was derived 
thus : Giacomuzzo Attendolo, the son of a 
day labourer, being desirous of going to the 
wars, consulted his hatchet, resolving to 
enlist if it stuck fast in the tree at which 
he flung it. He threw it with such force 
that the whole blade was completely 
buried in the trunk (fifteenth century). 

Sforza (Ludov'ico), duke of Milan, sur- 
named "the More," from mora, "a mul- 
berry" (because he had on his arm a birth- 
stain of a mulberry colour). Ludovico was 
dotingly fond of his bride Marcelia, and 
his love was amply returned ; but during 
his absence in the camp, he left Francesco 
lord protector, and Francesco assailed the 
fidelity of the young duchess. Failing in 
his villainy, he accused her to the duke of 
playing the wanton with him, and the 
duke, in a fit of jealousy, slew her. 
Sforza was afterwards poisoned by 
Eugenia (sister of Francesco) whom he 
had seduced. 

Nina Sforza, the duke's daughter. — 
Massinger, The Duke of Milan (1622). 

%* This tragedy is obviously an imita- 
tion of Shakespeare's Othello (1611). 

Sganarelle, the " cocu imaginaire," 
a comedy by Moliere (1660). The plot 
runs thus : Ce'lie was betrothed to Lelie, 
but her father, Gorglbus, insisted on her 
marrying Valere, because he was the 
richer man. Ce'lie fainted on hearing this, 
and dropped her lover's miniature, which 
was picked up by Sganarelle's wife. 
Sganarelle, thinking it to be the portrait of 
a gallant, took possession of it, and Lelie 
asked him how he came by it. Sganarelle 
said he took it from his wife, and Le'lie 
supposed that Ce'lie had become the wife 
of Sganarelle. A series of misapprehen- 
sions arose thence : Celie supposed that 
Lelie had deserted her for Madame 
Sganarelle ; Sganarelle supposed that his 
wife was unfaithful to him ; madame 
supposed that her husband was an adorer 
of Celie ; and Lelie supposed that Celie 
was the wife of Sganarelle. In time they 
met together, when Lelie charged Celie 
with being married to Sganarelle ; both 
stared, an explanation followed, a mes- 
senger arrived, to say that Valere was 
married, and all went merry as a marriage 
peal. 

Sganarelle, younger brother of Ariste 
(2 syl.) ; a surly, domineering brute, wise 
in his own conceit, and the dupe of the 
play. His brother says to him, "tous 
vos procede's inspire un air bizarre, et, 



SGANARELLE. 



896 



SGANARELLE. 



jusques a l'habit, rend tout chez vous 
barbare." The father of Isabelle and 
Leonor, on his death-bed, committed them 
to the charge of Sganarelle and Ariste, 
•who Avere either to marry them or dispose 
of them in marriage. Sganarelle chose 
Jsabelle, but insisted on her dressing in 
serge, going to bed early, keeping at 
home, looking after the house, mending 
the linen, knitting socks, and never flirt- 
ing with any one. The consequence was, 
she duped her guardian, and cajoled him 
into giving his signature to her marriage 
with Valere. 

Malheureux qui se fie a femme aprcs cela ! 

La meilleure est tonjours en malice feconde ; 

C'est un sexe engendr6 pour damner tout le monde. 

Je renounce a jamais a ce sexe trompeur, 

Et je le donne tout au diable de bon cceur. 

Moliere, L'&eole des Maris (1G61). 

Sganarelle (3 sgl.). At about 63 years 
of age, Sganarelle wished to marry Dori- 
mene (3 syl.) daughter of Alcantor, a girl 
fond of dances, parties of pleasure, and 
all the active enjoyments of young life. 
Feeling some doubts about the wisdom of 
this step, he first consults a friend, who 
dissuades him, but, seeing the advice is re- 
jected, replies, "Do as you like." He next 
consults two philosophers, but they are 
so absorbed in their philosophy that they 
pay no attention to him. He then asks the 
gipsies, who take his money and decamp 
with a dance. At length, he overhears 
Dorimene telling a young lover that she 
only marries the old dotard for his money, 
and that he cannot live above a few 
months ; so he makes up his mind to 
decline the marriage. The father of the 
lady places the matter in his son's hands, 
and the young fire-eater, armed with two 
swords, goes at once to the old fiance', and 
begs him to choose one. When Sganarelle 
declines to fight, the young man beats him 
soundly, and again bids him choose a 
sword. After two or three good beatings, 
Sganarelle consents to the marriage 
" force." — Moliere, Le Mariage Force' 
(1664). 

(There is a supplement to this comedy 
by the same author, entitled Sganarelle ou 
Le Cocu Imaginable.) 

%* This joke about marrying is bor- 
rowed from Rabelais, Pdntagruel, iii. 35, 
etc. Panurge asks Trouillogan whether 
ho would advise him to marry. The sage 
says, " No." " But I wish to do so," says 
the prince. "Then do so, by all means," 
says the sage. " Which, then, would you 
advise?" asks Panurge. "Neither," says 
Trouillogan. "But," says Panurge, "that 
is not possible." "Then both," says the 



sage. After this, Panurge consults many 
others on the subject, and lastly the oracle 
of the Holy Bottle. 

The plot of Moliere's comedy is founded 
on an adventure recorded of the count of 
Grammont (q.v.). The count had pro- 
mised marriage to la belle Hamilton, but 
deserted her, and tried to get to France. 
Being overtaken by the two brothers of 
the lady, they clapped their hands on 
their swords, and demanded if the count 
had not forgotten something: or left some- 
thing behind. "True," said the count; 
" I have forgotten to marry your sister ;" 
and returned with the two brothers to 
repair this oversight. 

Sganarelle, father of Lucinde. Anxious 
about his daughter because she has lost 
her vivacity and appetite, he sends for 
four physicians, who retire to consult 
upon the case, but talk only on indifferent 
topics. When Sganarelle asks the result 
of their deliberation, they all differ, both 
in regard to the disease and the remedy 
to be applied. Lisette (the lady's maid) 
sends for Clitandre,-the lover, who comes 
disguised as a quack doctor, tells Sgana- 
relle that the young lady's disease must 
be acted on through the imagination, and 
prescribes a mock marriage. Sganarelle 
consents to the experiment, butClitandre's 
assistant being a notary, the mock mar- 
riage proves to be a real one. — Moliere, 
Z' Amour Me'decin (1665). 

Sganarelle, husband of Martine. He is 
a faggot-maker, and has a quarrel with 
his wife, who vows to be even with him 
for striking her. Valere and Lucas (two 
domestics of Ge'ronte) ask her to direct 
them to the house of a noted doctor. She 
sends them to her husband, and tells them 
he is so eccentric that he will deny being 
a doctor, but they must beat him well. 
So they find the faggot-maker, whom 
they beat soundly, till he consents to 
follow them. He is introduced to Lucinde, 
who pretends to be dumb, but, being a 
shrewd man, he soon finds out that the 
dumbness is only a pretence, and takes 
with him Le'andre as an apothecary. 
The two lovers understand each other, 
and Lucinde is rapidly cured with " pills 
matrimoniac." — Moliere, Le Me'decin 
Malgrd Lui (16(56). 

%* Sganarelle, being asked by the 
father what he thinks is the matter with 
Lucinde, replies, " Entendez-vous le 
Latin?" "En aucune facon," says Ge'- 
ronte. "Vous n'entendez point le Latin?" 
" Non, monsieur." " That is a sad pity," 



SGANARELLE. 



897 



SHAH. 



says Sganarelle, "for the case may be 
briefly stated thus : 

Cabricias arci thuram. catalnmus. singulariter. no- 
minated, haec inn%a. la muse, bonus, bona, bonum. 
lk-us sanctus, estne oratio Latinas? etiam, oni, quare f 
jinur'/uoit quia substantive et adjectivum concordat in 
generi, nmnerum, et casus." " Wonderful man ! " says 
the fither.— Act iii. 

Sgan'arelle (3 syl.), valet to don Juan. 
He remonstrates with his master on his 
evil ways, but is forbidden sternly to 
repeat his impertinent admonitions. His 
praise of tobacco, or rather snuff, is some- 
what amusing. 

T.ibac est la passion des honnetes gens; et qui vit sans 
tabac n'e<t pus digne de vivre. Non seulement il rejouit 
et purge les cerveaux humains, mala encore il instruit les 
aines a la vertu, et Ton apprend avec lui a devenir honnete 
lioiniiie . . . il inspire des sentiments d'lionueur a tous 
ceux qui en prennent — Moliere, Don Juan, i. 1 (1665). 

S. Gr. O., the initials of the Rev. lord 
Sidney Godolphin Osborne, of the family 
of the duke of Leeds ; letters in the Tones 
on social and philanthropic subjects. 

Shaccabac, in Blue Beard. (See 
Sciiacabac.) 

I have seen strange sights. I have seen Wilkinson play 
"Macbeth;" Mathews, "Othello;" Wrench, "George 
Barnwell;" Buckstone. "Iago;" Rayner, " Penrud- 
d«>ck ; " Keeley, " Shylock ; " Liston, " Borneo " and " Oc- 
tavian;" G. F. Cooke, "Mercutio;" John Kemble, 
"Archer;" Edmund Kean. clown in a pantomime; 
and C. Young, " Shaccabac." — Jlecord of a Stage Veteran. 

"Macbeth," "Othello," "Iago" (in 
Othello), " Shylock" (Merchant of Venice), 
"Romeo" and "Mercutio" (in Borneo 
and Juliet), all by Shakespeare ; "George 
Barnwell" (Lillo's tragedy so called); 
" Penruddock " (in The Wheel of Fortune, 
by Cumberland); "Octavian" (in Col- 
man's drama so called) ; "Archer" (in 
Tlie Beaux' Stratagem, by Farquhar). 

Sh.add.ai (King), who made war upon 
Dia bolus for the regaining of Mansoul. — 
John Bunyan, The Holy War (1682). 

Shade (To fight in the). Dieneces 
\I)i.en' .e.seez\ , the Spartan, being told 
that the army of the Persians was so 
numerous that their arrows would shut out 
the sun, replied, " Thank the gods ! we 
shall then fight in the shade." 

Shadow (Simon), one of the recruits 
of the army of sir John Falstaff. " A 
half -faced fellow," so thin that sir John 
said, " a foeman might as well level his 
gun at the edge of a penknife " as at 
such a starveling. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry 
IV. actiii. sc. 2 (1598). 

Shadrach, MeshacH, and Abed- 
nego were cast, by the command of 
Nebuchadnezzar, into a fiery furnace, 
but received no injury, although the 
furnace was made so hot that the heat 



thereof "slew those men" that took 
them to the furnace. — Dan. iii. 22. 

By Nimrod's order, Abraham was 
bound and cast into a huge fire at Cutha ; 
but he was preserved from injury by the 
angel Gabriel, and only the cords which 
bound him were burnt. Yet so intense 
was the heat that above 2000 men were 
consumed thereby. — See Gospel of Bar- 
nabas, xxviii. ; and Morgan, Mahometan- 
ism Explained, V. i. 4. 

Shadu/kiam' and Am'be- Abad', 
the abodes of the peris. 

Shadwell (Thomas), the poet-lau- 
reate, was a great drunkard, and was said 
to be " round as a butt, and liquored 
every chink" (1640-1692). 

Besides, his [Shad well's] goodly fabric fills the eye. 
And teems designed for thoughtless majesty. 

Dryden, AlacFlccknoe (1682). 

%* Shadwell took opium, and died 
from taking too large a dose. Hence 
Pope says : 

Benlowes, propitious still to blockheads, bows ; 
And Shadwell nods the i«oppy on bis brows. 

The Dunciad, iii. 21, 22 (1728). 

(Benlowes was a great patron of bad 
poets, and many have dedicated to him 
their lucubrations. Sometimes the name 
is shifted into " Benevolus.") 

Shadwell (Wapping, London), a cor- 
ruption of St. Chad's Well. 

Shaf alus and Procrus. So Bot- 
tom the weaver calls Cephalus and Pro- 
cris. (See Cephai.us.) 

Pyramus. Not Shafa'.us to Procrus was so true. 
Thisbe. As Shafalus to Procrus ; 1 to you. 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Sight's Dream (1592). 

Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley Cooper, 
earl of), introduced by sir W. Scott in 
Feveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Shafton (Ned), one of the prisoners 
in ^Newgate with old sir Hildebrand 
Osbaldistone. — Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy 
(time, George I.). 

Shafton (Sir Piercie), called "The 
knight of Wilverton," a fashionable 
cavaliero, grandson of old Overstitch the 
tailor, of Holderness. Sir Piercie talks 
in the pedantic style of the Elizabethan 
courtiers. — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Johnson's speech, like sir Piercie Shafton's euphuistic 
eloquence, bewrayed him under every disguise.— Lord 
Macaulay. 

Shah (The), a famous diamond, 
weighing 86 carats. It was given by 
Chosroes of Persia to the czar of Russia. 
(See Diamonds.) 

3 M 



SHAKEBAG. 



898 



SHAKESPEARE. 



Shakebag {Dick), a highwayman 
with captain Colepepper. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Shakespeare, introduced by sir W. 
Scott in the ante-rooms of Greenwich 
Palace. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

*** In Woodstock there is a conversa- 
tion about Shakespeare. 

Shakespeare' 's Home. He left London 
before 1613, and established himself at 
Stratford-on-Avon, in Warwickshire, 
where he was born (1564), and where he 
died (1616). In the diary of Mr. Ward, 
the vicar of Stratford, is this entry : 
" Shakspeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson 
had a merry meeting, and, it seems, 
drank too hard, for Shakspeare died of 
a fever then contracted." (Drayton died 
1631, and Ben Jonson, 1637.) Probably 
Shakespeare died on his birthday, 
April 23. 

Shakespeare" 1 s Monument, in Westminster 
Abbey, designed by Kent, and executed 
by Scheemakers, in 1742. The statue to 
Shakespeare in Drury Lane Theatre was 
by the same. 

The statue of Shakespeare in the 
British Museum is by Roubiliac, and was 
bequeathed to the nation by Garrick. 
His best portrait is by Droeshout. 

Shakespeare's Plays, quarto editions : 

Romeo and Juliet : 1597, John Dan- 
ter ; 1599, Thomas Creede for Cuthbert 
Burby ; 1609, 1637. Supposed to have 
been written, 1595. 

King Richard II. : 1597, Valentine 
Simmes for Andrew Wise; 1598, 1608 
(with an additional scene) ; 1615, 1634. 

King Richard III.: 1597, ditto ; 1598, 
1602, 1612, 1622. 

Love's Labour's Lost : 1598, W. W. 
for Cuthbert Burby. Supposed to have 
been written, 1594. 

King Henry IV (pt. 1): 1598, P. S. 
for Andrew Wise; 1599, 1604, 1608, 
1613. Supposed to have been written, 
1597. 

King Henry IV. (pt. 2) : 1600, V. S. 
for Andrew Wise and William Aspley ; 
1600. Supposed to have been written, 
1598. 

King Henry V. : 1600, Thomas Creede 
for Thomas Millington and John Busby ; 
1602, 1608. Supposed to have been 
written, 1599. 

Midsummer Night's Dream : 1600, 
Thomas Fisher ; 1600, James Roberts. 
Mentioned by Meres, 1598. Supposed to 
have been written, 1592. 

Merchant of Venice : 1600, 1. R. for I 



Thomas Heyes ; 1 600, James Roberts ; 
1637. Mentioned by Meres, 1598. 

Mugh Ado about Nothing : 1600, V. 
S. for Andrew Wise and William Aspley. 

Merry Wives of Windsor : 1602, 
T. C. for Arthur Johnson ; 1619. Sup- 
posed to have been written, 1596. 

Hamlet: 1603, I. R. for N. L. ; 1605, 
1611. Supposed to have been written, 
1597. 

King Lear : 1608, A. for Nathaniel 
Butter; 1608, B. for ditto. Acted at 
Whitehall, 1607. Supposed to have been 
written, 1605. 

Troilus and Cressida : 1609, G. Eld 
for R. Bonian and H. Whalley (with a 
preface). Acted at court, 1609. Sup- 
posed to have been written, 1602. 

Othello: 1622, N. O. for Thomas 
Walkely. Acted at Harefield, 1602. 

The rest of the dramas are : 

All's Well that Ends Well, 1598. First title supposed 
to be Love's Labour's Won. 

Antony and Cleopatra, 1608. No early mention made 
of this play. 

As Tou Like It. Entered at Stationers' Hall, 1600. 

Comedy of Errors, 1593. Mentioned by Meres, 1598. 

Coriolanus, 1610. No early mention made of this 
play. 

Cymbeline, 1605. No early mention made of this play. 

1 Henry VI. Alluded to by Nash in Pierce Penniless, 
1592. 

2 Henry VI. Original title, First Part ef the Conten- 
tion, 1594. 

3 Henry VI. Original tiUe, True Tragedy of Richard 
Duke of York, 1595. 

Henry VIII., 1601. Acted at the Globe Theatre, 1613. 

John {King). 1596. Mentioned by Meres, 1598. 

Julius Ccesar, 1607. No early mention made of this 
play. 

Lear, 1605. Acted at Whitehall, 1607. Printed 1608. 

Macbeth, 1606. No earlv mention made of this play. 

Measure for Measure, 1C03. Acted at Whitehall, 1604. 

Merry Wives of Windsor, 1596. Printed 1602. 

Pericles Prince of Tyre. Printed 1600. 

Taming of the Shrew. (?) Acted at Henslow's Theatre, 
1593. Entered at Stationers' Hall, 1607. 

Tempest, 1609. Acted at Whitehall, 1611. 

Timon of Athens, 1609. No early mention made of 
this play. 

Titus Andronicus, 1593. Printed 1600. 

Twelfth Night. Acted in the Middle Temple Hall, 
1602. 

Two Gentlemen of Verona, 1595. Mentioned by Meres, 
1598. 

Winter's Tale, 1604. Acted at Whitehall. 1611. 

First complete collection in folio : 
1623, Isaac Jaggard and Ed. Blount ; 
1632, 1664, 1685. The second folio is of 
very little value. 

Shakespeare's Parents. His father was 
John Shakespeare, a glover, who married 
Mary Arden, daughter of Robert Arden, 
Esq., of Bomich, a good county gentle- 
man. 

Shakespeare's Wife, Anne Hathaway of 
Shottery, some eight years older than 
himself ; daughter of a substantial yeo- 
man. 

Shakespeare's Children. One son, Ham- 
net, who died in his twelfth year (1585- 



SHAKESPEARE OF DIVINES. 



SHANDY. 



1696). Two daughters, who survived 
him, Susanna, and Judith twin-born with 
Hamnet. Both his daughters married 
and had children, but the lines died out. 
Voltaire says of Shakespeare: "Rimer 
had very good reason to say that Shake- 
speare n'etait q'un vilain singe." Voltaire, 
in 1765, said, " Shakespeare is a savage 
with some imagination, whose plays can 
please only in London and Canada." 
In 17.->5 he wrote to M. de Cideville, 
" Shakespeare is the Corneille of London, 
but everywhere else he is a great fool 
{ijrand fou d\ulleur)." 

Shakespeare of Divines {The), 
Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667). 

His [Taylor't] devotional writings only want what they 
cannot be said to need, the name and the metrical 
arrangement to make them poetry. — Hebex. 

Taylor, the Shakespeare of divines. — £mer;on. 

Shakespeare of Eloquence( The). 
The comte de Mirabeau was so called by 
Barnave (1749-1791). 

Shakespeare of G-ermany {The), 
Augustus Frederick Ferdinand von Kot- 
zebue (1761-1819). 

Shakespeare of Prose Fiction 

{The). Richardson the novelist is so 
called by DTsraeli (1689-1761). 

Shallow, a weak-minded country 
justice, cousin to Slender. He is a great 
braggart, and especially fond of boasting 
of the mad pranks of his younger days. 
It is said that justice Shallow is a 
satirical portrait of sir Thomas Lucy of 
Charlecote, who prosecuted Shakespeare 
for deer-stealing. — Shakespeare, The 
Merry Wives of Windsor (1596) ; and 2 
Henry IV. (1598). 

As wise as a justice of the quorum and custalorum in 
Shallow's time. — Macaulay. 

Shallum, lord of a manor consisting 
of a long chain of rocks and mountains 
called Tirzah. Shallum was "of gentle 
disposition, and beloved both by God and 
man." He was the lover of Hilpa, a 
Chinese antediluvian princess, one of the 
150 daughters of Zilpah, of the race of 
Cohu or Cain. — Addison, Spectator, viii. 
584-5 (1712). 

Shalott -{TJie lady of), a poem by 
Tennyson, in four parts. Pt. i. tells us 
that the lady passed her life in the island 
of Shalott in great seclusion, and was 
known only by the peasantry. Pt. ii. 
tells us that she was weaving a magic 
web, and that a curse would fall on her 
if she looked down the river. Pt. iii. 
describes how sir Lancelot rode to Canie- 



lot in all his bravery ; and the lady 
gazed at him as he rode along. Pt. iv. 
tells ns that the lady floated down the 
river in a boat called The Lady of Shalott, 
and died heart-broken on the way. Sir 
Lancelot came to gaze on the dead body, 
and exclaimed, "She has a lovely face, 
and may God have mercy on her ! " This 
ballad was afterwards expanded into the 
Idyll called " Elaine, the Fair Maid of 
Astolat" {q.v.), the beautiful incident 
of Elaine and the barge being taken from 
the History of Prince Arthur, by sir T. 
Malory : 

" While my body is whole, let this letter be put into 
my right hand, and my hand bound fast with the 
letter until I be cold, and let me be put in a fair bed 
with all the richest clothes that 1 have about me, and so 
let my bed and all my rich clutnes be laid with me in a 
chariot to the next place whereas the Thames is, and 
there let me he put in a barge, and but one man with 
me, such as ye trust to steer nie thither, and that my 
barge be covered with black .-ami te over and oyer. ' . . . 
So when she was dead, the corpse and the bed and all 
was led the next way unlo the Thames, and there a man 
and the corpse and all were put in a barge on the 
Thames, and so the man steered the barge to West 
minster, and there he rowed a great while to and fro, or 
any man espied. — Pt iii. 123. 

King Arthur saw the body and had it 
buried, and sir Launcelot made an offer- 
ing, etc. (ch. 124) ; much the same as 
Tennyson has reproduced it in verse. 

Shamho'zai (3 syl.), the angel who 
debauched himself with women, re- 
pented, and hung himself up between 
earth and heaven. — Bereshit rabbi (in 
Gen. vi. 2). 

*** Harut and Marut were two angels 
sent to be judges on earth. They judged 
righteously till Zohara appeared before 
them, when they fell in love with her, 
and were imprisoned in a cave near 
Babylon, where they are to abide till the 
day of judgment. 

Shandy {Tristram), the nominal hero 
of Sterne's novel called The Life and 
Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman 
(1759). He is the son of Walter and 
Elizabeth Shandy. 

Captain Shandy, better known as 
" Uncle Toby," the real hero of Sterne's 
novel. Captain Shandy was wounded 
at Namur, and retired on half -pay. He 
was benevolent and generous, brave as a 
lion but simple as a child, most gallant 
and most modest. Hazlitt says that 
"the character of uncle Toby is the finest 
compliment ever paid to human nature." 
His modest love-passages with Widow 
Wadinan, his kindly sympathy for 
lieutenant Lefevre, and his military dis- 
cussions, are wholly unrivalled. 

Aunt Dinah \_Shandy~\ , Walter Shandy's 



SHARP. 



900 



SHEBA. 



aunt. She bequeathed to him £1000, 
which Walter fancied would enable him 
to carry out all the wild schemes with 
which his head was crammed. 

Mrs. Elizabeth Shandy, mother of Tris- 
tram Shandy. The ideal of nonentity, 
individual from its very absence of indi- 
viduality. 

Walter Shandy, Tristram's father, a 
metaphysical don Quixote, who believes 
in long noses and propitious names ; but 
his son's nose was crushed, and his name, 
which should have been Trismegistus ( ' ' the 
most propitious"), was changed in chris- 
tening to Tristram ("the most unlucky"). 
If much learning can make man mad, 
Walter Shandy was certainly mad in all 
the affairs of ordinary life. His wife was 
a blank sheet, and he himself a sheet so 
written on and crossed and rewritten 
that no one could decipher the manu- 
script. — L. Sterne, The Life and Opinions 
of Tristram Shandy (1759). 

Sharp, the ordinary of major Touch- 
wood, who aids him in his transformation, 
but is himself puzzled to know which is 
the real and which the false colonel. — 
T. Dibdin, What Next 1 

Sharp (Rebecca), the orphan daughter 
of an artist. " She was small and slight 
in person, pale, sandy-haired, and with 
green eyes, habitually cast down, but 
very large, odd, and attractive when they 
looked up." Becky had the "dismal 
precocity of poverty," and, being engaged 
as governess in the famity of sir Pitt 
Crawley, bart., contrived to marry clan- 
destinely his son captain Rawdon Craw- 
ley, and taught him how to live in 
splendour "upon nothing a year." Becky 
was an excellent singer and dancer, a 
capital talker and wheedler, and a most 
attractive, but unprincipled, selfish, and 
unscrupulous woman. Lord Steyne in- 
troduced her to court ; but her conduct 
with this peer gave rise to a terrible 
scandal, which caused a separation be- 
tween her and Rawdon, and made Eng- 
land too hot to hold her. She retired to 
the Continent, was reduced to a Bohemian 
life, but ultimately attached herself to 
Joseph Sedley, whom she contrived to 
strip of all his money, and who lived 
in dire terror of her, dying in six months 
under very suspicious circumstances. — 
Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1848). 

With Becky Sharp, we think we could be good, if we 
had jE.jooo a year.— Bayne. 

Becky Sharp, with a baronet for a brother-in-law, atid 
an earl's daughter lor a friend, felt the hollowness of 
human jtraiideur, and thought she was happier with the 
Bohemian artists in Soho.-- The lUpifSS. 



Sharp (Timothy), the "lying valet" of 
Charles Gay less. His object is to make 
his master, who has not a sixpence in the 
world, pass for a man of wealth in the 
eyes of Melissa, to whom he is engaged. 
— Garrick, The Lying Valet (1741). 

Sharp-Beak, the crow's wife, in 
the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
(1498). 

Sliarpe (The Right Rev. James), 
archbishop of St. Andrew's, murdered by 
John Balfour (a leader in the covenanters' 
army) and his party. — Sir W. Scott, Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Sharper (Master), the cutler in the 
Strand. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Sharpitlaw (Gideon), a police officer. 
— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Shawonda'see, son of Mudjekeewis, 
and king of the south wind. Fat and 
lazy, listless and easy. Shawondasee 
loved a prairie maiden (the Dandelion), 
but was too indolent to woo her. — Long- 
fellow, Hiawatha (1855). 

She Stoops to Conquer, a comedy 
by Oliver Goldsmith (1778). Miss Hard- 
castle, knowing how bashful young 
Marlow is before ladies, stoops to the 
manners and condition of a barmaid, 
with whom he feels quite at his ease, and 
by this artifice wins the man of her 
choice. 

*** It is said that Avhen Goldsmith 
was about 10 years old, he set out for 
Edgworthstown, and finding night coming 
on when at Ardagh, asked a man "which 
was the best house in the town" — meaning 
the best inn. The man, who was Cor- 
nelius O'Kelly, the great fencing-master, 
pointed to that of Mr. Ralph Fether- 
stone, as being the best house in the 
vicinity. Oliver entered the parlour, 
found the master of the mansion sitting 
over a good fire, and said he intended to 
pass the night there, and should like to 
have supper. Mr. Fetherstone happened 
to know Goldsmith's father, and, to 
humour the joke, pretended to be the 
landlord of "the public," nor did he 
reveal himself till next morning at break- 
fast, when Oliver called for his bill. It 
was not sir Ralph Fetherstone, as is 
generally said, but Mr. Ralph Fether- 
stone, whose grandson was sir Thomas. 

Sheba. The queen of Sheba or Saba 
(i.e. the Sabeans) came to visit Solomon, 



SHEBA. 



901 



SHEFFIELD. 



and tested his wisdom by sundry ques- 
tions, but affirmed that his wisdom and 
wealth exceeded even her expectations. — 
1 Kings x. ; 2 Chron. ix. 

No, not to answer, madam, all those hard things 
That Sheba came to ask of Solomon. 

Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 

*,„* The Arabs call her name Balkis or 
Belkis ; the Abyssinians, Macqueda ; and 
others, Aazis. 

Sheba (The queen of), a name given to 
Mde. Montreville (the Begum Mootee 
Mahul).— Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Shebdiz, the Persian Bucephalos, the 
favourite charger of Chosroes II. or 
Khosrou Parviz of Persia (590-628). 

Shedad, king of Ad, who built a 
most magnificent palace, and laid out a 
garden called "The Garden of Irem," 
like "the bowers of Eden." All men 
admired this palace and garden except 
the prophet Houd, who told the king that 
the foundation of his palace was not 
secure. And so it was, that God, to 
punish his pride, first sent a drought of 
three years' duration, and then the 
Sarsar or icy wind for seven days, in 
which the garden was destroyed, the 
palace ruined, and Shedad, with all his 
subjects, died. 

It is said that the palace of Shedad or 
Shuddaud took 500 years in building, 
and when it was finished the angel of 
death would not allow him even to enter 
his garden, but struck him dead, and the 
rose garden of Irem was ever after in- 
visible to the eye of man. — Southey, 
Thalaba the Destroyer, i. (1797). 

Sheep (Lord Bantam's). These sheep 
had tails of such enormous length that 
his lordship had go-carts harnessed to the 
sheep for carrying their tails. 

There goes Mrs. Roundabout, the cutler's wife. . . . 
Odious puss ! how she waddles along with her train two 
yards behind her ! She puts me in mind of lord Bantam's 
sheep.— Goldsmith, The Bee, ii. (1759). 

Sheep (The Cotswold). 

No brown, nor sullied black, the face or legs doth 

stieak, . . . 
[A 11] of the whitest kind, whose brows so woolly be, 
As men in her fair sheep no emptiness should see . . . 
A body long and large, the buttocks equal broad . . . 
And of the fleecy face, the flank doth nothing lack. 
But everywhere is stored, the belly as the back. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xiv. (1613). 

Sheep-Dog (A), a lady-companion, 
who occupies the back seat of the ba- 
rouche, carries wraps, etc., goes to church 
with the lady, and "guards her from the 
wolves," as much as the lady wishes to 
be guarded, but no more. 



" Rawdon," said Becky, ..." I must have a sheep- 
dog ... I mean a mural shepherd's dog ... to keep 
the wolves off me." ... "A sheep-dog, a companion I 
Becky Sharp with a sheep-dog I Isn't that good fun ?"— 
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxxvii. (1848). 

Sheep of the Addane Valley. 
In this valley, which led to the cave of 
the Addane, were two flocks of sheep, one 
white and the other black. When any 
one of the black sheep bleated, a white 
sheep crossed over and became black, 
and when one of the white sheep bleated, 
a black sheep crossed over and became 
white. — The Mabinogion (" Peredur," 
twelfth century). 

Sheep of the Prisons, a cant term 
in the French Revolution for a spy under 
the jailers.— C. Dickens, A Tale of Two 
Cities, iii. 7 (1859). 

Sheep Tilted at. Don Quixote 
saw the dust of two flocks of sheep coming 
in opposite directions, and told Sancho 
they were two armies — one commanded 
by the emperor Alifanfaron sovereign of 
the island of Trap'oban, and the other by 
the king of the Garaman'teans, called 
" Pentap'olin with the Naked Arm." 
He said that Alifanfaron was in love 
with Pentapolin's daughter, but Penta- 
polin refused to sanction the alliance, 
because Alifanfaron was a Mohammedan. 
The mad knight rushed on the flock "led 
by Alifanfaron," and killed seven of the 
sheep, but was stunned by stones thrown 
at him by the shepherds. When Sancho 
told his master that the two armies were 
only two flocks of sheep, the knight 
replied that the enchanter Freston had 
" metamorphosed the two grand armies " 
in order to show his malice. — Cervantes, 
Don Quixote, I. iii. 4 (1605). 

%* After the death of Achilles, Ajax 
and Ulysses both claimed the armour of 
Hector. The dispute was settled by the 
sons of Atreus (2 syl.), who awarded 
the prize to Ulysses. This so enraged 
Ajax that it drove him mad, and he fell 
upon a flock of sheep driven at night into 
the camp, supposing it to be an army led 
by Ulysses and the sons of Aireus. 
When he found out his mistake, he 
stabbed himself. This is the subject of 
a tragedy by Soph'ocles called Ajax 
Had. 

*** Orlando in his madness also fell 
foul of a flock of sheep. — Ariosto, Or- 
lando Furioso (1518). 

Sheffield (The Bard of), James 
Montgomery, author of The Wanderer of 
Switzerland, etc. (1771-1854). 



SHELBY. 



902 



SHEPHERD-KINGS. 



With broken lyre and cheek serenely pale, 
Lo ! sad Alcaeus wanders down the vale . . . 
O'er his lost works let classic Sheffield weep ; 
May no rude hand disturb their early sleep ! 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Shelby (Mr.), uncle Tom's first 
master. Being in commercial difficulties, 
lie was obliged to sell his faithful slave. 
His son afterwards endeavoured to buy 
uncle Tom back again, but found that he 
had been whipped to death by the villain 
Legree. — Mrs. Beecher Stowe, Uncle 
Tom's Cabin (1852). 

Shell (A). Amongst the ancient 
Gaels a shell was emblematic of peace. 
Hence when Bosmi'na, Fingal's daughter, 
was sent to propitiate king Erragon, who 
had invaded Morven, she carried with 
her a "sparkling shell as a symbol of 
peace, and a golden arrow as a symbol of 
war." — Ossian, The Battle of Lora. 

Shells, i.e. hospitality. " Semo king 
of shells" ("hospitality"). When Cu- 
thullin invites Swaran to a banquet, his 
messenger says, "Cuthullin gives the joy 
of shells ; come and partake the feast of 
Erin's blue-eyed chief." The ancient 
Gaels drank from shells ; and hence such 
phrases as "chief of shells," "hall of 
shells," "king of shells," etc. (king of 
hospitality). "To rejoice in the shell" 
is to feast sumptuously and drink freely. 

Shemus-an-Snachad or " James 
of the Needle," M'lvor's tailor at 
Edinburgh. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Shepheardes Calendar {The), 
twelve eclogues in various metres, by 
Spenser, one for each month. January : 
Colin Clout (Spenser) bewails that Rosa- 
lind does not return his love, and compares 
his forlorn condition to the season itself. 
February : Cuddy, a lad, complains of 
the cold, and Thenot laments the de- 
generacy of pastoral life. March : Willie 
and Thomalin discourse of love (described 
as a person just aroused from sleep). 
April : Hobbinol sings a song on Eliza, 
queen of shepherds. May: Palinode 
(3 syl.) exhorts Piers to join the festivi- 
ties of May, but Piers replies that good 
shepherds who seek their own indulgence 
expose their flocks to the wolves. He 
then relates the fable of the kid and her 
dam. June : Hobbinol exhorts Colin to 
greater cheerfulness, but Colin replies 
there is no cheer for him while Rosalind 
remains unkind and loves Menalcas 
better than himself. July: Morrel, a 
goat-herd, invites Thomalin to come with 
him to the uplands, but Thomalin replies 



that humility better becomes a shepherd 
(i.e. a pastor or clergyman). August: 
Perigot and Willie contend in song, and 
Cuddy is appointed arbiter. September : 
Diggon Davie complains to Hobbinol of 
clerical abuses. October : On poetr)-, 
which Cuddy says has no encouragement, 
and laments that Colin neglects it, being 
crossed in love. November : Colin, being 
asked by Thenot to sing, excuses him- 
self because of his grief for Dido, but 
finally he sings her elegy. December: 
Colin again complains that his heart is 
desolate because Rosalind loves him not 
(1579). 

Shepheards Hunting (The), four 
" eglogues " by George Wither, while con- 
fined in the Marshalsea (1615). The 
shepherd Roget is the poet himself, and 
his "hunting" is a satire called Abuses 
Stript and Whipt, for which he was im- 
prisoned. The first three eglogues are 
upon the subject of Roget's imprisonment, 
and the fourth is on his love of poetry. 
"Willy" is the poet's friend, William 
Browne of the Inner Temple, author of 
Britannia's Pastorals. He was two y ars 
the junior of Wither. 

Shepherd (The), Moses, who for 
forty years fed the flocks of Jethro, his 
father-in-law. 

Sing, heavenly Muse, that on the secret top 
Of Oreb or of Sinai, didst inspire 
That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed, 
" In the beginning," how the heaven and earth 
Rose out of chaos. 

Milton, Paradise Lest, i. (1665). 

Shepherd (The Gentle), George Gren- 
ville, the statesman. One day, in ad- 
dressing the House, George Grenville 
said, "Tell me where ! tell me where ..." 
Pitt hummed the line of a song then 
very popular, beginning, " Gentle shep- 
herd, tell me where ! " and the whole 
House was convulsed with laughter (1712- 
1770). 

*** Allan Ramsay has a beautiful 
Scotch pastoral called The Gentle Shep- 
herd (1725). 

Shepherd (John Claridye), the signature 
adopted by the author of The Shepherd 
of Banbury's Rules to Judye of the Changes 
of Weather, etc. (1744). Supposed to be 
Dr. John Campbell, author of A Political 
Survey of Britain. 

Shepherd-Kings (The) or Hyksos. 
These hyksos were a tribe of Cuthites 
driven from Assyria by Anilius and the 
Shemites. Their names were : ( I ) Saitks 
or Salates, called by the Arabs El-We- 
lecd, and said to be a descendant of Esau 



SHEPHERD LORD. 



903 



SHEVA. 



(B.C. 1870-1851); (2) Beon, called by 
the Arabs Er-Reiyan, son of El-Weleed 
(b.c. 1851-1811) ; (3) Apachnas (b.c. 
1811-1750) ; (4) Apophis, called by the 
Arabs Er-Reiyan II., in whose reign 
Joseph was sold into Egypt and was 
made viceroy (n.c. 1750-1700) ; (5) Ja- 
nias (b.c. 1700-1651) ; (6) Asseth 
(1651-1610). The Hyksos were driven 
out of Egypt by Amosis or Thethmosis, 
the founder of the eighteenth dynasty, 
and retired to Palestine, where they 
formed the chiefs or lords of the Philis- 
tines. (Hyksos is compounded of hyk, 
"king," and sos, "shepherd.") 

* + * Apophis or Aphophis was not a 
shepherd-king, but a pharaoh or native 
ruler, who made Apachnas tributary, and 
succeeded him, but on the death of 
Aphophis the hyksos were restored. 

Shepherd Lord (T/ie), lord Henry 
de Clifford, brought up by his mother as 
a shepherd to save him from the ven- 
geance of the Yorkists. Henry VII. 
restored him to his birthright and estates 
(1455-1543). 

The gracious fairy, 
Who loved the shepherd lord to meet 
In his wanderings solitary. 
AVordswoith, The White Doe of RylUone (1815). 

Shepherd of Banbury. (See 
Shepherd, John Claridge.) 

Shepherd of Filida. 

"Preserve him. Mr. Nicholas, as thou wouldst a diamond. 
He is not a shepherd, but an elegant courtier," said the 
cure".— Cervantes, Don Quixote, 1. i. 6 (1605). 

Shepherd of Salisbury Plain 

{The), the hero and title of a religious 
tract by Hannah More. The shepherd is 
noted for his homely wisdom and simple 
piety. The academy figure of this shep- 
herd was David Saunders, who, with his 
father, had kept sheep on the plain for a 
century. 

Shepherd of the Ocean. So Colin 
Clout (Spenser) calls sir Walter Raleigh 
in his Colin Clout's Come Home Again 
(1591). 

Shepherdess (The Faithful), a pas- 
toral drama by John Fletcher (1610). 
The "faithful shepherdess" is Corin, 
who remains faithful to her lover although 
dead. Milton has borrowed rather largely 
from this pastoral in his Comus. 

Sheppard (Jack), immortalized for 
his burglaries and escapes from Newgate. 
He was the son of a carpenter in Spital- 
fields, and was an ardent, reckless, and 
generous youth. Certainly the most 



popular criminal ever led to Tyburn for 
execution (1701-1724). 

%* Daniel Defoe made Jack Sheppard 
the hero of a romance in 1724, and W. II. 
Ainsworth in 1839. 

Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, always 
brings ill luck to the possessor. It be- 
longed at one time to the see of Canter- 
bury, and Osmund pronounced a curse 
on any layman who wrested it from the 
Church. 

The first layman who held these lands 
was the protector Somerset, who was be- 
headed by Edward VI. 

The next layman was sir Walter 
Raleigh, who was also beheaded. 

At the death of Raleigh, James I. seized 
on the lands and conferred them on Car 
earl of Somerset, who died prematurely. 
His younger son Carew was attainted, 
committed to the Tower, and lost his 
estates by forfeiture. 

%* James I. was no exception. He 
lost his eldest son the prince of Wales, 
Charles I. was beheaded, James II. was 
forced to abdicate, and the two Pretenders 
consummated the ill luck of the family. 

Sherborne is now in the possession of 
Digby earl of Bristol. 

(For other possessions which carry with 
them ill luck, see Gold of Tolosa, 
Gold of Nibelungen, Graysteel, 
Harmonia's Necklace, etc.) 

Sheva, the philanthropic Jew, most 
modest but most benevolent. He " stints 
his appetite to pamper his affections, and 
lives in poverty that the poor may live in 
plenty." Sheva is " the widows' friend, 
the orphans' father, the poor man's pro- 
tector, and the universal dispenser of 
charity, but he ever shrank to let his left 
hand know what his right hand did." 
Ratcliffe's father rescued him at Cadiz 
from an auto da fe, and Ratcliffe himself 
rescued him from a howling London mob. 
This noble heart settled £10,000 on Miss 
Ratcliffe at her marriage, and left Charles 
the heir of all his property. — Cumberland, 
The Jew (1776). 

*** The Jews of England made up a 
very handsome purse, which they pre- 
sented to the dramatist for this champion- 
ship of their race. 

Sheva, in the satire of Absalom and 
Achitophcl, by Dryden and Tate, is de- 
signed for sir Roger Lestrange, censor of 
the press in the reign of Charles II. 
Sheva was one of David's scribes (2 Sam. 
xx. 25), and sir Roger was editor of the 
Observator, in which he vindicated the 



SHIBBOLETH. 



904 



SHILLING. 



court measures, for which he was 
knighted. 

Than Sheva, none more loyal zeal have shown, 
Wakeful as Judah's lion for the crown. 

Tate, Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (1682). 

Shib'boleth, the test pass-word of a 
secret society. When the Ephraimites 
tried to pass the Jordan after their defeat 
by Jephthah, the guard tested whether 
they were Ephraimites or not by asking 
them to say the word "Shibboleth," 
which the Ephraimites pronounced " Sib- 
boleth" (Judges xii. 1-6). 

In the Sicilian Vespers, a word was 
given as a test of nationality. Some 
dried peas (ciceri) were shown to a sus- 
pect : if he called them cheecharee, he was 
a Sicilian, and allowed to pass ; but if 
siseri, he was a Frenchman, and was put 
to death. 

In the great Danish slaughter on St. 
Bryce's Day (November 13), 1002, accord- 
ing to tradition, a similar test was made 
with the words " Chichester Church," 
which, being pronounced hard or soft, 
decided whether the speaker were Dane 
or Saxon. 

Shield. When a hero fell in fight, 
his shields left at home used to become 
bloody. — Gaelic Legendary Lore. 

The mother of Culmin remains in the hall. . . . His 
shield is bloody in the hall. "Art thou fallen, my fair- 
haired son, in Erin's dismal war ?" — Ossian, Temora, v. 

Shield (Point of a). When a flag em- 
blazoned with a shield had the point 
upwards, it denoted peace ; and when a 
combatant approached with his shield 
reversed, it meant the same thing in 
mediaeval times. 

And behold, one of the ships outstripped the others, and 
they saw a shield lifted up above the tide of the ship, and 
the point of the shield was upwards, in token of j>eace. — 
The Mabinogion ("Branwen," etc., twelfth century). 

Shield (Striking the). When a leader 
was appointed to take the command of 
an army, and the choice was doubtful, 
those who were the most eligible went to 
some distant hill, and he who struck his 
shield the loudest was chosen leader. 

They went each to his hill. Bards marked the sounds of 
the shields. Loudest rang thy boss, Duth-maruno. Thou 
must lead in war. — Ossian, Cath-Loda, ii. 

*** When a man was doomed to death, 
the chief used to strike his shield with 
the blunt end of his spear, as a notice 
to the royal bard to begin the death-song. 

Cairbar rises in his arms. The clang of shields is heard. 
—Ossian, Temora, i. 



Shield of Cathmor (The). This 
shield had seven bosses, and the ring of 
each boss (when struck with a spear) 
conveyed a distinct telegraphic message 



to the tribes. The sound of one boss, for 
example, was for muster, of another for 
retreat, of a third distress, and so on. 
On each boss was a star, the names of 
which were Can'-mathon (on the first 
boss), Col-derna (on the second), Ul- 
oicho (on the third), Cathlin (on the 
fourth), Rel-durath (on the fifth), Berthin 
(on the sixth), and Ton-the'na (on the 
seventh). 

In his arms strode the chief of Atha to where his shield 
hung, high, at night ; high on a mossy bough over Lubar's 
streamy roar. Seven bosses rose on the shield, the seven 
voices of the king which his warriors received from the 
wind.— Ossian, Temora, vii 

Shield of Gold or Golden Shield, 
the shield of Mars, which fell from heaven, 
and was guarded in Rome by twelve 
priests called Salii. 

Charge for the hearth of Vesta ! 
Charge for the Golden Shield ! 

Stanza xxxv. 
Hail to the fire that burns for aye [of Vesta], 
And the shield that fell from heaven ! 
Macaulay, Lays of A ncient Home (" Battle of the Lake 
Regillus," xxxviii., 1842). 

Shield of Love ( The) . This buckler 
was suspended in a temple of Venus by 
golden ribbons, -and underneath Avas 
written : " Whosever be this Shield, 
Faike Amoret be his." — Spenser, Faery 
Queen, iv. 10 (1596). 

Shield of Rome (The), Fabius 
" Cunctator." Marcellus was called 
" The Sword of Rome." (See Fabius.) 

Shift (Samuel), a wonderful mimic, 
who, like Charles Mathews the elder, 
could turn his face to anything. He is 
emploj'ed by sir William Wealthy to 
assist in saving his son George from ruin, 
and accordingly helps the young man in 
his money difficulties by becoming his 
agent. Ultimately, it is found that sir 
George's father is his creditor, the young 
man is saved from ruin, marries, and 
becomes a reformed and honourable 
member of society, who has " sown his 
wild oats."— Foote, The Minor (1760). 

Shilla'lah, a wood near Arklow, in 
Wicklow, famous for its oaks and black- 
thorns. The Irishman's bludgeon is so 
called, because it was generally cut from 
this wood. 

Shilling (To cut one off with a). A 
tale is told of Charles and John Banister. 
John having irritated his father, the old 
.nan said, " Jack, I'll cut you oft' with a 
shilling." To which the son replied, " 1 
wish, dad, you would give it me now." 

*** The same identical anecdote is told 
of Sheridan and his son Tom. 



SHIP. 



905 SHOE THE MOCKISH MARE. 



Ship. The master takes the ship out, 
but the mate brings her home. The reason 
is this : On the first night of an outward 
passage, the starboard watch takes the 
first four hours on deck, hut in the home- 
ward passage the port watch. Now, the 
"starboard watch" is also called the 
master's or captain's watch, because when 
there, was only one mate, the master had 
to take his own watch (i.e. the starboard). 
The " port watch " is commanded by the 
first mate, and when there was only one, 
he had to stand to his own watch. 

* + * When there are two mates, the 
second mate takes the starboard watch. 

Ship (The Intelligent). Ellida (Frith- 
jof's ship) understood what was said to 
it ; hence in the Frithjof Saga the son of 
Thorsten constantly addresses it, and the 
ship always obevs what is said to it. — 
Tegne'r, Frithjof Saga, x. (1825). 

Ship-Shape. A vessel sent to sea 
before it is completed is called "jury- 
shaped" or "jury-rigged," i.e. rigged for 
the nonce (jour-y, " pro tempore") ; while 
at sea, she is completed, and when all the 
temporary makeshifts have been changed 
for the proper riggings, the vessel is called 
" ship-shape." 

Having been sent to sea in a hurry, they were little 
better than jury-rigeed, and we are now being put into 
ship-shape.— Daily News, August 23, 1870. 

Ship of the Desert, the camel or 
dromedary employed in "voyages" 
through the sand-seas of the African 
deserts. 

... let me have the long 
And patient swiftness of the desert-ship. 
The helmless dromedary. 
Byron, The Deformed Transformed, L 1 (1821). 

Shiptoil (Mother), the heroine of an 
ancient tale entitled The Strange and 
Wonderful History and Prophecies of 
Mother Shipton, etc. — T. Evan Preece. 

Ship-wreck (Tlie), a poem in three 
cantos, by William Falconer (1762). 
Supposed to occupy six daj^s. The ship 
was the Britannia, under the command 
of Albert, and bound for Venice. Being 
overtaken in a squall, she is driven out of 
her course from Candia, and four seamen 
are lost off the lee main-yardarm. A 
fearful storm greatly distresses the vessel, 
and the captain gives command "to bear 
away." As she passes the island of St. 
George, the helmsman is struck blind 
by lightning. Bowsprit, foremast, and 
main-topmast being carried away, the 
officers try to save themselves on the 
wreck of the foremast. The ship splits 
on the projecting verge of cape Colonna. 



The captain and all his crew are lost 
except Arion (Falconer), who is washed 
ashore, and being befriended by the 
natives, returns to England to tell this 
mournful story. 

Shoe. The right shoe first. It was by 
the Romans thought unlucky to put on 
the left shoe first, or to put the shoe 
on the wrong foot. St. Foix says of 
Augustus : 

Cet empereur, qui gouverna avec tant de sagesse, et 
dont le regne fut si florissant, restoit immobile et con- 
sterne' lorsqu' il lui arrivoit par megarde de mettre le 
sotdier droit au pied gauche, et le Soulier gauche au pied 
droit 

Shoe Pinches. We all know where 
the shoe pinches, we each of us know our 
own special troubles. 

Lord Fo/rpington. Hark thee, shoemaker, these shoes 
. . . don't fit me. 

Shoemaker. My lord, I think they fit you very well. 

Lord Fuj>. They hurt me just below the instep. 

Shoem. No, my lord, they don't hurt you there. 

Lord Fo)>. I tell thee they pinch me execrably. 

Shoem. Why. then, my lord 

Lord Fop. What ! Wilt thou persuade me I cannot 
feel? 

Shoem. Your lordship may please to feel what you 
think fit, but that shoe does not hurt you. I think I 
understand my trade. — Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough, 
L 2 (1777). 

Shoe in Weddings. In English 
weddings, slippers and old shoes are 
thrown at the bride when she leaves the 
house of her parents, to indicate that she 
has left the house for good. 

Luther, being at a wedding, told the bridegroom he had 
placed the husband's shoe on the head of the bed, "afin 
qu' il prit ainsi la domination et le gouvernement."— 
Michelet, Life of Lutlier (1845). 

In Turkish weddings, as soon as the 
prayers are over, the bridegroom makes 
eff as fast as possible, followed by the 
guests, who pelt him with old shoes. 
These blows represent the adieux of the 
young man. — Thirty Years in the Haram, 
330. 

In Anglo-Saxon marriages, the father 
delivered the bride's shoe to the bride- 
groom, and the bridegroom touched the 
bride on the head with it, to show his 
authority. — Chambers, Journal, June, 
1870. 

Shoe the Gray Goose, to under- 
take a difficult and profitless business. 
John Skelton says the attempt of the 
laity to reform the clergy of his time is 
about as mad a scheme as if they at- 
tempted to shoe wild geese. 

What hath laymen to doe, The gray gose to shoe t 
J. Skelton. Colyn Clout (1460-1529). 

*** " To shoe the goose " is sometimes 
used as the synonym of being tipsy. 

Shoe the Mockish Mare, shoe 
the wild mare, similar to "belling the 



SHOES. 



906 SHOULDER-BLADE DIVINATION. 



cat. ; " to do a work of danger and diffi- 
cultj r for general not personal benefit. 

Let us see who dare Shoe the mockish mare. 

J. Skelton, Colyn Clout (1460-1529). 

*** There is a boys' game called 
" Shoeing the Wild Mare," in which the 
players say : 

Shoe the wild mare ; 
But if she won't be shod, she must go bare. 

Herrick refers to it (Works, i. 176) 
when he says : 

Of blind-man's-buffe, and of the care 
That young men have to shooe the mare. 

" To shoe the colt " means to exact a 
fine called "footing " from a new associate 
or colt. The French say, Ferrer la mule. 

Shoes [He has changed his), " mutavit 
calceos," that is, he has become a 
senator, or has been made a peer. The 
Roman senators wore black shoes, or 
rather black buskins, reaching to the 
middle of the leg, with the letter C in 
silver on the instep. 

(For several other customs and super- 
stitions connected with shoes, see Dic- 
tionary of Phrase and Fable, 815-6.) 

Shonou (The Reign of), the most 
remote period, historic or pre-historical. 

Let us first learn to know what belongs to ourselves, 
and then, if we have leisure, cast our reflections back to 
the reign of Shonou, who governed 20,000 years before the 
creation of the moon.--Goldsmith, A Citizen of the 
World, lxxv. (1758). 

Shoo-King ( The), the history of the 
Chinese monarchs, by Confucius. It 
begins with Yoo, B.C. 2205. 

Shoolbred (Dame), the foster- 
mother of Henry Smith. — Sir W. Scott, 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Shore (Jane), the heroine and title of 
a tragedy by N. Rowe (1713). Jane 
Shore was the wife of a London merchant, 
but left her husband to become the mis- 
tress of Edward IV. At the death of 
that monarch, lord Hastings wished to 
obtain her, but she rejected his advances. 
This drew on her the jealous wrath of 
Alicia (lord Hastings's mistress), who in- 
duced her to accuse lord Hastings of 
want of allegiance to the lord protector. 
The duke of Gloucester commanded the 
instant execution of Hastings ; and, 
accusing Jane Shore of having bewitched 
him, condemned her to wander about in 
a sheet, holding a taper in her hand, and 
decreed that any one who offered her food 
or shelter should be put to death. Jane 
continued an outcast for three days, when 
her husband came to her succour, but he 
was seized by Gloucester's myrmidons, 
and Jane Shore died. 



Miss Smithson [1800] had a splendid voice, a tall and 
noble person. Her "Jane Shore" put more money into 
the manager's pocket than Edmund Kean, Macready, Miss 
Foote, or Charles Kemble. — Donaldson, Recollection*. 

Shoreditch. The old London tra- 
dition is that Shoreditch derived its 
name from Jane Shore, the beautiful 
mistress of Edward IV., who, worn out 
with poverty and hunger, died miserably 
in a ditch in this suburb. 

I could not get one bit of bread, 

Whereby my hunger might be f ed . . . 

So, weary of my life, at lengthe 

I yielded up my vital strength 

Within a ditch . . . which since that daye 

Is Shore-ditch called, as writers saye. 

A ballad in Pepys's collection, The Weeful 
Lamentation of Jane Shore. 

Stow says the name is a corrup- 
tion of "sewer-ditch," or the common 
drain. Both these etymologies are only 
good for fable, as the word is derived 
from sir John de Soerdich, an eminent 
statesman and diplomatist, who "rode 
with Manney and Chandos against the 
French by the side of the Black Prince." 

Shoreditch (Duke of). Barlow, the 
favourite archer of Henry VIII., was so 
entitled by the Merry Monarch, in royal 
sport. Barlow's two skilful companions 
| were created at the same time, " marquis 
of Islington," and "earl of Pancras." 

Good king, make not good lord of Lincoln " duke of 
Shoreditche. "— The Poore Man's Peticion to the Kinge 
(art. xvi., 1603). 

Shorne (Sir John), noted for his feat 
of conjuring the devil into a boot. 

To Maister John Shorne, 
That blessfid man borne. 
Which jugeleth with a bote ; 
1 beschrewe his herte rote 
That will trust him, and it be I. 

Fantassie of IdolatrU. 

Short - Lived Administration 

(The), the administration formed Feb- 
ruary 12, 1746, by William Pulteney. It 
lasted only two days. 

Shortcake (Mrs.), the baker's wife, 
one of Mrs. Mailsetter's friends. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Shortell (Master), the mercer at 
Liverpool. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Short'hose (2 syl.), a clown, servant 
to lady Hartwell the widow. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, Wit without Money (1639). 

Shorthouse (Tom), epitaph of. 

Ilic Jacet Tom Shorthouse, sine Tom, sine Sheets, sins 

Riches; 
Qui Vixit sine Gown, line Cloak, sine Shirt, sine Breeches. 
Old London (taken from the Magna Uritannia). 

Shoulder-Blade Divination. 

A divination strange the Dutch-made English have . . . 
By the shoulder of a ram from off the right side pared. 
Which usually they boil, the spade-bone being bared. 



SHOVEL-BOARDS. 



907 



SIBYLLA. 



Which then the wizard takes, and gazing thereupon. 
Things long to come foreshows . . . Scapes secretly at 

home . . . 
Murthcrs, adulterous stealths, as the events of war, 
The reigns and deaths of kings, . . . etc. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, v. (1612). 

Shovel-Boards or Edward Shovel- 
Boards, broad shillings of Edward III. 
Taylor, the water-poet, tells us " they 
were used for the most part at shoave- 
board." 

. . . the unthrift every day, 
With my face downwards do at shoave-boanl play. 
Taylor, the water-poet (1580-1(554). 

Shrewsbury {Lord), the earl mar- 
shall in the court of queen Elizabeth. — 
Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Shropshire Toast {The), "To all 
friends round the Wrekin." 

Shufflebottom {Abel), a name as- 
sumed by Robert Southey in some of his 
amatory productions (1774—1843). 

Shuffleton {The Hon. Tom), a man 
of very slender estate, who borrows of all 
who will lend, but always forgets to 
repay or return the loans. When spoken 
to about it, he interrupts the speaker 
before he comes to the point, and diverts 
the conversation to some other subject. 
He is one of the new school, always 
emotionless, looks on money as the 
suminum bonum, and all as fair that puts 
money in his purse. The Hon. Tom 
Shuffleton marries lady Caroline Bray- 
more, who has £4000 a year. (See 
Dimanche.) — G. Colman, junior, John 
Bull. 

" Who is this — all boots and breeches. 
Cravat and cape, and spurs and switches, 
Grins and grimaces, shrugs and capers. 
With affectation, spleen, and vapours?" 

" Oh, Mr. Richard Jones, your humble " 

" Prithee give o'er to mouthe and mumble; 
Stand still, speak plain, and let us hear 
What was intended for the ear. 
I' faith, without the timely aid 
Of bills, no part you ever played 
(Hob, Handy, Shuffleton, or Rover, 
Sharper, stroller, lounger, lover) 
Could e'er distinguish from each other." 
C. Croker, On Richard Jones, the Actor (1778-1851). 

Shutters {Tom, put up the). A 
lieutenant threatened Mr. Hoby of St. 
James's Street (London), to withdraw his 
custom ; whereupon Mr. Hoby instantly 
called out to his errand boy, " Tom, put 
up the shutters." This witty reproof has 
become a stock phrase of banter with 
tradesmen when a silly customer threatens 
to withdraw his custom. 

Shy lock., the Jew, who lends Anthonio 
(a Venetian merchant) 3000 ducats for 
three months, on these conditions : If 
repaid within the time, only the 



principal would be required; if not, the 
Jew should be at liberty to cut from 
Anthonio's body a pound of flesh. The 
ships of Anthonio being delayed by 
contrary winds, the merchant was unable 
to meet his bill, and the Jew claimed the 
forfeiture. Portia, in the dress of a law 
doctor, conducted the trial, and when the 
Jew was about to take his bond, reminded 
him that he must shed no drop of blood, 
nor must he cut either more or less than 
an exact pound. If these conditions 
were infringed, his life would be forfeit. 
The Jew, feeling it to be impossible to 
exact the bond under such conditions, 
gave up the claim, but was heavily fined 
for seeking the life of a Venetian citizen. 
— Shakespeare, T/ie Merchant of Venice 
(1598). 

It was of C. Macklin (1690-1797) that 
Pope wrote the doggerel : 

This is the Jew 

That Shakespeare drew ; 

but Edmund Kean (1787-1833) was 
nnrivalled in this character. 

According to the kindred authority of Shylock, no man 
hates the thing he would not kill. — Sir W. Scott. 

*** Paul Secchi tells us a similar tale : 
A merchant of Venice, having been 
informed by private letter that Drake 
had taken and plundered St. Domingo, 
sent word to Sampson Ceneda, a Jewish 
usurer. Ceneda would not believe it, 
and bet a pound of flesh it was not true. 
When the report was confirmed, the pope 
told Secchi he might lawfully claim his 
bet if he chose, only he must draw no 
blood, nor take either more or less than 
an exact pound, on the penalty of being 
hanged. — Gregorio Leti, Life of Sextus V. 
(1666). 

Sibbald, an attendant on the earl of 
Menteith. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of 
Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Siber, i.e. Siberia. Mr. Bell of Anter- 
mony, in his Travels, informs us that 
Siberia is universally called Siber by the 
Russians. 

From Guinea's coast and Siber's dreary mines. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

Siberian Climate {A), a very cold 
and rigorous climate, winterly and in- 
hospitable, with snow-hurricanes and 
biting winds. The valley of the Lena is 
the coldest region of the globe. 

Sibylla, the sibyl. (See Sibyls.) 

And thou, Alecto, feede me wyth thy foode . . . 
And thou, Sibilla, when thou seest me faynte, 
Addres thyself e the gyde of my complaynte. 

Sackville, Mirrour for Magistraytet 
{" Complaynte," etc., 1557). 



SIBYLS. 



908 



SIDNEY. 



Sibyls. Plato speaks of only one 
sibyl ; Martian Capella says there were 
two (the Erythraean or Cumcean sibyl, and 
the Phrygian) ; Pliny speaks of the three 
sibyls ; Jackson maintains, on the au- 
thority of iElian, that there were four ; 
Shakespeare speaks of the nine sibyls of 
old Home (1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2) ; Varro 
says they were ten (the sibyls of Libya, 
Samos, Cumae (in Italy), Cumae (in Asia 
Minor), Erythraea, Persia, Tiburtis, Delphi, 
Ancy'ra (in Phrygia), and Marpessa), in 
reference to which Rabelais says, " she 
may be the eleventh sibyl" (Panta- 
gruel, iii. 16) ; the mediaeval monks 
made the number to be twelve, and gave 
to each a distinct prophecy respecting 
Christ. But whatever the number, there 
was but one " sibyl of old Rome " (the 
Cumaean), who offered to Tarquin the 
nine Sibylline books. 

Sibyl's Books (The). We are told 
that the sibyl of Cumae (in iEolis) offered 
Tarquin nine volumes of predictions for 
a certain sum of money, but the king, 
deeming the price exorbitant, refused to 
purchase them ; whereupon she burnt 
three of the volumes, and next year 
offered Tarquin the remaining six at the 
same price. Again he refused, and the 
sibyl burnt three more. The following 
year she again returned, and asked the 
original price for the three which remained. 
At the advice of the augurs, the king 
purchased the books, and they were 
preserved with great care under guardians 
specially appointed for the purpose. 

Her remaining chances, like the sibyl's books, became 
more precious in an increasing ratio as the preceding ones 
were destroyed. — P. Fitzgerald, The Parvenu Family, 
i. 7. 

Sic Vos non Vobis. (See Vos 

NON VOBIS.) 

Sicilian Bull {The), the brazen 
bull invented by Perillos for the tyrant 
Phalaris, as an engine of torture. 
Perillos himself was the first victim 
enclosed in the bull. 

As the Sicilian bull that rightfully 
His cries echoed who had shaped the mould, 
Did so rebellow with the voice of him 
Tormented, that the brazen monster seemed 
Pierced through with pain. 

Dante, Hell, xxvii. (1300). 

Sicilian Vespers {The), the 
massacre of the French in Sicily, which 
began at Palermo, March 30, 1282, at the 
hour of vespers, on Easter Monday. 
This -wholesale slaughter was provoked 
by the brutal conduct of Charles d'Anjou 
(the governor) and his soldiers towards 
the islanders. 



A similar massacre of the Danes was 
made in England on St. Bryce's Day 
(November 13), 1002. 

Another similar slaughter took place at 
Bruges, March 24, 1302. 

*** The Bartholomew Massacre (Aug. 
24, 1572) was a religious not a political 
movement. 

Sicilien (Le) or L' Amour Peintre, 
a comedy by Moliere (1667). The 
Sicilian is don Pedre, who has a Greek 
slave named Is'idore. This slave is loved 
by Adraste (2 syl.), a French gentle- 
man, and the plot of the comedy turns 
on the way that the Frenchman allures 
the Greek slave away from her master. 
Hearing that his friend Damon is going 
to make a portrait of Isidore, he gets 
him to write to don Pedre a letter of 
introduction, requesting that the bearer 
may be allowed to take the likeness. By 
this ruse, Adraste reveals his love to 
Isidore, and persuades her to elope. The 
next step is this : Zai'de (2 syl.), a young 
slave, pretends to have been ill-treated by 
Adraste, and runs to don Pedre to crave 
protection. The don bids her go in, 
while he intercedes with Adraste on her 
behalf. The Frenchman seems to relent, 
and Pedre calls for Zaide to come forth, 
but Isidore comes instead, wearing Zai'de's 
veil. Don Pedre says to Adraste, "There, 
take her home, and* use her well!" "I 
will," says Adraste, and leads off tho 
Greek slave. 

Sicily of Spain (The). Alemtejo, 
in Portugal, was so called at one time. 
In the Middle Ages, Alemtejo was "the 
granary of Portugal." 

Sick Man of the East (The), 
the Turkish empire. It was Nicholas of 
Russia who gave this name to the mori- 
bund empire. 

We have on our hands a sick man, a very sick man. It 
would be a great misfortune if one of these days he 
should happen to die before the necessary arrangements 
are all made. . . . The man is certainly dying, and we 
must not allow such an event to take us by surprise- 
Nicholas of Russia, to sir George Seymour, British ckurgi 
d'affaires (January 11, 1844). 

Siddartha, born at Gaya, in India, 
and known in Indian history as Buddha 
(i.e. "The Wise"). 

Sidney, the tutor and friend of 
Charles Egerton McSycophant. He loves 
Constantia, but conceals his passion for 
fear of paining Egerton, her accepted 
lover.— C. Macklin, The Man of the 
World (1764). 

Sidney (Sir Philip). Sir Philip 
Sidney, though suffering extreme thirst 



SIDNEY'S SISTER. 



909 



SIEGFRIED. 



from the agony of wounds received in 
the battle of Zutphen, gave his own 
draught of water to a wounded private 
lying at his side, saying, " Poor fellow, 
thy necessity is greater than mine." 

A similar instance is recorded of 
Alexander "the Great," in the desert 
of Gedrosia. 

David, fighting against the Philistines, 
became so parched with thirst that he 
cried out, " Oh that one would give me 
drink of the water of the well of Beth- 
lehem, which is by the gate ! " And the 
three mighty men broke through the host 
of the Philistines and brought him water ; 
nevertheless, he would not drink it, but 
poured it out unto the Lord. — 2 Sam. xxiii. 
15-17. 

Sidney's Sister, Pembroke's 
Mother. Mary Herbert (born Sidney), 
countess of Pembroke, who died 1621. 

Underneath this sable hearse 
Lies the subject of all verse — 
Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother. 
Death, ere thou hast killed another 
Fair and good and learned as she, 
Time shall throw his dart at thee. 
Wm. Browne (1645. See Lansdowne Collection, 
No. 777, in the British Museum). 

Sido'nian Tincture, purple dye, 
Tyrian purple. The Tyrians and Sido- 
nians were world-famed for their purple 
d}'e. 

Not in that proud Sidonian tincture dyed. 
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, xii. (1633). 

Sid'rophel, William Lilly, the astro- 
loger. 

Quoth Ralph, " Not far from hence doth dwell 

A cunning man, hight Sidrophel, 

That deals in destiny's dark counsels. 

And sage opinions of the moon sells ; 

To whom all people, far and near, 

On deep importances repair." 

S. BuUer, Budibrat, ii. 3 (1664). 

Siebel, Margheri'ta's rejected lover, 
in the opera of Faust e Margherita, by 
Gounod (1859). 

Siege. Hon siege est fait, my opinion 
is fixed, and I cannot change it. This 
proverb rose thus : The abbe' de Yertot 
wrote the history of a certain siege, and 
applied to a friend for some geographical 
particulars. These particulars did not 
arrive till the matter had passed the 
press ; so the abbe' remarked with a shrug, 
" Bah S mon sie'ge est fait." 

Siege Perilous (The). The Round 
Table contained sieges for 150 knights, 
but three of them were "reserved." Of 
these, two were posts of honour, but the 
third was reserved for him who was des- 
tined to achieve the quest of the holy 
graal. This seat was called " perilous," 



because if any one sat therein except ho 
for whom it was reserved, it would be his 
death. Every scat of the table bore the 
name of its rightful occupant in letters of 
gold, and the name on the "Siege Perilous" 
was sir Galahad (son of sir Launcelot and 
Elaine). 

Said Merlin, "There shall no man sit in the two void 
places but they that shall be of most worship. But in the 
Siege Peri'ou* there shall no man sit but one. and if any 
other be so hardy as to do it, he shall be destroyed." — Pt. 
i. 48. 

Then the old man made sir Galahad unarm ; and he put 
on him a coat of red sandel. with a mantel upon bis 
shoulder furred with fine ermines. . . . and he brought 
him unto the Siege Perilous, when he sat beside sir 
Launcelot. And the good old man lifted up the cloth, 
and found there these words written : The Siege OP BIB 
Galahad.— Sir T. Malory, BUtory of Prince Arthur, iii. 
32 (1470). 

Siege of Calais, a novel by Mde. 
de Tencin (1681-1749). George Colman 
has a drama with the same title. 

Siege of Damascus. Damascus 
was besieged by the Arabs, while Eu'- 
menes was governor. The general of the 
Syrians was Pho'cyas, and of the Arabs 
Caled. Phocyas asked Eumenes's per- 
mission to marry his daughter Eudo'cia, 
but was sternly refused. After gaining 
several victories, he fell into the hands of 
the Arabs, and then joined them in their 
siege, in order to revenge himself on Eu- 
menes. Eudocia fell into his power, but 
she refused to marry a traitor. Caled re- 
quested Phocyas to point out to him the 
governor's tent ; on being refused, they 
fought, and Caled fell. Abudah, being 
now chief in command, made an honour- 
able peace with the Syrians, Phocyas died, 
and Eudocia retired to a convent. — J. 
Hughes, Siege of Damascus (1720). 

Siege of Rhodes, by sir W. Daven- 

ant (1656). 

Sieg'fried [Seeg. freed], hero of pt. 
i. of the Nibelungen Lied, the old German 
epic. Siegfried was a young warrior of 
peerless strength and beauty, invulnerable 
except in one spot between his shoulders. 
He vanquished the Nibelungs, and carried 
away their immense hoards of gold and 
precious stones. He wooed and won 
Kriemhild, the sister of Giinther king of 
Burgundy, but was treacherously killed 
by Hagan, while stooping for a "draught 
of water after a hunting expedition. 

Siegfried had a cape or cloak, which 
rendered him invisible, the gift of the 
dwarf Alberich ; and his sword, called 
Balmung, was forged by Wieland, black- 
smith of the Teutonic gods. 

This epic consists of a number of differ- 
ent lays by the old minnesingers, pieced 



SIEGFRIED VON LINDENBERG. 910 



SIGISMUNDA. 



together into a connected story as early as 
1210. It is of Scandinavian origin, and 
is in the Younger Edda, amongst the 
" Volsunga Sagas " (compiled by Snorro, 
in the thirteenth century). 

Siegfried's Birthplace. He was born in 
Phinecastle, then called Xanton. 

Siegfried's Father and Mother. Sieg- 
fried was the youngest son of Siegmund 
and Sieglind, king and queen of the 
Netherlands. 

Siegfried called Horny. He was called 
horny because when he slew the dragon, 
he bathed in its blood, and became covered 
with a horny hide which was invulnerable. 
A linden leaf happened to fall on his back 
between his shoulder-blades, and as the 
blood did not touch this spot, it remained 
vulnerable. — The minnesingers, The Ni- 
belungen Lied (1210). 

Sieg'fried von Lindenberg, the 

hero of a comic German romance, by 
Mttller (1779). Still popular and very 
amusing. 

Sieglind [Seeg.lind], the mother of 
Siegfried, and wife of Siegmund king 
of the Netherlands. — The minnesingers, 
Th.e Nibelungen Lied (1210). 

Siegmund [Seeg.mund] , king of the 
Netherlands. His wife was Sieglind, and 
his son Siegfried [Seeg. freed], — The 
minnesingers, The Nibelungen Lied (1210). 

Sieve {The Trial of the). When a 
vestal was charged with unchastity, she 
was condemned to carry water from the 
Tiber in a sieve without spilling any. If 
she succeeded, she was pronounced in- 
nocent ; but if any of the water ran out, it 
was a confirmation of her guilt. 

Sieve and Shears, a method of dis- 
covering a thief. The modus operandi is 
as follows : — A sieve is nicely balanced 
by the points of shears touching the rim, 
and the shears are supported on the tips 
of the fingers while a passage of the Bible 
is read, and the apostles Peter and Paul 
are asked whether so-and-so is the cul- 
prit. When the thief's name is uttered, 
the sieve spins round. Theocrltos men- 
tions this way of divination in his Idyll, 
iii., and Ben Jonson alludes to it: 

Searching for things lost with a sieve and shears.— The 
Alchemist, i. 1 (1610). 

Sige'ro, " the Good," slain by Ar- 
gantes. Argantes hurled his spear at 
Godfrey, but it struck Sigero, who " re- 
joiced to suffer in his sovereign's place." 
— Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xi. (1575). 



Sight. Nine things are necessary 
before the form of anything can be dis- 
cerned by the eye : (1) a power to see, (2) 
light, (3) a visible object, (4) not too small, 
(5) not too rare, (6) not too near, (7) not too 
remote, (8) clear space, (9) sufficient time. 
— See sir John Davies, Immortality of the 
Scul, xiv. (1622). 

Sightly (Captain), a dashing young 
officer, who runs away with Priscilla 
Tomboy, but subsequently obtains her 
guardian's consent to marry her. — The 
Romp (altered from Bickerstaff 's Love in 
the City). 

Sigismonda, daughter of Tancred 
king of Salerno. She fell in love with 
Guiscardo her father's 'squire, revealed to 
him her love, and married him in a cavern 
attached to the palace. Tancred discovered 
them in each other's embrace, and gave 
secret orders to waylay the bridegroom 
and strangle him. He then went to Sigis- 
monda, and reproved her for her degrading 
choice, which she boldly justified. Next 
day, she received a human heart in a gold 
casket, knew instinctively that it was 
Guiscardo's, and poisoned herself. Her 
father being sent for, she survived just 
long enough to request that she might be 
buried in the same grave as her young 
husband, and Tancred : 

Too late repenting of his cruel deed. 
One common sepulchre for both decreed ; 
Intombed the wretched pair in royal state. 
And on their monument inscribed their fate. 
Dryden, Sigismonda and Guiscardo (from Boccaccio). 

Sigismund, emperor of Austria. — 
Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Sigismunda, daughter of Siffredi lord 
high chancellor of Sicily, and betrothed to 
count Tancred. When king Roger died, 
he left the crown of Sicily to Tancred, on 
condition that he married Constantia, by 
which means the rival lines would be 
united, and the country saved from civil 
war. Tancred gave a tacit consent, in- 
tending to obtain a dispensation ; but 
Sigismunda, in a moment of wounded 
pride, consented to marry earl Osmond. 
When king Tancred obtained an interview 
with Sigismunda, to explain his conduct, 
Osmond challenged him, and they fought. 
Osmond fell, and when his wife ran to 
him, he thrust his sword into her and 
killed her. — J. Thomson, Tancred and 
Sigismunda (1745). 

%* This tragedy is based on "The 
Baneful Marriage," an episode in Gil Bias, 
founded on fact. 



SIGISMUNDA. 



911 



SILKY. 



Sigismwida, the heroine of Cervantes's 
last work of fiction. This tale is a tissue 
of episodes, full of most incredible ad- 
ventures, astounding prodigies, impossible 
characters, and extravagant sentiments. 
It is said that Cervantes himself preferred 
it to his Don Quixote, just as Corneille 
preferred Nicomede to his Cid, and Milton 
Paradise Regained to his Paradise Lost. — 
Encyc. Brit., Art. "Romance." 

Sigurd, the hero of an old Scandi- 
navian legend. Sigurd discovered Bryn- 
hild, encased in complete armour, lying 
in a death-like sleep, to which she had 
been condemned by Odin. Sigurd woke 
her by ripping up her corselet, fell in love 
with her, promised to marry her, but 
deserted her for Gudrun. This ill-starred 
union was the cause of an Iliad of woes. 

An analysis of this romance was pub- 
lished by Weber in his 1/ lustrations of 
Northern Antiquities (1810). 

Sijil (Al), the recording angel. 

On that day we will roll up the heavens as the angel Al 
Sijil rolleth up the scroll wherein ever)' man's actions are 
recorded.— Al Koran, xxi. 

Sikes (Bill), a burglar, and one of 
Fagin's associates. Bill Sikes was a 
hardened, irreclaimable villain, but had 
a conscience which almost drove him 
mad after the murder of Nancy, who 
really loved him (ch. xlviii.). Bill Sikes 
(1 syl.) had an ill-conditioned savage dog, 
the beast-image of his master, which he 
kicked and loved, ill-treated and fondled. 
— C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 

The French "Bill Sikes" is "Jean 
Hiroux," a creation of Henri Monnier. 

Sikundra (The), a mausoleum about 
six miles from Agra, raised by Akhbah 
"the Great," in the reign of our Charles I. 

Silence, a country justice of asinine 
dulness when sober, but when in his cups 
of most uproarious mirth. He was in 
the commission of the peace with his cousin 
Robert Shallow. 

Falstaff. I did not think Master Siience had been a man 
of this mettle. 

Silence. Who, I ? I have been merry twice and once, ere 
now. —Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act v. sc. 3 (1598). 

Sile'no, husband of Mysis ; a kind- 
hearted man, who takes pity on Apollo 
when cast to earth by Jupiter, and gives 
him a home. — Kane O'Hara, Midas 
(1764). 

Silent (The), William I. prince of 
Orange (1533-1584). It was the principle 
of Napoleon III. emperor of the French 
to "hear, see, and say nothing." 



Silent Man (The), the barber of 
Bagdad, the greatest chatterbox that ever 
lived. Being sent for to shave the head 
and beard of a young man who wag to 
visit the cadi's daughter at noon, he kept 
him from daybreak to midday, prating, to 
the unspeakable annoyance of the cus- 
tomer. Being subsequently taken before 
the caliph, he ran on telling story after 
story about his six brothers. He was 
called the " Silent Man," because on one 
occasion, being accidentally taken up with 
ten robbers, he never said he was not one of 
the gang. His six brothers were Bacbouc 
the hunchback, Bakbarah the toothless, 
Bakac the one-eyed, Alcouz the blind, 
Alnaschar the earless, and Schacabac the 
hare-lipped. — Arabian Nights (" The Bar- 
ber," and " The Barber's Six Brothers "). 

Silent Woman (The), a comedy by 
Ben Jonson (1609). Morose, a miserly 
old fellow, who hates to hear any voice 
but his own, has a young nephew, sir 
Dauphine, who wants to wring from him 
a third of his property ; and the way he 
gains his point is this : He induces a lad 
to pretend to be a "silent woman." 
Morose is so delighted with the phenome- 
non that he consents to marry the pro- 
digy ; but the moment the ceremony is 
over, the boy-wife assumes the character 
of a virago, whose tongue is a ceaseless 
clack. Morose is in despair, and signs 
away a third of his property to his 
nephew, on condition of being rid of this 
intolerable pest. The trick is now re- 
vealed, Morose retires into private life, 
and sir Dauphine remains master of the 
situation. 

Sile'nus, son of Pan, chief of the 
sile'ni or older satyrs. Silenus was the 
foster-father of Bacchus the wine-god, 
and is described as a jovial old toper, with 
bald head, pug nose, and pimply face. 

Old Silenus, bloated, drunken, 
Led by his inebriate satyrs. 

Longfellow, Drinking Song. 

Silhouette (3 syl.), a black profile. 
So called from Etienne de Silhouette, 
controleur des finances under Louis XV. 
(1757). 

Les relormes flnancieres de ce ministre ayant para 
mesquines et ridicules, la caricature s'en empara, et Ton 
donna le nora de Silhouettes a ces dessins imparfaits oil 
Fob se bornait a indiquer par un simple trait le contour 
des objets. 

Silky, a Jew money-lender, swindler, 
and miser. (See Sulky.) 

You cheat all day, tremble at night, and act the hypo- 
crite the first thing in the morning.— T. Holcroft, The 
Road to Ruin, ii. 3 (1792). 



SILLY BILLY. 



912 



SILVESTRE. 



Silly Billy, William IV. (1765, 1830- 
1837). 

Silu'res (3 syL), the inhabitants of 
Silu'ria, that is, Herefordshire, Mon- 
mouthshire, Radnorshire, Brecon, and 
Glamorganshire. 

Those Silu'res, called by us the South Wales men. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Silva (Don Ruy Gomez de), an old 
Spanish grandee, to whom Elvira was 
betrothed ; but she detested him, and 
loved Ernani, a bandit-captain. Charles 
V. tried to seduce her, and Silva, in his 
wrath, joined Ernani to depose the king. 
The plot being discovered, the conspi- 
rators were arrested, but, at the interces- 
sion of Elvira, were pardoned. The 
marriage of Ernani and Elvira was just 
about to be consummated, when a horn 
sounded. Ernani had bound himself, 
when Silva joined the bandit, to put an 
end to his life whenever summoned so to 
do by Silva ; and the summons was to be 
given by the blast of a horn. Silva being 
relentless, Ernani kept his vow, and. 
stabbed himself. — Verdi, Ernani (1841). 

Silver Age (The), the age succeed- 
ing the golden, and succeeded by the 
iron age. The best period of the world 
or of a nation is its golden age, noted for 
giants of literature, simplicity of man- 
ners, integrity of conduct, honesty of 
intention, and domestic virtues. The 
Elizabethan was the golden age of Eng- 
land. The silver age of a people is noted 
for its elegant refinement, its delicacy of 
speech, its luxurious living, its politeness 
and artificial manners. The reign of 
Anne was the silver age of England. 
The iron age is that of commerce and 
hard matter-of-fact. Birth is no longer 
the one thing needful, but hard cash ; 
the romance of life has died out, and 
iron and coals are the philosopher's stone. 
The age of Victoria is the iron age of 
England. Strange that the three ages 
should all be the reigns of queens ! 

Silver Code (The), a translation 
into Gothic of parts both of the Old and 
New Testaments by bishop Ultilas, in the 
eighth century. Still extant. 

Silver-Fork School (The), a name 
given to a class of English novelists who 
gave undue importance to etiquette and 
the externals of social intercourse. The 
most distinguished are : lady Blessington 
(1789-1849), Theodore Hook (1716-1796), 
lord Lytton (1804-1873), and Mrs. Trol- 
lope (1790-1863). 



Silver Pen. Eliza Meteyard waa 
so called by Douglas Jerrold, and she 
adopted the pseudonym (1816-1879). 

Silver Spoon. Born with a silver 
spoon in your mouth means born to 
good luck. The allusion is to the 
silver spoons given as prizes and at 
christenings. The lucky man is born 
with the prize in his mouth, and does 
not need to wait for it or to earn it. 

Silver Star of Love (The), the 
star which appeared to Vasco da Gama 
when his ships were tempest-tossed 
through the malice of Bacchus. Imme- 
diately the star appeared, the tempest 
ceased, and there was a great calm. 

The sky and ocean blending, each on fire, 
Seemed as all Nature struggled to expire ; 
When now the Silver Star of Love appeared, 
Bright in the east her radiant front she reared. 

Camoens, Lusiad, vL (1572). 

Silver-Tongued (The), Joshua Syl- 
vester, translator of Du Bartas's Divine 
Weeks and Works (1563-1618). 

William Bates, a puritan divine (1625- 
1699). 

Henry Smith, preacher (1550-1600). 

Anthony Hammond, the poet, called 
" Silver Tongue " (1668-1738). 

Spranger Barry, the "Irish Roscius" 
(1719-1777). 

Silver "Wedding (The), the twenty- 
fifth anniversary ; the fiftieth anniversary 
is the golden wedding. In Germany 
those persons who attain the twenty-fifth 
anniversary of their wedding day are 
presented by their friends and family 
with a wreath of silver flowers, and on 
the fiftieth anniversary with a wreath of 
gold flowers. The fifth anniversary is 
the wooden wedding, and the seventy- 
fifth the diamond wedding. Sometimes 
the Wedding Service is repeated on the 
fiftieth anniversary. 

In 1879 William king of Prussia and 
emperor of Germany celebrated his golden 
wedding. 

Silverquill (Sam), one of the pri- 
soners at Portanferry. — Sir W. Scott, 
Guy Manneriny (time, George II.). 

Silves de la Selva (The Exploits 
and Adventures of), part of the series 
called Le Roman des Romans, pertaining 
to "Am'adis of Gaul." This part was 
added by Feliciano de Silva. 

Silvestre (2 syl.), valet of Octave 
(son of Argante and brother of Zerbi- 
nette). — Moliere, Les Fourbcries de Scapin 
(1671). 



SILVIA. 



913 



SIMURGH. 



Sil'via, daughter of the duke of 
Milan, and the lady-love of Valentine 
one of the heroes of the play. — Shake- 
speare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona 
(1594). 

Simmons (Widow), the seamstress; 
a neighbour of the Ramsays. — Sir W. 

Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James L). 

Si'mon {Martin), proprietor of the 
village Bout du Monde, and miller of 
Grenoble. He is called " The king of 
Pelvoux," and in reality is the baron de 
Peyras, who has given up all his estates 
to his nephew, the young chevalier Mar- 
ccllin de Peyras, and retired to Grenoble, 
where he lived as a villager. Martin 
Simon is in secret possession of a gold- 
mine left him by his father, with the 
stipulation that he should place it beyond 
the reach of any private man on the day 
it became a " source of woe and crime." 
Rabisson, a travelling tinker, the only 
person who knows about it, being mur- 
dered, Simon is suspected ; but Eusebe 
Noel confesses the crime. Simon then 
makes the mine over to the king of 
France, as it had proved the source both 
"of woe and crime." — E. Stirling, The 
Gold-Mine or Miller of Grenoble (1854). 

Simon Pure, a young quaker from 
Pennsylvania, on a visit to Obadiah Prim 
(a Bristol quaker, and one of the guardians 
of Anne Lovely the heiress). Colonel 
Feignwell personated Simon Pure, and 
obtained Obadiah's consent to marry his 
ward. When the real Simon Pure pre- 
sented himself, the colonel denouuced 
him as an impostor ; but after he had 
obtained the guardian's signature, he 
confessed the trick, and showed how he 
had obtained the consent of the other 
three guardians. — Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold 
Stroke for a Wife (1717). 

*** This name has become a house- 
hold word for " the real man," the ipsis- 
simus ego. 

Si'monie or Si'moxy, the friar, in the 
beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). So 
called from Simon Magus (Acts viii. 
9-24). 

. Simony (Dr.), in Foote's farce called 
The Cozeners, was meant for Dr. Dodd. 

Sim'org, a bird "which hath seen 
the world thrice destroyed." It is found 
in Kaf, but, as Hafiz says, " searching 
for the simorg is like searching for the 
philosopher's stone." This does not 
agree with Beckford's account (see 
Simurgh). 



Id K.if the simorg hath its dwelling-place, 
The all-knowing liinl of ages, who hath seen 
The world with all its children thrice destroyed. 
Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, viii. 19 (1797). 

Simpcox (Saunder), a lame man, who 
asserted he was born blind, and to whom 
St. Alban said, "Come, offer at my 
shrine, and I will help thee." Being 
brought before Humphrey duke of 
Gloucester, the lord protector, he was 
asked how he became lame; and Simp- 
cox replied he fell from a tree, which he 
had climbed to gather plums for his wife. 
The duke then asked if his sight had 
been restored ? "Yes," said the man ; and 
being shown divers colours, could readily 
distinguish between red, blue, brown, 
and so on. The duke told the rascal 
that a blind man does not climb trees to 
gather their fruits ; and one born blind 
might, if his sight were restored, know 
that one colour differed from another, but 
could not possibly know which was 
which. He then placed a stool before 
him, and ordered the constables to whip 
him till he jumped over it ; whereon the 
lame man jumped over it, and ran off as 
fast as his legs could carry him. Sir 
Thomas More tells this story, and Shake- 
speare introduces it in 2 Henry VI. act 
ii. sc. 1 (1591). 

Simple, the servant of Slender (cousin 
of justice Shallow). — Shakespeare, The 
Merry Wives of Windsor (1596). 

Simple (The), Charles III. of France 
(879, 893-929). 

Simple (Peter), the hero and title of a 
novel by captain Marryat (1833). 

Simple Simon, a man more sinned 
against than sinning, whose misfortunes 
arose from his wife Margery's cruelty, 
which began the very morning of their 
marriage. 

We do not know whether it is necessary to seek for a 
Teutonic or Northern original for this once popular book. 
— Quarterly Review. 

Simpson (Tarn), the drunken barber. 
—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronarts Well (time, 
George III.). 

Simson (Jean), an old woman at 
Middlemas village.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Simurgh., a fabulous Eastern bird, 
endowed with reason and knowing all 
languages. It had seen the great cycle 
of 7000 3 T ears twelve times, and, during 
that period, it declared it had seen the 
earth wholly without inhabitant seven 
times. — W. Beckford, Vathek (notes, 
8 w 



SIN. 



914 SINGLE-SPEECH HAMILTON. 



1784). This does not agree with Southey's 
account (see Simorg). 

Sin, twin-keeper, with Death, of Hell- 
gate. She sprang, full-grown, from the 
head of Satan. 

Woman to the waist, and fair, 
But ending foul in many a scaly fold 
Voluminous and vast, a serpent armed 
With mortal sting. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. (1665). 

Sin'adone (The lady of), metamor- 
phosed by enchantment into a serpent. 
Sir Lybius (one of Arthur's knights) 
slew the enchantress, and the serpent, 
coiling about his neck, kissed him ; 
whereupon the spell was broken, the 
serpent became a lovely princess, and sir 
Lybius made her his wife. — Libeaux (a 
romance). 

Sindbad, a merchant of Bagdad, who 
acquired great wealth by merchandize. 
He went seven voyages, which he related 
to a poor discontented porter named 
Hindbad, to show him that wealth must 
be obtained by enterprise and personal 
exertion. 

First Voyage. Being becalmed in the 
Indian Ocean, he and some others of the 
crew visited what they supposed to be an 
island, but which was in reality a huge 
whale asleep. They lighted a fire on the 
whale, and the heat woke the creature, 
which instantly dived under water. Sind- 
bad was picked up by some merchants, 
and in due time returned home. 

Second Voyage. Sindbad was left, during 
sleep, on a desert island, and discovered 
a roc's egg, " fifty paces in circum- 
ference." He fastened himself to the 
claw of the bird, and was deposited in 
the valley of diamonds. Next day, some 
merchants came to the top of the crags, 
and threw into the valley huge joints of 
raw meat, to which the diamonds stuck, 
and when the eagles picked up the meat, 
the merchants scared them from their 
nests, and carried off the diamonds. 
Sindbad fastened himself to a piece of 
meat, was carried by an eagle to its nest, 
and being rescued by the merchants, re- 
turned home laden with diamonds. 

Third Voyage is the encounter with 
the Cyclops. (See Ulysses and Poly- 
phkmos, where the account is given in 
detail.) 

Fourth Voyage. Sindbad married a 
lady of rank in a strange island on which 
he was cast ; and when his wife died, he 
was buried alive with the dead body, 
according to the custom of the land. He 
made his way out of the catacomb, and 



returned to Bagdad, greatly enriched by 
valuables rifled from the dead bodies. 

Fifth Voyage. The ship in which he 
sailed was dashed to pieces by huge 
stones let down from the talons of two 
angry rocs. Sindbad swam to a desert 
island, where he threw stones at the 
monkeys, and the monkeys threw back 
cocoa-nuts. On this island Sindbad en- 
countered and killed the Old Man of the 
Sea. 

Sixth Voyage. Sindbad visited the 
island of Serendib (or Ceylon), and 
climbed to the top of the mountain "where 
Adam was placed on his expulsion from 
paradise." 

Seventh Voyage. He was attacked by 
corsairs, sold to slavery, and employed in 
shooting elephants from a tree. He dis- 
covered a tract of hill country completely 
covered with elephants' tusks, communi- 
cated his discovery to his master, obtained 
his liberty, and returned home. — Arabian 
Nights (" Sindbad the Sailor"). 

Sindbad, Ulysses, and the Cy- 
clops. (See Ulysses and Polyphe- 
mos.) 

Sin'el, thane of Glamis, and father 
of Macbeth. He married the younger 
daughter of Malcolm II. of Scotland. 

Sing (Sadha), the mourner of the 
desert. — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Singe de Racine (Le), Campistron, 
the French dramatic poet (1656-1723). 

Singing Apple (The), in the deserts 
of Libya. This apple resembled a ruby 
crowned with a huge diamond, and had 
the gift of imparting wit to those who 
only smelt of it. Prince Chery obtained 
it for Fairstar. (See Singing Tree.) 

The singing apple is as great an embellisher of wit as 
the dancing water is of beauty. Would you appear in 
public as a poet or prose writer, a wit or a philosopher, 
you only need smell it, and you are possessed at once of 
these rare gifts of genius.— Comtesse DAunoy, Fairy Jala 
(" Princess Fairstar," 1682). 

Singing Tree (The), a tree, every 
leaf of which was a mouth, and all the 
leaves sang together in harmonious con- 
cert. — Arabian Nights (" The Two 
Sisters," the last story). 

*** In the tale of Chery and Fairstar, 
"the singing tree" is called "the singing 
apple " (q.v.). 

Single-Speech Hamilton,William 
Gerard Hamilton, statesman (172&-1796). 
His first speech was delivered November 
13, 1775, and his eloquence threw into 



SINGLETON. 



915 



SIRENS. 



the shade every orator except Pitt him- 
self. 

It was supposed that he had exhausted himself in that 
one speeeh, and had become physically incapable of 
making a second ; so that afterwards, when he really did 
make a second, everybody was naturally disgusted, and 
most people dropped his acquaintance. — De Quincey (17d(>- 
1859). 

Singleton {Captain), the hero of a 
novel by D. Defoe, called The Adventures 
of Captain Singleton. 

The second part [of Robinson Crusoe] scarcely rise* 
above the level of Captain Singleton. — Encyc. Brit., Art. 
' ' Romance." 

Singular Doctor {The), William 
Occam, Doctor Singularis et Invincibi/is 
(1276-1347). 

%* The " Occam razor" was entia non 
sunt multiplicands, "entities are not to 
be unnecessarily multiplied." In other 
words, elements, genera, and first prin- 
ciples are very few in number. 

Sin'is or Sinnis, a Corinthian robber, 
called "The Pine-Bender," because he 
fastened his victims to the branches of 
two adjacent pine trees bent down by 
force ; being then left to rebound, they 
tore the victim to pieces. — Greek Fable. 

In Stephen's reign, Ave are told, "the 
barons took those supposed to have any 
property, and inflicted on them unutter- 
able tortures. Some they hanged up by 
the feet, and smoked with foul smoke ; 
some they hung by the thumbs, and 
weighted with coats of mail. They tied 
knotted cords about the heads of others, 
and twisted the cords till the pain went to 
the brains ; others they kept in dungeons 
with adders and snakes. Some they tore 
in pieces by fastening them to two trees ; 
and some they placed in a crucet house, 
i.e. a chest short and narrow, in which 
were spikes: the victims being forced into 
the chest, all their limbs were crushed 
and broken." — Ingram, Saxon Chronicle. 

Sinner Saved (^1). Cyra daughter 
of Proterius of Cappadocia was on the 
point of taking the veil among Emmelia's 
sisterhood, and just before the day of 
renunciation, Eleemon, her father's freed 
slave, who loved her, sold himself to the 
devil, on condition of obtaining her for his 
wife. He signed the bond with a drop of 
his heart's blood, and carried about with 
him a little red spot on his breast, as a 
perpetual reminder of the compact. The 
devil now sent a dream to Cyra, and 
another to her father, which caused them 
to change their plans ; and on the very 
day that Cyra was to have taken the veil, 
she was given by St. Basil in marriage to 
Eleemon, with whom she lived happily for 



many years, and had a large family. One 
night, while her husband was asleep, Cyra 
saw the blood-red spot ; she knew what it 
meant, and next day Eleemon told her the 
whole story. Cyra now bestirred herself 
to annul the compact, and went with her 
husband to St. Basil, to whom a free and 
full confession was made. Eleemon was 
shut up for a night in a cell, and Satan 
would have carried him off, but he clung 
to the foot of a crucifix. Next day, Satan 
met St. Basil in the cathedral, "and de- 
manded his bond. St. Basil assured him 
the bond was illegal and invalid. The 
devil was foiled, the red mark vanished 
from the skin of Eleemon, a sinner was 
saved, and St. Basil came off victorious. 
— Amphilochius, Life of St. Basil. (See 
Rosweyde, Vita: Patrum, 156-8.) 

%* Southey has converted this legend 
into a ballad of nine lays (1829). 

Sinon, the crafty Greek who per- 
suaded the Trojans to drag the Wooden 
Horse into their city. — Virgil, JEneid, ii. 

Dante, in his Inferno, places Sinon, 
with Potiphar's wife, Nimrod, and the 
rebellious giants, in the tenth pit of 
Malebolge (see p. 473). 

Sin'toism, the primitive religion of 
Japan. It recognizes Tien {"the sun") 
as the supreme deity, under whom is a 
crowd of inferior gods and goddesses. 
The priests eat no animal food. The 
name is derived from Sin, a demi-god. 

Sintram, the Greek hero of the 
German romance Sintram and His Com- 
panions, by baron Lamotte Fouque'. 

Sintram's Sicord, Welsung, 

Sio'na, a seraph, to whom was com- 
mitted the charge of Bartholomew the 
apostle. — Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. 
(1748). 

Siph'a, the guardian angel of Andrew 
the brother of Simon Peter. — Klopstock, 
The Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Si'pnax, a soldier, in love with prin- 
cess Calis, sister of Astorax king of 
Paphos. The princess is in love with 
Polydore the brother of general Memnon 
("the mad lover "). — Beaumont and Flet- 
cher, The Mad Lover (1617). 

Sir Oracle, a dictatorial prig ; a 
dogmatic pedant. 

I am sir Oracle, 
And when I ope my lips, let no dog bark. 
Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, act i. sc. 1 (1598). 

Sirens, three sea-nymphs, whose 
usual abode was a sma*il island near cape 



SIRLOIN OF BEEF. 



916 



SITOPHAGUS. 



Pclorus, in Sicily. They enticed Bailors 
ashore by their melodious singing, and 
then killed them. Their names are 
ParthenQpe, Ligeia, and Leucothea. — 
Greek Fable. 

Sirloin of Beef. James I., on his 
return from a hunting excursion, so 
much enjoyed his dinner, consisting of 
a loin of roast beef, that he laid his 
sword across it, and dubbed it sir Loin. 
At Chingford, in Essex, is a place called 
" Friday Hill House," in one of the 
rooms of which is an oak table with a 
brass plate let into it, inscribed with the 
following words: — "All Lovers of 
Roast Beef will like to know that 
on this Table a Loin was knighted 
by king James the First on his 
Return from Hunting in Epping 
Forest." 

Knighting the loin of beef is also 
ascribed to Charles II. 

Our second Charles, of fame facete, 

On loin of beef did dine ; 
He held his sword, pleased, o'er the meat : 

" Arise, thou famed sir Loin." 

Ballad of the Jfew Sir John Barleycorn. 

Sirocco, a wind, called the solano in 
Spain ; the khamsin in Egypt ; the 
simoom in Western Asia ; and the 
harmattan on the coast of Guinea. The 
Italians say of a stupid book, Era scritto 
in tempo dal scirocco ("It was written 
during the sirocco "). 

Sister Anne, sister of Fatima (the 
seventh and last wife of Bluebeard). 
Fatima, being condemned to death by 
her tyrannical husband, requested sister 
Anne to ascend to the highest tower of 
the castle to watch for her brothers, who 
were momentarily expected. Bluebeard 
kept roaring below stairs for Fatima to 
be quick ; Fatima was constantly calling 
out from her chamber, " Sister Anne, do 
you see them coming?" and sister Anne 
was on the watch-tower, mistaking every 
cloud of dust for the mounted brothers. 
They arrived at last, rescued Fatima> and 
put Bluebeard to death. — Charles Per- 
rault, Contes (" La Barbe Bleue," 1697). 

This is a Scandinavian tale taken from 
the Folks Sagas. 

Sis'yphos, in Latin Sisyphus, a 
king of Corinth, noted for his avarice 
and fraud. He was punished in the 
infernal regions by having to roll uphill 
a huge stone, which always rolled down 
again as soon as it reached the top. 
Sisyphos is a type of avarice, never 
satisfied. The avaricious man reaches 



the 6ummit of his ambition, and no 
sooner does he so than he finds the 
object of his desire as far off as ever. 

With many a weary step, and many a groan, 
Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone ; 
The huge round stone, returning with a bound, 
Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground. 
Homer, Odystey, xi. (Pope's trans.). 

Sisyphus, in the Milesian tales, was 
doomed to die, but when Death came to 
him, the wily fellow contrived to fasten 
the unwelcome messenger in a chair, and 
then feasted him till old Spare-ribs grew 
as fat as a prize pig. In time, Pluto 
released Death, and Sisyphus was caught, 
but prayed that he might speak to his 
wife before he went to hades. The 
prayer was granted, and Sisyphus told 
his wife not to bury him, for though she 
might think him dead, he would not be 
really so. When he got to the infernal 
regions, he made the ghosts so merry 
with his jokes that Pluto reproved him, 
and Sisyphus pleaded that, as he had not 
been buried, Pluto had no jurisdiction 
over him, nor could he even be ferried 
across the Styx. He then obtained 
leave to return to earth, that he might 
persuade his wife to bury him. Now, 
the wily old king had previously bribed 
Hermes, when he took him to hades, to 
induce Zeus to grant him life, provided 
he returned to earth again in the body ; 
when, therefore, he did return, he de- 
manded of Hermes the fulfilment of his 
promise, and Hermes induced Zeus to 
bestow on him life. Sisyphus was now 
allowed to return to earth, with a promise 
that he should never die again till he 
himself implored for death. So he lived 
and lived till he was weary of living, 
and when he went to hades the second 
time, he was allotted, by way of punish- 
ment, the task of rolling a huge stone to 
the top of a mountain. Orpheus (2 syl.) 
asked him how he could endure so cease- 
less and vain an employment, and Sisy- 
phus replied that he hoped ultimately 
to accomplish the task. " Never," ex- 
claimed Orpheus ; "it can never be 
done!" "Well, then," said Sisyphus, 
" mine is at worst but everlasting hope." 
— Lord Lytton, Tales of Miletus, ii. 

Sitoph'agUS (" the wheat-eater"), one 
of the mouse princes, who, being wounded 
in the battle, crept into a ditch to avoid 
further injury or danger. 

The lame Sitophagus, oppressed with pain, 
Creeps from the desperate dangers of the plain ; 
And where the ditches rising weeds supply . . . 
There lurks the silent mouse relieved of heat. 
And, safe embowered, avoids the chance of fate. 
Parr.ell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1713). 



SIWARD. 



917 



SKIFFINS. 



The last two lines might be amended 
thus : 

There lurks the trembling mouse with bated breath, 
And, hid from sight, avoids his instant death. 

Si ward \_Se' .ward], the earl of Nor- 
thumberland, and general of the English 
forces acting against Macbeth. — Shake- 
spear*, Macbeth (1606). 

Six Chronicles {The). Dr. Giles 
compiled and edited six Old English 
Chronicles for Bonn's series in 1848. 
They are : Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's 
Life of Alfred, Geoffrey of Monmouth's 
British History, Gildas the Wise, Nennius's 
History of the Britons, and Richard of 
Cirencester On the Ancient State of Britain. 
The last three were edited, in 1757, by 
professor Bertram, in his Scriptores Tres, 
but great doubt exists on the genuineness 
of Dr. Bertram's compilation. (See 
Three Writers.) 

Six Islands (The), which constitu- 
ted "Great Brittany" before the Saxon 
period, were Ireland, Iceland, Gothland, 
the Orkneys, Norway, and Dacia (or 
Denmark). 

Six Months' War {The), the great 
war between Prussia and France. The 
emperor (Napoleon III.) left St. Cloud 
July 28, 1870, and Paris capitulated 
January 28, 1871. 

Sixpenny War (The), the 0. P. 
(old price) riot of Covent Garden in 1809. 
So called because the managers tried to 
raise the price of admission from 3s. 6c?. 
to 4s. If the managers had not given 
way, the newly built theatre would have 
been utterly dismantled. 

Sixteen-String Jack, John Rann, 
a highwayman. He was a great fop, 
and wore sixteen tags to his breeches, 
eight at each knee (hanged 1774). 

Dr. Johnson said that Gray's poetry towered above the 
ordinary run of verse, as Sixteen-String Jack above the 
ordinary foot-pad. — Boswell, Life of Johnson (1791). 

Skeffington, author of Sleeping 
Beauty, Maids and Bachelors, etc. 

And sure great Skeffington must claim our praise 
For skirtless coats, and skeletons of plays. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotsh Reviewers (1809). 

Skeggs (Miss Carolina Wilhelmina 
Amelia), the companion of "lady Blar- 
ney." These were two flash women 
introduced by squire Thornhill to the 
Primrose family, with a view of beguiling 
the two eldest daughters, who were both 
very beautiful. Sir William Thornhill 
thwarted their infamous purpose. — Gold- 
smith, Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 



Skeleton at the Feast. Plutarch 
says that in Egyptian banquets toward* 
the close a servant brought in a skeleton, 
and cried aloud to the guests, " Look on 
this ! Eat, drink, and be merry, for to- 
morrow you die ! " Herodotos says the 
skeleton was a wooden one, about eighteen 
inches in length. (See 1 Cor. xv. 32.) 

The stranger feasted at his board ; 
But, like the skeleton at the feast, 
That warning timepiece never ceased : 
" For ever — Never 1 Never — For ever 1 " 

Longfellow, The Old Clock on the Stairs, 

Skelton (Sam), a smuggler.— Sir 
W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Sketchley (Arthur), George Rose, 
author of Mrs. Brown (her observations 
on men and objects, politics and manners, 
etc.). 

Skettles (Sir Barnet), of Fulham. 
He expressed his importance by an 
antique gold snuff-box and silk hand- 
kerchief. His hobby was to extend his 
acquaintances, and to introduce people 
to each other. Skettles, junior, was a 
pupil of Dr. Blimber. — C. Dickens, 
Dombey and Son (1846). 

Skevington's Daughter, an in- 
strument of torture invented by Skeving- 
ton, lieutenant of the Tower in the reign 
of Henry VIII. It consisted of a broad 
iron hoop, in two parts, jointed with a 
hinge. The victim was put into the 
hoop, which was then squeezed close and 
locked. Here he remained for about an 
hour and a half in the most inexpressible 
torture. (Generally corrupted into the 
"Scavenger's Daughter.") 

Skewton (Ihe Hon. Mrs.), mother 
of Edith (Mr. Dombey's second wife). 
Having once been a beaut3 r , she painted 
when old and shrivelled, became en- 
thusiastic about the " charms of nature," 
and reclined in her bath-chair in the 
attitude she assumed in her barouche 
when young and well off. A fashionable 
artist had painted her likeness in this 
attitude, and called his picture " Cleo- 
patra." The Hon. Mrs. Skewton was 
the sister of the late lord Feenix, and 
aunt to the present lord. — C. Dickens, 
Dombey and' Son (1846). 

Skies, snobs, blackguards. At West- 
minster School the boys call themselves 
Romans, and the "town " Volsci, contracted 
into 'sci, and corrupted into " skies." 

"Snowball the skies! " thought I, not knowing that 
' skies " and blackguards were synonymous terms.— 
Lord W. P. Lennox, Celebrities, etc., I. 2. 

Skiffins (Miss), an angular, middle- 



SKIMPOLE. 



918 



SLANG. 



aged woman, who wears "green kid 
gloves when dressed for company." She 
marries Wemmick. — C. Dickens, Great 
Expectations (1860). 

Skimpole (Harold), an amateur 
artist, always sponging on his friends. 
Under a plausible, light-hearted manner, 
he was intensely selfish, but Mr. Jarndyce 
looked on him as a mere child, and 
believed in him implicitly. — C. Dickens, 
Bleak House (1852). 

(The original of this character was 
Leigh Hunt, who was greatly displeased 
at the skit.) 

Skin (The Man without a), Richard 
Cumberland. So called by Garrick, on 
account of his painful sensitiveness of 
all criticism. The same irritability of 
temper made Sheridan caricature him in 
The Critic as " sir Fretful Plagiary " 
(1732-1811). 

Skinfaxi ("shining mane''''), the 
horse which draws the chariot of day. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Skofnung, the sword of king Rolf 
the Norway hero, preserved for centuries 
in Iceland. 

Skogan. (See Scogan.) 

Skreigh (Mr.), the precentor at the 
Gordon Arms inn, Kippletringan. — Sir 
W. Scott, Guy Manncring (time, George 
II.). 

Skulls. The skulls of the ancient 
Persians were so thin-boned that a small 
pebble would break them ; whereas those 
of the Egyptians were so thick in the 
bone that they would not break even with 
the blow of a huge stone. — Herodotos, 
History (in nine books, called " The 
Nine Muses"). 

Skulls at Banquets. Plutarch 
tells us that towards the close of an 
Egyptian feast a servant brought in a 
skeleton, and cried to the guests, "Eat, 
drink, and be merry, for to-morrow you 
die ! " 

Like skulls at Memphian banquets. 

Byron. Don Juan, iii. G5 (1830) 

Skurliewhitter (Andrew), the 
scrivener. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of 
Nigel (time, James I.). 

Sky-Lark, a lark with the "skies" 
or 'seis. The Westminster boys used to 
style themselves Romans, and the 
"town" Volsci ; the latter word was 
curtailed to 'set [shy']. A row between 
the Westminsterians and the town roughs 



was called a 'sci-lark or a lark with the 

Volsci. 

Skyresh Bol'golam, the high 
admiral or galbet of the realm of Lilliput. 
— Swift, Gulliver's Travels (" Voyage to 
Lilliput," iii., 1726). 

S. L. Laud ordered William Prynne 
to be branded on both cheeks with the 
letters S. L., meaning "Schismatic libel- 
ler ; " but Prynne insisted that the letters 
stood for Stigmata Laudis ("Laud's dis- 
grace "). 

Slackbridge, one of the "hands" 
in Bounderby's mill atCoketown. Slack- 
bridge is an ill-conditioned fellow, ill 
made, with lowering eyebrows, and 
though inferior to many of the others, 
exercises over them a great influence. 
He is the orator, who stirs up his fellow- 
workmen to strike. — C. Dickens, Hard 
Times (1854). 

Slammerkin (Mrs.). Captain Mac- 
heath says of her, " She is careless and 
genteel." " All you fine ladies," he adds, 
"who know your own beauty, affect an 
undress." — Gay, The Beggar's Opera, ii. 
1 (1727). 

Slander, an old hag, of "ragged, 
rude attyre, and filthy lockes," who 
sucked venom out of her nails. It was 
her nature to abuse all goodness, to frame 
groundless charges, to " steale away the 
crowne of a good name," and "never 
thing so well was doen, but she with 
blame would blot, and of due praise 
deprive." 

A foule and loathly creature sure in sight, 
And in conditions to be loathed no lesse ; 
For she was stuft with rancour and despight 
Up to the throat, that oft with bitternesse 
It forth would breake and gush in great excesse, 
Pouring out streames of poyson and of gall 
'Gainst all that truth or vertue doe professe, 
Whom she with leasings lewdly did miscall. 
And wickedly backbite. Her name men "Sclaunder" 
call. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, IV. viii. 24 (1596). 

Slang, from Slangenberg, a Dutch 
general, noted for his abusive and ex- 
aggerated epithets when he reproved the 
men under his command. The etymon 
is suited to this dictionary, and the fol- 
lowing are not without wit : — Italian, 
s-lingua, s negative and lingua = " bad 
language;" French, esclandre, "an event 
which gives rise to scandal," hence, faire 
esclandre, "to expose one to scandal," 
causer de Vescandre, " to give ground for 
scandal ;" Greek, skandtilvn, "an offence, 
a scandal." " Slangs," fetters for male- 
factors. 



SLANGO. 



919 



SLEEPER. 



SlangO, a lad, servant of Gaylove 
a young barrister. He dresses up as a 
woman, and when squire Sapskull comes 
from Yorkshire for a wife, Slango passes 
himself off as Arbella. In the mean time, 
Gaylove assumes the airs and manners of 
a Yorkshire tike, and marries Arbella, 
-with whom he is in love. — Carey, The 
Honest Yorkshireman (1736). 

Slawken-Ber'gius Hafen, an 

imaginary author, distinguished for the 
great length of his nose. In the Life 
and Opinions of Tristram Shamty (by 
Sterne), Slawken-Bergius is referred to 
as a great authority on all lore connected 
with noses, and a curious tale is intro- 
duced from his hypothetical works about 
a man with an enormously long nose. 

No nose can be justly amputated by the public, not 
even the nose of Slawken-Bergius himself. — Carlyle. 

Slaygood (Giant), master of a gang 
of thieves which infested the King's 
highway. Mr. Greatheart slew him, and 
rescued Feeblemind from his grasp in a 
duel. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 
(1684). 

Slea'ry, proprietor of the circus at 
Coketown. A stout man, with one eye 
fixed and one loose, a voice like the 
efforts of a broken pair of bellows, a 
flabby skin, and muddled head. He was 
never sober and never drunk, but always 
kind-hearted. Tom Gradgrind, after 
robbing the bank, lay concealed in this 
circus as a black servant, till Sleary con- 
nived at his escape. This Sleary "did in 
gratitude to Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., 
M.P., who adopted and educated Cecilia 
Jupe, daughter of his clown, signor 
Jupe. 

Josephine Sleary, daughter of the circus 
proprietor, a pretty girl of 18, who had 
been tied on a horse at two years old, 
and had made a will at 12. This will 
she carried about with her, and in it she 
signified her desire to be drawn to the 
grave by two piebald ponies. Josephine 
married" E. W. B. Childers of her father's 
circus. — C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 

Sleek (Aminadah), in The Serious 
Family, a comedy by Morris Barnett. 

Sleeper (The). Almost all nations 
have a tradition about some sleeper, who 
will wake after a long period of dor- 
mancy. 

American (North). Rip van Winkle, 
a Dutch colonist of New York, slept 
twenty years in the Kaatskill Moun- 



tains of North America. — Washington 
Irving. 

American (South). Sebastian I., sup- 
posed to have fallen in the battle of 
Alcazarquebir, in 1578, is only asleep, 
and will in due time awake, return to 
life, and make Brazil the chief kingdom 
of the earth. 

Arabian Legends. Mahommed Mo- 
hadi, the twelfth iman, is only sleeping, 
like Charlemagne, till Antichrist appears, 
when he will awake in his strength, and 
overthrow the great enemy of all true 
believers. 

Noubjahad is only in a temporary 
sleep, waiting the fulness of time. 

British Traditions. King Arthur is 
not dead in Avillon, but is merely meta- 
morphosed into a raven. In due time he 
will awake, resume his proper person, 
claim the throne of Britain, and make it 
the head and front of all the kingdoms 
of the globe. "Because king Arthur 
bears for the nonce the semblance of a 
raven, the people of Britain never kill a 
raven" (Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. ii. 5). 

Gyneth slept 500 years by the en- 
chantment of Merlin. She was the 
natural daughter of king Arthur and 
Guendolen, and was thus punished be- 
cause she would not put an end to a com- 
bat in which twenty knights were mortally 
wounded, including Merlin's son. — Sir W. 
Scott, Bridal of Triermain (1813). 

Merlin, the enchanter, is not dead, 
but " sleeps and sighs in an old tree, 
spell-bound by Vivien." — British Legend. 

St. David was thrown into an en- 
chanted sleep by Ormandine, but after 
sleeping for seven years, was awoke by 
Merlin. 

French Legend. The French slain in 
the Sicilian Vespers are not really 
dead, but they sleep for the time being, 
awaiting the day of retribution. 

German Legends. Barbarossa with 
six of his knights sleep in Kyffhausberg, 
in Thuringia, till the fulness of time, 
when they will awake and make Germany 
the foremost kingdom of the earth. The 
beard of the red king has already grown 
through the table slab at which he is 
sitting, but it must wind itself three 
times round the table before his second 
advent. Barbarossa occasionally wakes 
and asks, "Is it time?" when a voice 
replies, " Xot yet. Sleep on." 

Charlemagne is not dead, but only 
asleep in Untersberg, near Saltzburg, 
waiting for the advent of Antichrist, 
when he will rouse from his slumber, go 



SLEEPER. 



920 



SLEEPER AWAKENED. 



forth conquering, and will deliver Chris- 
tendom that it may be fit for the second 
advent and personal reign of Christ. 

Charles V. kaiser of Germany is 
only asleep, waiting his time, when he 
will awake, return to earth, " resume the 
monarchy over Germany, Portugal, Spain, 
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark, 
putting all enemies under his feet. 

Knez Lazar, of Servia, supposed to 
have been slain by the Turks in 1389, is 
not really dead, but has put on sleep for 
a while, and at an allotted moment he will 
re-appear in his full strength. 

Grecian Legends. Endym'ion, a beau- 
tiful youth, sleeps a perpetual sleep in 
Latmos. Selene (the moon) fell in love 
with him, kissed him, and still lies by 
his side. In the British Museum is an 
exquisite statue of Endymion asleep.— 
Greek Fable. 

Epimen'ides (5 syl.) the Cretan poet 
was sent in boyhood to search for a stray 
sheep ; being heated and weary, he 
stepped into a cave, and fell asleep for 
fifty-seven years. Epimenides, we are 
told, attained the age of 154, 157, 229, 
and some say 289 years. — Pliny, History, 
vii. 12. 

Irish Traditions. Brian, surnamed 
" Boroimhe," king of Ireland, who con- 
quered the Danes in twenty pitched 
battles, and was supposed to have been 
slain in the battle of Clontarf, in 1014, 
was only stunned. He still sleeps in his 
castle of Kincora, and the day of Ire- 
land's necessity will be Brian's oppor- 
tunity. 

Desmond of Kilmallock, in Lime- 
rick, supposed to have perished in the 
reign of Elizabeth, is only sleeping under 
the waters of lough Gur. Every seventh 
year he re-appears in full armour, rides 
round the lake early in the morning, and 
will ultimately re-appear and claim the 
family estates. — Sir W, Scott, Fortws^s 
of Nigel. 

Jewish Legend. Elijah the prophet 
is not dead, but sleeps in Abraham's 
bosom till Antichrist appears, when he 
will return to Jerusalem and restore all 
things. 

Hussian Tradition. Elijah Mansur, 
warrior, prophet, and priest in Asiatic 
Russia, tried to teach a more tolerant 
form of Islam, but was looked on as a 
heretic, and condemned to imprisonment 
in the bowels of a mountain. There he 
sleeps, waiting patiently the summons 
which will be given him, when he will 
awake, and wave his conquering sword to 



the terror of the Muscovite. — Milner, 
Gallery of Geography, 781. 

Scandinavian Tradition. Olaf Trygg- 
vasox king of Norway, who was baptized 
in London, and introduced Christianity 
into Norway, Iceland, and Greenland. 
Being overthrown by Swolde king of 
Sweden (a.d. 1000), he threw himself 
into the sea and swam to the Holy Land, 
became an anchorite, and fell asleep at a 
greatly advanced age ; but he is only 
waiting his opportunity, when he will 
sever Norway from Sweden, and raise it 
to a first-class power. 

Scottish Iradition. Thomas of Er- 
celdoune sleeps beneath the Eildon 
Hills, in Scotland. One. day, an elfin 
lady led him into a cavern in these hills, 
and he fell asleep for seven years, when 
he revisited the upper earth, under a bond 
that he would return immediately the 
elfin lady summoned him. One day, as 
he was making merry with his friends, he 
heard the summons, kept his word, and 
has never since been seen. — Sir W. Scott, 
Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. 

Spanish Tradition. Bobadil el Chico, 
last of the Moorish kings of Granada, lies 
spell-bound near the Alhambra, but in the 
day appointed he will return to earth and 
restore the Moorish government in Spain. 

Swiss Legend. Three of the family of 
Tell sleep a semi-death at Rutli, waiting 
for the hour of their country's need, 
when they will wake up and deliver it. 

* + * See Seven Sleepers. 

Sleeper Awakened (The). Abou 
Hassan, the son of a rich merchant at 
Bagdad, inherited a good fortune ; but, 
being a prudent man, made a vow to 
divide it into two parts : all that came 
to him from rents he determined to set 
apart, but all that was of the nature of 
cash he resolved to spend on pleasure. 
In the course of a year he ran through 
this fund, and then made a resolve in 
future to ask only one guest at a time 
to his board. This guest was to be a 
stranger, and never to be asked a second 
time. It so happened that the caliph 
Haroun-al-Raschid, disguised as a mer- 
chant, was on one occasion his guest, and 
heard Abou Hassan say that he wished 
he were caliph for one day, and he would 
punish a certain iman for tittle-tattling. 
Haroun-al-Raschid thought that he could 
make capital of this wish for a little 
diversion ; so, drugging the merchant's 
wine, he fell into a profound sleep, was 
convoyed to the palace, and on waking 



SLEEPER AWAKENED. 



921 



SLIP. 



was treated as the caliph. He ordered 
the iman to be punished, and sent his 
mother a handsome gift ; but at night, 
another sleeping draught being given 
him, he was carried back to his own 
house. When he woke, he could not 
decide if he had been in a dream or not, 
but his conduct was so strange that he 
was taken to a mad-house. He was con- 
fined for several days, and, being dis- 
charged, the caliph in disguise again 
visited him, and repeated the same game, 
so that next day he could not tell which 
had been the dream. At length the 
mystery was cleared up, and he was 
given a post about the caliph's person, 
and the sultana gave him a beautiful 
slave for his wife. Abou Hassan now 
played a trick on the caliph. He pre- 
tended to be dead, and sent his young 
wife to the sultana to announce the sad 
news. Zobeida, the sultana, was very 
much grieved, and gave her favourite a 
sum of money for the funeral expenses. 
On her return, she played the dead 
woman, and Abou Hassan went to the 
caliph to announce his loss. The caliph 
expressed his sympathy, and, having 
given him a sum of money for the 
funeral expenses, went to the sultana 
to speak of the sad news of the death of 
the young bride. "The bride?" cried 
Zobeida; " you mean the bridegroom, 
commander of the faithful." " No, I 
mean the bride," answered the caliph, 
" for Abou Hassan has but just left me." 
"That cannot be, sire," retorted Zobeida, 
" for it is not an hour ago that the bride 
was here, to announce his death." To 
settle this moot point, the chief of the 
eunuchs was sent to see which of the two 
was dead ; and Abou, who saw him 
coming, got the bride to pretend to be 
dead, and set himself at her head be- 
wailing, so the man returned with the 
report that it was the bride who was dead, 
and not the bridegroom. The sultana 
would not believe him, and sent her aged 
nurse to ascertain the fact. As she 
approached, Abou Hassan pretended to be 
dead, and the bride to be the wailing 
widow ; accordingly the nurse contra- 
dicted the report of the eunuch. The 
caliph and sultana, with the nurse and 
eunuch, then all went to see for them- 
selves, and found both apparently dead. 
The caliph now said he would give 1000 
pieces of gold to know which died first, 
when Abou Hassan cried, "Commander 
of the faithful, it was I who died first." 
The trick was found out, the caliph 



nearly died with laughter, and the jest 
proved a little mine of wealth to the 
court favourite. — Arabian Nights. 

Sleepers. (See Seven Sleepers.) 

Sleeping Beauty (The), a lady 
who sleeps in a castle a hundred years, 
during which time an impenetrable wood 
springs up around the castle ; but being 
at length disenchanted by a young 
prince, she marries him. The brothers 
Grimm have reproduced this tale in Ger- 
man. The old Norse tale of Brynhild 
and Sigurd seems to be the original of 
The Sleeping Beauty. — Perrault, Contes 
du Temps ("La Belle au Bois Dormant," 
1697). 

(Tennyson has poetized this nursery 
story.) 

Sleepner, the horse of Odin. 

Slender, one of the suitors of "sweet 
Anne Page." His servant's name is 
Simple. Slender is a country lout, 
cousin of justice Shallow. — Shakespeare, 
Merry Wives of Windsor (1596). 

Slender is a perfect satire ... on the brilliant youth of 
the provinces . . . before the introduction of newspapers 
and turnpike roads; awkward and boobyish among civil 
people, but at home in rude sports, and proud of exploits 
at which the town would laugh. — Hallam. 

Slender and sir Andrew Ague-cheek are fools troubled 
with an uneasy consciousness of their folly, which in the 
latter produces a most edifying meekness and docility, and 
in the former awkwardness, obstinacy, and confusion. — 
Macau lay. 

Slick (Sam), judge Thomas Chandler 
Haliburton of Nova Scotia, author of The 
Clockmaker (1837). 

Sam Slick, a Yankee clockmaker and 
pedlar, wonderfully 'cute, a great ob- 
server, full of quaint ideas, droll wit, 
odd fancies, surprising illustrations, and 
plenty of " soft sawder." Judge Hali- 
burton wrote the two series called Sam 
Slick or the Clockmaker (1837). 

Sliderskew (Peg), the hag-like 
housekeeper of Arthur Gride. She robs 
her master of some deeds, and thereby 
brings on his ruin. — C. Dickens, Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). 

Sligo (Dr.), of Ireland. He looks 
with contempt on his countryman, Dr. 
Osasaf ras, because he is but a parvenu. 

Osasafras ? That's a name of no note. He is not a 
Milesian, I am sure. The family, I suppose, came over 
the other day with Strongbow, not above seven or eight 
hundred years ago.— Foote, The Devil upon Two Stick* 
(1768). 

Slingsby (Jonathan Freke), John 
Francis Waller, author of The Slingsby 
Papers (1852), etc. 

Slip, the valet of young Harlowe (son 



SLIPPERS. 



922 



SLUDGE. 



of sir Harry Harlowe of Dorsetshire). 
He schemes with Martin, a fellow-ser- 
vant, to contract a marriage between 
Martin and Miss Stockwell (daughter of 
a wealthy merchant), in order to get 
possession of £10,000, the wedding por- 
tion. The plan was this : Martin was to 
pass himself off as young Harlowe, and 
marry the lady or secure the dot ; but 
Jenny (Miss Stockwell's maid) informs 
Belford, the lover of Miss Stockwell, 
and he arrests the two knaves just in 
time to prevent mischief. — Garrick, Neck 
or Nothing (1766). 

Slippers which enabled the feet to 
walk, knives that cut of themselves, and 
sabres which dealt blows at a wish, were 
presents brought to Vathek by a hideous 
monster without a name. — W. Beckford, 
Vathek (1784). 

Slippery Sam, a highwayman in 
captain Macheath's gang. Peach um says 
he should dismiss him, because " the 
villain hath the impudence to have views 
of following his trade as a tailor, which 
he calls an honest employment." — Gay, 
The Beggar's Opera, i. (1727). 

Slipslop (Mrs.), a lady of frail 
morals. — Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742). 

Slo-Fair, Chichester, the October 
fair, when the beasts were sold for 
slaughter, that they might be salted down 
for winter use. The next month (Novem- 
ber) was called Blot-monath or "Blood- 
month," being the time when the beasts 
were killed. (Old English, sle'an,^ sloh, 
"to slaughter;" blot, "blood, sacrifice,-' 
from blotan, "to shed blood.") 

Some idea may be gathered of the 
enormous number of animals salted down 
in November, from the mere residue left 
in the larder of the elder Spencer, in 
May, 1327. There were "80 salted 
beeves, 500 bacons, and 600 muttons." 

Slop (Dr.), sir John Stoddart, M.D., 
editor of the New Times, who entertained 
an insane hatred of Napoleon Bonaparte, 
called by him " The Corsican Fiend." 
William Hone devised the name from 
Stoddart's book entitled Slop's Shave at 
a Broken Hone (1820), and Thomas Moore 
helped to popularize it (1773-1856). 

Slop (Dr.), a choleric, enthusiastic, and 
bigoted physician. He breaks down 
Tristram's nose, and crushes uncle Toby's 
fingers to a jelly in attempting to demon- 
strate the use and virtues of a newly 
invented pair of obstetrical forceps. — 



Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram 
Shandy, Gentleman (1759). 

(Under this name, Sterne ridiculed Dr. 
Burton, a man-midwife of York.) 

Slopard (Dame), wife of Grimbard 
the brock or badger, in the beast-epic of 
Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Sloppy, a love-child brought up by 
Betty Higden, for whom he turned the 
mangle. When Betty died, Mr. Boffin 
apprenticed him to a cabinet-maker. 
Sloppy is described as " a very long boy, 
with a very little head, and an open 
mouth of disproportionate capacity that 
seemed to assist his eyes in staring." It 
is hinted that he became " the prince " of 
Jenny Wren, the dolls' dressmaker. 

Of an ungainly make was Sloppy. There was too much 
of him longwise, too little of him broadwise, and too 
many sharp angles of him angle-wi-e. ... He had a con- 
siderable capital of knee, and elbow, and wrist, and 
ankle. Full-private Number One in the awkward squad 
was Sloppy. — C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, I. i. 16 
(1864). 

Slough of Despond (The), a deep 
bog, which Christian had to pass on his 
way to the Wicket Gate. Neighbour 
Pliable would not attempt to pass it, 
and turned back. While Christian was 
floundering in the slough, Help came to 
his aid, and assisted him over. 

The name of the slough was Despond. Here they 
wallowed for a time, and Christian, because of the burden 
that was on his back, began to sink into the mire. This 
miry slough is such a place as cannot be mended. It is the 
descent whither the scum and filth that attends conviction 
of sin doth continually run. and therefore is it called the 
Slough of Despond ; for still, as the sinner is awakened 
about his lost condition, there arise in his soul many 
fears and doiibts ami discouraging apprehensions, which 
all of them get together, and settle in this place, and this 
is the reason of the badness of this ground. — Bunyan, 
Pilgrim's Propres*, i. (1678). 

Slowboy (Tilly), nurse and general 
help of Mr. and Mrs. Peerybingle. She 
" was of a spare and straight shape, 
insomuch that her garments appeared to 
be in constant danger of sliding off her 
shoulders. Her costume was remarkable 
for its very partial development, and 
always afforded glimpses at the back of 
a pair of dead-green stays." Miss Tilly 
was very fond of baby, but had a sur- 
prising talent for getting it into diffi- 
culties, bringing its head in perpetual 
contact with doors, dressers, stair-rails, 
bedposts, and so on. Tilly, who had 
been a foundling, looked upon the house 
of Peerybingle the carrier as a royal 
residence, and loved both Mr. and Mrs. 
Peerybingle with all the intensity of au 
undivided affection. — C. Dickens, The 
Cricket on the Hearth (1845). 

Sludge (Gammer), the landlady of 



SLUM. 



923 



SMA'TRASH. 



Erasmus Holiday the schoolmaster in 
White Horse Vale. 

Dickie Sludye or " Flibbertigibbet," 
her dwarf grandson. — Sir W. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Slum {Mr.), a patter poet, who 
dressed en militaire. He called on Mrs. 
Jarley, exhibitor of wax-works, all by 
accident. "What, Mr. Slum?" cried 
the lady of the wax-work ; " who'd have 
thought of seeing you here ?" " 'Pon mj r 
soul and honour," said Mr. Slum, 
" that's a good remark ! Ton my soul 
and honour, that's a wise remark . . . 
Why I came here ? 'Pon my soul and 
honour, I hardly know what I came 
here for . . . What a splendid classical 
thing is this, Mrs. Jarley ! 'Pon my soul 
and honour, it is quite Minervian!" 
" It'll look well, I fancy," observed Mrs. 
Jarley. "Well!" said Mr. Slum; "it 
would be the delight of my life, 'pon my 
soul and honour, to exercise my Muse on 
such a delightful theme. By the way — 
any orders, madam ? Is there anything 
I can do for you?" (ch. xxviii.). 

"Ask the perfumers," said the military gentleman, 
"ask the blocking-makers, ask the hatters, ask the old 
lottery office keepers, ask any man among 'em what 
poetry has done for him, and mark my word, he blesses 
the name of Slum.*'— C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop 
(1840). 

Slumkey (Samuel), " blue" candidate 
for the representation of the borough of 
Eatanswill in parliament. His opponent 
is Horatio Fizkin, who represents the 
"buff" interest. — C. Dickens, The Pick- 
wick Papers (183(3). 

Sly (Christopher), a keeper of bears, 
and a tinker. In the induction of 
Shakespeare's comedy called Taming of 
the Shrew, Christopher is found dead 
drunk by a nobleman, who commands 
his servants to take him to his mansion 
and attend on him as a lord. The trick 
is played, and the " commonty " of 
Taming of the Shrew is performed for 
the delectation of the ephemeral lord. 

A similar trick was played by Haroun- 
al-Raschid on a rich merchant named 
Abou Hassan (see Arabian Nights, "The 
Sleeper Awakened"). Also by Philippe 
le Bon of Burgundy, on his marriage 
with Eleanora (see Burton, Anatomy of 
Melancholy, ii. 2, 4, 1624). 

Slyme (Chevy), one of old Martin 
Chuzzlewit's numerous relations. He is 
a drunken, good-for-nothing vagabond, 
but his friend. Montague Tigg considers 
him " an unappreciated genius." His 
chief peculiarity consists in his always 



being " round the corner." — C. Dickens, 

Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Small (Gilbert), the pinmaker, a 
hardworking old man, who loves his son 
most dearly. 

Thomas Small, the son of Gilbert, a 
would-be man of fashion and maccaroni. 
Very conceited of his fine person, he 
thinks himself the very glass of fashion. 
Thomas Small resolves to make a fortune 
by marriage, and allies himself to Kate, 
who turns out to be the daughter of Strap 
the cobbler. — S. Knowles, The Beggar of 
Bethnal Green (1834). 

Small Beer (To . . . Chronicle). 
" To suckle fools, and chronicle small 
beer" (Iago). — Shakespeare, Othello, 
act ii. sc. 1 (1611). 

Small Beer Poet (The), W. 
Thomas Fitzgerald. He is now known 
only for one line, quoted in the Rejected 
Addresses : " The tree of freedom is the 
British oak." Cobbett gave him the 
sobriquet (1759-1829). 

Small-Endians, a "religious sect" 
in Lilliput, who made it an article of or- 
thodoxy to break their eggs at the small 
end. By the Small-endians is meant the 
protestant party ; the Roman Catholics 
are called the Big-endians, from their 
making it a sine qua non for all true 
Churchmen to break their eggs at the big 
end. — Swift, Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage 
to Lilliput," 1726). 

Smallweed Family (The), a 
grasping, ill-conditioned lot, consisting 
of grandfather, grandmother, and the 
twins Bartholomew and Judy. The 
grandfather indulges in vituperative ex- 
clamations against his aged wife, with or 
without provocation, and flings at her 
anything he can lay his hand on. He 
becomes, however, so dilapidated at last 
that he has to be shaken up by his 
amiable granddaughter Judy in order to 
be aroused to consciousness. 

Bart., i.e. Bartholomew Smallweed, 
a j'outh who moulds himself on the 
model of Mr. Guppy, the lawyer's clerk 
in the office of Kenge and Carboy. 
He prides himself on being " a limb 
of the law," though under 15 years of 
age ; indeed, it is reported of him that his 
first long clothes were made out of a 
lawyer's blue bag. — C. Dickens, Bleak 
Bouse (1852). 

Sma'trash (Eppie), the ale-woman 
at Wolf's Hope village. — Sir W. Scott, 



SMAUKER. 



924 



SMITH. 



Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
III.). 

Smauker {John), footman of Angelo 
Cyrus Bantam. He invites Sam Weller 
to a "swarry" of "biled mutton." — C. 
Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Smectym/nuus, the title of a 
celebrated pamphlet containing an attack 
upon episcopacy (1641). The title is 
composed of the initial letters of the five 
writers, SM (Stephen Marshall), EC 
(Edmund Calamy), TY (Thomas Young), 
MN (Matthew Newcomen), TJTJS 
(William Spurstow). Sometimes one U 
is omitted. Butler says the business of 
synods is : 

To find, in lines of beard and face, 

The physiognomy of " Grace ; " 

And by the sound and twang of nose. 

If all be sound within disclose . . . 

The handkerchief about the neck 

(Canonical cravat of Smeck, 

From whom the institution came 

When Church and State they set on flame . . .) 

Judge rightly if " regeneration" 

Be of the newest eut in fashion. 

Sudibras, i. 3 (1663). 

Smelfungus. Smollett was so called 
by Sterne, because his volume of Travels 
through France and Italy is one per- 
petual snarl from beginning to end. 

The lamented Smelfungus travelled from Boulogne to 
Paris, from Paris to Rome, and so on ; but he set out 
with the spleen and jaundice, and every object he passed 
by was discoloured or distorted. He wrote an account of 
them, but 'twas nothing but the account of his own 
miserable feelings.— Sterne, Sentimental Journey (1768). 

Smell a Voice. When a young 
prince had clandestinely visited the 
young princess brought up in the palace 
of the Flower Mountain, the fairy mother 
Violenta said, "I smell the voice of a 
man," and commanded the dragon on 
which she rode to make search for the 
intruder. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy 
Tales (" The White Cat," 1682). 

Bottom says, in the part of "Pyra- 
mus : " 

I see a voice, now will I to the chink, 
To spy an I can hear my Thisbe's face. 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Niqht's Dream, act v. 
sc. 1 (1592). 

Smike (1 syl.), a poor, half -starved, 
half-witted boy, the son of Ralph 
Nickleby. As the marriage was clandes- 
tine, the child was put out to nurse, and 
neither its father nor mother ever went to 
see it. When about seven years old, the 
child was stolen by one Brooker, out of 
revenge, and put to school at Dotkeboys 
Hall, Yorkshire. Brooker paid the school 
fees for six years, and being then trans- 
ported, the payment ceased, and the boy 
was made a sort of drudge. Nicholas 
Nickleby took pity on him, and when he 



left, Smike ran away to join his friend, 
who took care of the poor half-witted 
creature till he died (see pp. 594-5, 
original edit.). — C. Dickens, Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). 

Smiler, a sheriff's officer, in A Regular 
Fix, by J. M. Morton. 

Smilinda, a lovelorn maiden, to 
whom Sharper was untrue. Pope, in his 
eclogue called The Basset Table (1715), 
makes Cordelia and Smilinda contend on 
this knotty point, " Who suffers most, 
she who loses at basset, or she who loses 
her lover?" They refer the question to 
Betty Lovet. Cordelia stakes her " lady's 
companion, made by Mathers, and worth 
fifty guineas," on the point ; and Smilinda 
stakes a snuff-box, won at Corticelli's in 
a raffle, as her pledge. When Cordelia 
has stated the iron agony of loss at cards, 
and Smilinda the crushing grief of losing 
a sweetheart, "streng as a footman and 
as his master sweet," Lovet awards the 
lady's companion to Smilinda, and the 
snuff-box to Cordelia, and bids both give 
over, "for she wants her tea." Of 
course, this was suggested by Virgil's 
Eclogue, iii. 

Smith.. In the Leisure Hour we read : 
" During a period of seventeen vears 
(from 1838 to 1854, both inclusive), the 
births, deaths, and marriages of the 
Smiths registered amounted to 286,037, 
and it is calculated that the families of 
Smith in England are not less than 
53,000." 

*** This must be a very great mis- 
calculation. 286,037, in seventeen years, 
gives rather more than 16,825 a year, or 
a marriage, death, or birth to every 
three families per annum (nearly). If 
the registration is correct, the number of 
families must be ten times the number 
stated. 

Smith (Henry), alias "Henry Go w," 
alias " Gow Chrom," alias " Hal of the 
Wynd," the armourer, and lover of 
Catharine Glover, whom at the end he 
marries. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Smith (Mr.), a faithful confidential 
clerk in the bank of Dornton and Sulky. 
— Helcroft, The Road to Ruin (1792). 

Smith (Rainy-Day), John Thomas 
Smith, antiquary (1766-1833). 

Smith ( Way land), an invisible farrier, 
who haunted the " Vale of White Horse," 
in Berkshire, where three flat stones 



SMITH'S PRIZEMAN. 



925 



SNEAK. 



supporting a fourth commemorate the 
place of his stithy. His fee was six- 
pence, and he "was oifended if more were 
offered him. 

Sir W. Scott has introduced him in 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Smith's Prizeman, one who has 
obtained the prize (£25) founded in the 
University of Cambridge by Robert 
Smith, D.D., once Master of Trinity. 
Two prizes are awarded annually to two 
commencing bachelors of arts for pro- 
ficiency in mathematics and natural 
philosophy. 

Smolkin, a punic spirit. 

Peace, Smolkin, peace, thou fiend ! 
Shakespeare, King Lear, act Hi. sc. 4 (1605). 

Smollett of the Stage {The), 
George Farquhar (1678-1707). 

Smotherwell (Stephen), the exe- 
cutioner. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Smyr'neanPoet (The), Mimnermos, 
born at Smyrna (fl. b.c. 630). 

Snacks, the hard, grinding steward 
of lord Lackwit, who by grasping got 
together £26,000. When lord Lackwit 
died, and the property came to Robin 
Roughhead, he toadied him with the 
greatest servility, but Robin dismissed 
him and gave the post to Frank. — Ailing- 
ham, Fortune's Frolic. 

SnaggS, a village portrait-taker and 
tooth-drawer. He says, " I draws off heads 
and draws out teeth," or "I takes off 
heads and takes out teeth." Major 
Touchwood, having dressed himself up 
to look like his uncle the colonel, pre- 
tends to have the tooth-ache. Snaggs, 
being sent for, prepares to operate on 
the colonel, and the colonel in a towering 
rage sends him to the right about. — T. 
Dibdin, What Next 1 

Snags'by (Mr.), the law-stationer in 
Cook's Court, Cursitor Street. A very 
mild specimen of the " spear half," in 
terrible awe of his termagant wife, whom 
he calls euphemistically "his little 
woman." He preceded most of his 
remarks by the words, " Not to put too 
fine a point upon it." — C. Dickens, Bleak 
House (1852). 

Snail, the collector of customs, near 
Ellangowan House. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Snailsfoot (Bryce), the j agger or 



pedlar.— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

Snake (Mr.), a traitorous ally of 
lady Sneerwell, who has the effrontery 
to say to her, " You paid me extremely 
liberally for propagating the lie, but 
unfortunately I have been offered double 
to speak the truth." He says : 

Ah, sir, consider, I live by the baseness of my 
character ; and if it were once known that I have been 
betrayed into an honest action, I shall lose every friend I 
have in the world.— Sheridan, School for Scandal, v. 
3 (1777). 

Snap, the representation of a dragon 
which for many years was carried about 
the city of Norwich on Guild day in 
grand procession with flags and banners, 
bands of music, and whifHers with swords 
to clear the way, all in fancy costume. 
Snap was of great length, a man was in 
the middle of the beast to carry it, and 
caused its head to turn and jaws to open 
an amazing width, that half-pence might 
be tossed into it and caught in a bag. 
The procession was stopped in the year 
1824, when Snap was laid up in St. 
Andrew's Hall. 

At Metz a similar procession used to 
take place annually on St. Mark's Day, 
the French Snap being called " St. Cle- 
ment's dragon." 

Snare (1 syl.), sheriff's officer. — 
Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. (1598). 

Snaw'ley, " in the oil and colour 
line." A " sleek, flat-nosed man, bearing 
in his countenance an expression of 
mortification and sanctity." — C. Dickens, 
Nicholas Nickleby, iii. (1838). 

Sneak (Jerry), a hen-pecked pin- 
maker ; a paltry, pitiful, prying sneak. 
If ever he summoned up a little manliness, 
his wife would begin to cry, and Jerry- 
was instantly softened. 

Master Sneak, . . . the ancient corporation of Garratt, 
in consideration of your great parts and abilities, and out 
of respect to their landlord sir Jacob, have unanimously 
chosen you mayor. — Act ii. 

Jerry Sneak has become the type of hen-pecked hus- 
bands.— Temple Bar, 456 (1875). 

Mrs. Sneak, wife of Jerry, a do- 
mineering tartar of a woman, who keeps 
her lord and master well under her 
thumb. She is the daughter of sir Jacob 
Jollup. — S. Foote, The Mayor of Garratt 
(1763). 

Jerry Sneak Russell. So Samuel 
Russell the actor was called, because of 
his inimitable representation of "Jerry 
Sneak," which was quite a hit (1766- 
1845). 



SNEER. 



926 



SNOUT. 



Sneer, a double-faced critic, who carps 
at authors behind their backs, but fawns 
on them when they are present (see act 
i. 1).— Sheridan, The Critic (1779). 

Sneerwell {Lady), the widow of a 
Cit}' knight. Mr. Snake says, " Every 
one allows that lady Sneerwell can do 
more with a word or a look than manj r 
can with the most laboured detail, even 
when they happen to have a little truth 
on their side to support it." 

Wounded myself, in the early part of my life, by the 
envenomed tongue of slander, I confess I have since 
known no pleasure equal to the reducing of others to the 
level of my own reputation.— Sheridan, School for Scan- 
dal, i. 1 (1777). 

Miss Farren took leave of the stage in 1797, and her 
concluding words were : " Let me request, lady Sneerwell, 
that you will make my respects to the scandalous college 
of which you are a member, and inform them that lady 
Teazle [about to be countess of Derby], licentiate, begs 
leave to return the diploma they granted her, as she now 
leaves off practice, and kills characters no longer." A burst 
of applause followed, and no more of the play was listened 
to.— Mrs. C. Mathews. 

Sneeze into a Sack (To), to be 
guillotined. 

Who kissed La Guillotine, looked through the little win- 
dow and sneezed into the sack. — C. Dickens, A Tale of 
Two Cities, iii. 4 (1859). 

Sneezing. A person who sneezed 
was at one time supposed to be under the 
influence of fairies and demons, and as 
the name of God repelled all evil spirits, 
the benediction of " God bless you ! " 
drove away the demon, and counteracted 
its influence. 

Judge Haliburton has a good paper 
" On Sneezing," in Temple Par, 345 
(1875). 

Bui. I have often. Dr. Skeleton, had it in my head to 
ask some of the faculty, what can be the reason that when 
a man happens to sneeze, all the company bows. 

Skel. Sneezing, Dr. Bulruddery, was a mortal symptom 
that attended a pestilential disease which formerly de- 
populated the republic of Athens ; ever since, when that 
convulsion occurs, a short ejaculation is offered up that the 
sneezing or sternuthig party may not be afflicted with the 
same distemper. 

Bui. Upon my conscience, a very learned account ! Ay, 
and a very civil institution tool— Bickerstaff and Foot©, 
JJr Last in Mis Chariot (1769). 

Snevellicei (Mr.), in Crummle's 
company of actors. Mr. Snevellicei 
plays the military swell, and is great in 
the character of speechless noblemen. 

Mrs. Snevellicei, wife of the above, a 
dancer in the same theatrical company. 

Miss Snevellicei, daughter of Mr. and 
Mrs. Snevellicei, also of the Portsmouth 
Theatre. " She could do anything, from 
a medley dance to lady Macbeth." Miss 
Snevellicei laid her toils to catch Nicholas 
Nickleby, but "the bird escaped from 
the nets of the toiler." — C. Dickens, 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Snitchey and Craggs, lawyers. 



It was the opinion of Mr. Thomas Craggs 
that "everything is too easy," especially 
law ; that it is the duty of wise men to 
make everything as difficult as possible, 
and as hard to go as rusty locks and 
hinges which will not turn for want of 
greasing. He was a cold, hard, dry man, 
dressed in grey-and-white like a flint, 
with small twinkles in his eyes. Jona- 
than Snitchey was like a magpie or 
raven. He generally finished by saying, 
" I speak for Self and Craggs," and, after 
the death of his partner, "for Self and 
Craggs deceased." 

Mrs. Snitchey and Mrs. Craggs, wives 
of the two lawyers. Mrs. Snitchey was, 
on principle, suspicious of Mr. Craggs ; 
and Mrs. Craggs was, on principle, sus- 
picious of Mr. Snitchey. Mrs. Craggs 
would say to her lord and master : 

Your Snitcheys indeed! I don't see what you want 
with your Snitcheys, for my part. You trust a great deal 
too much to your Snitcheys, I think, and I hope you may 
never find my words come true. 

Mrs. Snitchey would observe to Mr. 
Snitchey : 

Snitchey, if ever you were led away by man, take my 
word for it, you are led away by Craggs ; and if ever I can 
read a double purpose in mortal eye. I can read it in 
Craggs's eye.— C. Dickens, The Battle of Life, ii. (1846). 

Snodgrass (Atigustus), M.P.C., a 
poetical young man, who travels about 
with Mr. Pickwick, " to inquire into the 
source of the Hampstead ponds." He 
marries Emily Wardle. — C. Dickens, 
The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Snoring (Great). " Rector of Great 
Snoring," a dull, prosy preacher. 

Snorro Sturleson, last of the great 
Icelandic scalds or court poets. He was 
author of the Younger Edda, in prose, 
and of the Heimskringla, a chronicle in 
verse of the history of Norway from the 
earliest times to the year 1177. The 
Younger Edda is an abridgment of the 
Rhythmical Edda (see S^muxd Sigfus- 
son). The Heimskringla appeared in 
1230, and the Younger Edda is often 
called the Snorro Edda. Snorro Sturleson 
incurred the displeasure of Hakon king 
of Norway, who employed assassins .to 
murder him (1178-1241). 

*** The Heimskringla was translated 
into English by Samuel Laing in 1844. 

Snout (Tom), the tinker, who takes 
part in the "tragedy" of Pyramus and 
Thisbe, played before the duke and 
duchess of Athens " on their wedding 
day at night." Next to Peter Quince 
and Nick Bottom the weaver, Snout was 
by far the most self-important man of 



SNOW KING. 



927 



SOFRONIA. 



the troupe. He was cast for Pyramus's 
father, but has nothing to saj r , and does 
not even put in an appearance during the 
play. — Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's 
Dream (1592). 

Snow King (The), Gustavus Adol- 
phus of Sweden, king of Sweden, killed 
in the Thirty Years' War, at the battle of 
Lutzen. The cabinet of Vienna said, in 
derision of him, " The Snow King is 
come, but he can live only in the north, 
and will melt away as soon as he feels 
the sun" (1594, 1611-1632). 

At Vienna he was called, in derision, " The Snow King," 
who was kept together by the cold, but would melt and 
disappear as he approached a warmer soil. — Dr. Crichton, 
Scandinavia ("Gustavus Adulphus," ii. 61). 

Snow King (The), Frederick elector 
palatine, made king of Bohemia by the 
protestants in the autumn of 1619, but 
defeated and set aside in the following 
autumn. 

The winter king, king in times of frost, a snow king, 
altogether soluble in the spriivg, is the name which 
Frederick obtains in German histories.— Omlyle. 

Snow Kingdom (TJw), Inistore, 
the Orkney Islands. 

Let no vessel of the kingdom of snow [Xorway\ hound 
on the dark-rolling waves of Inistore.— -Ossian, fingal, i. 

Snow Queen (The), Christiana 
queen of Sweden (1626, 1633-1689). 

The princess Elizabeth of England, 
who married Frederick V. elector pala- 
tine, in 1613, and induced him to accept 
the crown of Bohemia in 1619. She was 
crowned with her husband October 25, 
1619, but fled in November, 1620, and was 
put under the ban of the empire in 1621. 
Elizabeth was queen of Bohemia during 
the time of snow, but was melted by the 
heat of the ensuing summer. 

Snowdonia (The king of), Moel-y- 
Wyddfa("the conspicuous peak"), the 
highest peak in Snowdonia, being 3571 
feet above the sea-level. 

Snubbin (Serjeant), retained by Mr. 
Perker for the defence in the famous 
case of " Bardell v. Prckwick." His 
clerk was named Mallard, and his junior 
Phunky, " an infant barrister," very much 
looked down upon by his senior. — C. 
Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Snuffim (Sir Tumley), the doctor who 
attends Mrs. Wititterly. — C. Dickens, 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Snuffle (Simon), the sexton of Gar- 
rate, and one of the corporation. He was 
called a " scollard, for he could read a 
written hand." — S. Foote, Mayor of Gar- 
ratt, ii. 1 (1763). 



Snug, the joiner, who takes part in the 
"lamentable comedy" of Pyramus and 
Thisbe, played before the duke and duchess 
of Athens " on their wedding day at 
night." His role was the " lion's part." 
He asked the manager (Peter Quince) if 
he had the "lion's part written out, for," 
said he, "I am slow of memory ; " but being 
told he could do it extempore, "for it 
was nothing but roaring," he consented to 
undertake it. — Shakespeare, A Midsummer 
Night's Dream (1592). 

Soane Museum (The), the museum 
collected by sir John Soane, architect, and 
preserved on its original site, No. 13, Lin- 
coln's Inn Fields, the private residence of 
the founder (1753-1837). 

Sobri'no, one of the most valiant of 
the Saracen army, and called " The Sage." 
He counselled Agramant to entrust the 
fate of the war to a single combat, stipu- 
lating that the nation whose champion was 
worsted should be tributary to the other. 
Rogero was chosen for the pagan cham- 
pion, and Kinaldo for the Christian army; 
but when Rogero was overthrown, Agra- 
mant broke the compact. Sobrino was 
greatly displeased, and soon afterwards 
received the rite of Christian baptism. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Who more prudent than Sobrino? — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote (1605). 

Soc'rateS (The English). Dr. Johnson 
is so called by Boswell (1709-1784). 

Mr. South's amiable manners and attachment to our 
Socrates at once united me to him. — Life of Johnson 

(i-yij. 

Sodom of India, Hy'derabad. So 
called from the beauty of the country and 
the depravity of the inhabitants. 

Sodor and Man. Sodor is a con- 
traction of Sodorensis. The sudor-eys or 
sodor-eys means "the southern isles." The 
bishop of Sodor and Man is bishop of 
Man and the southern isles. 

Sofronia, a young Christian of Jeru- 
salem, the heroine of an episode in Tasso's 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). The tale is 
this : Aladine king of Jerusalem stole 
from a Christian church an image of the 
Virgin, being told by a magician that it 
was a palladium, and, if set up in a mosque, 
the Virgin would forsake the Christian 
army, and favour the Mohammedan. The 
image was accordingly set up in a mosque, 
but during the night was carried oft by 
some one. Aladine, greatly enraged, 
ordered the instant execution of all his 
Christian subjects, but, to prevent thi3 



SOFTER ADAMS, ETC. 



928 SOLIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT. 



massacre, Sofronia accused herself of the 
offence. Her lover Olindo, hearing that 
Sofronia was sentenced to death, presented 
himself before the king, and said that he 
and not Sofronia was the real offender ; 
whereupon the king ordered both to instant 
execution ; but Clorinda the Amazon, 
pleading for them, obtained their pardon, 
and Sofronia left the stake to join Olindo 
at the altar of matrimony. — Bfc. ii. 

This episode may have been suggested 
by a well-known incident in ecclesiastical 
history. At Merum, a city of Phrygia, 
Amachius the governor of the province 
ordered the temple to be opened, and the 
idols to be cleansed. Three Christians, 
inflamed with Christian zeal, went by 
night and broke all the images. The 
governor, unable to discover the culprits, 
commanded all the Christians of Merum 
to be put to death ; but the three who 
had been guilty of the act confessed their 
offence, and were executed. — Socrates, 
Ecclesiastical History, iii. 15 (a.d. 439). 
(See Sophronia.) 

Softer Adams of your Academe, 
schoolgirls. — Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 

Soharn, a monster with the head of a 
horse, four eyes, and the body of a fiery 
dragon. (See Ouranabad.) 

Soho (London). The tradition is that 
this square was so called from the watch- 
word of the duke of Monmouth at the 
battle of Sedgemoor, in 1685. The re- 
verse of this may possibly be true, viz., 
that the duke selected the watchword 
from the name of the locality in which 
he lived ; but the name of the place cer- 
tainly existed in 1632, if not earlier. 

Soi-meme. St. Soi-meme, the "na- 
tural man," in opposition to the " spiritual 
man." In almost all religious acts and 
feelings, a thread of self may be detected, 
and many things are done ostensibly for 
God, but in reality for St. Soi-meme. 

They attended the church service not altogether without 
regard to St. Soi-meme.— Asylum Chrisli, ii. 

Soldan (The), Philip II. of Spain, 
whose wife was Adicia (or papal bigotry). 
Prince Arthur sent the soldan a challenge 
for wrongs done to Samient, a female am- 
bassador (deputies of the states of Holland). 
On receiving this challenge, the soldan 
" swore and banned most blasphemously," 
and mounting "his chariot high" (the 
high ships of the Armada), drawn by 
horses fed on carrion (the Inquisito7-s), 
went forth to meet the prince, whom he 
expected to tear to pieces with his chariot 
scythes, or trample down beneath his 



horses' hoofs. Not being able to get at 
the soldan from the great height of the 
chariot, the prince uncovered his shield, 
and held it up to view. Instantly the 
soldan's horses were so terrified that they 
fled, regardless of the whip and reins, 
overthrew the chariot, and left the sol- 
dan on the ground, " torn to rags, amongst 
his own iron hooks and grapples keen." 
— Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 8 (1596). 

*** The overthrow of the soldan by 
supernatural means, and not by combat, 
refers to the destruction of the Armada 
by tempest, according to the legend of the 
medals, Flavit Jehovah, et dissipati sunt 
("He blew with His blast, and they were 
scattered "). 

Soldier's Daughter (The), a 
comedy by A. Cherry (1804). Mrs. 
Cheerly,the daughter of colonel Woodley, 
after a marriage of three years, is left* a 
widow, young, rich, gay, and engaging. 
She comes to London, and Frank Heart- 
all, a generous-minded young merchant, 
sees her at the opera, falls in love with 
her, and follows her to her lodging. Here 
he meets with the Malfort family, reduced 
to abject poverty by speculation, and re- 
lieves them. Ferret, the villain of the 
piece, spreads a report that Frank gave 
the money as hush-money, because he had 
base designs on Mrs. Malfort; but his 
character is cleared, and he leads to the 
altar the blooming young widow, while 
the return of Malfort's father places his 
son again in prosperous circumstances. 

Soldiers' Friend (The), Frederick 
duke of York, second son of George III., 
and commander of the British forces in 
the Low Countries during the French 
Revolution (1763-1827). 

Solemn Doctor (The). Henry 
Goethals was by the Sorbonne given the 
honorary title of Doctor Solemnis (1227- 
1293). 

Solemn League and Covenant, 

a league to support the Church of Scot- 
land, and exterminate popery and prelacy. 
Charles II. signed it in 1651, but declared 
it null and void at his restoration. 

Soles, a shoemaker, and a witness at 
the examination of Dirk Hatteraick. — 
Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Solid Doctor ( The), Richard Middle- 

ton (*-130-l). 

Soliman the Magnificent, Charles 



SOLINGEN. 



929 



SOLOMON. 



Jennens, -who composed the libretto for 
Handel's Messiah (*-1773). 

Solingen, called "The Sheffield of 
Germany ; " famous for swords and foils. 

Soli'nus, duke of Ephesus, who was 
obliged to pass the sentence of the law on 
yEge'on, a merchant, because, being a 
Syracusian, he had dared to set foot in 
Ephesus. When, however, he discovered 
that the man who had saved his life, and 
whom he best loved, was the son of 
yEgeon, the prisoner was released, and 
settled in Ephesus. — Shakespeare, Comedy 
of Errors (1593). 

Sologne, in France. There is a legend 
that all domestic animals, such as dogs, 
cats, pigs, horses, cows, etc., in Sologne, 
become possessed of human speech from 
the midnight of Christmas Eve to the mid- 
day of December 25. 

Solomon, an epic poem in three 
books, by Prior (1718). Bk. i. Solomon 
seeks happiness from wisdom, but comes 
to the conclusion that "All is vanity;" 
this book is entitled Knowledge. Bk. ii. 
Solomon seeks happiness in wealth, 
grandeur, luxury, and ungodliness, but 
comes to the conclusion that "All is 
vanity and vexation of spirit ; " this 
book is entitled Pleasure. Bk. iii., en- 
titled Power, consists of the reflections of 
Solomon upon human life, the power of 
God, life, death, and a future state. An 
angel reveals to him the future lot of the 
Jewish race, and Solomon concludes with 
this petition : 

Restore. Great Father, Thy instructed son. 
And in my act may Thy great will be done ! 

Solomon is called king of the ginn and 
fairies. This is probably a mere blunder. 
The monarchs of these spirits was called 
" suleyman," and this title of rank has 
been mistaken for a proper name. 

Solomon died standimj. Solomon em- 
ployed the genii in building the Temple, 
but, perceiving that his end was at hand, 
prayed God that his death might be 
concealed from the genii till the work 
was compreted. Accordingly, he died 
standing, leaning on his staff as if in 
prayer. The genii, supposing him to be 
alive, toiled on, and when the Temple was 
fully built, a worm gnawed the staff, and 
the corpse fell prostrate to the earth. 
Mahomet refers to this as a fact : 

When We [God] had decreed that Solomon should die, 
nothing discovered his death unto them [the genii] except 
the creeping thing of the earth, which gnawed his staff. 
And when his [dead] body fell down, the genii plainly 
perceived that if they had known that which is secret. 



they would not have continued in a vile punishment.— 
Al Koran, xxxiv. 

Solomon's Favourite Wife. Prior, in 
his epic poem called Solomon (bk. ii.), 
makes Abra the favourite. 

The apples she had gathered smelt most sweet ; 
The cake she kneaded was the savoury meat ; 
All fruits their odour lost and meats thftir taste, 
If gentle Abra had not decked the feast ; 
Dishonoured did the sparkling goblet stand, 
Unless received from gentle Abra's hand ; . . . 
Nor could my soul approve the music's tone. 
Till all was hushed, and Abra sung alone. 

Al Beidawi, Jallalo'ddin, and Abulfeda, 
give Amina, daughter of Jerada king of 
Tyre, as his favourite concubine. 

Solomon Kills His Horses. Solomon 
bought a thousand horses, and went to exa- 
mine them. The examination took him the 
whole day, so that he omitted the prayers 
which he ought to have repeated. This 
neglect came into his mind at sunset, and, 
by way of atonement, he slew all the 
horses except a hundred of the best " as 
an offering to God ; " and God, to make 
him amends for his loss, gave him the 
dominion of the winds. Mahomet refers 
to this in the following passage : — 

When the horses, standing on three feet, and touching 
the ground with the edge of the fourth foot, swift in the 
course, were set in parade before him [Solomon] in the 
evening, he said, " Verily I have loved the love of earthly 
good above the remembrance of my Lord ; and I have 
spent the time in viewing these horses till the sun is 
hidden by the veil of night. Bring the horses back unto 
me." And when they were brought back, he began to 
cut off their legs and their necks. — A I Koran, xxxviii. 

Solomon" s Mode of Travelling. Solomon 
had a carpet of green silk, on which 
his throne was placed. This carpet was 
large enough for all his army to stand on. 
When his soldiers had stationed them- 
selves on his right hand, and the spirits 
on his left, Solomon commanded the 
winds to convey him whither he listed. 
Whereupon the winds buoyed up the 
carpet, and transported it to the place the 
king wished to go to, and while passing 
thus through the air, the birds of heaven 
hovered overhead, forming a canopy with 
their wings to ward off the heat of the 
sun. Mahomet takes this legend as an 
historic fact, for he savs in reference to 
it: 

Unto Solomon We subjected the strong wind, audit ran 
at his command to the land whereon We had bestowed 
our blessing. — Al Koran, xxi. 

And again : 

We made the wind subject to him, and it ran gently at 
his command whithersoever he desired. — Al Koran, 
xxxviii. 

Solomon's Signet-Ring. The rabbins 
say that Solomon wore a ring in which 
was set a chased stone that told him 
everything he wished to know. 

Solomon Loses His Signet-Ring. Solo- 
3 o 



SOLOMON. 



930 



SOLY1VLEAN ROUT. 



mon's favourite concubine was Amlna, 
daughter of Jerada king of Tyre, and 
when he went to bathe, it was to Amina 
that he entrusted his signet-ring. One 
day, the devil Sakhar assumed the like- 
ness of Solomon, and so got possession 
of the ring, and for forty days reigned 
in Jerusalem, while Solomon himself was 
a wanderer living on alms. At the end 
of the forty days, Sakhar flung the ring 
into the sea ; it was swallowed by a 
fish, which was given to Solomon. 
Having thus obtained his ring again, 
Solomon took Sakhar captive, and cast 
him into the sea of Galilee. — Al Koran 
(Sale's notes, ch. xxxviii.). (See Jovian, 
p. 501.) 

*#* Mahomet, in the Koran, takes this 
legend as an historic fact, for he says : 
" We [God~\ also tried Solomon, and 
placed on his throne a counterfeit body 
[i.e. Sakhar the devil]." — Ch. xxxviii. 

Uffan, the sage, saw Solomonasleep, and, 
wishing to take off his signet-ring, gave 
three arrows to Aboutaleb, saying, "When 
the serpent springs upon me and strikes 
me dead, shoot one of these arrows at me, 
and I shall instantly come to life again." 
Uffan tugged at the ring, was stung to 
death, but, being struck by one of the 
arrows, revived. This happened twice. 
After the third attempt, the heavens grew 
so black, and the thunder was so alarm- 
ing, that Aboutaleb was afraid to shoot, 
and, throwing down the bow and arrow, 
fled with precipitation from the dreadful 
place. — Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales 
(" History of Aboutaleb," 1743). 

Solomon (The Second), James I. of 
England (1566, 1603-1625). 

The French king [Henri IV.] said, in the presence of 
lord Sanquhar, to one that called James a second Solomon, 
" I hope he is not the son of David the fiddler" [David 
Jtizziol— Osborne, Secret History, i. 231. 

Sully called him " The Wisest Fool in 
Christendom." 

Solomon, a tedious, consequential old 
butler, in the service of count Winter- 
sen. He has two idiosyncrasies : One 
is that he receives letters of confidential 
importance from all parts of the civilized 
world, but " has received no communica- 
tionfrom abroad to tell him who Mrs. Hal- 
ler is." One letter "from Constantinople" 
turns out to be from his nephew, Tim 
Twist the tailor, about a waistcoat which 
had been turned three times. In regard 
to the other idiosyncrasy, he boasts of his 
cellar of wine provided in a " most frugal 
and provident way," and of his alterations 
in the park, "all done with the most 



economical economy." He is very proud 
of his son Peter, a half-witted lad, and 
thinks Mrs. Haller "casts eyes at him." 
— Benj. Thompson, The Stranger (1797). 

Solomon Daisy, parish clerk and 
bell-ringer of Chigwell. He had little 
round, black, shiny eyes like beads ; wore 
rusty black breeches, a rusty black coat, 
and a long-flapped waistcoat with little 
queer buttons like his eyes. As he sat in 
the firelight, he seemed all eyes, from head 
to foot. — C. Dickens, Barnaby Pudge 
(1841). 

Solomon of China (The), Tae- 
tsong I., whose real name was Lee-chee- 
men. He reformed the calendar, founded 
a very extensive library, established 
schools in his palace, built places of 
worship for the Nestorian Christians, and 
was noted for his wise maxims (*, 618- 
626). 

Solomon of England (The), Henry 
VII. (1457, 1485-1509). (See above, 
Solomon, The Second.) 

Solomon of France (The), Charles 
V. le Sage (1337, 1364-1380). 

*** Louis IX. (i.e. St. Louis) is also 
called "The Solomon of France" (1215, 
1226-1270). 

Solon of French Prose (The), 
Balzac (1596-1655). 

Solon of Parnassus ( The). Boileau 
is so called by Voltaire, in allusion to his 
Art of Poetry (1636^-1711). 

Solon's Happiness, death. Solon 
said, "Call no man happy till he is 
dead." 

Safer triumph is this funera pomp 
That hath aspired to Solon's happiness. 
And triumphs over chance. 
(?) Shakespeare, Titus A ndronicus, act L sc. 2 (1593). 

Solsgrace (Master Nehemiah), a pres- 
byterian pastor. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
tlie Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Solus, an old bachelor, who greatly 
wished to be a married man. When he 
saw the bright sides of domestic life, he 
resolved he would marry ; but when he saw 
the reverse sides, -he determined to remain 
single. Ultimately, he takes to the altar 
Miss Spinster. — Inchbald, Every One has 
His Fault (1794). 

Solymaean Rout (The), the London 
rabble and rebels. Solyuuea was an 
ancient name of Jerusalem, subsequently 
called Hiero-solyma, that is " saemt 
Solyma." As Charles II. in called 



SOLYMAN. 



931 



SOPHIA. 



"David," and London "Jerusalem," the 
London rebels are called " the Solymaean 
rout " or the rabble of Jerusalem. 

The Solymaean rout, well versed of old. 

In godly faction, and in treason bold, . . . 

Saw with disdain an Ethnic plot \j>o/>ish plot] begun, 

And scorned by Jebusites [pa/iists] to be outdone. 

Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 

Sol'yman, king of the Saracens, 
•whose capital was Nice. Being driven 
from his kingdom, he fled to Egypt, and 
was there appointed leader of the Arabs 
(bk. ix.). Solyman and Argantes were 
by far the most doughty of the pagan 
knights. The former was slain by Rinal- 
do (bk. xx.), and the latter by tancred. 
■ — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Sombragloomy, London, the in- 
habitants of which are Sombragloomians. 

Somnambulus. Sir W. Scott so 
signs The Visionary (political satires, 
1819).— Olphar Hamst [Ralph Thomas], 
Handbook of Fictitious Names. 

Somo Sala (Like the father of), a 
dreamer of air-castles, like the milkmaid 
Perrettein Lafontaine. (See Count not, 
etc.) 

Son of Be'lial (^1), a wicked person, 
a rebel, an infidel. 

Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial ; they knew not 
[i.e. acknowledged not] the Lord. — 1 Sam, ii. 12. 

Son of Consolation, St. Barnabas 
of Cyprus (first century). — Acts iv. 36. 

Son of Perdition (The), Judas 
Iscariot. — John xvii. 12. 

Son of Perdition, Antichrist. — 2 Tliess. 
ii. 3. 

Son of a Star (TJie), Barcochebas 
or Barchochab, who gave himself out to 
be the " star " predicted by Balaam (died 
a.d. 135). 

There shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre 
shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of 
Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth. — JTumb. 
xxiv. 17. 

Son of the Last Man. Charles II. 
was so called by the parliamentarians. 
His father Charles I. w r as called by them 
"The Last Man." 

Son of the Rock, echo. 

She went She called on Armar. Nought answered 
but the son of the rock.— Ossian, The Songs of Selma. 

Sons of Phidias, sculptors. 

Sons of Thunder or Boanerges, 
James and John, sons of Zebedee. — Mark 
iii. 17. 

Song. The Father of Modern French 
Songs, C. F. Panard (1G91-1765). 



Song. What I all this for a song f So 
said William Cecil lord Burghley when 
queen Elizabeth ordered him to give 
Edmund Spenser £100 as an expression 
of her pleasure at some verses he had 
presented to her. When a pension of 
£50 a year was settled on the poet, lord 
Burghley did all in his power to oppose 
the grant. To this Spenser alludes in the 
lines following : — 

O grief of griefs ! O gall of all good hearts ! 
To see that virtue should despised lie 

Of him that first was raised for virtuou- parts ; 
And now, broad-spreading like an aged tree. 
Lets none shoot up that nigh him planted be. 

Oh let the man of whom the Muse is scorned. 

Alive nor dead be of the Muse adorned ! 

Spenser, The Kuins of Time (1591). 

Sonnam'bula (La), Ami'na the 
miller's daughter. She was betrothed 
to Elvi'no a rich young farmer, but the 
night before the wedding was discovered 
in the bed of conte Rodolpho. This very 
ugly circumstance made the farmer break 
off the match, and promise marriage to 
Lisa the innkeeper's daughter. The 
count now interfered, and assured Elvino 
that the miller's daughter was a sleep- 
walker, and while they were still talking 
she was seen walking on the edge of the 
mill-roof while the huge mill-wheel was 
turning rapidly. She then crossed a 
crazy old bridge, and came into the midst 
of the assembly, when she woke and ran 
to the arms of her lover. Elvino, con- 
vinced of her innocence, married her, and 
Lisa was resigned to Alessio whose para- 
mour she was. — Bellini's opera, La Son- 
nambula (1831). 

(Taken from a melodrama by Ro- 
mani, and adapted as a libretto by 
Scribe.) 

Sooterkin, a false birth, as when a 
woman gives birth to a rat, dog, or other 
monstrosity. This birth is said to be 
produced by Dutch women, from their 
sitting over their foot-stoves. 

Soper's Lane (London), now called 
" Queen Street." 

Sophi, in Arabic, means " pure," and 
therefore one of the pure or true faith. 
As a royal title, it is tantamount to 
"catholic " or "most Christian." — Selden, 
Titles of Honour, vi. 76-7 (1614). 

Sophi'a, mother of Rollo and Otto 
dukes of Normandy. Rollo is the 
"bloodv brother." — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Bloody Brother (1639). 

Sophia, wife of Mathlas a Bohemian 
knight. When Mathias went to take 
service with king Ladislaus of Bohemia, 



SOPHIA. 



932 



SORDELLO. 



the queen Honoria fell in love with him, 
and sent Ubaldo and Ricardo to tempt 
Sophia to infidelity. But immediately 
Sophia perceived their purpose, she had 
them confined in separate chambers, and 
compelled them to earn their living by 
spinning. 

Sophia's Picture. When Mathias left, 
Sophia gave him a magic picture, which 
turned yellow if she were tempted, and 
black if she vielded to the temptation. — 
Massinger, The Picture (1629). 

Sophi'a (St.) or Agia [Ayal Sofi'a, 
the most celebrated mosque of Constanti- 
nople, once a Christian church, but now 
a Mohammedan jamih. It is 260 feet 
long and 230 feet broad. Its dome is 
supported on pillars of marble, granite, 
and green jasper, said to have belonged 
to the temple of Diana at Ephesus. 

Sophia's cupola with golden gleam. 

Byron, Don Juan, v. 3 (1820). 

Sophia (The princess), only child of the 
old king of Lombardy, in love with 
Paladore, a Briton, who saved her life by 
killing a boar which had gored her horse 
to death. She was unjustly accused of 
wantonness by duke Bireno, whom the 
king wished her to marry, but whom she 
rejected. By the law of Lombardy, this 
offence was punishable by death, but the 
accuser was bound to support his charge 
by single combat, if any champion chose 
to fight in her defence. Paladore chal- 
lenged the duke, and slew him. The 
whole villainy of the charge was then 
exposed, the character of the princess 
was cleared, and her marriage with Pala- 
dore concludes the play. — Robert Jeph- 
son, The Law of Lombardy (1779). 

Sophia [Freelove], daughter of the 
"Widow Warren by her first husband. 
She is a lovely, innocent girl, passionately 
attached to Harry Dornton the banker's 
son, to whom ultimatelv she is married. 
— T. Holcroft, The Road to Rum (1792). 

Sophia [Primrose], the younger 
daughter of the vicar of Wakefield, soft, 
modest, and alluring. Being thrown 
from her horse into a deep stream, she 
was rescued by Mr. Burchell, alias sir 
William Thornhill. Being abducted, she 
was again rescind by him, and finally 
married him. — Goldsmith, Vicar of Wake- 
field (1766). 

Sophia [Sprightly], a young lady 
of high spirits and up to fun. Tukely 
loves her sincerely, and knowing her 
partiality for the Hon. Mr. Daffodil, 



exposes him as a " male coquette," of 
mean spirit and without manly courage ; 
after which she rejects him with scorn, 
and gives her hand and heart to Tukely. 
— Garrick, The Male Coquette (1758). 

Sophonis'ba, daughter of Asdrubal, 
and reared to detest Rome. She was 
affianced to Masinissa king of the Numi- 
dians, but married Syphax. In b c. 203 
she fell into the hands of Lelius and 
Masinissa, and, to prevent being made a 
captive, married the Numidian prince. 
This subject and that of Cleopatra have 
furnished more dramas than any other 
whatsoever. 

French : J. Mairet, Sophonisbe (1630) ; 
Pierre Corneille ; Lagrange - Chancel ; 
and Voltaire. Ltalian : Trissino (1514) ; 
Alfieri (1749-1863). English : John 
Marston, The Wonder of Women or The 
Tragedy of Sophonisba (1605) ; James 
Thomson, Sophonisba (1729). 

(In Thomson's tragedy occurs the line, 
"Oh Sophonisba! Sophonisba oh!" 
which was parodied by " Oh Jemmy 
Thomson ! Jemmy Thomson oh ! ") 

With arts arising Sophonisba rose.— Voltaire. 

Sophronia, a young lady who was 
taught Greek, and to hate men who were 
not scholars. Her wisdom taught her to 
gauge the wisdom of her suitors, and to 
discover their shortcomings. She never 
found one up to the mark, and now she is 
wrinkled with age, and talks about the 
" beauties of the mind." — Goldsmith, A 
Citizen of the World, xxviii. (1759). 

Sophronia. (See Sofronia.) 

Sophros'yne (4 syl), one of Logis- 
tilla's handmaids, noted for her purity. 
Sophrosyne was sent with Andronlca to 
conduct Astolpho safely from India to 
Arabia. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Sophy, the eldest of a large family. 
She is engaged to Traddles, and is always 
spoken of by him as " the dearest girl in 
the world." — C. Dickens, David Copper- 
field (1849). 

Sops of [or m] Wine. Deptford 
pinks are so called. 

Sora'no, a Neapolitan noble, brother 
of Evan the (3 syl.) "the wife for a 
month," and the infamous instrument of 
Frederick the licentious brother of 
Alphonso king of Naples. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1624). 

Sordello, a Provencal poet, whom 
Dante meets in purgatory, sitting apart. 



SOREL. 



933 SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. 



On seeinf Virgil, Sordello springs forward 
to embrace him. 

%* R. Browning has a poem called 
Sordello, and makes Sordello typical of 
liberty and human perfectibility. 

Sorel {Agnes), surnamed La dame de 
lu'itute, not from her personal beauty, 
but from the " chateau de Beaute'," on 
the banks of the Marne, given to her by 
Charles VII. (1409-1450). 

Sorento (in Naples), the birthplace 
of Torquato Tasso, the Italian poet. 

Sorrows of Werther, a mawkish, 
sentimental novel by Goethe (1774), once 
extremely popular. "Werther" is Goethe 
himself, who loves a married woman, and 
becomes disgusted with life because 
" [Char]lotte is the wife of his friend 
Kestner." 

Werther, infusing itself into the core and whole spirit of 
literature, gave birth to a race of sentimentalists, who 
rased and wailed in ever)' part of the world till better 
light dawned on them, or at any rate till exhausted 
nature laid itself to sleep, and it was discovered that 
lamenting was an unproductive labour. — Carlyle. 

Sosia (in Moliere Sosie), the slave of 
Amphitryon. When Mercury assumes 
the form of Sosia, and Jupiter that of 
Amphitryon, the mistakes and confusion 
which arise resemble those of the brothers 
Antiph'olus and their servants the 
brothers Dromio, in Shakespeare's Comedy 
of Errors. — Plautus, Moliere (1668), and 
Dryden (1690), Amphitryon. 

His first name . . . looks out upon him like another 
Sosia, or as if a man should suddenly encounter his own 
duplicate. — C. Lamb. 

Sosii, brothers, the name of two book- 
sellers at Rome, referred to by Horace. 

So'tenville (Mon. le baron de), 
father of Ange'lique, and father-in-law 
of George Dandin. His wife was of the 
house of Prudoterie, and both boasted 
that in 300 years no one of their dis- 
tinguished lines ever swerved from 
virtue. "La bravoure n'y est pas plus 
he're'ditaire aux males, que la chastete' 
aux families." They lived with their 
son-in-law, who was allowed the honour 
of paying their debts, and receiving a 
snubbing every time he opened his mouth 
that he might be taught the mysteries of 
the haut monde. — Moliere, George Dan- 
din (1668). 

Soulis (Lord William), a man of 
prodigious strength, cruelty, avarice, and 
treachery. Old Redcap gave him a 
charmed life, which nothing could affect 
" till threefold ropes of sand were 
twisted round his body." Lord Soulis 



waylaid May the lady-love of the heir 
of Branxholm, and kept her in durance 
till she promised to become his bride. 
Walter, the brother of the young heir, 
raised his father's liegemen and invested 
the castle. Lord Soulia having fallen 
into the hands of the liegemen, " they 
wrapped him in lead, and flung him into 
a caldron, till lead, bones, and all were 
melted."— John Leyden (1802). 

(The caldron is still shown in the 
Skelfhill at Ninestane Rig, part of the 
range of hills which separates Liddesdale 
and Teviotdale.) 

South (Squire), the archduke Charles 
of Austria. — Arbuthnot, History of John 
Bull (1712). 

South Britain, all the island of 
Great Britain except Scotland, which is 
called " North Britain." 

South Sea ( The) , the Pacific Ocean ; 
so called by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, in 
1513. (See Mississippi Bubble, p. 647.) 

Southampton (The earl of), the 
friend of the earl of Essex, and involved 
with him in the charge of treason, but 
pardoned. — Henry Jones, The Earl of 
Essex (1745). 

Sovereigns of England (Mortual 
Days of the). 

Sunday: six, viz., Henry I., Ed- 
ward III., James I., William III., Anne, 
George I. 

Monday : six, viz., Stephen, Henry IV., 
Henry V., Richard III., Elizabeth, Mary 
II. (Richard II. deposed.) 

Tuesday : four, viz., Richard I., 
Charles I., Charles II., William IV. 
(Edward II. resigned, and James II. ab- 
dicated.) 

Wednesday : four, viz., John, Henry 
III., Edward IV., Edward V. (Henry 
VI. deposed.) 

Thursday : five, viz., William I., 
W T illiam II., Henry II., Edward VI., 
Mary I. 

Friday: three, viz., Edward I., 
Henry VIII., Cromwell. 

Saturday: four, viz., Henry VII., 
George II., George III., George IV. 

That is, 6 Sunday and Monday ; 5 
Thursday ; 4 Tuesday, Wednesday, and 
Saturday ; and 3 Friday. 

Anne, August 1 (Old Style), August 12 (New Style), 
1714. 

CHARLES I., January 30, 1648-9; CHARLES II., Feb- 
ruary 6, 1684-5 ; CROMWELL died September 3, 1658 ; 
burnt at Tyburn, January 30, 1661. 

Edward I., July 7, 1307; Edward III., June 21, 
1377 j Edward IV., April 9, 1483 ; Edward V., June 26 



sow. 



934 



SPANISH BRUTUS. 



1483 ; EBWAKD VI., July 6, 1553 ; ELIZABETH, March 24, 
160-2-3. 

George I , June 11, 1727 ; George II., October 25, 
1760 ; George III., January 29, 1820 ; George IV., 
June 26, 1830. 

Henry I., December 1, 1135 ; Henry II., July 6, 1189 ; 
HENRr III., November 16, 1272 ; Henry IV., March 20, 
1412-3 ; Henry V., August 31. 1422 ; Henry VI. deposed 
March 4, 1460-1 ; Henry VII., April 21, 1509 ; HENRY 
VIII., January 23, 1546-7. 

JAMES I., March 27, 1625; JAMES II. abdicated 
December 11, 1638 ; JOHN, October 19, 1216. 

Mary I., November 17, 1553 ; Mary II., December 27, 
1694. 

Kichard I., April 6, 1199 ; Richard II. deposed Sep- 
tember 29, 1399 ; RICHARD III., August 22, 1485. 

Stephen, October 25, 1154. 

William I., September 9, 1087 ; William II., 
August 2, 1100 : WILLIAM II., March 8, 1701-2 ; WIL- 
LIAM IV., June 20, 1837. 

*** Edward II. resigned Tuesday, January 20, 1327, and 
was murdered Monday, September 21, 1327. Henry VI. 
deposed Wednesday, March 4, 1461, again Sunday, 
April 14, 1471, and died Wednesday, May 22, 1471. 
James II. abdicated Tuesday, December 11, 1688, and 
died at St. Germain's, 1701. Richard II. deposed Mon- 
day, September 29, 1399, died the last week in February, 
1400 ; but his death was not announced till Friday, March 
12, 1400, when a dead body was exhibited said to be that 
of the deceased king. 

Of the sovereigns, eight have died between the ages of 60 
and 70. two between 70 and 80, and one has exceeded 
80 years of age. 

William I. 60, Henry I. 67, Henry III. 65, Edward I. 68, 
Edward III. 65. Elizabeth 69, George I. 67, George IV. 68. 

George II. 77. William IV. 72.— George III. 82. 

Length of reign. Five have reigned between 20 and 3# 
years, seven between 30 and 40 years, one between 40 and 
50 years, and three above 50 years. 

William I., 20 years 8 months 16 days ; Richard II., 22 
years 3 months S days ; Henry VII., 23 years 8 months ; 
James I., 22 years 4 days : Charles I., 23 years 10 months 
4 days. 

Henry I., 35 years 3 months 27 days ; Henry II., 34 years 
6 months 17 days ; Edward I., 34 years 7 months 18 days ; 
Henry VI., 38 years 6 months 4 days ; Henry VIII., 37 years 
9 months 7 days ; Charles II. + Cromwell, 36 years 8 days ; 
George II., 33 years 4 months 15 days. 

Elizabeth, 44 years 4 months 8 days. 

Henry III., 56 years 20 days; Edward III., 50 years 4 
months 28 days ; George III., 59 years 3 months 4 days. 

Sow (-4), a machine of war. It was 
a wooden shed which went on wheels, 
the roof being ridged like a hog's back. 
Being thrust close to the wall of a place 
besieged, it served to protect the be- 
sieging party from the arrows hurled 
against them from the walls. When 
the countess of March (called " Black 
Agnes "), in 1335, saw one of these 
engines advancing towards her castle, sho 
called out to the earl of Salisbury, who 
commanded the engineers : 

Beware Montagow, 

For farrow shall thy sow ; 

and then had such a huge fragment of 
rock rolled on the engine that it dashed 
it to pieces. When she saw the English 
soldiers running away, the countess 
called out, " Lo ! lo ! the litter of 
English pigs ! " 

Sow of Dallweir, named "ITcn- 
wen," went burrowing through Wales, 
and leaving in one place a grain of barley, 
in another a little pig, a few bees, a 
grain or two of wheat, and so on, and theso 



made the places celebrated for the par- 
ticular produce ever after. 

It is supposed that the sow was really 
a ship, and that the keeper of the sow, 
named Coll ab Collfrewi, was the captain 
of the vessel. — Welsh Triads, lvi. 

Sowerberry, the parochial under- 
taker, to whom Oliver Twist is bound 
when he quits the workhouse. Sower- 
berry was not a badly disposed man, and 
he treated Oliver with a certain measure 
of kindness and consideration ; but Oliver 
was ill-treated by Mrs. Sowerberry, and 
bullied by a big boy called Noah Clay- 
pole. Being one day greatly exasperated 
by the bully, Oliver gave him a thorough 
" drubbing," whereupon Charlotte the 
maidservant set upon him like a fury, 
scratched his face, and held him fast 
till Noah Claypole had pummelled him 
within an inch of his life. Three against 
one was too much for the lad, so he ran 
away.— C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). 

Sowerberry, a misanthrope.— W. Brough , 
A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock. 

Sowerbrowst {Mr.), the maltster. 
— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronarts Well (time, 
George III.). 

Soyer (Alexis), a celebrated cook, 
appointed, in 1837, chef de cuisine to the 
Reform Club. Alexis Soyer [Swi.yea] 
was the author of several works, as The 
Gastronomic Regenerator, The Poor Man's 
Regenerator, The Modern Housewife, etc. 
(died 1858). 

Spado, an impudent rascal in the 
band of don Caesar (called "captain 
Ramirez"), who tricks every one, and 
delights in mischief. — O'Keefe, Castle of 
Andalusia (1798). 

Quick's great parts were " Isaac," " Tony Lumpkin," 
"Spado," and "sir Christopher Curry."— /tecord* of a 
Stage Veteran. 

(" Isaac," in the Duenna, by Sheridan ; 
" Tony Lumpkin," in She Stoops to Con- 
quer, by Goldsmith ; " sir Christopher 
Curry,"in Inkle andYarico, by G. Coluian.) 

Spahis, native Algerian cavalry 
officered by Frenchmen. The infantry 
are called Turcos. 

Spanish Brutus [The), Alfonso 
Perez de Guzman, governor of Tarifa in 
J2!»3. Here he was besieged by the 
infant don Juan, who had Guzman's son 
in his power, and threatened to kill him 
unless Tarifa was given up. Alfonso 
replied, "Sooner than be guilty of such 
treason, I will lend Juan a dagger to 



SPANISH CURATE. 



935 



SPARTAN DOG. 



carry out his threat ; " and so saying, he 
tossed his dagger over the wall. Juan, 
unable to appreciate this patriotism, slew 
the young man without remorse. 

*** Lope de Vega has dramatized this 
incident. 

Spanish Curate (The), Lopez.— . 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish 
Curate (1622). 

Spanish Pryar {The), a drama by 
Dryden (1(580). It contains two plots, 
wholly independent of each other. The 
serious element is this : Leonora, the 
usurping queen of Aragon, is promised 
in marriage to duke Bertran, a prince of 
the blood ; but is in love with Torrismond 
general of the army, who turns out to be 
the son and heir of king Sancho, supposed 
to be dead. Sancho is restored to his 
throne, and Leonora marries Torrismond. 
The comic element is the illicit love of 
colonel Lorenzo for Elvira, the wife of 
Gomez a rich old banker. Dominick (the 
Spanish fryar) helps on this scandalous 
amour, but it turns out that Lorenzo and 
Elvira are brother and sister. 

Spanish Lady (The), a ballad con- 
tained in Percy's Reliques, ii. 23. A 
Spanish lady fell in love with captain 
Popham, whose prisoner she was. A 
command being sent to set all the pri- 
soners free, the lady prayed the gallant 
captain to make her his wife. The 
Englishman replied that he could not 
do so, as he was married already. On 
hearing this, the Spanish lady gave him 
a chain of gold and a pearl bracelet to 
take to his wife, and told him that she 
should retire to a nunnery and spend the 
rest of her life praying for their happiness. 

It will be stuck up with the ballad of Margaret's Ghost 
[q.v.] and the Spanish Lady, against the walls of every 
cottage in the country.— Isaac Bickerstaff, Love in a 
Village (1763). 

Spanish Main (The), the coast 
along the north part of South America. 

A parrot from the Spanish main. 

Campbell. 

Spanish Tragedy (The), by T. 
Kyd (1597). Horatio (son of Hieronimo) 
is murdered while he is sitting in an 
arbour with Belimperia. Balthazar, the 
rival of Horatio, commits the murder, 
assisted by Belimperia's brother Lorenzo. 
The murderers hang the dead body on a 
tree in the garden, where Hieronimo, 
roused by the cries of Belimperia, dis- 
covers it, and goes raving mad. 

Spanker (Lady Gay), in London As- 
surance, by D. Boucicault (1841). 



Dazzle and lady Gay Spanker "act themselves," and 
will never be dropped out of the list of acting plays. — 
Percy Fitzgerald. 

Sparabel'la, a shepherdess in love 
with D'Urfey, but D'Urfey loves Clum'- 
silis, "the fairest shepherd wooed the 
foulest lass." Sparabella resolves to kill 
herself ; but how ? Shall she cut her 
windpipe with a penknife? "No," she 
says, " squeaking pigs die so." Shall 
she suspend herself to a tree? "No," 
she says, " dogs die in that fashion." 
Shall she drown herself in the pool ? 
"No," she says, "scolding queans die 
so." And while in doubt how to kill 
herself, the sun goes down, and 

The prudent maiden deemed it then too late, 
And till to-morrow came deferred her fate. 

Gay, Pastoral, iii. (1714). 

Sparkish, "the prince of coxcombs," 
a fashionable fool, and " a cuckold before 
marriage." Sparkish is engaged to 
Alithea Moody, but introduces to her 
his friend Harcourt, allows him to make 
love to her before his face, and, of course, 
is jilted. — The Country Girl (Garrick, 
altered from Wycherlv's Country Wife, 
1675). 

William Mountford [1660-1692] flourished in days when 
the ranting tragedies of Nat Lee and the jingling plays of 
Dryden . . . held possession of the stage. His most 
important characters were "Alexander the Great" [by 
Lee], and "Castalio," in the Orphan [by Otway]. Cibber 
highly commends his "Sparkish."— Dutton Cook. 

Sparkler (Edmund), son of Mrs. 
Merdle by her first husband. He married 
Fanny, sister of Little Dorrit. Edmund 
Sparkler was a very large man, called 
in his own regiment, " Quinbus Flestrin, 
junior, or the Young Man-Mountain." 

Mrs. Sparkler, Edmund's wife. She was 
very pretty, very self-willed, and snubbed 
her husband in most approved fashion. — 
C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857). 

Sparsit (Mrs.), housekeeper to Josiah 
Bounderby, banker and mill-owner at 
Coketown. Mrs. Sparsit is a " highly 
connected lady," being the great-niece of 
lady Scadgers. She had a "Coriolanian 
nose, and dense black eyebrows," was 
much believed in by her master, who, 
when he married, made her "keeper of 
the bank." Mrs. Sparsit, in collusion 
with the light porter Bitzer, then acted 
the spy on Mr. Bounderby and his young 
wife. — C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854). 

Spartan Broth, sorry fare. 

The promoters would be reduced to dine on Spartan 
broth in Leicester Square. — Daily News, February 25, 1879. 

Spartan Dog (A), a bloodhound. 

O Spartan dog ! 
More fell than anguish, hunger, or the sea I _ 
Shakespeare, Othello, act t. sc. 2 (1611): 



SPARTAN MOTHER. 



936 



SPEECH-MAKERS. 



Spartan Mother {The) said to her 
son going to battle, as she handed him 
his shield, " My son, return with this or 
on it," i.e. come back with it as a con- 
queror or be brought back on it as one 
slain in fight, but by no means be a 
fugitive or suffer the enemy to be the 
victorious party. 

Why should I not play 
The Spartan mother ? 

Tennyson, The Princess, ii. 

Spasmodic School (The), certain 
authors of the nineteenth century, whose 
writings abound in spasmodic phrases, 
startling expressions, and words used out 
of their common acceptation. Carlyle, 
noted for his Germanic English, is the 
chief of this school. Others are Bailey 
author of Festus, Sydney Dobell, Gil- 
fillan, Tennyson, and Alexander Smith. 

*** Professor Ay toun has gibbeted this 
class of writers in his Firmilian, a Spas- 
modic Tragedy (1854). 

Spear. When a king of the ancient 
Caledonians abdicated, he gave his spear 
to his successor, and " raised a stone on 
high " as a record to future generations. 
Beneath the stone he placed a sword in 
the earth and " one bright boss from his 
shield." 

When thou, O stone, shall moulder down and lose 
thee in the moss of years, then shall the traveller come, 
and whistling pass away. . . . Here Fingal resigned his 
spear after the last of his fields. — Ossian, Temora, viii. 

Spear ( The Forward), a sign of hostilitj T . 
In the Ossianic times, when a stranger 
landed on a coast, if he held the point of 
his spear forwards, it indicated hostile 
iutentions ; but if he held the point 
behind him, it was a token that he came 
as a friend. 

"Are his heroes many?" said Cairbar; "and lifts he 
the spear of battle, or comes the king in peace ? " " In 
peace he comes not, king of Erin. I have seen his for- 
ward spear." — Ossian, Temora. i. 

Spear of Achillas. Telephos, son- 
in-law of Priam, opposed the Greeks in 
their voyage to Troy. A severe contest 
ensued, and Achilles with his spear 
wounded the Mysian king severely. He 
was told by an oracle that the wound 
could be cured only by the instrument 
which gave it ; so he sent to Achilles to 
effect his cure. The surly Greek replied 
he was no physician, and would have 
dismissed the messengers with scant 
courtesy, but Ulysses whispered in his 
ear that the aid of Telephos was required 
to direct them on their way to Troy. 
Achilles now scraped some rust from his 
spear, which, being applied to the wound, 
healed it. This so conciliated Telephos 
that he conducted the fleet to Troy, and 



even took part in the war against his 
father-in-law. 

Achillas' and his father's javelin caused 

Pain first, and then the boon of health restored. 

Dante, Hell, xxxi. (1300). 
And other folk have wondered on . . . Achilles' . . . 



Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (" The Squire's Tale," 1388). 
Whose smile and frown, like to Achilles' spear, 
Is able with the change to kill and cure. 

Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 1 (1591). 

%* Probably Telephos was cured by 
the plant called Achilles (milfoil or 
yarrow), still used in medicine as a tonic. 
" The leaves were at one time much used 
for healing wounds, and are still em- 
ployed for this purpose in Scotland, 
Germany, France, and other countries." 
Achilles (the man) made the wound, 
achilles (the plant) healed it. 

Spears of Spyinghow ( 27i<? Three), 
in the troop of Fitzurse. — Sir W. Scott, 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Speech ascribed to Dumb Ani- 
mals. Al Borak, the animal which 
conveyed Mahomet to the seventh heaven 
(p. 17) ; Arion, the wonderful horse which 
Hercules gave to Adrastos (p. 51) ; Ba- 
laam's ass (Numb. xxii. 28-30) ; the black 
pigeons of Dodona (p. 259, art. Dodona) ; 
Comrade, Fortunio's horse (p. 206) ; Kat- 
mir, the dog of the Seven Sleepers (p. 
506) ; Saleh's camel (p. 863) ; Temliha, 
king of the serpents (p. 981) ; Xanthos, the 
horse of Achilles. Frithjofs ship, Ellida, 
could not speak, but it understood what 
was said to it (p. 905). 

Speech given to Conceal 
Thought. La parole a ete" donne'e a 
Vhomme pour de'guiser la penser or pour 
raider a catcher sa pense'e. Talleyrand 
is usually credited with this sentence, 
but captain Gronow, in his Becollections 
and Anecdotes, asserts that the words were 
those of count Montrond, a wit and poet, 
called " the most agreeable scoundrel and 
most pleasant reprobate in the court of 
Marie Antoinette." 

Voltaire, in Le Chapon et la Poxdarde, 
says : " lis n'eniployent les paroles que 
pour de'guiser leurs pensees." 

Goldsmith, in The Bee, iii. (October 
20, 1759), has borrowed the same thought : 
" The true use of speech is not so much to 
express our wants as to conceal them." 

Speech-Makers (Bad). 

Addison could not make a speech. He 
attempted once, in the House of Commons, 
and said, "Mr. Speaker, I conceive — I 
conceive, sir — sir, I conceive " Where- 
upon a member exclaimed, M The right 



SPEED. 



937 



SPINDLE. 



honourable secretary of state has con- 
ceived thrice, and brought forth nothing." 

Campbell {Thomas) once tried to make 
a speech, but so stuttered and stammered 
that the whole table was convulsed with 
laughter. 

Cickko, the great orator, never got over 
his nervous terror till he warmed to his 
subject. 

Irving (Washington), even with a 
speech written out and laid before him, 
could not deliver it without a breakdown. 
In fact, he could hardly utter a word in 
public without trembling. 

Moore (Thomas) could never make a 
speech. 

(Dickens and prince Albert always 
spoke well and fluently.) 

Speed, an inveterate punster and the 
clownish servant of Valentine one of the 
two "gentlemen of Verona." — Shake- 
speare, TheTwo Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 

Speed the Parting Guest. 

Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest. 

Pope, Homer's Odyssey (1725). 

Speed the Plough, a comedy by 
Thomas Morton (1798). Farmer Ash- 
field brings up a boy named Henry, 
greatly beloved by every one. This Henrj^ 
is in reality the son of " Morrington," 
younger brother of sir Philip Blandford. 
The two brothers fixed their love on the 
same lady, but the younger married her, 
whereupon sir Philip stabbed him to the 
heart and fully thought him to be dead, 
but after twenty years the wounded man 
re-appeared and claimed his son. Henry 
marries his cousin Emma Blandford ; 
and the farmer's daughter, Susan, marries 
Robert only son of sir Abel Handy. 

Spenlow (Mr.), father of Dora 
(q.v.). He was a proctor, to whom David 
Copperfield was articled. Mr. Spenlow 
was killed in a carriage accident. 

Misses Lavinia and Clarissa Spenlow, 
two spinster aunts of Dora Spenlow, with 
whom she lived at the death of her father. 

They were not unlike birds altogether, having a sharp, 
brisk, sudden manner, and a little, short, spruce way of 
adjusting themselves, like canaries.— C. Dickens, David 
Copperfield, xli. (1849). 

Spens (Sir Patrick), a Scotch hero, 
sent in the winter-time on a mission to 
Norway. His ship, in its home passage, 
was wrecked against the Papa Stronsay, 
and every one on board was lost. The 
incident has furnished the subject of a 
famous old Scotch ballad. 

Spenser. The Spenser of English Prose 
Writers, Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667). 



Spenser. From Spenser to Flecknoc, 
that is, from the top to the bottom of all 
poetry ; from the sublime to the ridi- 
culous. — Dryden, Comment on Spenser, etc. 

Spenser's Monument, in West- 
minster Abbey, was erected by Anne Clif- 
ford countess of Dorset. 

Spider Cure for Fever (A). 

Only hewnre of the fever, my friends, beware of the fever, 
For it is not, like that of our cold Acadian climate. 
Cured by the wearing a spider hung round one's neck in a 
nutshell- 
Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 3 (1849). 

Spiders (Unlucky to kill). This 
especially refers to those small spiders 
called "money-spinners," which prog- 
nosticate good luck. Probably because 
they appear in greater numbers on a fine 
morning ; although some say the fine day 
is the precursor of rain. ' 

Spynners l>en tuken of divynation, and of knowing what 
wether shal fal, for oft by weders that shal fal some spin 
and were higher and lower, and multytude of spynners 
ever betoken moche revne. — Berthelet, he Proprietatibas 
Rerum, xviii. 314 (3536). 

Spiders Indicators of Gold. In 

the sixteenth century it was generally 
said that " Spiders be true signs of great 
stores of gold ; " and the proverb arose 
thus : While a passage to Cathay was being 
sought by the north-west, a man brought 
home a stone, which was pronounced to 
be gold, and caused such a ferment that 
several vessels were fitted out for the 
express purpose of collecting gold. Fro- 
bisher, in 1577, found, in one of the islands 
on which he landed, similar stones, and 
an enormous number of spiders. 

Spider's Wet (^4). When Mahomet 
fled from Mecca, he hid in a cave, and a 
spider wove its net over the entrance. 
When the Koreisbites came thither, they 
passed on, being fully persuaded that no 
one had entered the cave, because the cob- 
web was not broken. 

In the Talmud, we are told that David, 
in his flight, hid himself in the cave of 
Adullam, and a spider spun its net over the 
opening. When Saul came up and saw 
the cobweb, he passed on, under the same 
persuasion. 

Spidireen ( The) . If a sailor is asked 
to what ship he belongs, and does not 
choose to tell, he says, " The spidireen 
frigate with nine decks." 

Officers who do not choose to tell their 
quarters, give B.K.S. as their address, 
i.e. BarracKS. 

Spindle (Jack), the son of a man of 
fortune. Having wasted his money in 
riotous living, he went to a friend to bor- 



SPIRIT OF THE CAPE. 



938 



SPOONS. 



row £100. " Let me Bee, you want £100, 
Mr. Spindle ; let me see, would not £50 do 
for the present?" "Well," said Jack, 
"if you have r>ot £100, 1 must be contented 
with £50." " Dear me, Mr. Spindle ! " 
said the friend, " I find I have but £20 
about me." " Never mind," said Jack, 
" I must borrow the other £30 of some 
other friend." "Just so, Mr. Spindle, 
just so. By-the-by, would it not be far 
better to borrow the whole of that friend, 
and then one note of hand will serve for 
the whole sum ? Good morning, Mr. 
Spindle ; delighted to see you ! Tom, see 
the gentleman down." — Goldsmith, The 
Bee, iii. (1759). 

Spirit of the Cape {The), Ada- 
mastor, a hideous phantom, of unearthly 
pallor, " erect his hair uprose of withered 
red," his lips were black, his teeth blue 
and disjointed, his beard haggard, his 
face scarred by lightning, his eyes " shot 
livid fire," his voice roared. The sailors 
trembled at the sight of him, and the fiend 
demanded how they dared to trespass 
"where never hero braved his rage 
before ? " He then told them " that every 
year the shipwrecked should be made to 
deplore their foolhardiness." According 
to Barreto, the " Spirit of the Cape," was 
one of the giants who stormed heaven. 
— Camoens, The Lusiad (1572). 

In me the Spirit of the Cape behold . . . 

That rock by you the "Cape of Tempests" named . . . 

With wide-stretched piles 1 guard . . . 

Great Adamastor is my dreaded name. 

Canto v. 

Spirit of the Mountain (T/ie), 
that peculiar melancholy sound which pre- 
cedes a heavy storm, very observable in 
hilly and mountainous countries. 

The wind was abroad in the oaks. The Spirit of the 
Mountain roared. The blast came rustling through, the 
hall.— Ossian, Dar-Thula. 

Spiri'to, the Holy Ghost as the friend 
of man, personified in canto ix. of The 
Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). 
He was married to Urania, and their off- 
spring are: Knowledge, Contemplation, 
(are, Humility, Obedience, Faith or 
FiJo, Penitence, Elpi'nns or Hope, and 
Love the foster-son of Gratitude. (Latin, 
spiritus, "spirit.") 

Spitfire (Will) or Will Spittal, 

serving-boy of Roger Wildrake the dis- 
sipated ro}'alist. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Spittle Cure for Blindness. 
Spittle was once deemed a sovereign 
remedy for ophthalmia. — Pliny, Natural 
History, xxviii. 7. 



*#* The blind man restored to sight b3 r 
Vespasian was cured by anointing his 
eyes with spittle. — Tacitus, History, iv. 
81 ; Suetonius, Vespasian, vii. 

When [Jesus] had thus spoken. He spat on the ground, 
and made clay of the spittle, and He anointed the eyes of 
the blind man with the clay. — John ix. 6. 

He cometh to Bethsaida ; and they bring a blind man 
unto Him, . . . and He took the blind man by the hand, 
and . . . when He had spit on his eyes . . . He asked him 
if he saw ought.— Mark viii. 22, 23. 

Spontaneous Combustion. There 
are above thirty cases on record of death 
bj r spontaneous combustion, the most 
famous being that of the countess Cor- 
nelia di Baudi Cesenate, which was most 
minutely investigated, in 1731, by Gui- 
seppe Bianchini, a prebendary of Verona. 

The next most noted instance occurred 
at Kheims, in 1725, and is authenticated 
by no less an authority than Mon. Le Cat, 
the celebrated physician. 

Messrs. Fodere and Mere investigated 
the subject of spontaneous combustion, 
and gave it as their fixed opinion that 
instances of death from such a cause 
cannot be doubted. v 

In vol. vi. of the Philosophical Trans- 
actions, and in the English Medical Juris- 
prudence, the subject is carefully investi- 
gated, and several examples are cited in 
confirmation of the fact. 

Joseph Battaglia, a surgeon of Ponte 
Bosio, gives in detail the case of don G. 
Maria Bertholi, a priest of mount Valerius. 
While reading his breviary, the body of 
this priest burst into flames in several 
parts, as the arms, back, and head. The 
sleeves of his shirt, a handkerchief, and 
his skull-cap were all more or less con- 
sumed. He survived the injury four 
days. (This seems to me more like 
an electrical attack than an instance of 
spontaneous combustion.) 

Spontoon,the old confidential servant 
of colonel Talbot. — Sir W. Scott, Waver- 
ley (time, George II.). 

Spoon. One needs a long spoon to eat 
with the devil. — Old Proverb. 

Therefore behovcth him a ful lone spono 
That shall ete with a fend. 
Chaucer, Canterbury Talis, 10,916 (" Squire's Tale," 1388). 

Spoons (Gossip). It was customary 
at one time for sponsors at christen- 
ings to give gilt spoons as an offering to 
their godchild. These spoons had on the 
handle the figure of one of the apostles 
or evangelists, and hence were called 
"Apostle spoons." The wealthy would 
give the twelve apostles, those of less 
opulence the four evangelists, and others 
again a single spoon.- When Henry 



SPORUS. 



939 



SPURS OF GOLD. 



VIII. asks Cranmer to be godfather to 
"a fair young maid," Cranmer replies, 
" How may I deserve such honour, that 
am a poor and humble subject?" Tbe 
king rejoins, " Come, come, my lord, 
you'd spare your spoons." — Shakespeare, 
Henry VIII. act v. sc. 2 (1601). 

Sporus. Under this name, Pope 
satirized lord John Hervey, generally 
called "lord Fanny," from his effeminate 
habits and appearance. He was " half 
wit, half fool, half man, half beau." 
Lord John Hervey was vice-chamberlain 
in 1736, and lord privy seal in 1740. 

That thing of silk. 
Sporus, that mere white curd of asses' milk ; 
Satire or sense, alas ! can Sporus feel, 
Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel 1 

A. Pope, Prologue to the Satire* (1734). 

* # * This lord John Hervey married 
the beautiful Molly Lapel ; hence Pope 
says: 

So perfect a beau and a belle 
As when Hervey the handsome was wedded 
To the beautiful Molly Lapel. 

S. P. Q. B~, the Romans. The letters 
are the initials of Senatus Populus-Que 
Bomanus. 

New blood must be pumped into the veins and arteries 
of the S. P. Q. R.— G. A. Sala (Belgravia, April, 1871). 

Sprackling (Joseph), a money-lender 
and a self-made man. 

Thomas Sprackling, his brother, and equal 
in roguery. — Wybert Reeve, Parted. 

Sprat Day, November 9, the first 
day of sprat-selling in the streets. The 
season lasts about ten weeks. 

Sprenger (Louis), Annette Yeilchen's 
bachelor. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Sprightly (Miss Kitty), the ward of 
sir Gilbert Pumpkin of Strawberry Hall. 
Miss Kitty is a great heiress, but stage- 
struck, and when captain Charles Stanley 
is introduced, she falls in love with him, 
first as a " play actor," and then in reality. 
— I. Jackman," All the World's a Stage. 

Spring (A Sacred). The ancient 
Sabines, in times of great national danger, 
vowed to the gods "a sacred spring" 
(ver sacrum), if they would remove the 
danger. That is, all the children born 
during the next spring were "held 
sacred," and at the age of 20 were com- 
pelled to leave their country and seek for 
themselves a new home. 

Spring. (See Seasons.) 

Spring-Heel Jack. The marquis of 
Waterford, in the early parts of the nine- 
teenth century, used to amuse himself by 



springing on travellers unawares, to terrify 
them ; and from time to time others have 
followed his silly example. Even so late 
as 1877-8, an officer in her majesty's ser- 
vice caused much excitement in the 
garrisons stationed at Aldershot, Col- 
chester, and elsewhere, by his " spring- 
heel " pranks. In Chichester and its 
neighbourhood the tales told of this 
adventurer caused quite a little panic, 
and many nervous people were afraid to 
venture out after sunset, for fear of being 
"sprung" upon. I myself investigated 
some of the cases reported to me, but 
found them for the most part Fakenham 
ghost tales. 

Springer (The). Ludwig Margrave 
of Thuringia was so called, because he 
escaped from Giebichenstein, in the 
eleventh century, by leaping over the 
river Saale. 

Sprinklers (Holy Water), Danish 
clubs, with spiked balls fastened, to 
chains. 

Spruce, M.C. (Captain), in Lend Me 
Five Shillings, by J. M. Morton (1764- 
1838). 

Spruch-Sprecher (The) or "saver 
of savings " to the archduke of Austria. 
—Sir* W. Scott, The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.). 

Spuma'dor, prince Arthur's horse. 
So called from the foam of its mouth, 
which indicated its fiery temper. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. (1590). 

%* In the Mahinogion, his favourite 
mare is called Llamrei ("the curveter"). 

Spurs (The Battle of), the battle of 
Guinnegate, in 1513, between Henry 
VIII. and the due de Longueville. So 
called because the French used their 
spurs in flight more than their swords in 
fight. (See Spurs of Gold, etc.) 

Spurs (To dish up the), to give one's 
guests a hint to go ; to maunder on when 
the orator has nothing of importance to 
say. During the time of the border feuds, 
when a great family had come to an end 
of their provisions, the lady of the house 
sent to table a dish of spurs, as a hint 
that the guests must spur their horses on 
for fresh raids before they could be 
feasted again. 

When the last bullock was killed and devoured, it was 
the lady's custom to place on the table a dish which, on 
being uncovered, was found to contain a pair of clean 
spurs — a hint to the riders that they must shift for the 
next meal.— Border Minstrelsy (new edit), i. 2U note. 

Spurs of Gold (Battle of the), the 



SQUAB. 



940 



SQUIRT. 



battle of Courtray, the most memorable 
in Flemish history (July 11, 1302). 
Here the French were utterly routed, and 
700 gold spurs Avere hung as trophies in 
the church of Notre Dame de Courtray. 
It is called in French Jour ne'e des Eperons 
d'Or. (See Spurs, The Battle of.) 

Marching homeward from the bloody battle of the Spurs 
of Gold. 

Longfellow, The Belfry of BrAfft*. 

Squab (The Poet). Dry den was so 
called by lord Rochester. 

Squab Pie, a pie made of mutton, 
apples, and onions. 

Cornwall squab pie, and Devon white-pot brings. 
And Leicester beans and bacon fit for kings. 

King, Art of Cookery. 

Squab Pie, a pie made of squabs, that 
is, young pigeons. 

Square (Mr.), a "philosopher," in 
Fielding's novel called The History of 
Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749). 

Squeers (Mr. Wackford), of Dothe- 
boys Hall, Yorkshire, a vulgar, con- 
ceited, ignorant schoolmaster, overbear- 
ing, grasping, and mean. He steals the 
boys' pocket money, clothes his son in 
their best suits, half starves them, and 
teaches them next to nothing. Ulti- 
mately, he is transported for purloining 
a deed. 

Mrs. Squeers, wife of Mr. Wackford, 
a raw-boned, harsh, heartless virago, 
without one spark of womanly feeling 
for the boys put under her charge. 

Miss Fanny Squeers, daughter of the 
schoolmaster, "not tall like her mother, 
but short like her father. From the 
former she inherited a voice of hoarse 
quality, and from the latter a remark- 
able expression of the right eye." Miss 
Fanny falls in love with Nicholas Nickle- 
by, but hates him and spites him because 
he is insensible of the soft impeachment. 

Master Wackford Squeers, son of the 
schoolmaster, a spoilt boy, who was 
dressed in the best clothes of the scholars. 
He was overbearing, self-willed, and 
passionate. — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

The person who suggested the character of Squeers was 
a Mr. Shaw of Bowes. He married n Miss Laidman. 
The satire ruined the school, and was the death both of 
Mr. and Mrs. Shaw.— Notes and Queries, October 25, 
1873. 

Squeeze (Miss), a pawnbroker's 
daughter. Her father had early taught 
her that money is the " one thing need- 
ful," and at death left her a moderate 
Competence. She was so fully convinced 
of the value of money that she would 



never part with a farthing without an 
equivalent, and refused several offers, 
because she felt persuaded her suitors 
sought her money and not herself. Now 
she is old and ill-natured, marked with 
the small-pox, and neglected by every 
one.— Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World*. 
xxviii. (1759). 

Squint (Lawyer), the great politician 
of society. He makes speeches for mem- 
bers of parliament, writes addresses, gives 
the history of every new play, and finds 
"seasonable thought" upon every pos- 
sible subject. — Goldsmith, A Citizen of 
the World, xxix. (1759). 

Squint - Eyed, [Guercfno] Gian- 
Francesco Barbieri, the painter (1590- 
1666). 

Squintum (Dr.). George White- 
field is so called by Foote in his farce 
entitled The Minor (1714-1770). 

Squintum (Dr.). The Rev. Edward 
Irving, who had an obliquity of the eyes, 
was so called by Theodore Hook (1792- 
1834). 

Squire of Dames ( The), a young 
knight, in love with Col'umbell, who 
appointed him a year's service before she 
would consent to become his bride. The 
" squire " was to travel for twelve months, 
to rescue distressed ladies, and bring 
pledges of his exploits to Columbell. 
At the end of the year he placed 300 
pledges in her hands, but instead of re- 
warding him by becoming his bride, she 
set him another task, viz., to travel about 
the world on foot, and not present himself 
again till he could bring her pledges from 
300 damsels that they would live in 
chastity all their life. The squire told 
Columbell that in three years he had 
found only three persons who would 
take the pledge, and only one of these, 
he said (a rustic cottager), took it from 
a "principle of virtue;" the other two 
(a nun and a courtezan) promised to do 
so, but did not voluntarily join the 
"virgin martyrs." This "Squire of 
Dames " turned out to be Britomart. — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 7 (1590). 

*** This story is imitated from " The 
Host's Tale," in Orlando Furioso, xxviii. 

Squirt, the apothecary's bo}', in 
Garth's Dispensary ; hence any appren- 
tice lad or errand boy. 

Here sauntering 'prentices o'er Otway weep. 
O'er Congreve smile, or over D'Urfey sleep. 
Pleaded fempstresses the Look's famed Rape unfold, 
And SquirU read Garth till aimzems grow coW. 

J. Uay, Trivia (1712). 



SQUOD. 



941 



STANDARD. 



(Pope wrote The Rape of the Lock, 
1712.) 

Squod (Phil), a grotesque little fellow, 
faithfully attached to Mr. George the 
son of Mrs. Rouncewell (housekeeper at 
Chesney Wold). George had rescued the 
little street arab from the gutter, and 
the boy lived at George's "Shooting 
Gallery" in Leicester Square (London). 
Phil was remarkable for limping along 
sideways, as if " tacking." — C. Dickens, 
Bleak House (1852). 

S. S., souvenance, forget-me-not, in 
remembrance, a souvenir. 

On the Wednesday preceding Easter Day, 1465, as sir 
Anthony was speaking to his royal sister, on his knees, 
all the ladies of the court gathered round him. and bound 
to his left knee a band of gold, adorned with stones 
fashioned into the letters S. S. (souvenance or remem- 
brance), and to this band was suspended an euamelled 
"forget-me-not"— Lord Lytton. Last of the Barons, 
iv. 5 (184a). 

S. S. G\ G., the letters of the Fem- 
gerichte. They stand for Stock, Stein, 
Gras, Grein (" Stick," *' Stone," "Grass," 
"Groan"). What was meant by these 
four words is not known. 

Stael (Madame de), called by Heine 
[Hi.nc] "a whirlwind in petticoats," and 
a " sultana of mind." 

Stag ( The) symbolizes Christ, because 
(according to fable) it draws serpents by 
its breath out of their holes, and then 
tramples them to death. — Pliny, Natural 
History, viii. 50. 

Stag or Hind, emblem of the tribe 
of Xaphtali. In the old church at Tot- 
ness is a stone pulpit divided into com- 
partments, containing shields bearing the 
emblems of the Jewish tribes, this being 
one. 

Naphtali is & hind let loose.— Gen. xlix. 21. 

Stag's Horn, considered in Spain a 
safeguard against the evil eye ; hence, a 
small horn, silver-tipped, is often hung on 
the neck of a child. If an evil eye is 
then cast on the child, it enters the horn, 
which it bursts asunder. 

Are you not afraid of the evil eye i 
Have you a stag's horn with you ? 

Longfellow, Tlie Spanish Student, iii. 5. 

Stagg (Benjamin), the proprietor of 
the cellar in the Barbican where the secret 
society of "'Prentice Knights" used to 
convene. He was a blind man, who 
fawned on Mr. Sim Tappertit, " the 
'prentices' glory" and captain of the 
"'Prentice Knights." But there was a 
disparity between his words and senti- 
ments, if we may judge from this 
specimen : "Good night, most noble 



captain ! farewell, brave general ! bye- 
bye, illustrious commander ! — a conceited, 
bragging, empty-headed, duck-legged 
idiot ! " Benjamin Stagg was shot by 
the soldiery in the Gordon riots. — C. 
Dickens, Barnaby Jitidye (1841). 

Stagirite (3 syl.). Aristotle is called 
the Stagirite because he was born at 
Staglra, in Macedon. Almost all our 
English poets call the word Stagirite : 
as Pope, Thomson, Swift, Byron, Words- 
worth, B. Browning, etc. ; but it should 

be Stagl'rite (lTafeipiTn<;). 

Thick like a glory round the Stagy lite. 
Your rivals throng, the sages. 

R. Browning, Pmracelsus, L 
All the wisdom of the Stagirite. 

Wordsworth. 
Plato, the Stagyrite, and Tully Joined. 



As if the Stagirite •'erlooked the line. 

Pope. 
Is rightly censured by the Stagirite, 
Who says his numbers do not fadge aright 

Swift, To Dr. Sheridan (1713). 

Stamboul (2 syl.), Constantinople. 

And Stamboul 's minarets must greet my sight. 
Byron, Enylish Bards and Scotch fievie.. ers (1809). 

Stammerer (The), Louis II. of 
France, le Beyue (846, 877-879). 

Michael II. emperor of the East 
(*, 820-829). 

Notker or Notger of St. Gall (830- 
912). 

Stanchells, head jailer at the Glas- 
gow tolbooth. — Sir W. Scott, Bob Boy 
(time, George I.). 

Standard. A substantial building 
for water supplies, as the Water Stan- 
dard of Cornhill, the Standard in Cheap, 
opposite Honey Lane, "which John 
Wells, grocer, caused to be made [? re- 
built^ in his mayoralty, 1430." — Stow, 
Survey ("Cheapside"). 

The Cheapside Standard. This Standard 
was in existence in the reign of Edward 
I. In the reign of Edward III. two 
fishmongers were beheaded at the 
Cheapside Standard, for aiding in a riot. 
Henry IV. caused " the blank charter of 
Eichard II." to be burnt at this place. 

The Standard, Cornhill. This was a 
conduit with four spouts, made by Peter 
Morris, a German, in 1582, and supplied 
with Thames water, conveyed by leaden 
pipes over the steeple of St. Magnus's 
Church. It stood at the east end of 
Cornhill, at its junction with Grace- 
church Street, Bishopsgate Street, and 
Leadenhall Street. The water ceased 
to run between 1598 and 1603, but the 
Standard itself remained long after. 



STANDARD. 



942 



STARCHATERUS. 



Distances from London were measured 
from this spot. 

In the year 1775 there stood upon the borders of Epping 
Forest, at a distance of about twelve miles from London, 
measuring from the Standard in Cornhill, or rather from 
the spot on which the Standard used to be, a house of 
public entertainment called the Maypole.— Dickens, 
Barnaby Rudge, i. (1841). 

Standard (The Battle of the), the 
battle of Luton Moor, near Northallerton, 
between the English and the Scotch, in 
1138. So called from the " standard," 
which was raised on a waggon, and 
placed in the centre of the English army. 
The pole displayed the standards of St. 
Cuthbert of Durham, St. Peter of York, 
St. John of Beverley, and St. Wilfred of 
Ripon, surmounted by a little silver 
casket containing a consecrated wafer. — 
Hailes, Annals of Scotland, i. 85 (1779). 

The Battle of the Standard was so called from the 
banner of St. Cuthbert, which was thought always to 
secure success. It came forth at the battle of Nevil's Cross, 
and was again victorious. It was preserved with great 
reverence till the Reformation, when, in 1549, Catharine 
Whittingham (a French lady), wife of the dean of Durham, 
burnt it out of zeal against popery. — Miss Yonge, Cameos 
of English History, 126-8 (1868). 

Standing (To die). Vespasian said, 
" An emperor of Rome ought to die 
standing." Louis XVIII. of France said, 
" A king of France ought to die standing." 
This craze is not confined to crowned 
heads. 

Standish {Miles), the puritan cap- 
tain, was short of stature, strongly built, 
broad in the shoulders, deep-chested, 
and with sinews like iron. His daughter 
Rose was the first to die " of all who 
came in the Mayflower ." Being desirous 
to marry Priscilla "the beautiful puri- 
tan," he sent young Alden to plead his 
cause ; but the maiden answered archly, 
" Why don't you speak for yourself, 
John ? " Soon after this, Standish was 
shot with a poisoned arrow, and John 
Alden did speak for himself, and pre- 
vailed. — Longfellow, Courtship of Miles 
Standish (1858). 

Standish (Mr. Justice), a brother 
magistrate with Bailie Trumbull. — Sir 
W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Stanley, in the earl of Sussex's train. 
— Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Stanley (Captain Charles), introduced 
by his friend captain Stukely to the 
family at Strawberry Hall. Here he 
meets Miss Kitty Sprightly an heiress, 
who has a theatrical twist. The captain 
makes love to her under the mask of 
acting, induces her to run off with him 
and get married, then, returning to the 



hall, introduces her as his wife. All the 
family fancy he is only "acting," but 
discover too late that their " play" is a 
life-long reality. — I. Jackman, All the 

World's a Stage. 

Stanley Crest ( The) . On a chapeau 
gu. an eagle feeding on an infant in its 
nest. The legend is that sir Thomas de 
Lathom, having no male issue, was 
walking with his wife one day, and heard 
the cries of an infant in an eagle's nest. 
They looked on the child as a gift from 
God, and adopted it, and it became the 
founder of the Stanley race (time, Edward 
III.). 

Staples (Lawrence), head jailer at 
Kenilworth Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Star Falling. Any wish formed 
during the shoot of a star will come to 
pass. 

Star of Arcady (The), the Great 
Bear ; so called from Calisto, daughter of 
Lycaon king of Arcadia. The Little 
Bear is called the Tyrian Cynosure, from 
Areas or Cynosura son of Calisto. 

And thou shalt be our star of Arcady, 
Or Tyrian Cynosure (3 syl.). 

Milton, Comus, 342 (1634). 

%* Of course, "Cynosure" signifies 
"dog's tail," Greek, kunos aura, meaning 
the star in Ursa Minor. 

Star of South Africa, a diamond 
discovered in the South African fields. It 
weighed in the rough 83^ carats ; and 
after being cut 46£ carats. 

Star of the South (The), the second 
largest cut diamond in the world. It 
weighs 254 carats. It was discovered in 
Brazil by a poor negress (1853). 

Starch (Dr.), the tutor of Blushing- 
ton.— W. T. Moncrieff, The Bashful Man. 

Star chat 'erus, of bweden, a giant 
in stature and strength, whose life was 
protracted to thrice the ordinary term. 
When he felt himself growing old, he 
hung a bag of gold round his neck, and 
told Olo he might take the bag of gold 
if he would cut off his head, and he did 
so. He hated luxury in every form, and 
said a man was a fool who went and 
dined out for the sake of better fare. 
One day, Helgo king of Norway asked 
him to be his champion in a contest 
which was to be decided by himself 
alone against nine adversaries. Star- 
chaterus selected for the site of combat 
the top of a mountain covered with snow, 



STARELEIGH. 



943 



STEELE GLAS. 



and, throwing off his clothes, waited for 
the nine adversaries. When asked if he 
would fight with them one by one or all 
together, he replied, " When dogs bark 
at me, I drive them all oft: at once." — 
Joannes Magnus, Gothorum Suevorumque 
Historia (1554). 

Stareleigh (Justice), a stout, pudgy 
little judge, very deaf, and very iras- 
cible, who, in the absence of the chief 
justice, sat in judgment on the trial of 
" Bardell v. Pickwick." — C. Dickens, 
The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Starno, king of Lochlin. Having 
been conquered by Fingal and generously 
set at liberty, he promised Fingal his 
daughter Agandecca in marriage, but 
meant to deal treacherously by him and 
kill him. Fingal accepted the invitation 
of Starno, and spent three days in boar- 
hunts. He was then warned by Agandecca 
to beware of her father, who had set an 
ambuscade to waj'lay him. Fingal, being 
forewarned, fell on "the ambush and slew 
every man. When Starno heard thereof, 
he slew his daughter, whereupon Fingal 
and his followers took to arms, and 
Starno either " fled or died." Swaran 
succeeded his father Starno. — Ossian, Fin- 
gal, iii. ; see also Cath-Loda. 

Starvation Dundas, Henry Dun- 
das the first lord Melville. So" called 
because he introduced the word starvation 
into the language (1775). 

Starveling (Bobin), the tailor. He 
was cast for the part of " Thisbe's 
mother," in the drama played before 
duke Theseus (2 syl.) on "his wedding 
day at night." Starveling has nothing 
to say in the drama. — Shakespeare, 
Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 

State, a royal chair with a canopy 
over it. 

Our hostess keeps her state. 
Shakespeare, Macbeth, act iii. sc 4 (1606). 

Stati'ra, the heroine of La Calpre- 
nede's romance of Cassandra. Statira is 
the daughter of Darius, and is repre- 
sented as the " most perfect of the works 
of creation." Oroondates is in love with 
her, and ultimately marries her. 

Stati'ra, daughter of Dari'us, and wife of 
Alexander. Young, beautiful, womanly, 
of strong affection, noble bearing, mild 
yet haughty, yielding yet brave. Her 
love for Alexander was unbounded. 
When her royal husband took Roxana 
into favour, the proud spirit of the 



princess was indignant, but Alexander, 
by his love, won her back again. Statira 
was murdered by Roxana the Bactrian, 
called the " Rival Queen." — N. Lee, 

Alexander the Great (1078). 

Miss Boutwell was the original "Statira" of Lee's 
Alexander, and once, when playing with Mrs. Barry 
[1678] she was in danger of receiving on the stage her 
death-blow. It happened thus : Before the curtain 
drew up, the two queens, "Statira" and " Roxana " had 
a real rivalship about a lace veil, allotted to Miss Boutwell 
by the malinger. This so enraged Mrs. Barry that, in 
"stabbing 'Statira,'" she actually thrust her dagger 
through her rival's stays, a quarter of an inch or more 
into the flesh.— Campbell, Life of ilrt. Siddon*. 

Dr. Doran tells us that : 

The charming George Ann Bellamy [1733-1788] procured 
from Paris two gorgeous dresses for the part of " Statira." 
When Peg Woffington, who played " Roxana," saw them, 
she was so overcome by malice, hatred, and all uncharit- 
ableness, that she rolled her rival in the dust, pummelled 
her with Uie handle of her dagger, aud screamed ia 
anger : 

Nor he, nor heaven, shall shield thee from my justice. 

Die, sorceress, die ! and all my wrongs die with thee ! 
Table Traits. 

Staunton ( The Rev. Mr.), rector of 
Willingham, and father of George 
Staunton. 

George Staunton, son of the Rev. Mr. 
Staunton. He appears first as " Geordie 
Robertson," a felon ; and in the Porteous 
mob he assumes the guise of " Madge 
Wildfire." George Staunton is the 
seducer of Effie Deans. Ultimately he 
comes to the title of baronet, marries 
Effie, and is shot by a gipsy boy called 
" The Whistler," who proves to be his 
own natural son. 

Lady Staunton, Effie Deans after her 
marriage with sir George. On the death 
of her husband, she retires to a convent 
on the Continent. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Steadfast, a friend of the Duberly 
family. — Colman, The Heir-at-Law(1797). 

Steeds of the Sea, ships, a com- 
mon synonym of the Runic bards. 

And thro' the deep exulting sweep 
The Thunder-steeds of Spain. 

Lord Lytton. Ode, i. (1839). 

Steel Castle, a strong ward, belong- 
ing to the Yellow Dwarf. Here he 
confined All-Fair when she refused to 
marry him according to her promise. — 
Comtesse D'Aunov, Fairy Tales (" The 
Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 

Steele Glas (The), a mirror in 
which we may " see ourselves as others 
see us," or see others in their true 
likenesses. 

The Christel Glasse, on the other hand, 
reflects us as vanity dictates, and shows 
other people as fame paints thsni. These 



STEENIE. 



944 



STEPHANO. 



mirrora were made by Lucyl'ius (an old 

satirist). 

Lucylius . . . bequeathed "The Christel Glasse" 
To such as love to seme but not to be ; 
But unto those that love to see themselves, 
How foul or fayre soever that they are, 
He gan bequeath a Glasse of trustie Steel. 

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Ghis (ilied 1577). 

Steenie, i.e. " Stephen." So George 
Villiers duke of Buckingham was called 
by James I., because, like Stephen the 
first martyr, " all that sat in the council, 
looking stedfastly on him, saw his face 
as it had been the face of an 
(Acts vi. 15). 

Steenson (Willie) or "Wandering 
Willie," the blind fiddler. 

Steenie Steenson, the piper, in Wander- 
ing Willie's tale. 

Haggle Steenson, or " Epps Anslie," 
the wife of Wandering WLTie. — Sir W. 
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Steerforth, the young man who led 
little Em'ly astray. When tired of his 
toy, he proposed to her to marry his 
valet. Steerforth, being shipwrecked off 
the coast of Yarmouth, Ham Peggotty tried 
to rescue him, but both were drowned. — C. 
Dickens, David Copperjield (1849). 

Stein. There is a German saying 
that, "Krems and Stein are three places." 
The solution lies in the word "and" 
(German, und). Now Und is between 
Krems and Stein ; so that Krems, Und, 
[and] Stein arc three places. 

Steinbacll (Erwin von) designed 
Strasbourg Cathedral ; begun 1015, and 
finished 1439. 

A great master of his craft 
Erwin von Steinbach. 

Longtellow, Golden Legend (1851). 

Steinernherz von Blutsacker 

(Francis), the scharf-gerichter or execu- 
tioner. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Steinfeldt (The old baroness of), 
introduced iu Donnerhugel's narrative. — 
Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Steinfort (The baron), brother of 
the countess Wintersen. He falls in love 
with Mrs. Haller, but, being informed of 
the relationship between Mrs. Haller and 
" the stranger," exerts himself to bring 
about a reconciliation. — Benj. Thompson, 
The Stranger (1797). 

Stella. The lady Penelope Devereux, 
the object of sir Philip Sidney's affection. 
She married lord Rich, and was a widow 
in Sidney's life-time. Spenser says, in 



his Astrophel, when Astrophel (sir 
Philip) died, Stella died of grief, and the 
two "lovers" were converted into one 
flower, called " Starlight," which is first 
red, and as it fades turns blue. Some 
call it penthea, but henceforth (he says) it 
shall be called " Astrophel." It is a pure 
fiction that Stella died from grief at the 
death of Sidney, for she afterwards 
married Charles Blount, created by 
James I. earl of Devonshire. The poet 
himself must have forgotten his own 
lines : 

Ne less praiseworthy Stella do I read, 
Tho' nought my praises of her needed are. 

Whom vsrse of noblest shepherd lately dead [1586] 
Hath praised and raised above each other star. 
Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1591). 

Stella, Miss Hester Johnson was so 
called by Swift, to whom she was 
privately married in 1706. Hester is first 
perverted into the Greek aster, and 
" aster " in Latin, like stella, means 
"a star." Stella lived with Mrs. Dingley 
on Ormond Quay, Dublin. 

Poor Stella must pack off to town . . . 
To Liffy's stinking tide at Dublin . . . 
To be directed there by Dingley . . . 
And now arrives tfie dismal day, 
She must return to Ormond Quay. 

Swift, To Stella at Wood Park (1723). 

Steno (Michel), one of the chiefs of 
the tribunal of Forty. Steno acts 
indecorously to some of the ladies as- 
sembled at a civic banquet given by the 
doge of Venice, and is turned out of 
the house. In revenge, he fastens on the 
doge's chair some scurrilous lines against 
the young dogaressa, whose extreme 
modesty and innocence ought to have 
protected her from such insolence. The 
doge refers the matter to "the Forty," who 
sentence Steno to two months' imprison- 
ment. This punishment, in the opinion 
of the doge, is wholly inadequate to the 
offence, and Marino Faliero joins a con- 
spiracy to abolish the council altogether. 
— Byron, Marino Faliero, the Doge of 
Venice (1819). 

Stentor, a Grecian herald in the 
Trojan war. Homer says he was " great- 
hearted, brazen-voiced, and could shout 
as loud as fifty men." 

He l>egan to roar for help with the lungs of a Stentor. — 
Smollett. 

Steph'ano, earl of Carniiti, the 
leader of 400 men in the allied Christian 
army. He was noted for his military 
prowess and wise counsel. — Tasso, Jeru- 
salem Delivered, i. (1575). 

Steph'ano, a drunken butler. — Shake- 
speare, The Tempest (1609). 



STEPHANO. 



945 



STEYNE. 



Steph'ano, servant to Portia. — Shake- 
speare, Merchant of Venice (1598). 

Stephen, one of the attendants of 
S'r Reginald Front dc Boeuf (a follower 
of prince John). — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Stephen (Count), nephew of the count 
of Crevecceur. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Stephen (Master), a conceited puppy, 
who thinks all inferiors are to be snubbed 
and bullied, and all those weaker and 
more cowardly than himself are to be 
kicked and beaten. He is especially 
struck with captain Bobadil, and tries 
to imitate his " dainty oaths." Master 
Stephen has no notion of honesty and 
high-mindedness : thus he steals Down- 
right's cloak, which had been accidentally 
dropped, declares he bought it, and then 
that he found it. Being convicted of 
falsehood, he resigns all claim to it, 
saving in a huff, " There, take your cloak ; 
I'll none on't." This small-minded youth 
is young Kno'well's cousin. — Ben Jonson, 
Every Man in His Humour (1598). 

Stephen (The British St.), St. Alban, 
the British proto-martyr (died 303). 

As soon as the executioner g;ive the fatal stroke [which 
beheaded St. A'ban], his eyes dropped out of his head. — 
Bede, Ecclesiastical History (A.D. 734). 

Stephen Steelheart, the nickname 
of Stephen Wetheral. — Sir W. Scott, 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Stephen of Amboise, leader of 
5000 foot soldiers from Blois and Tours 
in the allied Christian army of Godfrey 
of Bouillon. Impetuous in attack, but 
deficient in steady resistance. He was 
shot by Clorinda with an arrow (bk. xi.). 
— Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Sterling (Mr.), a vulgar, rich City 
merchant, who wishes to see his two 
daughters married to titles. Lord Ogleby 
calls him " a very abstract of 'Change ; " 
and he himself says, " What signifies 
birth, education, titles, and so forth? 
Money, I say — money's the stuff that 
makes a man great in this countnV 

Miss Sterling, whose Christian name is 
Elizabeth or Betty ; a spiteful, jealous, 
purse-proud damsel, engaged to sir John 
Melvil. Sir John, seeing small prospect 
of happiness with such a tartar, proposed 
marriage to the younger sister ; and Miss 
Sterling, being left out in the cold, ex- 
claimed, " Oh that some other person, an 
earl or duke for instance, would propose 



to me, that I might be revenged on the 
monsters ! " 

Miss Fanny Sterling, an amiable, sweet- 
smiling, soft-speaking beauty, clandes- 
tinely married to Lovewell. — Colman and 
Garrick, The Clandestine Marriage (1766). 

A strange blunder was once made by Mrs. Gibhs of 
Coven t Garden in the part of "Miss Sterling." When 
speaking of the conduct of Betty, who bad locked the 
dour of Miss Fanny's room and walked away with thf 
key, Mrs. Gibbs exclaimed, " She lias locked the key, and 
carried away the door in her pocket."— W. C. Kussell, 
Representative Actors. 

Sterry, a fanatical preacher, admired 
bv Hugh Peters. — S. Butler, Hudibras 
(1663-78). 

Stevens, a messenger of the earl of 
Sussex at Say's Court. — Sir W. Scott, 
Kenil worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Stewart (Colonel), governor of the 
castle of Doune. — Sir \V. Scott, Wavcrley 
(time, George II.). 

Stewart (Prince Charles Edward), sur- 
named "The Chevalier" by his friends, 
and "The Pretender " by his foes. Sir 
W. Scott introduces him in Waverley, 
and again in Redgauntlet, where he ap- 
pears disguised as "father Buona Ven- 
tura." (Now generally spelt Stuart.) 

Stewart (Walking), John Stewart, the 
English traveller, who travelled on foot 
through Hindustan, Persia, Nubia, Abys- 
sinia, the Arabian Desert, Europe, and 
the United States (died 1822). 

A most interesting man, . . . eloquent in conversation, 
contemplative . . . and crazy beyond all reach of hele- 
bore, . . . yet sublime and divinely benignant in his 
visionariness. This man, as a pedestrian traveller, had 
seen m#re of the earth's surface . . . than any man 
before or since.— De Quincey. 

*** Walking Stewart must not be 
confounded with John M'Douall Stuart, 
the Australian explorer (1818-1866). 

Stewart Diamond (The), found in 
1872, is the largest South African dia- 
mond discovered up to the year 1880. 
It weighed in the rough state 288f carats, 
and but few diamonds in the world ex- 
ceed it in size. It is of a light yellow 
hue. and is set as a star with eight points 
and a fleur de lys above. This superb 
stone, with the Dudley and Twin dia- 
monds, have all been discovered in the 
Cape since 1870. 

Steyne (Marquis of), earl of Gaunt 
and of Gaunt Castle, a viscount, baron, 
knight of the Garter and of numerous 
other orders, colonel, trustee of the 
British Museum, elder brother of the 
Trinity House, governor of White Friars, 
etc., had honours and titles enough to 
3 p 



STICK TO IT, SAYS BAIGENT. 946 



STOCK PIECES. 



make him a great man ; but his life was 
not a highly moral one, and his conduct 
with Becky Sharp, when she was the 
wife of colonel Kawdon Crawley, gave 
rise to a great scandal. His lordship 
floated through the ill report, but Mrs. 
Kawdon was obliged to live abroad. — W. 
M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1848). 

Stick to it, says Baigent. 

Baigent was the principal witness of the 
Claimant in the great Tichborne trial, 
and his advice to his protege was, " Stick 
to it" (1872). 

Stiggins, a hypocritical, drunken, 
methodist "shepherd" (minister), thought 
by Mrs. Weller to be a saint. His time 
was spent for the most part in drinking 
pine-apple rum at the Marquis of Granby 
tavern. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 
(1836). 

Still (Cornelius the), Cornelius Tacitus. 
(Latin, tacltus, " still.") 

Cornelius the Stylle, in his firste book of his yerely 
exploictes, called in Latine Annates.— Fardle of Facions, 
in. 3 (1555). 

Still "Waters Run Deep, adapted 
from the French novel, Le Gendre. 

Stimulants used by Public 
Characters. 

Bonaparte, snuff. 

Braham, bottled porter. 

Bull (Rev. William), the noncon- 
formist, was an inveterate smoker. 

Byron, gin-and-water. 

Catley (Miss), linseed tea and ma- 
deira. 

Cooke (G. F.), everything drinkable. 

Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield), cham- 
pagne jelly. 

Emery, cold brandy-and-water. 

Erskine (Lord), opium in large doses. 

Gladstone ( W. E.), an egg beaten up 
in sherry. 

Henderson, gum arabic and sherry. 

Hobbes, only cold water. 

Incledon, madeira. 

Jordan (Mrs.), calves'-foot jelly dis- 
solved in warm sherry. 

Kean (Edmund), beef-tea, cold brandy. 

Kemble (John), opium. 

Lewis, mulled wine and oysters. 

Newton smoked incessantly. 

Oxberry, strong tea. 

Pope, strong coffee. 

Schiller required to sit over a table 
deeply impregnated with the smell of 
apples. He stimulated his brain with 
coffee and champagne. 

Siddons (Mrs.), porter, not "stout." 



Smith ( William) drank strong coffee. 

Wedderburne (the first lord Ashbur- 
ton) used to place a blister on his chest • 
when he had to make a great speech. — 
Dr. Paris, Pharmacologia (1819). 

Wood (Mrs.) drank draught porter. 

Stinkomalee. So Theodore Hook 
called the London University. The word 
was suggested by " Trincomalee " (in 
Ceylon), a name before the public at the 
time. Hook hated the " University," 
because it admitted students of all de- 
nominations. 

Only look at Stinkomalee and King's College. Activity, 
union, craft, indomitable perseverance on the one side ; 
indolence, indecision, internal distrust and jealousies, 
calf-like simplicity, and cowardice intolerable on the 
other.— Wilson, Nodes Ambrosiance (1822-36). 

Stitch (Tom), a young tailor, a great 
favourite with the ladies. — The Merry 
History of Tom Stitch (seventeenth cen- 
tury). 

Stock Exchange "Nicknames." 

Berwicks, North-Eastern railway 
shares. 

Brums, London and North-Western 
railway shares (the Birmingham line). 

Cohens, the Turkish '69 loan. Floated 
by the firm of that name. 

Dogs, Newfoundland telegraph shares. 
(Newfoundland dogs.) 

Dovers, South- Eastern railway shares. 
(The line runs to Dover.) 

Floaters, exchequer bills and other 
unfunded stock. 

Fourteen Hundred, a stranger who 
has intruded into the Stock Exchange. 
This term was used in Defoe's time. 

Lame Duck (A), a member of the 
Stock Exchange who fails in his obli- 
gations. 

Leeds, Lancashire and Yorkshire rail- 
way shares. 

Morgans, the French 6 per cents. 
Floated by that firm. 

Muttons, the Turkish '65 loan. (Partly 
secured by the sheep-tax.) 

Pots, North Staffordshire railway 
shares. (The potteries.) 

Singapores (3 syl.), British Indian 
Extension telegraph shares. 

Smelts, English and Australian copper 
shares. 

Stag, one who applies for an allot- 
ment of shares, and cuts off if they do 
not rise in price before they are awarded. 

Yorks, the Great Northern railway 
shares. 

Stock Pieces, used in university 
and law examinations. (See Tips.) 



STOCKS' MARKET. 



947 



STONEWALL JACKSON. 



Stocks' Market. So called from a 
pair of stocks which at one time stood 
there. Gardeners used to occupy all but 
the north and south-west part. The 
flower called the "stock" received its 
name from being sold there. The market 
was removed to Farringdon Street in 
1737, and was then called " Fleet Mar- 
ket." 

Where is there such a garden in Europe as the Stocks' 
Market? Where such a river as the Thames? Where 
such ponds and decoys as in Leadenhail Market for your 
fish and fowl?— Snadwell. Bury Fair (1689). 

Stockwell {Mr.), a City merchant, 
who promised to give his daughter Nancy 
in marriage to the son of sir Harry Har- 
lowe of Dorsetshire. 

Mrs. Stockwell, the merchant's wife, 
who always veers round to the last 
speaker, and can be persuaded to any- 
thing for the time being. 

Nancy Stockwell, daughter of the mer- 
chant, in love with Belford, but promised 
in marriage to sir Harry Harlowe's son. 
It so happens that sir Harry's son has 
privately married another lady, and Nancy 
falls to the man of her choice. — Garrick, 
Neck or Nothing (1766). 

Stolen Kisses, a drama by Paul 
Meritt, in three acts (1877). Felix Free- 
mantle, under the pseudonym of Mr. Joy, 
falls in love with Cherry, daughter of 
Tom Spirit once valet to Mr. Freemantle 
(who had come to the title of viscount 
Trangmar). When Tom Spirit ascer- 
tained that " Felix Joy " was the son of 
the viscount, he forbade all further in- 
tercourse, unless Felix produced his 
father's consent to the marriage. The 
next part of the plot pertains to the 
brother of Tom Spirit, who had assumed 
the name of Walter Temple, and, as a 
stock-broker, had become very wealthy. 
In his prosperity, Walter scornfully 
ignored his brother Tom, and his ambi- 
tion was to marry his daughter Jenny to 
the son of viscount Trangmar, who owed 
him money. Thus the two cousins, 
Cherry and Jenny, came into collision ; 
but at the end Jenny married Fred Gay, 
a medical student, Cherry married Felix, 
the two brothers were reconciled, and 
Tom released his old master, viscount 
Trangmar, by destroying the bond which 
Walter held and gave him. 

Stone of Loda, a place of worship 
amongst the ancient Gaels. — Ossian, 
leiutra, v. 

Stonehenge. Aurelius Ambrosius 
asked Merlin what memento he could 



raise to commemorate his victory over 
Vortigern ; and Merlin advised him to 
remove " The Giant's Dance " from 
mornt Killaraus, in Ireland, to Salisbury 
Plain. So Aurelius placed a fleet and 
15,000 men under the charge of Uther the 
pendragon and Merlin for the purpose. 
Gilloman king of Ireland, who opposed 
the invaders, was routed, and then Merlin, 
" by his art," shipped the stones, and set 
them up on the plain " in the same 
manner as they stood on Killaraus." — 
Geoffrey, British History, viii. 10-12 
(1142). 

How Merlin, by his skill and magic's wondrous might. 
From Ireland hither brought the Sonendge In a night. 
Drayton, 1'otyolbion, iv. (1612). 
Stonehenge. once thought a temple, you have found 
A throne, where kings, our earthly gods, were crowned. 
Dryden, Epistle*, ii. 

Stonehenge a Trophy. It is said, in 
the Welsh triads, that this circle of 
stones was erected by the Britons to 
commemorate the "treachery of the Long- 
Knives," i.e. a conference to which the 
chief of the British warriors were invited 
by Hengist at Ambresbury. Beside each 
chief a Saxon was seated, armed with a 
long knife, and at a given signal each 
Saxon slew his Briton. As many as 460 
British nobles thus fell, but Eidiol earl 
of Gloucester, after slaying seventy 
Saxons (some say 660), made his escape. 
— Welsh Triads. 

Stonehenge was erected by Merlin, at the command of 
Ambrosius, in memory of the plot of the " Long-Knives," 
when 300 British chiefs were treacherously mastered by 
Vortigern. He built it on the site of a former circle. It 
deviates from older bardic circles, as may be seen by 
comparing it with Avebury, Stanton-Drew, Keswick, etc. 
It is called "The Work" of Ambrosius." — Cambrian 
Biography, art. " Merddiu." 

%* Mont Dieu, a solitary mound 
close to Dumfermline, owes its origin, 
according to story, to some unfortunate 
monks, who, by way of penance, carried 
the sand in baskets from the sea-shore at 
Inverness. 

At Linton is a fine conical hill attri- 
buted to two sisters (nuns), who were 
compelled to pass the whole of the sand 
through a sieve, by way of penance, to 
obtain pardon for some crime committed 
by their brother. 

The Gog Magog Hills, near Cambridge, 
are ascribed to his Satanic majesty. 

Stonewall Jackson, Thomas Jona- 
than Jackson, general in the*southern 
army in the great civil war of the North 
American States. General Bee suggested 
the name in the battle of Bull Run (1861). 
"There is Jackson," said he to his men, 
"standing like a stone wall" (1824- 
1863). 



STORE MAKES NO SORE. 



948 



STRANGER. 



Store makes no Sore. — G. Gas- 

coigne, Satis Sufficit (died 1577). 

Storm (The Great) occurred Novem- 
ber 26-7, 1703. This storm supplied 
Addison -with his celebrated simile of 
the angel : 

So when an angel by divine command, 
With rising tempests shakes a guilty land. 
Such as of late o'er pale Britannia past, 
Calm and serene he drives the furious blast ; 
And, pleased th' Almighty's orders to perform, 
Rides on the tempest and directs the storm. 

The Campaign (1705). 

Storm-and-Strain Period. The 

last quarter of the eighteenth century was 
called in Germany the Sturm-und- Drang 
Zeit, because every one seemed in a fever 
to shake off the shackles of government, 
custom, prestige, and religion. The poets 
raved in volcanic rant or moonshine 
sentimentality ; marriage was disre- 
garded ; law, both civil and divine, was 
pooh-poohed. Goethe's Man with the 
Iron Hand and Sorrows of Werther, Schil- 
ler's Bobbers, Klinger's tragedies, Les- 
sing's criticisms, the mania for Shake- 
speare and Ossian revolutionized the 
literature ; and the cry went forth for 
untrammelled freedom, which was nick- 
named " Nature." As well go unclad, 
and call it nature. 

Storms (Cape of). The Cape of Good 
Hope was called by Bartholomew Diaz 
Cabo Tormentoso in 1486 ; but king John 
II. of Portugal gave it its present more 
auspicious name. 

Stornello "Verses, verses in which 
a word or phrase is harped upon, and 
turned about and about, as in the follow- 
ing example : — 

Vive la France 1 wave our banner, the red, white, and 

blue ; 
The flag of the loyal, the royal, and true. 
Blue and red for our city we wave, and the white 
For our sovereign the people, whose rule is their right. 
Royal white, loyal blue, and forget not the red. 
To show for our freedom we'll bleed and have bled. 

E. C. B. 

S.T.P., the same as D.D., "divinity 
doctor." The initials of Sanctos Theologies 
Brofessor. 

Stradiva'rius (Antonius), born at 
Cremo'na, in Italy (1670-1728). He was 
a pupil of Andreus Amati. The Amati 
family, with Stradivarius and his pupil 
Guarnerius (all of Cremona), were the 
most nottd violin-makers that ever lived, 
insomuch that the word "Cremona" is 
synonymous for a first-rate violin. 

The instrument on which he played 
Was in Cremona's workshops made . . . 
The maker from whose hands it came 
Had written his unrivalled name— 
"Antonius Stradivarius." 
Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863). 



Strafford, an historical tragedy by 
. R. Browning (1836). This drama con- 
tains portraits of Charles I., the earl of 
Strafford, Hampden, John Pym, sir 
Harry Vane, etc., both truthful and 
graphic. Of course, the subject of the 
drama is the attainder and execution of 
Wentworth earl of Strafford. 

Straitlaee (Dame Philippa), the 
maiden aunt of Blushington. She is 
very much surprised to find her nephew 
entertaining dinner company, and still 
more so that he is about to take a young 
wife to keep house for him instead of 
herself.— W. T. Moncrieff, The Bashful 
Man. 

Stral'enheim (Count of), a kinsman 
of Werner, who hunted him from place 
to place, with a view of cutting him off, 
because he stood between him and the 
inheritance of Siegendorf. This mean, 
plausible, overreaching nobleman was by 
accident lodged under the same roof with 
Werner while on his way to Siegendorf. 
Here Werner robbed him of a rouleau of 
gold, and next^ night Ulric (Werner's 
son) murdered him. 

Ida Stralenheim, daughter of count 
Stralenheim, betrothed to Ulric, whom 
she dearly loved ; but being told by 
Ulric that he was the assassin of her 
father, she fell senseless, and Ulric de- 
parted, never to return. — Byron, Werner 
(1822). 

The accent of this name is given by 
Byron sometimes on the first and some- 
times on the second syllable : 

Stralen'heim, altho' noble, is unheeded. 

Act iii. 4. 
The daughter of dead Stral'enheim, your foe. 

Act iv. 1. 

Stranger ( The), the count Waldbourg. 
He married Adelaide at the age of 16 ; she 
had two children by him, and then eloped. 
The count, deserted by his young wife, 
lived a roving life, known only as "The 
Stranger;" and his wife, repenting of 
her folly, under the assumed name of 
Mrs. Haller, entered the service of the 
countess Wintersen, whose affection she 
secured. In three years' time, "the stran- 
ger" came by accident into the same 
neighbourhood, and a reconciliation took 
place. 

His servant Francis says he is "a good master, though 
one almost loses the use of speech by living with hint, A 
man kind and dear, though I cannot understand nim. 
He rails against the whole world, and yet no beggar leaves 
his door unsatisfied. I have now lived three years wnh 
him, and yet I know not who he is. A hater of society, 
no tlonlit ; . . . [with] misanthropy In the head, not in the 
heart."— Benjamin Thompson, The Stravfyr. i. 1 (1797). 

This drama is altered from Kotzebue. 



STRANGFORD. 



949 STRONG MEN AND WOMEN. 



Mrs. R. Trench savs of John P. Kemble 
(1757-1823) : 

I always saw him with pain descend to "The Stranger." 
It was like the genius in the Arabian t;ile going into the 
TUB. Kir<t, it seemed so unlikely he should meet with 
sikIi an afloat, and this injured the probability of the 
piece; and next, "The Stranger" is really never dignified, 
and one is always in pain for him, poor gentleman !— 
Remains (182*2). 

Strangford (Percy Clinton Sydney 
Smi/the, viscount), in 1803, published a 
translation of the poems of Camoens, 
the great Portuguese poet. 

Hibernian Strangford . . . 
Thinkst thou to gain thy verse a higher place 
By dressing Camoens in a suit of lace? . . . 
Cease to deceive ; thy pilfered harp restore. 
Nor teach the Lusian bard to copy Moore. 
Byron, English Bardt and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Strap (Hugh), a simple, generous, 
and disinterested adherent of Roderick 
Random. His generosity and fidelity, 
however, meet with but a base return 
from the heartless libertine. — T. Smollett, 
Roderick Random (1748). 

We believe there are few readers who are not disgusted 
with the miserable reward assigned to Strap in the closing 
chapter of the novel. Five hundred pounds (scarce the 
value of the goods he had presented to his master) and 
the hand of a reclaimed street-walker, even when added 
to a Highland farm, seem but a poor recompense for his 
faithful and disinterested attachment.— Sir W. Scott. 

Strasbourg Cathedral, designed 
by Erwin von Steinbach (1015-1439). 

Strauchan (Old), the 'squire of sir 
Kenneth. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Straw. A little straw shows which 
wa>i the wind blows. 

You know, or don't know, that great Bacon saith. 
Fling up a straw, 'twill show the way the wind blows. 
Byron, Don Juan, xiv. 8 (1824). 

Strawberry Leaves (To win the), 
to be created a duke. 

Strawberry Preacher (A), a 
"Jerusalem pony," a temporary help, 
who wanders from pulpit to pulpit, to 
preach for some society, to aid somS 
absent or invalided minister, or to advo- 
cate some charity. The term was first 
used by Latimer, and the phrase means 
a " straying preacher." (Anglo-Saxon, 
streowan, "to stray;" hence, strawberry, 
streow-berie, "the straying berry-plant.") 

Streets of London (The), a drama 
by Dion Boucicault (18t>2), adapted from 
the French play Les Pauvres des Paris. 

Stre'mon, a soldier, famous for his 
singing. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Mad Lover (1617). 

Strephon, the shepherd in sir Philip 
Sidney's Arcadia, who makes love to the 
beautiful Urania (1580). It is a stock 



name for a lover, Cloe being usually the 
corresponding lady. 

Ciiptain O'FIarty was one of my dying Strephons at 
Scarborough. I have a very grate regard for him. and 
must make him a little misemble with my happiness. — 
Garrick, The Irish Widow, i. 3 11757). 

The servant of your Strephon ... is my lord and 
master. — Garrick, Hiss in Her Teens (1753). 

Stretton (Hc$>xi), the pseudonym of 
Miss Smith, daughter of a bookseller and 
printer in Wellington, Salop, authoress 
of several well-known religious novels. 

Strickalthrow (Merciful), in Crom- 
well's troop.— Sir W. Scott, Woodstock 
(time, Commonwealth). 

Strictland (Mr.), the " suspicious 
husband ; " who suspects Clarinda, a 
young lady visitor, of corrupting his 
wife ; suspects Jacintha, his ward, of 
lightness ; and suspects his wife of in- 
fidelity ; but all his suspicions being 
proved groundless, he promises reform. 

Mrs. Strictland, wife of Mr. Strictland, 
a model of discretion and good nature. 
She not only gives no cause of jealousy 
to her husband, but never even resents his 
suspicions or returns ill temper in the 
same coin. — Dr. Hoadly, The Suspicious 
Husljand (1747). 

Strike Dakyns ! the Devil's in 
the Hempe, the motto of the Dakynses. 
The reference is to an enemy of the" king, 
who had taken refuge in a pile of hemp. 
Dakyns, having nosed the traitor, was 
exhorted to strike him with his battle- 
axe and kill him, which he did. Hence 
the crest of the family — a dexter arm 
. . . holding a battle-axe. 

Stri k i n g the Shield, a call to 
battle among the ancient Gaels. 

" Strike the sounding shield of Semo ! It hangs at Tura s 
rustling gate. The sound of peace is not its voice My 
heroes shall hear and obey." He went. He struck the 
bossy shield. The hills, the rocks reply. The sound 
spreads along the wood. Beer start by the lake of roes 
..." It is the shield of war," said Rounar.— Ossian, 
Fingal, i. 

Stromlboli, called "The Great Light- 
house of the Mediterranean " from its 
volcano, which is in a constant blaze. 

Strong (Dr.), a benevolent old school- 
master, to whom David Copperfield was 
sent whilst living with Mr. Wickfield. 
The old doctor doted on his young wife 
Annie, and supported her "scapegrace 
cousin Jack Maldon.— C. Dickens, David 
Copperfield (1849). 

Strong Men and Women. 

Antaeos, Atlas, Dorsanes the Indian 
Hercules, Guy earl of Warwick, Hercules, 
Maceris son of Amon, Rustam the Persian 



STRONGBACK. 



950 



STUART ILL-FATED. 



Hercules, Samson, Starchaterus the 
Swede (first Christian century). 

Brown (Miss Phoebe), about five feet 
six inches in height, well proportioned, 
round-faced, and ruddy. She could carry 
fourteen score, and could lift a hundred- 
weight with each hand at the same time. 
She was fond of poetry and music, and 
her chief food was milk. — W. Hutton. 

Milo of Crotona could carry on his 
shoulders a four-year-old bullock, and 
kill it with a single blow of his fist. On 
one occasion, the pillar which supported 
the roof of a house gave way, and Milo 
held up the whole weight of the building 
with his hands. 

Polyd'amas, the athlete. He killed a 
lion with a blow of his fist, and could 
stop a chariot in full career with one 
hand. 

Topham (Thomas) of London (1710- 
1749). He could lift three hogsheads or 
1836 lbs. ; could heave a horse over a 
turnpike gate ; and could lift two hun- 
dredweight with his little finger. 

Strongbaek, one of the seven at- 
tendants of Fortunio. He could never 
be overweighted, and could fell a forest in 
a few hours without fatigue. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 
1682). 

The brothers Grimm have introduced 
the tale of " Fortunio" in their Goblins. 

Strongbow, Gilbert de Clare, who 
succeeded to the title of his brother, the 
earl of Hertford, in 1138, and was created 
earl of Pembroke (died 1149). 

Henry II. called him a " false " or 
"pseudo-earl." 

Strongbow (Richard of Strigal) was 
Richard de Clare earl of Pembroke, son 
of Gilbert de Clare. He succeeded Der- 
mot king of Leinster, his father-in-law, in 
1170, and died 1176. 

The earl of Strigale then, our Strongbow, first that won 
Wild Ireland with the sword. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 

Struldbrugs, the inhabitants of 
Luggnagg, who never die. 

He had reached that period of life . . . which . . . 
entitles a man to admission into the ancient order of 
Struldbrugs.— Swift, Gulliver's Travels (" Laputa," 1726). 

Strutt (Lord), the king of Spain ; 
originally Charles II. (who died without 
issue), but also applied to his successor 
Philippe due d' Anson, called "Philip 
lord Strutt." 

I need not tell you of the great quarrels that happened 
in our neighbourhood since the death of the late lord 
Strutt ; how the parson [cardinal Portocarcro] . . . got 
Mm to settle his estate upon his cousin Philip Baboon 
{Bourbon], to the great disappointment of his cousin 



squire South [Chartes of A ustrid]. — Dr. Arbuthnot, 
History of J9hn Bull, i. (1712). 

Stryver (Bully), of the King's Banch 
Bar, counsel for the defence in Darnay's 
trial. 

He was stout, loud, red, bluff, and free from any draw- 
back of delicacy; had a pushing way of shouldering 
himself (morally and physically) into companies and 
conversations, that argued well for his shouldering his way 
on in life.— C. Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, ii. 24 
(1859). 

Stuart Ill-Fated (The House of), as 
that of CEdipos. 

James I. of Scotland, poet, murdered 
by conspirators at Perth, in the forty- 
fourth year of his age (1393, 1424-1437). 

James II., his son, killed at the siege 
of Roxburgh, aged 30 (1430, 1437-1460). 

James III., his son, was stabbed in his 
flight from Bannockburn by a pretended 
priest, aged 36 (1452, 1460-1488). 

(His brother, the earl of Mar, was im- 
prisoned in 1477, and died in durance, 
1480.) 

James IV., his son, the "Chivalrous 
Madman," was defeated and slain at 
Flodden, aged 41 (1472, 1488-1513). 

James V., his son, was defeated at 
Solway Moss, November 25, and died of 
grief, December 14, aged 30 (1512, 1513- 
1542). 

Mary queen of Scots, daughter of 
James V., was beheaded, aged 44 years 
63 days (1542, 1542-1587, Old Style). 

(Her husband, Henry Stuart lord 
Darnley, was murdered (1541-1566). 
Her niece, Arabella Stuart, died insane 
in the Tower, 1575-1615.) 

Chakles I., her grandson, was be- 
headed, aged 48 years 69 days (1600, 
1625-1649). 

Charles II., his son, was in exile 
from 1645 to 1661, and in 1665 occurred 
the Great Fire of London, in 1666 the 
Great Plague ; died aged 54 years 253 
days (1630, 1661-1685). 

(His favourite child, a natural son, 
defeated at Sedgemoor, July 5, was 
executed as a traitor, July 15, aged 36, 
1649-1685). 

James II., brother of Charles, and son 
of Charles I., was obliged to abdicate to 
save his life, and died in exile (1633, 
reigned 1685-1688, died a pensioner of 
Louis XIV., 1701). 

James Francis Edward " the Luck- 
less," his son, called the " Old Pretender," 
was a mere cipher. His son Charles came 
to England to proclaim him king, but 
was defeated at Culloden, leaving 3000 
dead on the field (1688-1765). 

Charles Edward, the "Young Pre- 
tender," was son of the " Old Pretender." 



STUART OF ITALY. 



951 



STUTLY. 



After the defeat at Culloden he fled to 
France, was banished from that kingdom, 
and died at Rome a drunken dotard 
(1720-1788). 

Henkv Benedict, cardinal York, the 
last of the race, was a pensioner of George 
III. 

Stuart Of Italy (The Mary), Jane 
I. of Naples (1327, 1343-1382). 

Jane married her cousin Andre* of 
Hungary, who was assassinated two 
years after his marriage, when the widow 
married the assassin. So Mary Stuart 
married her cousin lord Darnley, 1565, 
who was murdered 1567, and the widow 
married Bothwell, the assassin. 

Jane fled to Provence, 1347, and was 
strangled in 1382. So Mary Stuart fled 
to England in 1568, and was put to death 
1587 (Old Style). 

Jane, like Mary, was remarkable for 
her great beauty, her brilliant court, her 
voluptuousness, and the men of genius 
she drew around her ; but Jane, like Mary, 
was also noted for her deplorable ad- 
ministration. 

* # * La Harpe wrote a tragedy called 
Jeanne de Naples (1765). Schiller has 
an adaptation of it (1821). 

Stuarts' Fatal Number {The). 
This number is 88. 

James III. was killed in flight near 
Bannockburn. 1488. 

Marv Stuart was beheaded 1588 (New 
Style). 

James II. of England was dethroned 
1688. 

Charles Edward died 1788. 

%* James Stuart, the "Old Pre- 
tender," was born 1688, the very year 
that his father abdicated. 

James Stuart, the famous architect, 
died 1788. 

(Some affirm that Robert II., the first 
Stuart king, died 1388, the year of the 
great battle of Otterburn ; but the death 
of this king is more usually fixed in the 
spring of 1390.) 

Stubble {Reuben), bailiff to Farmer 
Cornflower, rough in manner, severe in 
discipline, a stickler for duty, "a plain, 
upright, and downright man," true to his 
master and to himself. — C. Dibdin, The 
Fanner's Wife (1780). 

Stubbs, the beadle at Willingham. 
The Rev. Mr. Staunton was the rector. — 
Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Stubbs (Miss Sissly or Cecilia), daugh- 



ter of squire Stubbs, one of "Waverley'f 
neighbours. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Stuffy (Matthew), an applicant to 
Yelinspeck, a country manager, for a 
situation as prompter, for which he says 
he is peculiarly qualified by that affec- 
tion of the eyes vulgarly called a squint, 
which enables him to keep one eye on the 
performers and the other on the* book at 
the same time. — Charles Mathews, At 
Home (1818). 

Stuffy is one of the richest bits of humour we erer 
witnessed. His endless eulogies upon the state of things 
in the immortal Garrick's time are highly ludicrous.— 
Contemporary Paper. 

Stuke'ly (2 syl.), a detestable man. 
u 'Twould be as easy to make him honest 
as brave" (act i. 2). He pretends to be the 
friend of Beverley, but cheats him. He 
aspires to the hand of Miss Beverley, who 
is in love with Lewson. — Edward Moore, 
Tlie Gamester (1753). 

Stukely ( Will), the companion of Little 
John. In the morris-dance on May-day, 
Little John used to occupy the right hand 
side of Robin Hood, and SViil Stukely the 
left. (See Stutly.) 

Stukely (Captain Harry), nephew of sir 
Gilbert Pumpkin of Strawberry Hall. — 
I. Jackman, All the World's a Stage. 

Stupid Boy (The), St. Thomas 
Aquinas ; also called at school "The Dumb 
Ox" (1224-1274). 

Sturgeon (Major), J.P., "the fish- 
monger from Brentford," who turned 
volunteer. This bragging major makes 
love to Mrs. Jerry Sneak. — S. Foote, The 
Mayor of Garrati (1763). 

We had some desperate duty, sir Jacob, . . . such march- 
ings and counter-marchings, from Brentford to Ealing, 
from Ealing to Acton, from Acton to Uxbridge. Why, 
there was our last expedition to Hounslow ; that day's 
work carried off major Molossas. . . . But to proceed. 
On we marched, the men all in high spirits, to attack the 
gibbet where Gardel is hanging ; but. turning down a 
narrow lane to the left, as it might be about there, in 
order to possess a pigstye, that we might take the gallows 
in flank, and secure a retreat, who should come by but a 
drove of fat oxen for Smithfield. The drums beat in front, 
the dogs barked in the rear, the oxen set up a gallop ; on 
they came, thundering upon us, broke through our ranks 
in an instant, and threw the whole corps into confusion. 
—Act i. 1. 

Sturmthal (Melchoir), the banneret 
of Berne, one of the Swiss deputies. — Sir 
W. Scott, Anne of Geierstcin (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Stutly (Will), sometimes called Will 
Stukely, a companion of Little John. In 
the morris-dance on May-day, Little John 
occupied the right hand side of Robin 
Hood, and Will Stutly the left. His 
rescue from the sheriff of [Notts] by 



STYLES. 



952 



SUCKFIST. 



Robin Hood, forms the subject of one of 
the Robin Hood ballads. 

When Robin Hood in the greenwood lived, 

Under the greenwood tree. 
Tidings there came to him with speed, 

Tidings for certaintie, 
Ihat Will Stutly surprized was, 

And eke in prison lay ; 
Three varlets that the sheriff hired, 

Did likely him betray. 

Robin Hood's Rescuing Will Stutly, iv. 15. 

Styles ( Tom or John) or Tom o' Styles, 
a phrase name at one time used by lawyers 
in actions of ejectment. Jack Noakes 
and Tom Styles used to act in law the 
part that N or M acts in the church. The 
legal fiction has been abolished. 

I have no connection with the company further than 
giving them, for a certain fee and reward, my poor opinion 
as a medical man, precisely as I may give it to Jack 
Noakes or Tom Styles.— Dickens. 

*** Tom Styles, Jack Noakes, John 
Doe, and Richard Roe are all Mrs. 
Harrises of the legal profession, nomina 
et prwterea nihil. 

Styx, one of the five rivers of hell. 
The others are Ach'eron ("the river of 
grief"), Cocytus ("the river of Availing"), 
Phleg'ethon ("the river of liquid fire"), 
and Le'thS ("the river of oblivion"). 
Styx means " the river of hate." (Greek, 
stugeo, " I hate.") 

Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ; 
Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black and deep ; 
Ceeytus, named of lamentation loud. 
Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon, 
Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. 
Far off from these, a slow and silent stream, 
Lethd, the river of oblivion, rolls. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 577, etc. (1665). 

*** Dante places the rivers in different 
circles of the Inferno ; thus, he makes the 
Acheron divide the border-land from 
limbo. The former realm is for the 
" praiseless and the blameless dead ; " 
limbo is for the unbaptized. He places 
the Stygian Lake of "inky hue "in the 
fifth circle, the realm of those who put no 
restraint on their anger. The fire-stream 
of Phlegethon he fixes to the eighth steep, 
the "hell of burning where it snows 
flakes of fire," and where blasphemers 
are confined. He places "the frozen 
river" of Cocytus in the tenth pit of 
Malebolge, a region of thick-ribbed ice, 
the lowest depth of hell, where Judas and 
Lucifer are imprisoned. Lethe, he says, 
is no river of hell at all, but it is the one 
wish of all the infernals to get to it, that 
they may drink its water and forget their 
torments ; being, however, in " Purga- 
tory," they can never get near it. — The 
Divine Comedy (1300-11). 

Subtle, the "alchemist," an artful 
quack, who pretends to be on the eve of 



discovering the philosopher's stone. Sir 
Epicure Mammon, a rich knight, is his 
principal dupe, but by no means his only 
one. — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist (1610). 

Subtle, an Englishman settled in Pari3. 
He earns a living by the follies of his 
countrymen who visit the gay capital. 

Mrs. Subtle, wife of Mr. Subtle, and a 
help-meet for him. — Foote, The English- 
man in Paris (1753). 

Subtle Doctor {The), Duns Scotus, 
famous for his metaphysical speculations 
in theology (1265-1308). 

Suburra. So-and-so is the Suhurra 
of London, the most disreputable quarter, 
being the chief haunt of the "demi- 
monde." The Suburra of Rome was a 
district "ubi meretrlcum erant domi- 
cilia." 

Senem (quod omnes rideant) adulterum 

Latrent Suburanse canes 
Mardo perunctum. 

Horace, Mpode, y. 

Subvolvans, inhabitants of the moon, 
in everlasting strife with the Privolvans. 
The former live under ground in cavities, 
"eight miles deep and eighty round ;" the 
latter on "the upper ground." Every sum- 
mer the under-ground lunatics come to the 
surface to attack the "grounders," but at 
the approach of winter, slink back again 
into their holes. — S. Butler, The Elephant 
in the Moon (1754). 

Success. 

'Tis not in mortals to command success. 

But we'll do more, Sempron'us, we'll deserve it. 

Addison, Cato, i. 1 (1713). 

Such Things Are, a comedy by 
Mrs. Inchbald (1786). The scene lies in 
India, and the object of the play is to 
represent the tyranny of the old regime, 
and the good influence of the British 
element, represented by Haswell tho 
royal physician. The main feature is an 
introduction to the dungeons, and the in- 
famous neglect of the prisoners, amongst 
whom is Arabella, the sultan's beloved 
English wife, whom he has been search- 
ing for unsuccessfully for fifteen years. 
Haswell receives the royal signet, and is 
entrusted with unlimited power by the 
sultan. 

Suckfist (Lord), defendant in the 
great Pantagruelian lawsuit, known as 
"lord Busqueue v. lord Suckfist," in which 
the plaintiff and defendant pleaded in 
person. After hearing the case, the bench 
declared, "We have not understood one 
single circumstance of the matter on either 
side." But Pantagruel gave judgment, 



SUCKLE FOOLS. 



953 



SULLEN. 



and as both plaintiff and defendant left 
the court fully persuaded that the verdict 
was in his own favour, they were both 
highly satisfied, "a thing without parallel 
in the annals of the law." — Rabelais, 
Pantagruel, ii. 11-13 (1533). 

Suckle Fools. Iago says the use of 
a wife is 

To suckle fools, and chronicle small beer. 

Shakespeare, Othello, act ii. sc. 1 (1611). 

Suddlechop (Benjamin), "the most 
renowned barber in all Fleet Street." A 
thin, half-starved creature. 

Daine Ursula Suddlechop, the barber's 
wife. "She could contrive interviews for 
lovers, and relieve frail fair ones of the 
burden of a guilty passion." She had 
been a pupil of Mrs. Turner, and learnt 
of her the secret of making yellow starch, 
and two or three other prescriptions more 
lucrative still. The dame was scarcely 
40 years of age, of full form and comely 
features, with a joyous, good-humoured 
expression. 

Dame Ursula had acquaintances . . . among the quality, 
and maintained her intercourse . . . partly by driving a 
trade in perfumes, essences, pomades, head-gears from 
Franoe, not to mention drugs of various descriptions, 
chiefly for the use of ladies, and partly by other services 
more or less connected with the esoteric branches of her 
profession. — Sir W. Scott, fortune* of Sigel, viii. (time, 
James I.). 

Suds (Mrs.), any washerwoman or 
laundress. 

Suerpo Santo, called St. Elmo, 
Castor and Pollux, St. Hermes ; a coma- 
zant or electric light occasionally seen on 
a ship's mast before or after a storm. 

I do remember . . . there came upon the toppe of our 
maine-yarde and maine-maste a certaine little light . . . 
■which the Spaniards call the Suerpo £anto. . . . This 
light continued aboord our ship about three houres, flying 
from maste to maste, and from top to top. — Hackluyt, 
Voyages (1598). 

Suffusion. So that dimness of sight 
is called which precedes a cataract. It was 
once thought that a cataract was a thin 
film growing externally over the eye and 
veiling the sight; but it is now known 
that the seat of the disease is the 
crystalline humour (between the outer 
coat of the eye and the pupilla). Couch- 
ing for this disease is performed with a 
needle, which is passed through the ex- 
ternal coat, and driven into the crystalline 
humour. (See Drop Serene.) 

So thick a "drop serene" hath quenched their orbs. 
Or dim " suffusion " veiled. 

MUton, Paradise Lost, iii. 25 (1665). 

Suicides from Books. 

Cleom'brotos, the Academic philo- 
sopher, killed himself after reading Plato's 
Phcedon, that he might enjoy the happiness 
of the future life so enchantingly described. 



Frauleiv von Lassberg drowned 
herself in spleen, after reading Goethe's 
Sorroivs of Werther. 

Sulin-Sifad'da, one of the two steeds 
of Cuthullin general of the Irish tribes. 
The name of the other was Dusronnal. 

Before the right side of the car is seen the snorting 
horse; the high-nianed. broad-breasted, piqud, wide- 
leaplng, strong steed of the hill. Loud and resounding is 
his hoof ; the spreading of his mane above is like a stream 
of smoke on a ridge of rocks. Bright are the sides of his 
steed. His name is Sulin-Sifadda.— Ossian, Fingul, i. 

Dusronnal snorted over the bodies of heroes. Sifadda 
bathed his hoof in blood.— Ditto. 

Sulky (Mr.), executor of Mr. "Warren, 
and partner in Dornton's bank. With a 
sulky, grumpy exterior, he has a kind 
heart, and is strictly honest. When 
Dornton is brought to the brink of 
ruin by hi3 son's extravagance, Sulky 
comes nobly forward to the rescue. (See 
Silky.)— T. Holcroft, The Road to Ruin 
(1792). 

And oh 1 for monopoly. What a blest day. 

When the lank and the silk shall, in fond combination 
(Like Sulky and Silky, that pair in the play). 
Cry out with one voice for "high rents" and "starva- 
tion " 1 

T. Moore, Ode f the Gtddets Ceres (1806). 

Sullen (Squire), son of lady Bounti- 
ful by her first husband. He married 
the sister of sir Charles Freeman, but 
after fourteen months their tempers and 
dispositions were found so incompatible 
that they mutually agreed to a divorce. 

He says little, thinks less, and does nothing at all. 
Faith ! but he's a man of great estate, and values no- 
body. — Act i. 1. 

Parson Trulliber, sir Wilful Witwould, sir Francis 
Wronghead, squire Western, squire Sullen,— such were 
the people who composed the main strength of the tory 
party for sixty years after the Revolution. — Lord Macau- 
lay. 

*** " Parson Trulliber," in Joseph 
Andrews (by Fielding); "sir Wilful 
Witwould," in The Way of the World 
(Congreve) ; "sir Francis Wronghead," 
in The Provoked Husband (by Cibber) ; 
"squire Western," in Tom Jones (by 
Fielding). 

Mrs. Sullen, sister of sir Charles Free- 
man, and wife of squire Sullen. They 
had been married fourteen months when 
they agreed mutually to a separation, for 
in no one single point was there any com- 
patibility between them. The squire was 
sullen, the lady sprightly ; he could not 
drink tea with her, and she could not 
drink ale with him ; he hated ombre and 
picquet, she hated cock-fighting and 
racing ; he would not dance, and she 
would not hunt. Mrs. Sullen liked Archer, 
friend of Thomas viscount Aimwell, both 
fortune-hunters ; and squire Sullen, when 
he separated from his wife, was obliged to 



SUL-MALLA. 



954 



SUN ON EASTER DAY. 



resign the £20,000 which he received 
with her as a dowry. — George Farquhar, 
The Beaux' Stratagem (1707). 

Sul-Malla, daughter of Conmor king 
of Inis-Huna and his wife Clun-galo. 
Disguised as a warrior, Sul-Malla follows 
Cathmor to the war ; but Cathmor, walk- 
ing his rounds, discovers Sul-Malla asleep, 
falls in love, with her, but exclaims, 
" This is no time for love." He strikes 
his shield to rouse the host to battle, and 
is slain by Fing&l. The sequel of Sul- 
Malla is not given. 

Clim-galo came. She missed the maid. "Where art 
thou, beam of light? Hunters from the mossy rock, saw 
you the blue-eyed fair? Are her steps on grassy Lumon, 
near the bed of roses? Ah me! I beheld her bow in 
the hall. Where art thou, beam of light ? "— Ossian, 
Tartora, vi. (Set to music by sir H. Bishop.) 

Sultan's Horse (The). According 
to tradition, nothing will grow where the 
sultan's horse treads. 

Byzantians boast that on the clod 
Where once the sultan's horse has trod, 
Grows neither grass, nor shrub, nor tree. 

Swift, Pettrox the Great (1723). 

Summer. (See Seasons.) 

Summer of All Saints, the fine 
weather which generally occurs in Oc- 
tober and November ; also called St. 
Martin's Summer (L'ete de S. Martin) 
and St. Luke's Summer. 

Then followed that beautiful season, 
Called by the pious Acadian peasants the summer of All 
Saints. 

Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 2 (1849). 

All Saints' Day, November 1 ; St. 
Martin's Day, November 11 ; St. Luke's 
Day, October 18. 

Expect St. Martin's summer, halcyon days. 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2 (1589). 

All Hallowen Summer is the same as 
"All Saints' Summer." 

Farewell, all Hallowen summer. 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2 (1589). 

Summerland, supposed to be the 
Crimea or Constantinople " over the 
Hazy Sea." This is given by Thomas 
Jones of Tregaron as the place from 
which the Britons originally emigrated. 
— T. Jones, The Historical Triads (six- 
teenth century). 

Summerson (Esther). (See Esther 
Hawdon.) 

Summons to Death. 

Jacques Molay, grand-master of the 
Knights Templars, as he was led to the 
stake, summoned the pope (Clement V.) 
within forty days, and the king (Philippe 
IV.) within forty weeks, to appear before 
the throne of God to answer for his 



murder. They both died within the 
stated times. 

Montreal d'Albano, called "Fra 
Moriale," knight of St. John of Jerusa- 
lem, and captain of the Grand Company 
in the fourteenth century, when sentenced 
to death by Rienzi, summoned him to 
follow within the month. Rienzi was 
within the month killed by the fickle 
mob. 

Peter and John de Carvajal, being 
condemned to death on circumstantial 
evidence alone, appealed, but without 
success, to Ferdinand IV. of Spain. On 
their way to execution, they declared 
their innocence, and summoned the king 
to appear before God within thirty days. 
Ferdinand was quite well on the thirtieth 
day, but was found dead in his bed next 
morning. 

George Wishart, a Scotch reformer, 
was condemned to the stake by cardinal 
Beaton. While the fire was blazing 
about him, the martyr exclaimed in a 
loud voice, " He who from yon high 
place beholdeth me with such pride, shall 
be brought low, even to the ground, be- 
fore the trees which have supplied these 
faggots have shed their leaves." It was 
March when these words were uttered, 
and the cardinal died in June. 

Sun (The). The device of Edward 
III. was the sun bursting through a cloud. 
Hence Edward III. is called " our half- 
faced sun." — Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. 
act iv. sc. 1 (1592). 

Sun (City of the). Rhodes was so 
called, because Apollo was its tutelar 
deity. On or Heliopolis, in Egypt, was 
a sun-city (Greek, folios polls, " sun 
city"). 

Sun Inn, Westminster. This sign 
was adopted because it was the badge of 
Richard II. The "sun" was the cogni- 
zance of the house of York. 

Now is the winter of our discontent 
Made glorious summer by this sun of York. ' 

Shakespeare, Richard III. act i. sc. 1 (1597). 

Sun-Steeds. Bronte ("thunder") 
and Amethea ("no loiterer"), ./Ethon 
("fiery red") and Pyroi's ("fire"); 
Lampos ("shining like a lamp"), used 
only at noon; Philogea ("effulgence"), 
used only in the westering course. 

*** PhaPton ("the shining one ") and 
Abraxas (the Greek numeral for 305) 
were the horses of Aurora or the morning 
sun. 

Sun on Easter Day. It was at 



SUNDAY. 



955 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



one time maintained that the Bun danced 
on Easter Day. 

But oh ! she dances such a way, 
No sun upon an Easter Day 
Is half so fine a sight. 
Sir John Suckling. The Wedding (died 1641). 
Whose beauty makes the sprightly sun 
To cl nice, as upon Easter D.ty. 
John Cleveland, The General Eclipte (died 1659). 

Sunday is the day when witches do 
penance. 

Till on a day (that day la every prime [first d*y\ 
When witches wont do penance for their crime. 

Spenser, Faery queen, I. ii. 40 (1590). 

Sunflower ( The) is so called simply 
because the flower resembles a picture- 
sun, with its yellow petals like rays round 
its dark disc. Thomas Moore is quite in 
error when he says it turns towards the 
sun. I have had sunflowers turning to 
every point of the compass, and after 
narrowly watching; them, have seen in 
them no tendency to turn towards the 
sun, or to shift their direction. 

The sunflower turns on her god, when he sets, 
The same look which she turned when he rose. 
T. Moore, Jrith Melodies, ii. (" Believe Me, if all those 
Endearing Young Charms," 1814). 

Sun'ith, one of the six Wise Men of 

the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
He had three holy daughters. — Klop- 
stock, The Messiah, V. (1771). 

Sunium's Marbled Steep, cape 
Colonna, once crowned with a temple of 
Minerva. 

Here marble columns, long by time defaced. 
Moss-covered, on the lofty cape are placed, 
There reared by fair devotion to sustain 
In elder times Tritonia's sacred fane [temple of Minerva\ 
Falconer, The Shipioreck, iii. 5 (1762). 

Sunshine of St. Eulalie' (3 syl.), 
Evangeline. 

Sunshine of St. Eulalie was she called, for that was the 

sunshine 
Which, as the fanners believed, would load their orchards 

with apples. 

Longfellow. Evangeline, i. 1 (1849). 

Super Grammat'icam, Sigismund 
emperor of Germany (1366, 1411-1437). 

At the council of Constance, held 1414, Sigismund used 
the word schitma as a noun of the feminine gender {ilia 
nefanda tchisma). A prig of a cardinal corrected him, 
laying, "'Schisma,' your highness, is neuter gender;" 
when the kaiser turned on him with ineffable scorn, and 
said, " I am king of the Romans, and what is grammar 
to me ♦ " [Ego sum rex Romanus [? Romanorum], et super 
grammaticain.}—CaT\y]e, Frederick the Great (1858). 

Superb (The). Genoa is called La 
Superba, from its general appearance from 
the sea. 

Superstitions about Animals. 

Ant. When ants are unusually busy, 
foul weather is at hand. 

Ants never sleep. — Emerson, Nature, iv. 

Ants lay up food for winter use. — 
Proc. vi. 6-8 : xxx. 25. 



Ants' eggs are an antidote to love. 

Ass. The mark running down the back 
of an ass, and cut at right angles over the 
shoulders, is the cross of Christ, impressed 
on the animal because Christ rode on an 
ass in His triumphant entry into Jerusa- 
lem. 

Three hairs taken from the " cross " of 
an ass will cure the hooping-cough, but 
the ass from which the hairs are plucked 
will die. 

The ass is deaf to music, and hence 
Apollo gave Midas the ears of an ass, 
because he preferred the piping of Pan 
to the music of Apollo's lute. 

Barnacle. A barnacle broken off a 
ship turns iuto a Solan goose. 

Like your Scotch barnacle, now a block. 
Instantly a worm, and presently a great goose. 

Marston. The Jlalecontent (1604). 

Basilisk. The basilisk can kill at a 
distance by the " poison" of its glance. 

There's not a glance of thine 
But, like a basilisk, comes winged with death. 

Lee, Alexander the Great, v. 1 (1678). 

Bear. The cub of a bear is licked 
into shape and life by its dam. 

So watchful Bruin forms with plastic care 
Each growing lump, and brings it to a bear. 

Pope, The Dunciad. i. 101 (1728). 

Beaver. When a beaver is hunted, it 
bites off the part which the hunters seek, 
and then, standing upright, shows the 
hunters it is useless to continue the 
pursuit. — Eugenius Philalethes, Brief 
Natural History, 89. 

Bee. If bees swarm on a rotten tree, 
a death in the family will occur within 
the twelvemonth. 

Swarmed on a rotten stick the bees I spied. 
Which erst I saw when Goody Dobson dyed. 

Gay, Pastoral, v. (1714). 

Bees will never thrive if you quarrel 
with them or about them. 

If a member of the family dies and the 
bees are not put into mourning, they will 
forsake their hive. 

It is unlucky for a stray swarm of bees 
to flight on your premises. 

Beetle. Beetles are both deaf and 
blind. 

Cat. When cats wash their ears more 
than usual, rain is at hand. 

When the cat washes her face over her ears, wee shall 
have great shore of raine.— Melton, Astrologastor, 45. 

The sneezing of a cat indicates good 
luck to a bride. 

Crastina nupturse lux est prosperrima gpons» : 
Felix fele boniun sternuit omen amor. 

Robert Keuchen, Crepundv*. 413, 

If a cat sneezes thrice, a cold will run 
through the family. 

Satan's favourite form is that of a 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



956 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



black cat, and hence is it the familiar of 
witches. 

A cat has nine lives. 

Tybalt. What wouldst thou have with me? 

Mer. Good king of cats, nothing but one of your nine 
lives. — Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, act iii. sc. 1 
(1595). 

Chameleons live on air only. 

I saw him eat the air for food. 

Lloyd, The Chameleon. 

Cow. If a milkmaid neglects to wash 
her hands after milking, her cows will 
go dry. 

Curst cows have curt horns. Curst 
means "angry, fierce." 

God sends a curst cow short horns. — Shakespeare, 
Much Ado about Nothing, act ii. sc. 1 (1600). 

Cricket. Crickets bring good luck 
to a house. To kill crickets is unlucky. 
If crickets forsake a house, a death in 
the family will soon follow. 

It is a signe of death to some in a house, if the crickets 
on a sudden forsake the chimney. — Melton, Astrologas- 
tor, 45. 

Crocodiles moan and sigh, like per- 
sons in distress, to allure travellers and 
make them their prey. 

As the mournful crocodile 
With sorrow snares relenting passengers. 
Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act iii. sc. 1 (1591). 

Crocodiles weep over the prey which 
they devour. 

The crocodile will weep over a man's head when he [it] 
hath devoured the body, and then he will eat up the head 
too.— Bullokar, English Expositor (1616). 

Paul Lucas tells us that the humming- 
bird and lapwing enter fearlessly the 
crocodile's mouth, and the creature never 
injures them, because they pick its teeth. 
— Voyage fait en 1714. 

Crow. If a crow croaks an odd num- 
ber of times, look out for foul weather ; 
if an even number, it will be fine. 

[The superstitious] listen in the morning whether the 
crow crieth even or odd, and by that token presage the 
weather. — Dr. Hall, Characters of Vertues and Vices, 87. 

If a crow flies over a house and croaks 
thrice, it is a bad omen. — Ramese)', 
FAminihologia, 271 (1668). 

If a crow flutters about a window and 
caws, it forebodes a death. 

Night crowes screech aloud. 
Fluttering 'bout casements of departing soules. 

Mars ton. Antonio and MelliUa, ii. (1602). 
Several crows fluttered about the head of Cicero on the 
day he was murdered by Popilius Lamas . . . one of them 
even made its way into his chamber, and pulled away the 
bedclothes.— Macaulay, History of St. Kilda, 176. 

If crows flock together early in the 
morning, and gape at the sun, the weather 
will be hot and dry ; but if they stalk 
at nightfall into water, and croak, rain 
is at hand. — Willsford, Nature's Secrets, 
133. 



When crows [ ? rooks] forsake a wood 
in a flock, it forebodes a famine. — Supple- 
ment to the Athenian Oracle, 476. 

Death-watch. The clicking or tap- 
ping of the beetle called a death-watch is 
an omen of death to some one in the 
house. 

Chamber-maids christen this worm a " Death-watch," 
Because, like a watch, it always cries " click ; " 
Then woe be to those in the house that are sick, 
For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost . . 
But a kettle of scalding hot water injected 
Infallibly cures the timber infected; 
The omen is broken, the danger is over. 
The maggot will die, and. the sick will recover. 

Swift, Wood an Insect (1725). 

Dog. If dogs howl by night near a 
house, it presages the death of a sick 
inmate. 

If doggs howle in the night neer an house where some- 
body is sick, 'tis a signe of death.— Dr. N. Home, fk&mono- 
logie, 60. 

When dogs wallow in the dust, expect 
foul weather : " Canis in pulvere volu- 
tans . . ." 

Praescia ventorum, se rolvit odora canum vis ; 
Numina difflatur pulveris instar homo. 

Robert Keuchen, Crepundia, 211. 

Echinus. An echinus, fastening itself 
on a ship's keel, will arrest its motion 
like an anchor. — Pliny, Natural History, 
xxxii. 1. 

Egg. The tenth egg is always the 
largest. 

Decumana ova dicuntur, quia ovum decimum majus 

nascitur. — Festus. 

Elephant. Elephants celebrate re- 
ligious rites. — Pliny, Natural History, 
viii. 1. 

Elephants have no knees. — Eugenius 
Philalethes, Brief Natural History, 89. 

The elephant hath joints, but none for courtesy ; his 
legs are for necessity, not for flexure. — Shakespeare, 
Troilus and Cressida, act iii. sc. 3 (1602). 

Fish. If you count the number of 
fish you have caught, you will eatch no 
more that day. 

Frog. To meet a frog is lucky, in- 
dicating that the person is about to receive 
money. 

Some man hadde levyr to mete a frogge on the way than 
a knight ... for than they say and 'leve that they shal 
have golde. — Hives and Pauper (first precepte, xlvi., 
1493). 

When frogs croak more than usual, it 
is a sign of bad weather. 

Guinea-pig. A guinea-pig has no 
ears. 

Haddock. The black spot on each 
side of a haddock, near the gills, is the 
impression of St. Peter's finger and 
thumb, when he took the tribute money 
from the fish's mouth. 

The haddock has spots on either side, which are the 
marks of St. Peter's ringers when he catched that fish for 
the tribute — Metellus, Dialogues, etc.. 57 (1693). 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



957 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



Hair. If a dog bites you, any evil 
consequence may be prevented by 
applying three of the dog's hairs to the 
wound. 

Take the hair, it is well written. 
Of the dog by which you're bitten ; 
Work off one wine by his brother. 
And one labour by another. 

Athenseus (ascribed to Aristophanes). 

Hare. It is unlucky if a hare runs 
across a road in front of a traveller. The 
Roman augurs considered this an ill 
omen. 

If an hare cross their way, they suspect they shall be 
rob'd or come to some mischance. — Ramesev, Elmintho- 
logia, 271 (1668). 

It was believed at one time that hares 
changed their sex every year. 

Hedgehog. Hedgehogs foresee a 
coming storm. — Bodenham, Garden of the 
Muses, 153 (1600). 

Hedgehogs fasten on the dugs of cows, 
and drain off the milk. 

Horse. If a person suffering from 
hooping-cough asks advice of a man 
riding on a piebald horse, the malady 
will be cured by doing what the man tells 
him to do. 

Jackal. The jackal is the lion's pro- 
vider. It hunts with the lion, and pro- 
vides it with food by starting prey as 
dogs start game. 

Lady-bug. It is unlucky to kill a 
lady-bug. 

Liox. The lion will not injure a royal 
prince. 

Fetch the Numidian lion I brought over ; 
If she be sprung from royal blood, the lion 
Will do her reverence, else he will tear her. 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Mad Lover (1617). 
The lion will not touch the true prince. — Shakespeare, 
1 Henry IV. act ii. sc 4 (1598). 

The lion hates the game-cock, and is 
jealous of it. Some say because the cock 
wears a crown (its crest), and others 
because it comes into the royal presence 
" booted and spurred." 

The fiercest lion trembles at the crowing of a cock. — 
Pliny, Natural History, viii. 19. 

According to legend, the lion's whelp 
is born dead, and remains so for three 
days, when the father breathes on it, 
and it receives life. 

Lizard. The lizard is man's special 
enemy, but warns him of the approach 
of a serpent. 

Magpie. To see one magpie is un- 
lucky ; to see two denotes merriment or 
a marriage ; to see three, a successful 
j ourney ; four, good news ; five, com- 
pany.— Grose. 

Another superstition is : " One for 
sorrow ; two for mirth ; three, a wedding ; 
four, a death." 



One's sorrow, two's mirth, 
Three's a wedding, four's a birth. 
Five's a christening, six's a dearth. 
Seven's heaven, eight is hell. 
And nine's the devil his aue sel'. 

Old Scotch Rhyme. 

In Lancashire, two magpies flying to- 
gether is thought unlucky. 

I have heard my gronny say, hoode os leef o seen two 
owd harries as two pynots [magpies]. — Tim Bobbin, 
Lancashire Dialect, 31 (1775). 

When the magpie chatters, it denotes 
that you will see strangers. 

Max. A person weighs more fastiDg 
than after a good meal. 

The Jews maintained that man has 
three natures — body, soul, and spirit. 
Diogenes Laertius calls the three natures 
'body, phren, and thumos ; ahd thf 
Romans called them manes, anima, and 
umbra. 

There is a nation of pygmies. 

The Patagonians are of gigantic sta- 
ture. 

There are men with tails, as the Ghi- 
lanes, a race of men "beyond the Sen- 
naar ; " the Niam-niams of Africa, the 
Narea tribes, certain others south of 
Herrar, in Abyssinia, and the natives in 
the south of Formosa. 

Martin. It is unlucky to kill a martin. 

Mole. Moles are blind. Hence the 
common expression, "Blind as a mole." 

Pray you, tread softly, that the blind mole may not 
Hear a footfall. 

Shakespeare, The Tempest, act iv. sc. 1 (1609). 

Moox-calf, the offspring of a woman, 
engendered solely by the power of the 
moon. — Pliny, Natural History, x. 64. 

Mouse. To eat food which a mouse 
has nibbled will give a sore throat. 

It is a bad omen if a mouse gnaws the 
clothes which a person is wearing. — 
Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, 214 
(1621). 

A fried mouse is a specific for small- 
pox. 

Ostrich. An ostrich can digest iron, 

Stephen. I could eat the very hilts for anger. 

Kno'well. A sign of your good digestion ; you have 
an ostrich stomach. — B. Jonson, Every Man in His 
Humour, iii. 1 (1598). 

I'll make thee eat iron like an ostrich, and swallow 
my sword. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act iv. sc. 10 
(1591). 

Owl. If owls screech with a hoarse 
and dismal voice, it bodes impending 
calamity. (See Owl, p. 718.) 

The oul6 that of deth the bodS bringeth. 

Chaucer, Assembly of Joules (1358). 

Pelican. A pelican feeds its young 
brood with its blood. 

The pelican turneth her beak against ber brest, and 
therewith pierceth it till the blood gush out. wherewith 
she nourisbeth her young.— Eugenius Philalethes, Brie/ 
Natural History, 93 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



958 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



Than sayd the Pellycane, 
" When my byrdts be slayne. 
With my blonde I them reuyue [revive}" 
Scrypture doth record, 
The same dyd our Lord, 
And rose from deth to lyue [Ufe\ 

Skelton, Armoury of Byrdts (died 1529). 
And, like the kind, life-rendering pelican, 
Repast them with my blood. 

Shakespeare, Hamlet, act iv. sc. 5 (1596). 

Phcenix. There is but one phoenix in 
the world, which, after many hundred 
years, burns itself, and from its ashes 
another phoenix rises up. 

Now I will believe, . . . that in Arabia 

There is one tree, the phoenix' throne ; one phoenix 

At this hour reigning there. 

Shakespeare, The Tempest, act iii. sc. 3 (1609). 

The phoenix is said to have fifty 
orifices in its bill, continued to its tail. ' 
After living its 1000 or 500 years, it 
builds itself a funeral pile, sings a me- 
lodious elegy, flaps its wings to fan the 
fire, and is burnt to ashes. 

The enchanted pile of that lonely bird 
Who sings at the last his own death-lay, 
And in music and perfume dies away. 
T. Moore, Lalla Rookh (" Paradise and the Peri," 1817). 

The phoenix has appeared five times in 
Egypt : (1) in the reign of Sesostris ; (2) 
in the reign of Amasis ; (3) in the reign 
of Ptolemy Philadelphos ; (4) a little 
prior to the death of Tiberius ; and (5) 
during the reign of Constantine. Tacitus 
mentions the first three (Annates, vi. 28). 

Pig. In the fore feet of pigs is a very 
small hole, which may be seen when the 
pig is dead and the hair carefully re- 
moved. The legend is that the devils 
made their exit from the swine through 
the fore feet, and left these holes. There 
are also six very minute rings round 
each hole, and these are said to have 
been made by the devils' claws (Mark v. 
11-13). 

When pigs carry straws in their mouth, 
rain is at hand. 

When swine carry bottles of hay or straw to hide them, 
rain is at hand. — The Husbandman's Practice, 137 (1664). 

When young pigs are taken from the 
sow, they must be drawn away back- 
wards, or the sow will be fallow. 

The bacon of swine killed in a waning 
moon will waste much in the cooking. 

When hogs run grunting home, a 
storm is impending. — The Cabinet of 
Nature, 262 (1637). 

It is unlucky for a traveller if a sow 
crosses his path. 

If, going on a journey on business, a sow cross the road, 
you will meet with a disappointment, if not an accident, 
before you return home.— Grose. 

To meet a sow with a litter of pigs is 
very lucky. 

If a sow is with her litter of pigs, it Is lucky, and denotes 
a successful journey.— Gross. 



Langley tells us this marvellous bit of 
etymology : " The bryde anoynteth the 
poostes of the doores with swynes grease, 
... to dryve awaye misfortune, where- 
fore she had her name in Latin uxor, 
1 ab ungendo ' [to anoint]." — Translation 
of Poly dor e Vergil, 9. 

Pigeon. If a white pigeon settles on 
a chimney, it bodes death to some one in 
the house. 

No person can die on a bed or pillow 
containing pigeons' feathers. 

If anybody be sick and lye a-dying, if they [sic] lie 
upon pigeons' feathers they will be languishing and never 
die, but be in pain and torment.— British Apollo, ii. No. 
93 (1710). 

The blue pigeon is held sacred in 
Mecca. — Pitt. 

Porcupine. When porcupines are 
hunted or annoyed, they shoot out their 
quills in anger. 

Rat. Rats forsake a ship before a 
wreck, or a house about to fall. 

They prepared 
A rotten carcass of a boat ; the very rats 
Instinctively had quit it. 
Shakespeare, The Tempest, act L sc. 2 (1609). 

If rats gnaw the furniture of a room, 
there will be a death in the house ere 
long. — Grose. 

%* The bucklers at Lanuvium being 
gnawed by rats, presaged ill fortune, and 
the battle of Marses, fought soon after, 
confirmed the superstition. 

The Romans said that to see a white 
rat was a certain presage of good luck. 
— Pliny, Natural History, viii. 57. 

Raven. Ravens are ill-omened birds. 

The hoarse night raven, trompe of doleful dreere. 
Spenser. 

Ravens seen on the left hand side of a 
person bode impending evil. 

Saepe sinistra cava prsedixit ab ilice comix. 

Virgil, Eel., i. 

Ravens call up rain. 

Hark 

How the curst raven, with her harmless voice. 
Invokes the rain ! 

Smart, Hop Garden, ii. (died 1770). 

When ravens [? rooks] forsake a wood, 
it prognosticates famine. 

This is because ravens bear the character of Saturn, the 
author of such calamities.— Athenian Oracle (supple- 
ment, 476). 

Ravens forebode pestilence and death. 

like the sad-presaging raven, that tolls 
The sick man's passport in her hollow beak. 
And, in the shadow of the silent night, 
Does shake contagion from her sable wing. 

Marlowe, The Jew of Malta (1633). 

Ravens foster forsaken children. 

Some say that ravens foster forlorn children. 
(T) Shakespeare, Titus Andronictts, act li. sc. 3 (1093). 

It is said that king Arthur is not dead, 
but is only changed into a raven, and 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



959 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



will in due time resume his proper form 
and rule over his people gloriously. 

The raven was white till it turned tell- 
tale, and informed Apollo of the faith- 
lessness of Coronis. Apollo shot the 
nymph for her infidelity, but changed 
the plumage of the raven into inky 
blackness for his officious prating. — 
Ovid, Metamorphoses, ii. 

He [-4 polio) blacked the raven o'er. 

And bid him prate in his white plumes no more. 

Addison's Translation of Ovid, ii. 

If ravens gape against the sun, heat 
will follow ; but if they busy themselves 
in preening or washing, there will be 
rain. 

Rem'ora. A fish called the remora can 
arrest a ship in full sail. 

A little fish that men call remora, 
Which stopped her course. . . . 
That wind nor tide could move her. 

Spenser, Sonneti (1591). 

Robin. The red of a robin's breast is 
produced by the blood of Jesus. While 
the "Man of sorrows " was on His way to 
Calvary, a robin plucked a thorn from 
His temples, and a drop of blood, falling 
on the bird, turned its bosom red. 

Another legend is that the robin used 
to carry dew to refresh sinners parched 
in hell, and the scorching heat of the 
flames turned its feathers red. 

He brings cool dew in bis little bill. 

And lets it fall on the souls of sin ; 
You can see the mark on his red breast still, 

Of fires that scorch as he drops it in. 

J. G. Whittier, The Robin. 

If a robin finds a dead body unburied, 
it will cover the face at least, if not the 
whole body. — Grey, On Shakespeare, ii. 
226. 

The robins so red, now these babies are dead. 
Ripe strawberry leaves doth over them spread. 

Babes in the Wood. 

It is unlucky either to keep or to kill 
a robin. J. H. Pott says, if any one 
attempts to detain a robin which has 
sought hospitality, let him " fear some 
new calamity." — Poems (1780). 

Salamander. The salamander lives 
in the fire. 

Should a glass-house fire be kept up without extinc- 
tion for more than seven years, there is no doubt but that 
a salamander will be generated in the cinders. — J. P. 
Andrews, Anecdotes, etc., 359. 

The salamander seeks, the hottest fire 
to breed in, but soon qu'e'nches it by the 
extreme coldness of its body. — Pliny, 
Natural History, x. 67 ; xxix. 4. 

Food touched by a salamander is 
poisonous. — Ditto, xxix. 23. 

Saliva. The human saliva is a cure 
for blindness. — Ditto, xxviii. 7. 

If a man spits on a serpent, it will die. 
-Ditto, vii. 2. 



The human saliva is a charm against 
fascination and witchcraft. 

Thrice on my breast I spit, to guard me safe 
From fascinating charms. 

Theocritos. 
To unbewttch the bewitched, you must spit into the 
shoe of your right foot.— Scot, Ducoverie of Witchcraft 
(1584). 

Spitting for luck is a most common 
superstition. 

Fishwomen generally spit upon their hanseL — Grose. 

A blacksmith who has to shoe a stub- 
born horse, spits in his hand to drive off 
the " evil spirit." 

The swarty smith spits in his buckthorne fist. 

Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 

If a pugilist spits in his hand, his blows 
will be more telling. — Pliny, Natural 
History, xxviii. 7. 

Scorpion. Scorpions sting themselves. 

Scorpions have an oil which is a 
remedy for their stings. 

'Tis true the scorpion's oil is said 

To cure the wounds the venom made. 

S. Butler, Hudibras, to 2 (1678). 

Spider. It is unlucky to kill a money- 
spinner. 

Small spiders, called "money-spinners," prognosticate 
good luck, if they are not destroyed or removed from the 
person on whom they attach themselves.— Park. 

The bite of a spider is venomous. 

No spider will spin its web on an Irish 
oak. 

Spiders will never set their webs on a 
cedar roof. — Caughey, Letters (1845). 

Spiders indicate where gold is to be 
found. (See Spiders Indicators of 
Gold.) 

There are no spiders in Ireland, because 
St. Patrick cleared the island of all 
vermin. 

Spiders envenom whatever they touch. 

There may be in the cup 
A spider steeped, and one may drink, depart, 
And yet partake no evil. 
Shakespeare, Winter's Tale, act ii. sc. 1 (1604). 

A spider enclosed in a quilt and hung 
round the neck will cure the ague. — 
Mrs. Delany, A Letter dated March 1, 
1743. 

I . . . hung three spiders about my neck, and they 
drove my ague away.— Elias Ashmole, Diary (April 11, 
1681). 

A spider worn in a nutshell round the 
neck is a cure for fever. 

Cured by the wearing a spider hung round one's neck in a 
nutshell. 

Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. (1849). 

Spiders spin only on dark days. 

The subtle spider never spins 
But on dark days his slimy gins. 

S. Butler, On a Nonconformist, rr. 



Spiders have 
toads. 



natural antipathy to 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



960 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



Stag. Stags draw, by their breath, ser- 
pents from their holes, and then trample 
them to death. (Hence the stag has 
been used to symbolize Christ.) — Pliny, 
Natural History, viii. 50. 

Stork. It is unlucky to kill a stork. 

According to Swedish legend, a stork 
fluttered round the cross of the crucified 
Redeemer, crying, Styrke 1 styrke I 
(" Strengthen ye ! strengthen ye ! "), and 
was hence called the styrk or stork, but 
ever after lost its voice. 

Swallow. According to Scandi- 
navian legend, this bird hovered over 
the cross of Christ, crying, Svale I svale ! 
(" Cheer up ! cheer up ! "), and hence it 
received the name of svale or swallow, 
" the bird of consolation." 

If a swallow builds on a house, it 
brings good luck. 

The swallow is said to bring home from 
the sea-shore a stone which gives sight to 
her fledglings. 

Seeking with eager eyes that wondrous stone which the 

swallow 
Brings from the shore of the sea, to restore the sight of 

its fledglings. 

Longfellow, Evangeline, i. 1 (1849). 

To kill a swallow is unlucky. 
When swallows fly high, the weather 
will be fine. 

When swallows fleet soar high and sport in air. 
He told us that the welkin would be clear. 

Gay, Pastoral, i. (1714). 

Swan. The swan retires from obser- 
vation when about to die, and sings most 
melodiously. 

Swans, a little before their death, sing most sweetly. — 
Pliny, Natural History, x. 23. 

The swanne cannot hatch without a cracke of thunder. 
— Lord Northampton, Defensive, etc. (1583). 

Tarantula. The tarantula is poi- 
sonous. 

The music of a tarantula will cure its 
venomous bite. 

Toad. Toads spit poison, but they 
carry in their head an antidote thereto. 

. . . the toad ugly and venomous. 
Wears yet a precious jewel in its head. 
Shakespeare, As You Like It, act ii. sc. 1 (1800). 

In the dog days, toads never open 
their mouths. 

Toads are never found in Ireland, be- 
cause St. Patrick cleared the island of all 
vermin. 

Unicorn. Unicorns can be caught 
only by placing a virgin in their haunts. 

The horn of a unicorn dipped into a 
liquor will show if it contains poison. 

Viper. Young vipers destroy their 
mothers when they come to birth. 

Weasel. To meet a weasel is unlucky. 
•— Congreve, Love for Love. 

You never catch a weasel asleep. 



Wolf. If a wolf sees a man before 
the man sees the wolf, he will be struck 
dumb. 

Men are sometimes changed into 
wolves. — Pliny, Natural History. 

Wren. If any one kills a wren, he 
will break a bone before the j r ear is out. 

Miscellaneous. No animal dies near 
the sea, except at the ebbing of the tide. 
— Aristotle. 

'A parted even just between twelve and one, e'en at the 
turning o' the tide. — Shakespeare, Henry V, act ii. sc. 3 
(FalstafFs death, 1599). 

Superstitions about Precious 
Stones. 

R. B. means Rabbi Benoni (fourteenth century); S. 
means Streeter, Precious Stones (1877). 

Agate quenches thirst, and, if held 
in the mouth, allays fever. — R. B. 

It is supposed, at least in fable, to 
render the wearer invisible, and also to 
turn the sword of foes against themselves. 

The agate is an emblem of health and 
long life, and is dedicated to June. In 
the Zodiac it stands for Scorpio. 

Amber is a cure for sore throats and 
all glandular swellings. — R. B. 

It is said to be a concretion of birds' 
tears . — Cham bers. 

Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber 
That ever the sorrowing sea-bird hath wept. 
T. Moore, LaUa Iiookh ("Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

The birds which wept amber were the 
sisters of Meleager, called Meleagrides, 
who never ceased weeping for their 
brother's death.— Pliny, Natural History, 
xxxvii. 2, 11. 

Amethyst banishes the desire of 
drink, and promotes chastity. — R. B. 

The Greeks thought that it counteracted 
the effects of wine. 

The amethyst is an emblem of humility 
and sobriety. It is dedicated to February 
and Venus. In the Zodiac it stands for 
Sagittarius, in metallurgy for copper, in 
Christian art it is given to St. Matthew, 
and in the Roman Catholic Church it is set 
in the pastoral ring of bishops, whence it 
is called the " prelate's gem," or pierre 
tfe'veque. 

Cat's-eye, considered by the Cingalese 
as a charm against witchcraft, and to be 
the abode of some genii. — S., 168. 

Coral, a talisman against enchant- 
ments, witchcraft, thunder, and other 
perils of flood and field. It was con- 
secrated to Jupiter and Phoebus. — S., 
233. 

Red coral worn about the person is a 
certain cure for indigestion. — R. B. 

Crystal induces visions, promotes 
sleep, and ensures good dreams. — R. B. 



SUPERSTITIONS. 



961 



SURFACE. 



It is dedicated to the moon, and in 
metallurgy stands for silver. 

Diamond produces somnambulism, and 
promotes spiritual ecstasy. — R. B. 

The diamond is an emblem of inno- 
cence, and is dedicated to April and the 
sun. In the Zodiac it stands for Virgo, 
in metallurgy for gold, in Christian art 
invulnerable faith. 

Emerald promotes friendship and 
constancy of mind. — R. B. 

If a serpent fixes its eyes on an 
emerald, it becomes blind. — Ahmed ben 
Abdalaziz, Treatise on Jewels. 

The emerald is an emblem of success 
in love, and is dedicated to May. In the 
Zodiac it signifies Cancer. It is dedicated 
to Mars, in metallurgy it means iron, and 
in Christian art is given to St. John. 

Garnet preserves health and j oy . — R. B. 

The garnet is an emblem of constancy, 
and, like the jacinth, is dedicated to 
January. 

This was the carbuncle of the ancients, 
which they said gave out light in the dark. 

Loadstone produces somnambulism. 
— R. B. 

It is dedicated to Mercury, and in 
metallurgy means quicksilver. 

Moonstone has the virtue of making 
trees fruitful, and of curing epilepsy. — 
Dioscorldes. 

It contains in it an image of the moon, 
representing its increase and decrease 
every month. — Andreas Baccius. 

Onyx contains in it an imprisoned 
devil, which wakes at sunset and causes 
terror to the wearer, disturbing sleep 
with ugly dreams. — R. B. 

Cupid, with the sharp point of his 
arrows, cut the nails of Venus during 
sleep, and the parings, falling into the 
Indus, sank to the bottom and turned 
into onyxes. — S., 212. 

In the Zodiac it stands for Aquarius ; 
some say it is the emblem of August and 
conj ugal love ; in Christian art it sym- 
bolizes sincerity. 

Opal is fatal to love, and sows discord 
between the giver and receiver. — R. B. 

Given as an engagement token, it is 
sure to bring ill luck. 

The opal is an emblem of hope, and is 
dedicated to October. 

Ruby. The Burmese believe that rubies 
ripen like fruit. They say a ruby in its 
crude state is colourless, and, as it matures, 
changes first to yellow, then to green, 
then to blue, and lastly to a brilliant' red, 
its highest state of perfection and ripe- 
nees.— S., 142. 



The ruby signifies Aries in the Zodiacal 
signs ; but some give it to December, and 
make it the emblem of brilliant success. 

Sapphire produces somnambulism, 
and impels the wearer to all good works. 

— r. a 

In the Zodiac it signifies Leo, and in 
Christian art is dedicated to St. Andrew, 
emblematic of his heavenly faith and 
good hope. Some give this gem to April. 

Topaz is favourable to hemorrhages, 
imparts strength, and promotes digestion. 
— R. B. 

Les nnciens regardaient la tonazc comme utile contre 
1'epilepsie et la inclancolie. — Bouillet, Diet. Unit), det 
Sciencvi, etc. (1855). 

The topaz is an emblem of fidelity, and 
is dedicated to November. In the Zodiac 
it signifies Taurus, and in Christian art is 
given to St. James the Less. 

Turquoise, given by loving hands, 
carries with it happiness and good fortune. 
Its colour always pales when the well- 
being of the giver is in peril. — S., 170. 

The turquoise is an emblem of pros- 
perity, and is dedicated to December. 
It is "dedicated to Saturn, and stands for 
lead in metallurgy. 

A bouquet composed of diamonds, 
loadstones, and sapphires combined, ren- 
ders a person almost invincible and 
wholly irresistible. — R. B. 

All precious stones are purified by 
honej r . 

All kinds of precious stones cast into honey become 
more brilliant thereby, each according to its colour, and 
all persons become more acceptable when they join de- 
votion to their graces. Household cares are sweetened 
thereby, love is more loving, and business becomes more 
pleasant.— S. Francis de Salis, The Devout Life, iii. 13 
(1708). 

Supporters in Heraldry repre- 
sent the pages who supported the banner. 
These pages, before the Tudor period, 
were dressed in imitation of the beasts, 
etc., which typified the bearings or cog- 
nizances of their masters. 

Sura, any one ethical revelation ; thus 
each chapter of the Koran is a Sura. 

Hypocrites are apprehensive lest a Sura should be 
revealed respecting them, to declare unto them that 
which is in their hearts.— Al Kor&n, ix. 

Surface (Sir Oliver), the rich uncle 
of Joseph and Charles Surface. He ap- 
pears under the assumed name of Pre- 
mium Stanley. 

Charles Surface, a reformed scape- 
grace, and the accepted lover of Maria 
the rich ward of sir Peter Teazle. In 
Charles, the evil of his character was all 
on the surface. 

William Smith [1730-1790]. To portray upon the stage 
a man of the true school of gentility required pretensions 

3 Q 



SURGEON'S DAUGHTER. 



962 



SUTOR. 



of no ordinary kind, and Smith possessed these in a 
singular degree, giving to "Charles Surface" all that 
finish which acquired for him the distinction of " Gentle- 
man Smith."— Life of Sheridan (Bohn's edit). 

Joseph Surface, elder brother of Charles, 
an artful, malicious, but sentimental 
knave ; so plausible in speech and man- 
ner as to pass for a "youthful miracle 
of prudence, good sense, and benevo- 
lence." Unlike Charles, his good was all 
on the surface. — Sheridan, School for 
Scandal (1777). 

John Palmer (1747-1798) was so ad- 
mirable in this character that he was 
called emphatically " The Joseph Sur- 
face." 

Surgeon's Daughter ( The), a novel 
by sir Walter Scott, laid in the time of 
George II. and III., and published in 
1827. The heroine is Menie Gray, 
daughter of Dr. Gideon Gray of Middle- 
mas. Adam Hartley, the doctor's appren- 
tice, loves her, but Menie herself has 
given her heart to Richard Middlemas. 
It so falls out that Richard Middlemas 
goes to India. Adam Hartley also goes 
to India, and, as Dr. Hartley, rises high 
in his profession. One day, being sent 
for to visit a sick fakir', he sees Menie 
Gray under the wing of Mde. Montre- 
ville. Her father had died, and she had 
come to India, under madame's escort, to 
marry Richard ; but Richard had en- 
trapped the girl for a concubine in the 
haraui of Tippoo Saib. When Dr. Hart- 
ley heard of this scandalous treachery, 
he told it to Hyder Ali, and the father of 
Tippoo Saib, who were so disgusted at 
the villainy that they condemned Richard 
Middlemas to be trampled to death by 
a trained elephant, and liberated Menie, 
who returned to her native country under 
the escort of Dr. Hartley. 

Surgery {Father of French) ^ Ambrose 
Pare (1517-1590). 

Surly, a gamester and friend of sir 
Epicure Mammon, but a disbeliever in 
alchemy in general, and in "doctor" 
Subtle in particular. — Ben Jonson, The 
Alchemist (1610). 

Surplus {Mr.), a lawyer, Mrs. Sur- 
plus, and Charles Surplus the nephew. 
— J. M. Morton, A Regular Fix. 

Surrey ( Wliite), name of the horse 
used by Richard III. in the battle of 
Bosworth Field. 

Saddle White Surrey for the field to-morrow. 
Shakespeare, King Richard HI. a<» v. sc. 3 (1597). 

Surtur, a formidable giant, who is 
to set tire to the universe at Ragnarok, 



with flames collected from Muspelheim. 
— Scandinavian Mythology. 

Sur'ya (2 syl.), the sun-god, whose 
car is drawn by seven green horses, the 
charioteer being Dawn. — Sir W. Jones, 
From the Veda. 

Susan means "white lily." Susannah, 
" my white lily." Susa, in Persia, re- 
ceived its name from its white lilies. 
{Hebrew and Persian.) 

Susanna, the wife of Joacim. She 
was accused of adultery by the Jewish 
elders, and condemned to death ; but 
Daniel proved her innocence, and turned 
the criminal charge on the elders them- 
selves. — History of Susanna. 

Susannah, in Sterne's novel entitled 
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, 
Gentleman (1759). 

Suspicious Husband {The), a 
comedy by Dr. Hoadly (1747). Mr. 
Strictland is suspicious of his wife, his 
ward Jacintha, and Clarinda a young 
lady visitor. With two attractive young 
ladies in the house, there is no lack of 
intrigue, and Strictland fancies that his 
wife is the object thereof ; but when he 
discovers his mistake, he promises reform. 
Sussex {The earl of), a rival of the 
earl of Leicester, in the court of queen 
Elizabeth ; introduced by sir W. Scott in 
Keniluorth. 

Sut'leme'me (4 syl.), a young lady 
attached to the suite of Nouron'ihar the 
emir's daughter. She greatly excelled 
in dressing a salad. 

Sutor. Ne sutor supra CrepTdam. A 
cobbler, having detected an error in the 
shoe-latchet of a statue made by Apelles, 
became so puffed up with conceit that 
he proceeded to criticize the legs also ; 
but Apelles said to him, " Stick to the 
last, friend." The cobbler is qualified to 
pass an opinion on shoes, but anatomy 
is quite another thing. 

Boswell, one night sitting in the pit of 
Covent Garden Theatre with his friend 
Dr. Blair, gave an imitation of a cow 
lowing, which the house greatly ap- 
plauded. He then ventured another imi- 
tation, but failed ; whereupon the doctor 
turned to him and whispered in his tar, 
" Stick to the cow." 

A wigmaker sent a cop)' of verses to 
Voltaire, asking for his candid opinion 
on some poetry he had perpetrated. Th« 
witty patriarch of Ferney wrote on th« 
MS., " Make wigs," and returned it to 
the barber-poet. 



SUTTON. 



963 



SWANE. 



Sutton (Sir William), uncle of Hero 
Sutton the City maiden. — S. Knowles, 
Woman's Wit, etc. (1838). 

Suwari'OW (Alexander), a Russian 
general, noted for his slaughter of the 
Poles in the suburbs of Warsaw in 1794, 
and the still more shameful butchery of 
them on the bridge of Prague. After 
having massacred 30,000 in cold blood, 
Suwarrow went to return thanks to God 
" for giving him the victory." Camp- 
bell, in his Pleasures of Hope, i., refers 
to this butchery ; and lord Byron, in Bon 
Juan, vii., 8, 55, to the Turkish expedi- 
tion (1786-1792). 

A town whirh did a famous siege endure . . . 
By Suvaroff or A notice Suwarrow. 

Byron, Don Juan, vii. 8 (1824). 

Suzanne, the wife of Chalomel the 
chemist and druggist. — J. R. Ware, 
Piperman's Predicament. 

Swallow Stone. The swallow is 
said to bring home from the sea-shore a 
stone which gives sight to her fledglings. 

Oft in the barns they climbed to the populous nests on 

the rafters, 
Seeking with eager eyes that wondrous stone which the 

swallow 
Brings from the shore of the sea, to restore the sight of its 

fledglings. 

Longfellow, Evmngeline, i. 1 (1849). 

Swallow's Nest, the highest of the 
four castles of the German family called 
Landschaden, built on a pointed rock 
almost inaccessible. The founder was a 
noted robber-knight. (See " Swallow," 
p. 960.) 

Swan. Fionnuala, daughter of Lir, 
was transformed into a swan, and con- 
demned to wander for many hundred 
years over the lakes and rivers of Ire- 
land, till the introduction of Christianity 
into that island. 

T. Moore has a poem on this subject in 
his Irish Melodies, entitled "The Song of 
Fionnuala" (1814). 

Swan (The), called the bird of Apollo 
or of Orpheus (2 syl.). (See " Swan," 
p. 960.) 

Sir an (The knight of the), Helias king 
of Lyleforte, son of king Oriant and 
Beatrice. This Beatrice had eight chil- 
dren at a birth, one of which was a 
daughter. The mother-in-law (Mata- 
brune) stole these children, and changed 
all of them, except Helias, into swans. 
Helias spent all his life in quest of his 
sister and brothers, that he might dis- 
enchant them and restore them to their 
human forms. — Thorns, Early English 
Prose Romances, iii. (1858). 



Eustachius venit ad Bullion ad donmm ducivre qiiie 
uxor erat militis qui vocabatur " Miles C'ygni." — Reiffen- 
berg, Le Chevalier au Cygne. 

Swan (Tlie Mantuan), Virgil, born at 
Mantua (n.c. 70-19). 

Swan (The Order of the). This order 
was instituted by Frederick II. of Bran- 
denburg, in commemoration of the 
mythical " Knight of the Swan " (1443). 

Swan Alley, London. So called 
from the Beauchamps, who at one time 
lived there, and whose cognizance is a 
swan. 

Swan-Tower of Cleves. So called 
because the house of Cleves professed to 
be descended from the "Knight of the 
Swan " (q.v.). 

Swan of Avon (The Sweet). Shake- 
speare was so called by Ben Jonson 
(1564-1616). 

Swan of Cambray, Fe'nelon arch- 
bishop of Cambray (1651-1715). 

Swan of Lichfield, Miss Anna 
Seward, poetess (1747-1809). 

Swan of Padua, count Francesco 
Algarotti (1712-1764). 

Swan of the Meander, Homer, a 
native of Asia Minor, where the Meander 
flows (fl. B.C. 950). 

Swan of the Thames, John 
Taylor, "water-poet" (1580-1654). 

Taylor, their better Charon, lends an oar, 
Once Swan of Thames, tho' now he sings no more. 
Pope, The Dunciad, iii. 19 (1728). 

Swans and Thunder. It is said 
that swans cannot hatch without a crack 
of thunder. Without doubt, thunder is 
not unfrequent about the time of the year 
when swans hatch their young. 

Swane (1 syl.) or Swegen, sur- 
named "Fork-Beard," king of the Danes, 
joins Alaff or Olaf [Tryggvesson] in an 
invasion of England, was acknowledged 
king, and kept his court at Gainsbury. 
He commanded the monks of St. 
Edmund's Bury to furnish him a large 
sum of money, and as it was not forth- 
coming, went on horseback at the head of 
his host to destroy the minster, when he 
was stabbed to death by an unknown 
hand. The legend is that the murdered 
St. Edmund rose from his grave and 
smote him. 

The Danes landed here again . . . 

With those disordered troops by Alaff hither led, 

In seconding their Swane . . . but an English yet then 

was . . . 
Who washed his secret knife in Swane's relentless gore. 
Drayton, Polyotbion, xii. (1613). 



SWANSTON. 



964 



SWIMMERS. 



Swanston, a smuggler. — Sir W. 
Scott, Redyauntlet (time, George III.). 

S war an, ting of Lochlin (Denmark), 
son and successor of Starno. He invaded 
Ireland in the reign of Cormac II. (a 
minor), and defeated Cuthullin general 
of the Irish forces. When Fingal arrived, 
the tide of battle was reversed, and 
Swaran surrendered. Fingal, out of love 
to Agandecca (Swaran's sister), who once 
saved his life, dismissed the vanquished 
king with honour, after having invited 
him to a feast. Swaran is represented as 
fierce, proud, and high-spirited ; but 
Fingal as calm, moderate, and generous. 
— Ossian, Fingal. 

Swash-Buckler (A), a riotous, 
quarrelsome person. Nash says to Gabriel 
Harvey: " Turpe senex miles, 'tis time 
for such an olde fool to leave playing the 
swash-buckler" (1598). 

Swedenborgians (called by them- 
selves "The New Jerusalem Church"). 
They are believers in the doctrines taught 
by Dr. Emanuel Swedenborg (1688- 
1772). Their views respecting salvation, 
the inspiration of the Bible, future life, 
and the trinity, differ widely from those 
of other Christians. In regard to the 
trinity, they believe it to be centred in 
the person of Jesus Christ. — Supplied by 
the Auxiliary New Church Missionary and 
Tract Society. 

Swedish Nightingale (The), 
Jenny Lind, the public singer. She 
married Mr. Goldschmidt, and retired 
(1821- ). 

Swee'dlepipe (Paul), known as 
" Poll," barber and bird-fancier ; Mrs. 
Gamp's landlord. He is a little man, 
with a shrill voice but a kind heart, in 
appearance " not unlike the birds he was 
so fond of." Mr. Sweedlepipe entertains 
a profound admiration of Bailey, senior, 
whom he considers to be a cyclopaedia 
" of all the stable-knowledge of the time." 
— C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Sweepclean (Saunders), a king's 
messenger at Knockwinuoek Castle. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, 
George III.). 

Sweet Singer of Israel (The), 
David, who wrote several of the psalms. 

Sweet Singer of the Temple, 
George Herbert, author of a poem called 
The Temple (1593-1633). 

Sweno, son of the king of Denmark. 



While bringing succours to Godfrey, he 
was attacked in the night by Solyman, 
at the head of an army of Arabs, and 
himself with all his followers were left 
dead before they reached the crusaders. 
Sweno was buried in a marble sepulchre, 
which appeared miraculously on the field 
of battle, expressly for his interment (bk. 
viii.). — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Sweno, Dani regis Alius, cum mille quingentis equitibus 
cruce insignitis, transmisso ad Constantinopolem Bosphoro 
inter Antiochiam ad reliquos Latinos iter faciebat ; in- 
sidiis Turcorum ad uiium omnes cum regio jnvene caesi. — 
Paolo Emili, History (1539). 

This is a very parallel case to that of 
Rhesus. This Thracian prince was on 
his march to Troy, bringing succours to 
Priam, but Ulysses and Diomed attacked 
him at night, slew Rhesus and his army, 
and carried off all the horses. — Homer, 
Iliad, x. 

Swertha, housekeeper of the elder 
Mertoun (formerly a pirate). — Sir W. 
Scott, TJie Pirate (time, William III.). 

Swidger (William), custodian of a 
college. His wife was Milly, and his 
father Philip. Mr, Swidger was a great 
talker, and generally began with, " That's 
what I say," a propos of nothing. — C. 
Dickens, The Haunted Man (1848). 

Swim. In the swim, in luck's way. 
The metaphor is borrowed from the 
Thames fishermen, who term that part of 
the river most frequented by fish the swim, 
and when an angler gets no bite, he is 
said to have cast his line out of the swim 
or where there is no swim. 

In university slang, to be in ill luck, 
ill health, ill replenished with money, is 
to be out of it (i.e. the swim). 

Swimmers. Leander used to swim 
across the Hellespont every night, to visit 
Hero. — Musaeus, De Amore Herois et 
Leandri. 

Lord Byron and lieutenant Ekenhead 
accomplished the same feat in 1 hr. 10 
min., the distance (allowing for drift- 
ing) being four miles. 

A young native of St. Croix, in 1817, 
swam over the Sound "from Cronenburgh 
[? Cronbery~] to Graves " in 2 hr. 40 min., 
the distance being six English miles. 

Captain Boyton, in May, 1875, swam 
or floated across the Channel from Grisnez 
to Fan Hay (Kent) in 23 hr. 

Captain Webb, August 24, 1875, swam 
from Dover to Calais, a distance of 
about thirty miles including drift, in 22 
hr. 40 min. 

II. Gurr was one of the best swimmers 



SWING. 



965 



SWORD. 



ever known. J. B. Johnson, in 1871, won 
the championship for swimming. 

Swing (Captain), a name assumed 
by certain persons who, between 1830 
and 1833, used to send threatening letters 
to those who used threshing-machines. 
The letters ran thus : 

Sir, if you do not lay by your threshing-machine, you 
will hear from Swing. 

Swiss Family Robinson. This 
tale is an abridgment of a German tale 
by Joachim Heinrich Kampe. 

Switzerland (Franconian), the cen- 
tral district of Bavaria. 

Switzerland (The Saxon), the district 
of Saxony both sides of the river Elbe. 

Switzers, guards attendant on a 
king, irrespective of their nationality. 
So called because at one time the Swiss 
were always ready to fight for hire. 

The king, in Hamlet, says, " Where are 
my Switzers ?" i.e. my attendants ; and in 
Paris to the present day we may see written 
up, Parle z au Suisse ("speak to the 
porter"), be he Frenchman, German, or 
of anj* other nation. 

Law. logicke, and the Switzers may be hired to fight 
for anybodv. — Nashe, Christ'* Teart over Jerusalem 
(1594). 

Swiveller (Mr. Dick), a dirty, smart 
young man, living in apartments near 
Drury Lane. His language was ex- 
tremely flowery, and interlarded with 
quotations: "What's the odds," said 
Mr. Swiveller, a propos of nothing, "so 
long as the tire of the soul is kindled at 
the taper of conwiviality, and the wing 
of friendship never moults a feather ? " 
His dress was a brown body-coat with a 
great many brass buttons up the front, 
and only one behind, a bright check 
neckcloth, a plaid waistcoat, soiled white 
trousers, and a very limp hat, worn the 
wrong side foremost to hide a hole in the 
brim. The breast of his coat was orna- 
mented with the cleanest end of a very 
large pocket-handkerchief ; his dirty 
wristbands were pulled down and folded 
over his cuffs ; he had no gloves, and 
carried a yellow cane having a bone 
handle and a little ring. He was for 
ever humming some dismal air. He said 
mm for " man," forgit, jine ; called wine 
or spirits " the rosy," sleep " the balmy," 
and generally shouted in conversation, 
as if making a speech from the chair of 
the "Glorious Apollers " of which he 
was perpetual "grand." Mr. Swiveller 
looked amiably towards Miss Sophy 
Wackles, of Chelsea. Quilp introduced 



him as clerk to Mr. Samson Brass, 
solicitor, Bevis Marks. By Quilp's re- 
quest, he was afterwards turned away, 
fell sick of a fever, through which he was 
nursed by "the marchioness" (a poor 
house-drab), whom he married, and was 
left by his aunt Rebecca an annuitv of 
£125. 

" Is that a reminder to go and pay ? " said Trent, with a 
sneer " Not exactly, Fred." replied Richard. " I enter 
in this little book Uie names of the streets that I can't go 
down while the shops are open. This dinner to-day closes 
Long Acre. I bought a pair of boots in Great Queen 
Street last week, and made that ' no thoroughfare ' too. 
There's only one avenue to the Strand left open now, 
and I shall have to stop up that to-night with a pair of 
gloves. The roads are closing so fast in every direction, 
that in about a month's time, unless my aunt sends me a 
remittance, I shall have to go three or four miles out of 
town to get over the way."— C. Dickens, The Old 
Curiosity Shop, viiL (1840). 

Sword. (For the names of the most 
famous swords in history and fiction, see 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 869.) 
Add the following : — 

Ali's sword, Zulfagar. 

Koll the Thrall's sword, named Grey- 
steel. 

Ogier the Dane had two swords, made 
by Munifican, viz., Sauvagine and Cour- 
tain or Curtana. 

He [Ogier] drew Courtain his sword from out its sheath. 
W. Morris, Earthly Paradise, 634. 

Strong-o'-the-Arm had three swords, 
viz., Baptism, Florence, and Garban made 
by Ansias. 

Svcord (The Marvel of the). When 
king Arthur first appears on the scene, 
he is brought into notice by the "Marvel 
of the Sword ; " and sir Galahad, who 
was to achieve the holy graal, was intro- 
duced to knighthood by a similar adven- 
ture. That of Arthur is thus described : 

In the greatest church of London . . . there was seen 
in the churchyard against the high altar a great stone, 
foursquare like to a marble stone, and in the midst thereof 
was an anvil of steel a foot in height, and therein stuck 
a fair sword naked by the point, and letters of gold were 
written about the sword that said thus: Whoso /uileth 
out this sword of this stone and anvil, is rightwise king 
born of England. [Arthur was the only person who 
could draw it out. and so he was acknowledged to be the 
rightful king.}—Pt. L 3, 4. 

The sword adventure of sir Galahad, at 
the age of 15, is thus given : 

The king and his knights came to the river, and they 
found there a stone floating, as it had been of red marble, 
and therein stuck a fair and rich sword, and in the pomell 
thereof were precious stones wrought with subtil letters of 
gold. Then the barons read the letters, which said in 
this wise : Never shall man take me hence, but only he 
by whom I ought to hang, and he shall be the best knight 
of the world. [Sir Galahad drew the sword easily, but 
no other knight was able to pull it forth. ] — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, iiL 30, 31 (1470). 

A somewhat similar adventure occurs 
in the Amadis de Gaul. Whoever suc- 
ceeded in drawing from a rock an en- 
chanted sword, was to gain access to a 






SWORD. 



966 



SYLLA. 



subterranean treasure (ch. cxxx. ; see 
also ch. lxxii., xcix.). 

Sword (The Irresistible). The king of 
Araby and Ind sent Cambuscan' king of 
Tartary a sword that would pierce any 
armour, and if the smiter chose he could 
heal the wound again by striking it with 
the flat of the blade. — Chaucer, The 
Squire's Tale (1388). 

Sword and the Maiden {The). 
Soon after king Arthur succeeded to the 
throne, a damsel came to Camelot girded 
with a sword which no man defiled by 
"shame, treachery, or guile" could draw 
from its scabbard. She had been to the 
court of king Ryence, but no knight there 
could draw it. King Arthur tried to 
draw it, but with no better success ; all 
his knights tried also, but none could 
draw it. At last a poor ragged knight 
named Baliu, who had been held in prison 
for six months, made the attempt, and 
drew the sword with the utmost ease, but 
the knights insisted it had been done by 
witchcraft. The maiden asked sir Balin 
to give her the sword, but he refused to 
do so, and she then told him it would 
bring death to himself and his dearest 
friend ; and so it did ; for when he and 
his brother Balan jousted together, un- 
known to each other, both were slain, and 
were buried in one tomb. — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur ^ i. 27—44 
(1470). 

Sword in the City Arms (Lon- 
don). Stow asserts that the sword or 
dagger in the City arms was not added in 
commemoration of Walworth's attack 
on Wat Tyler, but that it represents the 
sword of St. Paul, the patron saint of 
London. This is not correct. Without 
doubt the cognizance of the City, previous 
to lo81, was St. Paul's sword, but after 
the death of Tyler it was changed into 
Walworth's dagger. 

Brave Walworth, knight, lord mayor, that slew 

Rebellious Tyler in his alarmes ; 
The king, therefore, did give him in lieu 
The dagger to the city armes. 
Fishmongers JJall (" Fourth Year of Richard II.," 1381). 

Sword of God (The). Khaled, the 
conqueror of Syria (632-8), was so called 
by Mohammedans. 

Sword of Rome (The), Marcellus. 
Fabius was called "The Shield of Rome" 
(Lime of Hannibal's invasion). 

Swordsman (The Handsome). Jo- 
achim Murat was called Le Beau Sabrcur 
(1767-1815). 

Sybaris, a river of Lucania, in Italy, 



whose waters had the virtue of restoring 
vigour to the feeble and exhausted. — 
Pliny, Natural History, XXXI. ii. 10. 

Syb'arite (3 syl.), an effeminate man, 
a man of pampered self-indulgence. 
Seneca tells us of a sybarite who could 
not endure the nubble of a folded rose 
leaf in his bed. 

[Her bed] softer than the soft sybarite's, who cried 
Aloud because his feelings were too tender 
To brook a ruffled rose leaf by his side. 

Byron, Don Juan, vl. 89 (1824). 

Syc'orax, a foul witch, the mistress of 
Ariel the fairy spirit, by whom for some 
offence he was imprisoned in the rift of a 
cloven pine tree. After he had been kept 
there for twelve years, he was liberated 
by Prospero, the rightful duke of Milan 
and father of Miranda. Sycorax was the 
mother of Caliban. — Shakespeare, The 
Tempest (1609). 

If you had told Sycorax that her son Caliban was as 
handsome as Apollo, she would have been pleased, witch 
as she was. — Thackeray. 

Those foul and impure mists which their pens, like the 
raven wings of Sycorax, had brushed from fern and bog.— 
Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 

Syddall (Anthony), house-steward at 
Osbaldistone Hall.— Sir W. Scott, Bob 
Roy (time, George I.). 

Sydenham (Charles), the frank, 
open-hearted, trusty friend of the Wood- 
villes. — Cumberland, The Wheel of For- 
tune (1779). 

Syl, a monster like a basilisk, with 
human face, but so terrible that no one 
could look on it and live. 

Sylla (Cornelius), the rival of Ma'rius. 
Being consul, he had ex-ojficio a right to 
lead in the Mithridatic war (b.c. 88), but 
Marius got the appointment of Sylla set 
aside in favour of himself. Sylla, in 
dudgeon, hastened back to Rome, and 
insisted that the "recall" should be 
reversed. Marius fled. Sylla pursued 
the war with success, returned to Rome 
in triumph, and made a wholesale slaugh- 
ter of the Romans who had opposed him. 
As many as 7000 soldiers and 5000 
private citizens fell in this massacre, and 
all their goods were distributed among 
his own partisans. Sylla was now called 
"Perpetual Dictator," but in two years 
retired into private life, and died the 
3'ear following (b.c. 7X). 

Jouy has a good tragedy in French 
called Sylla (1822), and the character of 
"Sylla" was a favourite one with Talma, 
the French actor. In 1594 Thomas 
Lodge produced his historical play called 



SYLLI. 



9(w 



SYPHAX, 



Wounds of Civil War, lively set forth in 
the 'True Tragedies of Marius and Sylla. 

Sylli (Signor), an Italian exquisite, 
who walks fantastically, talks affectedly, 
and thinks himself irresistible. He makes 
love to Cami'ola "the maid of honour," 
and fancies, by posturing, grimaces, and 
affectation, to "make her dote on him." 
He says to her, " In singing, I am a 
Siren," in dancing, a Terpsichore. " He 
could tune a ditty lovely well," and 
prided himself "on his pretty spider 
fingers, and the twinkling of his two 
eyes." Of course, Cami5la sees no charms 
in these effeminacies ; but the conceited 
puppy says he " is not so sorry for him- 
self as he is for her" that she rejects 
him. Signor Sylli is the silliest of all 
the Syllis. — Massinger, The M,iid uf 
Honour (1(337). (See Tappertit.) 

Sylvia, daughter of justice Balance, 
and an heiress. She is in love with 
captain Plume, but promised her father 
not to "dispose of herself to any man 
without his consent." As her father 
feared Plume was too much a libertine to 
make a steady husband, he sent Sylvia 
into the country to withdraw her from 
his society ; but she dressed in her 
brother's military suit, assumed the name 
of Jack Wilful alias Pinch, and enlisted. 
When the names were called over by the 
justices, and that of "Pinch" was 
brought forward, justice Balance "gave 
his consent for the recruit to dispose of 
[himself] to captain Plume," and the 
permission was kept to the letter, though 
not in its intent. However, the matter 
had gone too far to be revoked, and the 
father made up his mind to bear with 
grace what without disgrace he could not 
prevent. — G. Farquhar, The Recruiting 
Officer (1705). 

I am troubled neither with spleen, cholic, nor vapours. 
I need no salts for my stt-mach, no hartshorn for my 
head, nor wash for my complexion. I can gallop all the 
morning after the hunting-horn, and all the evening after 
ft fiddle.— Act i. 2. 

Sylvio de Rosalva (Don), the hero 
and title of a novel by C. M. Wieland 
(1733-1813). Don Sylvio, a quixotic be- 
liever in fairyism, is gradually converted 
to common sense by the extravagant 
demands which are made on his belief, 
assisted by the charms of a mortal 
beauty. The object of this romance is a 
crusade against the sentimentalism and 
religious foolery of the period. 

Symkyn (Symond), nicknamed "Dis- 
dainful," a miller, living at Trompington, 
near Cambridge. His face was round, 



his nose flat, and his skull " pilled as an 
ape's." He was a thief of corn and meal, 
but stole craftily. His wife was tho 
village parson's daughter, very proud 
and arrogant. He tried to outwit Aleyn 
and John, two Cambridge scholars, but 
was himself outwitted, and most roughly 
handled also. — Chaucer, Canterbury Tales 
("The Reeve's Tale," 1388). 

Symmes's Hols. CaptainJohnCleve 
Symmes maintained that there was, at 
82° N. hit., an enormous opening through 
the crust of the earth into the globe. 
The place to which it led he asserted to 
be well stocked with animals and plants, 
and to be lighted by two under-ground 
planets named Pluto and Proserpine. 
Captain Symmes asked sir Humphrey 
Davy to accompany him in the explora- 
tion of this enormous "hole" (*-1829). 

Halley the astronomer (1656-1742) and 
Holberg of Norway (1684-1754) believed 
in the existence of this hole. 

Symon'ides the Good, king of 
Pentap'olis. — Shakespeare, Pericles Prince 
of Tyre (1608). 

Symphony (The Father of), Francis 
Joseph Haydn (1732-1809). 

Symple'gades (4 syl.), two rocks 
at the entrance of the Euxine Sea. To 
navigators they sometimes look like one 
rock, and sometimes the light between 
shows they are two. Hence the ancient 
Greeks said that they opened and shut. 
Olivier says "they appear united or 
joined together according to the place 
whence they are viewed." 

. . . when Argo passed 
Through Bosphorus, betwixt the justling rocks. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. 1017 (1665). 

Synia, the portress of Valhalla. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Syntax (Dr.), a simple-minded, 
pious, hen-pecked clergyman, green as 
grass, but of excellent taste and scholar- 
ship, who left home in search of the 
picturesque. His adventures are told by 
William Coombe in eight- syllable verse, 
called The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search 
of the Picturesque (1812). 

Dr. Sy7itax , s Horse was called Grizzle, 
all skin and bone. 

Synter'esis, Conscience personified. 

On her a royal damsel still attends, 
And faithful counsellor, Synter'esis. 
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vL (1633). 

Syphax, chief of the Arabs who 
joined the Egyptian armament against 
the crusaders. "The voices of these 



SYPHAX. 



968 



TACKLETON. 



allies were feminine, and their stature 
small." — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, 
xvii. (1575). 

Sy'phax, an old Numidian soldier in 
the suite of prince Juba in Utica. He 
tried to win the prince from Cato to the 
side of Cassar ; but Juba was too much in 
love with Marcia (Cato's daughter) to 
listen to him. Syphax with his " Nu- 
midian horse " deserted in the battle to 
Caesar, but the "hoary traitor " was slain 
by Marcus, the son of Cato. — Addison, 
Cato (1713). 

Syrinx, a nymph beloved by Pan, 
and changed at her own request into a 
reed, of which Pan made his pipe. — Greek 
Fable. 

Syrinx, in Spenser's Eclogue, iv., is 
Anne Boleyn, and "Pan" is Henry VIII. 
(1579). 



T. 



T. Tusserhas a poem on Thriftiness, 
twelve lines in length, and in rhyme, 
every word of which begins with t (died 
1580). Leon Placentius, a dominican, 
wrote a poem in Latin hexameters, called 
Puqna Porcorwm, 253 lines long, every 
word of which begins with jr> (died 1548). 

The thrifty that teacheth the thriving to thrive, 
Teach timely to traverse, the thing that thou 'trive, 
Transferring thy toiling, to timeliness taught, 
This teacheth thee temp'rance, to temper thy thought 
Take Trusty (to trust to) that thinkest to thee. 
That trustiiy thriftiness trowleth to thee. 
Then temper thy travell, to tarry the tide ; 
This teacheth thee thriftiness, twenty times tryed. 
Take thankfull thy talent, thank thankfully those 
That thriftily teacheth [? teach thee] thy time to trans- 
pose. 
Troth twice to be teached, teach twenty times ten. 
This trade thou that takest, take thrift to thee then. 
five Hundred Points of Good llwbandry, xlix. (1557). 

Taau, the god of thunder. The 
natives of the Hervey Islands believe 
that thunder is produced by the shaking 
of Taau's wings. — John Williams, Mis- 
sionary Enterprises in the South Sea 
Islands, 109 (1837). 

Tabakiera, a magic snuff-box, which, 
upon being opened, said, Que quieres 1 
(" What do you want ? ") ; and upon being 
told the wish, it was there and then 
accomplished. The snuff-box is the 
counterpart of Aladdin's lamp, but 
appears in numerous legends slightly 
varied (see for example Campbell's Tales 



of the West Highlands, ii. 293-303, " The 
Widow's Son "). — Rev. W. Webster, 

Basque Legends, 94 (1876). 

Tabarin, a famous vendor of quack 
medicines, born at Milan, who went to 
Paris in the seventeenth century. By his 
antics and rude wit, he collected great 
crowds together, and in ten years (1620-30) 
became rich enough to buy a handsome 
chateau in Dauphine. The French aris- 
tocracy, unable to bear the satire of a 
charlatan in a chateau, murdered him. 

The jests and witty sayings of this 
farceur were collected together in 1622, 
and published under the title of L'Jnren- 
taire Universel des (Euvres de 2 aba r in, 
contenant ses Fantaisies, Dialogues, Para- 
doxes, Farces, etc. 

In 1858 an edition of his works was 
published by G. Aventin. 

Tablets of Moses, a variety of 
Scotch granite, composed of felspar and 
quartz, so arranged as to present, when 
polished, the appearance of Hebrew 
characters on a white ground. 

Tachebrune (2 syl.), the horse of 
Ogier le Dane. The word means "brown 
spot." 

Tacitumian, an inhabitant of VJsle 
Taciturne or Taciturna, meaning London 
and the Londoners. 

A thick and perpetual vapour covers this island, and 
fills the souls of the inhabitants with a certain sadness, 
misanthropy, and irksomeuess of their own existence. 
Alaciel [the genius] was hardly at the first barriers of the 
metropolis when he fell in with a peasant bending under 
the weight of a bag of gold . . . but his heart was sad 
and gloomy . . . and he said to the genius, "Joy ! I know 
it not; I never heard of it in this island."— De la Dixmie, 
Vlsle Taciturne et I'Jsle Enjouie (1759). 

Taeket (Tibb), the wife of old Martin 
the shepherd of Julian Avenel of Avenel 
Castle. — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Tackleton, a toy merchant, called 
Gruff and Tackleton, because at one 
time Gruff had been his partner; he had, 
however, been bought out long ago. 
Tackleton was a stern, sordid, grinding 
man ; ugly in looks, and uglier in his 
nature ; cold and callous, selfish and 
unfeeling ; his look was sarcastic and 
malicious ; one eye was always wide 
open, and one nearly shut. He ought to 
have been a money-lender, a sheriff's 
officer, or a broker, for he hated children 
and hated playthings. It was his 
greatest delight to make toys which 
scared children, and you could not please 
him better than to say that a toy from 
his warehouse had made a child miserable 



TAFFRIL. 



969 



TAILLEFER. 



the whole Christmas holidays, and had 
been a nightmare to it for half its child- 
life. This amiable creature was about to 
marry May Fielding, when her old sweet- 
heart Edward Plummer, thought to be 
dead, returned from South America, and 
married her. Tackleton was reformed by 
Peerybingle, the carrier, bore his disap- 
pointment manfully, sent the bride and 
bridegroom his own wedding-cake, and 
joined the festivities of the marriage 
banquet.— C. Dickens, The Cricket on the 
Hearth (1845). 

Taffril (Lieutenant), of H.M. gun- 
brig Search. He is in love with Jenny 
Caxton the milliner.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Taffy, a Welshman. The word is 
simply Davy (David) pronounced with 
aspiration. David is the most common 
Welsh name ; Sawney (Alexander), the 
most common Scotch ; Pat (Patrick), 
the most common Irish ; and John (John 
Bull), the most common English. So 
we have cousin Michael for a German, 
Micaire for a Frenchman, Colin Tampon 
for a Swiss, and brother Jonathan in the 
United States of North America. 

Tag, wife of Puff, and lady's-maid to 
Miss Biddv Bellair. — D. Garrick, Miss in 
Her Teens' '(1753). 

Tahmuras, a king of Persia, whose 
exploits in Fairy-land among the peris 
and deevs are fully set forth by Richard- 
son in his Dissertation. 

Tail made Woman (Man's). 
According to North American legend, 
God in anger cut off man's tail, and out 
of it made woman. 

Tails (Men with). The Niam-niams, 
an African race between the guif of 
Renin and Abyssinia, are said to have 
tails. Mons. de Castlenau (1851) tells us 
that the Niam-niams "have tails forty 
centimetres long, and between two and 
three centimetres in diameter." Dr. 
Hubsch, physician to the hospitals of 
Constantinople, says, in 1853, that he 
carefully examined a Niam-niam negress, 
and that her tail was two inches long. 
Mons. d'Abbadie, in his Abyssinian 
Travels (1852), tells us that south of the 
Herrar is a place where all the men have 
tails, but not the females. " I have 
examined," he says, "fifteen of them, 
and am positive that the tail is a natural 
appendage." Dr. Wolf, in his Travels and 
Adventures, ii. (1861), says: "There are 



both men and women in Abyssinia with 
tails like dogs and horses." He heard that, 
near Narea, in Abyssinia, there were men 
and women with tails so muscular that 
they could " knock down a horse with 
a blow." 

John Struys, a Dutch traveller, says, in 
his Voyages (1650), that " all the natives 
on the south of Formosa have tails." 
He adds that he himself personally saw 
one of these islanders with a tail "more 
than a foot long." 

It is said that the Ghilane race, which 
numbers between 30,000 and 40,000 souls, 
and dwell " far beyond the Senaar," 
have tails three or four inches long. 
Colonel du Corret assures us that he 
himself most carefully examined one of 
this race named Belial, a slave belonging 
to an emir in Mecca ; whose house he 
frequented. — World of Wonders, 206. 

The Poonangs of Borneo are said to be 
a tail-bearing race. 

Individual Examples. Dr. Hubsch, re- 
ferred to above, says that he examined 
at Constantinople the son of a physician 
whom he knew intimately, who had a 
decided tail, and so had his grandfather. 

In the middle of the present (the 
nineteenth) century, all the newspapers 
made mention of the birth of a boy at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne with a tail, which 
" wagged when he was pleased." 

In the College of Surgeons at Dublin 
may be seen a human skeleton with a 
tail seven inches long. 

Tails given by way of Punishment. 
Polydore Vergil asserts that when 
Thomas a Becket came to Stroud, the 
mob cut off the tail of his horse, and in 
eternal reproach, "both they and their 
offspring bore tails." Lambarde repeats 
the same story in his Perambulation of 
Kent (1576). 

For Becket's sake Kent always shall hare tails.— Andrew 
Marvel. 

John Bale, bishop of Ossory in the 
reign of Edward VI., tells us that John 
Capgrave and Alexander of Esseby have 
stated it as a fact that certain Dorsetshire 
men cast fishes' tails at St. Augustine, in 
consequence of which "the men of this 
county have borne tails ever since." 

We all know the tradition that Cornish 
men are born with tails. 

Taillefer, a valiant warrior and 
minstrel in the army of William the 
Conqueror. At the battle of Hastings 
(or Senlac) he stimulated the ardour of 
the Normans by songs in praise of 
Charlemagne and Roland. The soldier- 



TAILORS. 



970 



TALES. 



minstrel was at last borne down by 
numbers, and fell fighting. 

He was a juggler or minstrel, who could sing songs and 
play tricks. ... So he rode forth singing as he went, and 
as some say throwing his sword up in the air and catching 
it again.— E. A. Freeman, Old English History, 332. 

Tailors (Nine). A toll of a bell is 
called a " teller," and at the death of a 
man the death bell used to be tolled thrice 
three times. " Nine tellers mark a man " 
became perverted into " Nine tailors 
make a man." — Motes and Queries, 
March 4, 1877. 

Tailors of Tooley Street {The 
Three). Canning tells us of three tailors 
of Tooley Street, Southwark, who ad- 
dressed a petition of grievances to the 
House of Commons, beginning with 
these words, " We, the people of 
England." 

The "deputies of Vaugirard" pre- 
sented themselves before Charles VIII. 
of France. When the king asked how 
many there were, the usher replied, " Only 
one, an please your majesty." 

Taish. Second sight is so called in 
Ireland. — Martin, Western Isles, 3. 

Dark and despairing, my sight I may sea! ; 
But man em not cover what God would reveal. 
'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore. 
And coming events cast their shadows before. 

Campbell, Lochiel's Warning (1801). 

Taj, in Agra (East India), the mauso- 
leum built by shah Jehan to his favourite 
sultana Moomtaz-i-Mahul, who died in 
childbirth of her eighth child. It is of 
white marble, and is so beautiful that it 
is called "A Poem in Marble," and "The 
Marble Queen of Sorrow." 

Talbert [Tdl'-but], John Talbert or 
rather Talbot, "The English Achilles," 
first earl of Shrewsbury (1373-1453). 

Our Talbert, to the French so terrible in war, 
That with his very name their babes they used to scare. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 

Talbot (John), a name of terror in 
France. Same as above. 

They in France, to feare their young children, crye, 
" The Talbot commeth 1 "—Hall, Chronicles (1545). 
Is this the Talbot, so much feared abroad. 
That with his name the mothers still their babes ? 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act ii. sc. 3 (1589). 

Talbot (Colonel), an English officer, 
and one of Waverley's friends. — Sir W. 
Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 

Talbot (Lord Arthur), a cavalier who 
won the love of Elvira daughter of lord 
Walton ; Imt his lordship had promised 
his daughter in marriage to sir Richard 
Ford, a puritan officer. The betrothal 
being set aside, lord Talbot became the 
accepted lover, and the marriage ceremony 



was fixed to take place at Plymouth. In 
the mean time, lord Arthur assisted the 
dowager queen Henrietta to escape, and 
on his return to England was arrested by 
the soldiers of Cromwell, and condemned 
to death ; but Cromwell, feeling secure of 
his position, commanded all political 
prisoners to be released, so lord Arthur 
Avas set at libertv, and married Elvira. — 
Bellini, I Puritani (1834). 

Talbot (Lying Dick), the nickname given 
to Tyrconnel, the Irish Jacobite, who held 
the highest offices in Ireland in the reign 
of James II. and in the early part of 
William IH.'a reign (died 1691). 

Tale of a Tub, a comedy by Ben 
Jonson (1618). This was the last comedy 
brought out by him on the stage; the first 
was Every Man in His Humour (1598). 

In the Tale of a Tub, he [Ben Jonson] follows the path 
of Aristophanes, and lets his wit run into low buffoonery, 
that he might bring upon the stage Inigo Jones, his per- 
sonal enemy.— Sir Walter Scott, The Drama. 

Tale of a Tub, a religious satire by 
dean Swift (1704). Its object is to ridi- 
cule the Roman Catholics under the name 
of Peter, and the presbyterians under the 
name of Jack [Calvin]. The Church of 
England is represented by Martin [Lu- 
ther]. 

Gul'iver's Travels and the Tale of a Tub must ever be 
the chief corner-stones of Swift's fame. — Chambers, English 
Literature, ii. 547. 

Tales (Chinese), being the transmi- 
grations of the mandarin Fum-Hoam, told 
to Gulchenraz daughter of the king of 
Georgia. (See Fum-Hoam, p. 357.) — 
T. S. Gueulette (originally in French, 
1723). 

Tales (Fairy), a series of tales, originally 
in French, by the comtesse D'Aunoy, 
D'Aulnoy, or D'Anois (1698). Some are 
very near copies of the Arabian NU]hts. 
The best-known are "Chery and Fair- 
star," "The Yellow Dwarf," and "The 
White Cat." 

About the same time (1697), Claude 
Perrault published, in French, his famous 
Fairy Tales, chiefly taken from the Soyas 
of Scandinavia. 

Tales (Moral), twenty-three tales by 
Marmontel, originally in French (1761). 
They were intended for draughts of 
dramas. The design of the first tale, 
called " Alcibiades," is to expose the 
folly of expecting to be loved "merely 
for one's self." The donga of the second 
tale, called " Soliman 11.," is to expose 
the folly of attempting to gain woman'B 
love by any other means than reciprocal 



TALES. 



971 



TALISMAN. 



love ; and so on. The second tale has 
been dramatized. 

Tales (Oriental), by the comte de 
Caylus, originally in French (1743). A 
series of tales supposed to be told by 
Moradbak, a girl of 14, to Hudjadge 
shah of Persia, who could not sleep. It 
contains the tale of " The Seven Sleepers 
of Ephesus." (See Moradhak, p. 658.) 

Tales of a Grandfather, in three 
series, by sir W. Scott; toldto HughLittle- 
john, who was between five and six years 
of age (1828). These tales are supposed to 
be taken from Scotch chronicles, and 
embrace the most prominent and graphic 
incidents of Scotch history. Series i., 
to the amalgamation of the two crowns 
in James I. ; series ii., to the union of 
the two parliaments in the reign of 
queen Anne ; series iii., to the death 
of Charles Edward the Young Pretender. 

Tales of My Landlord, tales sup- 
posed to be told by the landlord of the 
Wallace inn, in the parish of Gander- 
cleuch, "edited and arranged by Jedediah 
Cleishbotham, schoolmaster and parish 
clerk " of the same parish, but in reality 
corrected and arranged by his usher, 
Peter or Patrick Pattison, who lived to 
complete five of the novels, but died 
before the last two were issued. These 
novels are arranged thus : First Series, 
"The Black Dwarf" and "Old Mor- 
tality ; " Second Series, " Heart of Mid- 
lothian ; " Third Series, " Bride of Lam- 
mermoor" and "Legend of Montrose;" 
Posthumous, "Count Robert of Paris" 
and "Castle Dangerous." — Sir W. Scott. 
(See Black Dwarf, introduction.) 

Tales of the Crusaders, bv sir 
W. Scott, include The Betrothed and The 
Talisman. 

Tales of the Genii, that is, tales 
told by genii to Iracagem their chief, 
respecting their tutelary charges, or how 
they had discharged their functions as 
the guardian genii of man. Patna and 
Coulor, children of Giualar (iman of 
Terki), were permitted to hear these 
accounts rendered, and hence they have 
reached our earth. The genius Bar- 
haddan related the history of his tutelary 
charge of Abu'dah, a merchant of Bagdad. 
The genius Mamlouk told how he had 
been employed in watching over the 
dervise Alfouran. Next, Omphram re- 
counted his labours as the tutelar genius 
of Hassan Assar caliph of Bagdad. The 
genius Hassarack tells his experience in 



the tale of Kelaun and Guzzarat. The 
fifth was a female genius, by name 
Houadir, who told the tale of Urad, the 
fair wanderer, her ward on earth. Then 
rose the sage genius Macoma, and told 
the tale of the sultan Misnar, with the 
episodes of Mahoud and the princess of 
Cassimir. The affable Adirain, the tutelar 
genius of Sadak and Kalas'rade, told of 
their battle of life. Last of all rose the 
venerable genius Nadan, and recounted 
the history of his earthly charge named 
Mirglip the dervise. These tales are from 
the Persian, and are ascribed to Horam 
son of Asmar. 

Talgol, a butcher in Xewgate market, 
who obtained a captain's commission in 
Cromwell's army for his bravery at 
Naseby. 

Talgol was of courage stout . . . 
Inured to labour, sweat, and toil, 
And. like a champion, shone with oil . . . 
He many a bo;ir and huge dun cow 
Did. like another Guy, o'erthrow . . . 
With greater tnwips of .-heep he'd fought 
Than Ajax or bold don Q.iixote. 

S, Butler, Hudibras, i. 2 (1663). 

Taliesin or Tali ess ix, son of St. 
Henwig, chief of the bards of the West, 
in the time of king Arthur (sixth cen- 
tury). In the Mabinoiion is given the 
legends connected with him, several 
specimens of his songs, and all that is 
historically known about hint. The burst- 
ing in of the sea through the neglect of 
Seithenin, who had charge of the em- 
bankment, and the ruin which it brought 
on Gwyddno Garanhir, is allegorized by 
the bursting of a pot called the " caldron 
of inspiration," through the neglect of 
Gwion Bach, who was set to watch it. 

That Taliessen, once which made the rivers dance. 

And in his rapture raised the mountains from their tranc*. 

Shall tremble at my verse. 

Drayton. Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Talisman (The), a novel by sir W. 
Scott, and one of the best of the thirty- 
two which he wrote (1825). It is the 
story of Richard Coeur de Lion being 
cured of a fever in the Holy Land, by 
Saladin, the soletan, his noble enemy. 
Saladin, hearing of his illness, assumed 
the disguise of Adonbec el Hakim, the 
physician, and visited the king. He filled 
a cup with spring water, into which he 
dipped the talisman, a little red purse 
that he took from his bosom, and when it 
had been steeped long enough, he gave 
the draught to the king to drink (ch. ix.). 
During the king's sickness, the archduke 
of Austria planted his own banner beside 
that of England ; but immediately Richard 
recovered from his fever, he tore down 



TALISMANS. 



972 



TALUT. 



the Austrian banner, and gave it in cus- 
tody to sir Kenneth. While Kenneth 
was absent, he left his dog in charge 
of it, but on his return, found the dog 
wounded and the banner stolen. King 
Richard, in his rage, ordered sir Kenneth 
to execution, but pardoned him on the 
intercession of "the physician" (Saladin). 
Sir Kenneth's dog showed such a strange 
aversion to the marquis de Montserrat 
that suspicion was aroused, the marquis 
was challenged to single combat, and, 
being overthrown by sir Kenneth, con- 
fessed that he had stolen the banner. 
The love story interwoven is that between 
sir Kenneth the prince royal of Scotland, 
and lady Edith Plantagenet the king's 
kinswoman, with whose marriage the tale 
concludes. 

Talismans. In order to free a house 
of vermin, the figure of the obnoxious 
animal should be made in wax in "the 
planetary hour." — Warburton, Critical In- 
quiry into Prodigies . . . (1727). 

He swore that you had robbed his house, 
Aud stolen his talismanic louse. 

S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 1 (1678). 

The Abraxas stone, a stone with the 
word ABRAXAS engraved on it, is a 
famous talisman. The word symbolizes 
the 365 intelligences between deity and 
man. 

In Arabia, a talisman, consisting of a 
piece of paper containing the names of the 
seven sleepers of Ephesus, is still used, 
"to ward the house from ghosts and 
demons." 

Talismans (The Four). Houna, sur- 
named Seidel-Beckir, a talismanist, made 
three of great value : viz., a little golden 
fish, which would fetch out of the sea 
whatever it was bidden ; a poniard, which 
rendered invisible not only the person 
bearing it, but all those he wished to be 
so ; and a ring of steel, which enabled the 
wearer to read the secrets of men's hearts. 
The fourth talisman was a bracelet, 
which preserved the wearer from poison. 
— Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales ("The 
Four Taiismans," 1743). 

Talking Bird (The), called Bulbul- 
he'zar. It had the power of human 
speech, and when it sang all the song- 
birds in the vicinity came and joined in 
concert. It was also oracular, and told 
the sultan the tale of his three children, 
and how they had been exposed by the 
sultana's two jealous sisters. — Arabian 
Nights (" The Two Sisters," the last 
tale). 



The talking bird is called "the little 
green bird" in "The Princess Fairstar," 
one of the Fairy Tales of the comtesse 
D'Aunoy (1682). 

Tallboy (Old), forester of St. Mary's 
Convent. — Sir W. Scott, Monastery (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Talleyrand. This name, anciently 
written "Tailleran," was originally a. 
sobriquet derived from the words tailler 
les rangs (" cut through the ranks "). 

Talleyrand is generally credited with 
the mot: "La parole a ete donnce a 
l'homme pour l'aider a cacher sa pense'e 
[or de'guiser la penser] ; " but they were 
spoken by comte de Montrond, "the most 
agreeable scoundrel in the court of Marie 
Antoinette." — Captain Gronow, Recollec- 
tions and Anecdotes. 

"Voltaire, sixty years previously, had 
said: "Us n'employent les paroles que 
pour de'guiser leurs pense'es." — Le Chapon 
et la Poularde. 

And Goldsmith, in 1759, when Talley- 
rand was about four years old, had pub- 
lished the sentence: "The true use of 
speech is not so much to express our 
wants as to conceal them." — The Bee, iii. 

Talos, son of Perdix, sister of DaedS- 
los, inventor of the saw, compasses, and 
other mechanical instruments. His uncle, 
jealous of him, threw him from the citadel 
of Athens, and he was changed into a 
partridge. 

Talos, a man of brass, made by He- 
phaestos (Vulcan). This wonderful 
automaton was given to Minos to patrol 
the island of Crete. It traversed the 
island thrice every day, and if a stranger 
came near, made itself red hot, and 
squeezed him to death. 

Talus, an iron man, representing 
power or the executive of a state. He 
was Astraea's groom, whom the goddess 
gave to sir Artegal. This man of iron, 
"immovable and resistless without end," 
"swift as a swallow, and as a lion strong," 
carried in his hand an iron flail, "with 
which he threshed out falsehood, and did 
truth unfold." When sir Artegal fell 
into the power of Radigund queen of the 
Amazons, Talus brought Britomart to the 
rescue. — Spenser, Fairy Queen, v. 1 
(1596). 

Talut. So the Mohammedans call 
Saul. 

Verily God hath sot Talut king over you . . . Samuel 
gaiil. Verily UikI hath chosen him, and hath mused him 
to iucreuie in knowledge and stature. — A I Kor&n, ii. 






TALVI. 



973 



TAMMANY. 



Talvi, a pseudonym of Mrs. Robinson. 
It is simply the initials of her maiden 
name, Therese Albertine Louise von 
lakob. 

Tam o' Todshaw, a huntsman, near 
Charlie's Hope farm. — Sir W. Scott, Guy 
Manner ing (time, George II.). 

Tam o' the Cowgate, the sobriquet 
of sir Thomas Hamilton, a Scotch lawyer, 
who lived in the Cowgate, at Edinburgh 

(*-1563). 

Tamburlaine the Great (or Ti- 
mour Leng), the Tartar conqueror. In 
history called Tamerlane. He had only 
one hand and was lame (1336-1405). The 
hero and title of a tragedy by C. Marlow 
(1587). Shakespeare (2 Henry IV. act ii. 
sc. 4) makes Pistol quote a part of this 
turgid play. 

Holla, ye pampered jades of Asia. 
What ! can ye draw but twenty miles a day, 
And have so proud a chariot at your heeis, 
And such a coachman as great Tamburlaine? 

(In the stage direction : 

Enter Tamburlaine. drawn in his chariot by Treb'izon 
and Soria, with bits in their mouths, reins in his left 
hand, in his right a whip with which he scourgeth 
them.) 

N. Rowe has a tragedy entitled Tamer- 
lane (q.v.). 

Tame (1 syl.), a river which rises in 
the vale of Aylesbury, at the foot of the 
Chiltern, and* hence called by Drayton 
" Chiltern's son." Chiltern's son marries 
Isis (Cotswold's heiress), whose son and 
heir is Thames. This allegory forms the 
subject of song xv. of the Po'lyolbion, and 
is the most poetical of them all. 

Tamer Tamed (The), a kind of 
sequel to Shakespeare's comedy The 
Taming of the Shrew. In the Tamer 
Tamed, Petruchio is supposed to marry 
a second wife, by whom he is hen-pecked. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). 

Tamerlane, emperor of Tartary, in 
Rowe's tragedy so called, is a noble, 
generous, high-minded prince, the very 
glass and fashion of all conquerors, in his 
forgiveness of wrongs, and from whose 
example Christians may be taught their 
moral code. Tamerlane treats Bajazet, 
his captive, with truly godlike clemency, 
till the fierce sultan plots his assassination. 
Then longer forbearance would have been 
folly, and the Tartar had his untamed 
captive chained in a cage, like a wild beast. 
— N. Rowe, Tamerlane (1702). 

It is said that Louis XIV. was Rowe's 
" Bajazet," and William III. his " Tamer- 
lane." 



%* Tamerlane is a corruption of 7Y- 
mour Lcngh ("Timour the lame"). He 
was one-handed and lame also. His 
name was used by the Persians in ter- 
rorem. (See Tamburlaine the Gkeat.) 

Taming of the Shrew (The), a 
comedy by Shakespeare (1594). The 
"shrew" is Kathari'na, elder daughter of 
Baptista of Padua, and she is tamed by 
the stronger mind of Petruchio into a 
most obedient and submissive wife. 

This drama is founded on A pleasaunt 
conceited JJistorie, called The Taming of 
a Shrew. As it hath beene sundry times 
acted by the right honourable the Earle of 
Pembrooke his servants, 1607. The in- 
duction is borrowed from Heuterus, Rerum 
Burgundearum, iv., a translation of which 
into English, by E. Grimstone, appeared 
in 1607. The same trick was played by 
Haroun-al-Raschid on the merchant Abou 
Hassan (Arabian Nights, "The Sleeper 
Awakened ") ; and by Philippe the Good 
of Burgundy. (See Burton, Anatomy of 
Melancholy, II. ii. 4 ; see also The Frolick- 
some Duke or the Tinker's Good Fortune 
(a ballad), Percy.) 

Beaumont and Fletcher wrote a kind of 
sequel to this comedy, called The Tamer 
Tamed, in which Petruchio is supposed to 
marry a second wife, by whom he is hen- 
pecked (1647). 

The Honeymoon, a comedy by Tobin 
(1804), is a similar plot, but the shrew is 
tamed with far less display of obstreperous 
self-will. 

Tami'no and Pami'na, the two 

lovers who were guided by the magic flute 
through all worldly dangers to the know- 
ledge of divine truth (or the mysteries 
of Isis). — Mozart, Die Zauberflote (1791). 

Tammany, Tamendy, or Tam- 
menund, an Indian chief of the Dela- 
ware nation who lived about the middle of 
the seventeenth century. He was a great 
friend of the whites, and was famous 
in tradition for so many other virtues 
that in the latter days of the Revolution 
he was facetiously adopted as the patron 
saint of the new republic. A society 
called the Tammany Society was found- 
ed in New York City, May 12, 1789, origi- 
nally for benevolent purposes, but it ulti- 
mately developed into a mere political en- 
gine, becoming the principal instrument 
of the managers of the Democratic party 
in New York City. In 1871, however, 
the disclosures as to the corrupt practice 
indulged in by the Tammany chieftains, 



TAMMUZ. 



974 



TANNHAUSER. 



then at the head of the municipal govern- 
ment, united the men of all parties against 
it, and the power of the society — although 
efforts have since been made to reform 
and purify it — is now a thing of the past. 
Tammuz, the month of July. St. 
Jerome says the Hebrews and Syrians call 
the month of June " Tammuz." 

Tam'ora, queen of the Goths, in love 
with Aaron the Moor. — (?) Shakespeare, 
Titus Andron'icus (1593). 

*** The classic name is Andronicus, 
but Titus Andronicus is a purely fic- 
titious character. 

Tamper (Colonel), betrothed to Emily. 
On his return from Havannah, he wanted 
to ascertain if Emily loved him " for 
himself alone;" so he pretended to 
have lost one leg and one eye. Emily 
was so shocked that the family doctor 
was sent for, who, amidst other gossip, 
told the young lady he had recently seen 
colonel Tamper, who was looking re- 
markably well, and had lost neither leg 
nor eye. Emily now perceived that a trick 
was being played, so she persuaded Mdlle. 
Florival to assume the part of a rival 
lover, under the assumed name of captain 
Johnson. After the colonel had been 
thoroughly roasted, major Belford entered, 
recognized " captain Johnson " as his own 
afjiancee, the colonel saw how the tables 
had been turned upon him, apologized, 
and all ended happily. — G. Colman, 
senior, The Deuce is in Him (1702). 

Tamson (Peg), an old woman at 
Middlemas village.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Tanaquill, wife of Tarquinius/>nscus 
of Rome. She was greatly venerated by 
the Romans, but Juvenal uses the name 
as the personification of an imperious 
woman with a strong independent will. 
In the Faery Queen, Spenser calls Gloriana 
(queen Elizabeth) " Tanaquill " (bk. i. 
introduction, 1590). 

Tancred, son of Eudes and Emma. 
He was the greatest of all the Christian 
warriors except Rinaldo. His one fault 
was "woman's love," and that woman Co- 
rinda, a pagan (bk. i.). Tancred brought 
800 horse to the allied crusaders under 
Godfrey of Bouillon. In a night combat, 
Tancred unwittingly slew Corinda, and 
lamented her death' with great and bitter 
lamentation (bk. xii.). Being wounded, 
be was tenderly nursed by Erminia, who 
was in love with him (bk. xix.). — Tasso, 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 



%* Rossini has an opera entitled Tan- 
credi (1813). 

Tancred, prince of Otranto, one of the 
crusaders, probably the same as the one 
above. — Sir W. Scott, Count liobert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Tancred (Count), the orphan son of 
Manfred, eldest grandson of Roger I. of 
Sicily, and rightful heir to the throne. 
His father was murdered by William the 
Bad, and he himself was brought up by 
Siffre'di lord high chancellor of Sicily. 
While only a count, he fell in love with 
Sigismunda the chancellor's daughter, 
but when king Roger died, he left the 
throne to Tancred, provided he married 
Constantia, daughter of William the Bad, 
and thus united the rival lines. Tancred 
gave a tacit consent to this arrange- 
ment, intending all the time to obtain a 
dispensation from the pope, and marry 
the chancellor's daughter ; but Sigismunda 
could not know his secret intentions, and, 
in a fit of irritation, married the earl 
Osmond. Now follows the catastrophe : 
Tancred sought an interview with Sigis- 
munda, to justify his conduct, but Os- 
mond challenged him to fight. Osmond 
fell, and stabbed Sigismunda when she 
ran to his succour. — Thomson, Tancred 
and Sigismunda (1745). 

*** Thomson's tragedy is founded on 
the episode called " The Baneful Mar- 
riage," Gil Bias, iv. 4 (Lesage, 1724). In 
the prose tale, Tancred is called " Henri- 
quez," and Sigismunda " Blanch." 

Tancredi, the Italian form of Tan- 
cred (q.v.). The best of the early operas 
of Rossini (1813). 

Tanner of Tamworth (The), the 
man who mistook Edward IV. for a high- 
wayman. After some little altercation, 
they changed horses, the king giving his 
hunter for the tanner's cob worth about 
four shillings ; but as soon as the tanner 
mounted the king's horse, it threw him, 
and the tanner gladly paid down a sum 
of money to get his old cob back again. 
King Edward now blew his hunting- 
horn, and the courtiers gathered round him. 
" I hope [i.e. expect] 1 shall be hanged 
for this," cried the tanner; but the king, 
in merry pin, gave him the manor of 
Plnmpton Park, with 300 marks a year. 
• — Percy, Reliques, etc. 

Tannhauser (Sir), called in German 
the Hitter Tannhauser, a Teutonic knight, 
who wins the love of Lisaura, a Mantuan 
lady. Hilario the philosopher often con- 



TAOUISM. 



975 



TAPWELL. 



verses with the Ritter on supernatural 
subjects, and promises that Venus herself 
shall be his mistress, if he will sum- 
mon up his courage to enter Yenusberg. 
Tannhauser starts on the mysterious jour- 
ney, and Lisaura, hearing thereof, kills 
herself. At Yenusberg the Ritter gives 
full swing to his pleasures, but in time 
returns to Mantua, and makes his con- 
fession to pope Urban. His holiness 
says to him, " Man, you can no more 
hope for absolution than this staff which 
I hold in my hand can be expected to 
bud." So Tannhauser flees in despair from 
Rome, and returns to Venusberg. Mean- 
while, the pope's staff actually does sprout, 
and Urban sends in all directions for the 
Ritter, but he is nowhere to be found. 

Tieck, in his Phantasus (1812), intro- 
duces the story. Wagner (in 1845) 
brought out an operatic spectacle, called 
Tannhauser. The companion of Tann- 
hauser was Eckhardt. 

%* The tale of Tannhauser is sub- 
stantially the same as that of Thomas 
of Erceldoun, also called "Thomas the 
Rhymer," who was so intimate with Faery 
folk that he could foretell what events 
would come to pass. He was also a bard, 
and wrote the famous lay of Sir Tristrem. 
The general belief is that the seer is not 
dead, but has been simply removed from 
the land of the living to Fa^ry-land, 
whence occasionally he emerges, to busy 
himself with human affairs. Sir W. bv_ott 
has introduced the legend in Castle Dan- 
gerous, v. (See Ekceldoun, p. 298.) 

Taouism, the system of Taou, that 
invisible principle which pervades ever\ r - 
thing. Pope refers to this universal 
divine permeation in the well-known 
lines : it 

Warms in the sun, refreshes in the breeze. 
Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees. 
Lives through all life, extends through all extent. 
Spreads undivided, operates unspent. 

Ets.iy on Man, i. (1733). 

Tapestered Chamber {The), a 
tale by sir W. Scott, laid in the reign 
of George III. There are but two cha- 
racters introduced. General Browne goes 
on a visit to lord Woodville, and sleeps 
in the "tapestered chamber," which is 
haunted. He sees the " lady in the 
Sacque," describes her to lord Woodville 
next morning, and recognizes her picture 
in the portrait gallery. 

The back of this form was turned to me, and I could 
observe, from the shoulders and neck, it was that of an old 
woman, whose dress was an old-fashioned gown, which, 
I think, ladies call a sacque— that is. a sort of robe com- 
pletely loose in the body, but gathered into broad plaits 
upon the neck and shoulders, which fall down to the 
-ground, and terminate in a species of train. 



Tap'ley {Mark), an honest, light- 
hearted young man, whose ambition was 
"to come out jolly " under the most un- 
favourable circumstances. Greatly at- 
tached to Martin Chuzzlewit, he leaves 
his comfortable situation at the Blue 
Dragon to accompany him to America, 
and in " Eden " has ample opportunities 
of "being jolly" so far as wretchedness 
could make him so. On his return to 
England, he marries Mrs. Lupin, and thus 
becomes landlord of the Blue Dragon. 
— C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xiii., 
xxi., etc. (1843). 

Charles [17/. of France] was the Mark Tapley of kings. 
and bore himself with his usual "jollity " under this af- 
flicting news. It was remarked of him that " no one 
could lose a kingdom with greater gaiety."— Rev. J. 
White. 

Tappertit (Sim i.e. Simon), the ap- 

Erentice of Gabriel Varden, locksmith. 
le was just 20 in years, but 200 in con- 
ceit. An old-fashioned, thin-faced, sleek- 
haired, sharp-nosed, small-eyed little 
fellow was Mr. Sim Tappertit, about five 
feet high, but thoroughly conrinced in 
his own mind that he was both good 
looking and above the middle size, in 
fact, rather tall than otherwise. His 
figure, which was slender, he was proud 
of ; and with his legs, which in knee- 
breeches were perfect curiosities of little- 
ness, he was enraptured. He had also 
a secret notion that the power of his eye 
was irresistible, and he believed that he 
could subdue the haughtiest beauty "by 
eyeing'her." Of course, Mr. Tappertit 
had an ambitious soul, and admired his 
masters daughter Dolly. He was cap- 
tain of the secret society of " 'Prentice 
Knights," whose object was "vengeance 
against their tyrant masters." After the 
Gordon riots, in which Tappertit took a 
leading part, he was found " burnt and 
bruised, with a gun-shot wound in his 
body, and both his legs crushed into 
shapeless ngliness." The cripple, by the 
locksmith's aid, turned shoe-black under 
an archway near the Horse Guards, 
thrived in his vocation, and married the 
widow of a Tag-and-bone collector. While 
an apprentice, Miss Miggs, the " protest- 
ant" shrewish servant of Mrs. Varden, 
cast an eye of hope on " Simmun ; " but 
the conceited puppy pronounced her " de- 
cidedly scraggy," and disregarded the 
soft impeachment. — C. Dickens, Banuxby 
Budge (1841). (See Sylli.) 

Taproba'na, the island of Ceylon. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Tapwell (Timothy), husband of 



TARA. 



976 



TARTARO. 



Froth, put into business by Wellborn's 
father, whose butler he was. When 
Wellborn was reduced to beggary, 
Timothy behaved most insolently to him ; 
but as soon as he supposed he was about 
to marry the rich dowager lady Allworth, 
the rascal fawned on him like a whipped 
spaniel. — Massinger, A New Way to Pay 
Old Debts (1625). 

Tara (Tlie Hill of), in Meath, Ireland. 
Here the kings, the clergy, the princes, 
and the bards used to assemble in a large 
hall, to consult on matters of public im- 
portance. 

The harp that once thro' Tara's halls 

The soul of music shed, 
Now hangs as mute on Tara's walls 

As if that soul were fled. 
T. Moore, Irish Melodies (" The Harp that Once . . ." 1814). 

Tara {The Fes of), the triennial con- 
vention established by Ollam Fodlah or 
Ollav Fola, in B.C. 900 or 950. When 
business was over, the princes banqueted 
together, each under his shield suspended 
by the chief herald on the wall according 
to precedency. In the reign of Cormac, 
the palace of Tara was 900 feet square, 
and contained 150 apartments, and 150 
dormitories each for sixty sleepers. As 
many as 1000 guests were daily enter- 
tained in the hall. 

Tara's Psaltery or Psalter of Tara, 
the great national register or chronicles 
of Ireland, read to the assembled princes 
when they met in Tara's Hall in public 
conference. 

Their tribe, they said, their high degree. 
Was sung in Tara's Psaltery. 

Campbell, O'Connor's Child. 

Tarpa (Spurius Metius), a famous 
critic of the Augustan age. He sat in 
the temple of Apollo with four colleagues 
to judge the merit of theatrical pieces 
before they were produced in public. 

He gives himself out for another Tarpa ; decides boldly, 
and supports his opinions with loudness and obstinacy.— 
Lesage, Gil Bias, xi. 10 (1735). 

Tarpe'ian Rock. So called from 
Tarpeia, daughter of Spurius Tarpeius 
governor of the citadel on the Saturnian 
(i.e. Capitoline) Hill of Rome. The story 
is that the Sabines bargained with the 
Roman maid to open. the gates to them, 
for the "ornaments on their arms." As 
they passed through the gates, they threw 
on her their shields, saying, " These are 
the ornaments we bear on our arms." 
She was crushed to death, and buried on 
the Tarpeian Hill. Ever after, traitors 
were put to death by being hurled head- 
long from the hill-top. 



Bear him to the rock Tarpeian, and from thence 
Into destruction cast him. 

Shakeepeare, Coriolanus, act iii. sc. 1 (1610). 

%* G. Gilfillan, in his introduction to 
Longfellow's poems, makes an erroneous 
allusion to the Roman traitress. He says 
Longfellow's "ornaments, unlike those 
of the Sabine [sic] maid, have not crushed 
him." 

Tarquin, a name of terror in Roman 
nurseries. 

The nurse, to still her child, will tell my story. 
And fright her crying babe with Tarquin's name. 

Shakespeare, Rape of Lucrece (1594). 

Tarquin ( The Fall of). The well-known 
Roman story of Sextus Tarquinius and 
Lucretia has been dramatized by various 
persons, as : N. Lee (1679) ; John Howard 
Payne, Brutus or The Fall of Tarquin (1820) 
— this is the tragedy in which Edmund 
Kean appeared with his son Charles at 
Glasgow, the father taking "Brutus" 
and the son " Titus." Arnault produced 
a tragedy in French, entitled Lucrece, in 
1792 ; and Ponsard in 1843. Alfieri has a 
tragedy called Brutus, on the same sub- 
ject. It also forms indirectly the subject 
of one of the lays of lord Macaulay, called 
The Battle of the Lake Regillus (1842), a 
battle undertaken by the Sabines for the 
restoration of Tarquin, but in which the 
king and his two sons were left dead upon 
the field. 

Tarquinius (Sextus) having vio- 
lated Lucretia, wife of Tarquinius Colla- 
tlnus, caused an insurrection in Rome, 
whereby the magistracy of kings was 
changed for that of consuls. 

*** A parallel case is given in Spanish 
history : Roderick the Goth, king of 
Spain, having violated Florinda daugh- 
ter of count Julian, was the cause of 
Julian's inviting over the Moors, who 
invaded Spain, drove Roderick from the 
throne, and the Gothic dynasty was set 
aside for ever. 

Tartaro, the Basque Cyclops ; of 
giant stature and cannibal habits, but not 
without a rough bonhornmie. Intellectu- 
ally very low in the scale, and invariably 
beaten in all contests with men. Galled 
in spirit by his ill success, the giant 
commits suicide. Tartaro, the son of a 
king, was made a monster out of punish- 
ment, and was never to lose his deformity 
till he married. One day, he asked a 
girl to be his bride, and on being refused, 
sent her " a talking ring," which talked 
without ceasing immediately she put it 
on ; so she cut off her linger and threw it 



TARTLET. 



977 



TATINUS. 



into a large pond, and there the Tartaro 
drowned himself. — Rev. W. Webster, 

Basque Let/ends, 1-4 (1876). 

In one of the Basque legends, Tartaro 
is represented as a Polyphemos, whose 
one eye is bored out with spits made red 
hot by some seamen who had wandered 
inadvertently into his dwelling. Like 
Ulysses, the leader of these seamen made 
his escape by the aid of a ram, but with 
this difference — he did not, like Ulysses, 
cling to the ram's belly, but fastened the 
ram's bell round his neck and threw a 
sheep-skin over his shoulders. When 
Tartaro laid hold of the fugitive, the man 
escaped, leaving the sheep-skin in the 
giant's hand. 

Tartlet (I'im), servant of Mrs. Patty- 
pan, to whom also he is engaged to. be 
married. He says, "I loves to see iife, 
because vy, 'tis so agreeable." — James 
Cobb, The First Floor, i. 2 (1756-1818). 

Tartuffe (2 syl.), the chief character 
and title of a comedy by Moliere (1G64). 
Tartuffe is a religious hypocrite and im- 
postor, who uses " religion " as the means 
of gaining money, covering deceit, and 
promoting self-indulgence. He is taken 
up by one Orgon, a man of property, 
who promises him his daughter in mar- 
riage, but his true character being ex- 
posed, he is not only turned out of the 
house, but is lodged in jail for felony. 

Isaac Bickerstaff has adapted Moliere's 
comedy to the English stage, under the 
title of The Hypocrite (1768). Tartuffe 
he calls " Dr. Cantwell," and Orgon " sir 
John Lambert." It is thought that "Tar- 
tuffe " is a caricature of Pere la Chaise, 
the confessor of Louis XIV., who was 
very fond of truffles (French, tartuffes), 
and that this suggested the name to the 
dramatist. 

Tartuffe (Raiser), William I. the king 
of Prussia and emperor of Germanv 
(1797- ). 

I write to you, my dear Augusta, 
To say we've had a reg'lar " buster." 
Ten thousand Frenchmen seas below; 
"Praise God, from whom all blessings flow." 

fundi (during the Franco- Prussian war). 

Tartuffe of the Revolution. J. 
N. Pache is so called by Carlyle (1740- 
1823). 

Swiss Pache sits sleek-headed, frugal, the wonder of his 
own ally for humility of mind. ... Sit there, Tartuffe, 
till wanted. — Carlyle. 

Tasnar, an enchanter, who aided the 
rebel army arrayed against Misnar sultan 
of Delhi. A female slave undertook to 
kill the enchanter, and went with the 



sultan's sanction to carry out her promise. 
She presented herself to Tasnar and Ahu'- 
bal, and presented papers which she said 
she had stolen. Tasnar, suspecting a trick, 
ordered her to be bow-strung, and then 
detected a dagger concealed about her 
person. Tasnar now put on the slave's 
dress, and, transformed into her like- 
ness, went to the sultan's tent. The vizier 
commanded the supposed slave to pros- 
trate "herself" before she approached the 
throne, and while prostrate be cut off 
"her" head. The king was angry, hut 
the vizier replied, "This is not the slave, 
but the enchanter. Fearing this might 
occur, I gave the slave a pass-word, which 
this deceiver did not give, and was thus 
betrayed. So perish all the enemies of 
Mahomet and Misnar his vicegerent upon 
earth ! "—Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales 
of the Genii, vi. (1751). 

Tasnim, a fountain in Mahomet's 
paradise ; so called from its being con- 
veyed to the very highest apartments of 
the celestial mansions. 

They shall drink of pure wine . . . and the water 
mixed therewith shall be of Tasnim, a fountain whereof 
tho.-e shall drink who approach near unto the divine 
presence.— 4 1 Kor&n, lvi. 

Tasso and Leonora. When Tasso 
the poet lived in the court of Alfonso 
II. the reigning duke of Ferrara, he fell 
in love with Leonora d'Este (2 syl.) the 
duke's sister, but " she saw it not or 
viewed with disdain" his passion, and 
the poet, moneyless, fled half mad to 
Naples. After an absence of two years, 
in which the poet was almost starved to 
death by extreme poverty, his friends, 
together with Leonora, induced the duke 
to receive him back, but no sooner did he 
reach Ferrara than Alfonso sent him to 
an asylum, and here he was kept for 
seven years, when he was liberated by 
the instigation of the pope, but died soon 
afterwards (1544-1595). 

Taste, a farce by Foote (1753), to 
expose the imposition of picture-dealers 
and sellers of virtu generally. 

Tasting Death. The rabbis say 
there are three drops of gall on the sword 
of death : one drops in the mouth and the 
man dies ; from the second the pallor of 
death is suffused ; from the third the 
carcase turns to dust. — Purchas, His 
Pilgrimage (1613). 

Tati'nus, a Greek who joined the 

crusaders with a force of 200 men armed 

with "crooked sabres " and bows. These 

Greeks, like the Parthians, were famous 

3 H 



TATIUS. 



978 



TEARLESS BATTLE. 



in retreat, but when a drought came they 
all sneaked off home. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delivered, xiii. (1575). 

Tatius {Achilles), the acolyte, an 
officer in the Varangian guard. — Sir W. 
Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Tatlanthe (3 syl.), the favourite of 
Fadladinida (queen of Queerummania and 
wife of Chrononhotonthologos). She ex- 
tols the warlike deeds of the king, sup- 
posing the queen will feel flattered by her 
praises; and Fadladinida exclaims, "Art 
mad, Tatlanthe? Your talk's distaste- 
ful. . . . You are too pertly lavish in his 
praise ! " She then guesses that the queen 
loves another, and says to herself, "I 
see that I must tack about," and happen- 
ing to mention " the captive king," Fad- 
ladinida exclaims, "That's he! that's he ! 
that's he ! I'd die ten thousand deaths to 
set him free." Ultimately, the queen pro- 
mises marriage to both the captive king 
and Rigdum-Funnidos "to make matters 
easy." Then, turning to her favourite, 
she says : 

And now, Tatlanthe, thou art all my care ; 
Where shall I find thee such another pair? 
Pity that you, who've served so long and well, 
Should die a virgin and lead apes in hell. 
Choose for yourself, dear girl, our empire round ; 
Your portion is twelve hundred thousand pound. 

H. Carey, Chrononhotonthologos (1734). 

Tattle, a man who ruins characters by 
innuendo, and so denies a scandal as to 
confirm it. He is a mixture of " lying, 
foppery, vanity, cowardice, bragging, 
licentiousness, and ugliness, but a pro- 
fessed beau" (act i.). Tattle is entrapped 
into marriage with Mrs. Frail. — Congreve, 
Love for Love (1695). 

*** " Mrs. Candour," in Sheridan's 
School for Scandal (1777), is a Tattle in 
petticoats. 

Tattycoram, a handsome girl, with 
lustrous dark hair and eyes, who dressed 
very neatly. She was taken from the 
Foundling Hospital (London) by Mr. 
Meagles to wait upon his daughter. She 
was called in the hospital Harriet Beadle. 
Harriet was changed first to Hatt)', then 
to Tatty, and Coram was added because 
the Foundling stands in Coram Street. 
She was most impulsively passionate, 
and when excited had no control over 
herself. Miss Wade enticed her away 
for a time, but afterwards she returned 
to her first friends. — C. Dickens, Little 
Dorr it (1857). 

Tavern of Europe {The). Paris 
was called by prince Bismark, Le Cabaret 
<ic I' Europe. 



Tawny {The). Alexandre Bonvici'no 
the historian was called 11 Moretto (1514- 
1564). 

Tawny Coats, sumpners, apparitors, 
officers whose business it was to summon 
offenders to the courts ecclesiastical, 
attendants on bishops. 

The bishop of London met him attended on by a 
goodly company of gentlemen in tawny coats. — Stow, 
Chronicles of England, 822 (15G1). 

Taylor, " the water-poet." He 
wrote four score books, but never learnt 
" so much as the accidents " (1580-1654). 

Taylor, their better Charon, lends an oar, 
Once Swan of Thames, tho' now he sings no more. 
Pope. The Oanciad, iii. 19 (1728). 

Taylor {Dr. Chevalier John). He 
called himself " Opthalminator, Ponti- 
ficial, Imperial, and Royal." He died 
1767. Hogarth has introduced him in 
his famous picture " The Undertaker's 
Arms." He is one of the three figures 
atop, to the left hand of the spectator ; 
the other two are Mrs. Mapp and Dr. 
Ward. 

Teacher of Germany {The), 
Philip Melancthon, the reformer (1497- 
1560). 

Teachwell {Mrs.), a pseudonym of 
lady Ellinor Fenn, wife of sir John 
Fenn, of East Dereham, Norfolk. 

Teague (1 syl.), an Irish lad, taken 
into the service of colonel Careless, a 
royalist, whom he serves with exemplary 
fidelity. He is always blundering, and 
always brewing mischief, with the most 
innocent intentions. His bulls and 
blunders are amusing and characteristic. 
— Sir Robert Howard, The Committee 
(1670), altered by T. Knight into The 
Honest Thieves. 

Who ... has not 3 recollection of the incom- 
parable Johnstone [Irish Johnstone] in "Teague." pic- 
turesquely draped in his blanket, and pouring forth his 
exquisite humour and mellifluous brogue in equal measure. 
—Mrs. C. Mathews, Tea Table Talk. 

*** The anecdote of Munden, as 
" Obadiah," when Johnstone, as "Teague," 
poured a bottle of lamp oil down his 
throat instead of sherry-and-water, is one 
of the raciest ever told. (See Obadiah.) 

Tearless Battle {The), a battle 
fought B.C. 367, between the Lace- 
daemonians and the combined armies of 
the Arcadians and Argives (2 syl.). Not 
one of the Spartans fell, so that, as 
Plutarch says, they called it " The Tear- 
less Battle." 

* S: * Not one was killed in the Abyssinian 
expedition under sir R. Napier (1867-8). 



TEARS— AMBER. 



979 



TELEMACHOS. 



Tears — Amber. The tears shed by 
the sisters of Pha'cton were converted 
into amber. — Greek Fable. 

According to Pliny (Natural History, 
xxxvii. 2, 11), amber is a concretion of 
birds' tears, but the birds were the sisters 
of Meleager, who never ceased weeping 
for his untimely death. 

Tearsheet (Doll), a common cour- 
tezan. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. 
(1598). 

Teazle (Sir Peter), a man who, in 
old age, married a country girl that 
proved extravagant, fond of pleasure, 
selfish, and vain. Sir Peter was for ever 
nagging at her for her inferior birth and 
rustic ways, but secretly loving her and 
admiring her naivete. He says to Row- 
ley, "I am the sweetest-tempered man 
alive, and hate a teasing temper, and so 
I tell her ladyship a hundred times a 
day." 

No one could deliver such a dialogue as is found in "sir 
Peter Teazle " with such point as T. King f 1730 1805J. He 
excelled in a quiet, sententious maimer of speech. There 
was an epigrammatic style in everything he uttered. His 
voice was musical, his action slow, his countenance benig- 
nant and yet firm. — Watkins, Life of Sheridan (1817). 

Lady Teazle, a lively, innocent, coun- 
try maiden, who married sir Peter, old 
enough to be her grandfather. Planted 
in Loudon in the whirl of the season, 
she formed a liaison with Joseph Surface, 
but being saved from disgrace, repented 
and reformed. — R. B. Sheridan, School 
for Scandal (1777). 

On April 7, 1797, Miss Farren, about to marry the earl of 
Derby, took her fiinl leave <>f the st;ige in the character 
of " lady Teazle." Her concluding words were applicable 
in a very remarkable degree to herself : " Let me request, 
lady Sneerwell, that you will make my respects to the 
scandalous college of which you are a member, and inform 
them that lady Teazle, licentiate, begs leave to return the 
diploma they granted her, as she now leaves off practice, 
and kills characters no longer." A passionate hurst of tears 
here revealed the sensibility of the speaker, while a 
stunning burst of applause followed from the audience, 
and the curtain was drawn down upon the play, for no 
more would be listened to. — Mrs. C. Mathews. 

Teeth. Rigord, an historian of the 
thirteenth century, tells that when Chos- 
roe's the Persian carried away the true 
cross discovered by St. Hel6na, the 
number of teeth in the human race was 
reduced. Before that time Christians 
were furnished with thirty and in some 
cases with thirty-two teeth, but since then 
no human being has had more than 
twenty-three teeth. — See Historiens de 
France, xviii. 

*** The normal number of teeth is 
thirty-two still. This "historic fact" is 
of a" piece with that which ascribes to 
woman one rib more than to man (Gen. 
ii. 21, 22). 



Teetotal. The origin of this word 
is ascribed to Richard (Dicky) Turner, 
who, in addressing a temperance meeting 
in September, 18;iiJ, reduplicated the word 
total to give it emphasis : " We not only 
want total abstinence, we want more, we 
want t-total abstinence." The novelty 
and force of the expression took the 
meeting by storm. 

It is not correct to ascribe the word to 
Mr. Swindlehurst of Preston, who is 
erroneously said to have stuttered. 

Te'ian Muse, Anacreon, born at 
Tei'os, in Ionia, and called by Ovid 
( Tristia, ii. oG4) Tela Musa (b.c. 563- 
478). 

The Scian and the Teian Muse . . . [Simonidit and 

Anticreon\ 
Have found the fame your shores refuse. 
Byron, Don Juan, iii. 86 ("The Isles of Greece," 1820). 

%* Probably Byron meant Simonides 
of Ceos. Horace (Carmlna, ii. 1, 38) 
speaks of "Ceae munera neniie," meaning 
Simonides ; but Scios or Scio properly 
means Chios, one of the seven places 
which laid claim to Homer. Both Ceos 
and Chios are isles of Greece. 

Tei'lo (St.), a Welsh saint, who took 
an active part against the Pelagian 
heresy. When he died, three cities con- 
tended for his body, but happily the 
strife was ended by the multiplication of 
the dead body into three St. Teilos. 
Capgrave insists that the ipsissime body 
was possessed by Llandaff. — English 
Martyrology. 

Teirtu's Harp, which played of 
itself, merely by being asked to do so, 
and when desired to cease playing did 
so. — The MaUnogum ("Kilhwch and 
Olwen," twelfth century). 

St. Dunstan's harp discoursed most 
enchanting music without being struck 
by any player. 

The harp of the giant, in the tale of 
Jack and the Bean- Stalk, played of itself. 
In one of the old Welsh tales, the dwarf 
named Dewryn Fychan stole from a 
giant a similar harp. 

Telemachos, the only son of 
Ulysses and Penelope. When Ulysses 
had been absent from home nearly twenty 
years, Telemachos went to P\ los and 
Sparta to gain information about him. 
Kestor received him hospitably at Pylos, 
and sent him to Sparta, where Menelaos 
told him the prophecy of Proteus (2 syl.) 
concerning Ulysses. He then returned 
home, where he found his father, and 
assisted him in slaying the suitors. 



TELEMAQUE. 



980 



TELL. 



Tclemachos was accompanied in his 
voyage by the goddess of wisdom, under 
the form of Mentor, one of his father's 
friends. (See Telemaque.) — Greek 
Fable. 

Telemaque (Les Avcntures de), a 
French prose epic, in twenty -four boolts, 
by Fe'nelon (1699). The first six books 
contain the story of the hero's adventures 
told to Calypso, as yEnfas told the story 
of the burning of Troy and his travels 
from Troy to Carthage to queen Dido. 
Telemaque says to the goddess that he 
started with Mentor from Ithaca in 
search of his father, who had been absent 
from home for nearly twenty years. He 
first went to inquire of old Nestor if he 
could give him any information on the 
subject, and Nestor told him to go to 
Sparta, and have an interview with 
Menelaos. On leaving Lacedaemonia, he 
got shipwrecked off the coast of Sicily, 
but was kindly entreated by king 
Acestes, who furnished him with a ship 
to take him home (bk. i.). This ship 
fell into the hands of some Egyptians ; 
he was parted from Mentor, and 
sent to feed sheep in Egypt. King 
Sesostris, conceiving a high opinion of 
the young man, would have sent him 
home, but died, and Telemaque was in- 
carcerated by his successor in a dungeon 
overlooking the sea (bk. ii.). After a time, 
he was released, and sent to Tyre. Here 
he would have been put to death by 
Pygmalion, had he not been rescued by 
Astarbe, the king's mistress (bk. iii.). 
Again he embarked, reached C3'prus, and 
sailed thence to Crete. In this passage he 
saw Amphitrite, the wife of the sea-god, in 
her magnificent chariot drawn by sea- 
horses (bk. iv.). On landing in Crete, he 
was told the tale of king Jdomeneus (4 
syl.), who made a vow if he reached home 
in safety after the siege of Troy, that he 
would offer in sacrifice the first living 
being that came to meet him. This 
happened to be his own son ; but when 
Idomeneus proceeded to do according to 
his vow, the Cretans were so indignant 
that they drove him from the island. 
Being without a ruler, the islanders asked 
Te'lc'maque to be their king (bk. v.). 
This he declined, but Mentor advised the 
Cretans to place the reins of government 
in the hands of Aristodemos. On leav- 
ing Crete, the vessel was again wrecked, 
and Telemaque with Mentor was cast on 
the island of Calypso (bk. vi.). Here 
the narrative closes, and the rest of the 
story gives the several adventures of 



Telemaque from this point till he reaches 
Ithaca. Calypso, having fallen in love 
with the young prince, tried to detain 
him in her island, and even burnt the 
ship which Mentor had built to carry 
them home ; but Mentor, determined to 
quit the island, threw Tele'maque from a 
crag into the sea, and then leaped in after 
him. They had now to swim for their 
lives, and they kept themselves afloat till 
they were picked up by some Tyrians 
(bk. vii.). The captain of the ship was 
very friendly to Te'lemaque, and promised 
to take him with his friend to Ithaca, but 
the pilot by mistake landed them on 
Salentum (bk. ix.). Here Tele'maque, 
being told that his father was dead, deter- 
mined to go down to the infernal regions 
to see him (bk. xviii.). In hades he was 
informed that Ulysses was still alive 
(bk. xix.). So he returned to the upper 
earth (bk. xxii.), embarked again, and 
this time reached Ithaca, where he found 
his father, and Mentor left him. 

Tell {Guglielmo or William), chief of 
the confederates of the forest cantons 
of Switzerland, and son-in-law of 
Walter Furst. Having refused to salute 
the Austrian cap which Gessler, the 
Austrian governor, had set up in the 
market-place of Altorf, he was con- 
demned to shoot an apple from the head 
of his own son. He succeeded in this 
perilous task, but letting fall a concealed 
arrow, was asked by Gessler with what 
object he had secreted it. " To kill thee, 
tyrant," he replied, " if I had failed." 
The governor now ordered him to be 
carried in chains across the lake Lucerne 
to Kiissnacht Castle, "there to be de- 
voured alive by reptiles ; " but, a violent 
storm having arisen on the lake, he was 
unchained, that he might take the helm. 
Gessler was on board, and when the 
vessel neared the castle, Tell leapt 
ashore, gave the boat a push into the 
lake, and shot the governor. After this 
he liberated his country from the 
Austrian yoke (1307). 

This story of William Tell is told of a 
host of persons. For example : Egil, 
the brother of Wayland Smith, was com- 
manded by king Nidung to shoot an 
apple from the head of his son. Egil, like 
Tell, took two arrows, and being asked 
why, replied, as Tell did to Gessler, 
"To shoot thee, tyrant, if I fail in my 
task." 

A similar story is told of Olaf and 
Eindridi, in Norway. King Olaf dared 
Eindridi to a trial of skill. An apple 



TELL. 



981 



TEMORA. 



was placed on the head of Eindridi's son, 
and the king shooting at it grazed the 
boy's head, but the father carried off the 
apple clean. Eindridi had concealed an 
arrow to aim at the king, if the boy had 
been injured. 

Another Norse tale is told of Hemingr 
and Harald son of Sigurd (1066). After 
various trials of skill, Harald told Hemingr 
to shoot a nut from the head of Bjorn, 
his young brother. In this he succeeded, 
not with an arrow, but with a spear. 

A similar tale is related of Geyti, son 
of Aslak, and the same Harald. The 
place of trial was the Faroe Isles. In 
this case also it was a nut placed on the 
head of Bjorn. 

Saxo Grammatlcus tells nearly the 
same story of Toki, the Danish hero, and 
Harald ; but in this trial of skill Toki 
killed Harald. — Danorum Jiegum Heroum- 
que Historia (1514). 

Reginald Scot says that Puncher shot 
a penny placed on his son's head, but 
made ready another arrow to slay the 
duke Remgrave who had set him the 
task (1584). 

%* It is said of Domitian, the Roman 
emperor, that if a boy held up his hands 
with the fingers spread, he could shoot 
eight arrows in succession through the 
spaces without touching one of the 
fingers. 

William of Cloudesley, to show the king 
his skill in shooting, bound his eldest 
son to a stake, put an apple on his head, 
and, at the distance of 300 feet, cleft the 
apple in two without touching the boy. 

I have a son is seven year old. 

He is to me full dear, 
I will hym tye to a stake . . . 
And liy an npple upon his head, 

And go six score paces hym fro. 
And I myseife with a broad arrow 

Will cleve the apple in two. 

Percy, ReUqu.es. 

Similar feats of skill are told of Adam 
Bell and Clym of the Clough. 

In Altorf market-place, the spot is 
still pointed out where Tell shot the 
apple from his son's head, and a plaster 
statue stands where the patriot stood 
when he took his aim. 

See Roman fire in Hampden's bosom swell, 
And fate and freedom in the shaft of Tell. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, L (1799). 

V The legend of William Tell has 
furnished Florian with the subject of a 
novel in French (1788) ; A. M. Lemierre 
with his tragedy of Guillaume Tell (1766); 
Schiller with a tragedy in German, WU- 
helm Tell (1804) ; Knowles with a tragedy 
in English, William Tell (1840); and 



Rossini with the opera of Gugliclmo 
Tell, in Italian (1829). 

Macready's performance in Tell \ Knnteieis drama] Is 
always first rate. No actor ever affected me more than 
Macreadydid in some scenes of that play [1793-1873 (.— 
8. Rogers. 

Tellus's Son, Antsos son of Posei'- 
don and GO, a giant wrestler of Lib'ya, 
whose strength was irresistible so long as 
he touched his mother (earth). Hercules, 
knowing this, lifted him into the air, and 
crushed him to death. Near the town of 
Tingis, in Mauritania, is a hill in the shape 
of a man called " The Hill of Antaos,"and 
said to be his tomb. 

So some have feigned that Tellus' giant son 

Drew many new-born lives from his dead mother; 
Another rose as soon as one was done, 

And twenty lost, yet still remained another. 
For when he fell and kissed the barren heath. 
His parent straight inspired successive breath, 
And tho' herself was dead, yet ransomed him from death. 
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, ix. (1G33). 

%* Similarly, Bernardo del Carpio 
lifted Orlando in his arms, and squeezed 
him to death, because his body was proof 
against any instrument of war. 

Te'mir, i.e. Tamerlane. The word 
occurs in Paradise Lost, xi. 389 (1665). 

Temliha, king of the serpents, in the 
island of serpents. King Temliha was 
" a small yellow serpent, of a glowing 
colour," with the gift of human speech, 
like the serpent which tempted Eve. — 
ComtedeCaylus, Oriental Tales(" History 
of Aboutaleb," 1743). 

Tem'ora, in Ulster, the palace of 
the Caledonian kings in Ireland. The 
southern kingdom was that of the Fir- 
bolg or Belgie from South Britain, whose 
seat of government was at Atha, in 
Connaught. 

Tem'ora, the longest of the Ossianic 
prose-poems, in eight books. The sub- 
ject is the dethronement of the kings of 
Connaught, and consolidation of the two 
Irish kingdoms in that of Ulster. It 
must be borne in mind that there were 
two colonies in Ireland — one the Fir- 
bolg or British Belgae, settled in the 
south, whose king was called the " lord 
of Atha," from Atha, in Connaught, the 
seat of government ; and the other the 
Cael, from Caledonia, in Scotland, whose 
seat of government was Temora, in 
Ulster. When Crothar was " lord of 
Atha," he wished to unite the two 
kingdoms, and with this view carried off 
Conlama, only child of the rival king, 
and married her. The Caledonians of 
Scotland interfered, and Conar the 






TEMPE. 



982 



TEMPLE. 



brother of Fingal was sent with an army 
against the usurper, conquered him, 
reduced, the south to a tributary state, 
and restored in his own person the 
kingdom of Ulster. After a few years, 
Cormac II. (a minor) became king of 
Ulster and over-lord of Connaught. The 
Fir-bolg seizing this opportunity of re- 
volt, Cairbar "lord of Atha" threw off 
his subjection, and murdered the young 
king in his palace of Temora. Fingal 
interfered in behalf of the Caels ; but no 
sooner had he landed in Ireland, than 
Cairbar invited Oscar (Fingal's grandson) 
to a banquet, picked a quarrel with him 
in the banquet hall, and both fell dead, 
each by the other's hand. On the death 
of Cairbar, Foldath became leader of the 
Fir-bolg, but was slain by Fillan son of 
Fingal. Fillan, in turn, was slain by 
Clathmor brother of Cairbar. Fingal 
now took the lead of his army in person, 
slew Clathmor, reduced the Fir-bolg to 
submission, and placed on the throne 
Ferad-Artho, the only surviving des- 
cendant of Conar (first of the kings of 
Ulster of Caledonian race). 

Tempe (2 syl.), a valley in Greece, 
betAveen mount Olympus and mount 
Ossa. The word was employed by the 
Greek and Roman poets as a synonyrrK- 
for any valley noted for its cool shades, 
singing birds, and romantic scenery. 

They would have thought, who heard the strain. 
They saw in Tempe's vale her native maids, 
Amidst the festal-sounding shades 
To some unwearied minstrel dancing. 

Collins, Ode to the Passions (1746). 

Tempest (The), a drama by Shake- 
speare (1609). Prospero and his daughter 
Miranda lived on a desert island, en- 
chanted by Sycorax who was dead. The 
only other inhabitants were Caliban, 
the son of Sycorax, a strange misshapen 
thing like a gorilla, and Ariel a sprite, 
who had been imprisoned by Sycorax 
for twelve years in the rift of a pine 
tree, from which Prospero set him free. 
One day, Prospero saw a ship off the 
island, and raised a tempest to wreck it. 
By this means, his brother Anthonio, prince 
Ferdinand, and the king of Naples were 
brought to the island. Now it must be 
known that Prospero was once duke of 
Milan; but his brother Anthonio, aided 
by the king of Naples, had usurped the 
throne, and set Prospero and Miranda 
adrift in a small boat, which was wind- 
driven to this desert island. Ferdinand 
(son of the king of Naples) and Miranda 
fell in love with each other, and the 
rest of the shipwrecked party being 



brought together by Ariel, Anthonio asked 
forgiveness of his brother, Prospero was 
restored to his dukedom, and the whole 
party was conducted by Ariel with pros- 
perous breezes back to Italy. 

*** Dryden has a drama called The 
Tempest (1668). 

Tempest (The), a sobriquet of marshal 
Junot, one of Napoleon's generals, noted 
for his martial impetuosity (1771-1813). 

Tempest (The Ifon. Mr.), late governor 
of Senegambia. He was the son of lord 
Hurricane ; impatient, irascible, head- 
strong, and poor. He says he never was 
in smooth water since he was born, for 
being only a younger son, his father gave 
him no education, taught him nothing, 
and then buffeted him for being a dunce. 

First I was turned nto the army ; there I got broken 
bones and empty pockets. Then I was banished to the 
coast of Africa, to govern the savages of Senegambia.— 
Act ii. 1. 

Miss Emily [Tempest - ], daughter of Mr. 
Tempest ; a great wit of very lively 
parts. Her father wanted her to marry 
sir David Daw, a great lout Avith plenty 
of money, but she fixed her heart on 
captain Henry Woodville, the son of a 
man ruined by gambling. The prospect 
Avas not cheering, but Penruddock came 
forward, and by making them rich, made 
them happy. — Cumberland, The Wheel 
of Fortune (1779). 

Tempest (Lady Betty), a lady with 
beauty, fortune, and family, whose head 
was turned by plays and romances. She 
fancied a plain man no better than a fool, 
and resoWed to marry only a gay, 
fashionable, dashing young spark. Hav- 
ing rejected many offers because the 
suitor did not come up to her ideal, she 
Avas gradually left in the cold. Noav she 
is company only for aunts and cousins, 
in ball-rooms is a wallflower, and in 
society generally is esteemed a piece of 
fashionable lumber. — Goldsmith, A Citi- 
zen of the World, xxviii. (1759). 

Templars (Kni<jhts), an order of 
knighthood founded in 1118 for the 
defence of the Temple in Jerusalem. 
Dissolved in 1312, and their lands, etc., 
transferred to the Hospitallers. They 
wore a white robe with a red cross ; but the 
Hospitallers a black robe Avith a white 
cross. 

Temple (The). When Solomon was 
dying, he prayed that he might remain 
standing till the Temple was completely 
finished. The prayer was granted, and 



TEMPLE. 



983 



TERENCE OF ENGLAND. 



he remained leaning on his staff till the 
Temple was finished, when the staff was 
gnawed through by a worm, and the dead 
body fell to the ground. — Charles White, 
The Cashmere Shawl. 

Temple (Launcelot), the nam de plume 
of John Armstrong, the poet (1709-1779). 

Temple Bar, called " The City 
Golgotha," because the heads of traitors, 
etc., were at one time exposed there after 
decapitation. The Bar was removed in 

1878. 

Templeton (Laurence), the pseu- 
donym under which sir \V. Scott pub- 
lished Ivanhoe. The preface is initialed 
L. T., and the dedication is to the Rev. 
Dr. Dryasdust (1820). 

Ten Animals in Paradise (Tlic). 
According to Mohammedan belief, ten 
animals, besides man, are admitted into 
heaven: (1) Kratim, Ketmir, or Catnier, 
the dog of the seven sleepers ; (2) Ba- 
laam's ass ; (3) Solomon's ant ; (4) 
Jonah's whale ; (5) the calf [sic] offered 
to Jehovah by Abraham in lieu of Isaac ; 
(0) the ox of Moses ; (7) the camel of 
the prophet Salech or Saleh ; (8) the 
cuckoo of Belkis ; (9) Ismael's ram ; and 
(10) Al Borak, the animal which con- 
veyed Mahomet to heaven. 

There is diversity in some lists of the 
ten animals. Some substitute for Ba- 
laam's ass the ass of Aazis, Balkis, or 
Maqueda, queen of Sheba, who went to 
visit Solomon. And some, but these 
can hardly be Mohammedans, think the 
ass on which Christ rode to Jerusalem 
should not be forgotten. But none seem 
inclined to increase the number. 

TenCommandments(il Woman's), 
the two hands with which she scratches 
the faces of those who offend her. 

CouM I come near your beauty with my nails, 
I'd set my ten commandments in your face. 

Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act i. sc. 3 (1591). 

Tenantius, the father of Cymbeline 
and nephew of Cassibelan. He was the 
younger son of Lud king of the southern 
part of Britain. On the death of Lud, 
his younger brother Cassibelan succeeded, 
and on the death of Cassibelan the crown 
came to Tenantius, who refused to pay 
the tribute to Rome exacted from Cassi- 
belan on his defeat by Julius Caesar. 

Tendo Achillis, a strong sinew 
running along the heel to the calf of the 
leg. So called because it was the only 
vulnerable part of Achilles. The tale is 



that Thetis held him by the heel when 
she dipped him in the Styx, in conse- 
quence of which the water did not wet 
the child's heel. The story is post- 
Homeric. 

Tenglio, a river of Lapland, on the 
banks of which roses grow. 

I was surprised to see upon the banks of this river [the 
Ten<jHo] roses as lovely a red as any that are in our own 
garden*. — Mons. de Maupei tuis, Voyage au Cercla 
J'ulahe (1738). 

Teniers ( The English), George Mor- 
land (1703-1801). 

Teniers (The Scottish), sir David 
Wilkie (1785-1811). 

Teniers of Comedy (The), Florent 
Carton Dancourt (1001-1720). 

Tennis-Bali of Fortune (TJie), 
Tcrtinax, the Roman emperor. He was 
first a charcoal-seller, then a school- 
master, then a soldier, then an emperor ; 
but within three months he was dethroned 
and murdered (120-193; reigned from 
January 1 to March 28, a.d. 193). 

Tent (Prince Ahmed's), a tent given 
to him by the fairy Pari-Banou. It 
would cover a whole army, yet would 
fold up into so small a compass that it 
might be carried in one's pocket.— Ara- 
bian Nights. 

Solomon's carpet of green silk was 
large enough to afford standing room for 
a whole army, but might be carried about 
like a pocket-handkerchief. 

The ship Skidbladnir would hold all the 
deities of Valhalla, but might be folded 
up like a roll of parchment. 

Bayard, the horse of the four sons of 
Aymon, grew larger or smaller, as one or 
more of the four sons mounted on its 
back.— Villeneuve, Les Quatre Filz Ay- 
mon. 

Tents ( Tlxe father of such as dwell in), 
Jabal. — Gen. iv. 20. 

Terebin'thus, Ephes-dammim or 
Pas-dam mim. — 1 Sam. xvii. 1. 

O thou that 'gainst Goliath's impious head 
The youthful arms in Terebinthus sped, 
When the proud foe, who scoffed at Israel's band, 
Fell by the weapon of a stripling hand. 

Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, Til (1575). 

Terence of England (The), 
Richard Cumberland (1732-1811). 

Here Cumberland lies, having acted his parts ; 

The Terence of England, the mender of hearts ; 

A flattering painter, who made it his care 

To draw men as they ought to be, not as they are . . . 

Say . . . wherefore his characters, thus without fault, . . . 

Quite sick of pursuing each troublesome elf. 

He grew lazy at last, and drew men from himself. 

Goldsmith, Retaliation (1774). 



TERESA. 



984 



TERROR OF FRANCE. 



Tere'sa, the female associate of Fer- 
dinand count Fathom. — Smollett, Count 
Fathom (1754). 

Teresa d'Acunha, lady's-maid of 
Joseline countess of Glenallan. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Teresa Panza, wife of Sancho 
Panza. In pt. I. i. 7 she is called Dame 
Juana [Gutierez]. In pt. II. iv. 7 she is 
called Maria [Gutierez]. In pt. I. iv. she 
is called Joan. — Cervantes, Don Quixote 
(1605-15). 

Tereus [ Te'.ruse] , king of Daulis, and 
the husband of Procne. Wishing after- 
wards to marry Philomela, her sister, he 
told her that Procne was dead. He lived 
with his new wife for a time, and then 
cut out her tongue, lest she should expose 
his falsehood to Procne ; but it was of 
no use, for Philomela made known her 
story in the embroidery of a peplus. 
Tereus, finding his home too hot for his 
wickedness, rushed after Procne with an 
axe, but the whole party w r as metamor- 
phosed into birds. Tereus was changed 
into a hoopoo (some say a lapwing, and 
others an owl), Procne into a swallow, 
and Philomela into a nightingale. 

So was that tyrant Tereus' nasty lust 
Changed into U pupa's foul-feeding dust 

Lord Brooke, Declination of Alonarckie. 

%* Those who have read Titus Andro- 
nicus (usually bound up with Shake- 
speare's plays) will call to mind the story 
of Lavinia, defiled by the sons of Ta- 
mora, who afterwards plucked out her 
tongue and cut off her hands ; but she 
told her tale by guiding a staff with her 
mouth and stumps, and writing it in the 
sand. 

Fair Philomela, she but lost her tongue. 
And in a tedious sampler sewed her mind. 
But, lovely niece, that mean is cut from thee ; 
A craftier Tereus, cousin, hast thou met, 
And he hath cut those pretty fingers off, 
That could have better sewed than Philomel. 

Act ii. sc. 4 (1593). 

Ter'il (Sir Walter). The king exacts 
an oath from sir Walter to send his bride 
•Caelestina to court on her wedding night. 
Her father, to save her honour, gives her 
a mixture supposed to be poison, but in 
reality only a sleeping draught, from 
which she awakes in due time, to the 
amusement of the king and delight of 
her husband. — Thomas Dekker, Satiro- 
mastix (1G02). 

Termagant, an imaginary being, 
supposed by the crusaders to be a Mo- 
hammedan deity. In the Old Moralities, 
the degree of rant was the measure of 



the wickedness of the character por- 
trayed ; so Pontius Pilate, Judas Iscariot, 
Termagant, the tyrant, Sin, and so on, 
were all ranting parts. Painters ex- 
pressed degrees of wickedness by degrees 
of shade. 

I would have such a fellow whipped for o'erdoing 
Termagant.— Shakespeare, Hamlet, act iii. sc. 2 (15!)6). 

Termagant, the maid of Harriet Quid- 
nunc. She uses most wonderful w r ords, 
as paradropsical for " rhapsodical," per- 
jured for " assured," physiology for 
"philology," curacy for " accuracy," fiy- 
nification for " signification," importation 
for "import," anecdote for "antidote," 
infirmaries for " infirmities," intimidate 
for "intimate." — Murplw, The Upholsterer 
(1758). 

Ter'meros, a robber of Peloponnesos, 
who killed his victims by cracking their 
skulls against his own. 

Termosi'ris, a priest of Apollo, in 
Egypt; wise, prudent, cheerful, and 
courteous. — Fenelon, Te'lemaque, ii.(1700). 

Ternotte, one of the domestics of 
lady Eveline Berenger " the betrothed." 
—Sir W. Scott, t/ie Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Terpin (Sir), a king who fell into 
the power of Radigund queen of the 
Amazons. Refusing to dress in female 
attire, as she commanded, and to sew, 
card wool, spin, and do house work, he 
was doomed to be gibbeted by her 
women. Sir Artegal undertook his 
cause, and a fight ensued, which lasted 
all da^'. When daylight closed, Radi- 
gund proposed to defer the contest till 
the following day, to which sir Artegal 
acceded. Next day, the knight was 
victorious ; but when he saw the brave 
queen bleeding to death, he took pity on 
her, and, throwing his sword aside, ran 
to succour her. Up started Radigund as 
he approached, attacked him like a fury, 
and, as he had no sword, he was, of 
course, obliged to yield. So the contest 
was decided against him, and sir Terpin 
was hung by women, as Radigund had 
commanded. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 5 
(1596). 

Terpsichore [Terp.sic'.o.re], the 
Muse of dancing. — Greek Fable. 

Terrible (The), Ivan IV. or II. of 
Russia (1529, 1533-1584). 

Terror of France (The), John 
Talbot first earl of Shrewsbury (1373- 

1 153). 



TERROR OF THE WORLD. 



985 



TEZOZOMOC. 



Is this the Talbot, so much feared abroad. 
That with his name the mothers still (heir babes! 
Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act li. so. 3 (1589). 

Terror of the World {The), Attila 
king of the Huns (*-453). 

Terry Alts, a lawless body of rebels, 
who sprang up in Clare (Ireland) after 
the union, and committed great outrages. 

The "Thrashers" of Connaught, the 
"Carders," the followers of "captain 
Right" in the eighteenth century, those 
of "captain Rock" who appeared in 
1822, and the " Fenians" in 1865, were 
similar disturbers of the peace. The 
watchword of the turbulent Irish, some 
ten A-ears later, was " Home Rule." 

Tesoretto, an Italian poem by Bru- 
netto preceptor of Dantu (1285). The 
poet says he was returning from an 
embassy to the king of Spain, and met 
a scholar on a bay mule, who told him 
of the overthrow of the Guelfi. Struck 
with grief, he lost his road, and wandered 
into a wood, where Dame Nature accosted 
him, and disclosed to him the secrets of 
her works. On he wandered till he came 
to a vast plain, inhabited by Virtue and 
her four daughters, together with 
Courtesy, Bounty, Loyalty, and Prowess. 
Leaving this, he came to a fertile valley, 
which was for ever shifting its appear- 
ance, from round to square, from light 
to darkness. This was the valley of queen 
Pleasure, who was attended hy Love, 
Hope, Fear, and Desire. Ovid comes to 
Tesoretto at length, and tells him how to 
effect his escape. 

Tes'sira, one of the leaders of the 
Moorish host. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Tests of Chastity. Alasnam's 
mirror (p. 15) ; the brawn or boar's head 
(p. 130) ; drinking-horns (see Arthur's 
Drinking-Horx, p. 55 ; Sir Cradock 
and the Drixking-Horn, p. 160) ; 
Florimel's girdle (p. 341) ; grotto of 
Ephesus (p. 409) ; the test mantle (p. 
606) ; oath on St. Antony's arm was 
held in supreme reverence because it was 
believed that whoever took the oath 
falsely would be consumed by " St. 
Antony's fire " within the current year ; 
the trial of the sieve (p. 910). 

Tests of Fidelity. Canace's mir- 
ror (p. 156) ; Gondibert's emerald ring 
(p. 394). The corsned or " cursed mouth- 
ful," a piece of bread consecrated by 
exorcism, and given to the " suspect " 
to swallow as a test. " May this morsel 



choke me if I am guilty," said the de- 
fendant, " but turn to wholesome nourish- 
ment if I am innocent." Ordeals (p. 
707), combats between plaintiff and de- 
fendant, or their representatives. 

Tete Botte'e, Philippe de Oommines 
[Cum. miii], politician and historian 
(1445-1509). 

Vou, sir Philippe des Comines [tic] were at a hunting 
match with the duke, your mater; and when be 
alighted, after the chase, he required your services in 
drawing off his boots. Reading in your looks some 
natural resentment, ... he ordered you to sit down in 
turn, and rendered jroil the same office . . . but ... no 
sooner had he plucked one of your boots off than he 
brutally heat it about your head . . . and his privileged 
fool. Lc Glorieux, . . . gave you the name of Tete llottce. 
—Sir W. Scott. Quentin DuruMrd, xxx. (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Te'thys, daughter of Heaven anil 
Earth, the wife of Ocean and mother of 
the river-gods. In poetry it means the 
sea generally. 

The golden sun above the watery bed 
Of hoary Tethys raised his beamy head. 

Hoole's Ariotto, riii. 
By the earth-shaking Neptune's mace [trident]. 
And Tethys' grave majestic pace. 

Milton. Comtu, 870 (1634). 

Tetrachor'don, the title of one of 
Milton's books about marriage and di- 
vorce. The word means " the four 
strings;" by which he means the four 
chief places in Scripture which bear on 
the subject of marriage. 

A book was writ of late called Tetrachordon. 

Milton, Sonnet, x. 

Teucer, son of Telamon of Salamis, 
and brother of Telamon Ajax. He was 
the best archer of all the Greeks at the 
siege of Troy. 

I may, like a second Teucer, discharge my shafts from 
behind the shield of my ally.— Sir W. Scott. 

Teufelsdroeckh (Herr), pronounce 
Toi.felz.drurk ; an eccentric German pro- 
fessor and philosopher. The object of 
this satire is to expose all sorts of shams, 
social as well as intellectual. — Carlyle, 
Sartor Besartus (1849). 

Teutonic Knights (T/te), an order 
organized by Frederick duke of Suabia, 
in Palestine (1190). St. Louis gave them 
permission to quarter on their arms the 
flew de lis (1250). The order was 
abolished, in 1809, by Napoleon I. 

Texartis, a Scythian soldier, killed 
by the countess Brenhilda. — Sir W. Scott, 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Tezoz'omoc, chief of the priests of 
the Az'tecas. He fasted ten months to 
know how to appease the national gods, 
and then declared that the only way was 
to offer "the White strangers" on their 



THADDEUS OF WARSAW. 



986 THALABA THE DESTROYER. 



altars. Tezozomoc was killed by burning 
lava from a volcanic mountain. 

Tezozomoc 
Beholds the judgment . . . and sees 
The lava floods beneath him. His hour 
Is come. The fiery shower, descending, heaps 
Red aslies round. They fall like di it'led snows, 
And bury and consume the accursed priest. 

Southey, Modoc, ii. 26 (1805). 

Thaddeus of Warsaw, the hero 
and title of a novel by Jane Porter 
(1803). 

Thaddu, the father of Morna, who 
became the wife of Comhal and the 
mother of Fingal. — Ossian. 

Tha'is (2 syl.), an Athenian courtezan, 
who induced Alexander, in his cups, to 
set fire to the palace of the Persian kings 
at Persepolis. 

The king seized a flambeau with zeal to destroy ; 

Thais led the way to light him to his prey, 
And, like another Helen, fired another Troy. 

Dryden, A lexander's Feast (1697). 

Thais'a, daughter of Simon'ides king 
of Pentap'olis. She married Per'icles 
prince of Tyre. In her voyage to Tyre, 
Thai'sa gave birth to a daughter, and 
dying, as it was supposed, in childbirth, 
was cast into the sea. The chest in 
which she was placed drifted to Ephesus, 
and fell into the hands of Cer'imon, a 
physician, who soon discovered that she 
was not dead. Under proper care, she 
entirety recovered, and became a priestess 
in the temple of Diana. Pericles, with 
his daughter and her betrothed husband, 
visiting the shrine of Diana, became 
known to each other, and the whole 
mystery was cleared up. — Shakespeare, 
Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Thal'aba ebn Hateb, a poor man, 
who came to Mahomet, requesting him 
to beg God to bestow on him wealth, 
and promising to employ it in works of 
godliness. The "prophet" made the 
petition, and Thalaba rapidly grew rich. 
One day, Mahomet sent to the rich man 
for alms, but Thalaba told the messen- 
gers their demand savoured more of 
tribute than of charity, and refused to 
give anything ; but afterwards repenting, 
he took to the "prophet" a good round 
sum. Mahomet now refused to accept 
it, and, throwing dust on the ungrateful 
churl, exclaimed, " Thus shall thy wealth 
be scattered ! " and the man became poor 
again as fast as he had grown rich. — Al 
Koran, ix. (Sale's notes). 

Thal'aba the Destroyer— that is, 
the destroyer of the evil spirits of Dom- 
Daniel. lie was the only surviving child 



of Hodei'rah (3 syl.) and his wife Zei'nab 
(2 syl.) ; their other eight children had 
been cut off by the Dom-Danielists, be- 
cause it had been decreed by fate that 
" one of the race would be their destruc- 
tion." When a mere stripling, Thalaba 
was left motherless and fatherless (bk. 
i.) ; he then found a home in the tent of 
a Bedouin named Mo'ath, who had a 
daughter Onei'za (3 syl.). Here he was 
found by Abdaldar, an evil spirit sent 
from Doin-Daniel to kill him ; but the 
spirit was killed by a simoom just as he 
was about to stab the boy, and Thalaba 
was saved (bk. ii.). He now drew from 
the finger of Abdaldar the magic ring, 
which gave him power over all spirits ; 
and, thus armed, he set out "to avenge 
the death of his father " (bk. iii.). On 
his way to Babylon, he was encountered 
by a merchant, who was in reality the 
soicerer Loba'ba in disguise. This sor- 
cerer led Thalaba astray into the wilder- 
ness, and then raised up a whirlwind to 
destroy him ; but the whirlwind was the 
death of Lobaba himself, and again 
Thalaba escaped (bk. iv.). He reached 
Babylon at length, and met there Moha- 
reb, another evil spirit, disguised as a 
warrior, who conducted him to the 
" mouth of hell." Thalaba detected the 
villainy, and hurled the false one into 
the abyss (bk. v.). The young " De- 
stroyer" was next conveyed to "the 
paradise of pleasure," but he resisted 
every temptation, and took to flight just 
in time to save Oneiza, who had been 
brought there by violence (bk. vi.). He 
then killed Aloa'din, the presiding spirit 
of the garden, with a club, was made 
vizier, and married Oneiza, but she died 
on the bridal night (bk. vii.). Distracted 
at this calamity, he wandered towards 
Kaf, and entered the house of an old 
woman, who was spinning thread. Tha- 
laba expressed surprise at its extreme 
fineness, but Maimu'na (the old woman) 
told him, fine as it was, he could not break 
it. Thalaba felt incredulous, and wound 
it round his wrists, when, lo ! he became 
utterly powerless ; and Maimuna, calling 
up her sister Khwala, conveyed hkn 
helpless to the island of Moha'reb (bk. 
viii.). Here he remained for a time, and 
was at length liberated by Maimuna, 
who repented of her sins, and turned to 
Allah (bk. ix.). Being liberated from 
the island of Mohareb, our hero wan- 
dered, cold and hungry, into a dwelling, 
where he saw Laila, the daughter of 
Okba the sorcerer. Okba rushed for- 



THALESTKIS. 



987 



THANKFULNESS. 



ward with intent to kill him, but Laila 
interposed, and fell dead by the hand of 
her own father (bk. x.). Her spirit, in 
the form of a green bird, now became 
the guardian angel of " The Destroyer," 
and conducted him to the simorg, who 
directed him the road to Dom-Daniel 
(bk. xi.), which he reached in time, slew 
the surviving sorcerers, and was received 
into heaven (bk. xii.). — Southey, Tlialaba 
the Destroyer (1797). 

Thales'tris, queen of the Am'azons. 
Any bold, heroic woman. 

As stout Armi'da [q.v.\ bold Thalestris, 

And she [llodalind. q.v.\ that would have been the 

mistress 
Of Gondibert. 

S. Butler, Hudibrat, L 2 (1663). 

Thali'a, the Muse of pastoral song. 
She is often represented with a crook in 
her hand. 

Turn to the gender melodies "which suit 
Thalia's harp, or Pan's Arcadian lute. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 

Thaliard, a lord of Antioch. — 
Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of Tyre 
(1608). 

Thames. "He will never set the 
Thames on fire." A " temse " or sieve 
might be set on fire if worked very swiftly 
over the wooden receiver, but not by an 
idle or incompetent workman. Hence the 
proverb, which has, through similarity 
of sound, been taken to apply to the river. 

Tham'muz, God of the Syrians, 
and fifth in order of the hierarchy of 
hell: (1) Satan, (2) Beelzebub, (3) 
Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Thammuz (the 
same as Ado'nis). Thammuz was slain 
by a wild boar in mount Leb'anon, from 
whence the river Adonis descends, the 
water of which, at a certain season of the 
year, becomes reddened. Addison saw 
it, and ascribes the redness to a minium 
washed into the river by the violence of 
the rain. 

Thammuz came next behind. 
Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured 
The Syrian damsels to lament his fate 
In amorous ditties all a summer's day ; 
While smooth Adonis from his native rock 
Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood 
Of Thammuz yearly wounded. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, I 446, etc. (1665). 

Thamu'dites (3 syl.), people of the 
tribe of Thamud. They refused to 
believe in Mahomet without seeing a 
miracle. On a grand festival, Jonda, 
prince of the Thamudites, told Saleh, 
the prophet, that the god which answered 
by miracle should be acknowledged God 
by both. Jonda and the Thamudites 
first called upon their idols, but received 



no answer. " Now," said the prince to 
Saleh, " if your God will bring a camel 
big with young from that rock, we will 
believe." " Scarcely had he spoken, when 
the rock groaned and shook and opened ; 
and forthwith there came out a camel, 
which there and then cast its young one. 
Jonda became at once a convert, but the 
Thamudites held back. To add to the 
miracle, the camel went up and down 
among the people crying, " Ho ! every 
one that thirsteth, let him come, and I will 
give him milk ! " (Compare Isaiah lv. 1.) 

Unto the tribe of Thamud we sent their brother Saleh. 
He said. "O my people, worship God; ye have no god 
besides him. Now hath a manifest proof come unto you 
from the Lord. This she-camel of God is a sign unto you ; 
therefore dismiss her Ireely . . . and do her no hurt, lest 
a painful punishment seize upon you. "— Al Koran, vii. 

%* Without doubt, the reader will at 
once call to mind the contest between 
Elijah and the priests of Baal, so gra- 
phically described in 1 Kings xviii. 

Tham'yris (Blind), a Thracian poet, 
who challenged the Muses to a contest of 
song, and was deprived of sight, voice, 
and musical skill for his presumption 
(Pliny, Natural History, iii. 33, and vii. 
57). Plutarch says he had the finest voice 
of any one, and that he wrote a poem on 
the War of the Titans with the Gods. 
Suidas tells us that he composed a poem 
on creation. And Plato, in his RepMic 
(last book), feigns that the spirit of the 
blind old bard passed into a nightingale 
at death. Milton speaks of : 

Blind Thamyris and blind Mseon'ides [Homer]. 

Paradise Lost, iii. 35 (1665). 

Thancmar, chatelain of Bourbourg, 
the great enemy of Bertulphe the provost 
of Bruges. Charles "the Good," earl of 
Flanders, made a law in 1127 that a serf 
was always a serf till manumitted, and 
whoever married a serf became a serf. 
By these absurd laws, the provost of 
Bruges became a serf, because his father 
was Thancmar's serf. By the same laws, 
Bouchard, though a knight of long 
descent, became Thancmar's serf, because 
he married Constance the provost's 
daughter. The result of these laws was 
that Bertulphe slew the earl and then him- 
self, Constance went mad and died, Bou- 
chard and Thancmar slew each other in 
fight, and all Bruges was thrown into 
confusion. — S. Knowles, The Provost of 
Bruges (1836). 

Thankfulness. " To be over-thank- 
ful for one favour is, in effect, to lay 
out for another." — Cumberland, West 
Indian, iv. 1 (1771). 



THAUMAST. 



988 THEAGENES AND CHARICLEIA. 



Thauniast, an English pundit, who 
went to Paris, attracted by the rumour 
of the great wisdom of Pantag'ruel. He 
arranged a disputation with that prince, 
to be carried on solely by pantomime, 
without the utterance of a single word. 
Panurge undertook the disputation for 
the prince, and Pantagruel was appointed 
arbiter. Many a knotty point in magic, 
alchemy, the cabala, geomaucy, astrology, 
and philosophy was argued out by signs 
alone, and the Englishman freely con- 
fessed himself fully satisfied, for "Pan- 
urge had told him even more than he 
had asked." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 
19, 20 (1533). 

Thaumaturga. Filumena is called 

La Thaumaturge du Dixneuvieme Steele. 
In 1802 a grave was discovered with this 
inscription: Lumena PaxteCvmfi, which 
has no meaning, but being re-arranged 
makes Pax Te-cum, Fi-lumena. So 
Filumena was at once accepted as a 
proper name and canonized. And 
because as many miracles were performed 
at her tomb as at that of the famous abbe' 
de Paris mentioned in Paley's Evidences, 
she was called " The Nineteenth-Century 
Miracle-Worker." But who Filumena 
was, or if indeed she ever existed, is one 
of those impenetrable secrets which no 
one will ever know. (See St. Filumena, 
p. 859.) 

Thaumatur'gus. Gregory bishop 
of Neo-Caesarea, in Cappadocia, was so 
called on account of his numerous 
miracles (212-270). 

Alexander of Hohenlohe was a 
worker of miracles. 

Apollonius of Tya'na "raised the 
dead, healed the sick, cast out devils, 
freed a young man from a lamia or 
vampire of which he was enamoured, 
uttered prophecies, saw at Ephesus the 
assassination of Domitian at Rome, and 
filled the world with the fame of his 
sanctity " (a.d. 3-98). — Philostratos, 
Life of Apollonius of Tyana, in eight 
books. 

Francis d'Assisi (St.), founder of the 
Franciscan order (1182-1226). 

J. J. Gassnek of Bratz, in the Tyrol, 
exorcised the sick and cured their diseases 
" miraculously" (1727-1779). 

Isidore (St.) of Alexandria (370-440). 
— Damascius, Life of St. Isidore (sixth 
century). 

Jamblichus, when he prayed, was 
raised ten cubits from the ground, and 
his body and dress assumed the appear- 



ance of gold. At Gadara he drew from 
two fountains the guardian spirits, and 
showed them to his disciples. — Eunapius, 
Jamblichus (fourth century). 

Mahomet "the prophet." (1) When 
he ascended to heaven on Al Borak, the 
stone on which he stepped to mount rose 
in the air as the prophet rose, but Maho- 
met forbade it to follow any further, and 
it remained suspended in mid-air. (2) 
He took a scroll of the Koran out of a 
bull's horn. (3) He brought the moon 
from heaven, made it pass through one 
sleeve and out of the other, then allowed 
it to return to its place in heaven. 

Pascal (Blaise) was a miracle- 
worker (1623-1662). 

Ploti'nus, the Neo-platonic philo- 
sopher (205-270).— Porphyrius, Vita Plo- 
tini (a.d. 301). 

Proclus, a Neo-platonic philosopher 
(410-485).— Marinus, Vita Procli (fifth 
century). 

Sospitra possessed the omniscience of 
seeing all that was done in every part of 
the whole world. — Eunapius, (Edescus 
(fourth century). 

Vespasian, the Roman emperor, cured 
a blind man and a cripple by his touch 
during his stay at Alexandria. 

Vincent de Paul, founder of the 
" Sisters of Charity " (1576-1660). 

Thaumaturgus Physicus, a 
treatise on natural magic, by Gaspar 
Schott (1657-9). 

Thaumaturgus of the West, St. 
Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153). 

Theag'enes and Chariclei'a 

( The Loves of), a love story, in Greek, by 
Heliodorus bishop of Trikka (fourth 
century). A charming fiction, largely 
borrowed from by subsequent novelists, 
and especially by Mdlle. de Scude'ri, 
Tasso, Guarini, and D'Urfe'. The tale 
is this: Some Egyptian brigands met 
one morning on a hill near the mouth of 
the Nile, and saw a vessel laden with 
stores lying at anchor. They also ob- 
served that the banks of the Nile were 
strewn with dead bodies and the frag- 
ments of food. On further examination, 
they beheld Charicleia sitting on a rock 
tending Theagenes, who lay beside her 
severely wounded. Some pirates had 
done it, and to them the vessel belonged. 
We are then carried to the house of 
NausTcles, and there Calasiris tells the 
early history of Charicleia, her love for 
Theagenes, and their capture by the 
pirates. 



THEANA. 



THELEME. 



Thea'na (3 syl.) is Anne countess 
of Warwick. 

Ne less praiseworthy I Theana read . . . 
She is the well of bounty and brave mind, 
Excelling roost in glory and great light, 
The ornament is she of womankind. 
And court's chief garland with all virtues dight 
Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1595). 

Thebaid (The), a Latin epic poem 
in twelve books, by Statius (about a 
century after Virgil). La'i'os, king of 
Thebes, was told by an oracle that he 
would have a son, but that his son would 
be his murderer. To prevent this, when 
the son was born he was hung on a tree 
by his feet, to be devoured by wild 
beasts. The child, however, was res- 
cued by some of the royal servants, who 
brought him up, and called his name 
CEdipos or Club-foot, because his feet 
and ankles were swollen by the thongs. 
One day, going to Thebes, the chariot 
of Lai'os nearly drove over the young 
CEdipos; a quarrel ensued, and Laics was 
killed. CEdipos, not knowing whom he 
had slain, went on to Thebes, and ere 
long married the widowed queen Jocasta, 
not knowing that she was his mother, 
and by her he had two sons and two 
daughters. The names of the sons were 
Et'eocles and Polynices. These sons, in 
time, dethroned their father, and agreed 
to reign alternate years. Eteocles reigned 
first, but at the close of the year refused 
to resign the crown to his brother, and 
Polynices made war upon him. This 
war, which occurred some forty-two 
years before the siege of Troy, and 
about the time that Deborah was fighting 
with Sisera (Judges iv.), is the subject 
of the Thebaid. 

The first book recapitulates the history 
given above, and then goes on to say 
that Polynices went straight to Argos, 
and laid his grievance before king Adras- 
tos (bk. i.). Whileat Argos, he married one 
of the king's daughters, and Tydeus the 
other. The festivities being over, Tydeus 
was sent to Thebes to claim the throne 
for his brother-in-law, and being in- 
solently dismissed, denounced war against 
Eteocles. The villainous usurper sent 
fifty ruffians to fall on the ambassador on 
his way to Argos, but they were all slain, 
except one, who was left to carry back 
the news (bk. ii.). When Tydeus reached 
Argos, he wanted his father-in-law to 
march at once against Thebes, but 
Adrastos, less impetuous, made answer 
that a great war required time for its 
organization. However, Kapaneus (3syl.), 
siding with Tydeus [Ti'.duce~\, roused the 



mob (bk. Hi.), and Adrastos at once set 
about preparations for war. He placed 
his army under six chieftains, viz., Poly- 
nicrs, Tydeus, Aniphiaraos, Kapaneus, 
rarthenop;eos, and HippomPdon, he 
himself acting as commander-in-chief 
(bk. iv.). Bks. v., vi. describe the 
march from Argos to Thebes. On the 
arrival of the allied army before Thebes, 
Jocasta tried to reconcile her two sons, 
but not succeeding in this, hostilities 
commenced, and one of the chiefs, named 
Aniphiaraos, was swallowed up by an 
earthquake (bk. vii.). Next day, Tydeus 
greatly distinguished himself, but fell 
(bk. viii.). ilippomedon and Partheno- 
paeos were both slain the day follow- 
ing (bk. ix.). Then came the turn of 
Kapaneus, bold as a tiger, strong as a 
giant, and a regular dare-devil in war. 
He actually scaled the wall, he thought 
himself sure of victory, he defied even 
Jove to stop him, and was instantly 
killed by a flash of lightning (bk. x.). 
Polynices was now the only one of the 
six remaining, and he sent to Eteocles to 
meet him in single combat. The two 
brothers met, they fought like lions, 
they gave no quarter, they took no rest. 
At length, Eteocles fell, and Polynices, 
running up to strip him of his arms, was 
thrust through the bowels, and fell dead 
on the dead body of his brother. Adras- 
tos now decamped, and returned to Argos 
(bk. xi.). Creon, having usurped the 
Theban crown, forbade any one on pain 
of death to bury the dead ; but when 
Theseus king of Athens heard of this 
profanity, he marched at once to Thebes, 
Creon died, and the crown was given to 
Theseus (bk. xii.). 

Theban Bard (The), Theban 
Eagle, or Thebax Lyre, Pindar, born 
at Thebes (b.c. 522-442). 

Ye that in fancied vision can admire 
The sword of Brutus and the Theban lyre, 

Campbell, Pleasure* of Hope, i (1799). 

Thecla (St.), said to be of noble 
family, in Ico'nium, and to have been 
converted by the apostle Paul. She is 
styled in Greek martyrologies the proto- 
martyress, but the book called The Acts 
of Paul a?id T/iecla is considered to be 
apocryphal. 

On the selfsame shelf 
With the writings of St. Thecla herself. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Thekla, daughter of Wallenstein. — 
Schiller, Wallenstein (1799). 

Theleme (Abbey of), the abbey given 
by Grangousier to friar John for the aid 



THELEME. 



990 



THEODORE. 



he rendered in the battle against Picro- 
chole king of Lerne. The abbey was stored 
with everything that could contribute to 
sensual indulgence and enjoyment. It 
was the very reverse of a convent or 
monastery. No religious hypocrites, no 
pettifogging attorneys, no usurers were 
admitted within it, but it was rilled with 
gallant ladies and gentlemen, faithful 
expounders of the Scriptures, and every 
one who could contribute to its elegant 
recreations and general festivity. The 
motto over the door was: " Facez que 
Votjldkas." — Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 
52-7 (1533). 

Tlie'leme, the Will personified. — Vol- 
taire, Theleme and Macare. 

Tlie'lu, the female or woman. 

And divers coloured trees and fresh array [hair] 
Much grace the town [head], but most the Thelu gay ; 
But all in winter [old age] turn to snow, and soon decay. 
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, v. (1633). 

Thenot, an old shepherd bent with 
age, who tells Cuddy, the herdsman's boy, 
the fable of the oak and the briar. An 
aged oak, once a most royal tree, was 
wasted by age of its foliage, and stood 
with bare head and sear branches. A 
pert bramble grew hard by, and snubbed 
the oak, calling it a cumberer of the 
ground. It even complained to the lord 
of the field, and prayed him to cut it down. 
The request was obeyed, and the oak was 
felled ; but now the bramble suffered 
from the storm and cold, for it had no 
shelter, and the snow bent it to the 
ground, where it was draggled and de- 
filed. The application is very personal. 
Cuddy is the pert, flippant bramble, and 
Thenot the hoary oak ; but Cuddy told 
the old man his tale was long and trashy, 
and bade him hie home, for the sun was 
set. — Spenser, Sliepheardes Calendar, ii. 
(1579). 

(Thenot is introduced also in eel. iv., 
and again in eel. xi., where he begs 
Colin to sing something, but Colin de- 
clines because his mind is sorrowing for 
the death of the shepherdess Dido.) 

The'not, a shepherd who loved Corin 
chiefly for her " fidelity " to her deceased 
lover. When " the faithful shepherdess " 
knew this, in order to cure him of his 
passion, she pretended to return his love. 
Thenot was so shocked to see his charm 
broken that he lost even his respect for 
Corin, and forsook her. — John Fletcher, 
The Faithful Shepherdess (1610). 

Theocritus of Syracuse, in Sicily 
(fl. B.C. 280), celebrated for his idylls in 



Doric Greek. Meli is the person referred 
to below. 

Behold once more. 
The pitying gods to earth restore 
Theocritus of Syracuse. 
Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863). 

Theocritus (The Scotch), Allan Ram- 
sav, author of The Gentle Shepherd (1685- 
1758). 

Theocritus (The Sicilian), Giovanni Meli 
of Palermo, immortalized by his eclogues 
and idylls (1740-1815). 

Theod'ofred, heir to the Spanish 
throne, but incapacitated from reigning 
because be had been blinded by Witi'za. 
Theodofred was the son of Chindasuintho, 
and father of king Roderick. As Witlza, 
the usurper, had blinded Theodofred, so 
Roderick dethroned and blinded Witiza. 
— Southey, Eoderick, etc. (1814). 

%* In mediaeval times, no one with 
any personal defect was allowed to reign, 
and one of the most ordinary means of 
disqualifying a prince for succeeding to a 
throne was to put out his eyes. Of course, 
the reader will call to mind the case of 
our own prince Arthur, the nephew of 
king John ; and scores of other instances 
in Italian, French, Spanish, German, 
Russian, and Scandinavian history. 

Theod'omas, a famous trumpeter at 
the siege of Thebes. 

At every court ther cam loud menstralcye 
That never tromi'ed Joab for to heere, 
Ne he Theodomas yit half so deere 
At Thebes, when the cit§ was in doute. 
Chaucer, Canterbury laics, 9592, etc (1388). 

Theodo'ra, sister of Constantine the 
Greek emperor. She entertained most 
bitter hatred against Rogero for slaying 
her son, and vowed vengeance. Rogero, 
being entrapped in sleep, was confined by 
her in a dungeon, and fed on the bread 
and water of affliction, but was ultimately 
released bv prince Leon. — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

The'odore (3 syL), son of general 
Archas "the loyal subject" of the great- 
duke of Muscovia. A colonel, valorous 
but impatient. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Loyal Subject (1618). 

The'odore (3 syl.) of Ravenna, brave, 
rich, honoured, and chivalrous. He loved 
Ilonoria "to madness," but "found small 
favour in the lady's eyes." At length, 
however, the lady relented and married 
him. (See Honoiua.) — Dryden, 'Theo- 
dore and Ilonoria (from Boccaccio). 

Theodore, son of the lord of Clarinsiil, 
and grandson of Alphonso. His father 



THEODORICK. 



991 



THERON. 



thought him dead, renounced the world, 
and became a monk of St. Nicholas, as- 
suming the name of Austin. By chance, 
Theodore was sent home in a Spanish 
bark, and found his way into some secret 
passage of the count's castle, where he 
was seized and taken before the count. 
Here he met the monk Austin, and was 
made known to him. He informed his 
father of his love for Adelaide, the count's 
daughter, and was then told that if he 
married her he must renounce his estates 
and title. The case stood thus : If he 
claimed his estates, he must challenge 
the count to mortal combat, and renounce 
the daughter ; but if he married Ade- 
laide, he must forego his rights, for he 
could not marry the daughter and slay 
his father-in-law. The perplexity is 
solved by the death of Adelaide, killed 
by her father by mistake, and the death 
of the count by his own hand. — Robert 
Jephson, Count of Narbonne (1782). 

Theod'orick, king of the Goths, 
called by the German minnesingers Dide- 
rick of Bern (Verona). 

Theodorick or " Alberick of Mortemar," 
an exiled nobleman, hermit of Engaddi, 
and an enthusiast. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Theodo'rus (3Iastcr), a learned phy- 
sician employed by Ponocrates to cure 
Gargantua of his vicious habits. The 
doctor accordingly " purged him canonic- 
ally with Anticyrian hellebore, cleansed 
from his brain all perverse habits, and 
made him forget everything he had 
learned of his other preceptors." — Rabe- 
lais, Gargantua, i. 23. 

Hellebore was made use of to purge the brain, in order 
to fit it the better for serious study. — Pliny, Xatural 
History, xxv. £5 ; Aulus Gellius, A ttic Sights, xvii. 15. 

Theodo'sius, the hermit of Cappa- 
docia. He wrote the four gospels in 
letters of gold (423-529). 

Theodosius, who of old, 
Wrote the gospels in letters of gold. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Theophilus (St.), of Adana, in 
Cilicia (sixth century). He was driven 
by slander to sell his soul to the devil on 
condition that his character was cleared. 
The slander was removed, and no tongue 
wagged against the thin-skinned saint. 
Theophilus now repented of his bargain, 
and, after a fast of forty days and forty 
nights, was visited by the Virgin, who 
bade him confess to the bishop. This he 
did, received absolution, and died within 
three days of brain fever. — Jacques de 



Voragine, The Golden Legends (thirteenth 
century). 

This is a very stale trick, told of many 
a saint. Southey has poetized one of 
them in his ballad of St. Basil or The 
Sinner Saved (1829). Eleemon sold his 
soul to the devil on condition of his pro- 
curing him Cyra for wife. The devil 
performed his part of the bargain, but 
Eleemon called off", and St. Basil gave 
him absolution. (See Sinner Saved.) 

Theophras'tus of France (The), 
Jean de la Bruyere, author of Caracteres 
(1646-1696). 

Theresa, the miller's wife, who 
adopted and brought up Amina, the 
orphan, called "the somnambulist." — Bel- 
lini, La Sonnambula (libretto by Scribe, 
1831). 

Theresa, daughter of the count pala- 
tine of Padolia, beloved by Mazeppa. 
Her father, indignant that a mere page 
should presume to his daughter's hand, 
had Mazeppa bound to a wild horse, and 
set adrift. But the future history of 
Theresa is not related. — Byron, Mazeppa 
(1819). 

Medora [wife of the Corsair], Neuha fin The Island], 
Leila [in The Giaour], Francesca [in The Siege of 
Corinth], anil Theresa, it has been alleged, are but 
children of one family, with differences resulting only 
from climate and circumstance. — Finden, Byron Beauties. 

Theresa (Sister), with Flora M'lvor 
at Carlisle.— Sir W. Scott, Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Theringe (Mde. de), the mother of 
Louise de Lascours, and grandmother of 
Diana de Lascours and Martha alias 
Orgari'ta "the orphan of the Frozen 
Sea."— E. Stirling, The Orphan of the 
Frozen Sea (1856). 

Thermopylae. When Xerxes in- 
vaded Greece, Leonldas was sent with 
300 Spartans, as a forlorn hope, to defend 
the pass leading from Thessaly into 
Locris, by which it was thought the 
Persian host would penetrate into south- 
ern Greece. The Persians, however, 
having discovered a path over the moun- 
tains, fell on Leonidas in the rear, and 
the "brave defenders of the hot-gates" 
were cut to pieces. 

Theron, the favourite dog of Rode- 
rick the last Gothic king of Spain. 
When the discrowned king, dressed as a 
monk, assumed the name of "father 
Maccabee," although his tutor, mother, 
and even Florinda failed to recognize 
him. Theron knew him at once, fawned 



. 



THERSITES. 



992 



THIEVES SCREENED. 



on him with fondest love, and would 
never again leave him till the faithful 
creature died. When Roderick saw his 
favourite, 

He threw his arms around the dog, and cried, 

While tears streamed down, "Thou, Theron, thou hast 

known 
Thy poor lost master ; Theron, none but thou ! " 

Southey, Roderick, etc., xv. (1814). 

Thersi'tes (3 syl.), a scurrilous 
Grecian chief, "loquacious, loud, and 
coarse." His chief delight was to in- 
veigh against the kings of Greece. He 
squinted, halted, was gibbous behind and 
pinched before, and on his tapering head 
grew a few white patches of starveling 
down (Iliad, ii.). 

His brag, as ThersitSs, with elbows abroad. 

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, liv. (1557). 

The'seus (2 syl.), the Attic hero. 
He induced the several towns of Attica 
to give up their separate governments 
and submit to a common jurisdiction, 
whereby the several petty chief doms 
were consolidated into one state, of 
which Athens was the capital. 

* + * Similarly, the several kingdoms of 
the Saxon heptarchy were consolidated 
into one kingdom by Egbert ; but in this 
latter case, the might of arms, and not 
the power of conviction, was the instru- 
ment employed. 

Theseus (Duke) of Athens. On his 
return home after marrying Hypolita, 
a crowd of female suppliants complained 
to him of Creon king of Thebes. The 
duke therefore set out for Thebes, slew 
Creon, and took the city by assault. 
Among the captives taken in this siege 
were two knights, named Palamon and 
Arcite, who saw the duke's sister from 
their dungeon window, and fell in love 
with her. When set at liberty, they told 
their loves to the duke, and Theseus (2 
syl.) promised to give the lady to the 
best man in a single combat. Arcite 
overthrew Palamon, but as he was about 
to claim the lady his horse threw him, 
and he died ; so Palamon lost the con- 
test, but won the bride. — Chaucer, Can- 
terbury Tales ("The Knight's Tale," 
1388). 

*** In classic story, Theseus is called 
" king ; " but Chaucer styles him 
"duke," that is, dicx, "leader or emperor" 
(imperator). 

Thes'pian Maids (The), the nine 
Muses. So called from Thes'pia, in 
I5a>otia, near mount Helicon, often called 
Thcspia liupes. 



Those modest Thespian maids thus to tbeir Isis sung. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xv. (1613). 

Thespi'o, a Muse. The Muses were 
called Thespi'ades, from Thespia, in 
Bceo'tia, at the foot of mount Helicon. 

Tell me, oh, tell me then, thou holy Muse, 
Sacred Thesplo. 
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 

Thespis, the father of the Greek 
drama. 

Thespi", the first professor of our art, 

At country wakes sang ballads from a cart. 

Dryden, Prologue to Sophonisba (1729). 

Thes'tylis, a female slave; any 
rustic maiden. — Theocritos, Idylls. 

With Thestylis to bind the sheaves. 

Milton, V Allegro (1638). 

Thet'is, mother of Achilles. She 
was a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus 
the sea-god. — Grecian Story. 

Theuerdank, a sobriquet of kaiser 
Maximilian I. of Germany (1459, 1493- 
1519). 

Thiebalt, a Provencal, one of 
Arthur's escorts to Aix. — Sir W. Scott, 
Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Thieves (TJie Two). The penitent 
thief crucified with Jesus has been called 
by sundry names, as Demas, Dismas, 
Titus, Matha, and Vicimus. 

The impenitent thief has been called 
Gestas, Dumachas, Joca, and Justfnus. 

In the Apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus 
the former is called Dysmas and the 
latter Gestas. In the Story of Joseph of 
Arimathea the former is called Demas 
and the latter Gestas. Longfellow, in 
his Golden Legend, calls them Titus and 
Dumachus. He says that they attacked 
Joseph in his flight into Egypt. Titus 
said, "Let the good people go;" but 
Dumachus refused to do so till he " paid 
a ransom for himself and family." Upon 
this, Titus gave his fellow forty groats ; 
and the infant Jesus said, "In thirty 
years I shall die, and you two with Me. 
We shall be crucified together ; but in 
that day, Titus, this deed shall be re- 
membered." 

Thieves (His ancestors proved). It is 
sir Walter Scott who wrote and proved 
his "ancestors were thieves," in the Lay 
of the Last Minstrel, iv. 9. 

A modern author spends a hundred leaves 
To prove his ancestors notorious thieves. 

The Town Eclogue. 

Thieves Screened. It is said of 
Edward the Confessor that one day, while 
lying on his bed for his afternoon's nap, 
a courtier stole into his chamber, and, 



THIEVES OF HISTORIC NOTE. 993 THIEVES OF HISTORIC NOTE. 



seeing the king's casket, helped himself 
freely from it. He returned a second time, 
and on his third entrance, Edward said, 
" Be quick, or Hugoline (the chamber- 
lain) will see you." The courtier was 
scarcely gone, when the chamberlain 
entered and instantly detected the theft. 
The king said, " Never mind, Hugoline; 
the fellow who has taken it no doubt has 
greater need of it than either you or I." 
(Reigned 1042-1066.) 

Several similar anecdotes are told of 
Robert the Pious, of France. At one 
time he saw a man steal a silver candle- 
stick off the altar, and said, " Friend 
Ogger, run for your life, or j r ou will be 
found out." At another time, one of 
the twelve poor men in his train cut off a 
rich gold pendant from the royal robe, 
and Robert, turning to the man, said to 
him, " Hide it quickly, friend, before any 
one sees it." (Reigned 996-1031.) 

The following is told of two or three 
kings, amongst others of Ludwig the 
Pious, who had a very overbearing wife. 
A beggar under the table, picking up the 
crumbs which the king let down, cut off 
the gold fringe of the royal robe, and the 
king whispered to him, " Take care the 
queen doesn't see you." 

Thieves of Historic Note. 

Autol'ycos, son of Hermes ; a very 
prince of thieves. He had the power of 
changing the colour and shape of stolen 
goods, so as to prevent their being recog- 
nized. — Greek Fable. 

Barlow (Jimmy), immortalized bv 
the ballad-song : 

My name it is Jimmy Barlow ; 

I was born in the town of Carlow ; 

And here I lie in Maryboro' jail. 

All for the robbing of the Dublin mail. 

Cartouche, the Dick Turpin of 
France (eighteenth century). 

Cottington (John), in the time of the 
Commonwealth, who emptied the pockets 
of Oliver Cromwell when lord protector, 
stripped Charles II. of £1500, and stole 
a watch and chain from lady Fairfax. 

Duval (Claude), a French highway- 
man, noted for his gallantry and daring 
(*-1670). (See below, ''James Whit- 
ney," who was a very similar character.) 

%* Alexander Dumas has a novel 
entitled Claude Duval, and Miss Robin- 
son has introduced him in White Friars. 

Frith (Alary), usually called "Moll 
Cutpurse." She had the honour of rob- 
bing general Fairfax on Hounslow Heath. 
Mary Frith lived in the reign of Charles 
I., and died at the age of 75 years. 



%* Nathaniel Field has introduced 
Mary Frith, and made merry with some 
of her pranks, in his comedv Amends for 
Ladies (1618). 

Galloping Dick, executed in Avles- 
bury in 1800. 

Grant (Captain), the Irish highway- 
man, executed at Maryborough in 1816. 

(iiiEK.vwooD (Samuel), executed at 
Old Bailey in 1822. 

Hassan, the " Old Man of the Moun- 
tain," once the terror of Europe. He 
was chief of the Assassins (1056-1124). 

Hood (Robin) and his "merry men 
all," of Sherwood Forest. Famed in 
song, drama, and romance. Probably 
he lived in the reign of Richard Cceur de 
Lion. 

%* Sir W. Scott has introduced him 
both in The Talisman and in Ivanhoe. 
Stow has recorded the chief incidents of 
his life (see under the year 1213). Ritson 
has compiled a volume of ballads re- 
specting him. Drayton has given a 
sketch of him in the Polyo/bion, xxvi. 
The following are dramas on the same out- 
law, viz.: — The Playe of Robyn Hale, very 
proper to be played in Maye games (fif- 
teenth century) ; Skelton, at the com- 
mand of Henry VIII., wrote a drama 
called The Downfall of Robert Earl of 
Huntington (about 1520) ; The Downfall 
of Robert Earl of Huntington, bv Munday 
(1597) ; The Death of 'Robert Earle of 
Huntington, otherwise called Robin Hood 
of Merrie Sherwodde, by H. Chettle 
(1598). Chettle's drama is in reality a 
continuation of Munday's, like the two 
parts of Shakespeare's plays, Henry IV. 
and Henry V. Robin Hood's Penn'orths, 
a play by Wm. Haughton (1600) ; Robin 
Hood and His Pastoral May Games (1624), 
Robin Hood and His Crew: of Soldiers (1627), 
both anonymous ; The Sad Shepherd or a 
Tale of Robin Hood, (unfinished), B. Jonson 
(1637) ; Robin Hood, an opera (1730) ; 
Robin Hood, an opera by Dr. Arne and 
Burney (1741) ; Robin Hood, a musical 
farce (1751) ; Robin Hood, a comic opera 
(1784) ; Robin Hood, an opera by O'Keefe, 
music by Shield (1787) ; Robin Hood, by 
Macnally (before 1820). Sheridan began 
a drama on the same subject, which he 
called The Foresters. 

Periphe'tes (4 syl.) of Arg51is, sur- 
named " The Club-Bearer," because he 
used to kill his victims with an iron 
club. — Grecian Story. 

Procrustes (3 syl.), a famous robber 
of Attica. His real name was Polype- 
mon or Damastes, but he received the so- 
3 s 



THINK. 



994 THIRTEEN PRECIOUS THINGS. 



briquet of Procrustes or " The Stretcher," 
from his practice of placing all victims 
that fell into his hands on a certain 
bedstead. If the victim was too short 
to fit it, he stretched the limbs to the 
right length ; if too long, he lopped off 
the redundant part. — Grecian Story. 

Re A ( William), executed at Old Bailey 
in 1828. 

Sheppard {Jack) , an ardent, reckless, 
generous youth, wholly unrivalled as a 
thief and" burglar. His father was a 
carpenter in Spitalfields. Sentence of 
death was passed on him in August, 
1724 ; but when the warders came to 
take him to execution, they found he 
had escaped. He was apprehended in 
the following October, and again made 
his escape. A third time he was caught, 
and in November suffered death. Cer- 
tainly the most popular burglar that ever 
lived (1701-1724). 

%* Daniel Defoe made Jack Sheppard 
the hero of a romance in 1724, and H. 
Ainsworth in 1839. 

Sinis, a Corinthian highwayman, sur- 
named "The Pine-Bender," from his 
custom of attaching the limbs of his 
victims to two opposite pines forcibly 
bent down. Immediately the trees were 
released, they bounded back, tearing the 
victim limb from limb. — Grecian Story. 

Ter'meros, a robber of Peloponnesos, 
who killed his victims by cracking their 
skulls against his own. 

Turpin (Dick), a noted highwayman 
(1711-1739). His ride to York is de- 
scribed by H. Ainsworth in his Rookwood 
(1834). 

Whitney (James), the last of the 
"gentlemanly" highwaymen. He prided 
himself on being " the glass of fashion, 
and the mould of form." Executed at 
Porter's Block, near Smithfield (1660- 
1694). 

Wild (Jonathan), a cool, calculating, 
heartless villain, with the voice of a 
Stentor. He was born at Wolverhamp- 
ton, in Staffordshire, and, like Sheppard, 
was the son of a carpenter. Unlike 
Sheppard, this cold-blooded villain was 
universally execrated. He was hanged 
at Tyburn (1682-1725). 

* + * Defoe made Jonathan Wild the 
hero of a romance in 1725 ; Fielding in 
1744. 

Think. It was Descartes who said, 
" I think, and therefore I exist" (Coytto, 
eryo sum, 1596-1650). 

" Higher than himself can no man 
think " was the saying of Protagoras. 



Think. " Cogitation resides not in 
that man that does not think." — Shake- 
speare, Winter's Tale, act i. sc. 2 (1604). 

Third Founder of Rome (The), 

Caius Marius. He was so called because 
he overthrew the multitudinous hordes of 
Cambrians and Teutones who came to 
lick up the Romans as the oxen of the 
field lick up grass (b.c. 102). 

*** The first founder was Romulus, 
and the second Camillus. 

Thirsil and Thelgon, two gentle 
swains who were kinsmen. Thelgon 
exhorts Thirsil to wake his "too long 
sleeping Muse ;" and Thirsil, having col- 
lected the nymphs and shepherds around 
him, sang to them the song of The 
Purple Island. — Phineas Fletcher, The 
Purple Island, i., ii. (1633). 

Thirsty (The), Colman Itadach, sur- 
named "The Thirsty," was a monk of the 
rule of St. Patrick. Itadach, in strict 
observance of the Patrician rule, refused 
to quench his thirst even in the harvest- 
field, and died in consequence. 

Thirteen Precious Things of 
Britain. 

1. Dyrnwyn (the sword of Rhyd- 
derch Hael). If any man except Hael 
drew this blade, it burst into a flame from 
point to hilt. 

2. The Basket of Gwyddxo 
Garanhir. If food for one man were 
put therein, it multiplied till it sufficed 
for a hundred. 

3. The Horn of Bran Galed, in 
which was always found the very 
beverage that each drinker most desired. 

4. The Platter of Rhegynydd 
Ysgolhaig, which always contained the 
very food that the eater most liked. 

5. The Chariot of Morgan 
Mwynvawr. Whoever sat therein was 
transported instantaneously to the place 
he wished to go to. 

6. The Halter of Clydno Eiddyn. 
Whatever horse he wished for was always 
found therein. It hung on a staple at 
the foot of his bed. 

7. The Knife of Llawfrodded 
Farchawg, which would serve twenty- 
four men simultaneously at any meal. 

8. The Caldron of Tyrnog. If 
meat were put in for a brave man, it waa 
cooked instantaneously ; but meat for a 
coward would never get boiled therein. 

9. The Whetstone of Tudwal 
Tri>OLUi>. If the sword of a brave man 
were sharpened thereon, its cut was 



THIRTEEN UNLUCKY. 



995 



THOMAS A KEMPIS. 



certain death ; but if of a coward, the 
cut was harmless. 

10. The Robe of Padarn Beisrudd, 
which fitted every one of gentle birth, 
but no churl could wear it. 

11. Thk Mantle ok Tegau Eur- 
vron, which only fitted ladies whose 
conduct was irreproachable. 

12. The Mantle ok king Arthur, 
which could be worn or used as a carpet, 
and whoever wore it or stood on it was 
invisible. This mantle or carpet was 
called Gwenn. 

%* The ring of Luned rendered the 
wearer invisible so long as the stone of it 
was concealed. 

13. The Chessboard of Gwknd- 
dolen. When the men were placed 
upon it they played of themselves. The 
board was of gold, and the men silver. 
— Welsh Romance. 

Thirteen Unlucky. It is said 
that it is unlucky for thirteen persons to 
sit down to dinner at the same table, 
because one of the number will die before 
the year is out. This silly superstition is 
based on the " Last Supper," when Christ 
and His twelve disciples sat at meat 
together. Jesus, of course, was crucified ; 
and Judas Iscariot hanged himself. 

Thirty {The). So the Spartan senate 
established by Lycurgos was called. 

Similarly, the Venetian senate was 
called " The Forty." 

Thirty Tyrants {The). So the 
governors appointed by Lysander the 
Spartan over Athens were called (b.c. 
■404). They continued in power only 
eight months, when Thrasybulos deposed 
them and restored the republic. 

"The Thirty" put more people to death in eight 
months of peace than the enemy had done in a war of 
thirty years. — Xenophon. 

Thirty Tyrants of Rome (The), 
a fanciful name, applied by Trebellius 
Pollio to a set of adventurers who tried 
to make themselves masters of Rome at 
sundry times between a.d. 260 and 267. 

The number was not thirty, and the 
analogy between them and "The Thirty 
Tyrants of Athens " is scarcely percep- 
tible. 

Thirty Years' War (The), a 
series of wars between the protestants 
and catholics of Germany, terminated by 
the "Peace of Westphalia." The war 
arose thus : The emperor of Austria 
interfered in the struggle between the 
protestants and catholics, by depriving 



the protestants of Bohemia of their 
religious privileges ; in consequence of 
which the protestants flew to arms. 
After the contest had been going on for 
some years, Richelieu joined the protest- 
ants (1635), not from any love to their 
cause, but solely to humiliate Austria and 
Spain (1618-1648). 

The Peloponnesian war between Athens 
and Sparta is called " The Thirty Years' 
War" (B.C. 404-431). 

Thisbe (2 s.y/.), a beautiful Baby- 
lonian maid, beloved by Pvramus, her 
next-door neighbour. As their parents 
forbade their marriage, they contrived to 
hold intercourse with each other through 
a chink in the garden wall. Once they 
agreed to meet at the tomb of Ninus. 
Thisbe was first at the trysting-place, 
but, being scared by a lion, took to flight, 
and accidentally dropped her robe, which 
the lion tore and stained with blood. 
Pyramus, seeing the blood-stained robe, 
thought that the lion had eaten Thisbe, 
and so kilied himself. When Thisbe re- 
turned and saw her lover dead, she killed 
herself also. Shakespeare has burlesqued 
this prettv tale in his Midsummer Night's 
Dream (1592). 

Thom'alin, a shepherd who laughed 
to scorn the notion of love, but was 
ultimately entangled in its wiles. He 
tells Willy that one day, hearing a 
rustling in a bush, he discharged an 
arrow, when up flew Cupid into a tree. 
A battle ensued between them, and when 
the shepherd, having spent all his arrows, 
ran away, Cupid shot him in the heel. 
Thomalin did not much heed the wound 
at first, but soon it festered inwardly and 
rankled daily more and more. — Spenser, 
Shepheardes Calendar, iii. (1579). 

Thomalin is again introduced in eel. 
vii., when he inveighs against the 
catholic priests in general, and the shep- 
herd Palinode (3 syl.) in particular. 
This eclogue could not have been written 
before 1578, as it refers to the seques- 
tration of Grindal archbishop of Can- 
terbury in that year. 

Thomas (Monsieur), the fellow- 
traveller of Val'entine. Valentine's niece 
Mary is in love with him. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, 31ons. Thomas (1619). 

Thomas^ (Sir), a dogmatical, prating, 
self-sufficient squire, whose judgments 
are but "justices' justice."— Crabbe, 
Borough, x. (1810). 

Thomas a Kempis, the pseudo- 



THOMAS THE RHYMER. 



996 



THORNTON. 



nym of Jean Charlier de Gerson (1363- 
1429). Some say, of Thomas Hammer- 
lein Maleolus (1380-1471). 

Thomas the Rhymer or "Thomas 
of Erceldoun," an ancient Scottish bard. 
His name was Thomas Learmont, and he 
lived in the days of Wallace (thirteenth 
century). 

This personage, the Merlin of Scotland, . . . was a 
magician as well as a poet and prophet. He is alleged 
still to be living in the land of Fae"ry, and is expected to 
return at some great convulsion of society, in which he is 
to act a distinguished part. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dan- 
gerous (time, Henry I.). 

*** If Thomas the Rhymer lived in 
the thirteenth century, it is an ana- 
chronism to allude to him in Castle 
Dangerous, the plot of which novel is 
laid in the twelfth century. 

%* Thomas the Rhymer, and Thomas 
Rymer were totally different persons. 
The latter was an historiographer, who 
compiled 'The Fcedera (1638-1713). 

Thopas (Sir), a native of Poperyng, 
in Flanders ; a capital sportsman, archer, 
wrestler, and runner. Sir Thopas re- 
solved to marry no one but an " elf 
queen," and accordingly started for Faery- 
land. On his way, he met the three- 
headed giant Olifaunt, who challenged 
him to single combat. Sir Thopas asked 
permission to go for his armour, and 
promised to meet the giant next day. 
Here mine host broke in with the ex- 
clamation, " Intolerable stuff ! " and the 
story was left unfinished. — Chaucer, 
Canterbury Tales ("The Rime of Sir 
Thopas," 1388). 

Thor, eldest son of Odin and Frigga ; 
strongest and bravest of the gods. He 
launched the thunder, presided over the 
air and the seasons, and protected man 
from lightning and evil spirits. 

His wife was Sif (" love"). 

His chariot was drawn by two he- 
goats. 

His mace or hammer was called 
Mjolner. 

His belt was Megingjard. Whenever 
he put it on his strength was doubled. 

His palace was Thrudvangr. It con- 
tained 540 halls. 

Thursday is Thor's day. — Scandinavian 
Mythology. 

The word means " Refuge from terror." 

Thoresby (Broad), one of the 
troopers under Fit/urse. — Sir W. Scott, 
Jvanhoe (time, Richard 1.). 

Thorn'berry (Job), a brazier in 
Penzance. He was a blunt but kind 



man, strictly honest, most charitable, 
and doting on his daughter Mary. Job 
Thornberry is called "John Bull," and is 
meant to be a type of a genuine English 
tradesman, unsophisticated by cant and 
foreign manners. He failed in business 
"through the treachery of a friend ;" but 
Peregrine, to whom he had lent ten 
guineas, returning from Calcutta after 
the absence of thirty years, gave him 
£10,000, which he said his loan had 
grown to by honest trade. 

Mary Thornberry, his daughter, in love 
with Frank Rochdale, son and heir of sir 
Simon Rochdale, whom ultimately she 
married. — G. Colman, junior, John Bull 
(1805). 

Thornhaugh (Colonel), an officer in 
Cromwell's army. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Thornhill (Sir William), alias Mr. 
Burchell, about 30 years of age. Most 
generous and most whimsical, most bene- 
volent and most sensitive. Sir William 
was the landlord of Dr. Primrose, the 
vicar of Wakefield. After travelling 
through Europe on foot, he had returned 
and lived incognito. In the garb and 
aspect of a pauper, Mr. Burchell is intro- 
duced to the vicar of Wakefield. Twice 
he rescued his daughter Sophia — once 
when she was thrown from her horse into 
a deep stream, and once when she was 
abducted by squire Thornhill. Ultimately 
he married her. — Goldsmith, The Vicar of 
Wakefield (1766). 

Thornhill (Squire), nephew of sir 
William Thornhill. He enjoyed a large 
fortune, but was entirely dependent on his 
uncle. He was a sad libertine, who 
abducted both the daughters of Dr. 
Primrose, and cast the old vicar into jail 
for rent after the entire loss of his house, 
money, furniture, and books by fire. 
Squire Thornhill tried to impose upon 
Olivia Primros-e by a false marriage, but 
was caught in his own trap, for the 
marriage proved to be legal in every 
respect. — Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wake- 
field (1766), 

This worthy citizen abused the aristocracy much on the 
same principle as the fair Olivia depreciated squire Thorn- 
hill ;— he had a sneaking affection lor what he abused.— 
Lord Lytton. 

Thornton (Captain), an English 
officer.— Sir W. Scott, Hob Boy (time, 
George I.). 

Thornton (Cyril), the hero and title of 
a no /el of military adventure, by captain 
Thomas Hamilton (1827). 



THOROUGH DOCTOR. 



997 THREE A DIVINE NUMBER. 



Thorough Doctor ( The). William 
Varro was called Doctor Fumlatus (thir- 
teenth century). 

Thoughtful (Father), Nicholas 
Cat'inet, a marshal of France. So called 
bv his soldiers for his cautious and 
thoughtful policy (1637-1712). 

Thoughtless (Miss Betty), a vir- 
tuous, sensible, and amiable young lady, 
utterly regardless of the conventionalities 
of society, and wholly ignorant of eti- 
quette. She is consequently for ever 
involved in petty scrapes most mortifying 
to her sensitive mind. Even her lover is 
alarmed at her gaucherie, and deliberates 
whether such a partner for life is de- 
sirable. — Mrs. Hevwood, Miss Betty 
Thoughtless (1697-1758). 

(Mrs. Heywood's novel evidently sug- 
gested the Evelina of Miss Burnev, 
1778.) 

Thoulouse (Raymond count of), one 
of the crusading princes. — Sir W, Scott, 

Count Robert of Faris (time, Rufus). 

Thraso, a bragging, swaggering 
captain, the Roman Bobadil (q.v.). — 
Terence, The Eunuch. 

Thraso, duke of Mar, one of the allies 
of Charlemagne. — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Threadneedle Street (London), a 
corruption of Thridenal Street, i.e. the 
third street from Cheapside. (Anglo- 
Saxon, thridda, "third.") 

Three a Divine Number. Py- 
thagoras calls three the perfect number, 
expressive of M beginning, middle, and 
end," and he makes it a symbol of deity. 

American Indians: Otkon (creator), 
Messou (pi^ovidence), Atahuata (the 
Logos). 

(Called Otkon by the Iroquois, and 
Otkee by the Virginians.) 

Armorica. the korrigans or fays of 
Armorica are three times three. 

Brahmins : Brahma, Vishnu, Siva. 

Buddhists : Buddha, Annan Sonsja, 
Rosia Sonsja. 

(These are the three idols seen in 
Buddhist temples ; Buddha stands in the 
middle.) 

Christians : The Father, the Son (the 
Logos), the Holy Ghost. 

When, in creation, the earth was with- 
out form and void, "the Spirit moved 
over the face," and put it into order. 

Egyptians (Ancient). Almost each 
nome had its own triad, but the most 



general were Osiris, Isis, Horns; Eicton, 
Cneph (creator)^ Phtha. — Jamblichus. 

Etruscans. Their college consisted 
of three times three gods. 

Lars PorsCna of Clusiura. 

By the nine gods he swore 
That the «reat house of Tarquin 
Should suffer wrong no more. 

Lord Macaulay, Lays of A nrient Home 
(" Horatius," 1*4J). 

Kamtschadales : Koutkbou (creator 
of heaven), Kouhttigith, his sister (creator 
of earth), Outleigin (creator of ocean). 

Parsees : Ahura (the creator), Vohu 
Mano ("entity"), Akem Mano ("non- 
entity "). 

Persians : Oromasdes or Oromazes 
(the good principle), Arimanes (the evil 
principle), Mithras (fecundity). 

Others give Zervane (god the father), 
and omit Mithras from the trinity. 

Peruvians (Ancient) : Pachama (god- 
dess mother), Virakotcha (^Jupiter), 
Mamakotcha ( = Neptune). They called 
their trinity "Tangatanga" (i.e. "three 
in one "). 

Phcenicians : Kolpia (the Logos), Ba- 
aut (" darkness "), Mot (" matter"). 

Romans (Ancient) : Jupiter (god of 
heaven), Neptune (god of earth and sea), 
Pluto (god of hell). 

(Their whole college of gods consisted 
of four times three deities.) 

Scandinavians: Odin ("life"), Hse- 
nir ("motion"), Loda ("matter"). 

Tahitians: Taroataihetoomoo (chief 
deity), Tepapa (the fecund principle), 
Tettoomatataya (their offspring). 

Lao-Tseu, the Chinese philosopher, 
says the divine trinity is : Ki, Hi, Ouei. 

Orpheus says it is : Phanes (light), 
Uranos (heaven), Kronos (time). 

Plato says it is : To Agathon (good- 
ness), Nous (intelligence), Psuche (the 
mundane soul). 

Pythagoras says it is : Monad (the 
unit or oneness), Nous, Psuche. 

Vossius says it is : Jupiter (divine 
power). Minerva (the Logos), Juno (divine 
progenitiveness) . 

Subordinate. The orders of Angels 
are three times three, viz. : (1) Seraphim, 
(2) Cherubim, (8) Thrones, (4) Dominions, 
(5) Virtues, (6) Powers, (7) Principalities, 
(8) Archangels, (9) Angels. — Dionysius 
the Areopagite. 

In heaven above 
The effulgent bands in triple circles move. 

Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xi. 13 (1575). 

The Cities of Refuge were three on 
each side the Jordan. 

The Fates are three : Clotho (with her 
distaff, presides at birth), Lachesis (spins 



THREE A DIVINE NUMBER. 998 THREE A DIVINE NUMBER. 



the thread of life), Atropos (cuts the 
thread). 

The Furies are three : Tisipon6, 
Alecto, Megaera. 

The Graces are three : Euphros'yne 
(cheerfulness of mind), Aglaia (mirth), 
Thalia (good-tempered jest). 

The Judges of Hades are three : 
Minos (the chief baron), iEacus (the judge 
of Europeans), Rhadamanthus (the judge 
of Asiatics and Africans). 

The Muses are three times three. 

Jupiter's thunder is three-forked (tri- 
fidurn) ; Neptune's trident has three 
prongs ; Pluto's dog Cerberus has three 
heads. The rivers of hell are three times 
three, and Styx flows round it thrice 
three times. 

In Scandinavian mythology, there are 
three times three earths ; three times 
three worlds in Niflheim ; three times 
three regions under the dominion of Hel. 

According to a mediaeval tradition, the 
heavens are three times three, viz., the 
Moon, Venus, Mercury, the Sun, Mars, 
Jupiter, Saturn, the fixed stars, and the 
primum mobile. 

Symbolic. (1) In the tabernacle and 
Jewish Temple. 

The Temple consisted of three parts : 
the porch, the Temple proper, and the 
holy of holies. It had three courts : 
the court of the priests, the court of the 
people, and the court of foreigners. The 
innermost court had three rows, and 
three windows in each row (1 Kings 
vi. 36; vii. 4). 

Similarly, Ezekiel's city had three 
gates on each side (Ezek. xlviii. 31). 
Cyrus left direction for the rebuilding of 
the Temple: it was to be three score 
cubits in height, and three score cubits 
wide, and three rows of great stones 
were to be set up (Ezra vi. 3, 4). In like 
manner, the " new Jerusalem " is to have 
four times three foundations : (1) jasper, 
(2) sapphire, (3) chalcedony, (4) emerald, 
(5) sardonyx, (6) sardius, (7) chrysolyte, 
(8) beryl, (9) topaz, (10) chrysoprase, 
(11) jacinth, (12) amethyst. It is to 
have three gates fronting each cardinal 
quarter (Rev. xxi. 13-20). 

(2) In the Temple Furniture: The golden 
candlestick had three branches on each 
side (Exod. xxv. 32) ; there were three 
bowls (ver. 33) ; the height of the altar 
was three cubits (Exod. xxvii. 1) ; there 
were three pillars for the hangings (ver. 
14) ; Solomon's molten sea was supported 
on oxen, three facing each cardinal point 
(] Kings vii. 25). 



(3) Sacrifices and Offerings : A meat 
offering consisted of three tenth deals of 
fine flour (Lev. xiv. 10) ; Hannah offered 
up three bullocks when Samuel was devoted 
to the Temple (1 Sam. i. 24) ; three sorts 
of beasts — bullocks, rams, and lambs — 
were appointed for offerings (Numb. 
xxix.) ; the Jews were commanded to 
keep three national feasts yearly (Exod. 
xxiii. 14-17) ; in all criminal charges three 
witnesses were required (Deut. xvii. 6). 

Miscellaneous Threes. Joshua sent 
three men from each tribe to survey the 
land of Canaan (Josh, xviii. 4). Moses 
had done the same at the express command 
of God (Numb. xiii.). Job had three friends 
(Jobu. 11). Abraham was accosted by three 
men (angels), with whom he pleaded to 
spare the cities of the plain (Gen. xviii. 
2). Nebuchadnezzar cast three men into 
the fiery furnace (Dan. iii. 24). David 
had three mighty men of valour, and one 
of them slew 300 of the Philistines with his 
spear (2 Sam. xxiii. 9, 18). Nebuchad- 
nezzar's image was three score cubits 
high (Dan. iii. 1). Moses was hidden 
three months from the Egyptian police 
(Exod. ii. 2). The ark of the covenant 
was three months in the house of Obed- 
edom (2 Sam. vi. 11). Balaam smote 
his ass three times before the beast 
upbraided him (Numb. xxii. 28). Samson 
mocked Delilah three times (Judges xvi. 
15). Elijah stretched himself three times 
on the child which he restored to life 
(1 Kings xvii. 21). The little horn 
plucked up three horns by the roots 
(Dan. vii. 8). The bear seen by Daniel 
in his vision had three ribs in its mouth 
(ver. 5). Joab slew Absalom with three 
darts (2 Sam. xviii. 14). God gave 
David the choice of three chastisements 
(2 Sam. xxiv. 12). The great famine 
in David's reign lasted three }-ears (2 
Sam. xxi. 1) ; so did the great drought 
in Ahab's reign (Luke iv. 25). There 
were three men transfigured on the 
mount, and three spectators (Matt. xvii. 
1-4). The sheet was let down to Peter 
three times (Acts x. 16). There are 
three Christian graces : Faith, hope, and 
charity (1 Cor. xiii. 13). There are 
three that bear record in heaven, and 
three that bear witness on earth (1 John 
v. 7, 8). There were three unclean spirits 
that came out of the mouth of the dragon 
(Bev. xvi. 13). 

So again. Every ninth wave is said 
to be the largest. 

[ They] watched the great sea fall. 
Wave after wave, each mightier than the last; 
Till last, a ninth one, gathering half the deep 



THREE ARDENT LOVERS, ETC. 999 THREE COUNSELLING KNIGHTS. 



And full of voices, slowly rose and plunged, 

Roaring, and all the wave was in a flame. 

Tennyson, The Holy Urail (1858-59). 

A wonder is said to last three times 
three days. The scourge used for 
criminals is a "cat o' nine tails." Pos- 
session is nine points of the law, being 
equal to (1) money to make good a 
claim, (2) patience to carry a suit 
through, (3) a good cause, (4) a good 
lawyer, (5) a good counsel, (6) good 
witnesses, (7) a good jury, (8) a good 
judge, (9) good luck. Leases used to be 
granted for 999 years. Ordeals by fire 
consisted of three times three red-hot 
ploughshares. 

There are three times three crowns 
recognized in heraldry, and three times 
three marks of cadency. 

We show honour by a three times 
three in drinking a health. 

The worthies are three Jews, three 
pagans, and three Christians : viz., 
Joshua, David, and Judas Maccabaeus ; 
Hector, Alexander, and Julius Caesar; 
Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of 
Bouillon. The worthies of London are 
three times three also: (1) sir William 
Walworth, (2) sir Henry Pritchard, (3) 
sir William Sevenoke, (4) sir Thomas 
White, (5) sir John Bonham, (6) Chris- 
topher Croker, (7) sir John Hawkwood, 
(8) sir Hugh Caverley, (9) sir Henry 
Maleverer (Richard Johnson, The Nine 
Worthies of London). 

*** Those who take any interest in this 
subject can easily multiply the examples 
here set down to a much greater number. 
(See below, the Welsh Triads.) 

Three Ardent Lovers ofBritain 

{The): (1) Caswallawn son of Beli, the 
ardent lover of Flur daughter of Mug- 
nach Gorr ; (2) Tristan or Tristram son 
of Talluch, the ardent lover of Yseult 
wife of March Meirchawn his uncle, 
generally called king Mark of Cornwall ; 
(3) Kynon son of Clydno Eiddin, the 
ardent lover of Morvyth daughter of 
Urien of Rheged. — Welsh Triads. 

Three Battle Knights {The) in 
the court of king Arthur : (1) Cadwr 
earl of Cornwall ; (2) Launcelot du Lac ; 
(3) Owain son of Urien prince of Rheged, 
i.e. Cumberland and some of the ad- 
jacent lands. These three would never 
retreat from battle, neither for spear, 
nor sword, nor arrow ; and Arthur knew 
no shame in fight when they were present. 
— Welsh Triads. 

Three Beautiful Women {The) 



of the court of king Arthur: (1) Gwen- 
hwyvar or Guenever wife of king Arthur ; 

(2) Enid, who dressed in " azure robes," 
wife of Geraint ; (3) Tegau or Tegau 
Euron. — Welsh Triads. 

Three Blessed Rulers {The) of 
the island of Britain : (1) Bran or Vran, 
son of Llyr, and father of Caradawc {Ca- 
ractacus). He was called "The Blessed" 
because he introduced Christianity into 
the nation of the Cymry from Rome ; he 
learnt it during his seven years' detention 
in that city with his son. (2) Lleurig 
ab Coel ab Cyllyn Sant, surnamed " The 
Great Light." He built the cathedral of 
Llandaff, the first sanctuary in Britain. 

(3) Cadwaladyr, who gave refuge to all 
believers driven out by the Saxons from 
England. — Welsh Triads, xxxv. 

Three Calenders {The), three 
sons of three kings, who assumed the 
disguise of begging dervises. They had 
each lost one eye. The three met in the 
house of Zobeide, and told their re- 
spective tales in the presence of Haroun- 
al-Raschid also in disguise. (See Calen- 
ders, p. 150.) — Arabian Nights ("The 
Three Calenders"). 

Three Chief Ladies {The) of the 
island of Britain : (1) Branwen daughter 
of king Llyr, "the fairest damsel in the 
world ; " (2) Gwenhwvvar or Guenever 
wife of king Arthur ; "(3) iEthelflaed the 
wife of iEthelred. 

Three Closures ( The) of the island 
of Britain : (1) The head of Vran son of 
Llyr, surnamed "The Blessed," which 
was buried under the White Tower of 
London, and so long as it remained there, 
no invader would enter the island. (2) 
The bones of Vortimer, surnamed " The 
Blessed," buried in the chief harbour of 
the island ; so long as they remained 
there, no hostile ship would approach the 
coast. (3) The dragons buried by Lludd 
son of Beli, in the city of Pharaon, in 
the Snowdon rocks. (See Three Fatal 
Disclosures.) — Welsh Triads, liii. 

Three Counselling Knights 

{The) of the court of king Arthur: (1) 
Kynon or Cynon son of Clydno Eiddin ; 
(2) Aron son of Kynfarch ap Meirchion 
Gul ; (3) Llywarch Hen son of Elidir 
Lydanwyn. So long as Arthur followed 
the advice of these three, his success Avas 
invariable, but when he neglected to 
follow their counsel, his defeat was sure. 
— Welsh Triads. 






THREE DIADEMED CHIEFS. 



1000 



THREE MAKERS, ETC. 



Three Diademed Chiefs {The) 
of the island of Britain : (1) Kai son of 
Kyner, the sewer of king Arthur. He 
could transform himself into any shape 
he pleased. Always ready to fight, and 
always worsted. Half knight and half 
huffoon. (2) Trystan mab Tallwch, one 
of Arthur's three heralds, and one whom 
nothing could divert from his purpose ; 
he is generally called sir Tristram. (3) 
Gwevyl mab Gwestad, the melancholy. 
" When sad, he would let one of his lips 
drop below his waist, while the other 
turned up like a cap upon his head." — 
The Mabinogion, 227. 

Three Disloyal Tribes {The) of 
the island of Britain: (1) The tribe of 
Goronwy Pebyr, which refused to stand 
substitute for their lord, Llew Llaw 
Gyfl'es, when a poisoned dart was shot at 
him by Llech Goronwy ; (2) the tribe 
of Gwrgi, which deserted their lord in 
Caer Greu, when he met Eda Glinmawr 
in battle (both were slain) ; (3) the 
tribe of Alan Vyrgan, which slunk 
away from their lord on his journey to 
Camlan, where he was slain. — Welsh 
Triads, xxxv. 

Three Estates of the Realm : 

the nobility, the clergy, and the com- 
monalty. 

N.B. — The sovereign is not one of the 
three estates. 

Three Fatal Disclosures (The) 
of the island of Britain : (1) That of the 
buried head of Vran "the Blessed" by 
king Arthur, because he refused to hold 
the sovereignty of the land except by 
his own strength ; (2) that of the bones 
of Vortimer by Vortigern, out of love 
for Ronwen (Rowcna) daughter of Hen- 
gist the Saxon ; (3) that of the dragons 
in Snowdon by Vortigern, in revenge of 
the Cymryan displeasure against him ; 
having this done, he invited over the 
Saxons in his defence. (See Three 
Closures.) — Welsh Triads, liii. 

Three-Fingered Jack, the nick- 
name of a famous negro robber, who was 
the terror of Jamaica in 1780. He was 
at length hunted down and killed in 
1781. 

Three Golden-Tongued Knights 
(The) in the court of king Arthur: 
(1) Gwalchmai, called in French Gawain 
son of Gwyar ; (2) Drudwas son of 
Tryffin ; (3)' Eliwlod son of Madog ab 
Uthur. They never made a request which 
was not at once granted. — Welsh Triads. 



Three Great Astronomers ( The) 
of the island of Britain: (1) Gwydion 
son of Don. From him the Milky Way 
is called " Caer Gwydion." He called 
the constellation Cassiopeia "The Court 
of Don " or Llys Don, after his father ; 
and the Corona Borealis he called " Caer 
Arianrod," after his daughter. (2) Gwynn 
son of Nudd. (3) Idris.— Welsh Triads, 
ii. 325. 

Three Holy Tribes (TJie) of the 
island of Britain : (1) That of Bran or 
Vran, who introduced Christianity into 
Wales; (2) that of Cunedda Wledig ; 
and (3) that of Brychan Brycheiniog. — 
Welsh Triads, xxxv. 

Three Kings. In our line of kings 
we never exceed three reigns without 
interruption or catastrophe. (See Kings 
of England, p. 517.) 

Three Kings' Day, Twelfth Day 
or Epiphany, designed to commemorate 
the visit of the "three kings " or "Wise 
Men of the East " to the infant Jesus. 

Three Kings of Cologne (The), 
the three " Wise Men " who followed the 
guiding star "from the East" to Jeru- 
salem, and offered gifts to the babe 
Jesus. Their names were Jaspar or Gas- 
par, Melchior, and Balthazar ; or Apellius, 
Amerus, and Damascus ; or Magalath, 
Galgalath, and Sarasin ; or Ator, Sator, 
and Peratoras. Klopstock, in his Messiah, 
says the Wise Men were six in number, 
and gives their names as Hadad, Sellma, 
Zimri, Mirja, Beled, and Sunith. 

* + * The toys shown in Cologne Cathe- 
dral as the " three kings " are called 
Caspar, Melchior, and Balthazar. 

Three Learned Knights (The) 
of the island of Britain : (1) Gwalchmai 
ab Gwyar, called in French romances 
Gawain son of Lot ; (2) Llecheu ab 
Arthur ; (3) Rhiwallon with the broom- 
bush hair. There was nothing that man 
knew they did not know. — Welsh Triads. 

Three-Leg Alley (London), now 
called Pemberton Row, Fetter Lane. 

Three Letters (A Man of), a thief. 
A Roman phrase, from fur, "a thief." 

Tun' trium literariim homo 
Me vituperus 1 Kur ! 

Flautus, Aulularia, ii. 4. 

Three Makers of Golden Shoes 
(The) of the island of Britain : (1) Cas- 
wallawn son of Beli, when he went to 
Gascony to obtain Flur. She had been 



THREE-MEN WINE. 



1001 



THROGMORTON STREET. 



abducted for Julius Caesar, but was 
brought back by the prince. (2) Mana- 
wyddan son of Llyr, when he sojourned 
in Lloegyr {England). (3) Llew Llaw 
Gyffes, when seeking arms from his 
mother. — Welsh Triads, cxxiv. 

" What craft shall we take ? " said Manawyddan. . . . 
" Let us take to making shoes." ... So he bought the 
best cordwal . . . and got the best goldsmith to make 
clasps . . . and he was called one of the three makers of 
gold shoes.— The Mabinoyion (" Manawyddan," twelfth 
century). 

Three-Men Wine. Very bad wine 
is so called, because it requires one man 
to hold the victim, a second to pour the 
wine down his throat, and the third is 
the victim made to drink it. 

Abraham Santa Clara, the preaching 
friar, calls the wine of Alsace "three- 
men wine." 

Three per Cents. "The sweet 
simplicity of the three per cents." This 
was the saying of Dr. Scott (lord 
Stowell), brother of lord Eldon the 
great Admiralty judge. 

Three Robbers (The). The three 
stars in Orion's belt are said to be 
"three robbers climbing up to rob the 
Ranee's silver bedstead." — Miss Frere, 
Old Deccan Days, 28. 

Three Stayers of Slaughter 

(The): (1) Gwgawn Gleddyvrud ; the 
name of his horse was Buehestom. (2) 
Morvrau eil Tegid. (3) Gilbert mab 
Cadgyffro. — Welsh Triads, xxix. 

Three Tailors of Tooley Street 
(The), three worthies, who held a meet- 
ing in Tooley Street for the redress of 
popular grievances, and addressed a peti- 
tion to the House of Commons, while 
Canning was prime minister, beginning, 
"We, the people of England." 

Three Tribe Herdsmen of Bri- 
tain (The) : (1) Llawnrodded Yarvawe, 
who tended the milch cows of Nudd 
Hael son of Senyllt ; (2) Bennren, who 
kept the herd of Caradawc son of Bran, 
Glamorganshire ; (3) Gwdion son of 
Don the enchanter, who kept the kine 
of Gwynedd above the Conway. All 
these herds consisted of 21,000 milch 
cows. — Welsh Triads, Ixxxv. 

Three Tyrants of Athens (The) : 
Pisistr&tos (b.c. 560--490), Hippias and 
Hipparchos (b.c. 527-490). 

(The two brothers reigned conjointly 
from 527-514, when the latter was mur- 
dered.) 

Three Unprofessional Bards 



(The) of the island of Britain : (1) Rhy- 
awd son of Morgant ; (2) king Arthur ; 
(3) Cadwallawn son of Cadvan. — Welsh 
Triads, lxxxix. 113. 

Three "Weeks after Marriage, 
a comedy by A. Murphy (1776). Sir 
Charles Racket has married the daughter 
of a rich London tradesman, and three 
weeks of the honeymoon having expired, 
he comes on a visit to the lady's father, 
Mr. Drugget. Old Drugget plumes him- 
self on his aristocratic son-in-law, so 
far removed from the vulgar brawls of 
meaner folk. On the night of their 
arrival, the bride and bridegroom quarrel 
about a game of Avhist ; the lady main- 
tained that sir Charles ought to have 
played a diamond instead of a club. So 
angry is sir Charles that he resolves to 
have a divorce ; and although the quarrel 
is patched up, Mr. Drugget has seen 
enough of the beau monde to decline the 
alliance of Lovelace for his second 
daughter, whom he gives to a Mr. 
Woodley. 

Three Writers (The). The Serif - 

tores Tres are Richardus Corinensis, 
Gildas Badonicus, and Nennius Ban- 
chorensis ; three who wrote on The 
Ancient History of the British Nation, 
edited, etc., by Julius Bertram (1757). 

%* The Five Writers or Seriptores 
Quinque are five English chronicles on 
the earlv historv of England, edited by 
Thomas Gale (1G91). The names of these 
chroniclers are : William of Malmesbury, 
Henry of Huntingdon, Roger Hoveden, 
Ethelwerd, and Ingulphus of Croyland. 

The Ten Writers or Seriptores Decern 
are the authors of ten ancient chronicles 
on English history, compiled and edited 
by Roger Twysden and John Selden 
(1652). The collection contains the 
chronicles of Simeon of Durham, John 
of Hexham, Richard of Hexham, Ailred 
of Rieval, Ralph de Diceto, John Bromp- 
ton, Gervase of Canterbury, Thomas 
Stubbs, William Thorn, and Henry 
Knighton. (See Six Chronicles.) 

Thresher (Captain), the feigned 
leader of a body of lawless Irishmen, 
who attacked, in 1806, the collectors of 
tithes and their subordinates. 

Captain Right was a leader of the 
rebellious peasantry in the south of Ire- 
land in the eighteenth century. 

Captain Rock was the assumed name 
of a leader of Irish insurgents in 1822. 

Throgmorton Street (London). 



THRUMMY-CAP. 



1002 



THUNDER. 



So named from sir Nicholas Throcmor- 
ton, banker (1513-1571). 

(Sir Nicholas took part in Wyatt's 
rebellion.) 

Thrummy-Cap, a sprite which 
figures in the fairy tales of Northum- 
berland. He was a " queer-looking little 
auld man," whose scene of exploits 
generally lay in the vaults and cellars of 
old castles. John Skelton, in his Colyn 
Clout, calls him Tom-a-Thrum, and says 
that the clergy conld neither write nor 
read, and were no wiser than this cellar 
sprite. 

Thrush (Song of the). 

White hat, white hat ; 
Cherry do, cherry do ; 
Pretty Joe, pretty Joe. 

The Storm Thrush, calling for rain, 
says : 

Bill Peters, Bill Peters, 

Bill Peters, Bill Peters, 

Kiss me quick. 

Thu'le (2 syl.), the most remote 
northern portion of the world known to 
the ancient Greeks and Romans ; but 
whether an island or part of a continent 
nobody knows. It is first mentioned by 
PythSas, the Greek navigator, who says 
it is "six days' sail from Britain," and 
that its climate is a " mixture of earth, 
air, and sea." Ptolemy, with more ex- 
actitude, tells us that the 63° of north 
latitude runs through the middle of 
Thule, and adds that "the days there 
are at the equinoxes [sic] twenty-four 
hours long." This, of course, is a blunder, 
but the latitude would do roughly for 
Iceland. 

(No place has a day of twent} r -four 
hours long at either equinox ; but any- 
where beyond either polar circle the day 
is twenty-four hours long at one of the 
solstices.) 

Thu'le (2 syl.). Antonius Diogenes, 
a Greek, wrote a romance on " The In- 
credible Things beyond Thule " (Ta 
huper Tlioulen Apista), which has fur- 
nished the basis of many subsequent 
tales. The work is not extant, but 
Photius gives an outline of its contents 
in his Bibliotheca. ■ 

Thumb (Tom), a dwarf no bigger 
than a man's thumb. He lived in the 
reign of king Arthur, by whom he was 
knighted. He was the son of a common 
ploughman, and was killed by the poi- 
sonous breath of a spider in the reign of 
Thunstone, the successor of king Arthur. 

Amongst his adventures may be men- 



tioned the following : — He was lying one 
day asleep in a meadow, when a cow 
swallowed him as she cropped the gras:-. 
At another time, he rode in the ear of a 
horse. He crept up the sleeve of a giant, 
and so tickled him that he shook his 
sleeve, and Tom, falling into the sea, 
was swallowed by a fish. The fish being 
caught and carried to the palace, gave 
the little man his introduction to the 
king. 

*** The oldest version extant of this 
nursery tale is in rhyme, and bears the 
following title: — Tom Thumb, His Life 
and Death ; wherein is declared many mar- 
vailous acts of manhood, full of wonder 
and strange merriments. Which little 
knight lived in king Arthur's time, and was 
famous in the court of Great Brittaine. 
London : printed for John Wright, 1630 
(Bodleian Library). It begins thus : 

In Arthur's court Tom Thumbe did Hue— 

A man of mickle might, 
The best of all the Table Round, 

And eke a doughty knight. 
His stature but an inch in height. 

Or quarter of a span ; 
Then thinke you not this little knight 

Was prou'd a valiant man ? 

N.B. — "Great Britain" was not a 
recognized term till 1701 (queen Anne), 
when the two parliaments of Scotland 
and England were united. Before that 
time, England was called "South Britain," 
Scotland " North Britain," and Brittanv 
" Little Britain." The date 1630 would 
carry us back to the reign of Charles I. 

Fielding, in 1730, wrote a burlesque 
opera called Tom Thumb, which was 
altered in 1778 by Kane O'Hara. Dr. 
Arne wrote the music to it, and his 
" daughter (afterwards Mrs. Cibber), then 
only 14, acted the part of ' Tom Thumb ' 
at the Haymarket Theatre." — T. Davies, 
Life of Garrick. 

*** Here again the dates do not correctly 
fit in. Mrs. Cibber was born 1710, and 
must have been 20 when Fielding pro- 
duced his opera of Tom Thumb. 

Thumb (General Tom), a dwarf ex- 
hibited in London in 1846. His real 
name was Charles S. Stratton. At the 
age of 25, his height was 25 inches, and 
his weight 25 lbs. He was born at Bridge- 
port, Connecticut, United States, in 1832, • 
and died in January, 1879. 

They rush by thousands to see Tom Thumb. They 
push, they fight, they scream, they faint, they cry, " Help ! " 
and "Murder!" They see my bills and caravan, but do 
not read them. Their eyes :ire on them, but their sense 
Is gone. ... In one week 12.0(H) persons paid to see Tom 
Thumb, while only i:Wi paid to see my " Aristides." — 
Haydon the artist, MS. Diary. 

Thunder prognosticates evil accord- 



THUNDER. 



1003 



THYESTEAN REVENGE. 



ing to the day of the week on which it 
occurs. 

Sondayes thundre shoulde brynge the deathe of learned 
men, judges, and others; Mtmdayc-s tliumlre, tlie deathe 
of women ; Tuesdayes thundre, plentie of graine ; Wednes- 
dayes thundre. the deathe of harlottes and other Mod- 
shede ; Thursdayes thundre. plentie of shepe and come ; 
Fridayes thundre, the slaughter of a great man and other 
horrible murders ; and Saturdayes thundre. a generall 
pestilent plague and great deathe. — L. Digges, A Prog- 
nostication Everlasting of Ryght Good Ejftcte (1556). 

Thunder (The Giant), a giant who fell 
into a river and was killed, becau3e Jack 
cut the ropes which suspended a bridge 
which the giant was about to cross. — 
Jack the Giant-Killer. 

Thunder (The Sons of). James and 
John, the sons of Zebedee, were called 
" Boaner'ges." — Luke ix. 54 ; Mark iii. 
17. 

Thunder and Lightning. Stephen 
IT. of Hungary was surnamed Tonnant 
(1100, 1114-1131). 

Thunderbolt (The). Ptolemy king 
of Macedon, eldest son of Ptolemy Soter 
I., was so called from his great impetu- 
osity (b.c. *, 285-279). 

Handel was called by Mozart "The 
Thunderbolt" (1684-1759). 

Thunderbolt of Italy (The), 
Gaston de Foix, nephew of Louis XII. 
(1489-1512). 

Thunderbolt of Wa,r( The). Roland 
is so called in Spanish ballads. 

Tisaphernes is so called in Tasso's Jeru- 
salem Delivered, xx. (1575). 

Thunderer (The), the Times news- 
paper. This popular name was first 
given to the journal in allusion to a 
paragraph in one of the articles con- 
tributed by captain Edward Sterling, 
while Thomas Barnes was editor. 

We thundered forth the other day an article on the 
subject of social and political reform. 

Some of the contemporaries caught up 
the expression, and called the Times " The 
Thunderer." Captain Sterling used to 
sign himself "Vetus" before he was 
placed on the staff of the paper. 

Thundering Legion (The), the 
twelfth legion of the Roman army 
under Marcus Aurelius acting against 
the Quadi, a.d. 174. It was shut up in 
a defile, and reduced to great straits 
for want of water, when a body of Chris- 
tians, enrolled in the legion, prayed for 
relief. Not only was rain sent, but the 
thunder and lightning so terrified the foe 
that a complete victory was obtained, and 
the legion was ever after called "The 



Thundering Legion." — Dion Cassius, Ro- 
man History, lxxi. 8 ; Eusebius, Ecclesi- 
astical History, v. 5. 

The Theban legion, i.e. the legion raised 
in the Thebai's of Egypt, and composed 
of Christian soldiers led by St. Maurice, 
was likewise called " The Thundering 
Legion." 

The term "Thundering Legion" existed 
before either of these two were so called. 

Thunstone (2 syl.), the successor of 
king Arthur, in whose reign Tom Thumb 
was killed by a spider. — Tom Thumb. 

Thu'rio, a foolish rival of Valentine 
for the love of Silvia daughter of the 
duke of Milan. — Shakespeare, The Two 
Gentlemen of Verona (1595). 

Thursday is held unlucky by the 
Swedes ; so is it with the Russians, 
especially in Esthonia. 

Thursday (Black). February 6, 1851, is 
so called in the colony of Victoria, from 
a terrible bush fire which occurred on 
that day. 

Thwacker (Qicartermaster), in the 
dragoons. — Sir W. Scott, Eedgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Thwackum, in Fielding's novel, The 
History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749). 

Thyamis, an Egyptian thief, native 
of Memphis. Theagenes and Chariclea 
being taken by him prisoners, he fell in 
love with the lady, and shut her up in a 
cave for fear of losing her. Being closely 
beset by another gang stronger than his 
own, he ran his sword into the heart of 
Chariclea, that she might go with him 
into the land of shadows, and be his com- 
panion in the future life. — Heliodorus, 
JEthiopica. 

Like to the Esyptian thief, at point of death. 
Kill what I love. 
Shakespeare, Twelfth Xight, act v. sc. 1 (1614). 

Thyeste'an Banquet (in Latin 

ccena Thyest&), a cannibal feast. Thyestes 
was given his own two sons to eat in a 
banquet served up to him by his brother 
Atreus [At. truce]. 

Procne and Philomena served up to 
Tereus (2 syl.) his own son Itys. 

*** Milton accents the word on the 
second syllable in Paradise Lost, x. 688, 
but then he calls Chalybe'an (Samson 
Agonistcs, 133) " Chalyb'ean," iEge'an 
(Paradise Lost, i. 745) " iE'gean," and 
Cambuscan' he calls " Cambus'can." 

Thyeste'an Revenge, blood for 
blood, tit for tat of bloody vengeance. 



THYMBRiEAN GOD. 



1004 



TIBBS. 



1. Thyestes seduced the wife of his 
brother Atreus (2 syl.), for which he was 
banished. In his banishment he carried 
off his brother's son Plisthenes, whom he 
brought up as his own child. When the 
boy was grown to manhood, he sent him 
to assassinate Atreus, but Atreus slew 
Plisthenes, not knowing him to be his 
son. The corresponding vengeance was 
this : Thyestes had a son named ^Egis- 
thos, who was brought up by king Atreus 
as his own child. When iEgisthos was 
grown to manhood, the king sent him to 
assassinate Thyestes, but the young man 
slew Atreus instead. 

2. Atreus slew his own son Plisthenes, 
thinking him to be his brother's child. 
When he found out his mistake, he pre- 
tended to be reconciled to his brother, 
and asked him to a banquet. Thyestes 
went to the feast, and ate part of his own 
two sons, which had been cooked, and 
were set before him by his brother. 

3. Thyestes defiled the wife of his 
brother Atreus, and Atreus married Pe- 
lopia the unwedded wife of his brother 
Thyestes. It was the son of this woman 
by Thyestes Avho murdered Atreus (his 
uncle and father-in-law). 

*J* The tale of Atreus and that of 
(Edipus arc the two most lamentable 
stories of historic fiction, and in some 
points resemble each other : Thus (Edi- 
pus married his mother, not knowing 
who she was ; Thyestes seduced his 
daughter, not knowing who she was. 
CEdipus slew his father, not knowing 
who he was ; Atreus slew his son, not 
knowing who he was. (Edipus was 
driven from his throne by the sons born 
to him by his own mother ; Atreus 
[At'.ruce] was killed by the natural son 
of his own wife. 

Thymbrae'an God (The), Apollo; 
so called from a celebrated temple raised 
to his honour on a hill near the river 
Thymbrius. 

The Thymbrjean god 
With Mars I saw and Pallas. 

Dant6, Purgatory, xii. (1308). 

Thyrsis, a herdsman introduced in 
the Idylls of Theocrltos, and in Virgil's 
Eclogue, vii. Any shepherd or rustic is so 
called. 

Hard by, a cottage chimney smokes 
From betwixt two aged oaks. 
Where Corydon and Thyrsis, met, 
Are at their savoury dinner set. 

Milton, L Allegro (1638). 

Thyrsus, a long pole with an orna- 
mental head of ivy, vine leaves, or a fir 
cone, carried by Bacchus and by hie 



votaries at the celebration of his rites. 
It was emblematic of revelry and 
drunkenness. 

[/ will] abash the frantic thyrsus with my song. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Tibbs (Beau), a poor, clever, dashing 
young spark, who had the happy art of 
fancying he knew all the haut monde, and 
that all the monde knew him ; that his 
garret was the choicest spot in London 
for its commanding view of the Thames ; 
that his wife was a lady of distinguished 
airs ; and that his infant daughter would 
marry a peer. He took off his hat to 
every man and woman of fashion, and 
made out that dukes, lords, duchesses, 
and ladies addressed him simply as Ned. 
His hat was pinched up with peculiar 
smartness ; his looks were pale, thin, and 
sharp ; round his neck he wore a broad 
black ribbon, and in his bosom a glass 
pin ; his coat was trimmed with tar- 
nished lace ; and his stockings were silk. 
Beau Tibbs interlarded his rapid talk with 
fashionable oaths, such as, " Upon my 
soul ! egad ! " 

" I was asked to dine yesterday," he says, " at the 
duchess of Piccadilly's. My lord Mudler was there. 
•Ned,' said he, 'I'll hold gold to silver I can tell you 
where you were poaching last night ... I hope. Ned, 
it will improve your fortune.' ' Fortune, my lord ? five 
hundred a year at least — great secret— let it go no fur- 
ther.' My lord took me down in his chariot to his 
country seat yesterday, and we had a t&te-a-tete dinner in 
the country." " I fancy you told us just now you dined 
yesterday at the duchess's, in town." " Did I so?" replied 
he coolly. "To be sure, egad ! now I do remember — yes. 
I had two dinners yesterday."— Letter liv. 

Mrs. Tibbs, wife of the beau, a slattern 
and a coquette, much emaciated, but with 
the remains of a good-looking woman. 
She made twenty apologies for being in 
dishabille ; but had been out all night with 
the countess. Then, turning to her hus- 
band, she added, "And his lordship, my 
dear, drank your health in a bumper." 
Ned then asked his wife if she had given 
orders for dinner. " You need make no 
great preparation — only we three. My 
lord cannot join us to-day — something 
small and elegant will do, such as a tur- 
bot, an ortolan, a " 

" Or," said Mrs. Tibbs, "what do you think, my dear, 
of a nice bit of ox-cheek, dressed with a little of my own 
sauce r " " The very thing," he replies ; " it will eat well 
with a little beer. His grace was very fond of it, and 1 
hate the vulgarity of a great limd of dishes." The citizen 
of the world now thought it time to decamp, and took 
his leave, Mrs. Tibbs assuring him that dinner would 
certainly be quite ready in two or three hours.— Letter lv. 

Mrs. Tibbs' s lady's-maid, a vulgar, 
brawny Scotchwoman. " Where's my 
lady ? " said Tibbs, when he brought to 
his garret his excellency the ambassador 
of China. " She's a- washing your twa 
shirts at the next door, becauee they won't 



TIBERT. 



1005 



TIDE-WAITERS. 



lend us the tub anv longer." — Goldsmith, 
A Citizen of the World (1759). 

Tibert (Sir), the name of the cat, in 
the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Tibet Talkapace, a prating hand- 
maid of Custance the gay and rich widow 
vainly sought by Ralph Roister Doister. 
— Nicholas Udall, Ralph Roister Bolster 
(first English comedy, 1534). 

The metre runs thus : 

I hearde our nourse speake of an husbande to-day 
Ready for our mistresse, a rich man and gay ; 
And we shall go in our French hoodes every day . . . 
Then shall ye see Tibet, sires, treade the mosse so trimme . . . 
Not luniperdee, clumperdee, like our Spaniel Rig. 

Tibs {Mr.), a most "useful hand." 
He will write you a receipt for the bite 
of a mad dog, tell you an Eastern tale to 
perfection, and understands the business 
part of an author so well that no publisher 
can humbug him. You may know him 
by his peculiar clumsiness of figure, and 
the coarseness of his coat ; but he never 
forgets to inform you that his clothes are 
all paid for. (See Tibbs.)— Goldsmith, 
A Citizen of the World, xxix. (1759). 

Tibs's Eve (St.), never. St. Tibs is 
a corruption of St. Ubes. There is no such 
saint in the calendar ; and therefore St. 
Tibs's Eve falls neither before nor after 
New Year's Day. 

Similar phrases are : " The Latter 
Lammas," the " Greek Kalends," the 
" week of two Thursdays," when " Shrove 
Tuesday falls on Wednesday," "once in 
a blue moon," "in the reign of queen 
Dick," "when two Sundays meet," etc. 

Tibullus (The French), the chevalier 
Evaristede Parny (1742-1814). 

Tiburce (2 or 3 syl.), brother of 
Valirian, converted by St. Cecile, his 
sister-in-law, and baptized by pope Urban. 
Being brought before the prefect Alma- 
chius, and commanded to worship the 
image of Jupiter, he refused to do so, and 
was decapitated. — Chaucer, Canterbury 
Tales (" Second Nun's Tale," 1388). 

* + * When Tiburce is followed by a 
vowel it is made 2 syl., when by a con- 
sonant it is 3 syl., as : 

And after this, Tiburce in good entente (2 syl.), 

With Valirian to pope Urban weut. 

At this thing sche unto Tiburce tolde (3 syl.). 

Chaucer. 

Tibur'zio, commander of the Pisans 
in their attack upon Florence, in the 
fifteenth century. The Pisans were 
thoroughly beaten by the Florentines, 
led by Lii'ria a Moor, and Tiburzio was 
taken captive. Tiburzio tells Luria that 



the men of Florence will cast him off after 
peace is established, and advises him to 
join Pisa. This Luria is far too noble to 
do, but he grants Tiburzio his liberty. 
Tiburzio, being examined by the council 
of Florence, under the hope of finding 
some cause of censure against the Moor, 
to lessen or cancel their obligation to him, 
"testifies to his unflinching probity," 
and the council could find no cause of 
blame ; but Luria, by poison, relieves 
the ungrateful state of its obligation to 
him. — Robert Browning, Luria. 

Tichborne Dole (The). When lady 
Mabellawas dying, she requested her hus- 
band to grant her the means of leaving 
a charitable bequest. It was to be a dole 
of bread, to be distributed annually on the 
Feast of the Annunciation, to any who 
chose to apply for it. Sir Roger, her 
husband, said he would give her as much 
land as she could walk over while a billet 
of wood remained burning. The old lady 
was taken into the park, and managed to 
crawl over twenty-three acres of land, 
which was accordingly set apart, and is 
called "The Crawls" to this hour. When 
the lady Mabella was taken back to her 
chamber, she said, " So long as this dole 
is continued, the family of Tichborne 
shall prosper; but immediately it is dis- 
continued, the house shall fall, from the 
failure of an heir male. This," she added, 
"will be when a family of seven sons is 
succeeded by one of seven daughters." 
The custom began in the reign of Henry 
II., and continued till 1796, when, sin- 
gularly enough, the baron had seven sons 
and his successor seven daughters, and 
Mr. Edward Tichborne, who inherited the 
Doughty estates, dropping the original 
name, called himself sir Edward Doughty. 

Tickell (Mark), a useful friend, 
especially to Elsie Lovell. — Wybert 
Reeve, Farted. 

Tickler (Timothy), an ideal portrait of 
Robert Sym, a lawyer of Edinburgh 
(1750-1844). — Wilson, Nodes Ambrosianw 
(1822-36). 

Tiddler. (See Tom Tiddler's 
Ground.) 

Tiddy-Doll, a nickname given to 
Richard Grenville lord Temple (1711- 
1770). 

Tide-Waiters (Ecclesiastical). So 
the Rev. lord Osborne (S. G. 0.) calls 
the clergy in convocation whose votes do 
not correspond with their real opinions. 



TIDER. 



1006 



TIMES. 



Tider (Robin), one of the servants of 
the earl of Leicester. — Sir W. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Tiffany, Miss Alscrip's lady's-maid ; 
pert, silly, bold, and a coquette. — General 
Burgoyne, The Heiress (1781). 

Tigg {Montague), a clever impostor, 
who lives by his wits. He starts a 
bubble insurance office — "the Anglo- 
Bengalee Company " — and makes con- 
siderable gain thereby. Having dis- 
covered the attempt of Jonas Chuzzlewit 
to murder his father, he compels him to 
put his money in the "new company," 
but Jonas finds means to murder him. — 
C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Tiglath - Pile'ser, son of Pul, 
second of the sixth dynasty of the new 
Assyrian empire. The word is Tiglath 
Pul Assur, " the great tiger of Assyria." 

Tigra'nes (3 syl.), one of the heroes 
slain by the impetuous Dudon soon after 
the arrival of the Christian army before 
Jerusalem. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, 
iii. (1575). 

Tigra'nes (3 syl.), king of Arme'nia. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher, A King or Mo 
King (1619). 

Tigress Nurse (^1). Tasso says 
that Clorinda was suckled by a tigress. 
— Jerusalem Delivered, xii. 

Roman story says Romulus and Remus 
were suckled by a she-wolf. 

Orson, the brother of Valentine, was 
suckled by a she-bear, and was brought 
up by an eagle. — Valentine and Orson. 

Tilburi'na, the daughter of the 
governor of Tilbury Fort; in love with 
Whiskerandos. Her love-ravings are the 
crest unto the crest of burlesque tragedy 
(see act ii. 1). — Sheridan, The Critic 
(1779). 

"An oyster may be crossed in love," says the gentle 
Tilburina.— Sir W. Scott 

Tilbury Fort (The governor of), 
father of Tilburina ; a plain, matter-of- 
fact man, with a gushing, romantic, and 
love-struck daughter. In Mr. Puff's 
tragedy The Spanish Armada, — Sheridan, 
The Critic (1779). 

Tim Syllabub, a droll creature, 
equally good at a rebus, a riddle, a 
bawdy song, or a tabernacle hymn. You 
may easily recognize him by his shabby 
linery, his frizzled hair, his dirty shirt, 
and his half-genteel, but more than 
half-shabby dress. — Goldsmith, A Citizen 
of the World, xxix. (1759). 



Times (The), a newspaper founded 
by John Walter, in 1785. It was first 
called The London Daily Universal Register; 
in 1788 the words The Times or . . . were 
added. This long title was never tolerated 
by the public, which always spoke of 
the journal as The Register, till the 
original title was suppressed, and the 
present title, Ihe Times, remained. In 
1803 John Walter, son of the founder, 
became manager, and greatly improved 
the character of the paper, and in 1814 
introduced a steam press. He died in 
1847, and was succeeded by his son John 
Walter III. In the editorial department, 
John (afterwards "sir John") Stoddart 
(nicknamed "Dr. Slop"), who began to 
write political articles in The Times in 
1810, was appointed editor in 1812, but 
in 1816 was dismissed for his rabid 
hatred of Napoleon. He tried to estab- 
lish an opposition journal, The New 
'Times, which proved an utter failure. 
Sir John Stoddart was succeeded by John 
Stebbing ; then followed Thomas Barnes 
("Mr. T. Bounce"), who remained editor 
till his death, in 1841. W. F. A. Delane 
came next, and x continued till 1858, when 
his son, John Thaddeus Delane, succeeded 
him. The following gentlemen were 
connected with this paper between 1870 
and 1880 :— 

An East End Incumbent, Mr. Rowsell, a volunteer 
correspondent. 

Anglican is, Arthur P. Stanley, dean of Westminster, 
a volunteer correspondent. 

C, Dr. dimming, who often dates from Dunrobin. 

C. E. T., Sir Charles E. Trevelyan, a volunteer corres- 
pondent. 

Church Matters, the Rev. Henry Wace, preacher at 
Lincoln's Inn. 

City Article, M. B. Sampson. 

Colleagues to Correspondents, Dr. Charles Austin, 
with Messrs. Dallas, Broome, and Kelly. 

Correspondents in every chief town of the United 
Kingdom, and in all the most important foreign countries. 

Critic. Fine Arts, Tom Taylor ; Dramatic, John 
Oxenford (died 1876) ; Musical, T. J. Davidson. 

EDITOR, John Thaddeus Delane, who succeeded his 
father. Assistant, Mr. Stebbings, who succeeded G. W. 
Dasent (" The Hardy Norseman "). 

H., Vernon Harcourt, M.P., a volunteer correspon- 
dent. 

Hertfordshire Incumbent, Canon Blakesley, dean 
of Lincoln. 

HisroniCUS, Vernon Harcourt, M.P., who also wrote 
slashing articles in the Saturday Review. 

Irish Correspondent, Dr. G. V. Patten, editor and 

proprietor of the Dublin Daily Express. 

Irish Matters, O'Conor Morris. 

J. C, Dr. dimming (see C). a volunteer correspondent. 

Leaders, Leonard H. Courteney, Dr. Gallcnga, Mr. 
Knox, Robert Lowe, Canon Moselcy, Lawrence Oliphant. 

MANAGER OF Office, Mowbray Morris. 

Manager of Printing and Machinery, Mr. 
Macdonald. 

Mercator, lord Overstone, a volunteer correspondent. 

Military Affairs, captain Hosier. 

Religious Matters, the Rev. Heury Wace, preacher 
at Lincoln's Inn. 

Reporters, about sixteen. 

Runnymede, Benjamin Disraeli, afterwards earl of 
Beaconsfield, a volunteer correspondent 

Senex, Grote (died 1871), a volunteer correspondent 



TIMIAS. 



1007 



TINACRIO. 



8. G. O., the Rev. lord Sidney Godolphin Osborne, a 
volunteer correspondent. 

Special Correspondent, Dr. W. Howard Russell, 
famous for his letters from the Crimea, in 1854 ; from 
India, in 1857 ; from America, in 1861 ; from Bohemia, 
in 1866; from France, on the Franco- Prussian war. in 
1870-71 ; etc. Occasionally, captain Hozier has acted as 
'Our Own Correspondent." 

VKTUS, capt. Edw. Sterling, a volunteer correspondent. 

Viator, John Alexander Kinglake, a volunteer corres- 
pondent. 

»o» Paper is supplied from the Taverham Mills ; ink 
by Messrs. Fleming and Co., Leith, and by Messrs. Black- 
well and Co., London ; Daily Issue, between 70,000 and 
80,000, which can be thrown from the press in two hours ; 
Working Staff, 350 hands. 

Called " The Thunderer" from an article 
contributed by captain E. Sterling, be- 
ginning : " We thundered forth the other 
day an article on the subject of social 
and political reform ;" and "The Turn- 
about," because its politics jump with the 
times, and are not fossilized whig or tory. 

Tim'ias, king Arthur's 'squire. He 
went after the "wicked foster," from 
whom Florimel fled, and the "foster" 
with his two brothers, falling on him, were 
all slain. Timias, overcome by fatigue, 
now fell from his horse in a swoon, and 
Belphcebe the huntress, happening to see 
him fall, ran to his succour, applied an 
ointment to his wounds, and bound them 
with her scarf. The 'squire, opening his 
eyes, exclaimed, " Angel or goddess ; do 
I call thee right?" "Neither," replied 
the maid, " but only a wood-nymph." 
Then was he set upon his horse and taken 
to Belphcebe's pavilion, where he soon 
" recovered from his wounds, but lost his 
heart" (bk. iii. 6). In bk. iy. 7 Bel- 
phoebe subsequently found Timias in 
dalliance with Amoret, and said to him, 
" Is this thy faith ? " She said no more, 
" but turned her face and fled." This is 
an allusion to sir Walter Raleigh's amour 
with Elizabeth Throgmorton (Amoret), 
one of the queen's maids of honour, 
which drew upon sir Walter ( Timias) the 
passionate displeasure of his royal mis- 
tress (Belphcebe or queen Elizabeth). — 
Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. (1590). 

Timms (Corporal), a non-com- 
missioned officer in Waverley's regi- 
ment. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Timoleon, the Corinthian. He 
hated tyranny, and slew his own brother, 
whom he dearly loved, because he tried 
to make himself absolute in Corinth. 
' ' Timophanes he loved, but freedom 
more." 

The fair Corinthian boast 
Timoleon. happy temper, mild and firm, 
Who wept the brother while the tyrant bled. 

Thomson, The Seasons (" Winter," 1726). 



Timon the Man-hater, an Athenian 
who lived in the time of the Pelopon- 
nesian war. Shakespeare has a drama 
so called (1609). The drama begins 
with the joyous life of Timon, and his 
hospitable extravagance ; then launches 
into his pecuniary embarrassment, and the 
discovery that his "professed friends" 
will not help him ; and ends with his 
flight into the woods, his misanthropy, 
and his death. 

When he [Horace Walpole] talked misanthropy, he 
out-Timoned Timon. — Macaulay. 

%* On one occasion, Timon said, " I 
have a fig tree in my garden which I 
once intended to cut "down ; but I shall 
let it stand, that any one who likes may 
go and hang himself on it." 

Timon's Banquet, nothing but 
cover and warm water. Being shunned 
by his friends in adversity, he pretended 
to have recovered his money, and invited 
his false friends to a banquet. The table 
was laden with covers, but when the 
contents were exposed, nothing was pro- 
vided but lukewarm water. (See Scha- 
cabac, p. 875.) — Shakespeare, Timon of 
Athens, act iii. sc. 6 (1609). 

Timoth'eos, a musician, who charged 
double fees to all pupils who had learned 
music before. — Quintilian, De Institutione 
Oratorio, ii. 3. 

Ponocrates made him forget all that he [Gargantua] 
had learned under other masters, as Timitheus did to 
his disciples who had been taught music by others. — 
Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 23 (1533). 

Timotheus, placed on high 
Amid the tuneful quire. 
With flying fingers touched the lyre. 

Dryden, A lexander's Feast (1697). 

Timothy (Old), ostler at John Mengs's 
inn at Kirchhoff. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Timothy Quaint, the whimsical 
but faithful steward of governor Heartall ; 
blunt, self-willed, but loving his master 
above all things, and true to his interests. 
—Cherry, The Soldier's Daughter (1804). 

Ti'murkan the Tartar, and conqueror 
of China. After a usurpation of twenty 
years, he was slain in a rising of the people 
by Zaphimri " the orphan of China." 

My mind's employed on other arts : 

To sling the well-stored quiver 

Over this arm, and wing the darts 

At the first reindeer sweeping down the vale. 

Or up the mountain straining every nerve ; 

To vault the neighing steed, and urge his course, 

Swifter that whirlwinds, through the ranks of war ;— 

These are my passions, this my only science. 

Raised from a soldier to imperial sway, 

I still will reign in terror. 

Murphy, The Orphan of China, iy. L 

Tinacrio "the Sage," father of 



TINCLARIAN DOCTOR. 



1008 



TIPPINS. 



Micomico'na queen of Micom'icon, and 
husband of queen Zaramilla. He foretold 
that after his death his daughter would 
be dethroned by the giant Pandafilando, 
but that in Spain she would find a cham- 
pion in don Quixote who would restore 
her to the throne. This adventure 
comes to nothing, as don Quixote is 
taken home in a cage without entering 
upon it. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 
3 (1605). 

Tinclarian Doctor (The Great), 
William Mitchell, a whitesmith and tin- 
plate worker of Edinburgh, who pub- 
lished Tinkler's Testament, dedicated to 
queen Anne, and other similar works. 

The reason why I call myself the Tinclarian doctor is 
because I am a tinklar, and cures old pans and lantruns. 
—Introduction to Tinkler's Testament, 

*** Uniformity of spelling must not 
be looked for in the "doctor's" book. 
We have "Tinklar," "Tinkler," and 
" Tinclar-ian." 

Tinderbox (Miss Jenny), a lady 
with a moderate fortune, who once had 
some pretensions to beauty. Her elder 
sister happened to marry a man of 
quality, and Jenny ever after resolved 
not to disgrace herself by marrying a 
tradesman. Having rejected many of 
her equals, she became at last the go- 
verness of her sister's children, and had 
to undergo the drudgery of three ser- 
vants without receiving the wages of 
one. — Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, 
xxviii. (1759). 

Tinker (The Immortal or The In- 
spired), John Bunyan (1628-1688). 

Elihu Burritt, United States, is called 
"The Learned Blacksmith" (1811-1879). 

Tinsel (Lord), a type of that worst 
specimen of aristocracy, which ignores 
all merit but blue blood, and would rather 
patronize a horse-jockey than a curate, 
scholar, or poor gentleman. He would 
subscribe six guineas to the concerts of 
signor Cantata, because lady Dangle 
patronized him, but not one penny to 
"languages, arts, and sciences," as such. 
— S. Knowies, The Hunchback (1831). 

Tintag'el or Tintagil, a strong and 
magnificent castle on the coast of Corn- 
wall, said to have been the work of two 
giants. It was the birthplace of king 
Arthur, and subsequently the royal resi- 
dence of king Mark. Dunlop asserts 
that vestiges of the castle still exist. 

They found a naked child upon the sands 
Of dark Tintagil by the Cornish sea. 
And that was Arthur. 

Tennyson, Guinevere (1858). 



Tinto (Dick), a poor artist, son of 
a tailor in the village of Langdirdum. 
He is introduced as a lad in the Bride 
of Lammermoor, i. This was in the 
reign of William III. He is again 
introduced in St. Ronaris Well, i., 
as touching up the signboard of Meg 
Dods, in the reign of George III. As 
William III. died in 1702, and George 
III. began to reign in 1760, Master Dick 
must have been a patriarch when he 
worked for Mrs. Dods. — Sir W. Scott, 
Bride of Lammermoor (1819) ; St. Ronan's 
Well (1823). 

Meg Dods agreed with the celebrated Dick Tinto to 
repaint her father's sign, which had become rather 
undecipherable. Dick accordingly gilded the bishop's 
crook, and augmented the horrors of the devil's aspect, 
until it became a terror to all the younger fry of the 
school-house.— St. Jionan's Well, i, 

Tintoretto, the historical painter, 
whose real name was Jacopo Robusti. 
He was called // Furioso from the ex- 
treme rapidity with which he painted 
(1512-1594). 

Tintoretto of England (The). 
W. Dobson was called " The Tintoret of 
England" by Charles I. (1610-1646). 

Tintoretto of Switzerland ( The), 
John Huber (eighteenth century). 

Tiphany, the mother of the three 
kings of Cologne. The word is mani- 
festly a corruption of St. Epiphany, as 
Tibs is of St. Ubes, Taudry of St. 
Audry, Tooley [Street] of St. Olaf, 
Telder of St. Ethelred, and so on. 

Scores of the saints have similarly 
manufactured names. 

Ti'phys, pilot of the Argonauts ; 
hence any pilot. 

Many a Tiphys ocean's depths explore. 
To open wondrous ways untried before. 

Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, viii. (Hoole). 

%* Another name for a pilot or guid- 
ing power is Palinurus ; so called from 
the steersman of /Eneas. 

E'en Palinurus nodded at the helm. 

Pope, The Dunciad, iv. 614 (1742). 

Tippins (Lady), an old lady "with 
an immense obtuse, drab, oblong face, 
like a face in a tablespoon ; and a dyed 
' long walk ' up the top of her head, as 
a convenient public approach to the 
bunch of false hair behind." She delights 
" to patronize Mrs. Veneering," and Mrs. 
Veneering is delighted to be patronized 
by her ladyship. 

Lady Tippins is always attended by a lover or two, and 
she keeps a little list of her lovers, and is always booking 
a new lover or striking out an old lover, or putting a 
lover in her black list, or promoting a lover to her blue 



TIPPLE. 



1009 



TISAPHERNES. 



list, or adding up her lovers, or otherwise posting her 
book, which she calls her Cupldon. — C. Dickens, Our 
Mutual Friend, ii. (1864). 

Tipple, in Dudley's Flitch of Bacon, 
first introduced John Edwin into notice 
(1750-17S>0). 

Edwin's "Tipple," in the Flitch of Bacon, was an 
exquisite treat.— Boadcn. 

Tippoo Saib {Prince), son of Hyder 
Ali nawaub of Mysore. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Surgeon's Daughter (time, Geor e 

Tips or " Examination Crams." Re- 
cognized stock pieces of what is called 
" book work " in university examina- 
tions are: Fernat's theorem ; the " Ludus 
Trojanus " in Virgil's JEneid (bk. vi.) ; 
Agnesi's "Witch;" the " Cissoid " of 
Diodes ; and the famous fragment of 
Solon, generally said to be by Euripides. 

In law examinations the stock pieces 
are the Justinian of Sandars ; the Digest 
of Evidence of sir James Stephen ; and 
the Ancient Law of sir Henry Maine. 

The following are recognized primers : 
— Mill's Logic ; Spencer's First Prin- 
ciples ; Maine's Ancient Law ; Lessing's 
Laocoon ; Ritter and Preller's Fragmenta ; 
Wheaton's International Law. 

Tip-tilted. Tennyson says that 
Lynette had "her slender nose tip-tilted 
like the petals of a flower." — Tennyson, 
Gareth and Lynette (1858). 

Tiptoe, footman to Random and 
Scruple. He had seen better days, but, 
being found out in certain dishonest trans- 
actions, had lost grade, and " Tiptoe, 
who once stood above the world," came 
into a position in which " all the world 
stood on Tiptoe." He was a shrewd, 
lazy, knowing rascal, better adapted to 
dubious adventure, but always sighing 
for a snug berth in some wealthy, sober, 
old-fashioned, homely, county family, 
with good wages, liberal diet, and little 
work to do. — G. Colman, Ways and 
Means (1788). 

Tiran'te the White, the hero and 
title of a romance of chivalry. 

" Let me see that book," said thecur6; "we shall find in 
it a fund of amusement. Here we shall find that famous 
knight don Kyrie Elyson of Montalban, and Thomas his 
brother, with the knight Fonseca, the battle which Detri- 
ante fought with Alano, the stratagems of the Widow 
Tranquil, the amour of the empiess with her 'squire, and 
the witticisms of lady Brillianta This is one of the 
mo^t amu-ing books ever written."— Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, I. i. 6 (16 5). 

Tiresias, a Theban soothsayer, blind 
from boyhood. It is said that Athena 
deprived him of sight, but gave him the 
power of understanding the language of | 



birds, and a staff as good as eyesight to 
direct his way. Another tale is that, 
seeing a male and female serpent in 
copulation, he killed the male, and was 
metamorphosed into a woman ; seven 
years later he saw a similar phenomenon, 
and killed the female, whereupon he be- 
came a man again. Thus, when Jupiter 
and Juno wished to know whether man 
or woman had the greater enjoyment in 
married life, they referred the question to 
Tiresias, who declared that the pleasure of 
the woman is tenfold greater than that 
of the man. (See CLkneus.) 

" In troth," said Jove (and as he .spoke he laughed, 

While to his queen from nectar howls he quaffed), 

" The sense of pleasure in the male Is far 

More dull and dead than what you females share." 

Juno the truth of what he said denied ; 

Tiresias therefore must the case decide. 

For he the pleasure of each sex had tried. 

Addison, The Transformation of Tiresias (1719). 
There is an awkward thing, which much perplexes. 
Unless, like wise Tiresias, we had proved 
By turns the difference of the several sexes. 

Byron, Don Juan, xiv. 73 (1824). 

%* The name is generally pronounced 
Ti.re' .si.as, but Milton calls it TH.re.sas: 

Blind Thamyris and blind Mseonides [Homer\ 
And Ti'res'as and Phiueus [FLnuce] prophets old. 
Paradise lost, iii. 36 (1865). 

Tirlsneck (Jonnie), beadle of old St. 
Ronan's. — Sir W. Scott, St. Honan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Tirso de Moli'na, the pseudonym 
of Gabriel Tellez, a Spanish monk and 
dramatist. His comedy called Convivando 
de Piedra (1G26) was imitated by Moliere 
in his Festin de Pierre (16G5), and has 
given birth to the whole host of comedies 
and operas on the subject of " don Juan " 
(1570-1648). 

Tiryns (TJie Gallery of), one of 
the old Cyclopean structures mentioned 
by Homer, and still extant in Argolis. 
The stones of this " gallery " are so enor- 
mous that two horses could not stir the 
smallest of them. 

* + * Similar Cyclopean structures are 
the "treasury of Atreus," the "gate of 
Lions," the "tomb of Phoroneus" (Ssyl.), 
and the " tomb of Danaos," all in 
Mycenae. 

Tiryn'thian Swain (TJie), Her f - 
cules, called in Latin Tirynthius Heros, 
because he generally resided at Tiryns, 
a town of Ar'golis, in Greece. 

Upon his shield lay that Tirynthian swain 

Swelt'ring in fiery gore and poisonous flame, 
His wife's sad gift venomed with bloody stain. [See NESSUS.] 
Phineas Fletches, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 

Tisapher'nes (isyl.), "the thunder- 
bolt of war." He was in the army of 
3 T 



TISBINA. 



1010 



TITIAN. 



Egypt, and was slain by Rinaldo. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (1575). 

*** This son of Mars must not be mis- 
taken for Tissaphernes the Persian satrap, 
who sided with the Spartans in the Pelo- 
ponnesian Avar, and who treacherously 
volunteered to guide " the ten thousand " 
back to Greece. 

Tisbi'na, wife of Iroldo. Prasildo, 
a Babylonish nobleman, falls in love with 
her, and threatens to kill himself. Tisbina, 
to divert him, tells him if he will perform 
certain exploits which she deemed im- 
possible, she will return his love. These 
exploits he accomplishes, and Tisbina, 
with Iroldo, take poison to avoid dis- 
honour. Prasildo discovers that the 
draught they have taken is harmless, and 
tells them so ; whereupon Iroldo quits the 
country, and Tisbina marries Prasildo. 
— Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato (1495). 
(See Dianora, p. 251 ; and Dokigen, p. 
26G.) 

Tisellin, the raven, in the beast-epic 
of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Tisiph'one (4 syl.), one of the three 
Furies. Covered with a bloody robe, she 
sits day and night at hell-gate, armed 
with a whip. Tibullus says her head 
was coifed with serpents in lieu of hair. 

The Desert Fairy, with her head covered with snakes, 
like Tisiphone, mounted on a winged griffin. — Comtesse 
DAunoy, Fairy Tales (" The Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 

Ti'tail, the sun or Helios, the child of 
Hyperi'on and Basil'ea, and grandson of 
Ccelum or heaven. Virgil calls the sun 
" Titan," and so does Ovid. 

. . . primos crastlnus onus 
Extulerit Titan, radiisque retexerit orhem. 

sEneid, iv. 118, 119. 

A maiden queen that shone at Titan's ray. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 4 (1590). 

Titans, giants, sons of Heaven and 
Earth. Their names were Ocoanos, Koeos, 
Krios, Hyperion, Iapetos, and Kronos. 

The Titanldes were Theia [Thi-a~\, 
Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and 
Tethys. 

Titan'ia, queen of the fairies, and wife 
of Oberon. Oberon wanted her to give 
him for a page a little changeling, but 
Titania refused to part with him, and this 
led to a fairy quarrel. Oberon, in revenge, 
anointed the eyes of Titania during sleep 
with an extract of " Love in Idleness," 
the effect of which was to make her fall 
in love with the first object she saw on 
waking. The first object Titania set 
eyes on happened to be a country bump- 
kin, whom Puck had dressed up with an 



ass's head. While Titania was fondling 
this "unamiable creature," Oberon came 
upon her, sprinkled on her an antidote, 
and Titania, thoroughly ashamed of her- 
self, gave up the boy to her sposo ; after 
which a reconciliation took place between 
the wilful fairies. — Shakespeare, Midsum- 
mer Night's Dream (1592). 

Tite Barnacle (Mr.), head of the 
Circumlocution Office, and a very great 
man in his own opinion. The family had 
intermarried with the Stiltstalkings, and 
the Barnacles and Stiltstalkings found 
berths pretty readily in the national work- 
shop, where brains and conceit were in 
inverse ratio. The young gents in the 
office usually spoke with an eye-glass in 
the eye, in this sort of style : " Oh, I say ; 
look here ! Can't attend to you to-day, 
you know. But look here ! I say ; can't 
you call to-morrow?" "No." "Well, but 
I say ; look here ! Is this public business ? 
— anything about — tonnage — or that sort 
of thing ? " Having made his case under- 
stood, Mr. Clennam received the follow- 
ing instructions in these words : — 

You must find out all, about it. Then you'll memo- 
rialize the department, according to the regular forms for 
leave to memorialize. If you get it, the memorial must be 
entered in that department, sent to be registered in this 
department, then sent back to that department, then 
sent to this department to be countersigned, and then it 
will be brought regularly before that department. You'll 
find out when the business passes through eaeli of these 
stages by inquiring at both departments till they tell you. 
— C. Dickens, Little Dorrit, x. (1857). 

Titho'nus, a son of Laomedon king 
of Troy. He was so handsome that 
Auro'ra became enamoured of him, and 
persuaded Jupiter to make him immortal ; 
but as she forgot to ask for eternal youth 
also, he became decrepit and ugly, and 
Aurora changed him into a cicada or 
grasshopper. His name is a synonym for 
a very old man. 

Weary of aged Tithon's saffron bed. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, I. ii. 7 (1590). 
. . . thinner than Tithonus was 
Before he faded into air. 

Lord Lytton, Tales of Miletus, ii. 

Titho'nus (The Consort of), the moon. 

Now the fair consort of Tithonus old. 
Arisen from her mate's beloved arms, 
Looked palely o'er the eastern cliff. 

Dante, I'uryatory, ix. (1308). 

Tithor'ea, one of the two chief sum- 
mits of Parnassus. It was dedicated to 
Bacchus, the other (Lycorea) being dedi- 
cated to the Muses and Apollo. 

Titian (Tiziano Veoellto), an Italian 
landscape painter, especially famous for 
his clouds (1477-1570). 

Titian ( The French), Jacques Blanchard 
(1GOO-103S). 



TITIAN. 



1011 



TLALALA. 



Titian (The Portuguese), Alonzo San- 
chez Coello (1515-1590). 

Titmarsh (Michael Angelo), a pseu- 
donym used by Thackeray in a number 
of his earlier writings. Like Michael 
Angelo, Thackeray had a broken nose. 

Titmouse (Mr. Tittlebat), a vulgar, 
ignorant coxcomb, suddenly raised from 
the degree of a linen-draper's shopman to 
a man of fortune, with an income of 
£10,000 a year.— Warren, Ten Thousand 
a Year. 

Tito Mele'ma, a Greek, who marries 
Romola. — George Eliot, Romola. 

Titurel, the first king of Graal-burg. 
He has brought into subjection all his 
passions, has resisted all the seductions 
of the world, and is modest, chaste, pious, 
and devout. His daughter Sigune is in 
love with Tschionatulander, who is slain. 
— Wolfram von Eschenbach, Titurel 
(thirteenth century). 

%* Wolfram's Titurel is a tedious 
expansion of a lay already in existence, 
and Albert of Scharfenberg produced a 
Young Titurel, at one time thought the 
best romance of chivalry in existence, 
but it is pompous, stilted, erudite, and 
wearisome. 

Titus, the son of Lucius Junius 
Brutus. He joined the faction of Tar- 
quin, and was condemned to death by his 
father, who, having been the chief instru- 
ment in banishing the king and all his 
race, w r as created the first consul. The 
subject has been often dramatized. In 
English, by N. Lee (1679) and John 
Howard Payne (1820). In French, by 
Arnault, in 1792 5 and by Ponsard, in 
1843. In Italian, by Alfieri, Bruto ; etc. 
It was in Payne's tragedy that Charles 
Kean made his debut in Glasgow as 
" Titus," his father playing " Brutus." 

The house was filled to overflowing ... the stirring 
Interest of the play, combined with the natural acting of 
the father and son, completely subdued the audience. 
They sat suffused in tears during the last pathetic inter- 
view, until Brutus, overwhelmed by bis emotions, falls on 
the neck of Titus, exclaiming, in a burst of agony, 
" Embrace thy wretched father ! " when the whole theatre 
broke forth in long peals of applause. Edmund Kean 
then whispered in his son's ear, " Charlie, my boy, we are 
doing the trick." — Cole, Life of Charles Kean. 

Titus, " the delight of man," the Roman 
emperor, son of Vespasian (40, 79-81). 

Titus, the penitent thief, according to 
Longfellow. Dumachus and Titus were 
two of a band of robbers, who attacked 
Joseph in his flight into Egypt. Titus 
said, " Let these good people go in 
peace ; " but Dumachus replied, " First let 



them pay their ransom." Whereupon 
Titus handed to his companion forty 
groats ; and the infant Jesus said to him : 

When thirty years shall have gone by, 
I at Jerusalem shall die . . . 
On the accursed tree. 
Then on My right and My left side, 
These thieves shall both lie crucified, 
And Titus thenceforth shall abide 
In paradise with Me. 
Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Tityre Tus (long w), the name 
assumed in the seventeenth century by a 
clique of young blades of the better class, 
whose delight was to break windows, 
upset sedan-chairs, molest quiet citizens, 
and rudely caress pretty women in the 
streets at night-time. These brawlers 
took successively many titular names, 
as Muns, Hectors, Scourers, afterwards 
Nickers, later still Hawcabites, and lastly 
Mohawks or Mohocks. 

" Tityre tu-s" is meant for the plural 
of " Tityre tu," in the first line of Virgil's 
first Eclogue : " Tityre, tu patulae recubans 
sub tegmine fagi," and meant to imply 
that these blades were men of leisure and 
fortune, who " lay at ease under their 
patrimonial beech trees." 

Tit'yrus, in the Shepheardcs Calendar, 
by Spenser (eel. ii. and vi.), is meant for 
Chaucer. 

The gentle shepherd sate beside a spring . . . 
That Colin hight, which well could pipe and sing, 
For he of Tityrus his song did learn. 

Spenser, The Shepheardcs Calendar, xii. (1579). 

Tityus, a giant, whose body covered 
nine acres of ground. In Tartarus, two 
vultures or serpents feed for ever on his 
liver, which grows as fast as it is gnawed 
away. 

Prometheus (3 syl.) is said to have 
been fastened to mount Caucasus, where 
two eagles fed on his liver, which never 
wasted. 

Nor unobserved lay stretched upon the marie 
Tityus, earth-born, whose body long and large 
Covered nine acres. There two vultures sat. 
Of appetite insatiate, and with beaks 
For ravine bent, unintermitting gored 
His liver. Powerless be to put to flight 
The fierce devourers. To this penance judged 
For rape intended on Latona fair. 

Fenton's Homer's Odyssey, xi. (1716). 

Tizo'na, the Cid's sword. It was 
buried with him, as Joyeuse (Charle- 
magne's sword) was buried with Charle- 
magne, and Durindana with Orlando. 

Tlal'ala, surnamed " The Tiger," 
one of the AztScas. On one occasion, 
being taken captive, Madoc released him, 
but he continued the unrelenting foe of 
Madoc and his new colony, an/1 was 
always foremost in working them evil. 






TOAD WITH AN R. 



1012 



TOBY VECK. 



When at length, the Aztecas, being over- 
come, migrated to Mexico, Tlalala refused 
to quit the spot of his father's tomb, and 
threw himself on his own javelin. — 
Southey, Madoc (1805). 

Toad with an It, worthlessness, 
mere dung. Anglo-Saxon, tord or toord, 
(now spelt with a u) ; hence in the Gospel 
of St. Luke xiii. 8: "He answeringe 
seide to him, Lord, suffer also this zeer, 
til the while I delue [delve] aboute it, and 
sende toordis . . ." — Gothic and Anglo- 
Saxon Gospels, Bosworth, p. 365 ; Wycliffe 
(1389). 

Good husband his boon Or request hath afar ; 
111 husband as soon Hath a toad with an R. 

Tusser, Five Hundred Points, etc.. Hi. 16. 

Toad-Eater {Pulteney's). Henry 
Vane was so called, in 1742, by Sir 
Robert Walpole. Two years later, Sarah 
Fielding, in David Simple, speaks of 
"toad-eater" as "quite a new word," 
and she suggests that it is " a metaphor 
taken from a mountebank's boy eating 
toads in order to show his master's skill 
in expelling poison," and " built on a 
supposition that people who are in a 
state of dependence are forced to do the 
most nauseous things to please and 
humor their patrons." 

Tobacco, says Stow, in his Chronicle, 
was first brought to England bv sir John 
Hawkins, in 1565 (7 Elizabeth). 

Before that Indian weed so strongly was embraced, 
Wherein such mighty sums we prodigally waste. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Tobo'so {DulcinSa del), the lady 
chosen by don Quixote for his particular 
paragon. Sancho Panza says she was 
"a stout-built, sturdy wench, who could 
pitch the bar as well as any young fellow 
in the parish." The knight had been in 
love with her before he took to errantry. 
She was Aldonza Lorenzo, the daughter 
of Lorenzo Corchuelo and Aldonza No- 
gales ; but when signiorQuixada assumed 
the dignity of knighthood, he changed 
the name and style of his lady into 
Dulcinea del Toboso, which was more 
befitting his rank. — Cervantes, Don 
Qicixote, I. i. 1 (1605). 

Toby, waiter of the Spa hotel, St. 
Ronan's, kept by Sahdie Lawson. — Sir 
W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, George 
III.). * 

Toby, a brown Rockingham -ware beer 
jug, with the likeness of Toby Filpot 
embossed on its sides, "a goodly jug of 
well-browned clay, fashioned into the 
form of an old gentleman, atop of whose 



bald head was a fine froth answering to 
his wig" (ch. iv.). 

Gabriel lifted Toby to his mouth, and took a hearty 
draught. — C. Dickens, Master Humphrey's Clock ("Bar- 
naby Rudge," xli., 1841). 

Toby, Punch's dog, in the puppet-show 
exhibition of Punch and Judy. 

In some versions of the great drama of Punch, there is 
a small dog (a modern innovation), supposed to be the 
private property of that gentleman, and of the name of 
Toby— always Toby. This dog has been stolen in youth 
from another gentleman, and fraudulently sold to the 
confiding hero who, having no guile himself, has no 
suspicion that it lurks in others ; but Toby, entertaining a 
grateful recollection of his old master, and scorning to 
attach himself to any new patron, not only refuses to 
smoke a pipe at the bidding of Punch, but (to mark his 
old fidelity more strongly) seizes him by the nose, and 
wrings the same with violence, at which instance of 
canine attachment the spectators are always deeply 
affected.— C. Dickens. 

Toby, in the periodical called Punch, 
is represented as a grave, consequen- 
tial, sullen, unsocial pug, perched on 
back volumes of the national Menippus, 
which he guards so stolidly that it would 
need a very bold heart to attempt to filch 
one. There is no reminiscence in this 
Toby, like that of his peep-show name- 
sake, of any previous master, and no 
aversion to his present one. Punch 
himself is the very beau-ideal of good- 
natured satire and far-sighted shrewd- 
ness, while his dog (the very Diogenes of 
his tribe) would scorn his nature if he 
could be made to smile at anything. 

*** The first cover of immortal Punch 
was designed by A. S. Henning ; the 
present one by Richard Doyle. 

Toby ( Uncle), a captain, who was 
wounded at the siege of Namur, and was 
obliged to retire from the service. He is 
the impersonation of kindness, benevo- 
lence, and simple-heartedness ; his courage 
is undoubted, his gallantry delightful for 
its innocence and modesty. Nothing can 
exceed the grace of uncle Toby's love- 
passages with the Widow Wad man. It 
is said that lieutenant Sterne (father of 
the novelist) was the prototype of uncle 
Toby.— Sterne, Tristram Shandy (1759). 

My uncle Toby is one of the finest compliments ever 
paid to human nature. He is the most unoffending of 
God's creatures, or, as the French would express it, untel 
petit bonhomme. Of his bowling-green, his sieges, and 
his amours, who would say or think anything amiss? — 
Hazlitt. 

Toby Veck, ticket-porter and 
jobman, nicknamed " Trotty " from his 
trotting pace. He Avas " a weak, small, 
spare man," who loved to earn his money, 
and heard the chimes ring words in 
accordance with his fancy, hopes, and 
fears. After a dinner of tripe, he lived 
for a time in a sort of dream, and woke 
up on New Year's Day to dance at his 



TODD. 



1013 



TOLMETES. 



daughter's wedding. — C. Dickens, The 
Chimes (1844). 

Todd (Laurie), a poor Scotch nail- 
maker, who emigrates to America, and, 
after some reverses of fortune, begins life 
again as a backwoodsman, and greatly 
prospers. — Gait, Laurie Todd. 

Tod'gers (Mrs.), proprietress of a 
"commercial boarding-house ; " weighed 
down with the overwhelming cares of 
" sauces, gravy," and the wherewithal of 
providing for her lodgers. Mrs. Todgers 
had a "soft heart" for Mr. Pecksniff, 
widower, and being really kind-hearted, 
befriended poor Mercy Pecksniff in her 
miserable married life with her brutal 
husband Jonas Chuzzlewit. — C. Dickens, 
Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Tofa'na, of Palermo, a noted poisoner, 
who sold a tasteless, colourless poison, 
called the Manna of St. Nicola of Bara, 
but better known as Aqua Tofana. 
Above 600 persons fell victims to this 
fatal drug. She was discovered in 1659, 
and died 1730. 

La Spara or Hieronyma Spara, about a 
century previously, sold an "elixir" 
equally fatal. The secret was ultimately 
revealed to her father confessor. 

ToftS {Mistress), a famous singer 
towards the close of the eighteenth 
century. She was very fond of cats, and 
left a legacy to twenty of the tabby 
tribe. 

Not Niobfi mourned more for fourteen brats. 
Nor Mistress Tofts, to leave her twenty cats. 

Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcotl Old Simon (1809). 

Togar'ma (" island of blue waves"), 
one of the Hebrides. — Ossian, Death of 
Cuthullin. 

Togorma, the kingdom of Connal 
son of Colgar. — Ossian, Fingal. 

TollU va Bohu, at sixes and sevens, 
in the utmost confusion, topsy-turvy. 

The earth was tohu va bohu, that is, void and in con- 
fusion ... in short, a chaos. This may well be applied 
to a country desolated by war. [Xote by Edit. Bohn't 
ed.}— Kabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 17 (1545), 

Toinette, a confidential female ser- 
vant of Argan the malade imaginaire. 
" Adroite, soigneuse, diligente, et surtout 
fidele," but contractions, and always 
calling into action her master's irritable 
temper. In order to cure him, she pre- 
tends to be a travelling physician of 
about 90 years of age, although she has 
not seen twenty-six summers ; and in the 
capacity of a Galen, declares M. Argan is 



suffering from lungs, recommends that 
one arm should be cut off, and one eye 
taken out to strengthen the remaining 
one. She enters into a plot to open the 
eyes of Argan to the real affection of 
Angelique (bis daughter), the false love 
of her step-mother, and to marry the 
former to Cle'ante the man of her choice, 
in all which schemes she is fully success- 
ful. — Moliere, Le Malade Imaginaire 
(1673). 

Toison d'Or, chief herald of Bur- 
gundy. — Sir W. Scott, Qucntin Duricard 
and Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Toki, the Danish William Tell. Saxo 
Grammaticus, a Danish writer of the 
twelfth century, tells us that Toki once 
boasted, in the hearing of Harald Blue- 
tooth, that he could hit an apple with his 
arrow off a pole ; and the Danish Gessler 
set him to try his skill by placing an 
apple on the head of the archer's son 
(twelfth century). 

Tolande of Anjou, a daughter of 
old king Rene' of Provence, and sister 
of Margaret of Anjou (wife of Henry VI. 
of England). — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Tolbooth ( The), the principal prison 
of Edinburgh. 

The Tolbooth felt defrauded of his charms 
If Jeffrey died, except within her arms. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Lord Byron refers to the " duel " 
between Francis Jeffrey editor of the 
Edinburgh Review, and Thomas Moore 
the poet, at Chalk Farm, in 1806. The 
duel was interrupted, and it was then 
found that neither of the pistols con- 
tained a bullet. 

Can none remember that eventful day, 

That ever-glorious, almost fatal fray, 

When Little's [Thomas Moore] leadless pistol met his eye. 

And Bow Street myrmidons stood laughing by ? 

Ditto. 

Tole'do, famous for its sword-blades. 
Vienne, in the Lower Dauphine, is also 
famous for its swords. Its martinets 
(i.e. the water-mills for an iron forge) 
are turned by a little rirer called Gere. 

Gargantua gave Touchfaucet an excellent sword of a 
Vienne blade with a golden scabbard.— Rabelais, Gar- 
gantna, i. 46 (1533). 

Tolme'tes (3 syl.), Foolhardiness 
personified in The Purple Island, fully 
described in canto viii. His companions 
were Arrogance, Brag, Carelessness, and 
Fear. (Greek, tolmetes, "a foolhardy 
man.") 



TOM. 



1014 TOM TIDDLER'S GROUND. 



Thus ran the rash Tolmetes, never viewing 
The fearful fiends tiiat duly him attended . . . 
Much would he uoldly do. but much more boldly vaunt. 
P. Fletcher, The Purple Island, viii. (1633). 

Tom, "the Portugal dustman," who 
joined the allied arm}' against France in 
the war of the Spanish Succession. — Dr. 
Arbuthnot, History of John Bull (1712). 

Tom, one of the servants of Mr. 
Peregrine Lovel, "with a good deal of 
surly honesty about him." Tom is no 
sneak, and no tell-tale, but he refuses to 
abet Philip the butler in sponging on his 
master, and wasting his property in 
riotous living. When Lovel discovers 
the state of affairs, and clears out his 
household, he retains Tom, to whom he 
entrusts the cellar and the plate. — Rev. 
J. Townley, High Life Below Stairs 
(1759). 

Tom Folio, Thomas Rawlinson, the 
bibliopolist (1681-1725). 

Tom Jones (1 syl.), a model of 
generosity, openness, and manly spirit, 
mixed with dissipation. Lord Byron 
calls him " an accomplished blackguard " 
(Don Juan, xiii. 110, 1824). — Fielding, 
Tom Jones (1749). 

A hero with a flawed reputation, a hero sponging for a 
guinea, a hero who cannot pay his landlady, and is obliged 
to let his honour out t© hire, is absurd, and the claim of 
Tom Jones to heroic rank is quite untenable.— Thackeray. 

Tom Long, the hero of an old tale, 
entitled The Merry Conceits of Tom Long, 
the Carrier, being many Pleasant Passages 
and Mad Pranks which he observed in his 
Travels. This tale was at one time 
amazingly popular. 

Tom Scott, Daniel Quilp's boy, 
Tower Hill. Although Quilp was a 
demon incarnate, yet "between the boy 
and the dwarf there existed a strange 
kind of mutual liking." Tom was very 
fond of standing on his head, and on one 
occasion Quilp said to him, " Stand on 
your head again, and I'll cut one of your 
feet oft." 

The boy made no answer, but directly Quilp had shut 
himselt in, stood on his head before the door, then 
walked on his hands to the buck, and stood on his head 
there, then to the opposite side and repeated the per- 
formance. . . . Quilp, knowing his disposition, was lying 
in wait at a little distance, armed with a large piece of 
wood, which, being rough and jagged, and studded with 
broken nails, might possibly have hurt him, if it had been 
thrown at him.— C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, v. 
(1840). 

Tom Thumb, the name of a very 
diminutive little man in the court of king 
Arthur, killed by the poisonous breath of 
a spider in the reign of king Thunstone, 
the successor of Arthur. In the Bodleian 
Library there is a ballad about Tom 



Thumb, which was printed in 1630. 

Richard Johnson wrote in prose The 
History of Tom Thumbe, which was 
printed in 1621. In 1630 Charles Per- 
rault published his tale called Le Petit 
Poucet. Tom Thum is introduced by 
Drayton in his Nymphidia (1563-1631). 

"Tom " in this connection is the Swedish 
tomt ("a nix or dwarf"), as in Tompt- 
gubbe ("a brownie or kobold ") ; the final 
t is silent, and the tale is of Scandinavian 
origin. 

Tom Thumb, a burlesque opera, altered 
by Kane O'Hara (author of .Midas), 
in 1778, from a dramatic piece bv Field- 
ing the novelist (1730). Tom Thumb, 
having killed the giants, falls in love with 
Huncamunca daughter of king Arthur. 
Lord Grizzle wishes to marry the prin- 
cess, and when he hears that the " pygmy 
giant-queller" is preferred before him, his 
lordship turns traitor, invests the palace 
" at the head of his rebellious rout," and 
is slain by Tom. Then follows the bitter 
end: A red cow swallows Tom, the queen 
Dollallolla kills Koodle, Frizaletta kills 
the queen, Huncamunca kills Frizaletta, 
Doodle kills Huncamunca, Plumante 
kills Doodle, and the king, being left 
alone, stabs himself. Merlin now enters, 
commands the red cow to "return our 
England's Hannibal," after which, the 
wise wizard restores all the slain ones 
to life again, and thus "jar ending," each 
resolves to go home, "and make a night 
on't." 

Soon after Liston had made his popular hit in Field- 
ing's Tom Thumb, at the Ha} market Theatre, he was 
invited to dine in the City, and after the dessert the whole 
party rose, the tables and chairs were set back, and 
Mr. Liston was requested " to favour Uie company with 
lord Grizzle's dancing song before the children went to 
bed." As may be supposed, Liston took his hat and 
danced out of the house, nevermore to return. — C. Kusscll, 
Representative Acton. 

Tom Tiddler's Ground, a nook 
in a rustic by-road, where Mr. Mopes the 
hermit lived, and had succeeded in laying 
it waste. In the middle of the plot was 
a ruined hovel, without one patch of glass 
in the windows, and with no plank or 
beam that had not rotted or fallen away. 
There was a slough of water, a leafless 
tree or two, and plenty of filth. Rumour 
said that Tom Mopes had murdered his 
beautiful wife from jealousy, and had 
ahandoned the world. Mr. Traveller tried 
to reason with him, and bring him back 
to social life, but the tinker replied, 
"When iron is thoroughly rotten, you 
cannot botch it, do what vou mav." — C. 
Dickens, A Christmas Aumber (1861). 



TOM TILER AND HIS WIFE. 1015 



TOMES. 



Tom Tiler and His Wife, a 

transition play between a morality and 
a tragedy (1578). 

Tom Tipple, a highwayman in 
captain Macheath's gang. Peachum calls 
him " a guzzling, soaking sot, alwaj's too 
drunk to stand himself or to make others 
stand. A cart," he says, "is absolutely 
necessary for him." — Gay, The Beggar's 
Opera, i. (1727). 

Tom Tram, the hero of a novel 
entitled The Mad Pranks of Tom Tram, 
Son-in-Law to Mother Winter, w hereunto 
is added his Merry Jests, Odd Conceits, 
and Pleasant Tales (seventeenth cen- 
tury). 

AH your wits that fleer and sham, 
Down from don Quixote to Tom Tram. 

Prior. 

Tom - a - Thrum, a sprite which 
figures in the fair\ r tales of the Middle 
Ages; a "queer-looking little auld man," 
whose chief exploits were in the vaults 
and cellars of old castles. John Skelton, 
speaking of the clergy, says : 

Alas ! for very shame, some cannot declyne their name ; 
Some cannot scarsly rede, And yet will not drede 
For to kepe a cure. ... As wyse as Tom-a-Thrum. 

Colyn Clout (time, Henry VIII.). 

Tom o' Bedlam, a ticket-of-leave 
madman from Bethlehem Hospital, or one 
discharged as incurable. 

Tom of Ten Thousand, Thomas 
Thynne ; so called from his great wealth. 
He was buried in Westminster Abbey, 
but why, the then dean has not thought 
fit to leave on record. 

Tom the Piper, one of the charac- 
ters in the ancient morris-dance, re- 
presented with a tabour, tabour-stick, and 
pipe. He carried a sword and shield, to 
denote his rank as a " squire minstrel." 
His shoes were brown ; his hose red and 
" gimp-thighed ; " his hat or cap red, 
turned up with yellow, and adorned with 
a feather; his doublet blue, the sleeves 
being turned up with yellow ; and he 
wore a yellow cape over his shoulders. 
(See Morris-Dance.) 

Tom's, a noted coffee-house in Birchin 
Lane, the usual rendezvous of young 
merchants at 'Change time. 

Tomahourich {Muhme Janet of), 
an old sibyl, aunt of Robin Oig M'Com- 
bich the Highland drover. — Sir W. Scott, 
Tlie Two Drovers (time, George III.). 

Tom'alin, a valiant fairy knight, 
kinsman of king Ob8ron. Tomalin is 



not the same as " Tom Thumb," as we are 
generally but erroneously told, for in the 
" mighty combat " Tomalin backed Pig- 
wiggen, while Tom Thum or Thumb 
seconded king Oberon. This fairy battle 
was brought about by the jealousy of 
Oberon, who considered the attentions of 
Pigwiggen to queen Mab were " far too 
nice." — M. Dravton, Nymphidia (1563- 
1631). 

Tomb (Knight of the), James earl of 
Douglas in disguise. 

His armour was ingeniously painted so as to represent 
a skeleton ; the ribs being constituted by the corselet and 
its back-piece. The shield represented an owl with its 
wings spread — a device which was repeated upon the 
helmet, which appeared to be completely covered by an 
image of the same bird of ill omen. But that which was 
particularly calculated to excite surprise in the spectator 
wjts the great height and thinness of the figure.— Sir W. 
Scott, Cattle Dangerous, xiv. (time, Henry I.). 

Tomboy (Priscilla), a self-willed, 
hoydenish, ill-educated romp, of strong 
animal spirits, and wholly unconventional. 
She is a West Indian, left under the 
guardianship of Barnacle, and sent to 
London for her education. Miss Pris- 
cilla Tomboy lives with Barnacle's 
brother, old [Nicholas] Cockney, a 
grocer, where she plays boy-and-girl 
love with young Walter Cockney, which 
consists chiefly in pettish quarrels and 
personal insolence.* Subsequent^ she 
runs off with captain Sightly, but the 
captain behaves well by presenting him- 
self next day to the guardian, and obtain- 
ing his consent to marriage. — The Romp 
(altered from Bickerstaff's Love in the 
City). 

Tomes [To-may], one of the five 
physicians called in by Sganarelle to 
consult on the malady of his daughter 
Lucinde (2 syl.). Being told that a coach- 
man he was attending was dead and 
buried, the doctor asserted it to be quite 
impossible, as the coachman had been ill 
only six days, and Hippocrates had 
positively stated that the disorder would 
not come to its height till the fourteenth 
day. The five doctors meet in consulta- 
tion, talk of the town gossip, their 
medical experience, their visits, anything, 
in short, except the patient. At length 
the father enters to inquire what deci- 
sion they had come to. One says Lucinde 
must have an emetic, M. Tomes says she 
must be blooded ; one says an emetic 
will be her death, the other that bleeding 
will infallibly kill her. 

M. Tomes. Si vous ne faites saigner tout a l'heure votre 
fille. e'est une personne morte. 

M. Desfunandres. Si vous la faites saigner, elle ne sera 
pas en vie dans un quart-d'-heure. 



TOMKINS. 



1016 



TOOTH. 



And they quit the house in great anger 
(act ii. 4). — Moliere, V Amour e Me'dccin 
(1665). 

M. Tomds liked correctness in medical practice.— Ma- 
caulay. 

Tomkins (Josepli), secret emissary 
of Cromwell. He was formerly Philip 
Hazeldine, alias Master Fibbet, secretary 
to colonel Desborough (one of the parlia- 
mentary commissioners). — Sir W. Scott, 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Tom'yris, queen of the Massagetse. 
She defeated Cyrus, who had invaded her 
kingdom, and, having slain him, threw 
his head into a vessel filled with human 
blood, saying, "It was blood you thirsted 
for ; now take your fill ! " 

Great bronze valves embossed with Tomyris. 

Tennyson, The Princess, v. 
[71 was shown the scath and cruel mangling made 
By Tomyris on Cyrus, when she cried, 
" Blood thou didst thirst for ; take thy fill of blood ! " 
Dant6, Purgatory, xii. (1308). 

Ton-Iosal was so heavy and un- 
wieldy that when he sat down it took 
the whole force of a hundred men to 
set him upright on his feet again. — The 

Fiona. 

If Fion was remarkable for his stature, ... in weight 
all yielded to the celebrated Ton-Iosal.— J. Macpherson, 
Dissertation on Ossian. 

Ton-Thena {"fore of the wave"), a 
remarkable star which guided Larthon to 
Ireland, as mentioned in Ossian's Tem'ora, 
vii., and called in Cathlin of Glut ha, "the 
red traveller of the clouds." 

Tonio, a young Tyrolese, who saved 
Maria, the suttler-girl, when on the point 
of falling down a precipice. The two, of 
course, fall in love with each other, and 
the regiment, which had adopted the 
suttler-girl, consents to their marriage, 
provided Tonio will enlist under its flag. 
No sooner is this done than the mar- 
chioness of Berkenfield lays claim to Maria 
as her daughter, and removes her to the 
castle. In time, the castle is besieged and 
taken by the very regiment into which 
Tonio had enlisted, and, as Tonio had 
risen to the rank of a French officer, the 
marchioness consents to his marriage with 
her daughter. — Donizetti, La Fiylia del 
lieyyimento (1840). 

Tonna {Mrs.), Charlotte Elizabeth 
(1792-1846). 

Tonto (Don Cherubin), canon of Tole'- 
do, the weakest mortal in the world, 
though, by his smirking air, you would 
fancy him a wit. When he hears a deli- 
cate performance read, he listens with 



such attention as seems full of intelli- 
gence, but all the while he understands 
nothing of the matter. — Lesage, Gil Bias, 
v. 12 (1724). 

Tonton, the smallest dog that ever 
existed. When the three princes of a 
certain king were sent to procure the 
tiniest dog they could find as a present to 
their aged father, the White Cat gave the 
youngest of them a dog so small that it 
was packed in wadding in a common 
acorn shell. 

As soon as the acorn was opened, they all saw a little 
dog laid in cotton, and so small it might jump through a 
finger-ring without touching it. . . . It was a mixture of 
several colours ; its ears and long hair reached to the 
ground. The prince set it on the ground, and forthwith 
the tiny creature began to dance a saraband with casta- 
nets.— Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" The White Cat," 
1682). 

Tony Lumpkin, a young booby, 
fond of practical jokes and low company. 
He was the son of Mrs. Hardcastle by her 
first husband. — Goldsmith, She Stoops to 
Conquer (1773). 

Toodle, engine-fireman, an honest 
fellow, very proud of his wife Polly and 
her family. 

Polly Toodle, known by the name of 
Eichards, wife of the stoker. Polly was 
an apple-faced woman, and was mother 
of a large apple-faced family. This 
jolly, homely, kind-hearted matron was 
selected as the nurse of Paul Dombey, and 
soon became devotedly attached to Paul 
and his sister Florence. 

Robin Toodle, known as "The Biler" 
or " Rob the Grinder," eldest son of Mrs. 
Toodle wet-nurse of Paul Dombey. Mr. 
Dombey gets Robin into an institution 
called " The Charitable Grinders," where 
the worst part of the boy's character is 
freely developed. Robin becomes a sneak, 
and enters the service of James Carker, 
manager of the firm of Dombey and 
Son. On the death of Carker, Robin 
enters the service of Miss Lucretia Tox. 
— C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 

Tooley Street, London ; a corrup- <■ . 
tion of St. Olaf. Similarly, Taudry is a kJL 
corruption of St. Audrv, St.. Tibs of St. \ 

Ubes, and St. Telders of St. Ethelred. 

Toom Tabard (" empty jacket"), a 
nickname given to John Baliiol, because 
his appointment to the sovereignty of 
Scotland was an empty name. He had 
the royal robe or jacket, but nothing else 
(1259, 1292-1314). 

Tooth (A Wolfs). At one time a 
wolf's tooth was worn as an amulet by 
children to charm awav fear. 



TOOTH WORSHIPPED. 



1017 



TORMES. 



Tooth Worshipped (A). The 
people of Ceylon worship the tooth of an 
elephant ; those of Malabar the tooth of a 
monkey. The Siamese once offered a 
Portuguese 700,000 ducats for the re- 
demption of a monkey's tooth. 

Tooth-picks. The Romans used 
tooth-picks made of mastic wood in pre- 
ference to quills ; hence Rabelais says that 
prince Gargantua " picked his teeth with 
mastic tooth-pickers" (s'escuroit les dents 
avecques ung trou de lentisce), bk. i. 23. 

Lentiscum melius ; sed si tibi frondea cuspis 
Defuerit, denies, peiuia, levare potes. 

Martial, Epigrams, xx. 24. 

Toots (Mr.), an innocent, warm- 
hearted young man, just burst from the 
bonds of Dr. Blimber's school, and deeply 
in love with Florence Dombey. He is 
famous for blushing, refusing what he 
longs to accept, and for saying, " Oh, 
it is of no consequence." Being very 
nervous, he never appears to advantage, 
but in the main " there were few better 
fellows in the world." 

" I assure you," said Mr. Toots, " really I am dreadfully 
sorry, but it's of no consequence." — C. Dickens, Dombey 
and Son, xxviii. (1846). 

Topas (Sir), a native of Poperyng, 
in Flanders ; a capital sportsman, archer, 
wrestler, and runner. Chaucer calls him 
"sir Thopas" (q.v.). 

Topas (Sir). Sir Charles Dilke was so 
called by the Army and Navy Gazette, 
November 25, 1871 (1810-1869). 

Topham (Master Charles), usher of 
the black rod. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

To'phet, "the place of drums," from 
toph ("a drum"). So called in allusion 
to the drums and timbrels sounded in the 
valley of Hinnom to drown the cries of 
children sacrificed to this idol. Solomon 
introduced the worship, and built a temple 
to Moloch on the Mount of Olives, " that 
opprobious hill " (1 Kings xi. 7). The 
valley of Hinnom is called Gehenna, and 
is made in the New Testament a "type 
of hell." 

. . . the wisest heart 
Of Solomon he led by fraud to build 
Kis temple right against the temple of God 
On that opprobious hill ; and made his grovo 
The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence 
And black Gehenna called, the type of hell. 

Milton, Paradise lost, i. 400, etc. (1665). 

Topsy, a young slave-girl, who never 
knew whether she had either father or 
mother, and being asked by Miss Ophelia 
St. Clare how she supposed she came into 
the world, replied, "I 'spects I growed." — 



Mrs. Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin 
(1852). 

Tor (Sir), the natural son of king 
Pellinore and the wife of Aries the 
cowherd. He was the first of the knights 
of the Round Table.— Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 24 (1470). 

Toralva (The licentiate), mounted 
on a cane, was conveyed through the air 
with his eyes shut ; in twelve hours he. 
arrived at Rome, and the following morn- 
ing returned to Madrid. During his 
flight he opened his eyes once, and found 
himself so near the moon that he could 
have touched it with his finger. — Cer- 
vantes, Bon Quixote, II. iii. 5 (1615). 
(See Torralba.) 

Torch-Race. On the eve of the 
Panathena;a, there was a torch-race in 
ancient Greece, in which the runners were 
expected in succession to carry a lighted 
torch without allowing the flame to 
become extinguished. Each passed it in 
turn, and each received it. Plato (Leg., 
vi.) compares the transmission of life to 
a torch-race, and Lucretius has the same 
idea: " Et quasi cursores vital lampada 
trudunt " {De Rerum Natura, ii. 77). 
Thomas Moore saj's the nations of Europe 
caught up the love of liberty from Eng- 
land, as the runners in a torch-race handed 
the lighted brand from one to another. 
(See Lempriere, art. " Prometheus.") 

As at old games a runner snatched the torch 
From runner. 

R. Browning, Paracelsus, ii. 

'Twas like a torch-race, such as they 

Of Greece performed in ages gone, 
When the fleet youths, in long array, 

Passed the bright torch triumphant on. 
I saw the expectant nations stand 

To catch the coming flame in turn, 
I saw, from ready hand to hand, 

The clear but struggling glory burn. 

T. Moore, The Torch of Liberty (1814). 

Tordenskiol [Tor'.den.skole] or the 
"Thunder-Shield." So Peder Wessel 
vice-admiral of Denmark (in the reign of 
Christian V.) was called. He was 
brought up as a tailor, and died in a 
duel. 

From Denmark thunders Tordenskiol ; 
Let each to heaven commend his soul, 
And fly. 

Longfellow, King Christian [V.\ 

Torfe (Mr. George), provost of Ork- 
nev. — Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

Tormes (Lazarillo de), by Diego 
Hurtado de Mendoza (sixteenth century) ; 
a kind of Gil Bias, whose adventures and 
roguish tricks are the first of a very popular 



TORMOT, 



1018 



TOTHILL. 



sort of novel called the Gusto Picaresco. 
Lesage has imitated it in his Gil Bias, 
and we have numberless imitations in our 
own language. (See Tyll, Owlyglass.) 

The ideal Yankee, in whom European prejudice has 
combined the attractive traits of a Gines de Passamonte, 
a Joseph Surface, a Lazarillo de Tormes, a Scapin, a 
Thersites, and an Autolycus.— W. H. Hurlbut. 

*** " Gines de Passamonte," in Don 
Quixote, by Cervantes; "Joseph Sur- 
face," in The School for Scandal, by- 
Sheridan ; " Scapin," in Les Fourberies de 
Scapin, by Moliere ; "Thersites," in 
Homer's Iliad, i. ; "Autolycus," in the 
Winter's Tale, by Shakespeare. 

Tormot, youngest son of Torquil of 
the Oak (foster-father of Eachin M'lan). 
—Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth 
(time, Henry IV.). 

Torne'a, a lake or rather a river of 
Sweden, which runs into the gulf of 
Bothnia. 

Still pressing on beyond Tornea's lake. 

Thomson, The Seasons (" Winter," 1726). 

Tor'neo, a town in Finland. Often 
visited by travellers, who can there 
witness the singular phenomenon of the 
sun remaining above the horizon both day 
and night at the summer solstice. It 
belongs now to Russia. 

Cold as the rocks on Torneo's hoary brow. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Nope, ii. (1799). 
We find our author [A . F. Skioldebrand] pursuing his 
journey northwards, . . . and his description of the 
entrance into Westrobothnia gives us a high idea of 
the richness of the country in the neighbourhood of 
Torneo. — Quarterly Review, April, 1814. 

Torquato, that is, Torquato Tasso, the 
Italian poet, author of Jerusalem Delivered 
(1544-1595). After the publication of 
his great epic, Tasso lived in the court 
of Ferrara, and conceived a violent passion 
for Leonora, one of the duke's sisters, but 
fled, in 1577, to Naples. 

Torquato's tongue 
Was tuned for slavish pseans at the throne 
Of tinsel pomp. 
Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, ii. (1744). 

Torquil of the Oak, foster-father 
of Eachin M'lan. He was chief of the 
clan Quhele, and had eight sons, the 
finest men in the clan. Torquil was a 
seer, who was supposed to have com- 
munication with the invisible world, and 
he declared a demon had told him that 
Eachin or Hector M'lan was the only 
man in the two hostile clans of Chattan 
and Quhele who would come off scath- 
lessinthe approaching combat (ch.xxvi.). 
—Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

A parallel combat is described in Hie 



Cid. When Sancho of Castile was stabbed 
by Bellldo of Zamora, Diego Ordonez, of 
the house of Lara, challenged five of the 
knights of Zamora to single combat. 
Don Arias Gonzalo and his four sons 
accepted the challenge. Pedro Arias 
was first slain, then his brother Diego. 
Next came Herman, who received a 
mortal wound, but struck the charger of 
Diego Ordonez. The charger, furious 
with pain, carried its rider beyond the 
lists, and the combat was declared to be 
drawn. 

Torralba (Dr.), carried by the spirit 
Cequiel from Valladolid to Rome and 
back again in an hour and a half. He 
was tried by the Inquisition for sorcery 
(time, Charles V.). — Joseph de Ossau 
Pellicer (seventeenth century). (See 
Toralva.) 

Torre (Sir), son of sir Bernard, baron 
of Astolat. His brother was sir Lavaine, 
and his sister Elaine "the lily maid of 
Astolat." He was blunt-mannered, but 
not without kindness of heart. — Tenny- 
son, Idylls of the Kimj (" Elaine "). 

The word "Torre" isablunderforTirre. 
Sir Torre or Tor, according to Arthurian 
legend, was the natural son of Pellinore 
king of Wales, " begotten on Aries' wife, 
the cowherd " (pt. ii. 108). It was sir Tirre 
who was the brother of Elaine (pt. iii. 
122). — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur (1470). 

Tor'rismond, general of the forces 
of Aragon. He falls in love with Leonora 
the usurping queen, promised in marriage 
to Bertran prince of the blood-royal, but 
she falls in love with Torrismond, who 
turns out to be the son of Sancho the 
deposed king. Ultimately, Sancho is 
restored, and Leonora is married to Tor- 
rismond. — Dryden, The Spanish Fryar 
(1680). 

Torso Farna'se (3 syl.), Dirce and 
her sons, the work of Appollonius and 
Tauriscus of Rhodes. 

Toshach Beg, the "second" of 
M 'Gillie Chattanach chief of the clan 
Chattan, in the great combat. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henrv 
IV.). 

Tothill or Tuttle, Westminster, 
said to be a corruption of Teut's Hill, i.e. 
the Saxon god Mercury, called Teut. 
" Hermit's Hill " or " Ermin's Hill," in 
the vicinity, is said to be the same word 
under the corrupted classic form of 
Hermes, which also means Mercury. 



TOTTENHAM IN BOOTS. 



1019 



TOUCHSTONE. 



Tottenham in Boots, a popular 
toast in Ireland in 1731. Mr. Tottenham 
gave the casting vote which threw out a 
Government bill very obnoxious to the 
Irish, on the subject of the Irish parlia- 
ment. He had come from the country, 
and rushed into the House, without 
changing his boots, just in time to give 
his vote, which prevented the bill from 
passing by a majority of one. 

Totterly {Lord), an Adonis of GO, 
and a ci-devant Jeune Homme. — C. Selby, 
The Unfinished Gentleman. 

Tottipottymoy, a " Hoghan Mo- 
ghan," or mock mightiness, like the 
mayor of Garratt, or the king of the 
Cannibal Islands. 

The mighty Tottipottymoy 
Sent to our elders an envoy. 
Complaining sorely of the breach 
Ot league. 

S. Butler, Budibrat, ii. 2 (1664). 

Touch, quality. "Of noble touch," 
of noble quality. The reference is to the 
touchstone by which gold is tried. Gold 
articles made according to the rules of 
alloy are called of " a true touch." The 
" touch of Pans " is spoken of in 1300 : 
" Laquelle touche passe tous les ors dont 
Ton oeuvre en tous pays." In 1597 two 
goldsmiths were sentenced to the pillory 
for making false plate and counterfeiting 
" her majesty's touch." 

The lapis Lydiits or touchstone is 
touched by the gold, and leaves a mark 
behind, the colour of which indicates its 
purity. 

Gold is tried by the touchstone and men by gold. — 
Bacon. 

Touchet [ Too-shay] . When Charles 
IX. introduced Henri of Navarre to Marie 
Touchet, the witty Navarrese made this 
anagram on her name, Je charme tout. 

Touchfaueet (Captain), in Picro- 
chole's army, taken captive by friar John. 
Being presented to Grangousier and 
asked the cause of his king's invasion, 
he replied, " To avenge the injury done to 
the cake-bakers of Lerne " (ch. 25, 26). 
Grangousier commanded his treasurer to 
give the friar 62,000 saluts (£15,500) in 
reward, and to Touchfaueet he gave "an 
excellent sword of a Vienne blade, with 
a gold scabbard, and a collar of gold 
weighing 702,000 merks (576,000 ounces), 
garnished with precious stones, and valued 
at £16,000 sterling, by way of present." 
Keturning to king Picrochole, he advised 
him to capitulate, whereupon Rashcalf 
cried aloud, "Unhappy the prince who 



has traitors for his counsellors ! " and 
Touchfaueet, drawing "his new sword," 
ran him through the body. The king 
demanded who gave him the sword, and 
being told the truth, ordered his guards 
44 to hew him in pieces." — Rabelais, Gar- 
gantua, i. 45-47 (1533). 

Touching for the King's Evil. 
It is said that scrofulous diseases were at 
one time very prevalent in the island, 
and that Edward the Confessor, in answer 
to earnest prayer, was told it would be 
cured by the royal touch. Edward, being 
gifted with this miraculous power, trans- 
mitted it as an heir-loom to his succes- 
sors. Henry VII. presented each person 
touched with a small coin, called a touch- 
piece or touch-penny. 

Charles II. of England, during his 
reign, touched as many as 92,107 persons; 
the smallest number (2983) being in the 
year 1669, and the largest number in 
1684, when many were trampled to death 
(see Macaulay's History of England, xiv.). 
In these "touchings," John Brown, a 
royal surgeon, superintended the cere- 
mony. (See Macbeth, act iv. sc. 3.) 

Prince Charles Edward, who claimed 
to be prince of Wales, touched a female 
child for the disease in 1745. 

The French kings claimed the same 
divine power from Anne of Clovis, a.d. 
481. And on Easter Sunday, 1686, 
Louis XIV. touched 1600, using these 
words, Le roy te touche, Dieu te guerisse. 

*** Dr. Johnson was the last person 
touched. The touch-piece given to him 
has on one side this legend, Soli Deo 
gloria, and on the other side, Anna. D : G. 
M. BE. F: et H. REG. (" Anne, by the 
grace of God, of Great Britain, France, 
and Ireland, queen"). 

Our good Edward he, the Confessor and king . . . 

That cancred evil cured, bred 'twixt the throat and jaws, 

When physic could not find the remedy nor causs . . . 

He of Almighty God obtained by earnest prayer, 

This tumour by a king might cured be alone, 

AVbich he an heir-loom left unto the English throne. 

Drayton, Po'.yolbion, xi. (1613). 

Touching Glasses in drinking 
healths. 

When prince Charles passed over into France, after the 
failure of the expedition in 1715, his supporters were 
beset with spies on every hand. It so happened that 
occasionally in society they were necessitated to drink 
the king's health, but it was tacitly understood that " the 
king " was not king George, but " the king over the 
water." To express this symbolically, one glass was passed 
over another, and later down, the foot of one glass was 
touched against the rim of another. — Sotet and Queries 
of Nete York, October, 1859. 

Touchstone, a clown filled with 
"quips and cranks and wanton wiles." 
The original of this character was Tarl- 



TOUCHWOOD. 



1020 



TOWEL. 



ton, the favourite court jester of queen 
Elizabeth. — Shakespeare, As You Like It 
(1598). 

His famous speech is "the seven 
degrees of affront : " (1) the retort 
courteous, (2) the quip modest, (3) the 
reply churlish, (4) the reproof valiant, (5) 
the counter-check quarrelsome, (6) the lie 
circumstantial, and (7) the lie direct (act 
v. sc. 4). 

Tarleton [1530-1588] was inimitable in such parts as 
" Launcelot " in the Merchant of Venice [Shakespeare] 
and "Touchstone." For these clowns' parts he never had 
an equal, and never will have. — Baker, Chronicles. 

Touchwood (Colonel), "the most 
passionate, impatient, unreasonable, good- 
natured man in Christendom." Uncle of 
major and Clarissa Touchwood. 

Sophia Touchwood, the colonel's daugh- 
ter, in love with her cousin, major 
Touchwood. Her father wants her to 
marry colonel Clifford, but the colonel 
has fixed his heart on Clarissa, the major's 
sister. 

Major Touchwood, nephew of colonel 
Touchwood, and in love with his cousin 
Sophia, the colonel's daughter. He 
fancied that colonel Clifford was his rival, 
but Clifford was in love with Clarissa, the 
major's sister. This error forms the plot 
of the farce, and the mistakes which 
arise when the major dresses up to pass 
himself off for his uncle constitute its 
fun and entanglement. 

Clarissa Touchwood, the major's sister, 
in love with colonel Clifford. Thej r first 
met at Brighton, and the colonel thought 
her Christian name was Sophia ; hence the 
major looked on him as a rival. — T. 
Dibdin, What Next? 

Touchwood (Lord), uncle of Melle'font 

(2 ay/.)- 

Lady Touchwood, his wife, sister of sir 
Paul Pliant. She entertains a criminal 
passion for her nephew Mellefont, and, 
because he repels her advances, vows 
to ruin him. Accordingly, she tells her 
husband that the young man has sought 
to dishonour her, and when his lordship 
fancies that the statement of his wife 
must be greatly overstated, he finds 
Mellefont with lady Touchwood in her 
own private chamber. This seems to 
corroborate the accusation laid to his 
charge, but it was an artful trick of 
Maskwell's to make mischief, and in a 
short time a conversation which he over- 
hears between lady Touchwood and Mask- 
well reveals the infamous scheme most 
fully to him. — Congreve, The Double 
Dealer (1700). 



(Lord and lady Touchwood must not 
be mistaken for sir Georye and lady 
Frances Touchwood, which are very dif- 
ferent characters.) 

Their Wildairs. sir John Brutes, lady Touchwoods, and 
Mrs. Frails are conventional reproductions of those wild 
gallants and demireps which figure in the licentious 
dramas of Dryden and ShadwelL— Sir W. Scott, The 
Drama. 

* + * " Wildair," in The Constant Couple, 
by Farquhar ; " Brute," in The Pro- 
voked Wife, by Vanbrugh ; "Mrs. 
Frail," in Love for Love, by Congreve. 

Touchwood (Sir George), the loving 
husband of lady Frances, desperately 
jealous of her, and wishing to keep her 
out of all society, that she may not lose 
her native simplicity and purity of mind. 
Sir George is a true gentleman of most 
honourable feelings. 

Lady Frances Touchwood, the sweet, 
innocent wife of sir George Touchwood. 
Before her marriage she was brought up 
in seclusion in the country, and sir George 
tries to keep her fresh and pure in Lon- 
don. — Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Strata- 
gem (1780). 

The cakn and lovely innocence of lady Touchwood could 
by nobody be so happily represented as by this actress 
[Mrs. Hartley, 1751-1824].— T. Davies. 

Touchwood (Peregrine), a touchy old 
East Indian, a relation of the Mowbray 
family.— Sir W. Scott, St. Bonan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Tough (Mr.), an old barrister. — Sir 
W. Scott, Bedgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Touran. The death of the children 
of Touran forms one of the three tragic 
stories of the ancient Irish. The other 
two are The Death of the Children of Lit; 
and The Death of the Children of Usnach. 

Tournemine (3 syl.), a Jesuit of 
the eighteenth century, fond of the mar- 
vellous. " II aimait le merveilleux et 
ne renoncait qu' avec peine a y croire." 

II ressemble a Tournemine, 
11 crolt ce qu'il imagine. 

French Proverb. 

Tours, in France, according to fable, 
is so called from Turones, a nephew of 
Brute the mythical king of Britain. 

In the party of Brutus was one Turones, his nephew, 
inferior to none in courage and strength, from whom 
Tours derived its name, being the place of his sepulture. 
— Geoffrey of Monmouth, British History (1142). 

Touthope (Mr.), a Scotch attorney 
and clerk of the peace. — Sir W. Scott, 
Bob Boy (time, George I.). 

Towel (An Oaken), a cudgel. " To 
be rubbed down with an oaken towel " is 
to be well basted. 



TOWER OF HUNGER. 



1021 



TRADELOVE. 



She ordered the fellow to be drawn through a horse- 
pond, and then to he well rubbed down with an oaken 
towel. — The A dventure of My A unt. 

Tower of Hunger (The), Gualandi, 
the tower in which Ugollno with his two 
sons and two grandsons Avere starved to 
death in 1288.— Dante, Inferno (1300). 

Tower of London ( The) was really 
built by Gundulphus bishop of Rochester, 
in the reign of William I., but tradition 
ascribes it to Julius Caesar. 

Ye towers of Julius, London's lasting shame. 

Gray, The Bard (1757). 

Tower of Vathek, built with the 
intention of reaching heaven, that Vathek 
might pry into the secrets seen by Ma- 
homet. The staircase contained 11,000 
stairs, and when the top was gained men 
looked no bigger than pismires, and 
cities seemed mere bee-hives. — Bcckford, 
Vathek (1784). 

Townley Mysteries, certain re- 
ligious dramas ; so called because the MS. 
containing them belonged to P. Townley. 
These dramas are supposed to have been 
acted at Widkirk Abbey, in Yorkshire. 
In 1831 they were printed for the Surtees 
Society, under the editorship of the Rev. 
Joseph Hunter and J. Stevenson. (See 
Coventry Mysteries.) 

Townly (Colonel), attached to Berin- 
thia, a handsome young widow, but in 
order to win her he determines to excite 
her jealousy, and therefore pretends love 
to Amanda, her cousin. Amanda, how- 
ever, repels his attentions with disdain ; 
and the colonel, seeing his folly, attaches 
himself to Berinthia. — Sheridan, A Trip 
to Scarborough (1777). 

Townly (Lord), a nobleman of generous 
mind and high principle, liberal and 
manly. Though very fond of his wife, 
he insists on a separation, because she is 
so extravagant and self-willed. Lady 
Townly sees, at length, the folly of her 
ways, and promises amendment, where- 
upon the husband relents, and receives 
her into favour again. 

The London critics acknowledged that J. G. Holman's 
"lord Townly" was the perfection of the nobleman of 
the days of Chesterfield. He was not the actor, but the 
dignified lord himself. — Donaldson. 

Lady Townly, the gay but not unfaith- 
ful young wife of lord Townly, who 
thinks that the pleasure of life consists 
in gambling; she " cares nothing for her 
husband," but "loves almost eve^thing 
he hates." She says : 

I dote upon assemblies ; my heart bounds at a ball ; 
and at an opera I expire. Then I love play to distraction ; 
lards enchant me ; and dice put me out of my little wits. 



— Vanbrugh and Cibber, The Provoked Husband, ilL 1 

(1728). 

The part which at once established her [Miss Farren's] 
fame as an actress was "lady Townly - ' . . . the whole 
house was enraptured. —Memoir of Elizabeth Countess of 
Derby (1829). 

(Mrs. Pritchard, Margaret Woffington, 
Miss Brunton, Miss M. Tree, and Miss 
E. Tree were all excellent in this 
favourite part.) 

Tox (Miss Lucretia), the bosom friend 
of Mr. Dombey's married sister (Mrs. 
Chick). Miss Lucretia was a faded lady, 
"as if she had not been made in fast 
colours," and was washed out. She 
" ambled through life without any 
opinions, and never abandoned herself 
to unavailing regrets." She greatly 
admired Mr. Dombey, and entertained a 
forlorn hope that she might be selected 
by him to supply the place of his de- 
ceased wife. Miss Tox lived in Princess's 
Place, and maintained a weak flirtation 
with a major Bagstock, who was very 
jealous of Mr. Dombey. — C. Dickens, 
Dombey and Son (1846). 

Tozer, one of the ten young gentle- 
men in the school of Dr. Blimber when 
Paul Dombey was there. A very solemn 
lad, whose " shirt-collar curled up the 
lobes of his ears." — C. Dickens, Dombey 
and Son (1846). 

Trabb, a prosperous old bachelor, a 
tailor by trade. 

He was having his breakfast in the parlour behind the 
shop. ... He had sliced his hot roll into three feather- 
beds, and was slipping butter in between the blankets. . . 
He was a prosperous old bachelor, and his open window 
looked into a prosperous little garden and orchard, and 
there was a prosperous iron safe let into the wall at the 
side of the fireplace, and without doubt heaps of his 
prosperity were put away in it in bags.— C. Dickens, 
(treat Expectations, xix. (1860). 

Tracy, one of the gentlemen in the 
earl of Sussex's train. — Sir W. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Traddles, a simple, honest young 
man, who believes in everybody and 
everything. Though constantly failing, 
he is never depressed by his want of suc- 
cess. He had the habit of brushing his 
hair up on end, which gave him a look 
of surprise. 

At the Creakle's school, when I was miserable, he [Trad- 
dies) would lay his head on the desk for a little while, 
and then, cheering up, would draw skeletons all over his 
slate.— C. Dickens, David Copperfie'.d, vii. (1849). 

Trade'love (Mr.), a broker on 
'Change, one of the four guardians of 
Anne Lovely the heiress. He was " a 
fellow that would out-lie the devil for the 
advantage of stock, and cheat his own 
father in a bargain. He was a great 



TRAFFORD. 



1022 



TRANCHERA. 



stickler for trade, and hated every one 
that wore a sword " (act i. 1). Colonel 
Feignwell passed himself off as a Dutch 
merchant named Jan van Timtamtire- 
lereletta herr van Feignwell, and made a 
bet with Tradelove. Tradelove lost, and 
cancelled the debt by giving his consent 
to the marriage of his ward to the sup- 
posed Dutchman. — Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold 
Stroke for a Wife (1717). 

Tr afford (F. G.), the pseudonym of 
Mrs. C. E. Riddell, before the publica- 
tion of George Geith. 

Tragedy {Father of Greek), Thespis, 
the Richardson of Athens. ^Eschylos 
is also called "The Father of Greek 
Tragedy" (b.c. 525-426). 

Tragedy ( The Father of French), Gamier 
(1534-1690). 

Tragedy {The First English), Gorboduc, 
by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sack- 
ville (1569). The first comedy was Ralph 
Roister Doister, by Nicholas Udall (1564). 

Thornbury says the coadjutor of Norton 
was lord Buckhurst, and Charles Lamb 
maintains that lord Buckhurst " supplied 
the more vital parts;" but professor Craik 
says Sackville was the worker together 
with Norton. 

Trained Band, the volunteer artil- 
lery, whose ground for practice was 
in Moorfields. John Gilpin was " captain 
of the band." 

A Trained Band captain eke was he, 
Of famous London town. 

Cowper, John Gilpin (1782). 

Trajan {The Second), Marcus Aurelius 
Claudius, surnamed Gothicus, noted for 
his valour, justice, and goodness (215, 
268-270). 

Trajan and St. Gregory. It is 

said that Trajan, although unbaptized, 
was delivered from hell in answer to 
the prayers of St. Gregory. 

There was storied on the rock 
The exalted glory of the Koman prince. 
Whose mighty worth moved Gregory to earn 
His mighty conquest — Trajan the emperor. 

Dante, Purgatory, xi. (1308). 

Trajan and the Importunate 
Widow. One day, a mother appeared 
before the emperor Trajan, and cried, 
"Grant vengeance, sire! My son is 
murdered." The emperor replied, "I 
cannot stop now ; wait till 1 return." 
"But, sire," pleaded the widow, "if you 
do not return, who will grant me justice?" 
"My successor," said Trajan. "And 
can Trajan leave to another the duty that 



he himself is appointed to perform V " 
On hearing this, the emperor stopped his 
cavalcade, heard the woman's cause, and 
granted her suit. Dante tells this tale in 
his Purgatory, xi. — John of Salisbury, 
Folycraticus de Curialium Hugis, v. 8 
(twelfth century). 

Dion Cassius {Roman Historia, lxix.) 
tells the same story of Hadrian. When 
a woman appeared before him with a suit 
as he was starting on a journey, the 
emperor put her off, saying, " I have no 
leisure now." She replied, "If Hadrian 
has no leisure to perform his duties, let 
him cease to reign ! " On hearing this 
reproof, he dismounted from his horse, 
and gave ear to the woman's cause. 

A woman once made her appeal to 
Philip of Macedon, who, being busy at 
the time, petulantly exclaimed, " Woman, 
I have no time now for such matters." 
" If Philip has no time to render justice," 
said the woman, " then is it high time for 
Philip to resign ! " The king felt the 
rebuke, heard the cause patiently, and 
decided it j ustly. 

Tramecksan and Slamecksan, 
the High-heels and Low-heels, two great 
political factions of Lilliput. The ani- 
mosity of these Guelphs and Ghibellines of 
punydom ran so high "that no High-heel 
would eat or drink with a Low-heel, and 
no Low-heel would salute or speak to a 
High-heel." The king of Lilliput was a 
High-heel, but the heir-apparent a Low- 
heel. — Swift, Gullivet-'s 'Travels ("Voyage 
to Lilliput," iv., 1726). 

Tramp {Gaffer), a peasant at the 
execution of old Meg Murdochson. — Sir 
W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Tramtrist (Sir), the name assumed 
by sir Tristram when he went to Ireland 
to be cured of his wounds after his com- 
bat with sir Marhaus. Here La Belle 
Isold (or Isold " the Fair") was his leech, 
and the young knight fell in love with 
her. When the queen discovered that 
sir Tramtrist was sir Tristram, who had 
killed her brother, sir Marhaus, in combat, 
she plotted to take his life, and he was 
obliged to leave the island. La Belle 
Isold subsequently married king Mark of 
Cornwall, but her heart was ever fixed 
on her brave young patient. — Sir T. 
Malorv, History" of Frince Arthur, ii. 9-12 
(1470)". 

Tranchera, Agricane's sword, which 
afterwards belonged to Brandiinart. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). 



TRANIO. 



1023 



TRAVELLERS' TALES. 



Tra'nio, one of the servants of Lu- 
centio the gentleman who marries Bi- 
anca (the sister of Kathari'na " the 
Paduan shrew"). — Shakespeare, Taming 
of the Shrew (1594). 

Transfer, a usurer, who is willing to 
advance sir George Wealthy a sum of 
money on these easy terms: (1) 5 per 
cent, interest ; (2) 10 per cent, premium ; 
(3) 5 per cent, for insuring the young 
man's life ; (4) a handsome present to 
himself as broker ; (5) the borrower to 
pay all expenses ; and (6) the loan not 
to be in cash but goods, which are to be 
taken at a valuation and sold at auction 
at the borrower's sole hazard. These 
terms are accepted, and sir George pro- 
mises besides a handsome douceur to 
Loader for having found a usurer so 
promptly. — Foote, The Minor (1760). 

Transformations. In the art of 
transformation, one of the most important 
things was a ready wit to adopt in an 
instant some form which would give you 
an advantage over your adversary ; thus, 
if your adversary appeared as a mouse, 
you must change into an owl, then your 
adversary would become an arrow to 
shoot the owl, and you would assume the 
form of fire to burn the arrow, where- 
upon your adversary would become water 
to quench the fire ; and he who could out- 
wit the other would come off victorious. 
The two best examples I know of this 
sort of contest are to be found, one in 
the Arabian Nights, and the other in the 
Mabinogion. 

The former is the contest between the 
Queen of Beauty and the son of the daugh- 
ter of Eblis. He appeared as a scorpion, 
she in a moment became a serpent ; where- 
upon he changed into an eagle, she into 
a more powerful black eagle ; he became 
a cat, she a wolf ; she instantly changed 
into a worm and crept into a pomegranite, 
which in time burst, whereupon he as- 
sumed the form of a cock to devour the 
seed, but it became a fish ; the cock then 
became a pike, but the princess became a 
blazing fire, and consumed her adversary 
before he had time to change. — " The 
Second Calender." 

The other is the contest between Carid- 
wen and Gwion Bach. Bach fled as a 
hare, she changed into a greyhound ; 
whereupon he became a fish, she an otter- 
bitch ; he instantly became a bird, she 
a hawk ; but he became as quick as 
thought a grain of wheat. Caridwen 
now became a hen, and made for the 



wheat-corn and devoured him. — " Ta- 
liesin." 

Translator - General. Philemon 
Holland is so called by Fuller, in his 
Worthies of En/land. Mr. Holland 
translated Livy, Pliny, Plutarch, Sue- 
tonius, Xenophon, and several other 
classic authors (1551-1036). 

Trap to Catch a Sunbeam, by 

Matilda Anne Planche' (afterwards Mrs. 
Mackarness). 

Trapbois (Old), a miser in Alsatia. 
Even in his extreme age, "he was be- 
lieved to understand the plucking of a 
pigeon better than any man in Alsatia." 

Martha Trapbois, the miser's daughter, 
a cold, decisive, masculine woman, who 
marries Richie Moniplies. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Trap'oban ( The Island of), ruled over 
by Alifanfaron. It is in the Utopian 
Ocean, 92° N. lat., 180° 2' W. long.— 
Cervantes, Bon Quixote, I. iii. 4 (1605J. 

Trapper {The). Natty Bumppo is so 
called in The Prairie. He is introduced 
in four other of Cooper's novels as " The 
Deerslayer," "The Pathfinder," "The 
Hawk-eye " in The Last of the Mohicans, 
and " Natty Bumppo" in The Pioneers. 

Traveller {The). The scheme of 
this poem is very simple : The poet sup- 
poses himself seated among Alpine soli- 
tudes, looking down upon a hundred 
kingdoms. He would fain find some spot 
where happiness can be attained, but the 
natives of each realm think their own the 
best ; yet the amount of happiness in 
each is pretty well equal. To illustrate 
this, the poet describes the manners and 
government of Italy, Switzerland, France, 
Holland, and England. — O. Goldsmith 
(1764). 

Traveller (Mr.), the stranger who tried 
to reason with Mr. Mopes and bring 
him back to society, but found the truth 
of the tinker's remark, "When iron is 
thoroughly rotten, you cannot botch it." 
— C. Dickens, A Christmas Number (1861). 

Traveller's Refuge, the valley of 
Fakreddin.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 

Travellers' Tales. Marco Polo 
says, "Certain islands lie so far north in 
the Northern Ocean, that one going thither 
actually leaves the pole-star a trifle 
behind to the south." 

A Dutch skipper told Master Moxon, 
the hydrographer of Charles II., that he 



TRAVELS, ETC. 



1024 



TREE. 



had himself sailed two degrees beyond 
the pole. 

Maundeville says, in Prester John's 
country is a sea of sand which ebbs and 
flows in great waves without one drop of 
water. This sea, says the knight of St. 
Alban's, men find full of right good fish 
of most delicious eating. 

At the time of the discovery of America 
by Columbus, many marvellous tales were 
rife in Spain. It was said that in one 
part of the coast of El Nombre de Dios, 
the natives had such long ears that one ear 
served for bed and the other for counter- 
pane. This reminds one of Gwevyl mab 
Gwestad, one of whose lips hung down to 
his waist, and the other covered his head 
like a cowl (see p. 1000). Another tale 
was that one of the crew of Columbus 
had come across a people who lived on 
sweet scents alone, and were killed by 
foul smells. This invention was hardly 
original, inasmuch as both Plutarch and 
Pliny tell us of an Indian people who 
lived on sweet odours, and Democritos 
lived for several days on the mere effluvia 
of hot bread (see p. 698). Another tale 
was that the noses of these smell-feeders 
were so huge that their heads were all 
nose. We are also told of one-eyed men ; 
of men who carried their head under one 
of their arms ; of others whose head was 
in their breast ; of others who were con- 
quered, not by arms, but by the priests 
holding up before them a little ivory 
crucifix — a sort of Christian version of 
the taking of Jericho by the blast of the 
silver trumpets of the Levites in the time 
of Joshua. 

Travels in . . . Remote Na- 
tions, by " Lemuel Gulliver." He is first 
shipwrecked and cast on the coast of 
Lilliput, a country of pygmies. Sub- 
sequently he is thrown among the people 
of Brobdingnag, giants of tremendous 
size. In his third expedition he is driven 
to Laputa, an empire of quack pretenders 
to science and knavish projectors. And 
in his fourth voyage he visits the 
Houyhnhnms [Whi7i'.7i , ms~\, where horses 
were the dominant powers. — Dean Swift 
(1726). 

Travers, a retainer of the earl of 
Northumberland. — Shakespeare, 2 Henry 
IV. (1598). 

Travers (Sir Edmund), an old bachelor, 
the guardian and uncle of lady Davenant. 
He is a tedious gossip, fond of meddling, 
prosy, and wise in his own conceit. " It 



j is surprising," he sa3 T s, "how unwilling 
people are to hear my stories. When in 
parliament I make a speech, there is 
nothing but coughing, hemming, and 
shuffling of feet — no desire of informa- 
tion." By his instigation, the match was 
broken off between his niece and captain 
Dormer, and she was given in marriage to 
lord Davenant, but it turned out that his 
lordship was already married, and his 
wife living. — Cumberland, The Mysterious 
Husband (1783). 

Travia'ta, an opera, representing the 
progress of a courtezan. Music by Verdi, 
and libretto from La Dame aux Came'liaSy 
a novel by Alexandre Dumas fils (1856). 

Treachery of the Long-Knives 

(The). Hengist invited the chief British 
nobles to a conference at Ambresbury, 
but arranged that a Saxon should be 
seated beside each Briton. At a given 
signal, each Saxon was to slay his neigh- 
bour with his long knife, and as many as 
460 British nobles fell. Eidiol earl of 
Gloucester escaped, after killing seventy 
(some say 660) .of the Saxons. — Welsh 
Triads. 

Stonehenge was erected by Merlin, at the command of 
Ambrosius, in memory of the plot of the " Long-Knives." 
... He built it on the site of a former circle. It deviates 
from older bardic circles, as may be seen by comparing it 
with Avebury, Stanton-Drew, Keswick, etc. — Cambrian 
Biography, art. " Merddin." 

Treasury of Peru (The), the 
Andes. 

Treasury of Sciences (The), 
Bokhara, which has 103 colleges, besides 
schools and 360 mosques. 

Trecentisti, the Italian worthies of 
the "Trecento" (thirteenth centurv). 
They were Dante (1265-1321) ; Petrarch 
(1304-1374) ; Boccaccio, who wrote the 
Decameron. Others of less note were 
Giotto, Giovanna da Pisa, and Andrea 
Orcagna. (SeeCiNQUECENio. Seicento.) 

In Italy he'd ape the Trecentisti. 

Byron, Don Juan, iii. 86 (1820). 

Tree (The Bleeding). One of the in- 
dictments laid to the charge of the mar- 
quis of Argyll, so hated by the royalists 
for the part he took in the execution of 
Montrose, was this: "That a tree on 
which thirty-six of his enemies were 
hanged was immediately blasted, and 
when hewn down, a copious stream of 
blood ran from it, saturating the earth, 
and that blood for several years was 
emitted from the roots." — Laing, Histort/ 
of Scotland, ii. 11 (1800) ; State Trials, 
ii. 422. 



TREE. 



1025 



TREES, ETC. 



Tree {The Largest). The largest tree 
in the world is one discovered, in 1874, in 
a grove near Tule River, in California. 
Though the top has been broken off, it is 
240 feet high, and the diameter of the 
tree where it has been broken is 12 feet. 
This giant of the forest is called "Old 
Moses," from a mountain in the neigh- 
bourhood, and is calculated to be 4840 
years old ! The hollow of its trunk, 
which is 111 feet, will hold 150 persons, 
and is hung with scenes of California, is 
carpeted, and fitted up like a drawing- 
room, with table, chairs, sofa, and piano- 
forte. A section of this tree, 74 feet 
round and 25 feet across, was exhibited 
in New York, in 1879.— See New York 
Herald. 

Tree (The Poets'), a tree which grows 
over the tomb of Tan-Sein, a musician at 
the court of [Mohammed] Akbar. Who- 
ever chews a leaf of this tree will be 
inspired with a divine melodv of voice. — 
W. Hunter. 

His voice was as sweet as if he had chewed the leaves of 
that enchanted tree which grows over the tomb of the 
musician Tan-Sein.— Moore, Lalla Jiookh U817). 

Tree (The Singing), a tree each leaf of 
which was musical, and all the leaves 
joined together in delightful harmony. 
— Arabian Nights ("The Story of the 
Sisters who envied their Younger Sister"). 

In the Fairy Tales of the comtesse 
D'Aunoy, there is a tree called "the 
singing apple," of precisely the same 
character, but the apple tree gave the 
possessor the inspiration of poetry also. 
— " Chery and Fairstar." 

Tree of Liberty (The), a tree or 
pole crowned with a cap of liberty, and 
decorated with flags, ribbons, and other 
devices of a republican character. The 
idea was given by the Americans in their 
War of Independence ; it was adopted by 
the Jacobins in Paris in 1790, and by the 
Italians in 1848. 

Tree of Life (The), a tree in the 
" midst of the garden " of paradise, which, 
if Adam had plucked and eaten of, he 
would have "lived for ever." — Gen. ii. 9 ; 
iii. 22. 

Out of the fertile ground [God] caused to grow 
All trees of noblest kind for sight, smell, taste ; 
And all amid them stood the Tree of Life, 
High eminent, blooming ambrosial fruit 
Of vegetable gold. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 215, etc (1665). 

Tree of Knowledge (The), a tree 
in the garden of paradise, the fruit of 
which Adam and Eve were forbidden to 
eat, " lest they died." — Gen. ii. 9 ; iii. 3. 



Next to [the tree of] Life, 
... the Tree of Knowledge grew fast by. 
Knowledge of good, bought dear bv knowing ill. 

Milton, Paradise Lost. iv. 281 Ut>65). 

Trees noted for Specific Virtues 
and Uses. 

Those articles marked R. P. are from William Browne's 
Britannia's Pastoral* (1613). 

Aldek, good for water-pipes and piles, 
capital for the foundations of buildings 
situated upon bogs ; it becomes black as 
jet and almost imperishable when used 
for piles in swamps or under water. The 
Rialto of Venice is founded on alder. It 
is excellent for clogs, shoe-heels, wooden 
shoes, cogs for mill-wheels, turnery, 
chairs, poles, and garden props. 

It is said that fleas dislike it. 

Alder nourishes whatever plant grows 
in its shadow. — B. P. 

Ash, the Venus of the forest. — Gilpin, 
Forest Scenery (1791). 

Used for all tools employed in hus- 
bandry, carts, waggons, wheels, pulleys, 
and oars. It bursts into leaf between 
May 13 and June 14. 

Grass will grow beneath it. 

At Donirey, near Clare, is the hollow 
trunk of an ash tree 42 feet in circum- 
ference, in which a little school used to 
be kept. — A. Young, Irish Tour (1775-6). 

In Woburn Park is an ash tree 90 feet 
high, 15 feet in girth (3 feet from the 
ground), and containing a grand total of 
872 cubic feet of timber. — Strutt, Sylva 
Britannica. 

The ash tree at Carnock, planted in 
1596, supposed to be the largest in Scot- 
land, is 90 feet high and 19 feet in girth 
(5 feet from the ground). — Ditto. 

Dr. Walker says he measured an ash 
tree in Lochaber churchyard, Scotland, 
58 feet in girth (5 feet from the ground). 

Aspen Tree. No grass will grow in its 
vicinity. The legend is that the cross of 
Jesus was made of this wood, and hence 
its leaves were doomed to tremble till 
the day of doom. 

Ah ! tremble, tremble, aspen tree ! 

We need not ask thee why thou shakest; 
For if. as holy legend saith, 
On thee the Saviour bled to death, 

No wonder, aspen, that thou quakest 1 
And, till in judgment all assemble. 
Thy leaves accursed shall wail and tremble. 

E.C. B. 

Beech Tree, employed for clogs, tool 
handles, planes, mallets, turnery, large 
wooden screws, sounding-boards of 
musical instruments, scabbards, band- 
boxes, book-covers, coffins, chairs, and 
bedsteads ; but for chairs and bedsteads 
it is not fit, as it is a favourite resort of 
the ptinus pectinicornis, whose eggs are 
3 u 



TREES, ETC. 



1026 



TREES, ETC. 



deposited on the surface of the wood, 
and the young worms eat their way in. 
Floats for nets are made of the bark. 
It is excellent for wood fires, and is 
called in France bois oVAndelle. The beech 
bursts into leaf between April 19 and 
May 7. 

"The Twelve Apostles." On an island 
of the lake Wetter, were twelve majestic 
beech trees, now reduced to eleven, for a 
zealous peasant cut down one of them, 
declaring "that the traitor Judas should 
have no part nor lot with the faithful." 
On these beeches are cut the names of 
Charles XL, Charles XII., queen Eleonora, 
and other distinguished visitors. Other 
famous beeches are the Frankley Beeches, 
in Worcestershire. 

Virgil's bowl, divini opus Alcimedontis, 
was made of beech wood, and Pliny tells 
us that vessels used in the temples were 
made sometimes of the same wood. 

The beech, like the fir and chestnut, is 
very destructive of vegetation beneath. 

Birch, used by the ancients for papyrus. 
The wood is used for the heels of shoes, 
cradles, packing-boxes, sabots, drinking- 
cups, brooms or besoms, rods, torches, 
and charcoal. 

"It supplies the northern peasant with 
his house, his bread, his wine, and the 
vessels to put it in, part of his clothing, 
and the furniture of his bed." — Sylvan 
Sketches. 

Birch loves the coldest places. — B. P. 

Blackthorn is formed into teeth for 
rakes and into walking-sticks. Letters 
written on linen or woollen with sloe-juice 
will not wash out. 

It is said that Joseph of Arimathea 
planted his staff on the south ridge of 
Weary-all Hill (now Werrall), where it 
grew and put forth blossoms every 
Christmas Day afterwards. The original 
tree was destroj r ed in the reign of Charles 
I. by a puritan soldier, who lost his life 
by a splinter which wounded him while 
so employed. The variety which 
blossoms twice a j'ear is now pretty 
common. 

The Holy Thorn has been introduced into many parts, 
and is now grown in several gardens about Glastonbury 
and its vicinity. Pilgrimages continued to be made to 
this tree even in Mr. Eyston's time, who died 1721. — 
Warner, Evening I'uxt, January, 1753. 

Box, used for turnery, combs, mathe- 
matical instruments, knife-handles, tops, 
screws, button-moulds, wood engravings. 
Box wood will sink in water. 

A decoction of box wood promotes the 
growth of hair, and an oil distilled from 
its shavings is a cure for hemorrhoids, 



tooth-ache, epilepsy, and stomach-worms ; 
so we are told. 

Cedar, used for cigar-boxes. It is 
hateful to moths and fleas, and hence it 
is used for lining wardrobes and drawers. 

Cherry Tree, used by the turner, 
formed into chairs and hoops. It is stained 
to imitate mahogany, to which wood, both 
in grain and colour, it approaches nearer 
than any other of this country. It is 
stained black for picture-frames. The 
cherry tree was first introduced from 
Flanders into Kent, in the reign of 
Henry VIII. 

More than a hundred men, during a siege, were kept 
alive for nearly two months, without any other susten- 
ance than a little of this gum taken into the mouth and 
suffered gradually to dissolve. — Hasselquist, Her Paltet- 
tinum (1757). 

Chestnut Tree, the tree introduced 
into the pictures of Salvator Rosa. The 
wood is used by coopers and for water- 
pipes, because it neither shrinks nor 
changes the colour of any liquor it con- 
tains. It is, however, bad for posts, and 
grass will not grow beneath its shade. 

Staves that nor shrink nor swell. 
The cooper's close-wrought cask to chestnut owes. 
Dodsley. 

The roof of Westminster Abbey, and 
that of the "Parliament House," Edin- 
burgh, are made of chestnut wood. 

In Cobham Park, Kent, is a chestnut 
tree 40 feet in girth (5 feet from the 
ground). — Strutt, Sylva Britannica, 

At Tortworth, in Gloucestershire, is a 
chestnut tree 52 feet in girth. Even in 
1150 it was called "the great chestnut 
tree of Tortworth." Mr. Marsham says it 
was 540 years old when king John came 
to the throne, which would carry us back 
to the heptarchy. If so, this tree has 
tallied the whole history of England from 
the Roman period to our own. 

The horse chestnut bursts into leaf 
between March 17 and April 19. The 
Spanish chestnut fully a month later. 

Cypress hurts the least of all trees by 
its droppings. — B. P. 

Dog Rose. So called by the Greeks 
(kunorodon), because the root was deemed 
a cure for the bite of a mad dog. 

Elder Tree, used for skewers, tops 
of angling-rods, needles for netting, 
turnery. The pith is used for electro- 
meters and in electrical experiments. 

An infusion of elder leaves will destroy 
insects on delicate plants better than 
tobacco-juice ; and if turnips, cabbages, 
fruit trees, etc., are brushed with a branch 
of elder leaves, no insect will infest the 
plants. — Philosophical Transactions, v. G2 
p. 348. 



TREES, ETC. 



1027 



TREES, ETC. 



Elm is used for axle-trees, mill-wheels, 
keels of boats, gunwales, chairs, coffins, 
rails, gates, under-ground pipes, pumps, 
millwork, pattens. 

Grass will grow beneath its shade. 
The elm is pre-eminent for the tenacity 
of its wood, which never splinters. It is 
the first of forest trees to burst into leaf. 

Toads and frogs are often embedded in 
elm trees. They crept into some hollow 
place or crack, and became imprisoned b}' 
the glutinous fluid of the new inner bark 
(liber and alburnum). Some have been 
found alive when the tree is cut down, 
but they need not have been embedded 
long. 

At Hampstead there was once a famous 
hollow elm, which had a staircase within 
and seats at the top. — Park, Topography. 

At Blythfield, in Staffordshire, was an 
elm which, Raj' tells us, furnished 8660 
feet of planks, weighing 97 tons. 

The elm at Chequers, Buckinghamshire, 
was planted in the reign of Stephen ; the 
shell is now 31 feet in girth. The Chep- 
stead Elm, Kent, contains 268 feet of 
timber, and is 15 feet in girth; it is said 
to have had an annual fair beneath its 
shade in the reign of Henry V. The elm 
at Crawley, in Sussex, is 70 feet high and 
ob feet in girth. — Strutt, Sylva Bri- 
tannica. 

Fig Tree. The leaves of this tree have 
the property of maturing game and meat 
hung amongst' them. 

Fin Tkee. In Ireland the bog firs, 
beaten into string, are manufactured into 
rope, capable of resisting the weather 
much longer than hempen ropes. The 
bark can be used for tan. Tar and pitch 
are obtained from the trunk and branches. 
The thinnings of fir forests will do for 
hop-poles, scantlings, and rafters, and its 
timber is used by builders. 

Grass will not grow beneath fir trees. 

Guelder Rose. From the bark of the 
root birdlime is made. The shoots make 
excellent bands for faggots. 

Evelyn says a decoction of the leaves 
will dye the hair black and strengthen it. 

Hazel Tree. The wood makes ex- 
cellent charcoal for forges. Fishing-rods, 
walking-sticks, crates, hoops for barrels, 
shoots f or springles to fasten down thatch, 
hurdles, etc., are made of this wood. 
Hazel chips will clear turbid wine in 
twenty-four hours, and twigs of hazel 
twisted together will serve for yeast in 
brewing. 

Hazel wands were used in divination, 
for detecting minerals, water-springs, and 



(See Dousterswivel, 



hid treasures, 
p. 270.) 

By whatsoever occult virtue the forked hazel stick dis- 
covers not only subterraneous treasure, but criminals 
guilty of murder and other crimes, made out so solemnly 
by the attestation of magistrates and divers other learned 
and credible persons who have critically examined matters 
of fact, is certainly next to a miracle, and requires a 
stnuik' faith.— Evelyn, Sylva (1664). 

The small hole bored through the shell 
of hazel nuts is not the work of squirrels, 
but of field mice ; squirrels always split 
the shells. 

Holly Tree. Birdlime is made from 
it. The wood is used for veneering, 
handles of knives, cogs for mill-wheels, 
hones for whetting knives and razors, 
coachmen's whips, Tunbridge ware. 

Ivy. The roots are used by leather- 
cutters for whetting their knives ; and 
when the roots are large, boxes and slabs 
are made from them. 

It is said that apricots and peaches 
protected in winter by ivy fencing become 
remarkably productive. 

Juniper is never attacked by worms. 
— B. P. 

The wood is used for veneering ; and 
alcohol or spirits of wine, impregnated 
with the essential oil of juniper berries, is 
gin (or juniper water) • for the French 
genevre means "a juniper berry." Ordi- 
narily, gin is a malt liquor, distilled a 
second time, with the addition of juniper 
berries, or more frequently, with the oil 
of turpentine. 

Larch, very apt to warp, but it resists 
decay. It bursts into leaf between March 
21 and April 14. 

Le bois du meleze Temporte en bontd et en durce sur 
celui des pins et des sapins. On en fait des gouttiires des 
conduits d'estux souterraines, de bonnes charpeutes; il 
entre dans la construction des petits batiments de mer. 
Les peintres s'en servent pour faire les cadres de lews 
tableaux. — Bouillet, Diet. L'niv. des Sciences. 

Lime or Linden Tree. Grinling 
Gibbons, the great carver in wood, used 
no other wood but that of the lime tree, 
which is soft, light, smooth, close-grained, 
and not subject to the worm. For the 
same reason, it is the chief material of 
Tunbridge ware. Bellonius states that 
the Greeks used the wood for making 
bottles. 

Lime wood makes excellent charcoal for 
gunpowder, and is employed for buttons 
and leather-cutters' boards. The flowers 
afford the best honey for bees, and the 
famous Kowno honey is made exclusively 
from the linden blossoms. 

It was one of the trees from which 
papyrus was made, and in the library of 
Vienna is a work of Cicero written on 
the inner bark of the linden. 



TREES, ETC. 



1028 



TREES, ETC. 



One other thing is worth mentioning. 
Hares and rabbits will never injure the 
bark of this tree. 

The lime is the first of all trees to shed 
its leaves in autumn. It bursts into leaf 
between April 6 and May 2. 

At Deopham, in Norfolk, was a lime 
tree which, Evelyn tells us, was 36 feet in 
girth and 90 feet in height. Strutt tells 
us of one in Moor Park, Hertfordshire, 
17 feet in girth (3 feet above the ground) 
and 100 feet high ; it contained 875 feet 
of timber. He also mentions one in 
Cobham Park, 28 feet in girth and 90 
feet in height. 

The lime tree in the Grisons is upwards 
of 590 years old. 

Maple Tree, employed for cabinet- 
work, gunstocks, screws for cider presses, 
and turnery. The Tigrin and Pantherine 
tables were made of maple. The maple 
tables of Cicero, Asinius Gallus, king 
Juba, and the Mauritanian Ptolemy, 
" are worth their weight in gold." 

At Knowle, in Kent, there is a maple 
tree which is 14 feet in girth. — Strutt, 
Sylva Britannica. 

Mountain Ash or Rowan Tree, used 
for hoops, and for bows, comes next to 
the yew. It forms good and lasting 
posts, and is made into hurdtes, tables, 
spokes of wheels, shafts, chairs, and so 
on. The roots are made into spoons and 
knife-handles. The bark makes excel- 
lent tan. 

Twigs of rowan used to be carried 
about as a charm against witches. Scotch 
dairy-maids drive their cattle with rowan 
rods ; and at Strathspey, in Scotland, at 
one time, sheep and lambs were made 
to pass through hoops of rowan wood on 
May-day. 

In Wales, the rowan used to be con- 
sidered sacred; it was planted in church- 
yards, and crosses made of the wood were 
commonly worn. 

Their spells were vain. The hags returned 

To the queen ill sorrowful mood, 
Crying that witches have no power 

Where there is rown tree wood. 
The Laidley Worm of SpindfeUon Jleughs. 

Myrtle. Some northern nations use 
it instead of hops. The catkins, boiled in 
water, throw up a waxy scum, of which 
candles are made by Dutch boers. Hot- 
tentots (according to Thunberg) make a 
cheese of it. Myrtle tan is good for 
tanning calf-skins. 

Laid under a bed, it keeps off fleas and 
moths. 

Oak Tree, the king of the forest and 
patriarch of trees, wholly unrivalled in 



stature, strength, and longevity. The 
timber is used for ship-building, the bark 
for tanning leather, and the gall for 
making ink. Oak timber is used for 
every work where durability and strength 
are required. 

Oak trees best resist the thunder- 
stroke. — B. P. (William Browne is re- 
sponsible for this statement.) It bursts 
into leaf between April 10 and May 26. 

In 1757 there was an oak in earl 
Powis's park, near Ludlow, 16 feet in 
girth (5 feet from the ground) and 60 
feet high (Marsham). Panshanger Oak, 
in Kent, is 19 feet in girth, and contains 
1000 feet of timber, though not yet in its 
prime (Marsham). Salcey Forest Oak, 
in Northamptonshire, is 24 feet in girth 
(Marsham). Gog, in Yardley Forest, is 
28 feet in girth, and contains 1658 cubic 
feet of timber. The king of Wynnstay 
Park, North Wales, is 30 feet in girth. 
The Queen's Oak, Huntingfield, Suffolk, 
from which queen Elizabeth shot a buck, 
is 35 feet in girth (Marsham). Shel- 
ton Oak, near Shrewsbury, called the 
" Grette Oake" in 1543, which served 
the great Glendower for a post of obser- 
vation in the battle of Shrewsbury (1403), 
is 37 feet in girth (Marsham). Green 
Dale Oak, near Welbeck, is 38 feet in 
girth, 11 feet from the ground (Evelyn). 
Cowthorpe Oak, near Wetherby, is" 48 
feet in girth (Evelyn). The great oak 
in Broomfield Wood, near Ludlow, was, 
in 1764, 68 feet in girth. 23 feet high, 
and contained 1455 feet of timber (Light- 
foot). 

Beggar's Oak, in Blithfield Park, Staf- 
fordshire, contains 827 cubic feet of 
timber, and, in 1812, was valued at £200 
(Marsham). Fredville Oak, Kent, con- 
tains 1400 feet of timber (Marsham). 
But the most stupendous oak ever grown 
in England was that dug out of Hatfield 
Bog : it was 12 feet in girth at the larger 
end, 6 feet at the smaller end, and 120 
feet in length ; so that it exceeded the 
famous larch tree brought to Rome in the 
reign of Tiberius, as Pliny states in his 
Natural History. 

(These are all from Marsham's Bath 
Soc, i. ; the Syha Caledonia; Evelyn's 
Sylva ; The Journal of a Naturalist ; or 
from Strutt's three works — Sylva Britan- 
nica, Dcliciaz Sylvarwn, and Mag. Nat. 
Mist.) 

Swilcar Oak, in Needham Forest, is 
600 years old (Strutr). The Oak of the 
Partizans, in the forest of Parey, St. 
Ouen, is above 650 years old. Wallace's 



TREES, ETC. 



1029 



TREES, ETC. 



Oak, which stood on the spot where the 
" patriot hero " was born (Elclerslie, 
near Paisley) was probably 700 years old 
when it was blown down in 1859. Salcey 
Forest Oak, in Northamptonshire, is 
above 1000 years old. William the Con- 
queror's Oak, Windsor Great Park, is at 
least 1200 years old. Winfarthing Oak, 
Norfolk, and Bentley Oak, were 700 
years old at the Conquest, more than 
800 years ago. Cowthorpe Oak, near 
Wetherby, is 1600 years old (professor 
Burnet). The great" oak of Saintes, in 
the Charentc Inferieur, is reckoned from 
1800 to 2000 years old. The Damorey Oak, 
Dorsetshire, was 2000 years old when it 
was blown down in 1703. In the Com- 
monwealth, it was inhabited by an old 
man, and used as an ale-house ; its cavity 
was 15 feet in diameter and 17 feet in 
height. 

In the Water Walk of Magdalen Col- 
lege, Oxford, was an oak supposed to 
have existed before the Conquest ; it was 
a notable tree when the college was 
founded in 1448, and was blown down in 
1789. On Abbot's Oak, Woburn, the 
vicar of Puddington, near Chester, and 
Roger Hobbs abbot of Woburn were 
hung, in 1537, by order of Henry 
VIII., for refusing to surrender their 
sacerdotal rights (Marsham). The Bull 
Oak, Wedgenock Park, and the Plestor 
Oak, Colborne, were both in existence 
at the Conquest. The Shellard's Lane 
Oak, Gloucestershire, is one of the 
oldest in the island {Journal of a 
Naturalist, i.). 

The Cadenham Oak, near Lyndhurst, 
in the New Forest, buds u on old Christ- 
mas Day," and has done so for at least 
two centuries ; it is covered with foliage 
at the usual time of other oak trees. The 
same is said of the tree against which the 
arrow of Tyrrel glanced when Rufus was 
killed (Camden). 

Olive, used in wainscot, because it 
never gapes, cracks, or cleaves. — B. P. 

The eight olive trees on the Mount of 
Olives were flourishing 800 years ago, 
when the Turks took Jerusalem. 

Osier, used for puncheons, wheels 
for catching eels, bird-cages, baskets, 
hampers, hurdles, edders, stakes, rake- 
handles, and poles. 

Pear Tree, used for turnery, joiners' 
tools, chairs, and picture-frames. 

It is worth knowing that pear grafts 
on a quince stock produce the most 
abundant and luscious fruit. 

Pine Tree. The " Old Guardsman," 



in Vancouver's Island, is the largest 
Dougaa pine. It is 16 feet in diameter, 
51 feet in girth, and 150 feet in height. 
At one time it was 50 feet higher, but its 
top was broken off in a storm. 

Le pin est employe 1 en charpente, en planches, en tuyaux 
pour In conduite des eaux, en bord;ises pour les pouts dea 
vais^eaux. II fotinut aussi la resine. — Bouillet, Diet. 
Univ. des Sciences. 

Plane Tree. Grass delights to grow 
in its shade. — B. P. 

Poplar Tree, sacred to Hercules. 
No wood is so little liable to take fire. 
The wood is excellent for wood carvings 
and wainscoting, floors, laths, packing- 
boxes, and turnery. 

Black Poplar. " The bark is used by 
fishermen for buoying their nets ; brooms 
are made of its twigs. In Flanders, 
clogs are made of the wood. 

The poplar bursts into leaf between 
March 6 and April 19. 

Rose Tree. The rose is called the 
11 queen of dowers." It is the emblem of 
England, as the thistle is of Scotland, the 
shamrock of Ireland, and the lily of 
France. 

It has ever been a favourite on graves 
as a memorial of affection ; hence Pro- 
pertius says, " Et tenera poneret ossa 
rosa." In Rome, the day when the pope 
blesses the golden rose is called Dominica 
in Rosa. The long intestine strife be- 
tween the rival houses of York and 
Lancaster is called in history the "War 
of the White and Red Roses," because 
the badge of the Yorkists was a white 
rose and that of the Lancastrians a red 
one. The marriage of Henry VII. with 
Elizabeth of York is called the "Union 
of the Two Roses." 

The rose was anciently considered a 
token of secrecy, and hence, to whisper 
a thing sub rosa means it is not to be 
repeated. 

In Persian fable, the rose is the night- 
ingale's bride. " His queen, his garden 
queen, the rose." 

Sallow, excellent for hurdles, handles 
of hatchets, and shoemakers' boards. 
The honey of the catkins is good for bees, 
and the Highlanders use the bark for 
tanning leather. 

Spruce Tree (The) will reach to the 
age of 1000 years and more. Spruce is 
despised by English carpenters, "as a 
sorry sort of wood." 

II fournit une biere dite sapinette, en Anglais spruce 
beer, qu'en prttend 6tre eminement anti-scorbutique. — 
Bouillet, Diet . Univ. des Sciences. 

Sycamore Tree, used by turners foi 



TREES, ETC. 



1030 



TREES, ETC. 



bowls and trenchers. It burst into leaf 
between March 28 and April 23. 

St. Hierom, who lived in the fourth 
century a.d., asserts that he himself had 
seen the sycamore tree into which Zac- 
cheus climbed to see Jesus in His passage 
from Jericho to Jerusalem. — Luke xix. 4. 

Strutt tells us of a sycamore tree in 
Cobham Park, Kent, 26 feet in girth and 
90 feet high. Another in Bishopton, 
Renfrewshire, 20 feet in girth and 60 
feet high. — Sylva Britannica. 

Grass will flourish beneath this tree, 
and the tree will thrive by the sea-side. 

Tamarisk Tree does not dislike the 
sea-spray, and therefore thrives in the 
neighbourhood of the sea. 

The Romans used to wreathe the heads 
of criminals with tamarisk withes. The 
Tartars and Russians make whip-handles 
of the wood. 

The tamarisk is excellent for besoms. 
—7?. P. 

Upas Tree, said to poison everything 
in its vicinity. This is only tit for poetry 
and romance. 

Walnut, best wood for gunstocks ; 
cabinet-makers use it largely. 

This tree thrives best in valleys, and is 
most fertile when most beaten. — B. P. 

A woninii, a spaniel, and walnut tree, 

The more you beat them, the better they be. 

Ta>lor, the "water-poet" (1630). 
Uneasy seated by funereal Veugh, 
Or Walnut, whose malignant touch impairs 
▲11 generous fruits. 

Philips, Cyder, i. (1706). 

Whitethorn, used for axle-trees, the 
handles of tools, and turnery. 

The identical whitethorn planted by 
queen Mary of Scotland in the garden- 
court of the regent Murray, is still alive, 
and is about 5 feet in girth near the base. 
— Jones, Edinburgh Illustrated. 

The Troglodytes adorned the graves of 
their parents with branches of whitethorn. 
It formed the nuptial chaplet of Athenian 
brides, and the fasces nuptiarum of the 
Roman maidens. 

Every shepherd tells his fcile 
Under the hawthorn in the dale. 

Milton, L' Allegro (1638). 

Willow, used for clogs, ladders, 
trenchers, pill-boxes, milk-pails, butter- 
firkins, bonnets, cricket bats, hop-poles, 
cradles, crates, baskets, etc. It makes 
excellent charcoal, and a willow board 
will sharpen knives and other tools like 
a hone. 

Willows to panting shepherds shade dispense, 
To bees tiieir honey, and to corn defence. 

Googe, Virgil't (ieoripe*, ii. 

It is said that victims were enclosed 



in wicker-work made of willow wood, 
and consumed in fires by the druids. 
Martial tells us that the old Britons were 
very skilful in weaving willows into 
baskets and boats (Epigrams, xiv. 99). 
The shields which so long resisted the 
Roman legions were willow wood covered 
with leather. 

Wych Elm, once in repute for arrows 
and long-bows. Affords excellent wood 
for the wheeler and millwright. The 
young bark is used for securing thatch 
and bindings, and is made into rope. 

The wych elm at Polloc, Renfrewshire, 
is 88 feet high, 12 feet in girth, and 
contains 669 feet of timber. One at Tut- 
bury is 16 feet in girth. — Strutt, Sylva 
Britannica. 

At Field, in Staffordshire, is a wych 
elm 120 feet high and 25 feet in girth 
about the middle. — Plot. 

Yew Tree. The wood is converted 
into bows, axle-trees, spoons, cups, cogs 
for mill-wheels, flood-gates for fish-ponds 
(because the wood does not soon decay), 
bedsteads (because bugs and fleas will not 
come near it). Gate-posts of yew are more 
durable than iron ; the steps of ladders 
should be made of this wood ; and no 
material is equal to it for market-stools. 
Cabinet-makers and inlayers prize it. 

In Aberystwith churchyard is a yew 
tree 24 feet in girth, and another in Sel- 
born churchyard of the same circumfer- 
ence. One of the yews at Fountain Abbey, 
Yorkshire, is 26 feet in girth ; one at 
Aldworth, in Berkshire, is 27 feet in 
girth ; one in Totteridge churchyard 32 
feet ; and one in Fortingal churchyard, in 
Perthshire (according to Pennant), is 52 
feet in circumference (4 feet from the 
ground). 

The yew tree in East Lavant church- 
yard is 31 feet in girth, just below the 
spring of the branches. There are five 
huge branches each as big as a tree, with 
a girth varying from 6 to 14 feet. The 
tree covers an area of 51 feet in every 
direction, and above 150 feet in circuit. 
It is above 1000 years old. 

The yew tree at Martley, Worcester, is 
346 years old, being planted three days 
before the birth of queen Elizabeth. 
That in Harlington churchyard is above 
850 years old. That at Ankerwyke, near 
Staines, is said to be the same under 
which king John signed Magna Charta, 
and to have been the trysting-tree of 
Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyne. Three 
yew trees at Fountain Abbey, we are 
told, were full-grown trees in 1128, when 



TREES, ETC. 



1031 



TRENT. 



the founders of the abbey held council 
there in the reign of William Ruf us. The 
vew tree of Braburn, in Kent (according 
to De Candolle), is 3000 years old!! It 
may be so, if it is true that the yew trees 
of Kingley Bottom, near Chichester, were 
standing when the sea-kings landed on 
the Sussex coast, and those in Norbury 
Park are the very same which were 
standing in the time of the ancient 
druids. 

Crass will grow boneath alder, ash, 
cypress, elm, plane, and sycamore ; but 
not beneath aspen, beech, chestnut, and 
tir. 

Sea-spraj T does not injure sycamore or 
tamarisk. 

Chestnut and olive never warp; larch 
is most apt to warp. 

For posts the best woods are yew, oak, 
and larch ; one of the worst is chestnut. 
For picture-frames, maple, pear, oak, and 
cherry are excellent. 

Fleas dislike alder, cedar, myrtle, and 
yew ; hares and rabbits never injure lime 
bark ; moths and spiders avoid cedar ; 
worms never attack juniper. Beech and 
ash are very subject to attacks of insects. 
Beech is the favourite of dormice, acacia 
of nightingales. 

For binding faggots, the best woods 
are guelder rose, hazel, osier, willow, and 
mountain ash. 

Knives and all sorts of instruments 
may be sharpened on ivy roots, willow, 
and holly wood, as well as on a hone. 

Birdlime is made from holly and the 
guelder rose. 

Baskets are made of osier, willow, and 
other wicker and withy shoots ; besoms, 
of birch, tamarisk, heath, etc. ; hurdles, 
of hazel ; barrels and tubs, of chestnut 
and oak ; fishing-rods, of ash, hazel, and 
blackthorn ; gunstocks, of maple and 
walnut ; skewers, of elder and skewer 
wood ; the teeth of rakes, of blackthorn, 
ash, and the twigs called withy. 

The best woods for turnery are box, 
alder, beech, sycamore, and pear; for Tun- 
bridge ware, lime ; for wood carving, box, 
lime, and poplar; for clogs, willow, alder, 
and beech ; for oars, ash. 

Beech is called the cabinet-makers' wood ; 
oak and elm, the ship-builders' ; ash, the 
w },fl •J-wri<ih f *\ 

There are several beautiful lists of trees 
given by poets. For example, in Tasso, 
Jerusalem Delivered, iii., at the end, where 
men are sent to cut down trees for the 
funeral pile of Dudon. In Statius, The 
Thebaid, vi., where the felling of trees for 



the pile of the infant Archemorus is de- 
scribed. In Spenser, Faery Queen, I. i 
8, 9, where the Red Cross Knight and th( 
lady seek shelter during a storm, and 
much admire the forest trees. 

Trees of the Sun and Moon, 

oracular trees growing "at the extremity 
of India," mentioned in the Italian ro- 
mance of Guerino Meschinot. 

Tregeagle, the giant of Dosmary 
Pool, on Bodmin Downs (CornAvall). 
When the wintry winds blare over the 
downs, it is said to be the giant 

howling. 

Trelawny Ballad ( Tlie) is by the 
Rev. R. S. Hawker of Morwenstow. — 
Notes and Queries, 441 (June, 187G). 

Tremor (Sir Luke), a desperate 
coward, living in India, who made it a 
rule never to fight either in his own house, 
his neighbour's house, or in the street. 
This lily-livered desperado is everlastingly 
snubbing his wife. (See Tkippet, p. 
1034.) 

Lady Tremor, daughter of a grocer, and 
grandchild of a wig-maker. Very sensi- 
tive on the subject of her plebeian birth, 
and wanting to be thought a lady of high 
family. — Mrs. Inchbald, Such Things Are 
(1786). 

Tremydd ap Tremhidydd, the 

man with the keenest sight of all mortals. 
He could discern " a mote in the sunbeam 
in any of the four quarters of the world." 
Clustfein ap Clustfeinydd was no less cele- 
brated for his acuteness of hearing, "his 
ear being distressed by the movement of 
dew in June over a blade of grass." The 
meaning of these names is, "Sight the son 
of Seer," and " Ear the son of Hearer." — 
The Mabinogion (" Notes to Geraint," etc., 
twelfth century). 

Trenmor, great-grandfather of Fin- 
gal, and king of Morven (north-west of 
Scotland). His Avife was Inibaca, daugh- 
ter of the king of Lochlin or Denmark. — 
Ossian, Fingal, vi. 

In Temora, ii., he is called the first 
king of Ireland, and father of Conar. 

Trent, says Drayton, is the third 
in size of the rivers of England, the two 
larger being the Thames and the Severn. 
Arden being asked which of her rills she 
intended to be the chief, the wizard 
answered, the Trent, for trent means 
"thirty," and thirty rivers should con- 
tribute to its stream, thirty different sorts 



TRENT. 



1032 



TRIERMAIN. 



of fish should live in it, and thirty abbeys 
be built on its banks. 

... my name I take 
That thirty doth import ; thus thirty rivers make 
My gTeatness . . . thirty abbeys great 
Upon my fruitful banks times formerly did seat ; 
And thirty kinds of fish within my streams do live. 
To me this name of Trent did from that number give. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613), and xxvi. (1622). 

Trent {Fred), the scapegrace brother of 
little Nell. "He was a young man of 
one and twent} 7- ; well-made, and certainly 
handsome, but dissipated, and insolent in 
air and bearing." The mystery of Fred 
Trent and little Nell is cleared up in 
ch. lxix. — C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity 
Shop (1840). 

Tres (Scriptores) : Richardus Corin- 
ensis or Richard of Cirencester (fourteenth 
century) ; Gildas Badonicus ; and Nennius 
Banchorensis ; published by professor 
Bertram (1757). 

Tresham (Mr.), senior partner of 
Mr. Osbaldistone, senior. — Sir W. Scott, 
Hob Boy (time, George I.). 

Tresham (Richard), same as general 
Witherington, who first appears as 
Matthew Middlemas. 

Richard Tresham, the son of general 
Witherington. He is also called Richard 
Middlemas. — SirW. Scott, The Surgeon's 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Tres' ham (Thor old lord), head of a noble 
family, whose boast was that "no blot 
had ever stained their 'scutcheon," though 
the family ran back into pre-historic 
times. He was a young, unmarried man, 
with a sister Mildred, a girl of 14, living 
with him. His near neighbour, Henry 
earl of Mertoun, asked permission to pay 
his addresses to Mildred, and Thorold 
accepted the proposal with much pleasure. 
The old warrener next day told Thorold 
he had observed for several weeks that 
a young man climbed into Mildred's 
chamber at night-time, and he would 
have spoken before, but did not like to 
bring his young mistress* into trouble. 
Thorold wrung from his sister an acknow- 
ledgment of the fact, but she refused to 
give up the name, }-et said she was quite 
willing to marry the earl. This Thorold 
thought would be dishonourable, and re- 
solved to lie in wait for the unknoAvn 
visitor. On his approach, Thorold dis- 
covered it was the earl of Mertoun, and 
he slew him, then poisoned himself, and 
Mildred died of a broken heart. — Robert 
Browning, A Blot on the ''Scutcheon. 

Tressilian (Edmund), the betrothed 



of Amy Robsart. Amy marries the 
earl of Leicester, and is killed by falling 
into a deep pit, to which she had been 
scandalously inveigled. — Sir W. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Tre'visan (Sir), a knight to whom 
Despair gave a hempen rope, that he 
might go and hang himself. — Spenser, 
Faery Queen, i. (1590). 

Tribulation [Wholesome], a 
pastor of Amsterdam, who thinks " the 
end will sanctify the means," and uses 
"the children of perdition" to promote 
his own object, which he calls the " work 
of God." He is one of the dupes of 
Subtle " the alchemist " and his factotum 
Face. — Ben Jonson, The Alchemist (1610). 

Tribune of the People (The), 
John Bright (1811- ). 

Tricolour, the national badge of 
France since 1789. It consists of the 
Bourbon white cockade, and the blue and 
red cockade of the city of Paris combined. 
It was Lafayette who devised this sym- 
bolical union of king and people, and 
when he presented it to the nation, 
"Gentlemen," said he, "I bring you a 
cockade that shall make the tour of the 
world." (See Storneli,o Verses, p. 
948.) 

If you will wear a livery, let it at least be that of the city 
of Paris— blue and red, my friends. — Dumas, Six Tear* 
Afterward*, xv. (1846). 

Tricoteuses de Robespierre 

(Les), femmes qui asslstaient en tricotant 
aux se'ances de la Convention, des clubs 
populaires, etdu tribunal re'volutionnaire. 
Encourage'es par la commune, elles se 
porte'rent a de tels exce's qu'on les 
surnomma les Furies de la guillotine. 
Elles disparurent avec la societe' des 
Jacobins. — Bouillet, Diet. Universel. 

Trier main (The Bridal of), a poem 
by sir Walter Scott, in four cantos, with 
introduction and conclusion (1813). In 
the introduction, Arthur is represented as 
the person who tells the tale to Lucy, his 
bride. Gyneth, a natural daughter of 
king Arthur and GuendSlen, was pro- 
mised in marriage to the bravest knight 
in a tournament; but she suffered so many 
combatants to fall without dropping the 
warder, that Merlin threw her into an 
enchanted sleep, from which she was not 
to wake till a knight as brave as those 
who had fallen claimed her in marriage. 
After the lapse of 500 years, sir Roland 
de Vaux, baron of Triennaiu, undertook 



TRIFALDI. 



1033 



TRIP TO SCARBOROUGH. 



to break the spell, but had first to over- 
come four temptations, viz., fear, avarice, 
pleasure, and ambition. Having come 
off more than conqueror, Gyneth awoke, 
and became his bride. 

Trifal'di (The countess), called " The 
Afflicted Duenna" of the princess Anto- 
nomasia (heiress to the throne of Candaya). 
She was called Trifaldi from her robe, 
which was divided into three triangles, 
each of which was supported by a page. 
The face of this duenna was, by the 
enchantment of the giant Malambru'no, 
covered with a large, rough beard, but 
when don Quixote mounted Clavileno 
the Winged, "the enchantment was 
dissolved." 

The renowned knight don Quixote de la Mancha hath 
achieved the adventure merely by attempting it. Malam- 
bnmo is appeased, and the chin of the Dolorida ducna is 
again beardless. — Cervantes, Don (Quixote, II. iii. 4 5 (1615). 

Trifal'din of the "Bushy Beard" 
(white as snow), the gigantic 'squire of 
"The Afflicted Duenna" the countess 
Trifaldi. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 
4 (1615). 

Trifle (Hiss Penelope), an old maiden 
sister of sir Penurious Trifle. Stiff as a 
ramrod, prim as fine airs and graces 
could make her, fond of long words, and 
delighting in phrases modelled in true 
Johnsonian ponderosity. 

Trifle (31iss Sukey), daughter of sir 
Penurious, tricked into marriage with 
Mr. Hartop, a young spendthrift, who fell 
iu love with her fortune. 

%* Sir Penurious Trifle is not intro- 
duced, but Hartop assumes his character, 
and makes him fond of telling stale and 
pointless stories. He addresses sir Gre- 
gory as "you knight." — Foote, The 
Knights (1754). 

Trim (Corporal), uncle Toby's 
orderly. Faithful, simple-minded, and 
most affectionate. Voluble in speech, 
but most respectful. Half companion, 
but never forgetting he is his master's 
servant. Trim is the duplicate of uncle 
Toby in delf. The latter at all times 
shows himself the officer and the gentle- 
man, born to command and used to 
obedience, while the former alwa} T s 
carries traces of the drill-yard, and shows 
that he has been accustomed to receive 
orders with deference, and to execute 
them with military precision. It is a 
great compliment to say that the corporal 
was worthy such a noble master. — Sterne, 
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy 
(1759). 



Trim, instead of being the opposite, is . . . the dupli- 
cate of uncle Toby ... yet ... is the character of tho 
common soldier nicely discriminated from that <>f the 
officer. His whole carriage Itt-ar* traces of the drill-yard, 
which are wanting in the superior. Under the name of 
a servant, he i< in reality a companion, and a delightful 
mixture of familiarity . . . and respect. ... It is enough 
tn say that Trim was worthy to walk behind his master.— 
Elwin, ed. of the quarterly Review (1853-60). 

Trimalchi, a celebrated cook in the 
reign of Nero, mentioned by Petronius. 
He had the art of giving to the most 
common fish the flavour and appearance 
of the most highly esteemed. Like Ude, 
he said that " sauces are the soul of 
cookery, and cookery the soul of festivity," 
or, as the cat's-meat man observed, " 'tis 
the seasonin' as does it." 

Trinacria. Sicily is so called from 
its three promontories (Greek, tria akra) : 
(1) Tc/o'rus (Capo di Faro), in the north, 
called Faro from the pharos ; (2) Pachy'- 
nns (Capo di Passaro), in the south ; (3) 
Lilybce'uia (Capo di Marsella or Capo di 
Boco), in the west. 

Our ship 
Had left behind Trinacria's burning isle, 
And visited the margin of the Nile. 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, i. (1762) 

Trin'culo, a jester. — Shakespeare, 
The Tempest (1609). 

A miscarriage . . . would (like the loss of Trinculo's 
bottle in the horse-pond) be attended not only with 
dishonour but with infinite loss. — Sir W. Scott. 

Trin'ket (Lord), a man of fashion 
and a libertine. 

He is just polite enough to be able to be very un- 
mannerly, with a great deal of good breeding ; is just 
handsome enough to make him excessively vain of his 
person ; and has just reflection enough to finish him for 
a coxcomb ; qualifications . . . very common among . . . 
men of quality.— G. Coknan. The Jealous Wife, ii. 3 
(1761). 

Tri'notaants, people of Trinoban'- 
tium, that is, Middlesex and Essex. 
Their chief town was Tri'novant, now 
London. 

So eastward where by Thames the Trinobants were set. 
To Trinovant their town . . . That London now we 

term . . . 
The Saxons . . . their east kingdom called [Essex\ 

Drayton", Polyo/bion, xvi. (1613). 



Tri'novant, London, the chief town 
of the Trinobantes ; called in fable, 
" Troja Nova." (See Troyxovaxt.) 

Trinquet, one of the seven attendants 
of Fortunio. His gift was that he could 
drink a river and be thirsty again. " Are 
you always thirsty ? " asked Fortunio. 
"No," said the man, " only after eating 
salt meat, or upon a wager." — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 
1682). 

Trip to Scarborough (4), a 



TRIPE. 



1034 



TRISTRAM. 



comedy by Sheridan (1777), based on 
The Relapse, by Vanbrugh (1697). Lord 
Foppington goes to Scarborough to 
marry Miss Hoyden, daughter of sir 
Tunbelly Clumsy, but his lordship is not 
known personally to the knight and his 
daughter. Tom Fashion, younger brother 
of lord Foppington, having been meanly 
treated by hia elder brother, resolves to 
outwit him ; so, passing himself off as lord 
Foppington, he gets introduced to sir 
Tunbelly, and marries Miss Hoyden before 
the rightful claimant appears. "When at 
length lord Foppington arrives, he is 
treated as an impostor, till Tom Fashion 
explains the ruse. As his lordship 
behaves contumeliously to the knight, 
matters are easily arranged, lord Fop- 
pington retires, and sir Tunbelly accepts 
Tom Fashion as his son-in-law with 
good grace. 

Tripe (1 syl.), the nickname of Mrs. 
Hamilton, of Covent Garden Theatre 
(1730-1788). 

Mrs. Hamilton, being hissed, came forward and said, 
"Gemnien and ladies, I suppose as how you hiss me 
because I did not play at Mrs. Bellamy's benefit I would 
have done so, but she said as how my audience were all 
tripe people." When the fair speech ifier got thus far, the 
pit roared out, " Well said, Tripe 1 " a title she retained 
till she quitted the theatre.— Memoir of Mrs. Hamilton 
(1803). 

Triple Alliance (The). 

1. A treaty between Great Britain, 
Sweden, and the United Provinces, in 
1G68, for the purpose of checking the 
ambition of Louis XIV. 

2. A treaty between George I. of 
England, Philip duke of Orleans regent 
of France, and the United Provinces, for 
the purpose of counteracting the plans of 
Alberoni the Spanish minister, 1717. 

Trippet (Beau), who " pawned his 
honour to Mrs. Trippet never to draw 
sword in any cause," whatever might be 
the provocation. (See Tremor, p. 1031.) 

Mrs. Trippet, the beau's wife, who 
" would dance for four and twenty hours 
together," and play cards for twice that 
length of time. — Garrick, The Lying 
Valet (1740). 

Tripping as an Omen. 

When Julius Caesar landed at Adrume- 
tum, in Africa, he happened to trip and 
fall on his face. This would have been 
considered a fatal omen by his arm} r , 
but, with admirable presence of mind, he 
exclaimed, "Thus take I possession of 
thee, O Africa ! " 

A similar story is told of Scipio. 
Upon his arrival in Africa, he also 



happened to trip, and, observing that 
his soldiers looked upon this as a bad 
omen, he clutched the earth with his 
two hands, and cried aloud, "Now, 
Africa, I hold thee in my grasp ! " — Don 
Quixote, II. iv. 6. 

When William the Conqueror leaped 
on shore at Bulverhythe, he fell on his 
face, and a great cry went forth that the 
omen was unlucky ; but the duke ex- 
claimed, " I take seisin of this land with 
both my hands ! " 

The same story is told of Napoleon 
in Egypt ; of king Olaf, son of Harald, 
in Norway ; of Junius Brutus, who, 
returning from the oracle, fell on the 
earth, and cried, " 'Tis thus I kiss thee, 
mother Earth ! " 

When captain Jean Cceurpreux tripped 
in dancing at the Tuileries, Napoleon III. 
held out his hand to help him up, and 
said, "Captain, this is the second time 
I have seen you fall. The first was by 
my side in the field of Magenta." Then 
turning to the lady he added, "Madam, 
captain Cceurpreux is henceforth com- 
mandant of my Guides, and will never 
fall in duty or allegiance, I am persuaded." 

Trismegistus ("thrice greatest"), 
Hermes the Egyptian philosopher, oi 
Thoth councillor of Osiris. He invented 
the art of writing in hieroglyphics, 
harmony, astrology, magic, the lute and 
lyre, and many other things. 

Tris'sotin, a bel esprit. Philaminte 
(3 syl.), a femme savante, wishes him to 
marry her daughter Henriette, but Hen- 
riette is in love with Clitandre. The 
difficulty is soon solved by the announce- 
ment that Henrietta's father is on the 
verge of bankruptcy, whereupon Trissotin 
makes his bow and retires. — Moliere, 
Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 

Trissotin is meant for the abbe' Crotin, 
who affected to be poet, gallant, and 
preacher. His dramatic name was " Tri- 
cotin." 

Tristram (Sir), son of sir Meliodas 
king of Li'onCs and Elizabeth his wife 
(daughter of sir Mark king of Cornwall). 
He was called Tristram ("sorrowful"), 
because his mother died in giving him 
birth. His father also diod when Tris- 
tram was a mere lad (pt. ii. 1). He was 
knighted by his uncle Mark (pt. ii. 5), and 
married Isond le Blanch Mains, daughter 
of Howell king of Britain (Brittany) ; 
but he never loved her, nor would he 
live with her. His whole love was cen- 
tred on his aunt, La Belle Isond, wife 



TRISTRAM'S BOOK. 



1035 



TRIUMVIRATE. 



of king Mark, and this unhappy attach- 
ment was the cause of numberless 
troubles, and ultimately of his death. 
La Belle Isond, however, was quite as 
culpable as the knight, for she herself 
told him, " My measure of hate for Mark 
is as the measure of my love for thee ; " 
and when she found that her husband 
would not allow sir Tristram to remain 
at Tintag'il Castle, she eloped with him, 
and lived three years at Joyous Guard, 
near Carlisle. At length she returned 
home, and sir Tristram followed her. 
His death is variously related. Thus the 
History of. Prince Arthur says : 

When by means of a treaty sir Tristram brought again 
La Beale lxjnd unto king Mark from Joyous Guard, the 
false traitor king Mark slew the noble knight as he sat 
harping before his lady. La Beale Isond, with a sharp- 
ground glaive, which he thrust into him from behind 
his back.— PL iii. 147 (1470). 

Tennyson gives the tale thus : He says 
that sir Tristram, dallying with his aunt, 
hung a ruby carcanet round her throat ; 
and, as he kissed her neck : 

Out of the dark, just as the lips had touched. 
Behind him rose a shadow and a shriek — 
"Mark's way : " said Mark, and clove him thro' the brain. 
Tennyson, Idylls (" The Last Tournament"). 

Another tale is this : Sir Tristram was 
severely wounded in Brittany, and sent 
a dying request to his aunt to come and 
see him. If she consented, a white flag 
was to be hoisted on the mast-head of her 
ship ; if not, a black one. His wife told 
him the ship was in sight, displaying a 
black flag, at which words the strong 
man bowed his head and died. When 
his aunt came ashore and heard of his 
death, she flung herself on the body, 
and died also. The two were buried in 
one grave, and Mark planted over it a 
rose and a vine, which became so inter- 
woven it was not possible to separate 
them. 

*** Sir Launcelot, sir Tristram, and 
sir Lamorake were the three bravest and 
best of the 150 knights of the Round 
Table, but were all equally guilty in 
their amours : Sir Launcelot with the 
queen ; sir Tristram with his aunt, king 
Mark's wife ; and sir Lamorake with his 
aunt, king Lot's wife. 

Tristram's Book (Sir). Any book 
of venery, hunting, or hawking is so 
called. 

Tristram began good measures of blowing good blasts 
of venery, and of chace, and of all manner of vermin. 
All these terms have we still of hawking and hunting, 
and therefore a book of venery ... is called The Book 
of Sir 7 ristram.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, ii. 3 (1470). 

Sir Tristram's Horse, Passetreul or 



Pa.xse Brewcll. It is called both, but 
one seems to be a clerical error. 

(Passe Brewell is in sir T. Malory's 
History of Prince Arthur, ii. 68.) 

History of Sir Tristram or Tristan. 
The oldest story is by Gotfrit of Stras- 
bourg, a minnesinger (twelfth century), 
entitled Tristan and Isolde. It was con- 
tinued by Ulrica of Turheim, by Hein- 
rich of Freyburg, and others, to the 
extent of many thousand verses. The 
tale of sir Tristram, derived from Welsh 
traditions, was versified by Thomas the 
Rhymer of Erceldoune. 

The second part of the History of 
Prince Arthur, compiled by sir T. 
Malory, is almost exclusively confined 
to the adventures of sir Tristram, as the 
third part is to the adventures of sir 
Launcelot and the quest of the holy 
graal (1470). 

Matthew Arnold has a poem entitled 
Tristram ; and R. Wagner, in 1865, pro- 
duced his opera of Tristan and Isolde. 

See Michel, Tristan ; Recueil de ce qui 
reste des Poemes relatifs a ses Aventures 
(1835). 

Tristrem FHermite, provost-mar- 
shal of France in the reign of Louis XI. 
Introduced by sir W. Scott in Quentin 
Durward (1823) and in Anne of Geierstein 
(1829). 

Tritheim (/.), chronicler and theo- 
logian of Treves, elected abbot of Span- 
heim at the age of 22 years. He tried 
to reform the monks, but produced a 
revolt, and resigned his office. He was 
then appointed abbot of Wiirzburg (1462- 
1516). 

Old Tritheim, busied with his class the while. 

K. Browning, Paracelsus, L (1836). 

Triton, the sea-trumpeter. He 
blows through a shell to rouse or allay 
the sea. A post-Hesiodic fable. 

Have sight of Proteus coming from the sea, 
Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn. 

Wordsworth. 

Trito'nia's Sacred Pane, the 

temple of Minerva, which once crowned 
"the marble steep of Sunium " or Co- 
lonna, the most southern point of Attica. 

There [on cape Colonna], reared by fair devotion to 

sustain 
In elder times Tritonia's sacred fane. 

Falconer, The Shipwreck, iiL 5 (1762). 

Triumvirate {Tlie) in English 
history : The duke of Marlborough con- 
trolling foreign affairs, lord Godolphin 
controlling council and parliament, and 
the duchess of Marlborough controlling 
the court and queen. 



TRIUMVIRATE OF ENGLAND. 1036 



TROJAN. 



Triumvirate of England {The) : 
Gower, Chaucer, and Lydgate, poets. 

Triumvirate of Italian Poets 

{The) : Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch. 
Boccaccio wrote poetry, without doubt, 
but is now chiefly known as " The Father 
of Italian Prose." These three are more 
correctly called the " Trecentisti" (q.v.). 

Triv'ia, Diana ; so called because 
she had three faces, Luna in heaven, 
Diana on earth, and Hecate in hell. 

The noble Brutus went wise Trivia to inquire, 
To show them where the stock of ancient Troy to place. 
M. Drayton, Pohjolbion, L (1612). 

Gay has a poem in three books, called 
Trivia or the Art of Walking the Streets 
of London. The first book describes the 
"implements for walking and the signs 
of the weather." The second book de- 
scribes the difficulties, etc., of "walking 
by day ; " and the third, the dangers of 
" walking by night" (1712). 

* + * " Trivium " has quite another mean- 
ing, being an old theological term for the 
three elementary subjects of education, 
viz., grammar, rhetoric, and logic. The 
" quadrivium " embraced music, arith- 
metic, geometry, and astronomy, and the 
two together were called the seven arts 
or sciences. 

Troglodytes (3 or 4 syl.). Accord- 
ing to Pliny (Nat. Hist., v. 8), the Trog- 
lodytes lived in caves under ground, and 
fed on serpents. In modern parlance we 
call those who live so secluded as not to 
be informed of the current events of the 
day, troglodytes. Longfellow calls ants 
by the same name. 

[Thou the] nomadic tribes of ants 

Dost persecute and overwhelm 

These hapless troglodytes of thy realm. 

Longfellow, To a Child. 

Troglody'tes (4 syl.), one of the mouse 
heroes in the battle of the frogs and 
mice. He slew Pelion, and was slain by 
Lymnoc'haris. 

The strong Lymnocharis, who viewed with ire 
A victor triumph and a friend expire ; 
With heaving arms a rocky fragment caught, 
And fiercely flung where Troglodytes fought . . . 
Full on his sinewy neck the fragment fell, 
And o'er his eyelids clouds eternal dwell. 
Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice (about 1712). 

Troil (Magnus), the old udaller of 
Zetland. 

Brenda Troil, the udaller's younger 
daughter. She marries Mordaunt Mer- 
toun. 

Minna Troil, the udaller's elder daugh- 
ter. In love with the pirate. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.). 



(A udaller is one who holds his lands 
by allodial tenure.) 

Tro'ilus (3 syl.), a son of Priam 
king of Troy. In the picture described 
by Virgil (JEneid, i. 474-478), he is repre- 
sented as having thrown down his arms 
and fleeing in his chariot " impar con- 
gressus Achilli ; " he is pierced with a 
lance, and, having fallen backwards, 
still holding the reins, the lance with 
which he is transfixed "scratches the 
sand over which it trails." 

Chaucer in his Troilus and Creseide, 
and Shakespeare in his drama of Troilus 
and Cressida, follow Lollius, an old 
Lombard romancer, historiographer of 
Urbi'no, in Italy. Lollius's tale, wholly 
unknown in classic fiction, is that Troilus 
falls in love with Cressid daughter of the 
priest Chalchas, and Pandarus is em- 
ployed as a go-between. After Troilus 
has obtained a promise of marriage from 
the priest's daughter, an exchange of 
prisoners is arranged, and Cressid, falling 
to the lot of Diomed, prefers her new 
master to her Trojan lover. 

Chaucer's Troilus and Creseide is not 
one of the Canterbury Tales, but quite 
an independent one in five books. It 
contains 8246 lines, nearly 3000 of which 
are borrowed from the Filostrato of 
Boccaccio. 

Trois Chapitres (Les) or The 
Three Chapters, three theological 
works on the " Incarnation of Christ and 
His dual nature." The authors of these 
"chapters" are Theodore of Mopsuestia, 
Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and Ibas of Edessa. 
The work was condemned in 553 as here- 
tical. 

Trois Ecnelles, executioner. — Sir 
W. Scott, Quentin Duruard and Anne of 
Geter stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Trois Eveches (Les) or The 
Three Bishoprics, Metz, Toul, and 
Verdun. They for a long time belonged 
to Germany, but in 1552 were united to 
France ; in 1871 Metz was restored to 
the German empire. 

Trojan, a good boon companion, a 
plucky fellow or man of spirit. Gads- 
hill says, " There are other Trojans [men 
of spirit] that . . . for sport sake are 
content to do the profession [of thteviwj] 
some grace." So in Love's Labour's Lost, 
"Unless you play the honest Trojan, 
the poor "wench is cast away" (unless 
you are a man of sufficient spirit to Let 
honestly, the girl is ruined). 



TROMATHON. 



1037 



TROUILLOGAN. 



" He's a regular Trojan," means he is 
un brave homme, a capital fellow. 

Trom'athon, a desert island, one of 
the Orkney group. — Ossian, Oithona. 

Trompart, a lazy but wily-witted 
knave, grown old in cunning. He ac- 
companies Brfiggadoccio as his 'squire 
(bk. ii. 3), but took to his heels when 
Talus shaved the master, "reft his 
shield," blotted out his arms, and broke 
his sword in twain. Being overtaken, 
Talus gave him a sound drubbing (bk. v. 
3). — Spenser, Faery Queen (159U-6J. 

Trondjem's Cattle {Remember the 
bishop o/), i.e. look sharp after your 
property ; take heed, or you will suffer 
for it. The story is, a certain bishop of 
Trondjem [Tron'.yem] lost his cattle by 
the herdsman taking his eye off them to 
look at an elk. Now, this elk was a spirit, 
and when the herdsman looked at the 
cattle again they were no bigger than 
mice ; again he turned towards the elk, 
in order to understand the mystery, and, 
while he did so, the cattle all vanished 
through a crevice into the earth. — Miss 
Martineau, Feats on the Fiord (1839). 

Tropho'nios, the architect of the 
temple of Apollo, at Delphi. After 
death, he was worshipped, and had a 
famous cave near Lebadia, called "The 
Oracle of Trophonios." 

The mouth of this cave was three yards high and two 
wide. Those who consulted the oracle had to fast 
several days, and then to descend a steep ladder till they 
reached a narrow gullet. They were then seized by the 
feet, and dragged violently to the bottom of the cave, 
where they were assailed by the most unearthly noises, 
howlings, shrieks, bellowings. with lurid lights and 
sudden glares, in the midst of which uproar and phan- 
tasmagoria the oracle was pronounced. The votaries were 
then seized unexpectedly by the feet, and thrust out of the 
cave without ceremony. If any re^sted, or attempted to 
enter in any other way, he was instantly murdered. — 
Plutarch, Lives. 

Trotley (Sir John), an old-fashioned 
country gentleman, who actually prefers 
the obsolete English notions of domestic 
life, fidelity to wives and husbands, 
modesty in maids, and constancy in 
lovers, to the foreign free and easy 
manners which allow married people 
unlimited freedom, and consider licen- 
tiousness bon ton. — Garrick, Bon Ton 
(1776). (See Priory, p. 793.) 

Trotter (Job), servant to Alfred 
Jingle. A sly, canting rascal, who has 
at least the virtue of fidelity to his 
master. Mr. Pickwick's generosity 
touches his heart, and he shows a sincere 
"gratitude to his benefactor. — C. Dickens, 
Tlce Pickwick Papers (1836). 



Trotter (Xdhj), fishwoman at old St. 
Konan's. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ronans Well 
(time, George III.). 

Trotters, the Punch and Judy show- 
man ; a little, good-natured, unsuspicious 
man, very unlike his misanthropic com- 
panion, Thomas Codlin, who played the 
panpipes and collected the money. 

His real name was Harris, but it had gradually 
merged into Trotters, with Uie prefatory adjective 
"Short." by reason of the small size of his legs. Short 
Button, however, being a com|>ound name, incon- 
venient in friend!) dialogue, he was called either Trotters 
or Short, and never Short Trotters, except on occasions 
of cereuionv. — C. Ditkens, The Old Curiotity Shojj, xvii. 
(1S4H). 

Trotty, the sobriquet of Toby Veck, 
ticket-porter and jobman. 

They called him Trotty from his pace, which meant 
speed, if it didn't make it. He could have walked 
fcister, perhaps ; most likely ; but rob him of his trot, 
and Toby would have taken to his bed and died. It 
l>esi.attered him with mud in dirty weather ; it cost him 
a world of trouble ; be could have walked with infinitely 
greater ease ; but that was one reason for his clinging to 
his trot so tenaciously. A weak, small, spare old man ; 
he was a very Hercules, this Toby, in his good inten- 
tions.— C. Dickens, The Chime*, i. (1844). 

Trotwood (Betsey), usually called 
"Miss Betsey," great-aunt of David 
Copperfield. Her idiosyncrasy was don- 
keys. A dozen times a day would she 
rush on the green before her house to 
drive off the donkeys and donkey-boys. 
She was a most kind-hearted, worthy 
woman, who concealed her tenderness of 
heart under a snappish austerity of 
manner. Miss Betsey was the true friend 
of David Copperfield. She married in 
her young days a handsome man, who 
ill-used her and ran away, but preyed on 
her for money till he died. — C. Dickens, 
David Copperfield (1849). 

Trouillogan, a philosopher, whose 
advice was, "Do as you like." Panurge 
asked the sage if he advised him to 
marry. "Yes," said Trouillogan. "What 
say you?" asked the prince. "Let it 
alone," replied the sage. " Which would 
you advise ? " inquired the prince. 
"Neither," said the sage. "Neither?" 
cried Panurge; "that cannot be." 
"Then both," replied Trouillogan. 
Panurge then consulted several others, 
and at last the oracle of the Holy 
Bottle. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, iii. 6b 
(1545). 

Moliere has introduced this joke in his 
JIariage Force' (1664). Sganarelle asks 
his friend Ge'ronimo if he would advise 
him to marry, and he answers, " No." 
'J But," says the old man, "I like the 
young woman." " Then marry her by 
all means." "That is your advice?" 
| says Sganarelle. " My advice is do as 



TROVATORE. 



1038 



TRUNNION. 



yon like." says the friend. Sganarelle 
next consults two philosophers, then 
some gipsies, theD declines to marry, 
and is at last compelled to do so, nolens 
volens. 

Trovato're (4 syl.) or " The Trou- 
badour " is Manri'co, the supposed son of 
Azuce'na the gipsy, but in reality the 
son of Garzia (brother of the conte di 
Luna). The princess Leono'ra falls in 
love with the troubadour, but the count, 
entertaining a base passion for her, is 
about to put Manrico to death, when 
Leonora intercedes on his behalf, and 
promises to give herself to him if he will 
spare her lover. The count consents; 
but while he goes to release his captive, 
Leonora kills herself by sucking poison 
from a ring. When Manrico discovers 
this sad calamity, he dies also. — Verdi, 
11 Trovatore (1853). 

(This opera is based on the drama of 
Gargia Guttierez, a fifteenth century 
story.) 

Troxartas (3 syl.), king of the mice 
and father of Psycarpax who was 
drowned. The word means " bread- 
eater." 

Fix their counsel . . . 
Where great Troxartas crowned in glory reigns . . . 
Psycarpax' father, father now no more ! 
Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Alice, i. (about 1712). 

Troy's Six G-ates were (according 
to Theobald) Dardan, Thymbria, Ilia, 
Scaea, Trojan, and Antenoridcs. 

Priam's six-gated city : 
Dardan, ana Tymbria, Helias, Chetas, Troien, 
And Antenoridcs. 

Shakespeare, Troilut and Cre&sida (prol., 1602). 

His cyte compassed enuyrowne 

Hadde gates VI. to entre into the towne. 

The firste of all . . . was . . . called DardanydSs ; 

. . . Tymbria was named the seconde ; 

And the thyrde oalled Helyas ; 

The fourthe gate hyghte also Cetheas ; 

The fyfthe Trojana ; syxth Anthonydfis. 

Lydgate, Troy Roke (1513). 

Troy'novant or New Troy, Lon- 
don. This blunder arose from a con- 
fusion of the old British tri-nouhant, 
meaning " new town," with Troy novant, 
"new Troy." This blunder gave rise to 
the historic fable about Brute, a descend- 
ant of ^ne'as, colonizing the island. 

For noble Britons sprong from Trojans bold, 
And Troy-novant was built of old Troyes ashes cold. 
Spenser, Faery yueen, iii. 3 (1590). 

Trudge, in Love in a Bottle, by Far- 
quhar (IMS). 

True Thomas, Thomas the Rhymer. 
So called from his prophecies, the most 
noted of which was his prediction of the 
death of Alexander III. of Scotland, 



made to the earl of March. It is re- 
corded in the Scotichronicon of Fordun 
(1430). 

Trueworth, brother of Lydia, and 
friend of sir William Fondlove. — S. 
Knowles, The Love-Chase (1837). 

Trull {Dolly). Captain Macheath 
says of her, " She is always so taken up 
with stealing hearts, that she does not 
allow herself time to steal anything 
else" (act ii. 1). — Gay, The Beggar's 
Opera (1727). 

Trulla, the daughter of James 
Spencer, a quaker. She was first dis- 
honoured by her father, and then by 
Simeon Wait (or Magna'no) the tinker. 

He Trtilla loved, Trulla more: bright 
Than burnished armour of her knight , 
A bold virago, stout and tall 
As Joan of France or English Mall. 

S. Butler, Budibras, i. 2 (1663). 

Trulliber (Parson), a fat clergy- 
man ; ignorant, selfish, and slothful.— 
Fielding, The Adventures of Joseph 
Andrews (1742). 

Parson Barnabas, Parson Trulliber, sir Wilful Wit- 
would, sir Francis Wronghead, squire Western, squire 
Sullen ; such were the people who composed the main 
strength of the tory party for sixty years after the Revo- 
lution. — Macaulay. 

*** "Sir Wilful Witwould," in The 
Way of the World, by Congreve ; "sir 
Francis Wronghead," in The Provoked 
Husband, by C. Cibber ; "squire Western," 
in Tom Jones, by Fielding ; " squire 
Sullen," in The Beaux' Stratagem, by 
Farquhar. 

Trunnion (Commodore Hawser), a 
one-eyed naval veteran, who has retired 
from the service in consequence of in- 
juries received in engagements ; but he 
still keeps garrison in his own house, 
which is defended with drawbridge and 
ditch. He sleeps in a hammock, and 
makes his servants sleep in hammocks, 
as on board ship, takes his turn on 
watch, and indulges his naval tastes in 
various other ways. Lieutenant Jack 
Hatchway is his companion. When he 
went to be married, he rode on a hunter 
which he steered like a ship, according 
to the compass, tacking about, that he 
might not " go right in the wind's eye." 
— T. Smollett, The Adventures of Pere- 
grine Pickle (1750). 

It is vain to criticize the manoeuvre of Trunnion, tacking 
his way to church ou his wedding day, in consequence of 
a head' wind.— Encyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 

%* Dickens has imitated this in Wem- 
mick's house, which had flag and draw- 
bridge, fortress and gun in miniature ; 



TRUSTY. 



1039 



TULKINGHORN. 



but the conceit is more suited to "a 
naval veteran" than a lawyer's clerk. 
(See Wemmick.) 

Trusty (Mrs.), landlady of the 
Queen's Anus, Romford. Motherly, 
most kind-hearted, a capital caterer, 
whose ale was noted. Bess " the beg- 
gar's daughter" took refuge with her, and 
was most kindly treated. Mrs. Trusty 
wished her son* Ralph to take Bess to 
wife, but Bess had given her heart to 
Wilford, the son of lord Woodville, her 
cousin. — S. Knowles, The Beggar of 
Bethnal Green (1834). 

Truth in a "Well. Cicero says, 
" Naturam accusa, quae in prof undo 
veritatem, ut ait Democritus, penitus 
abstruseris." — Academics, i. 10. 

Cleanthes is also credited with the 
phrase. 

Try amour (Sir), the hero of an old 
metrical novel, and the model of all 
knightly virtues. 

Try 'anon, daughter of the fairy 
king who lived on the island of Ole'ron. 
" She was as white as a lily in May, or 
snow that snoweth on winter's da}'," and 
her "haire shone as golde wire." This 
paragon of beauty married sir Launfal, 
king Arthur's steward, whom she carried 
off to "Oliroun, her jolif isle." — Thomas 
Chestre, Sir Launfal (fifteenth century). 

Trygon, a poisonous fish. Ulysses 
was accidentally killed by his son Tele- 
gbnos with an arrow pointed with 
trygon-bone. 

The lord of Ithaca. 
Struck by the poisonous trygon's bone, expired. 
West, Triumphs of the Gout (" lucian," 1750). 

Tryphon, the sea-god's physician. 

They send in haste for Tryphon, to apply 
Salves to his wounds, and medicines of might : 
For Tryphou of sea-gods the sovereign leech is bight. 
Spenser, faery Queen, iii. 4 (1590). 

Tubal, a wealth}' Jew, the friend of 
Shylock. — Shakespeare, The Merchant of 
Venice (a drama, 1598). 

Tuck, a long, narrow sword (Gaelic 
tuca, Welsh tuca, Italian stocco, French 
estoc). In Hamlet the word "tuck" is 
erroneously printed stuck in Malone's 
edition. 

If he by chance escape your venomed tuck, 
Our purpose may hold there. 

Shakespeare, Hamlet, act iv. sc. 7. 

Tuck (Friar), the "curtal friar of 
Fountain's Abbey," was the father con- 
fessor of Rohin Hood. He is represented 
-us a sleek-headed, pudgy, paunchy, pug- 



nacious clerical Falstaff, very fat and 
self-indulgent, very humorous, and some- 
what coarse. His dress was a russet 
habit of the Franciscan order, a red 
corded girdle with gold tassel, red stock- 
ings, and a wallet. 

Sir Walter Scott, in his Ivanhoe, calls 
him the holy clerk of Copmanhurst, and 
describes him as a " large, strong-built 
man in a sackcloth gown and hood, girt 
with a rope of rushes." He had a round, 
bullet head, and his close-shaven crown 
was edged with thick, stiff, curly black 
hair. His countenance was bluff and 
jovial, eyebrows black and bushy, fore- 
head well-turned, cheeks round and 
ruddy, beard long, curly, and black, 
form brawny (ch. xv.). 

In the May-day morris-dance, the friar 
is introduced in full clerical tonsure, with 
the chaplet of white and red beads in his 
right hand, a corded girdle about his 
waist, and a russet robe of the Francis- 
can order. His stockings red, his girdle 
red ornamented with gold twist and a 
golden tassel. At his girdle hung a 
wallet for the reception of provisions, 
for " Walleteers " had no other food but 
what they received from begging. Friar 
Tuck was chaplain to Robin Hood the 
May-king. (See Morris-Dance.) 

In this our spacious isle, I think there is not one 
But he hath heard some talk of Hood and Little John ; 
Of Tuck, the merry friar, which many a sermon made - 
In praise of Robin Hood, his outlaws, and their trade. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxvi. (1622). 

Tud (Morgan), chief physician of king 
Arthur. — The Mabinogion (" Geraint," 
twelfth century). 

Tug (Tom), the waterman, a straight- 
forward, honest young man, who loves 
Wilelmi'na the daughter of Mr. and 
Mrs. Bundle, and when he won the 
waterman's badge in rowing, he won the 
consent of " the gardener's daughter" to 
become his loving and faithful wife. — C. 
Dibdin, The Waterman (1774). 

Tukely, the lover of Sophia. As 
Sophia has a partiality to the Hon. Mr. 
Daffodil, " the male coquette," Tukely 
dresses in woman's clothes, makes an 
appointment with Daffodil, and gets him 
to slander Sophia and other ladies, con- 
cealed among the trees. The} 7 thus hear 
his slanders, and, presenting themselves 
before him, laugh him to scorn. — Garrick, . 
The Male Coquette (1758). 

Tulk'inghorn (Mr.), attorney-at- 
law and legal adviser of the Dedlocks. 
Very silent, and perfectly self-contained, 
butj knowing lady Dedlock's secret, he is 



TULLY. 



1040 



TURKOMANS. 



like the sword of Dam'ocles over her 
head, and she lives in ceaseless dread of 
him. — C. Dickens, Bleak House (1852). 

Tully, Marcus Tullius Cicero, the 
great Roman orator (b.c. 106-43). He 
was proscribed by Antony, one of the 
triumvirate, and his head and hands, being 
cut off, were nailed by the orders of 
Antony to the Rostra of Rome. 

Ye fond adorers of departed fame, 

Who warm at Scipio's worth or Tully's name. 

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

The Judas who betrayed Tully to the 
sicarii was a cobbler. The man who 
murdered him was named Herennius. 

Tun (The Heidelberg) or The Tun 
of Ekpach, a large butt, which holds 
four score hogsheads. 

Quid vetat Erpachium vas annumerare vetustia 

Mintclis ? Quo non vastius orbis habet ; 

Dixeris hoc recte Pelagus vinique paludem ; 

Nectare quse Bacchi nocte dieque fluit. 

Althamar. 
Of all earth's wonders, Erpaeh's monstrous tun 
I deem to be the most astounding one ; 
A. sea of wine 'twill hold. You say aright, 
A sea of nectar flows there day and night. 

E.C.B. 

*** The Cistertian tun, made by the 
order of St. Bernard, contained 300 hogs- 
heads. — Robert Cenault, De Vera Mensu- 
rarum Ponder umque Hatione (1547). 

The tun of Clervaux contained as many 
hogsheads as there are days in a year, — 
Furetiere, art. " Tonne." 

St. Benet's tun ("la sacre botte de St. 
Benoist"), still to be seen at the Benedic- 
tines of Bologna-on-the-Sea, is about the 
same size as that of Clervaux. — Menage, 
art. "Couteille." 

"I will drink," said the friar [John], "both to thee 
and to thy horse. ... 1 have already supped, yet will I 
eat never a whit the less for that, for I have a paved 
stomach as hollow as . . . St. Beliefs boot."— Rabelais, 
Uaryantua, i. 39 (1533). 

*** St. Benet's "boot" means St. 
Benet's botte or " butt," and to this Long- 
fellow refers in The Golden Legend, when 
he speaks of "the rascal [friar John] 
who drank wine out of a boot." 

Tungay, the one-legged man at 
Salem House. 

He generally acted, with his strong voice, as Mr. Creakle's 
interpreter to the boys.— C. Dickens, David Vojjjjerfie/d, 
vi.(1849). 

Tunstall (Frank), one of the appren- 
tices of David Ramsay, the watchmaker. 
—Sir W. Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel 
(time, James I.). 

Tupman (Tracy), M.P.C., a sleek, 
fat young man, of very amorous disposi- 
tion. He falls in love with every pretty 
giil he sees, and is consequently always 



getting into trouble. — C. Dickens, The 
Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Tura, a castle of Ulster. — Ossian, 

Fingal. 

Turbulent School of Fiction 
(The), a school of German romance 
writers, who returned to the feudal ages, 
and wrote between 1780 and 1800 in the 
style of Mrs. Radcliffe. The best known 
are Cramer, Spiers, Schlenkert, and Veit 
Weber. 

Turcaret, a comedy by Lesage 
(1708), in which the farmers-general of 
France are gibbeted unmercifully. He 
is a coarse, illiterate man, who has 
grown rich by his trade. Any one who 
has risen from nothing to great wealth, 
and has no merit beyond money-making, 
is called a Turcaret. 

Turcos, native Algerian infantry 
officered by Frenchmen. The cavalry 
are called Spahis. 

Turk Gregory, Gregory VII. (Hil- 
debrand) ; so called for his furious raid 
upon royal prerogatives, especially his 
contest with the emperor [of Germany] 
on the subject of investiture. In 1075 
he summoned the emperor Henry IV. to 
Rome ; the emperor refused to obey the 
summons, the pope excommunicated" him, 
and absolved all his subjects from their 
allegiance ; he next declared Henry de- 
throned, and elected a new kaiser, but 
Henry, finding resistance in vain, begged 
to be reconciled to the pope. He was now 
commanded, in the midst of a severe 
winter, to present himself, with Bertha 
his wife, and their infant son, at the 
castle of Canossa, in Lombardy ; and 
here they had to stand three days in the 
piercing cold before the pope would con- 
descend to see him, but at last the proud 
prelate removed the excommunication, 
and Henry was restored to his throne. 

Turkish Spy (The), Mahmut, who 
lived forty-five years undiscovered in 
Paris, unfolding the intrigues of the 
Christian courts, between 1637 and 1682. 
The author of this romance is Giovanni 
Paolo Mara'na, and he makes it the 
medium of an historical novel of the 
period (1684). 

%* Ward wrote an imitation of the 
book, which he called The London Spy. 

Turkomans, a corruption of Turk- 
imams (" Turks of the true faith "). The 
first chief of the Turks who embraced 
Islam called his people so to distinguish 



TURN THE TABLES. 



1041 



TURQUINE. 



them from the Turks who had not em- 
braced that faith. 

Turn the Tables, to rebut a charge 
by a counter-charge, so that the accused 
becomes in turn the accuser, and the 
blamed charges the blamcr. — See Dic- 
tionary of Phrase and Fable, 873. 

It enables 
A matron, who her husband's foiblo knows. 
By a few timely words to turn the tables. 

Byron, Don Juan, L 75. 

Turnabout (The), the Times news- 
paper. The editor, T. Barnes, was called 
" Mr. T. Bounce." 

Turnbull (Michael), the Douglas's 
dark huntsman. — Sir W. Scott, Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Turnbull (Mr. Thomas), also called 
" Tom Turnpenny," a canting smuggler 
and schoolmaster. — Sir W. Scott, Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Turnip-Hoer, George I. So called 
because, when he first came over to Eng- 
land, he proposed planting: St. James's 
Park with turnips (1660, 1714-1727). 

Turnpenny (Mr.), banker at March- 
thorn.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Turnpenny ( Tom), also called "Thomas 
Turnbull," a canting smuggler and school- 
master. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, 
George III.). 

Turntippit (Old lord), one of the 
privy council in the reign of William III. 
— Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor 
(1819). 

Turon, the son of Brute's sister, slew 
600 Aquitanians with his own hand in 
one single fight. 

Where Turon. . . . Brute's sister's reliant son, . . . 
Six hundred slew outright thro' his peculiar strength ; 
By multitudes of men, yet overpressed at length. 
His noble uncle there, to his immortal name 
The city Turoa [I'ours] built, and well endowed the same. 
Drayton, PoJyolbion. i. (1612). 

Turpin, a churlish knight, who re- 
fuses hospitality to sir Calepine and 
Serena, although solicited to do so by 
his wife Blanida (bk. vi. 3). Serena told 
prince Arthur of this discourtesy, and 
the prince, after chastising Turpin, dis- 
knighted him, and prohibited him from 
bearing arms ever after (bk. vi. 7). The 
disgraced churl now vowed revenge ; 
so oil he starts, and seeing two knights, 
complains to them of the wrongs done 
to himself and his dame by "a recreant 
knight," whom he points out to them. 
The two champions instantly challenge 



the prince " as a foul woman-wronger," 
and defy him to combat. One of the 
two champions is soon slain, and the other 
overthrown, but is spared on craving his 
life. The survivor now returns to Turpin 
to relate his misadventure, and when they 
reach the dead body see Arthur asleep. 
Turpin proposes to kill him, but Arthur 
starts up and hangs the rascal on a tree 
(bk. vi. 7). — Spenser, Faery Queen (1596). 

Turpin, " archbishop of Rheims," the 
hypothetical author of a Chronicle, pur- 
porting to be a history of Charlemagne's 
Spanish adventures in 777, by a con- 
temporar}'. This fiction was declared 
authentic and genuine by pope Calixtus 
II. in 1122, but it is now generally at- 
tributed to a canon of Barcelona in the 
eleventh century. 

The tale says that Charlemagne went, 
to Spain in 777, to defend one of his allies 
from the aggressions of a neighbouring 
prince. Having conquered Navarre and 
Aragon, he returned to France. He then 
crossed the Pyrenees, and invested Pam- 
peluna for three months, but without 
success. He tried the effect of prayer, 
and the walls, like those of Jericho, fell 
down of their own accord. Those Sara- 
cens who consented to be baptized, he 
spared, but the rest were put to the sword. 
Being master of Pampeiuna, the hero 
visited the sarcophagus of James ; and 
Turpin, who accompanied him, baptized 
most of the neighbourhood. Charle- 
magne then led back his army over the 
Pyrenees, the rear being under the com- 
mand of Roland. The main army reached 
France in safety, but 50,000 Saracens fell 
on the rear, and none escaped. 

Turpin (Dick), a noted highwaj'man, 
executed at York (1739). 

Ainsworth has introduced into Rook- 
wood Turpin's famous ride to York on his 
steed Black Bess. It is said that Maginn 
really wrote this powerful description 
(1834). 

Turpin ( The French Dick) is Cartouche, 
an eighteenth century highwayman. W. 
H. Ainsworth made him the hero of a 
romance (1841). 

Tur'quine (Sir) had sixty-four of 
king Arthur's knights in prison, all of 
whom he had vanquished by his own hand. 
He hated sir Launcelot, because he had 
slain his brother, sir Car'ados, at the 
Dolorous Tower. Sir Launcelot chal- 
lenged sir Turquine to a trial of strength. 
and slew him, after which he liberated 
3 x 



TURQUOISE. 



1042 TWELVE APOSTLES OF IRELAND. 



the captive knights. — Sir T. Malory, 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 108-110 
(1470). 

Turquoise (2 syl.), a precious stone 
found in Persia. Sundry virtues are 
attached to it : (1) It indicates by its hue 
the state of the wearer's health ; (2) it 
indicates by its change of lustre if any 
peril awaits the wearer ; (3) it removes 
animosity between the giver and the re- 
ceiver ; (4) it rouses the sexual passion, 
and hence Leah gave a turquoise ring 
to Shy lock "when he was a bachelor," 
in order to make him propose to her. — 
See Thomas Nicols, Lapidary. 

Tur'veydrop (Mr.), a selfish, self- 
indulgent, conceited dancing-master, who 
imposes on the world by his majestic 
appearance and elaborate toilette. He 
lives on the earnings of his son (named 
Prince, after the prince regent), who 
reveres him as a perfect model of "de- 
portment." — C. Dickens, Bleak Bouse 
(1852). 

The proudest departed from the cover of their habitual 
reserve, and from the maintenance of that staid deport- 
ment which the Oriental Turveydrop considers the best 
proof of high state and regal dignity.— W. H. Russell, The 
Prince of Tour*, etc. (1877). 

Tuscan Poet (The), Ludovico 
Ariosto, born at Reggio, in Modena 
(1474-1533). Noted for his poem en- 
titled Orlando Furioso (in French called 
Roland). 

The Tuscan poet doth advance 
The frantic paladin of France. 

M. Drayton, Nymphidia (1563-1631). 

Tutivillus, the demon who collects 
all the fragments of words omitted, 
mutilated, or mispronounced by priests 
in the performance of religious services, 
and stores them up in that " bottomless " 
pit which is "paved with good inten- 
tions." — Langland, Vision of Piers Plow- 
man, 547 (1362) ; and the Townley 
Mysteries, 310, 319, etc. 

Tutsan, a corruption of la tout 3 saine ; 
the botanical name is Hyperlcon Androsw'- 
mum. The leaves applied to fresh wounds 
are sanative. St. John's wort is of the 
same family, and that called Perforatum 
used to be called Fuga damwnum, from 
the supposition of its use in maniacal 
disorders, and a charm against evil spirits. 

The hermit gathers . . . 

The healing tutsan then, and plantane for a sore. 
Drayton, 1'olyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

(The plantain or plantago is astringent, 
and very good for cuts and other sores.) 

Twain (Mark), S. L. Clemens. 

Twangdillo, the fiddler, in Somer- 



ville's Hobbinol, a burlesque poem in three 
cantos. Twangdillo had lost one leg and 
one eye by a stroke of lightning on the 
banks of the Ister, but was still merry- 
hearted. 

He tickles every string to every note ; 
He bends his pliant neck, his single eye 
Twinkles with joy, his active stump lieats time. 

Hobbinol or The Hural Games, i. (1740). 

Tweed, a cloth woven diagonally ; a 
mere blunder for " twill." 

It was the word " tweels" blotted and ill-written on an 
invoice, which gave rise to the now familiar name of 
" tweed." It was adopted by James Locke, of London, 
after the error was discovered, as especially suitable to 
these goods so largely manufactured on the banks of the 
Tweed. — The Border Advertiser. 

Tweedledum and Tweedledee. 

The prince of Wales was the leader of 
the Handel party, supported by Pope and 
Dr. Arbuthnot ; and the duke of Marl- 
borough led the Bononcinists, and was 
supported by most of the nobility. 

Some say. compared to Bononcini, 
That mynheer Handel's but a ninny ; 
Others aver that he to Handel 
Is scarcely fit to hold a caudle ; 
Strange all this difference should be 
'Twixt Tweedledum and Tweedledee. 

J. Byrom (stenographist, 1691-1763). 

Twelfth Night, a drama by Shake- 
speare. The story came originally from 
a novelletti by Bandello (who died" 1555), 
reproduced by Belleforest in his Histoires 
Tragiques, from which Shakespeare ob- 
tained his story. The tale is this : Viola 
and Sebastian were twins, and exactly 
alike. When grown up, they were ship- 
wrecked off the coast of Illyria, and both 
were saved. Viola, being separated from 
her brother, in order to obtain a livelihood, 
dressed like her brother and took the 
situation of page under the duke Orsino. 
The duke, at the time, happened to be in 
love with Olivia, and as the lady looked 
coldly on his suit, he sent Viola to ad- 
vance it, but the wilful Olivia, instead of 
melting towards the duke, fell in love 
with his beautiful page. One day, Se- 
bastian, the twin-brother of Viola, being 
attacked in a street brawl before Olivia's 
house, the lady, thinking him to be the 
page, invited him in, and they soon grew 
to such familiar terms that they agreed to 
become man and wife. About the same 
time, the duke discovered his page to 
be a beautiful woman, and, as he could 
not marry his first love, he made Viola 
his wife and the duchess of Illyria. 

Twelve Apostles of Ireland 
(Ine), twelve Irish prelates of the sixth 
century, disciples of St. Finnian of 
Clonard, 

1. Ciaran or Keiran, bishop and 



TWELVE KNIGHTS, ETC. 



1043 



TWELVE PALADINS. 



abbot of Saighir (now Scir-Keiran, King's 
County). 

2. Ciaran or Keiran, abbot of Clom- 
nacnois. 

3. Columcille of Hy (now Io)ia). 
This prelate is also called St. Columba. 

4. Brendan, bishop and abbot of 
Cloufert. 

5. Brendan, bishop and abbot of Birr 
(now Parsonstoicn, King's County). 

6. Columra, abbot of Tirdaglas. 

7. Molaise or Laisre, abbot of Dam- 
hiris (now Devenish Island, in lough 
Erne). 

8. Cainnech, abbot of Aichadhbo, 
in Queen's County. 

9. Ruadan or Kodan, abbot of Lorrha, 
in Tipperary County. 

10. Mom Clairenech (i.e. "the flat- 
faced"), abbot of Glasnooidhau (now 
Glasnevin, near Dublin). 

11. Senell, abbot of Cluain-inis, in 
lough Erne. 

12. Nannath or Nennith, bishop and 
abbot of Inismuige-Samh (now Inistnac- 
Saint, in lough Erne). 

Twelve Knights of the Round 
Table. Dryden says there were 
twelve paladins and twelve knights of 
the Round Table. The table was made 
for 150, but as twelve is the orthodox 
number, the following names hold the 
most conspicuous places: — (1) Launce- 
lot, (2) Tristram, and (3) Lamoracke, 
the three bravest; (4) Tor, the first made; 
(5) Galahad, the chaste; (6) Gaw'ain, 
the courteous ; (7) Gareth, the big- 
handed ; (8) Palomides, the Saracen or 
unbaptized ; (9) Kay, the rude and 
boastful; (10) Mark, the dastard; (11) 
Mordred, the traitor ; and the twelfth, 
as in the case of the paladins, must be 
selected from one of the following names, 
all of which are seated with the prince in 
the frontispiece attached to the History 
of Prince Arthur, compiled by sir T. 
Malory in 1470 : — Sirs Acolon, Ballamore, 
Beleobus, Belvoure, Bersunt, Bors, Ector 
de Maris, Ewain, Floll, Gaheris, Galohalt, 
Grislet, Lionell, Marhaus, Paginet, Pel- 
leas, Percival, Sagris, Superabilis, and 
Turquine. 

Or we ma} r take from the Mabinogion 
the three " battle knights," Cadwr, 
Launcelot, and Owain ; the three 
"counselling knights," Kynon, Aron, and 
Llywarch Hen; the three "diademed 
knights," Kai, Trystan, and Gwevyl ; 
aad the three "golden-tongued," Gwalch- 
tnai, Drudwas, and Eliwlod, many of 
which are unknown in modern stor}\ 



Sir Walter Scott names sixteen of 
renown, seated round the king : 

There Oaland sat with manly grace, 
Yet maiden meekness in hi> face ; 
There Muro't of Uic iron mate ; 

And lovelorn Trittre.m there ; 
And Dimdam. with lively glance ; 
And Lanvnl, with the fairy lance; 
And Mordred, with his looks askance; 

Brunor and Belvidere. 
Why should I tell of numbers moret 
Sir Cay, sir Banier, and sir Bore, 

Sir Cit.rad.oc the keen, 
And gentle Gawairit courteous lore, 
Uertor de Mares, and Pel/inure, 
And Lancelot, that evermore 

Looked stol'n-wise on the queen. 

Bridal of Trier main, ii. 13 (1813). 

Twelve Paladins (The), twelve 
famous warriors in Charlemagne's court. 

1. Astolpho, cousin of Roland, de- 
scended from Charles Martel. A great 
boaster, fool-hardy, and singularly hand- 
some. It was Astolpho who went to the 
moon to fetch back Orlando's (-Roland's) 
brains when mad. 

2. Fekiwiruas or Fierarras, a Sara- 
cen, afterwards converted and baptized. 

3. Florismart, the fidus Achates of 
Roland or Orlando. 

4. Ganelon, the traitor, count of 
Mayence. Placed by Dante in the In- 
ferno. 

5. Maugris, in Italian Malagigi, 
cousin to Rinaldo, and son of Beuves of 
Aygremont. He was brought up by 
Oriande the fairy, and became a great 
enchanter. 

6. Namo or Nayme de Baviere. 

7. Ogier the Dane, thought to be 
Holger the hero of Denmark, but some 
affirm that " Dane " is a corruption of 
Da nine '; so called because he was not 
baptized. 

8. Oliver, son of Regnier comte de 
Gennes, the rival of Roland in all feats 
of arms. 

9. Otuel, a Saracen, nephew to Fer- 
ragus or Ferracute. He was converted, 
and married a daughter of king Charle- 
magne. 

10. Rinaldo, son of duke Aymon, 
and cousin to Roland. Angelica fell in 
love with him, but he requited not her 
affection. 

11. Roland, called Orlando in Italian, 
comte de Cenouta. He was Charle- 
magne's nephew, his mother being Berthe 
the king's sister, and his father Millon. 

12. One of the following names, all of 
which are called paradins, and probably 
supplied vacancies caused by death : — 
Basin de Genevois, Geoffrey de Frises, 
Guerin due de Lorraine, Guillaume de 
l'Estoc, Guy de Bourgogne, Hoel comte 



TWELVE WISE MASTERS. 



1044 



TWITCH ER. 



de Nantes, Lambert prince of Bruxelles, 
Richard due de Normandy, Riol du Mans, 
Samson due de Bourgogne, and Thiery. 

%* There is considerable resemblance 
between the twelve selected paladins and 
the twelve selected Table knights. In 
each case there were three pre-eminent for 
bravery: Oliver, Roland, and Rinaldo 
(paladins) ; Launcelot, Tristram, and La- 
moracke (Table knights). In each was a 
Saracen: Ferumbras (the paladin) ; Palo- 
mides (the Table knight). In each was a 
traitor : Ganelon (the paladin) ; Mordred 
(the Table knight), like Judas Iscariot in 
the apostolic twelve. 

Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur's reign, 
Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charlemain. 
Dryden, The Flower and the Leaf. 

Twelve "Wise Masters (TJie), the 
original corporation of the mastersingers. 
Hans Sachs, the cobbler of Nurnberg, 
was the most renowned and the most 
voluminous of the mastersingers, but he 
was not one of the original twelve. He 
lived 1494-1576, and left behind him 
thirty-four folio vols, of MS., containing 
208 plays, 1700 comic tales, and about 
450 lyric poems. 

Here Hans Sachs, the cobbler-poet, laureate of the gentle 

craft. 
Wisest of the Twelve Wise Masters, in huge folios sang 

and laughed. 

Longfellow, Nuremberg. 

*** The original corporation consisted 
of Heinrik von Mueglen, Konrad Harder, 
Master Altschwert, Master Barthel Regen- 
bogen (blacksmith), Master Muscabliit 
(tailor), Hans Blotz (barber), Hans 
Rosenbliit (armorial painter), Sebastian 
Brandt (jurist*, Thomas Murner, Hans 
Folz (surgeon), Wilbelm Weber, and 
Hans Sachs (cobbler). This last, though 
not one of the founders, was so superior 
to them all that he is always reckoned 
among the wise mastersingers. 

Tweinlow {Mr.), first cousin to lord 
Snigs worth ; "an innocent piece of 
dinner-furniture," in frequent requisition 
by Mr. and Mrs. Veneering. He is de- 
scribed as "grey, dry, polite, and suscep- 
tible to east wind ;" he wears "first-gentle- 
man-in-Europe collar and cravat ; " " his 
cheeks are drawn in as if he had made 
a great effort to retire. into himself some 
years ago, and had got so far, but never 
any further." His great nwstery is who 
is Mr. Veneering's oldest friend ; is he 
himself his oldest or his newest acquaint- 
ance? lie couldn't tell. — C.Dickens, Our 
Mutual Friend (1864). 

Twickenham (The Bard of), Alex- 



ander Pope, who lived for thirty years at 
Twickenham (1688-1744). 

Twigtythe (The Rev. Mr.), clergy- 
man at Fasthwaite Farm, held by Farmer 
Williams. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Twin Brethren (The Great), Castor 
and Pollux. 

Back comes the chief in triumph 

Who, in the hour of fight. 
Hath seen the Great Twin Brethren 

In harness on his right. 
Safe conies the ship to haven. 

Thro' billows and thro' gales, 
If once the Great Twin Brethren 

Sit shining on Uie sails. 
Lord Macaulay. Lays of Ancient Rome ("Battle 
of the Lake Regillus," xL, 1842). 

Twin Diamonds (The), two Cape 
diamonds, one of which is of a clear 
cinnamon colour, and was found in the 
river-bed of the Vaal. These, with the 
Dudley and Stewart diamonds, have all 
been discovered in Africa since 1870. 

Twineall (The Hon. Mr.), a young 
man who goes to India, intending to 
work himself into place by flattery 5 but, 
wholly mistaking character, he gets 
thrown into prison for treason. Twineall 
talks to sir Luke Tremor (who ran away 
from the field of battle) of his glorious 
deeds of figbt ; to lady Tremor (a 
grocer's daughter) of high birth, sup- 
posing her to be a descendant of the 
kings of Scotland ; to lord Flint (the 
sultan's chief minister) of the sultan's 
dubious right to the throne, and so on.— 
Mrs. Inchbald, Such Things Are (1786). 

Twist (Oliver), the son of Mr. Brown- 
low's oldest friend and Agnes Fleming ; 
half-brother to " Manks." He was born 
and brought up in a workhouse, starved, 
and ill-treated ; but was always gentle, 
amiable, and pure-minded. His asking 
for more gruel at the workhouse because 
he was so hungry, and the astonishment 
of the officials at such daring impudence, 
is capitallv told. — Charles Dickens, Oliver 
Twist (1837). 

Twitcher (Harry). Henry lord 
Brougham [Broom] was so called, from 
his habit of twitching his neck (1778- 
1868). 

Don't you recollect, North, some years ago that Murray's 
name was on our title-pnge ; and that, being alarmed for 
Subscription Jamie [sir James Uac^intoth] and Harry 
Twitcher, he . . . scratched his name out? — Wilson, 
Aocte* Ambrosianoe (182*2-36). 

Twitcher (Jemmy), a cunning and 
treacherous highwayman in Macheath's 
gang. — Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727). 

Twitcher (Jemmy), the nickname of John 



TWO DROVERS. 



1045 



TYBALT. 



lord Sandwich, noted for his liaison with 
Miss Ray (1718-1792). 

When sly Jemmy Twitclier had smugged up his face 
With a lick of court whitewash and pious grimace, 
Avowing he went, where three sisters of old, 
In harmless society, guttle and scold. 

Gray (1716-1771). 

Two Drovers {The), a tale in two 
chapters, laid in the reign of George III., 
written by sir Walter Scott (1827). It is 
one of the " Chronicles of the Canongate " 
(see p. 186), supposed to be told by Mr. 
Croftangry. Robin Oig M'Coinbich, a 
Highland drover, revengeful and proud, 
meets with Harry Wakefield, a jovial 
English drover, and quarrels with him 
about a pasture-field. They fight in 
Heskett's ale-house, but are separated. 
Oig goes on his way and gets a dagger, 
with which he returns to the ale-house, 
and stabs Harry who is three parts 
drunk. Being tried for murder, he is 
condemned and executed. 

Two Eyes of Greece {The), Athens 
and Sparta. 

Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts 
And eloquence. 

Milton. 

Two Gentlemen of Vero'na, a 
drama by Shakespeare, the story of which 
is taken from the Diana of Montemayor 
(sixteenth century). The tale is this : 
Protheus and Valentine were two friends, 
and Protheus was in love with a lady of 
Verona, named Julia. Valentine went to 
sojourn in Milan, and there fell in love 
with Silvia, the duke's daughter, who was 
promised in marriage to Thurio. Pro- 
theus, being sent by his father to Milan, 
forgot Julia, fell in love with Silvia, and, 
in order to carry his point, induced the 
duke to banish Valentine, who became 
the captain of a banditti, into whose hands 
Silvia fell. Julia, unable to bear the 
absence of her lover, dressed in boy's 
clothes, and, going to Milan, hired herself 
as a page to Protheus, and when Silvia was 
lost, the duke, with Thurio, Protheus and 
his page, Avent in quest of her. She was 
soon discovered, but when Thurio at- 
tempted to take possession of her, Va- 
lentine said to him, " I dare you to touch 
her;" and Thurio replied, "None but 
a fool would fight for a girl." The duke, 
disgusted, gave Silvia to Valentine ; and 
Protheus, ashamed of his conduct, begged 
pardon of Valentine, discovered his page 
to be Julia, and married her (1595). 

Two Kings of Brentford {The). 
In the duke of Buckingham's farce 
called The Rehearsal (1671), the two 



kings enter hand-in-hand, dance to- 
gether, sing together, walk arm-in-arm, 
and, to heighten the absurdity, they are 
made to smell of the same nosegay (act 
ii. 2). 

Two-Legged Mare {The), a 
gallows. Vice says to Tyburn : 

I will help to bridle the two-legged mare. 

Like Will to Like, etc. (1587). 

Two-Shoes {Goody), a nursery tale 
by Oliver Goldsmith (1765). Goody 
Two-shoes was a very poor child, whose 
delight at having a pair ol shoes was so 
unbounded that she could not forbear 
telling every one she met that she had 
t: two shoes," whence her name. She 
acquired knowledge and became wealthy. 
The title-page states that the tale is for 
the benefit of those, 

Who from a state of rags and care. 
Ami having shoes but half a pair. 
Their fortune and their fame should fix, 
And gallop in a coach and six. 

Two Strings to Your Bow, a 
farce by Jephson (1792). Lazarillo, want- 
ing a master, enters the service of don 
Felix and also of Octavio at the same 
time. He makes perpetual blunders, 
such as giving letters and money to the 
wrong master ; but it turns out that don 
Felix is donna Clara, the betrothed of 
Octavio. The lovers meet at the Eagle 
hotel, recognize each other, and become 
man and wife. 

Two Unlucky. In our dynasties 
two has been an unlucky number ; thus : 
Ethelred II. was forced to abdicate ; 
Harold II. was slain at Hastings ; Wil- 
liam II. was shot in the New Forest : 
Henry II. had to fight for his crown, which 
was usurped by Stephen ; Edward II. was 
murdered at Berkeley Castle ; Richard 
II. was deposed ; Charles II. was driven 
into exile ; James II. was obliged to 
abdicate ; George II. was worsted at 
Fontenoy and Lawfeld, was disgraced 
by general Braddock and admiral Byng, 
and was troubled by Charles Edward the 
Young Pretender. 

Two or Three Berries. "Yet 
gleaning grapes shall be left in it, as the 
shaking of an olive tree, two or three 
berries in the top of the uppermost 
bough." — Isaiah xvii. 6. 

The tree of life has been shaken. 

And but few of us linger now, 
like the prophet's two or three berries 

On the top of the uppermost bough. 

Longfellow, The Meeting. 

Tyb'alt, a fiery young nobleman of 
Verona, nephew to lady Capulet, and 



TYBALT. 



1046 



TYLL OWLYGLASS. 



cousin to Juliet. He is slain in combat 
bv Ro'meo. — Shakespeare, Borneo and 
Juliet (1595). 

The name is given to the cat in the 
beast-epic called Reynard the Fox. Hence 
Mercutio calls him "rat-catcher" (act 
iii. sc. 1), and when Tj'balt demands of 
him, " What wouldst thou have with 
me?" Mercutio replies, "Good king of 
cats, nothing but one of your nine lives " 
(act iii. sc. 1). 

Tybalt, a Lombard officer, in love 
with Laura niece of duke Gondibert. 
The story of Gondibert being unfinished, 
no sequel of this attachment is given. — 
Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668). 

Tybalt or Tibert, the cat, in the beast- 
epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Tyburn {Kings of), hangmen. 

Tyburn Tree (The), a gallows; so 
called because criminals were at one 
time hung on the elm trees which grew 
on the bank3 of the Tyburn. The " Holy 
Maid of Kent," Mrs. Turner the poisoner, 
Felton the assassin of the duke of Buck- 
ingham, Jack Sheppard, Jonathan Wild, 
lord Ferrers who murdered his steward, 
Dr. Dodd, and Mother Brownrigg, "all 
died in their shoes " on the Tyburn tree. 

Since laws were made for every degree, 
To curb vice in others as well as in me [Macheath], 
I wonder we ha'nt better company 
\Neath Tyburn tree. 

Gay, The Beggar' t Opera (1727). 

Tyburnia, the Portman and Gros- 
venor Square districts of London. So 
called from the little bourne or stream 
named Tyburn. At one time, elm trees 
grew on the brook-side, and Roger de 
Mortimer, the paramour of queen Eleanor, 
was hung thereon. 

Tycho, a vassal of the bishop of Traves, 
in the reign of kaiser Henry IV. He 
promised to avenge his lord and master, 
who had been plundered by count Adal- 
bert, the leader of a bandit. So, going to 
the count's castle, he craved a draught of 
water. The porter brought him a cup 
of wine, and Tycho said, "Thank thy 
lord for his charity, and tell him he shall 
meet v/ith his reward." Then, returning 
home, he procured thirty large wine- 
barrels, in each of which he concealed an 
armed retainer and weapons for two 
others. Each cask was then carried by 
two men to the count's castle, and when 
the door was opened, Tycho said to the 

}>orter, " I am come to recompense thy 
ord and master," and the sixty men 
carried in the thirtv barrels. When count 



Adalbert went to look at the present, at 
a signal given by Tycho the tops of the 
casks flew off, and the ninety armed men 
slew the count and his brigands, and then 
burnt the castle to the ground. 

Of course, every reader will instantly 
see the resemblance of this tale to that of 
" Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves " (Arabian 
Nights' Entertainments). 

Tyler (Wat), a frugal, honest, in- 
dustrious, skilful blacksmith of Essex ; 
with one daughter, Alice, pretty, joyous, 
innocent, and modest. With all his 
frugality and industry, Wat found it very 
hard to earn enough for daily bread, and 
the tax-collectors came for the poll-tax, 
three groats a head for a war to main- 
tain our conquests in France. Wat had 
saved up the money, and proffered six 
groats for himself and wife. The col- 
lectors demanded three groats for Alice 
also, but Tyler said she was under 15 
years of age, whereupon, one of the 
collectors having "insulted her virgin 
modesty," Tyler felled him to the ground 
with his sledge-hammer. The people 
gathered round the smith, and a general 
uprising ensued^ Richard II. sent a 
herald to Tyler to request a parley, and 
pledging his royal word for his safe 
conduct. The sturdy smith appointed 
Smithneld for the rendezvous, and there 
Tyler told the king the people's griev- 
ances ; but while he was speaking, William 
Walworth, the lord mayor, stabbed him 
from behind, and killed him. The king, 
to pacify the people, promised the poll-tax 
should be taken off and their grievances 
redressed, but no sooner had the mob 
dispersed than the rebels were cut down 
wholesale, and many, being subjected to 
a mockery trial, were infamously exe- 
cuted. — Southey, Wat Tyler (1794, pub- 
lished 1817). 

Tyll Owlyglass or Tyli. Owle- 
glass, by Thomas Murner, a Franciscan 
monk of Strasbourg (1475-1536) ; the 
English name of the German "Tyll 
Eulenspiegel." Tyll is a mechanic of 
Brunswick, who runs from pillar to post 
as charlatan, physician, lansquenet, fool, 
valet, artist, and Jack-of-all-trades. He 
undertakes anything and everything, but 
invariably "spoils the Egyptians" who 
trust in him. He produces popular pro- 
verbs, is brimful of merry mischief, 
droll as Sam Slick, indifferent honest as 
Gil Bias, light-hearted as Andrew Bode, 
as full of tricks as Scapin, and as popular 
as Robin Hood. The book is crammed 



TYLWYTH TEG. 



1047 



TYSON. 



with observations, anecdotes, fables, bon 
mots, facetiae, and shows forth the om- 
nipotence of common sense. There are 
two good English versions of this popular 
picaresco romance — one printed by William 
Copland, and entitled The Merryc Jeste 
of a Man called Ifowleglass, and the many 
Marvellous Thinges and Jestes which he did 
in his Lyfe in Eastland; and the other 
published in 18(30, translated by K. R. H. 
Mackenzie, and illustrated by Alfred 
Crowquill. In 1720 was brought out a 
modified and abridged edition of the 
German story. 

To few mortals has it lieen granted to earn such a place 
in universal history lis Tyll Eulenxpiegel [U'len-t^te*:',gl\. 
Now, .ifter five centuries, Tyll's native village is pointed 
out with pride to the traveller, and his tombstone . . . 
still stands ... at Mbllen, near Lubeck, where, since 
1350, [sic] his once nimble bones have been at rest.— 
Carl.ile. 

Tylwyth Teg, or the " Family of 
Beauty," elves who " dance in the moon- 
light on the velvet sward," in their airy 
and flowing robes of blue and green, 
white and scarlet. These beautiful fays 
delight in showering benefits on the 
human race. — Tlve Mabinogion (note, p. 
263). 

Tyneman (2 sj/L), Archibald IV. 
earl of Douglas. So called because he 
was always on the losing side. 

Tyre, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, means Holland. 
" Egypt," in the same satire, means 
France. 

I mourn, my countrymen, your lost estate . . . 
Now all your liberties a spoil are made, 
Egypt and Tyrus intercept your trade. 

Pt. i. (1681). 

Tyre (Archbishop of), with the cru- 
saders. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Tyrian Cyn'osure (3 syl.), Ursa 
Minor. Ursa Major is called by Milton 
" The Star of Arcady," from* Calisto, 
daughter of Lyca'on the first king of 
Arcadia, who was changed into this con- 
stellation. Her son Areas or Cynosura 
was made the Lesser Bear. — Pausanias, 
Itinerary of Greece, viii. 4. 

And thou shalt be our star of Arcady, 
Or Tyrian Cynosure. 

Milton, Comus, 343 (1634). 

Tyrie, one of the archers in the 
Scottish guard of Louis XL — Sir \V. 
Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Tyrie (The Rev. Michael), minister of 
Glenorquhy.— Sir W. Scott, The High- 
land Widow (time, George II.). 



Tyrog'lyphus ( ' ' the cheese-scoopcr " ), 
one of the mouse princes slain in the 
battle of the frogs and mice by Lym- 
nisius ("the laker"). 

Lymnisius good Tyroglyphus assaiL«, 
Prince ot the mice that haunt the flowery rales ; 
Lost to the milky fares and rural seat, 
He came to perish on the bank of fate. 
Parnell, liattle of the Progt and Mice, iii. (about 1712). 

Tyrrel (Francis), the nephew of Mr. 
Mortimer. He loves Miss Aubrey " with 
an ardent, firm, disinterested love." On 
one occasion, Miss Aubrey was insulted 
by lord Courtland, with whom Tyrrel 
fought a duel, and was for a time in 
hiding ; but when Courtland recovered 
from his wounds, Tyrrel re-appeared, and 
ultimately married the lady of his affec- 
tion. — Cumberland, The Fashionable Lover 
(1780). 

Tyrrel (Frank) or Martigny earl of 
Etherington, son of the late earl and la 
comtesse de Martigny his wife. He is 
supposed to be illegitimate. Frank is in 
love with Clara Mowbray, daughter of 
Mr. Mowbray of St. Roman's.— Sir W. 
Scott, St. Eonarts Well (time, George 

Tyrtaeos, selected by the Spartans 
as their leader, because his lays inspired 
the soldiers to deeds of daring. The 
following is a translation of one of his 
martial songs : — 

Oh, how joyous to fall in the face of the foe. 

For country and altar to die ! 
But a lot more ignoble no mortal can know, 
Than with children and parents, heart-broken with woe. 

From home as an exile to fly. 

Unrecompensed labour, starvation, and scorn. 

The feet of the captive attend ; 
Dishonoured his race, by rude foes overborne ; 
From altar, from country, from kith and kin torn ; 

No brother, no sister, no friend. 

To the field, then ! Be strong, and acquit ye like men 1 

Who shall fear for his country to fall t 
Ve younger, in ranks firmly serried remain ; 
Ye elders, though weak, look on flight with disdain, 

And honour your fatherland's call ! 

E. C.B.- 

Tyrtaos (The Spanish), Manuel Jose 
Quintana, whose odes stimulated the 
Spaniards to vindicate their liberty at 
the outbreak of the War of Indepen- 
dence (1772-1857). 

%* Who can tell the influence of such 
odes as the Marseillaise, or some of the 
Jacobite songs, on the spirit of a people ? 
Even the music-hall song, "We don't 
want to fight," almost roused the English 
nation into a war with Russia in 1878. 

Tyson (Kate), a romantic young lady, 
who marries Frank Cheeney. — Wybert 
Reeve, Parted. 



UBALDO. 



1048 



UL-ERIN. 



U. 



Ubaldo, one of the crusaders, mature 
in age. He had visited many regions, 
"from polar cold to Libya's burning 
soil." He and Charles the Dane went to 
bring back Rinaldo from the enchanted 
castle. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Ubaldo and Ricardo, two men 

sent by Honoria queen of Hungary, to 
tempt the fidelity of Sophia, because the 
queen was in love with her husband 
Mathias. Immediately Sophia under- 
stood the object of their visit, she had 
the two men confined in separate rooms, 
where they were made to earn their food 
bv spinning. — Massinger, The Picture 
(1629). 

Ube'da (Orbaneia of), a painter who 
drew a cock so preposterously that he 
was obliged to write under it, "This is a 
cock," in order that the spectator might 
know what was intended to be repre- 
sented. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 3 
(1615). 

Tiber ti {Farinata Degli), a noble 
Florentine, leader of the Ghibelline 
faction. Dante represents him in his 
Inferno as lying in a fiery tomb yet open 
and not to be closed till the last judg- 
ment. 

Uberto, count d'Este, etc. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Udaller, one who holds land by allo- 
dial tenure. Magnus Troil was a udaller, 
in sir W. Scott's Pirate. 

Tide, the most learned of cooks, 
author of La Science de Gueule. He 
says, " Coquus nascitur not fit." That 
" music, dancing, fencing, painting, and 
mechanics possess professors 
20 years of age, but pre-emine 
cooking is never attained u 
He was premier artiste to Lo 
then to lord Sefton, then to th 
York, then chef de cuisine at Cr 
It is said that he quitted f 
Sefton because one of his 
guests added pepper to his 
was succeeded by Francatelli. 

* + * Vatel, we are told, committed 
suicide (1671) during a banquet given by 
the prince de Conde, because the lobsters 
for the turbot sauce did not arrive in 
time. 




lp s 
He 



Udolpho {The Mysteries of), a ro- 
mance by Mrs. Radcliffe (1790). 

Ugo, natural son of Niccolo III. of 
Ferrara. His father had for his second 
wife Parisi'na Malatesta, between whom 
and Ugo a criminal attachment arose. 
When Niccolo was informed thereof, he 
had both brought to open trial, and both 
were condemned to suffer death by the 
common headsman. — Frizzi, History of 
Ferrara. 

Ugoli'no, count of Gheradesca, a 
leader of the Guelphi in Pisa. He was 
raised to the highest honours, but the 
archbishop Ruggie'ri incited the Pisans 
against him, his castle was attacked, two 
of his grandsons fell in the assault, and 
the count himself, with his two sons and 
two surviving grandsons, were imprisoned 
in the tower of the Gualandi, on the 
Piazza of the Anziani. Being locked in, 
the dungeon key was flung into the Arno, 
and all food was withheld from them. 
On the fourth day, his son Gaddo died, 
and b)" the sixth day little Anselm with 
the two grandchildren "fell one by one." 
Last of all the «ount died also (1288), 
and the dungeon was ever after called 
" The Tower of Famine." 

Dante has introduced this story in his 
Inferno, and represents Ugolino as de- 
vouring most voraciously the head of 
Ruggieri, while frozen in the lake of ice. 

Chaucer, in his Canterbury Tales, 
makes the monk briefly tell this sad 
story, and calls the count " Hugeline of 
Pise." 

Oh thou Pisa, shame ! . . . What if fame 
Reported that thy castles were betrayed 
By Ugolino, yet no right hadst Uiou 
To stretch his children on the rack . . . 
Their tender years . . . uncapable of guilt. 

Dante, I/ell, xxxiii. (1300). 

Remember Ugolino condescends 
To eat the head of his arch-enemy 
The moment after he politely ends 
His tale. 

Byron, Don Juan, ii. 83 (1819). 

Ulad, Ulster. 

When Ulad's three champions lay sleeping in gore. 

T. Moore, Jrish "Melodies, iv. (" Avenging 
and Bright . . ." 1814). 

TJla'nia, queen of Islanda. She sent 
a golden shield to Charlemagne, to be 
given as a prize to his bravest knight, 
and whoever won it might claim the 
donor in marriage. — Ariosto, Orlando 
Furioso, xv. (1516). 

Ul-Erin, the guiding star of Ireland. 

When night came down, I struck at times the warning 
boss. I struck and looked on high for fiery-haired Ul- 
Erin ; nor absent was the star of heaven ; it travelled red 
between the clouds. — O.vsian. I'emora, iv. 



ULFIN. 



1049 



ULYSSES. 



XTlfin, the page of Gondibert's grand - 
sire, and the faithful Achates of Gondi- 
bert's father. He cured Gondibert by a 
cordial kept in his sword hilt. — Sir W. 
Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668). 

Ulien's Son, Rodomont. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

XTlill, an enchantress, who hnd no 
power over those who remained faithful 
to Allah and their duty ; but if any fell 
into error or sin, she had full power to do 
as she liked. Thus, when Misnar (sultan 
of India) mistrusted the protection of 
Allah, she transformed him into a toad. 
When the vizier Horam believed a false 
report, obviously untrue, she trans- 
formed him also into a toad. And 
when the princess Hemjunah, to avoid 
a marriage projected by her father, 
ran away with a stranger, her indiscre- 
tion placed her in the power of the en- 
chantress, who transformed her likewise 
into a toad. Ulin was ultimately killed 
by Misnar sultan of Delhi, who felled 
her to the ground with a blow. — Sir C. 
Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the Genii, 
vi., viii. (1751). 

Ullin, Fingal's aged bard, called "the 
sweet voice of resounding Cona." 

Ullin, the Irish name for Ulster. 

He pursued the chase on Ullin, on the moss-covered tip 
of Drumardo.— -Ossian, Temora, ii. 

Ullin's Daughter {Lord), a young 
lady who eloped with the chief of Ulva's 
Isle, and induced a boatman to row them 
over Lochgyle during a storm. The boat 
was capsized just as lord Ullin and his 
retinue reached the shore. He saw the 
peril, he cried in agony, "Come back, 
come back ! and I'll forgive your High- 
land chief ; " but it was too late, the 
"waters wild rolled o'er his child, and 
he was left lamenting." — Campbell, Lord 
Ullin's Laughter (a ballad). 

Ul-Lochlin, the guiding star of 
Lochlin or Scandinavia. — Ossian, Cath- 
Loda, ii. 

Ulric, son of Werner (i.e. count of 
Siegendorf). With the help of Gabor, 
he saved the count of Stral'enheim from 
the Oder ; but murdered him afterwards 
for the wrongs he had done his father 
and himself, especially in seeking to 
oust them of the princely inheritance of 
Siegendorf. — Byron, Werner (1822). 



Ulri'ca, in Charles XLL., 
Planche (1826). 



by J. R. 



Ulri'ca, a girl of great beauty and 
noble determination of character, natural 
daughter of Ernest de Fridberg. Dressed 
in the clothes of Herman (the deaf and 
dumb jailer-lad), she gets access to the 
dungeon where her father is confined as 
a " prisoner of State," and contrives his 
escape, but he is recaptured. Where- 
upon Christine (a young woman in the 
service of the countess Marie) goes 
direct to Frederick II. and obtains his 
pardon. — E. Stirling, The Prisoner of 
State (1847). 

Ulri'ca, alias Martha, mother of 
Bertha the betrothed of Hereward 

(3 syl.). — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Parts (time, Rufus). 

Ulri'ca, daughter of the late thane of 
Torquilstone ; alias Dame Urfried, an old 
sibyl at Torquilstone Castle. — Sir W. 
Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Ulster (The kings of). The kings of 
Ulster were called O Neil ; those of Mini- 
ster, O'Brien ; of Connaught, O'Connor ; of 
Leinster, MacMorrough ; and of Heath, 
O'Melaghlin. 

TJl'tima Thule (2 syl.), the ex- 
tremity of the world ; the most northern 
point known to the ancient Romans. 
Pliny and others say it is Iceland ; Cam- 
den says it is Shetland. It is the Gothic 
tiule ("the most remote land"). 

Tibi serviat ultima Thule. 

Virgil, Oeorgict, i. 30. 

Ultimus Romano'rum, Horace 
Walpole (1717-1797). 

TJlvfagre, the fierce Dane, who mas- 
sacred the Culdees of Io'na, and having 
bound Aodh in iron, carried him to the 
church, demanding of him where he had 
concealed the church treasures. At that 
moment a mysterious gigantic figure in 
white appeared, and, taking Ulvfagre by 
the arm, led him to the statue of St. 
Columb, which instantly fell on him and 
killed him. 

The tottering image was dashed 
Down from its lofty pedestal ; 
On Ulvfagre's helm it crashed. 
Helmet, and skull, and flesh, and brain, 
It crushed as millstones crush the grain. 

Campbell, JteuBura. 

Ulysses, a corrupt form of Odusseus 
[O.dus'.suce], the king of Ithaca. He 
is one of the chief heroes in Homer's 
Lliad, and the chief hero of the Odyssey. 
Homer represents him as being craftily 
wise and full of devices. Yirgil ascribes 



ULYSSES AND POLYPHEMOS. 1050 ULYSSES OF THE HIGHLANDS. 



to him the invention of the WoOden , 
Horse. "■■ 

Ulysses was very unwilling to join the 
expedition to Troy, and pretended to be 
mad. Thus, when Palamedes came to 
summon him to the war, he was sowing 
salt instead of barley. 

Ulysses's Bow. Only Ulysses could 
draw this bow, and he could shoot an 
arrow from it through twelve rings. 

William the Conqueror had a bow 
which no arm but his own could bend. 

Robin Hood's bow could be bent by 
no hand but his own. 

*** Statius says that no one but Ka- 
p&neus [Kap' '.a.nuce] could poise his 
spear : 

His cypress spear with steel encircled shone, 
Not to be poised but by his hand alone. 

Thebaid, v. 

Ulysses's Dog, Argus, which recognized 
his master after an absence of twenty 
years. (See Thekon, king Roderick's 
dog, p. 991.) 

Ulysses and Polyphemos. 

Ulysses and his crew, having reached 
tbe island of Sicily, strayed into the cave 
of Polyphemos, the giant Cyclops. Soon 
as the monster returned and saw the 
strangers, he seized two of them, and, 
having dashed out their brains, made his 
supper off them, "nor entrails left, nor 
yet their marrowy bones ; " then stretched 
he his huge carcase on the floor, and went 
to sleep. Next morning, he caught up 
two others, devoured them for his break- 
fast, then stalked forth into the open air, 
driving his flocks before him. At sun- 
down he returned, seized other two for 
his supper, and after quaffing three bowls 
of wine, fell asleep. Then it was that 
Ulysses bored out the giant's eye with a 
green olive stake heated in the fire. The 
monster roared with pain, and after 
searching in vain to seize some of his 
tormentors, removed the rock from the 
mouth of the cave to let out his goats 
and sheep. Ulysses and his companions 
escaped at the same time by attaching 
themselves to the bellies of the sheep, 
and made for their ship. Polyphemos 
hurled rocks at the vessel, and nearly 
succeeded in sinking it, but the fugitives 
made good their flight, and the blinded 
monster was left lamenting. — Homer, 
Odyssey, ix. 

*** An extraordinary parallel to this 
tale is told in the third voyage of Sind- 
bad the sailor. Sindbad's vessel was 
driven by a tempest to an island of pyg- 
mies, and advancing into the interior the 



crew came to a "high palace," into 
which they entered. At sundown came 
home the giant, "tall as a palm tree ; 
and in the middle of his forehead was 
one eye, red and fiery as a burning coal." 
Soon as he saw the intruders, he caught 
up the fattest of them and roasted him 
for his supper, then lay down to sleep, 
and " 6nored louder than thunder." At 
daybreak he left the palace, but at night 
returned, and made his meal off another 
of the crew. This was repeated a third 
night, but while the monster slept, 
Sindbad, with a red-hot spit, scooped out 
his eye. "The pain he suffered made 
him groan hideously," and he fumbled 
about the place to catch some of his tor- 
mentors "on whom to glut his rage;" 
but not succeeding in this, he left the 
palace, "bellowing with pain." Sind- 
bad and the rest lost no time in making 
for the sea ; but scarcely had they pushed 
off their rafts when the giant approached 
with many others, and hurled huge stones 
at the fugitives* Some of them even 
ventured into the sea up to their waists, 
and every raft was sunk except the one 
on which Sindbad and two of his com- 
panions made their escape. — Arabian 
Nights (" Sindbad the Sailor," third 
voyage). 

Another similar tale occurs in the 
Basque legends, in which the giant's 
name is Tartaro, and his eye was bored 
out with spits made red hot. As in the 
previous instances, some seamen had 
inadvertently wandered into the giant's 
dwelling, and Tartaro had banqueted on 
three of them, when his eye was scooped 
out by the leader. This man, like 
Ulysses, made his escape by means of 
a ram, but, instead of clinging to the 
ram's belly, he fastened round his neck 
the ram's bell, and threw over his back a 
sheep-skin. When Tartaro laid his hand 
on the skin, the man left it behind and 
made good his escape. 

That all these tales are borrowed from 
one source none can doubt. The Iliad of 
Homer had been translated into Syriac by 
Theophilus Edessenes, a Christian Ma- 
ronite monk of mount Libanus, during 
the caliphate of Harun-ur-Rashid (a.d. 
78G-809). — See Notes and Queries, April 
19, 1879. 

Ulysses of Brandenburg (Tfie), 
Albert III. elector of Brandenburg, also 
called "The German Achilles" (1414- 
1486). 

Ulysses of the Highlands (The), 
sir Evan Cameron, lord of Lochiel 



UMBRA. 



1051 



UNDINE. 



[Lok.keel'], and surnamed " The Black " 
(died 1719). 

%* It was the son of sir Evan who 
was called " The Gentle Lochiel." 

Umbra (Obsequious), in Garth's Dis- 
pensary, is meant for Dr. Gould (1699). 

Umbriel' (2 syL), the tutelar angel 
of Thomas the apostle, once a Sadducee, 
and always hard of conviction. — Klop- 
stock, The Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Umbriel [Um.breel'], a sprite whom 
Spleen supplies with a bagful of " sighs, 
sobs, and cross words," and a vialful of 
" soft sorrows, melting grief , and flowing 
tears." When the baron cuts off Belinda's 
lock of hair, Umbriel breaks the vial 
over her, and Belinda instantly begins 
sighing and sobbing, chiding, weeping, 
and pouting. — Pope, Rape of Vie- Lock 
(1712). 

Umbriel, a dusky, melancholy sprite 

As ever sullied the fair face of light, 

Down to the central earth, his proper scene, 

Repaired, to search the gloomy cave of Spleen. 

Canto iv. 13, etc, 

U'na, truth ; so called because truth 
is one. She goes, leading a lamb and 
riding on a white ass. to the court of 
Gloriana, to crave that one of her knights 
might undertake to slay the dragon 
which kept her father and mother 
prisoners. The adventure is accorded to 
the Red Cross Knight, and the two start 
forth together. A storm compels them 
to seek shelter in a forest, and when the 
storm abates they get into Wandering 
Wood, where they are induced by Arehi- 
mago to sleep in his cell. A vision is 
sent to the knight, which causes him to 
quit the cell, and Una, not a little sur- 
prised at this discourtesy, goes in search 
of him. In her wanderings she is 
caressed by a lion, who becomes her 
attendant. " After many adventures, she 
finds St. George "the Red Cross Knight ; " 
he had slain the dragon, though not 
without many a fell wound ; so Una 
takes him to the house of Holiness, where 
he is carefully nursed ; and then leads 
him to Eden, where they are united in 
marriage. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 
(1590). 

Una, one of Flora M 'Ivor's attend- 
ants. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Unadorned Adorned the Most. 

. . . loveliness 
Seeds not the foreign aid of ornament, 
But is, when unadorned, adorned the most 
Thomson, Seatons ("Autumn; lavmia," 1730). 



Uncas, son of Chingachcook, sur- 
named " Deer-foot." — F. Cooper, Last of 
the Mohicans ; The Pathfinder ; and The 
Pioneer. 

Unborn Doctor (T7ie), of Moor- 
fields. Not being born a doctor, he 
called himself " The Un-born Doctor." 

Uncle Sam, the United States 
Government ; so called from Samuel 
Wilson, one of the inspectors of pro- 
visions in the American War of Inde- 
pendence. Samuel Wilson was called by 
his workmen and others "Uncle Sam," 
and the goods which bore the contractor's 
initials, E*A. U'S. (meaning "Elbert 
Anderson, United States "), were read 
"Elbert Anderson," and "Uncle Sam." 
The joke was too good to die, and Uncle 
Sam became synonymous with U.S. 
(United States). " 

Uncle Toby, a captain who had been 
wounded at the siege of Namur, and had 
been dismissed the service on half-pay. 
Most kind and benevolent, modest and 
simple-minded, but brave and firm in his 
own opinions. His gallantry- towards 
Widow Wadman is exquisite for its 
modesty and chivalry. Uncle Toby re- 
tains his military tastes and camp habits 
to the last. — Sterne, Tiie Life and Opinions 
of Tristram Sliandy, Gentleman (1759). 

But what shall I say to thee, thou quintessence of the 
milk of human kindness. . . . thou master of the best of 
corporals, . . . thou high and only final Christian gentle- 
man, . . . divine uncle Toby? .... He who created 
thee was the wisest man since the days of Shakespeare 
himself. — Leigh Hunt. 

Uncle Tom, a negro slave of un- 
affected piety, and most faithful in the 
discharge of all his duties. His master, a 
humane man, becomes embarrassed in his 
affairs, and sells him to a slave-dealer. 
After passing through various hands, and 
suffering intolerable cruelties, he dies. — 
Mrs. Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin 
(1852). 

%* The original of this character was 
the negro slave subsequently ordained 
and called "the Rev. J. Henson." He 
was in London 1876, 1877, took part in 
several religious services, and was even 
presented to her majesty queen Victoria. 

Undine [Oon-deen], a water-sylph, 
who was in early childhood changed for 
the young child of a fisherman living on 
a peninsula near an enchanted forest. 
One day, sir Huld brand took shelter in 
the fisherman's hut, fell in love with 
Undine, and married her. Being thus 
united to a man, the s}"lph received a soul. 



UNGRATEFUL BIRD. 



1052 



URANIA. 



Not long after the wedding, sir Huld- 
brand returned homeward, but stopped 
awhile in the city which lay on the other 
side of the forest, and met there Bertalda, 
a beautiful but haughty lady, whom they 
invited to go with" them to their home, 
the Castle Ringstettin. For a time the 
knight was troubled with visions, but 
Undine had the mouth of a well closed 
up, and thus prevented the water-sprites 
from getting into the castle. In time, the 
knight neglected his wife and became 
attached to Bertalda, who was in reality 
the changeling. One day, sailing on the 
Danube, the knight rebuked Undine in 
his anger, and immediately she was 
snatched away by sister sylphs to her 
water home. Not long after, the knight 
proposed to Bertalda, and the wedding 
day arrived. Bertalda requested her maid 
to bring her some water from the well ; 
so the cover was removed, Undine rose 
from the upheaving water, went to the 
chamber of sir Huldbrand, kissed him, 
and he died. They buried him, and a 
silver stream bubbled round his grave ; 
it was Undine who thus embraced him, 
true in life and faithful in death. — De la 
Motte Fouque', Undine (1807). 

*** This romance is founded on a tale 
by Theophrastus Paracelsus, in his Treatise 
on Elemental Sprites. 

Ungrateful Bird {The). The pe- 
wit or green plover is so called in Scot- 
land. 

The green plover or pewit ... is called "the ungrate- 
ful bird," for that it comes to Scotland to breed, and then 
returns to England with its young to feed the enemy.— 
Captain Burt, Letters from the North of Scotland (1726). 

Ungrateful Guest (The), a soldier 
in the army of Philip of MacSdon, who 
had been hospitably entertained by a 
villager. Being asked by the king what 
he could give him in reward of his 
services, the fellow requested he might 
have the farm and cottage of his late 
host. Philip, disgusted at such baseness, 
had him branded with the words, The 
Ungrateful Guest. 

U'nicorn. The unicorn and lion 
are always like cat and dog, and as soon 
as a lion sees his enemy he betakes him 
to a tree". The unicorn, in his blind fury 
running pell-mell at his foe, darts his 
horn fast into the tree, and then the lion 
falls upon him and devours him. — Gesner, 
Historian Animalium (1551-87). 

Wert thou the unicorn, pride and wrath would con- 
found thee, and make thine own self the conquest of thy 
fury.— Shakespeare, Timon of A them, iv. 3 (1009). 

X T nique (The), Jean Paul Richter, 



whose romances are quite unique and 
belong to no school (1763-1825). 

Universal Doctor, Alain de Lille 
(1114-1203). 

%* Sometimes Thomas Aquinas is also 
called Doctor Universalis (1224-1274). 

Unknown {The Great), sir Walter 
Scott, who published the Waverley novels 
anonymously (1771-1832). 

Unlearned Parliament (The). 
The parliament convened by Henry IV. 
at Coventry, in Warwickshire (1404), was 
so called because lawyers were excluded 
from it. 

Unlicked Bear, a lout, a cub. It 
used to be thought that the bear brought 
forth only a shapeless mass of flesh, 
which she licked into shape and life after 
birth. 

Like to a chaos, or an unlicked bear-whelp, 
That carries no impression like the dam. 

Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI. act iii. sc. 2 (1595). 

Unlucky Possessions, the gold of 
Nibelungen and the gold of Tolosa (p. 
391), Graysteel (p. 402), Harmonia's 
necklace (p. 425), Sherborne, in Dorset- 
shire (p. 903), etc. 

Unready (The), Ethelred II. (*, 978- 
1016). 

*** " Unready " does not mean " never 
ready or prepared," but lacking rede, i.e. 
"wisdom, judgment, or kingcraft." 

Unreason (The abbot of), or Father 
Howleglas, one of the masquers at 
Kennaquhair. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Unwashed ( The Great), the common 
people. It was Burke who first applied 
this term to the artizan class. 

Upholsterer (The), a farce by 
Murphy (1758). Abraham Quidnunc, 
upholsterer, in St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 
being crazed with politics, so neglects 
his business for the affairs of Europe, 
that he becomes a bankrupt ; but at this 
crisis his son John, who had married 
the widow of a rich planter, returns from 
the West Indies, pays off his father's 
debts, and places him in a position where 
he may indulge his love for politics with- 
out hampering himself with business. 

Ura'nia, sister of Astro phel (sir Philip 
Sidney), is the countess of Pembroke. 

Urania, sister unto Astrophel, 
In whose brave mind, as in a golden coffer, 
All heavenly gifts and riches locked are, 
More rich than pearls of Ind. 
Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1595). 

Ura'nia, daughter of the king of Sicily, 



URANIAN VENUS. 



1053 



URSA MAJOR. 



who fell in love with sir Gay (eldest son 
of St. George, the patron saint of England). 
— R. Johnson, The Seven Champions, etc., 
iii. •> (1617). 

TJra'nian Venus, i.e. "Celestial 
Venus," the patroness of chaste and pure 
love. 

Venus pandemos or popularis is the 
Venus of the animal passion called 
" love." 

Venus etaira or arnica is the Venus of 
criminal sensuality. 

The seal was Cupid bent above a scroll. 
Ami o'er his bea.l Craniaii Venus hung 
And raised the blinding bandage from his eyes. 

Tennyson, The Princes*, i. (1830). 

Urban (Sylvanus), the hypothetical 
editor of The Gentleman's Magazine. 

In the summer of 1825 I had apartments in the Rue 
Verte, Brussels. My l-.catuire ... a M. Urbain . . . 
informed me that he was of lineal descent from an 
Englishman of that name. . . . whose prsenomen was 
" Sylvain " — See Sotes and Queries. 

Urchin, a hedgehog, a mischievous 
little fellow, a dwarf, an imp. 

We'll dress like urchins. 
Shakespeare, Merry Hire* of Windsor, act iv. sc. 4(1596). 

Ureus, the Egyptian snake, crowned 
with a mitre, and typical of heaven. 

Urfried (Dame), an old sibyl at Tor- 
quilstone Castle; alias Ulrica, daughter of 
the late thane of Torquilstone. — Sir W. 
Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Urgan, a human child stolen by the 
king of the fairies, and brought up in 
elf-land. He was sent to lay on lord 
Richard the " curse of the sleepless eye " 
for killing his wife's brother. Then, 
said the dwarf to Alice Brand (the wife 
of lord Richard), "if any woman will 
sign my brow thrice with a cross, I shall 
resume my proper form." Alice signed 
him thrice, and Urgan became at once 
"the fairest knight in all Scotland," and 
Alice recognized in him her own brother 
Ethert. — Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake, 
iv. 12 (1810). 

Urganda, a potent fairy in the 
Amadis de Gaul and other romances of 
the Carlovingian cycle. 

This Crganda seemed to be aware of her own im- 
portance. — Smollett. 

Ur'gel, one of Charlemagne's pala- 
dins, famous for his enormous strength. 

U'riel (3 syl.) or Israfil, the angel 
who is to sound, the resurrection trumpet. 
— Al Koran. 

Uriel, one of the seven great spirits, 
whose station was in the sun. The word 



means "God's light" (see 2 Esdras iv., 
v., x. 28). 

The archangel Uriel, one of the seven 

Who in God's presence, nearest to His throne, 

Stand ready at command. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 648, etc (1665). 

%* Longfellow calls him "the minister 
of Mars," and says that he inspires man 
with "fortitude to bear the brunt and 
suffering of life." — The Golden Legend, 
iii. (1851). 

U'rien, the foster-father of prince 
Madoc. He followed the prince to his 
settlement in North America, south of 
the Missouri (twelfth century). — Southey, 
Madoc (1805). 

Urim, in Garth's Dispensary, is de- 
signed for Dr. Atterbury. 

Urim was civil and not void of sense, 
Had humour and courteous confidence, . . . 
Constant at feasts, and each decorum knew. 
And soon as the dessert appeared, withdrew. 

Trie Dispensary, i. (1699). 

Urim and Thummim was the 
" stone " which gave light in the ark. 
Our version says that God commanded 
Noah to make a vcindov:, but the transla- 
tion should be "to make a light." — See 
Paracelsus, Urim and Thummim. 

Urim and Thummim, the spectacles 
given by an angel to Joseph Smith, to 
enable him to read the revelation written 
in "reformed Egyptian" on the plates 
hidden at the foot of a mountain in 
Ontario. These spectacles are described 
as " two transparent stones set in the rim 
on a bow fastened to a breastplate." 
Smith deciphered the plates, and Oliver 
Cowdery took down the words, " because 
Smith was no scholar." 

Urra'ca, sister of Sancho II. of 
Castile, and queen of Zamora. — Foema 
del Cid Campeador (1128). 

Urre {Sir), one of the knights of the 
Round Table. Being wounded, the king 
and his chief knights tried on him the 
effect of "handling the wounds" (i.e. 
touching them to heal them), but failed. 
At last, sir Launcelot was invited to try, 
and as he touched the wounds they 
severally healed. — Arthurian Romance. 

Urrie (Sir John), a parliamentary 
leader. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Ursa Major, Calisto, daughter of 
Lycaou, violated by Jupiter, and con- 
verted by Juno into a bear ; whereupon the 
king of gods and men placed her in the 
Zodiac as a constellation. The Great 
Bear is also called " Hellice " (see p. 8G). 



URSA MAJOR. 



1054 



USELESS PARLIAMENT. 



Vrsa Major. Dr. Johnson was so called 
by Boswell's father (1709-1784). 

My father's opinion of Dr. Johnson may be conjectured 
from the name he afterwards gave him, which was " Ursa 
Major ; " but it is not true, as has been reported, that it 
was in consequence of my saying that he was a constella- 
tion of genius and literature. — Boswell (1791). 

Ursa Minor, also called Ct/nosura 
("the dog's tail"), from its circular 
sweep. The pole-star is a in the tail. 

" Why, Tom, your wife's a perfect star ; 

In truth, no woman's finer." 
Says Tom, " Your simile is just, 

My wife's an Ursa Minor." 

The Eaglet (1827). 

TJrsel (Zedekias), the imprisoned rival 
of the emperor Alexius Comnenus of 
Greece. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Ur'sula, mother of Elsie, and wife of 
Gottlieb [GotJeeb], a cottage farmer of 
Bavaria. — Hartmann von der Aue, Poor 
Henry (twelfth century) ; Longfellow, 
Golden Legend (1851). 

Ur'sula, a gentlewoman attending on 
Hero. — Shakespeare, Much Ado about 
Nothing (1600). 

Ur'sula, a silly old duenna, vain of her 
saraband dancing ; though not fair yet 
fat and fully forty. Don Diego leaves 
Leonora under her charge, but Leander 
soon finds that a little flattery and a few 
gold pieces will put the dragon to sleep, 
and leave him free of the garden of his 
Hesperides. — I. Bickerstaff, The Padlock 
(1768). 

Ursula (Sister), a disguise assumed at 
St. Bride's by the lady Margaret de Haut- 
lieu. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous 
(time, Henry I.). 

Ur'sula (Saint), daughter of Dianotus 
king of Cornwall ( brother and successor 
of Caradoc king of Cornwall). She was 
asked in marriage by Conan [Meriadoc] 
Of Armorica or Little Britain. Going to 
France with her maidens, the princess 
was driven by adverse winds to Cologne, 
where she and " her 11,000 virgins " were 
martyred by the Huns and Picts (Octo- 
ber 21, 237). Visitors to Cologne are 
still shown piles of skulls and bones 
heaped in the wall, faced with glass, 
which the verger asserts to be the relics 
of the martyred virgins ; but, like I phis, 
they must have changed their sex since 
death, for most undoubtedly many of the 
bones are those of men and boys. — See 
Geoffrey, British History, v. 15, 16. 

A calendar in the Freisingen Codex 
notices them as "SS. XI. M. VIR- 
G1NUM," i.e. "eleven holy virgin mar- 



tyrs ; " but, by making the "M" intc 
a Roman figure equal 1000, we have 
XIM = 11,000; soiiic = 300. 

Ursula is the Swabian ursul or hbrsel 
("the moon"), and, if this solution is 
accepted, then the "virgins who bore her 
company " are the stars. Ursul is the 
Scandinavian Hulda. 

Those Avho assert the legend to be, 
based on a fact, have supplied the follow- 
ing names as the most noted of the 
virgins, and, as there are but eleven 
given, it favours the Freisingen Codex : 
—(1) Ursula, (2) Sencia or Sentia, (3) 
Gregoria, (4) Pinnosa, (5) Martha, (6) 
Saula, (7) Brittola, (8) Saturnina, (9) 
Rabacia, Sabatia, or Sambatia, (10) Sa- 
turia or Saturnia, and (11) Palladia. 

In 1837 was celebrated with great 
splendour the sixteenth centenary "ju- 
bilee of their passion." 

Bright Ursula the third, who undertook to guide 

The eleven thousand maids to Little Britain sent, 

By sesis and bloody men devoured as they went: 

Of which we find these four have been for saints preferred. 

And with their leader still do live ^calendered : 

St. Agnes, Cor'dula, Odillia, Florence, which 

With wondrous sumptuous shrines those ages did enricn 

At CuUen. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Use of Pests. David once said he 
could not imagine why a wise deity 
should have created such things as spiders, 
idiots, and mosquitos ; but his life showed 
they were all useful to him at any rate. 
Thus, when he fled from Saul, a spider 
spun its web at the mouth of the cave, 
and Saul, feeling assured that the fugi- 
tive could not have entered the cave 
without breaking the web, passed on 
without further search. Again, when he 
was taken captive before the king of 
Gath, he feigned idiocy, and the king 
dismissed him, for he could not believe 
such a driveller could be the great 
champion who had slain Goliath. Once 
more, when he entered into the tent of 
Saul, as he was crawling along, Abner, 
in his sleep, tossed his legs over him. 
David could not stir, but a mosquito 
happened to bite the leg of the sleeper, 
and, Abner shifting it, enabled David 
to effect his escape. — The Talmud. (See 
Virgil's Gnat, p. 1071.) 

Used Up, an English version of 
V Homme Blase", of Felix Auguste Dn- 
vert, in conjunction with Auguste Theo- 
dore de Lauzanne. Charles Mather s 
made this dramatic trifle popular in 
England. — Boucicault, Used Up (1845). 

Useless Parliament (The), the 
first parliament held in the reign of 



USNACH. 



1055 



VAFRINO. 



Charles I. (June 18, 1625). It was ad- 
journed to Oxford in August, and dis- 
solved twelve days afterwards. 

Usiiach or Usna. Conor king of 
Ulster put to death by treachery the 
three sons of Usnach. This led to the 
desolating war against Ulster, which 
terminated in the total destruction of 
Eman, This is one of the three tragic 
stories of the ancient Irish. The other two 
are The Death of the Children of Touran, 
and The Death of the Children of Lir. 

Avenging and bright falls the swift sword of Erin 

On him who the brave sons of Usna betrayed ! . . . 
By the red cloud that hung over Conor's dark dwelling 

When Ulad's three champions lay sleeping in gore . . . 
We swear to avenge them. 

T. Moore, Irish Melodiet, iv. ("Avenging 
and Bright ..." 1814). 

TJta, queen of Burgundy, mother of 
Kriemhild and Gilnther. — The JSibelun- 
gen Lied (twelfth century). 

XJtha, the " white-bosomed daughter 
of Herman." She dwelt "by Thano's 
stream," and was beloved by Fro thai. 
When Fingal was about to slay Frothal, 
she interposed and saved his life. — Ossian, 
Carrie- Thura. 

Uthal, son of Larthmor petty king of 
Berrathon (a Scandinavian island). He 
dethroned his father, and, being very 
handsome, was beloved by Nina-Tho'ma 
(daughter of a neighbouring prince), who 
eloped with him. Uthal proved incon- 
stant, and, confining Nina-Thoma in a 
desert island, fixed his affections on 
another. In the mean time, Ossian and 
Toscar arrived at Berrathon. A fight 
ensued, in which Uthal was slain in 
single combat, and Larthmor restored to 
his throne. Nina-Thoma was also re- 
leased, but all her ill treatment could 
not lessen her deep love, and when she 
heard of the death of Uthal she languished 
and died. — Ossian, Berrathon. 

Uthal or Cuthal, one of the Orkneys. 
— Ossian, Oithona. 

" The dark chief of Cuthal " (the same 
as " Dunrommath lord of Uthal "). 

Uther or Uter, pendragon or war- 
chief of the Britons. He married Igerna 
widow of Gorlois, and was by her the 
father of Arthur and Anne. This Arthur 
was the famous hero who instituted the 
knights of the Round Table.— Geoffrey, 
History of Britain, viii. 20 (1142). 

Uthorno, a bay of Denmark, into 
which Fingal was driven by stress of 
weather. It was near the residence of 



Starno king of Lochlin {Denmark). — . 
Ossian, Cath-Loda, i. 

Uto'pia, a political romance by 6ir 
Thomas More. 

The word means "nowhere" (Greek, 
ou-topos). It is an imaginary island, 
where everything is perfect — the laws, the 
politics, the morals, the institutions, etc. 
The author, by contrast, shows the evils 
of existing laws. Carlyle, in his Sartor 
Besartus, has a place called " Weissnicht- 
wo " [ Vice-neckt-vo, ' ' I know not where "] . 
The Scotch " Kennaquhair " means the 
same thing (1524). 

Adoam describes to Telemachus the 
country of Be'tique (in Spain) as a Uto- 
pia. — Fe'nelon, Te'lemaque, viii. 

Utopia, the kingdom of Grangousier. 
" Parting from Me'damoth, Pantag'ruel 
sailed with a northerly wind and passed 
Me'dam, Gel'asem, and the Fairy Isles ; 
then, keeping Uti to the left and Uden to 
the right, he ran into the port of Utopia, 
distant about 3£ leagues from the city of 
the Amaurots." 

%* Parting from Medamoth ("from 
no place"), he passed Medam ("no- 
where"), Gelasem ("hidden land"), etc. ; 
keeping to the left Uti ("nothing at 
all ") and to the right Uden (" nothing"), 
he entered the port of Utopia ("no 
place"), distant 3^ leagues from Amauros 
("the vanishing point"). — See Maps for 
the Blind, published by Nemo and Co., 
of Weissnichtwo. 

(These maps were engraved by Outis 
and Son, and are very rare.) 

Uzziel \Uz\zeel\, the next in com- 
mand to Gabriel. The word means "God's 
strength." — Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 
782 (1665). 



V. 

Vadius, a grave and heavy pedant. — 

Moliere, Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 

*** The model of this character was 
Menage, an ecclesiastic noted for his wit 
and learning. 

Vafri'no, Tancred's 'squire, practised 
in all disguises, and learned in all the 
Eastern languages. He was sent as a spy . 



VAINLOVE. 



1056 VALENTINE AND ORSON. 



to the Egyptian camp. — Tasso, Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

Vain/love, a gay young man about 
town. — Congreve, The Old Bachelor 
(1693). 

Valantia {Count), betrothed to the 
marchioness Merlda, whom he "loved to 
distraction till he found that she doted 
on him, and this discovery cloyed his 
passion." He is light, inconsiderate, un- 
principled, and vain. For a time he 
intrigues with Amantis " the child of 
Nature," but when Amantis marries the 
marquis Almanza, the count says to 
Merida she shall be his wife if she will 
promise not to love him. — Mrs. Inchbald, 
Child of Nature. (See Thenot, p. 990.) 

Valclusa, the famous retreat of 
Petrarch (father of Italian poetry) and 
his mistress Laura, a lady of Avignon. 

At last tbe Muses rose . . . from fair Valclusa's bowers. 
Aketiside, Pleasures of Imagination, ii. (1744). 

Valdarno or Vol d'Arno, the valley 
of the Arno, in which Florence is situated. 

. . . from the top of Fesolfi [in Tvucany\ 
Or in Vaklarno. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 293, etc. (1665). 

"Valdes (2 syL) and Cornelius, 
friends of Dr. Faustus, who instruct him 
in magic, and induce him to sell his soul 
that he may have a " spirit" to wait on 
him for twenty-four years. — C. Marlowe, 
Dr. Faustus (1589). 

Valence (Sir Aymer de), lieutenant 
of sir John de Walton governor of Doug- 
las Castle.— Sir W. Scott, Castle Dan- 
gerous (time, Henry I.). 

Valentia. The southern part of Scot- 
land was so called in compliment to 
Valens the Roman emperor. 

Valenti'na, daughter of the conte 
di San Bris governor of the Louvre. She 
was betrothed to the conte di Nevers, but 
loved Raoul [di Nangis], a huguenot, by 
whom she was beloved in return. When 
Raoul was offered her hand by the prin- 
cess Margheri'ta di Valois, the bride of 
Henri le Bernais (Henri IV.), he rejected 
it, out of jealousy ; and Valentina, out 
of pique, married Nevers. In the Bar- 
tholomew slaughter which ensued, Nevers 
fell, and Valentina married her first love 
Raoul, but both were shot by a party of 
musketeers under the command of her 
father the conte di San Bris. — Meyerbeer, 
Les Huguenots (1836). 

Valentine, one of the "two gentle- 
men of Verona ; " the other "gentleman" 



was Protheus. Their two servin "-men 
were Speed and Launce. Valentine mar- 
ried Silvia daughter of the duke of 
Milan, and Protheus married Julia. The 
rival of Valentine was Thurio.— Shake- 
speare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona 
(1595). 

Valentine, a gentleman in attendance 
on the duke of Illyria. — Shakespeare, 

Twelfth Night (1602). 

VaVentine (3 syL), a gentleman just 
returned from his travels. In love with 
Cellide (2 syL), but Cellide is in love 
with Francisco (Valentine's son). — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas (a 
comedy, before 1620). 

Valen'tine (3 syL), a gallant that will 
not be persuaded to keep his estate. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Wit without 
Money (1639). 

Valentine, brother of Margaret. Mad- 
dened by the seduction of his sister, he 
attacks Faust during a serenade, and is 
stabbed by Mephistopheles. Valentine 
dies reproaching his sister Margaret. — 
Goethe, Faust (1798). 

Valentine [Legend], eldest son of sir 
Sampson Legend. He has a tendre for 
Angelica, an heiress whom he eventually 
marries. To prevent the signing away 
of his real property for the advance of 
£4000 in cash to clear his debts, he feigns 
to be mad for a time. Angelica gets the 
bond, and tears it before it is duty signed. 
— Congreve, Love for Love (1695). 

* + * This was Betterton's great part. 

Valentine (Saint), a Romish priest, who 
befriended the martyrs in the persecution 
of Claudius II., and was in consequence 
arrested, beaten with clubs, and finally 
beheaded (February 14, 270). Pope 
Julius built a church in his honour, near 
Ponte Mole, which gave its name to the 
gate Porta St. Valentini, now called 
"Porta del Popolo," and by the ancient 
Romans " Porta Flaminia." 

%* The 15th February was the festi- 
val of Februta Juno (Juno the fructifyer), 
and the Roman Catholic clergy substi- 
tuted St. Valentine for the heathen god- 
dess. 

Valentine and Orson, twin sons 
of Bellisant and Alexander (emperor of 
Constantinople). They were born in a 
forest near Orleans. While the mother 
was gone to hunt for Orson, who had 
been carried off by a bear, Valentine was 



VALENTINE DE GREY. 



1057 



VALIANT-FOR-TRUTH. 



carried off by king Pepin (his uncle). In 
due time, Valentine married Clenmond, 
the Green Knight's sister. — Valentine and 
Orson (fifteenth century). 

Valentine de Grey (Sir), an Eng- 
lishman and knight of France. He had 
"an ample span of forehead, full and 
liquid eyes, free nostrils, crimson lips, 
well-bearded chin, and yet his wishes 
were innocent as thought of babes." Sir 
Valentine loved Hero, niece of sir 
William Sutton, and in the end married 
her. — S. Knowles, Woman's Wit, etc. 
(1838). 

Valentin'ian [III.], emperor of 
Rome (419, 425-455). During his reign, 
the empire was exposed to the invasions 
of the barbarians, and was saved from 
ruin only by the military talents of 
Aet'ius, whom the faithless emperor 
murdered. In the year following, Valen- 
tinian was himself " poisoned " by 
[Petronius] Maximus, whose wife he 
had violated. He was a feeble and con- 
temptible prince, without even the merit 
of brute courage. His wife's name was 
Eudoxia. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Valen- 
tinian (1617). 

"Valenti'no, Margheri'ta's brother, in 
the opera of Faust e Margherita, by 
Gounod (1859). 

Valere (2 syl.), son of Anselme (2 
syl.) who turns out to be don Thomas 
d'Alburci, a nobleman of Naples. During 
an insurrection, the famih' was exiled 
and suffered shipwreck. Valere, being at 
the time only seven years old, was picked 
up by a Spanish captain, who adopted 
him, and with whom he lived for sixteen 
years, when he went to Paris and fell in 
love with Elise the daughter of Har'- 
pagon the miser. Here also Anselme, 
after wandering about the world for ten 
years, had settled down, and Harpagon 
wished him to marry Elise ; but the truth 
being made clear to him that Valere was 
his own son, and Elise in love with him, 
matters were soon adjusted. — Moliere, 
L'Avare (1667). 

Valere (2 syl.), the " gamester." 
Angelica gives him a picture, and enjoins 
him not to lose it on pain of forfeiting 
her hand. He loses the picture in play, 
and Angelica, in disguise, is the winner 
of it. After a time, Valere is cured of 
his vice and happily united to Angelica. 
— Mrs. Centlivre, The Gamester (1709). 

Vale'ria, sister of Valerius, and friend 



of Horatia.— Whitehead, The Roman 
Father (1741). 

Vale'ria, a blue-stocking, who delights 
in vivisection, entomology, women's 
rights, and natural philosophv. — Mrs. 
Centlivre, The Basset Table (1706). 

Vale'rian {valere, "to be bale"), a 
plant of which cats are especially fond. 
It is good in nervous complaints, and a 
sovereign remedy for cramps. "It hath 
beene had in such veneration that no 
brothes, pottage, or physicall meates aie 
woorth anything if this be not at one 
end." (See V alibi an.) 

Valerian then he crops, and purposely doth stamp, 
To apply unto the place that's haled with the cramp. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xin. (1613), 

Vale'rio, a noble young Neapolitan 
lord, husband of Evanthe (3 syl.). This 
chaste young wife was parted from her 
husband by Frederick, the licentious 
brother of Alphonso king of Naples, Avho 
tried in vain to seduce her, and then 
offered to make her any one's wife for a 
month, at the end of which time the 
libertine should suffer death. No one 
would accept the offer, and ultimately 
the lady was restored to her husband.— 
Beaumont and Fletcher, A Wife for a 
Month (1624). 

Valerius, the hero and title of a 
novel by J. G. Lockhart (1821). Vale- 
rius is the son of a Roman commander 
settled in Britain. After the death of his 
father, he is summoned to Rome, to take 
possession of an estate to which he is the 
heir. At the villa of Caplto he meets 
with Athanasia, a lady who unites the 
Roman grace with the elevation of the 
Christian. Valerius becomes a Christian 
also, and brings Athanasia to Britain. 
The display at the Flavian amphitheatre 
is admirably described. A Christian 
prisoner is brought forward, either to re- 
nounce his faith or die in the arena ; of 
course, the latter is his lot. 

This is one of the best Roman stories 
in the language. 

Vale'rius, the brother of Valeria. He 
was in love with Horatia, but Horatia 
was betrothed to Caius Curiatius. — White- 
head, The Roman Father (1741). 

Valiant {The), Jean IV. of Brittany 
(1338, 1364-1399). 

Valiant-for-Truth, a brave Chris- 
tian, who fought three foes at once. His 
sword was " a right Jerusalem blade," so 
he prevailed, but was wounded in the 
3y 



VALIRTAN. 



1058 



VANBEEST BROWN. 



encounter. He joined Christiana's party 
in their journey to the Celestial City. — 
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. (1684). 

Valirian, husband of St. Cecilia. 
Cecilia told him she was beloved by an 
angel, who constantly visited her ; and 
Valirian requested to see this visitant. 
Cecilia replied that he should do so, if 
he went to pope Urban to be baptized. 
This he did, and on returning home the 
angel gave him a crown of lilies, and to 
Cecilia a crown of roses, both from 
the garden of paradise. Valirian, being 
brought before the prefect Almachius for 
heresy, was executed. — Chaucer, Canter- 
bury Tales ("The Second Nun's Tale," 
1388). (See Valerian.) 

Valladolid' {The doctor of), San- 
grado, who applied depletion for every 
disease, and thought the best diet con- 
sisted of roast apples and warm water. 

I condemned a variety of dishes, and arguing like the 
doctor of Valladolid, " Unhappy are those who require 
to be always on the watch, for fear of overloading their 
stomachs I " — Lesage, Gil Bias, vii. 5 (1735). 

Valley of Humiliation, the 

place where Christian encountered Apoll- 
yon and put him to flight. — Bunyan, 
Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 

Valley of Waters {The), the Medi- 
terranean Sea. 

The valley of waters, widest next to that 

Which doth the earth eng.irl-.nd, shapes its course 

Between discordant shores [Europe and Africa]. 

Dantfi, Paradise, ix. (1311). 

Valley of the Shadow of Death, 

a " wilderness, a land of deserts and of 
pits, a land of drought, and of the 
shadow of death " {Per. ii. 6). " The 
light there is darkness, and the way full 
of traps ... to catch the unwary." 
Christian had to pass through it after his 
encounter with Apollyon. — Bunyan, Pil- 
grim's Progress, i. (1678). 

Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of 
death. I will fear no evil : for Thou art with me ; Thy rod 
and Thy staff they comfort me.— Psalm xxiii. 4. 

Valunder, the Vulcan of Scandi- 
navian mythology, noted for a golden 
arm-ring, on which was wrought all the 
heathen deities with their attributes. It 
was once stolen by Sote, but being re- 
covered by Thorsten, became an heir- 
loom, and of course descended to Frithjof 
as one of his three inheritances, the other 
two being the sword Angurva'del and 
the self-acting ship EiUda. — Tegner, 
Frithjof Saga, iii. (1825). 

Farewell, and take in memory of our love 
My arm-ring here, Vahmder's beauteous work, 
With heavenly wonders graven on the gold. 



Valver'de (3 syl.), a Spaniard, in love 
with Elvi'ra. He is the secretar)' of 
Pizarro, and preserves at the end the life 
of Elvira. — Sheridan, Pizarro (altered 
from Kotzebue, 1799). 

Va'men, a dwarf, who asked Baly, 
the giant monarch of India, to permit 
him to measure out three paces to build 
a hut upon. The kind monarch smiled 
at the request, and bade the dwarf mea- 
sure out what he required. The first pace 
compassed the whole earth, the second 
the whole heavens, and the third all 
pandalon or hell. Baly now saw that the 
dwarf was no other than Vishnu, and he 
adored the present deity. — Hindu Mytho- 
logy. 

*** There is a Basque tale the exact 
counterpart of this. 

Vamp, bookseller and publisher. 
His opinion of books was that the get-up 
and binding were of more value than the 
matter. "Books are like women; to 
strike, they must be well dressed. Fine 
feathers make fine birds. A good paper, 
an elegant type, a handsome motto, and 
a catching title, have driven many a dull 
treatise through three editions." — Foote, 
The Author (1757). 

Van {The Spirit of the), the fairy 
spirit of the Van Pools, in Carmarthen. 
She married a young Welsh farmer, but 
told him that if he struck her thrice, she 
would quit him for ever. They went to 
a christening, and she burst into tears, 
whereupon her husband struck her as a 
mar-joy ; but she said, "I weep to see 
a child brought into this vale of tears." 
They next went to the child's funeral, 
and she laughed, whereupon her husband 
struck her again ; but she said, " I truly 
laugh to think what a joy it is to change 
this vale of tears for that better land, 
where there is no more sorrow, but plea- 
sures for evermore." Their next visit 
was to a wedding, where the bride was 
young and the man old, and she said 
aloud, "It is the devil's compact. The 
bride has sold herself for gold." The 
farmer again struck her, and bade her 
hold her peace ; but she vanished away, 
and never again returned. — Welsh My- 
thology. 

Van Tromp. The van preceding 
this proper name is a blunder. 

" Van " before Tromp ... is a gross mistake, ... as 
ludicrous as Van Cromwell or Van Monk.— A'otet and 
Queries, November 17, 1877. 

Vanbeest Brown {Captain), alias 
Dawson, alias Dudley, alias Harry Ber- 



VAN BERG. 



1059 



VANTOM. 



train, son of Mr. Godfrey Bertram laird 
of Ellangowan. 

Vanbeest Brown, lieutenant of Dirk 
Hatteraick. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- 
ing (time, George II.). 

Vanberg (Major), in Charles XII., 
by J. K. Blanche (1826). 

Vanda, wife of Baldric. She is the 
spirit with the red hand, who appears in 
the haunted chamber to the lady Eveline 
Berenger " the betrothed."— Sir W. 
Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Van'dunke (2 syl.), burgomaster of 
Bruges, a drunken merchant, friendly to 
Gerrard king of the beggars, and falsely 
considered to be the father of Bertha. 
His wife's name is Margaret. (Bertha is 
in reality the daughter of the duke of 
Brabant.) — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Vandyck (The English), William 
Dobson, painter (1610-1647). 

Vandyck in Little, Samuel 
Cooper. In his epitaph in old St. Pan- 
eras Church, he is called " the Apelles of 
his age" (1609-1672). 

Vandyck of France, Hyacinth 
Rigaud y Ros (1659-1743). 

Vandyck of Sculpture, Antoine 
Coysevox (1640-1720). 

Vanessa, Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, 
a young lady who proposed marriage to 
dean Swift. The dean declined the pro- 
posal in a poetical trifle called Cadenus 
and Vanessa. 

Essa, i.e. Esther, and Van, the pet form 
of Vanhomrigh ; hence Van-essa. 

Vanity, the nsher of queen Lucifera. 
— Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 4 (1590). 

Vanity, a town through which Chris- 
tian and Faithful had to pass on their 
way to the Celestial City. 

Almost five thousand years agone, there were pilgrims 
walking to the Celestial City, . . . and Beelzebub, 
Apollyon, and Legion . . . perceived, by the path that 
the pilgrims made, that their way to the city lay through 
this town of Vanity. — Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 

Vanity Pair, a fair established by 
Beelzebub, Apollyon, and Legion, for the 
sale of earthly "vanities," creature 
comforts, honours, decorations, and carnal 
delights. It was held in Vanity town, 
and lasted all the year round. Christian 
and Faithful had to pass through the fair, 
which they denounced, and were con- 
sequently arrested, beaten, and put into 
a cage. Next day, being taken before 
justice Hate-good, Faithful was con- 



demned to be burnt alive. — Bunyan, Pil- 
grim' 1 s Progress, i. (1678). 

%* A looking-glass is called Vanity 
Fair. 

Vanity Fair is the name of a periodical 
noted for its caricatures signed "Ape," 
and set on foot by signor Pellegrini. 

Vanity Fair, a novel by W. M. Thacke- 
ray (1848). Becky (Rebecca) Sharp, the 
daughter of a poor painter, dashing, selfish, 
unprincipled, and very clever, contrives 
to marry Rawdon Crawley, afterwards 
his excellency colonel Crawley, C.B., 
governor of Coventry Island. Rawdon 
expected to have a large fortune left him 
by his aunt, Miss Crawley, but was dis- 
inherited on account of his marriage with 
Becky, then a poor governess. Becky con- 
trives to live in splendour on "nothing a 
3 r ear," gets introduced at court, and is 
patronized by lord Steyne earl of Gaunt ; 
but this intimacy giving birth to a great 
scandal, Becky breaks up her establish- 
ment, and is reduced to the lowest 
Bohemian life. Afterwards she becomes 
the "female companion" of Joseph 
Sedley, a wealthy "collector," of Bog- 
gley Wollah, in India. Having in- 
sured his life and lost his money, he 
dies suddenly under very suspicious cir- 
cumstances, and Becky lives for a time 
in splendour on the Continent. Subse- 
quently she retires to Bath, where she 
assumes the character of a pious, charit- 
able lady Bountiful, given to all good 
works. The other part of the story is 
connected with Amelia Sedle\ r , daughter 
of a wealthy London stock-broker, who 
fails, and is reduced to indigence. Cap- 
tain George Osborne, the son of a London 
merchant, marries Amelia, and old Os- 
borne disinherits him. The young people 
live for a time together, when George is 
killed in the battle of Waterloo. Amelia 
is reduced to great poverty, but is be- 
friended by captain Dobbin, who loves 
her to idolatry, and after many years of 
patience and great devotion, she consents 
to marry him. Becky Sharp rises from 
nothing to splendour, and then falls ; 
Amelia falls from wealth to indigence, 
and then rises. 

Vanoc, son of Merlin, one of the 
knights of the Round Table. 

Young Vanoc of the beardless face 
(Fame spoke the youtli of Merlin's race), 
O'erpowered, at Gyneth's footstool bled. 
His heart's blood dved her sandals red. 
Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Triermain, ii. 25 (1813). 

Van torn (Mr.). Sir John Sinclair 
tells us that Mr. Vantom drank in twenty- 



VANWELT. 



1060 



VATHEK. 



three years, 36,688 bottles (i.e. 59 pipes) 
of wine. — Code of Health and Longevity 
(1807). 
*** Between four and five bottles a day. 

Vanwelt (Tan), the supposed suitor 
of Rose Flammock. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Vapians ( The), a people from Utopia, 
who passed the equinoctial of Queubus, 
" a torrid zone lying somewhere bej'ond 
three o'clock in the morning." 

In sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling last night, 
when thou spokest ... of the Vapians passing the 
equinoctial of Queubus.— Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, 
act ii. sc. 3 (1602). 

Vapid, the chief character in The 
Dramatist, by F. Reynolds, and said to 
be meant for the author himself. He 
goes to Bath "to pick up characters." 

Varbel, "the lowly but faithful 
'squire " of Floreski a Polish count. He 
is a quaint fellow, always hungry. — J. P. 
Kemble, Lodoiska (1791). 

Varden (Gabriel), locksmith, Clerk- 
enwell ; a round, red-faced, sturdy 
yeoman, with a double chin, and a voice 
husky with good living, good sleeping, 
good humour, and good health. He was 
past the prime of life, but his heart and 
spirits were in full vigour. During the 
Gordon riots, Gabriel refused to pick the 
lock of Newgate prison, though at the im- 
minent risk of his life. 

Mrs. Varden [Martha'], the lock- 
smith's wife and mother of Dolly, a 
woman of "uncertain temper" and a self- 
martyr. When too ill-disposed to rise, 
especially from that domestic sickness 
ill temper, Mrs. Varden would order up 
" the little black teapot of strong mixed 
tea, a couple of rounds of hot buttered 
toast, a dish of beef and ham cut thin 
without skin, and the Protestant Manual 
in two octavo volumes. Whenever Mrs. 
Varden was most devout, she was always 
the most ill-tempered." When others 
were merry, Mrs. Varden was dull ; and 
when others were sad, Mrs. Varden was 
cheerful. She was, however, plump and 
buxom, her handmaiden and "com- 
forter" being Miss Miggs. Mrs. Varden 
was cured of her folly D): the Gordon riots, 
dismissed Miggs, and lived more happily 
and cheerfully ever after. 

Dolly Varden, the locksmith's daugh- 
ter; a pretty, laughing girl, with a roguish 
face, lighted up by the loveliest pair of 
sparkling eyes, the very impersonation of 
good humour and bloomipg beauty. She 
married Joe Willet, and conducted with 



him the Maypole inn, as never country 
inn was conducted before. They greatly 
prospered, and had a large and happy 
family. Dolly dressed in the Watteau 
style ; and modern Watteau costume and 
hats were, in 1875-6, called " Dolly Var- 
dens." — C. Dickens, Barnaby "Budge 
(1841). 

Vari'na, Miss Jane Waryng, to whom 
dean Swift had a penchant when he was 
a young man. Varina is a Latinized 
form of "Waryng." 

Varney (Richard, afterwards sir 
Richard), master of the horse to the earl 
of Leicester. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Varro ( The British). Thomas Tusr.er, 
of Essex, is so called by Warton (1515- 
1580). 

Vasa (Gustavus), a drama, by H. 
Brooke (1730). Gustavus, having effected 
his escape from Denmark, worked for a 
time as a common labourer in the copper- 
mines of Dalecarlia [Dah' .le.karl' .ya~\\ but 
the tyranny of Christian II. of Denmark 
having driven the Dalecarlians into re- 
volt, Gustavus was chosen their leader. 
The revolters made themselves masters 
of Stockholm ; Christian abdicated ; and 
Sweden became an independent kingdom 
(sixteenth century). 

Vashti. When the heart of the king 
[Ahasuerus] was merry with wine, he 
commanded his chamberlains to bring 
Vashti, the queen, into the banquet hall, to 
show the guests her beauty ; but she 
refused to obey the insulting order, and 
the king, being wroth, divorced her. — 
Esther i. 10, 19. 

O Vashti, nohle Vashti ! Summoned out. 
She kept her state, and left the drunken king 
To brawl at Shnshan underneath the palms. 

Tennyson, The Princess, ill. (1830). 

Vatel, the cook who killed himself, 
because the lobster for his turbot sauce 
did not arrive in time to be served up at 
the banquet at Chantilly, given by the 
prince de Conde' to the king. 

Vath/ek, the ninth caliph of the race 
of the Abassides, son of Motassem, and 
grandson of Haroun-al-Raschid. When 
angry, " one of his eyes became so 
terrible that whoever looked at it either 
swooned or died." Vathek was induced 
by a malignant genius to commit all 
sorts of crimes. He abjured his faith, 
and bound himself to Eblis, under the 
hope of obtaining the throne of the pre- 
Adamite sultans. This throne eventually 
turned out to be a vast chamber in the 



VATHEK'S DRAUGHT. 



10G1 



VEHMGERICHT. 



abyss of Eblis, where Vathek found him- 
self a prisoner without hope. His wife 
was Nouron'ihar, daughter of the emir 
Fakreddin, and his mother's name was 
Catharis.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). 

Vathek's Draught, a red-and- 
yellow mixture given him by an emissary 
of Eblis, which instantaneously restored 
the exhausted body, and filled it with 
unspeakable delight. — W. Beckford, 
Vathek (1784). 

VatO, the wind-spirit. 

Even Zoroaster imagined there was an evil spirit, called 
Vato, that could excite violent stoinis of wind. — T Row 
[i.e. Dr. PeggeJ, Gentleman's Mayazine, January, 1763. 

Vaudeville {Father of the), Oliver 
Basselin (fifteenth century). 

Vaughan, the bogie of Bromyard, 
exorcised by nine priests. Nine candles 
were lighted in the ceremony, and all but 
one burnt out. The priests consigned 
Nicholas Vaughan to the Red Sea ; and, 
casting the remaining candle into the 
river Frome, threw a huge stone over 
it, and forbade the bogie to leave the 
Red Sea till that candle re-appeared to 
human sight. The stone is still called 
" Vaughan' s Stone." 

Vaugirard (The deputies of). The 
usher announced to Charles VIII. of 
France, " The deputies of Vaugirard." 
" How mauy ?" asked the king. "Only 
one, may it please your highness." 

Canning says that three tailors of 
Tooley Street, Southwark, addressed a 
petition of grievances to the House, be- 
ginning, " We, the people of England." 

Vauxhall. The premises in the 
manor of Vauxhall were the property of 
Jane Vaux in 1615, and the house was 
then called " Stockdens." From her it 
passed through various hands, till it be- 
came the property of Mr. Tyers in 1752. 
" The Spring Gardens at Vauxhall " are 
mentioned in the Spectator as a place of 
great resort in 1711 ; but it is generally 
thought that what we call "Vauxhall 
Gardens " were opened for public amuse- 
ment in 1730. 

The tradition that Vauxhall was the property of Guy 
Fawkes (hence the name of "Fauxeshall") is erroneous. 
—Lord W. P. Lennox, Celebrities, etc., I. 141. 

Vauxhall Slice (A), a slice of meat, 
especially ham, as thin as it is possible to 
cut it. 

Slices of pale-coloured, stale, dry ham, cut so thin that 
a " Vauxhall slice" became proverbial — Lord W. P. 
Lennox, Celebrities, etc, I. vii. 

V. D. M. I. JE., Verbum Dei manet 
in internum (" the Word of God endureth 



forever"). This wa3 the inscription of 
the Lutheran bishops in the diet of 
Spires. Philip of Hessen said the initials 
stood for Verbum diaboli manet in episcopis 
("the word of the devil abideth in the 
[Lutheran] bishops"). 

Veal (Mrs.), an imaginary person, 
whom Defoe feigned to have appeared, 
the day after her death, to Mrs. Bargrave 
of Canterbury, on September 8, 1705. 

Defoe's conduct in regard to the well-known imposture, 
Mrs. Veal's ghost, would justify us in believing hiin to he, 
like Gil Bias, " taut soi peu fripou." — Encyc. Brit., Art. 
" Romance." 

Veal's Apparition (Mrs.). It is 
said that Mrs. Veal, the day after her 
death, appeared to Mrs. Bargrave, at 
Canterbury, September 8, 1705. This 
cock-and-bull story was affixed by Daniel 
Defoe to Drelincourt's book of Consola- 
tions ayainst the Fears of Death, and such 
is the matter-of-fact style of the narra- 
tive that most readers thought the fiction 
was a fact. 

Vee'chio (Peter), a teacher of music 
and Latin ; reputed to be a wizard. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Chances 
(1620). 

Veck (Toby), nicknamed "Trotty;" a 
ticket-porter v who ran on errands. One 
New Year's Eve he ate tripe for dinner, 
and had a nightmare, in which he fancied 
he had mounted up to the steeple of a 
neighbouring church, and that goblins 
issued out of the bells, giving reality to 
his hopes and fears. He was roused 
from his sleep by the sound of the bells 
ringing in the new vear. (See Meg.) — 
C. Dickens, The Chimes (1844). 

Vecta, Isle of Wight. Pliny (Natural 
History, iv. 30) calls it Vectis. The 
Britons called it Guith. 

The green banks of Vecta. 
Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Vegliantino [Val.yan.tee'.no], Or- 
lando's horse. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). Also called Veillantif. 

Vehmgericht or The Holy Vehme, 
a secret tribunal of Westphalia, the prin- 
cipal seat of which was in Dortmund. The 
members were called " Free Judges." It 
took cognizance of all crimes in the law- 
less period of the Middle Ages, and those 
condemned by the tribunal were made 
away with by some secret means, but 
no one knew by what hand. Being des- 
patched, the dead body was hung on a 
tree to advertise the fact and deter others. 
The tribunal existed at the time of 
Charlemagne, but was at its zenith of 



VEHMIQUE TRIBUNAL. 



1062 



VENEERING. 



power in the twelfth century. Sir W. 
Scott has introduced it in his Anne of 
Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Was Rebecca guilty or not? The Vehmgericht of the 
servants' hall pronounced against her. — Thackeray, 
Vanity fair, xliv. (1848). 

Vehmique Tribunal {The), or the 
Secret Tribunal, or the court of the Holy 
Vehme, said to have been founded by 
Charlemagne. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Veil of St. Agatha, a miraculous 
veil belonging to St, Agatha, and de- 
posited in the church of the city of 
Catania, in Sicily, where the saint 
suffered martyrdom. " It is a sure 
defence against the eruptions of mount 
Etna." It is very true that the church 
itself was overwhelmed with lava in 
1693, and some 20,000 of the inhabitants 
perished ; but that was no fault of the 
veil, which would have prevented it if it 
could. Happily, the veil was recovered, 
and is still believed in by the people. 

Veilchen (Annette), attendant of 
Anne of Geierstein. — Sir W. Scott, Anne 
of Geierstein (time. Edward IV.). 

Veiled Prophet of Khorassan 

{The), Hakim ben Allah, surnamed Mo- 
kanna or "The Veiled," founder of an 
Arabic sect in the eighth century. He 
wore a veil to conceal bis face, which had 
been greatly disfigured in battle. He 
gave out that he had been Adam, Noah, 
Abraham, and Moses. When the sultan 
Mahadi marched against him, he poisoned 
all his followers at a banquet, and then 
threw himself in a cask containing a 
burning acid, which entirely destroyed 
his bodv. 

*** Thomas Moore has made this the 
subject of a poetical tale in his Lalla 
Rookh ("The Veiled Prophet of Kho- 
rassan," 1817). 

There, on that throne, . . . sat the prophet-chief, 
The great Mokanna. O'er his features hung 
The veil, tlie silver veil, which he had flung 
In mercy there, to hide from mortal sight 
His dazzling brow, till man could bear its light. 

* * • • • • 

" 'Tis time these features were unc urtiiined t iww]. 
This brow, whose light — oh, rare celestial light! — 
Hath been reserved to bless thy favoured sight . . . 
Turn now and look ; tlwn wonder, if thou wilt. 
That I should hate, should take revenge, by guilt, 
Upon the hand whose mischief or whose mirth 
Sent me thus maimed and monstrous upon earth . . . 
Here — judge if hell, with all its power to damn, 
Can add one curse to the foul thing I am ! " 

He raised the veil ; the maid turned slowly round, 

Looked at him, shrieked, and sunk upon the ground. 

The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan. 

Veipsey, an intermittent spring in 
Yorkshire, called "prophetic" because, 



when unusually high, it foretells a coming 
dearth. 

Then my prophetic spring at Veipsey I may show. 
That some years is dried up, some years again doth flow ; 
But when it breaketh out with an immoderate birth, 
It tells the following year of a penurious dearth. 

Drayton, Potyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 

Velasquez, the Spanish governor 
of Portugal in 1640, when the people, led 
by don Juan duke of Braganza, rose in 
rebellion, shook off the Spanish yoke, 
and established the duke on the throne, 
under the name and title of Juan or John 
IV. The same dynasty still continues. 
Velasquez was torn to pieces by the mob. 
The duchess calls him a 

Discerning villain. 
Subtle, insidious, false, and plausible ; 
He can with ease assume all outward forms . . . 
While with the lynx's beam he penetrates 
The deep reserve of every other breast. 

R. Jephson, Braganza, ii. 2 (1785). 

Velinspeck, a country manager, to 
whom Matthew Stuffy makes applica- 
tion for the post of prompter. — Charles 
Mathews, At Home (1818). 

Vellum, in Addison's comedy The 
Drummer (1715). 

Velvet ( The Ben. Morphine), a popular 
preacher, who feeds his flock on eau 
sucre'e and wild honey. He assures his 
hearers that the way to heaven might 
once be thorny and steep, but now " every 
hill is brought low, every valley is filled 
up, the crooked ways are made straight, 
and even in the valley of the shadow of 
death they need fear no evil, for One will 
be with them to support and comfort 
them." 

Venedo'tia, Wales. 

The Venedotian floods, that ancient Britons were. 
The mountains kept them back. 

M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Veneering (Mr.), a new man, "forty, 
wavy-haired, dark, tending to corpulence, 
sl} r , mysterious, filmy ; a kind of well- 
looking veiled prophet, not prophesying." 
He was a drug merchant of the firm of 
Chicksey, Stobbles, and Veneering. The 
two former were his quondam masters, 
but their names had "become absorbed 
in Veneering, once their traveller or com- 
mission agent." 

Mrs. Veneering, a new woman, "fair, 
aquiline-nosed and fingered, not so much 
light hair as she might have, gorgeous in 
raiment and jewels, enthusiastic, pro- 
pitiatory, conscious that a corner of her 
husband's veil is over herself." 

Mr. and Mrs. Veneering were bran-new people, in a 
bran-new house, in a bran-new quarter of London. 
Everything about the Veneerings was spick and span 
new. All their furniture was new, nil their friends were 
new. all their servants were new, their platv was new, 
their carriage was new, their harness was new, their horses 



VENEERING OF SOCIETY. 



1063 



VENUS. 



were new, their pictures were new, they themselves were 
new, they were as newly married as was lawfully com- 
patible with their having a bran-new baby. 

In the Veneering establishment from the hall chairs 
with the new coat of anus, to the /rand pianoforte' with 
the new action, and upstairs again to the new fire-escape, 
all things were in a state of high varnish and polish.— C. 
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, ii. (1864). 

Veneering of Society (The), 
flashy, rich merchants, who delight to 
overpower their guests with the splendour 
of their furniture, the provisions of their 
tables, and the jewels of their wives and 
daughters. 

Venerable Bede (The). Two 
accounts are given respecting the word 
venerable attached to the name of this 
"wise Saxon." One is this: When 
blind, he preached once to a heap of 
stones, thinking himself in a church, and 
the stones were so affected by his elo- 
quence that they exclaimed, "Amen, 
venerable Bede ! " This, of course, is 
based on the verse Luke xix. 40. 

The other is that his scholars, wishing 
to honour his name, wrote for epitaph : 

Haec sunt in fossa, 
Bedse presbyteri ossa ; 

but an angel changed the second line into 
" Bedae venerabilis ossa" (672-735). 

%* The chair in which he sat is still 
preserved at Jarrow. Some years ago a 
sailor used to show it, and always called 
it the chair of the "great admiral Bede." 

Venerable Doctor (The), William 
de Champeaux (*-1121). 

Venerable Initiator (The), Wil- 
liam of Occam (1276-1347). 

Venery. Sir Tristram was the in- 
ventor of the laws and terms of venery. 
Hence a book of venery was called A 
Book of Tristram. 

Of sir Tristram came all the good terms of venery and 
of hunting ; and the sizes and measures of blowing of an 
horn. And of him we had first all the terms of hawking ; 
and which were beasts of chase and beasts of venery, and 
which were vermin ; and all the blasts that belong to all 
manner of games. First to the uncoupling, to the seek- 
ing, to the rechase, to the flight, to the death, and to the 
strake ; and many other blasts and terms shall all manner 
of gentlemen have cause to the world's end to praise air 
Tristram, and to pray for his soul. — Sir T. Malory, History 
of Prince Arthur, ii. 138 (1470). 

Venice Glass. The drinking-glasses 
of the Middle Ages made of Venice glass 
were said to possess the peculiar property 
of breaking into shivers if poison were 
put into them. 

Tis said that our Venetian crystal bas 
Such pure antipathy to poison, as 
To burst, if aught of venom touches it. 

Byron, The Two Foscari, v. 1 (1820). 

Venice Preserved, a tragedy by 
T. Otway (1682). A conspiracy was 
formed by Renault a Frenchman, Elliot 



an Englishman, Bedamar, Pierre, and 
others, to murder the Venetian senate. 
Jaffier was induced by his friend Pierre 
to join the conspirators, and gave his 
wife as hostage of his good faith. As 
Renault most grossly insulted the lady, 
Jaffier took her away, when she per- 
suaded her husband to reveal the plot 
to her father Priuli, under the promise of 
a general amnesty. The senate violated 
the promise made by Priuli, and com- 
manded all the conspirators except 
Jaffier to be broken on the wheel. Jaffier, 
to save his friend Pierre from the torture, 
stabbed him, and then himself. Belvi- 
dera went mad and died. 

Venice of the East, Bangkok, 
capital of Burmah. 

Venice of the North, Stockholm 
(Sweden). Sometimes Amsterdam is so 
called, from its numerous water-courses 
and the opulence of its citizens. It has 
290 bridges. 

They went to the city of Amsterdam, the Venice of the 
North. — The Dragonadet, i. 

Venice of the West, Glasgow. 

Another element in the blazon of the Venice of the 
West is a fish laid across the stem of the tree. — Burton. 

(See Fish and the Ring, p. 336.) 

Ventid'ius, an Athenian imprisoned 
for debt. Timon paid his debt, and set 
him free. Not long after, the father of 
Ventidius died, leaving a large fortune, 
and the young man offered to refund the 
loan, but Timon declined to take it, 
saying that the money was a free gift. 
When Timon got into difficulties, he ap- 
plied to Ventidius for aid ; but Ventidius, 
like the rest, was "found base metal," 
and " denied him." — Shakespeare, Timon 
of Athens (1609). 

Ventid'ius, the general of Marc An- 
tony. 

%* The master scene between Ven- 
tidius and Antony in this tragedy is copied 
from The Maid's Tragedy (by Beaumont 
and Fletcher), Ventidius being the "Melan- 
tius " of Beaumont and Fletcher's drama. 
— Dryden, All for Love or the World Well 
Lost (1678). 

Ventriloquist. The best that ever 
lived was Brabant, the engastrimisth of 
Francois I. of France. 

Venus (Paintings of). Venus Ana- 
dyom'ene or Venus rising from the sea 
and wringing her golden tresses, by 
Apelles. Apelles also put his name to 
a "Sleeping Venus." Tradition says 



VENUS. 



1064 



VENUSBERG. 



that Campaspe (afterwards his wife) was 
the model of his Venus. 

The Rhodian Venus, referred to by 
Campbell, in his Pleasures of Hope, 
ii., is the Venus spoken of by Pliny, 
xxxv. 10, from which Shakespeare has 
drawn his picture of Cleopatra in her 
barge (Antony and Cleopatra, act ii. sc. 
2). The Rhodian was Protog'enes. 

When first the Rhodian's mimic art arrayed 

The queen of Beauty in her Cyprian .shade, 

The happy master mingled in his piece 

Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece . . . 

Love on the picture smiled. Expression poured 

Her mingling spirit there, and Greece adored. 

Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 

Venus (Statues of). The Cnidian 
Venus, a nude statue, bought by the 
Cnidians. By Praxiteles. 

The Coan Venus, a draped statue, 
bought by the Coans. By Praxiteles. 

The Venus de' Medici, a statue dug 
up in several pieces at Hadrian's villa, 
near Tiv'oli (seventeenth century), and 
placed for a time in the Medici palace at 
Rome, whence its name. It was the work 
of Cleom'enes the Athenian. All one arm 
and part of the other were restored by 
Bandinelli. In 1680 this statue was 
removed to the Uffizi gallery at Florence. 
It was removed to Paris by Napoleon, 
but was afterwards restored. 

The Venus of Arles, with a mirror 
in the right hand and an apple in the 
left. This statue is ancient, but the 
mirror and apple are by Girardin. 

The Venus of Milo. The "Venus 
Victorious" is called the "Venus of 
Milo," because it was brought from the 
island of Milo, in the Mge&xx Sea, by 
admiral Dumont d'Urville in 1820. It 
is one of the chefs oVceuvre of antiquity, 
and is now in the Louvre of Paris. 

The Pauline Venus, by Canova. 
Modelled from Pauline Bonaparte, prin- 
cess Borghese. 

I went by chance into the room of the Pauline Venus ; 
my mouth will taste bitter all day. How venial ! how 
gaudy and vile she is with tier gilded upholstery ! It is 
the most hateful thing that ever wasted marble.'— Ouida, 
Ariadne, L 1. 

The Venus Pandkmos, the sensual 
and vulgar Venus (Greek, pan-demos, for 
the vulgar or populace generally) ; as 
opposed to the "Uranian Venus," the 
beau-ideal of beauty and loveliness. 

Amongst the deities from the upper chamber a mortal 
came, the light, lewd woman, who had bared her charms 
to live for ever here in marble, in counterfeit of the Venus 
Pandenios.— Ouida, Ariadne', i. 1. 

Gibson's Venus, slightly tinted, was 
shown in the International Exhibition of 
1862. 

Venus, the highest throw with the four 



tali or three tesserce. The best cast of 
the tali (or four-sided dice) was four 
different numbers ; but the best cast of 
the tesserai (or ordinary dice) was three 
sixes. The worst throw was called cams 
— three aces in tesserce and four aces in 
tali. 

Venus (The Isle of), a paradise created 
by " Divine Love" for the Lusian heroes. 
Here Uranian Venus gave Vasco da Gama 
the empire of the sea. This isle is not 
far from the mountains of Imaus, whence 
the Ganges and Indus derive their source. 
— Camoens, Lusiad, ix. (1572). 

%* Similar descriptions of paradise 
are: "the gardens of Alcinous" (Odys- 
sey, vii.); "the island of Circe" (Odys- 
sey, x.); Virgil's "Elysium" (JEneid, 
vi.) ; "the island and palace of Alci'na" 
(Orlando Furioso, vi., vii.) ; "the country 
of Logistiila" (Orlando Furioso, x.) ; 
'* Paradise," visited by Astolpho ( Orlando 
Furioso, xxxiv.) ; "the island of Armi'- 
da " (Jerusalem Delivered)', "the bower 
of Acrasia" (Faery Queen) ; "the palace 
with its forty doors" (Arabian Nights, 
" Third Calender 'I), etc. 

Venus ( Ura'nian). the impersonation 
of divine love ; the presiding deity of the 
Lusians. — Camoens, Lusiad (1572). 

Venus and Adonis. Adonis, a 
most beautiful boy, was greatly beloved 
by Venus and Proserpine. Jupiter de- 
cided that he should live four months 
with one and four months with the other 
goddess, and the rest of the year he might 
do what he liked. One day, he was killed 
by a wild boar during a chase, and Venus 
was so inconsolable at the loss that the 
infernal gods allowed the boy to spend 
six months of the year with Venus on the 
earth, but the other six he was to spend 
in hell. Of course, this is an allegory of 
the sun, which is six months above and 
six months below the equator. 

*** Shakespeare has a poem called 
Venus and Adonis (1593), in which Adonis 
is made cold and passionless, but Venus 
ardent and sensual. 

Venus of Cleom'enes (4 syl.), 
now called the "Venus de' Medici" or 
"Venus de Medicis." 

Venus of the Forest (The). The 
ash tree is so called by Gilpin. 

Venusberg, the mountain of fatal 
delights. Here Tannhiiuser tarried, and 
when pope Urban refused to grant him 
absolution, he returned thither, to be 
never more seen. — ticrman Legend. 



VERDONE. 



1065 



VERTAIGNE. 



Ver'done (2 syl.), nephew to Cham- 
pernal the husband of Lami'ra. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher, The Little French 
Lawyer (1647). 

Verdugo, captain under the governor 
of Segovia. — Beaumont and Fletcher, 
The Pilgrim (1621). 

"Vere (Mr. Richard), laird of Ellies- 
law, a Jacobite conspirator. 

Miss Isabella Vere, the laird's daughter. 
She marries voung Patrick Earnscliffe 
laird of Earnscliffe.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Vere (Sir Arthur de), son of the earl 
of Oxford. He first appears under the 
assumed name of Arthur Philipson. — Sir 
W. Scott, Anne of Geierstem (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Verges (2 syl.), an old-fashioned 
constable and night-watch, noted for his 
blundering simplicity. — Shakespeare, 
Much Ado about Nothing (1600). 

Vergiv'ian Sea, that part of St. 
George's Channel where tides out of the 
north and south seas meet. The Irish Sea 
is sometimes so called. 

. . . bears his boisterous waves into the narrower mouth 
Of the Vergivian Sea ; where meeting, from the south, 
Great Neptune's surlier tides, with their robustious shocks 
Each other shoulder up against the griesly rocks. 

Drayton, tolyolbion, x. (1612). 

Vergob'retus, a dictator selected 
by the druids, and possessed of unlimited 
power both in war and state during times 
of great danger. 

This temporary king or vergobretus laid down his office 
at the end of the war. — Isusertation on the Era of Ossian. 

Verisopllt (Lord Frederick), weak 
and silly, but far less vicious than his 
bear-leader, sir Mulberry Hawk. He 
drawled in his speech, and was altogether 
"very soft." Ralph Nickleby introduced 
his niece Kate to the young nobleman at 
a bachelor's dinner-party, hoping to make 
of the introduction a profitable invest- 
ment, but Kate was far too modest and 
virtuous to aid him in his scheme. — C. 
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Vermilion Sea (The), the gulf of 
California. 

Vernon (Diana), niece of sir Hilde- 
brand Osbaldistone. She has great 
beauty, sparkling talents, an excellent 
disposition, high birth, and is an en- 
thusiastic adherent of an exiled king. 
Diana Yernon marries Frank Osbaldi- 
stone. 

Sir Frederick Vernon, father of Diana, 
a political intriguer, called "his excel- 



lency the earl of Beauchamp." He first 
appears as father Vaughan \_Vawri\. — Sir 
W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Ver'olame (3 syl.) or Verulam, " a 
stately nymph" of Isis. Seeing her 
stream besmeared with the blood of St. 
Al ban, she prayed that it might be 
diverted into another channel, and her 
prayer was granted. The place where 
St. Alban was executed was at that time 
called Holmhurst. — Robert of Gloucester, 
Chronicle (in verse), 57 (thirteenth cen- 
tury). 

%* A poetical account of this legend 
is also given by W. Browne in his Britan- 
nia's Fastorals, iv. (1613). 

Veron'ica, the maiden who handed 
her handkerchief to Jesus on His way to 
Calvary. The "Man of sorrows" wiped 
His face with it, returned it to the maiden, 
and it ever after had a perfect likeness 
of the Saviour photographed on it. The 
handkerchief and the maiden were both 
called Veronica (i.e. vera iconica, "the true 
likeness"). 

%* One of these handkerchiefs is pre- 
served in St. Peter's of Rome, and another 
in Milan Cathedral. 

Verrina, the republican who mur- 
ders Fiesco. — Schiller, Fiesco (1783). 

Versailles (The German), Cassel ; 
so called from its gardens, conservatories, 
fountains, and colossal statue of Hercules. 

Versailles of Poland, the palace, 
etc., of the counts of Braniski, which now 
belong to the municipality of Bialystok. 

Versatile (Sir George), a scholar, 
pleasing in manners, warm-hearted, 
generous, with the seeds of virtue and 
the soul of honour, but being deficient 
in stability, he takes his colour, like the 
chamelion, from the objects at hand. 
Thus, with Maria Delaval he is manly, 
frank, affectionate, and noble ; with lord 
Vibrate, hesitating, undecided, and tossed 
with doubts ; with lady Vibrate, boister- 
ously gay, extravagant, and light-hearted. 
Sir George is betrothed to Maria Delaval, 
but the death of his father delays the 
marriage. He travels, and gives a fling 
to youthful indulgences. After a time, 
he meets Maria Delaval by accident, his 
better nature prevails, and he offers her 
his hand, his heart, his title, and his 
fortune. — Holcroft, He's Much to Blame 
(1790). 

Vertaigne (2 or 3 syl.), a nobleman 



VERVAIN. 



1066 



VICAR OF BRAY. 



and judge, father of Lam Ira and Beaupre. 
—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Little 
French Lawyer (1647). 

"Vervain or Verbe'na, i.e. herba bona, 
used by the Greeks and Romans in their 
sacrifices and sacred rites, and by the 
druids in their incantations. It was for 
ages a reputed deobstruent, especially 
efficacious in scrofulous complaints, the 
bite of rabid animals, antipathies, and 
megrims. 

Drayton says "a wreath of vervain 
heralds wear " as a badge of truce. Am- 
bassadors also wore a chaplet of vervain 
on denouncing war. 

The hermit . . . the holy vervain finds, 
Which he about his head that hath the megrim binds. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Vesey {Sir John), a baronet, most 
worldly wise, and, being poor, gives 
himself the nickname of " Stingy Jack," 
that he may be thought rich. Forthwith 
his £10,000 was exaggerated into £40,000. 
Sir John wanted his daughter to marry 
Alfred Evelyn, but, feeling very uncertain 
about the stability of the young man's 
money, shilly-shallied about it ; and in 
the mean time, Georgina married sir 
Frederick Blount, and Evelyn was left 
free to marry Clara Douglas, whom he 
greatly loved. — Lord L. Bulwer Lvtton, 
Money (1840). 

Vestris, called ' ' The God of Dancing, " 
used to say, " Europe contains only three 
trulv great men — mvself, Voltaire, and 
Frederick of Prussia h (1729-1808). 

Veto (Monsieur and Madame), Louis 
XVI. and Marie Antoinette. The king 
had the power of putting his veto on any 
decree of the National Assembly (1791), 
in consequence of which he was nick- 
named "Capet Veto." 

*** The name occurs in the celebrated 
song called La Carmagnole, which was 
sung to a dance of the same name. 

Vetus, in the Times newspaper, is the 
nom de plume of Edward Sterling (1773- 
1847), t; The Thunderer" (1812-13). 

Vexhelia, wife of Osmond an old 
Varangian guard. — Sir W. Scott, Count 
Bobert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Vholes (1 syl,), a lawyer who draws 
Richard Carstoue into his toils. lie is 
always closely buttoned up, and speaks 
in a lifeless manner, but is pre-eminently 
a " most respectable man." — C, Dickens, 
Bleak House (1852). 



Vi et Armis.— Cicero, 2 Philippic, 
xli. 107. 

Vibrate (Lord), a man who can nevor 
make up his mind to anything, and, 
" like a man on double business bent, he 
stands in pause which he shall first begin, 
and both neglects." Thus, he would say 
to his valet, " Order the coachman at 
eleven. No ; order him at one. Come 
back ! order him in ten minutes. Stay ! 
don't order him at all. Why don't you 
go and do as I bid you ? " or, " Tell 
Harry to admit the doctor. No, not 
just yet; in five minutes. I don't know 
when. Was ever man so tormented ? " 
So with everything. 

Lady Vibrate, wife of the above. Ex- 
travagant, contradictious, fond of gaiety, 
hurr} r , noise, embarrassment, confusion, 
disorder, uproar, and a whirl of excite- 
ment. She says to his lordship : 

I am all gaiety and good humour ; you are all turmoil 
and lamentation. I sing, laugh, and welcome pleasure 
wherever I find it ; you take your lantern to look for 
misery, which the sun itself cannot discover. You may 
think proper to be as miserable as Job ; but don't expect 
me to be a Jobs wife.— Act ii. 1. 

Lady Jane Vibrate, daughter of lord 
and lady Vibrated An amiable young 
lady, attached to Delaval, whom she 
marries. — Holcroft, He's Much to Blame 
(1790). 

Viear of Bray (The). Mr. Brome 
says the noted vicar was Simon Alleyn, 
vicar of Bray, in Berkshire, for fifty 
years. In the reign of Henry VIII. he was 
catholic till the Reformation ; in the reign 
of Edward VI. he was calvinist ; in the 
reign of Mary he was papist ; in the reign 
of Elizabeth he was protcstant. No 
matter who was king, he resolved to 
die the vicar of Bray. — DTsraeli, Curiosi- 
ties of Literature. 

Another statement gives the name of 
Pendleton as the true vicar. He was 
afterwards rector of St. Stephen's, Wal- 
brook (Edward VI. to Elizabeth). 

Hadyn says the vicar referred to in tLe 
song was Simon Symonds, who lived in 
the Commonwealth, and continued vicar 
till the reign of William and Mary. He 
was independent in the protectorate, epis- 
copalian under Charles II., papist under 
James II., moderate protestant under 
William and Mary. 

%* The song called The Vicar of Bray 
was written in the reign of George I., by 
colonel Fuller or an officer in Fuller's 
regiment, and does not refer to Alleyn, 
Pendleton, or Symonds, but to some real 
or imaginary person who was vicar of Bray 
from Charles II. to George I. The first 



VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. 



067 



VICTORIOUS. 



verse begins : " In good king Charles's 
golden days,'' I was a zealous high- 
cliurchman. Ver. 2 : " When roval 
James obtained the crown," I found the 
Church of Rome would lit my constitu- 
tion. Ver. 3 : ''When William was our 
king declared," I swore to him allegiance. 
Ver. 4 : " When gracious Anne became 
our queen," I became a tory. Ver. 5 : 
" When George, in pudding-time came 
o'er," I became a whig. And "George 
my lawful king shall be — until the times 
do alter." 

I have had a long chase after the vicar of Bray, on 
whom the proverb. . . . Mr. Fuller, in his Worthus. . . . 
takes no notice of him. ... I am informed it is Simon 
Alleyn or Allen, who was vicar of Bray about 1540, and 
died 15S8.— lirome to Uatolins, June 14. 1735. (See 
Letters from the Bodleian, II. i. 100.) 

Vicar of Wakefield {The), Dr. 
Primrose, a simple-minded, pious clergy- 
man, with .six children. He begins life 
with a good fortune, a handsome house, 
and wealthy friends, but is reduced to 
utter poverty without any fault of his 
own, and, being reduced like Job, like Job 
he is restored. Firs,t, he loses his fortune 
through the rascality of the merchant 
who held it. His next great sorrow was 
the elopement of his eldest daughter, 
Olivia, with squire Thornhill. His third 
was the entire destruction by fire of his 
house, furniture, and books, together 
with the savings which he had laid by 
for his daughters' marriage portions. 
His fourth was being incarcerated in the 
county jail by squire Thornhill for rent, 
his wife and family being driven out of 
house and home. His fifth was the an- 
nouncement that his daughter Olivia 
'•was dead," and that his daughter 
Sophia had been abducted. His sixth 
was the imprisonment of his eldest son, 
George, for sending a challenge to squire 
Thornhill. His cup of sorrow was now 
full, and comfort was at hand-: (1) 
Olivia was not really dead, but was said 
to be so in order to get the vicar to 
submit to the squire, and thus obtain his 
release. (2) His daughter Sophia iad 
been rescued by Mr. Burchell (sir William 
Thornhill), who asked her hand in mar- 
riage. (3) His son George was liberated 
from prison, and married Miss Wilmot, 
an heiress. (4) Olivia's marriage to the 
squire, which was said to have been in- 
formal, was shown to be legal and binding. 
(5) The old vicar was released, re-esta- 
blished in his vicarage, and recovered a 
part of his fortune. — Goldsmith, The 
Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 

%.* This novel has been dramatized 



several times : In 1819 it was performed 
in the Surrey Theatre ; in 1823 it was 
turned into an opera; in 1850 Tom 
Taylor dramatized ii ; in 1878 W. G. 
Wills converted it into a drama of four 
acts, entitled Olivia. 

The real interest of the story lies in the development of 
the character of Uie unliable vicar, so rich in heavenly, 
so poor in earthly wisdom ; postsessiiig little for himself, 

>et re.uly to make that little le.-*=, whenever misery ap- 
peals to his compassion. With enough of worldly vanity 
about him to show that he shares the weakness of our 
nature ; ready to be imposed upon by cosmogonies and 
fictitious bills of exchange, and >et commanding, by the 
simple and serene dignity of goodness, the respect even 
of the profligate,— Lncyc. Brit., Art. " Romance." 

Victor Amade'us (4 syl.), king of 
Sardinia (1665, 1675-1732), noted for his 
tortuous policy. He was fierce, audacious, 
unscrupulous, and selfish, profound in 
dissimulation, prolific in resources, and 
a " breaker of vows both to God and 
man." In 1730 he abdicated, but a few 
months later wanted to regain the throne, 
which his son, Charles Emmanuel, refused 
to resign. On again plotting to recover 
the crown, he was arrested by D'Ormea 
the prime minister, and died. — R. Brown- 
ing, A7;i^ Victor and King Charles 
Emnvinuel. 

Victor's Library (St.), a library of 
trashy books, especially controversial 
divinity. (See Library.) — Rabelais, 
Pantay'ruel, ii. 7 (1533). 

Victoria (Donna), the young wife of 
don Carlos. Don Carlos had given to 
donna Laura (a courtezan) the deeds of 
his wife's estate; and Victoria, to get them 
back, dressed in man's apparel, assumed 
the name of Florio, and made love to 
Laura. Having secured a footing, she 
introduced Gasper as the rich uncle of 
Victoria, and Gasper persuaded Laura 
that the deeds were wholly worthless, 
whereupon Laura tore them to pieces. 
By this manoeuvre the estate was saved, 
and don Carlos rescued from ruin. — Mrs. 
Cowley, A Bold Stroke for a Husband 
(1782). 

Victoria Tower ( The). The tower 
of the palace of Westminster is called 
" The Monarchy in Stone," because it 
contains, in chiselled kings and heraldic 
designs, the sculptured history of the 
British sovereigns. 

Victorious (The). Almanzor means 
" victorious." The caliph Almanzor was 
the founder of Bagdad. 

Thou, too, art fallen, Bagdad, city of peace! 
TLou. too, ha^t 1.,-id Eh) day! . . . 
- Thy founder The Victorious. 

Southey, Tlialuba tlie Destroyer, v. 6 (1797). 



VICTORY. 



1068 



VINCENTIO. 



Victory {The), Nelson's ship. 

At the head of the line goes the Victory, 

With Nelson on the deck, 
And on his breast the orders shine 

Like the stars on a shattered wreck. 

Lord Lytton. Ode, iii. 9 (1839). 

Vidar, the god of wisdom, noted for 
his thick shoes, and not unfrequently 
called " The god with the thick shoes." 

— Scandinavian Mythology. 

Vienne, like Toledo, was at one time 
noted for its sword-blades. 

Gargantua gave Touchfaucet an excellent sword of a 
Vienne blade with a golden scabbard. — Rabelais, Gar- 
gantua, i. 46 (1533). 

Vienne {The archbishop of), chancellor 
of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of 
Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Vifell, father of Viking, famous for 
being the possessor of Angurva'del, the 
celebrated sword made in the East by 
dwarfs. Vifell won it from Bjorn Bloe- 
tand, and killed with it the giant Iernhos, 
whom he cleft from head to waist with a 
single stroke. Vifell left it to Viking, 
Viking to Thorsten, and Thorsten to his 
son Frithjof. The hilt of the sword was 
gold, and the blade written with runes, 
which were dull in times of peace, but in 
war glittered, " red as the crest of a cock 
when he fighteth." — Tegne'r, Frithjof 
Saga, iii. (1825). 

Villalpando {Gaspar Cardillos-de), a 
Spanish theologian, controversialist, and 
commentator (1505-1570). 

" Truly," replied the canon, "lam better acquainted 
with books of chivalry than with Villalpando's divinity."— 
Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 17 (1605). 

Ville Sonnante {La). Avignon is 
so called by Rabelais, from its numerous 
bell-towers. 

Ville'rius, in Davenant's Siege of 
Rhodes (1656). 

. . . pale with envy, Singleton forswore 
The lute and sword, which he in triumph bore, 
And vowed he ne'er would act Villerius more. 

Dryden, MacFleclcnoe (1682). 

*** This was a favourite part of 
Singleton. 

Villers {Mr.), a gentleman who pro- 
fessed a supreme contempt for women, 
and declared, if he ever married, he should 
prefer Widow Racket to his executioner. — 
Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem {17 80). 

Villiard, a villain, from whose hands 
Charles Belmont rescued Fidelia. — E. 
Moore, The Foundling (1748). 

Vincent {Jenkin) or "Jin Vin," one 
of old Ramsay's apprentices, in love with 
Margaret Ramsay. — Sir W. Scott, For- 
tunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 



Vincent de la Rosa, a boastful, 
vain, heartless adventurer, son of a poor 
labourer; who had served in the Italian 
wars. Coming to the village in which 
Leandra lived, he induced her to elope 
with him, and, having spoiled her of her 
jewels, money, and other valuables, de- 
serted her, and she was sent to a convent 
till the affair had blown over. 

He wore a gay uniform, bedecked with glas3 buttons and 
steel ornaments ; to-day he dressed himself in one piece 
of finery, and to-morrow in another. He would seat 
himself upon a bench under a large poplar, and entertain 
the villagers with his travels and exploits, assuring them 
there was not a country in the whole world he had not 
seen, nor a battle in which he had not taken part. He 
had slain more Moors than ever Tunis or Morocco pro- 
duced ; and as to duels, he had fought more than ever 
Gante had, or Luna, Diego Garcia de Paredez, or any 
other champion, always coming off victorious, and without 
losing one drop of blood.— Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 
20 (" The Goat-herd's Story," 1605). 

Vincen'tio, duke of Vienna. He 
delegates his office to Angelo, and leaves 
Vienna for a time, under the pretence of 
going on a distant journey ; but, by as- 
suming a monk's hood, he observes incog- 
nito the conduct of his different officers. 
Angelo tries to dishonour Isabella, but 
the duke re-appears" in due time and 
rescues her, white Angelo is made to 
marry Mariana, to whom he was already 
betrothed. — Shakespeare, Measure for 
Measure (1603). 

*k* Mariana was Angelo's wife by 
civil contract, or, as the duke says to her, 
"He is thy husband by pre-contract," 
though the Church had not yet sauctilied 
the union and blessed it. Still, the duke 
says that it would be "no sin " in her 
to account herself his wife, and to per- 
form towards him the duties of a wife. 
Angelo's neglect of her was "a civil 
divorce," which would have been a " sin " 
if the Church had sanctified the union, 
but which, till then, was only a moral or 
civil offence. Mariana also considered 
herself Angelo's "wife," and calls him 
"her husband." This i3 an interesting 
illustration of the "civil contract" of 
matrimony long before " The Marriage 
Registration Act" in 1837. 

Vincen'tio, an old gentleman of Pisa, in 
Shakespeare's comedv called The Taming 
of the Shrew (1593). * 

Vincentio, the troth-plight of Evadne 
sister of the marquis of Colonna. Being 
himself without guile, he is unsuspicious, 
and when Ludovlco, the traitor, tells him 
that Evadne is the king's wanton, he be- 
lieves it and casts her off. This brings 
about a duel between him and Evadne's 
brother, in which Vincentio falls, lie is 



VINCENTIO. 



1069 



VIOLET. 



not, however, killed ; and when the vil- 
lainy of Lndovico is brought to li^ht, he 
re-appears and marries Evadne. — Sheil, 
Evadhe or The Statue (1820). 

Vincentio {Don), a young man who was 
music mad, and said that the summum 
bnwun of life is to get talked about. 
Like queen Elizabeth, he loved a " crash " 
in music, plenty of noise and fury. 
Olivia de Zuniga disgusted him by main- 
taining the jew's-harp to be the prince of 
musical instruments. — Mrs. Cowley, A 
Bold Stroke for a Husband (1782). 

Vingolf, the paradise of Scandi- 
navian mythology. 

Ah, Ingeborg, how fair, how near doth stand 
Each earthly joy to two fond loving hearts ! 
If boldly grasped whene'er the time is ripe, 
It follows willingly, and builds for them 
A vingolf even here on earth below. 

TegnC-r, Frithjof Saga, viii. (1S25). 

Vi'ola, sister of Sebastian ; a young 
lady of Messaline. They were twins, 
and so much alike that they could be 
distinguished only by their dress. Viola 
and her brother were shipwrecked off the 
coast of Illyria, Viola was brought to 
shore by the captain, but her brother was 
left to shift for himself. Being a 
stranger in a strange land, Viola dressed 
as a page, and, under the name of 
Cesario, entered the service of OrsTno duke 
of Illyria. The duke greatLy liked his 
beautiful page, and, when he discovered 
her true sex, married her. — Shakespeare, 
Twelfth Night (1602). 

Vi'ola and Hono'ra, daughters of 
general Archas "the loj-al subject" of 
the great-duke of Muscovia. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). 

Violan'te (4 syl.), the supposed wife 
of don Henrique (2 syl.) an uxorious 
Spanish nobleman. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher, The Sjjanish Curate (1622). 

Violante, the. betrothed of don Alonzo 
of Alcazar, but given in marriage by king 
Sebastian to Henri'quez. This caused 
Alonzo to desert and join the emperor of 
Barbary. As renegade he took the name 
of Dorax, and assumed the Moorish cos- 
tume. In the war which followed, he 
saved Sebastian's life, was told that 
Henriquez had died in battle, and that 
Violante, who never swerved from his love, 
being a young widow, was free and willing 
to be his wife. — Dryden, Don Sebastian 
(1690). 

Violante, an attendant on the princess 
Anna Comnena the historian. — Sir W. 



Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Rufus). 

Violante (4 syl.), wife of Pietro (2 syl.), 
and putative mother of Pompilia. Vio- 
lante provided this supposititious child 
partly to please old Pietro, and partly to 
cheat the rightful heirs. — R. Browning, 
The Ming and the Booh, ii. 

Violan'te (Donna), daughter of don 
Pedro, a Portuguese nobleman, who 
intends to make her a nun ; but she falls 
in love with don Felix, the son of don 
Lopez. Isabella (sister of don Felix), in 
order to escape a hateful marriage, takes 
refuge with donna Violante (4 syl.), who 
"keeps the secret" close, even at the 
risk of losing her sweetheart, for Felix 
discovers that a colonel Briton calls at 
the house, and supposes Violante to be 
the object of his visits. Ultimately, the 
mystery is cleared up, and a double 
marriage takes place. — Mrs. Centlivre, 
The Wonder (1714). 

Mrs. Yates (in the last act), with Garrick as "don Felix," 
was admirable. Felix, thinking he lias gone too far, applies 
himself to soothe his Violante. She turns from him and 
draws away her chair ; he follows, and she draws further 
away. At length, by his winning, entreating, and cajol- 
ing, she is gradually induced to melt, and finally makes it 
up with him. Her condescension . . . was admirable ; 
her dignity was great and lofty, . . . and when by degrees 
she laid aside her frown, and her lips relaxed into a smile, 
. . . nothing could be more lovely and irresistible. . . . 
It laid the whole audience, as well as the lover, at her feet. 
— William Goodwin. 

Violen'ta, any young lady non- 
entity ; one who contributes nothing to 
the amusement or conversation of a party. 
Violenta is one of the dramatis persona: of 
Shakespeare's All's Well that Ends Well, 
but she only enters once, and then she 
neither speaks nor is spoken to (1598). 
(See Rogero, p. 839, third art.) 

Violen'ta, the fairy mother who brought 
up the young princess who was metamor- 
phosed into a white cat for refusing to 
marry Migonnet (a hideously misshapen 
fairv). — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales 
("The White Cat," 1682). 

Violet, the ward of lady Arundel. 
She is in love with Norman the " sea- 
captain," who turns out to be the son of 
lady Arundel by her first husband, and 
heir to the title and estates. — Lord Lytton, 
The Sea-Captain (1839). 

Violet (Father), a sobriquet of Na- 
poleon I. ; also called " Corporal Violet " 
(1769, 1804-1815, died 1821). 

*** Violets were the flowers of the 
empire, and when, in 1879, the ex-em- 
press Euge'nie was visited at Chislehurst 
by those who sympathized with her 



VIOLET-CROWNED CITY. 



1070 VIRGIL OF OUR DRAMATIC POETS. 



in the death of her son, " the prince 
imperial," they were worn as symbols of 
attachment to the imperial family of 
France. The name was given to Na- 
poleon on his banishment to Elba (1815), 
and implied that "he would return to 
France with the violets." 

Violet-Crowned City {The). 
Athens is so called by Aristophanes 
(loo-Te^avor) (see Equites, 1323 and 1329 ; 
and Acharnians, 637). Macaulay refers 
to Athens as "the violet-crowned city." 
Ion (a violet) was a representative king 
of Athens, whose four sons gave names 
to the four Athenian classes ; and Greece, 
in Asia Minor, was called Ionia. Athens 
was the city of " Ion crowned its king," 
and hence was "the Ion crowned" or 
king Ion's city. Translating the word 
Ion into English, Athens was the "Violet- 
crowned" or king Violet's city. Of 
course, the pun is the chief point, and 
was quite legitimate in comedy. 

Similarly, Paris is called the " city of 
lilies," by a pun between Louis and lys 
(the flower-de-luce), and France is V empire 
des lys or Vernpire des Louis. 

By a similar pun, London might be 
called "the noisy town," from hliid, 
"noisy." 

Violetta, a Portuguese, married to 
Belfield the elder brother, but deserted 
by him. The faithless husband gets be- 
trothed to Sophia (daughter of sir Ben- 
jamin Dove), who loves the younger 
brother. Both Violetta and the younger 
brother are shipwrecked and cast on the 
coast of Cornwall, in the vicinity of squire 
Belfield's estate ; and Sophia is informed 
that her "betrothed" is a married man. 
She is therefore free from her betrothal, 
and marries the younger brother, the 
man of her choice ; while the elder 
brother takes back his wife, to whom he 
becomes reconciled. — R. Cumberland, 
The Brothers (1769). 

Violin (Motto on a). 

In silvis viva silui ; canora jam mortua car.o. 
Mute when alive, I heard the feathered throng ; 
Vocal now dead, I emulate their song. 

E. C. B. 

Violin (The Angel with the). Rubens's 
" Harmony " is an angel of the male sex 
playing a bass-viol. 

The angel with the violin, 
Painted by Raphael, (?) he seemed. 

Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (1863). 

Violin-Makers ( The best) : Gasparo 
di Salo (1560-1610); Nicholas Amati 
(1596-1684); Antonio Stradivari (1670- 
1728) ; Joseph A. Guarneri (1683-1745). 



*** Of these, Stradivari was the best, 
and Nicholas Amati the next best. 

The following are eminent, but not 
equal to the names given above : — Joseph 
Steiner (1620-1667); Matthias Klotz 
(1650-1696). (See Otto, On the Violin.) 

Vipers. According to Greek and 
Roman superstition, the female viper, 
after copulation, bites oif the head of the 
male. Another notion was that young 
vipers came into the world by gnawing 
their way through the mother, and kill- 
ing her. 

Else, viper -like, their parents they devour, 

For all Power's children easily covet power. 

Lcid Brooke, TreatU on Human Learning (1554-1628). 

Vipont (Sir Ralph de), a knight of 
St. John. He is one of the knights 
challengers. — Sir W. Scott, ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Virgil, in the Gesta Romanorum, is 
represented as a mighty but benevolent 
enchanter, and this is the character that 
Italian romances give him. 

Similarly, sir Walter Scott is called 
" The Great Wizard of the North." 

Virgil, in Dante\ is the personification 
of human wisdom, Beatrice of the wisdom 
which comes of faith, and St. Bernard of 
spiritual wisdom. Virgil conducts Dante 
through the Inferno and through Purga- 
tory too, till the seven P's (peccata "sins") 
are obliterated from his brow, when 
Beatrice becomes his guide. St. Bernard 
is his guide through a part of Paradise. 
Virgil says to Dante" : 

What reason here discovers, / have power 
To show thee ; that which lies beyond, expect 

From Beatrice -faith not reason's task. 

Dante, Purgatory, xviii. (1308). 

Virgil. The inscription on his tomb 
(said to have been written by himself) 
was : 

Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tenet nunc 
Parthenope ; cecini pascua, rura, duces. 

In Mantua was I born ; Calabria saw me die ; 

Of sheep, fields, wars I sung ; and now in Naples lie. 
E. C. B. 

Virgil (The Christian), Giacomo San- 
nazaro (1458-1530). 

Marco Girolamo Vida, author of Chris- 
tias (in six books), is also called " The 
Christian Virgil" (1490-1566). 

*** Aurelius Clemens Prudentius of 
Spain is called by Bentley " The Virgil 
and Horace of Christians " (348-*). 

Virgil of our Dramatic Poets 
(The). Ben Jonson is so called by 
Dryden (1574-1637). 

Shakespeare was the Homer or father of our dramatic 
poets; Jonson was the Virgil, and pattern of elaborate 
writing. I admire rare Ben, but I love Shakespeare.— 
Dryden. 



VIRGIL OF THE FRENCH DRAMA. 1071 



VIRGINS. 



Virgil of the French Drama 

(The). Jean Racine is so called by sir 
Walter Scutt (1039-1699). 

Virgil's Courtship. Godfrey Gobi- 
lyve told Graunde Anioure that Virgil 
the poet once made proposals to a lady 
of high rank in the Roman court, who 
resolved to punish him for his presump- 
tion. She told him that if he would 
appear on a given night before her win- 
dow, he should be drawn up in a basket. 
Accordingly he kept his appointment, 
got into the basket, and, being drawn 
some twenty feet from the ground, was 
left there dangling till noon next day, 
the laugh and butt of the court and city. 
— Stephen Hawes, The Passe-tyme of 
Plesure, xxix. (1515). 

Virgil's Gnat (the Culex, ascribed to 
Virgil). A shepherd, having fallen asleep 
in the open air, was on the point of 
becoming the prey of a serpent, when 
a gnat stung him on the eyelid. The 
shepherd crushed the gnat, but at the 
same time alarmed the serpent, which 
the shepherd saw and beat to death. 
Next night, the gnat appeared to the 
shepherd in a dream, and reproached him 
for ingratitude, whereupon he raised a 
monument in honour of his deliverer. 
Spenser has a free translation of this 
story, which he calls Virgil's Gnat (1580). 
(See Use of Pests, p. 1054.) 

Virgile du Rabut (Le), "The 
Virgil of the Plane," Adam Bellaut, 
the joiner-poet, who died 1662. He 
was pensioned by Richelieu, patronized 
by the "Great Conde'," and praised by 
Pierre Corneille. 

Virgil'ia is made by Shakespeare 
the wife of Coriolanus, and Volumnia his 
mother ; but historically Volumnia was 
his wife and Vetu'ria his mother. — Corio- 
lanus (1610). 

The old man's merriment in Menenius ; the lofty lady's 
dignity in Volumnia ; the bridal modesty in Virgilia ; the 
patrician and military haughtiness in Coriolanus ; the 
plebeian malignity and trihunitian insolence in Brutus and 
Sicinius. make a very pleasing and interesting variety. — 
Dr. Johnson, On Coriolanus. 

Virgil'ius, Feargil bishop of Saltz- 
burg, an Irishman. He was denounced 
as a heretic for asserting the existence of 
antipodes (*-784). (See Hekesy, p. 
488.) 

Virgin Fort {The). Widin, in Euro- 

Eean Turkey, is so called by the Turks, 
ecause it has never been taken by as- 
sault. 



* + * Metz, in France, was so called in 
the Franco-Prussian war (1870-1). 

Virgin Knot, maidenly chastity ; 
the allusion being to the zones worn by 
marriageable young women. Girls did 
not wear a zone, and were therefore 
called " Ungirded " (dis-cinta). 

If thou dost break her virgin knot before 
All sanctimonious ceremonies may 
With full and holy rite be ministered, 
No sweet aspersion shall the heaven let fall 
To make this contract grow. 
Shakespeare, The Tempest, act iv. sc. 1 (1609). 



Virgin Martyr (The), 
Philip Massinger (1622). 



tragedy by 



Virgin Mary ( The) is addressed by 
the following titles: — "Empress and 
Queen of Heaven;" "Empress and Queen 
of Angels ; " " Empress and Queen of 
the Earth;" "Ladv of the Universe or of 
the World;" "Mistress of the World;" 
"Patroness of all Men;" "Advocate 
for Sinners ; " " Mediatrix ; " " Gate of 
Paradise ; " " Mother of Mercies and of 
Divine Grace ; " " Goddess ; " " The only 
Hope of Sinners," etc., etc. 

It is said that Peter Fullo, in 480, was 
the first to introduce invocations to the 
Virgin. 

Virgin Modesty. John Wilmot, 
earl of Rochester, was so called by Charles 
II., because of his propensitv to blush- 
ing (1647-1680). 

Virgin Queen (The), Elizabeth 
(1533, 1558-1603). 

Virgin Unmasked (The), a farce 
by H. Fielding. Goodwill had acquired 
by trade £10,000, and resolved to give his 
daughter Lucy to one of his relations, in 
order to keep the money in the family. 
He sent for her bachelor relations, and 
told them his intention ; they were Blister 
(the apothecary), Coupee (the dancing- 
master), and Quaver (the singing-master). 
They all preferred their professions to the 
young lady, and while they were quarrel- 
ling about the superiority of their respec- 
tive callings, Lucy married Thomas the 
footman. Old Goodwill says, "I don't 
know but that my daughter has made a 
better choice than if she had married one 
of these booby relations." 

Virgins (The Eleven Thousand). 
Ursul or Horsel in Swabia, like Hulda 
in Scandinavia, means "the moon," and 
her eleven thousand virgins are the stars. 
The bones shown in Cologne as those of 
the eleven thousand virgins are those 
of males and females of all ages, and 
were taken from an old Roman cemetery 



VIRGINIA. 



1072 



VISION OF JUDGMENT. 



across which the wall of Cologne ran 
(1106). 

Virginia, a young Roman plebeian 
of great beauty, decoj^ed by Appius 
Claudius, one of the decemvirs, and 
claimed as his slave. Her father, Vir- 
ginius, being told of it, hastened to the 
forum, and arrived at the moment when 
Virginia was about to be delivered up to 
Appius. He seized a butcher's knife, 
stabbed his daughter to the heart, rushed 
from the forum, and raised a revolt. 

This has been the subject of a host of 
tragedies. In French, by Mairet (1628), 
by Leclerc (1645), by Campistron (1683), 
bv La Beaumelle (1760), by Chabanon 
(i769), bv Laharpe (1786), by Leblanc 
du Guillet (1786), by Guiraud (1827), by 
Latour St. Ybars (1845), etc. In Italian, 
by Alfieri (1783). In German, by Gott- 
hold Lessing (eighteenth century). In 
English, by John Webster, entitled Ap- 
pius and Virginia (1654) ; by Miss Brooke 
(1760) ; J. S. Knowles (1820), Virginius. 

It is one of lord Macaulay's lays (1842), 
supposed to be sung in the forum on the 
day when Sextus and Licinus were 
elected tribunes for the fifth time. 

Virginia, the daughter of Mde. de la 
Tour. Madame was of a good family in 
Normandy, but, having married beneath 
her social position, was tabooed by her 
family. Her husband died before the 
birth of his first child, and the widow 
went to live at Port Louis, in the Mau- 
ritius, where Virginia was born. Their 
only neighbour was Margaret, with her 
love-child Paul, an infant. The two 
children grew up together, and became 
strongly attached ; but when Virginia 
was 15 years old, her wealthy great-aunt 
adopted her, and requested that she might 
be sent immediately to France, to finish 
her education. The " aunt " wanted her 
to marry a French count, and, as Virginia 
refused to do so, disinherited her and 
sent her back to the Mauritius. When 
within a cable's length of the island, a 
hurricane dashed the ship to pieces, and 
the corpse of Virginia was cast on the 
shore. Paul drooped, and died within 
two months. — BernaTdin de St. Pierre, 
Paul et Virgins (1788). 

* m * In Cobb's dramatic version of this 
story, Virginia's mother is of Spanish 
origin, and dies committing Virginia to 
the charge of Dominique, a faithful old 
negro servant. The aunt is donna Leo- 
nora de Guzman, who sends don Antonio 
de Guardes to bring Virginia to Spain, and 



there to make her his bride. She is 
carried to the ship by force ; but scarcely 
is she set on board when a hurricane 
dashes the vessel to pieces. Antonio is 
drowned, but Virginia is rescued by Al- 
hambra, a runaway slave, whom she has 
befriended. The drama ends with the 
marriage between Virginia and Paul 
(1756-1818). 

Virginius, father of the Roman 
Virginia, the title of a tragedy bv S. 
Knowles (1820). (Forthetale, see Vir- 
ginia.) 

Macready (1793-1873) made the part of 
1 ' Virginius " in Knowles's drama so called, 
but the first to act it was John Cooper, in 
Glasgow (1820). 

Virgivian Sea. (See Vergivian.) 

Vir'olam, St. Alban's. 

Brave Voadicia made ... to Virolam. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Virtues {The Seven) : (1) Faith, (2) 
hope, (3) charity, (4) prudence, (5) 
justice, (6) fortitude, and (7) temperance. 
The first three are called "the holy 
virtues." 

I [Virgil] with those abide 
Who the three holy virtues put not on. 
But understood the rest, and without blame 
Followed them all. 

Dant6, Purgatory, vii. (1308). 

Virtues and Faults. 

Be to her virtues very kind ; 
Be to her faults a little blind ; 
Let all her ways be unconfined ; 
And clap a padlock on her mind. 

Prior, A n £ng!tih Padlock (1696). 

Visin, a Russian who had the power 
of blunting weapons by a look. Starchat'- 
erus, the Swede, when he went against 
him, covered his sword with thin leather, 
and by this means obtained an easy vic- 
tory. 

Vision of Judgment ( The), a poem 
in twelve parts, by Southcy, written in 
hexameter verse (1820). The laureate 
supposes that he has a vision of George 
III., just dead, tried at the bar of heaven. 
Wilkes is his chief accuser, and Washing- 
ton his chief defender. Judgment is 
given by acclamation in favour of the 
king, and in heaven he is welcomed by 
Alfred, Richard Coeur de Lion, Edward 
III., queen Elizabeth, Charles I., and 
William III., Bede, friar Bacon, Chaucer, 
Spenser, the duke of Marlborough, and 
Berkeley the sceptic, Hogarth, Burke the 
infidel, Chatterton who made away with 
himself, Canning, Nelson, and all the 
royal family who were then dead. 

* + * Of all the literary productions ever 



VITALIS. 



1073 



VOICE. 



issued from the press, never was one 
printed of worse taste than this. Byron 
wrote a quiz on it called The Vision of 
Judgment, in 100 stanzas of eight liues 
each (1820). 

Vita'lis, the pseudonym of Eric Sjo- 
berg, a Swedish poet. (Latin, vita lis, 
"life is a strife.") 

Viti'za or Witi'za, king of the 
Visigoths, who put out the eyes of Cor- 
dova the father of Roderick. He was 
himself dethroned and blinded by Rode- 
rick. — Southey, Roderick, the Last of the 
Goths (1814). 

Vitruvius {The English), Inigo 
Jones (1572-1652). 

Vivian, brother of Maugis d'Agre- 
mont,and son of dukeBevisof Agremont. 
He was stolen in infancy by Tapinel, and 
sold to the wife of Sorgalant. — Roman de 
Maugis cT Agremont et de Vivian son Frere. 

Vivian, son of Buovo (2 syl.), of the 
house of Clarmont, and brother of Aldiger 
and Malagigi. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Viviane (3 syl.), daughter of Dyonas 
a vavasour of high lineage, and generally 
called the " Lady of the Lake." Merlin, 
in his dotage, fell in love with her, and 
she imprisoned him in the forest of Bre'- 
ce'liande, in Brittany. Viviane induced 
Merlin to show her how a person could 
be imprisoned by enchantment without 
walls, towers, or chains, and after he had 
done so, she fondled him into a sleep under 
a whitethorn laden with flowers. While 
thus he slept, she made a ring with her 
wimple round the bush, and performed 
the other needful ceremonies, whereupon 
he found himself enclosed in a prison 
stronger than the strongest tower, and 
from that imprisonment was never again 
released. — Merlin (a romance). 

*** See the next article. 

Vivien or Vivian, the personifica- 
tion of- shameless harlotry, or the crown- 
ing result to be expected from the 
infidelity of queen Guin'evere. This wily 
wanton in Arthur's court hated all the 
knights, and tried without success to 
seduce " the blameless king." With 
Merlin she succeeded better, for, being 
pestered with her importunity, he told her 
the secret of his power, as Samson told 
Delilah the secret of his strength. Having 
learnt this, Vivien enclosed the magician 
in a hollow oak, where he was confined 
as one dead, " lost to life, and use, and 
name, and fame." — Tennyson, Idylls of 



the King ("Vivien," 1858-9). (See 
Viviane.) 

%* In Malory's History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 60, Nimue (? fflnive) is the fee 
who inveigled Merlin out of his secret: 

And so upon a time it happened ihat Merlin shewed 
toher [Nimtuii in a rock, whereas was a great wonder, and 
wrought by enchantment, which went under a stone. So 
by her subtle craft and working, she made Merlin to go 
under that stone, to let her wit of the marvels there ; but 
she wrought so there for him that he came never out, for 
all his craft. And so she departed and lelt him. there. 

Voadic'ia or Boadice'a, queen of 
the British IcCni. Enraged against the 
Romans, who had defiled her two daugh- 
ters, she excited an insurrection against 
them, and while Suetonius Paullnus, the 
Roman governor, was in Mona (Anglesea), 
she took Colchester and London, and slew 
70,000 Romans. Being at length de- 
feated by Suetonius Paulinus, she put an 
end to her life by poison (a.d. 61). 

Cowper has an ode on Boadicea (1790). 

Brave Voadicla made with her resolvedest men 

To Virolam \st. A loan's}, whose siege wiUi fire and sword 

she plyed 
Till levelled with the earth ... etc. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Voadine (2 syl.), bishop of London, 
who reproved Vortiger[n] for loving 
another man's wife and neglecting hi« 
own queen, for which reproof the good 
bishop was murdered. 

. . . good Voadine, who reproved 
Proud Vortiger, his king, unlawfully that loved 
Another's wanton wife, and wronged his nuptial bed. 
For which by that stern prince unjustly murdered. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

* + * This is very like the story of John 
the Baptist and Herod. 

Voice (Human). The following ani- 
mals possessed both human voice and 
articulate speech, speaking in the lan- 
guage of their masters : — 

Al. Borak, the animal which conveyed 
Mahomet to the seventh heaven. He not 
only spoke good Arabic, but had also a 
human face. 

Arion, the wonderful horse which 
Hercules gave to Adrastos. It not only 
spoke good Greek, but both his near feet 
were those of a man. 

Balaam's Ass spoke Hebrew to Ba- 
laam on one occasion. — Numb. xxii. 

The Black Pigeons, one of which 
gave the responses in the temple of Am- 
nion, and the other in Dodona. — Classic 
Story. 

The Bulbul-Hezar, which had not 
only human speech, but was oracular also. 
— Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters"). 

Comrade, Fortunio's horse, spoke with 
the voice of a man. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, 
Fairy Tales (" Fortunio "). 

3 z 



VOITURE. 



1074 



VOLUSPA SAGA. 



The little Green Bird, which Fairstar 
obtained possession of, not only an- 
swered in words an}- questions asked it, 
but was also prophetic and oracular. — 
Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Chery 
and Fairstar"). 

Katmir, the dog of the Seven Sleepers, 
spoke Greek. — Al Koran, xviii. 

Saeeh's Camel used to go about 
crying, in good Arabic, "Ho! everyone 
that wanteth milk, let him come, and I 
will give it him." — Sale, Al Koran, vii. 
(notes). 

The Serpent which tempted Eve to eat 
of the forbidden fruit. — Gen. iii. 

Temliha, the king of serpents, had the 
gift of human speech. — Comte de Caylus, 
Oriental Tales (" History of Aboutaleb"). 

X anthos, one of the horses of Achilles, 
announced to the hero, in good Greek, his 
approaching death. — Classic Fable. 

Voiture (2 syl.), a French poet, 
idolized by his contemporaries in the 
reign of Louis XIV., but now only 
known by name (1598-1648). 

E'en rival wits did Voiture's death deplore, 
And the gay mourned, who never mourned before; 
The truest hearts for Voiture heaved with sighs ; 
Voiture was wept by all the brightest eyes. 

Pope, Entitle to MUs Blount (1715). 

Voland (Squire), the devil. (Ger- 
man, Junker Voland.) 

Volan'te (3 syl.), one of the three 
daughters of Balthazar. Lively, witty, 
sharp as a needle, and high-spirited. 
She loves the count Montalban ; but 
when the count disguises himself as a 
father confessor, in order to sound her love 
for him, she sees the trick in a moment, 
and says to him, "Come, count, pull off 
your lion's hide, and confess yourself an 
ass." Subsequentlv, all ends happily and 
well.— J. Tobin, the Honeymoon (1804). 

Volet'ta, Free-will personified. 

Voletta, 

Whom neither man, nor fiend, nor God constrains. 
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vL (1633). 

Volksmahrchen ("popular tales"), 
in German, the best exponents being Lud- 
wig Tieck (1773-1853), Musaus (1735- 
1787), De la Motte Fouque (see Undine), 
Chamisso (see Scheemihl, Petek), 
Wilhelm Hauff (1802-1827), Achim von 
Arnim (17S1-1831), Clemens Brentano 
(1777-1842), Zschokke(1771-lS4S), Hoff- 
mann (1770-1822), Gustav Freytag " The 
German Dickens" (1816-1878), and the 
brothers Grimm. 

Vol'pone (2 syl.) or The Fox, a 
comedy by Ben Jonson (1605). Volpone,a 



rich Venetian nobleman, without children, 
feigns to be dj'ing, in order to draw gifts 
from those who pay court to him under 
the expectation of becoming hi3 heirs. 
Mosca, his knavish confederate, persuades 
each in turn that he is named for the 
inheritance, and by this means exacts 
many a costly present. At the end, Vol- 
pone is betrayed, his property forfeited, 
and he is sentenced to lie in the worst 
hospital in all Venice. 

Jonson has three grea', comedies: Volpone or The Fox. 
Epicene or the Silent Woman, and The Alchemist.—^.. 
Chambers, EnglUh Literature, i. 182. 

Volscius (Prince), a military hero, 
who falls in love with the fair Par- 
thentfpe, and disputes with prince Pretty- 
man upon the superiority of his sweet- 
heart to Cloris, whom prince Prettyman 
sighs for. — Duke of Buckingham, The 
Rehearsal (1671). 

Why, this is worse than prince Volscius in love !— Sir 
W. Scott. 

Oh, he merry, by all means. Prince Volscius in love 1 
Ha, ha, ha !— W. Congreve, The Double Dealer (1694). 

Volsunga Saga (The), a collection 
of tales in verse about the early Teutonic 
heroes, compiled by Saemund Sigfusson 
in the eleventh century. A prose version 
was made some 200 years later by Snorro 
Sturleson. This saga forms a part of 
the Rhythmical or Elder Edda and of the 
Prose or Younger Edda. 

Voltaire (The German), Johann 
Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1838). 

Christoph Martin Wieland is also called 
" The German Voltaire" (1733-1813). 

Voltaire ( The Polish), Ignatius Krasicki 
(1774-1801). 

Voltaire (The Russian), Alex. P. Sumo- 
rokof (1727-1777). 

Vol'timand, a courtier in the court 
of Claudius king of Denmark. — Shake- 
speare, Hamlet (1596). 

Volumnia was the wife of Coriolanus, 
and Vetu'ria his mother ; but Shakespeare 
makes Virgilia the wife, and Volumnia 
the mother. — Coriolanus (1610). 

The old man's merriment in Menenius ; the lofty lady's 
dignity in Volumnia; the bridal modesty in Virgilia; the 
patrician and military haughtiness in Coriolanus ; the 
jilolx'i.m malignity and tribunitian insolence in Brutus 
and Sicinius, make a very pleasing and interesting variety. 
— Dr. Johnson. 

Voluspa Saga (The), the prophecy 
of Vola. It contains between 200 and 
300 verses, and resembles the Sibylline 
books of ancient Rome. The Voluspa 
Saga gives, in verse, a description of 
chaos, the formation of the world, the 



VORST. 



1075 



VULCAN'S BADGE. 



creation of all animals (including dwarfs 
and giants, genii and devils, fairies and 
goblins), the final conflagration of the 
world, and its renewal, when it will 
appear in celestial beauty, like the new 
Jerusalem described in the book of the 
Revelation. 

Vorst (Peterkin), the sleeping sentinel 
at Powys Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The Be- 
trothed (time, Henry II.). 

Vortigern, consul of the Gewisseans, 
who crowned Constans king of Britain, 
although he was a monk, but treach- 
erously contrived to get him assassinated 
afterwards, and then usurped the crown. 
He married Rowen'a daughter of Hen- 
gist, and was burnt to death in a tower 
set on fire during a siege by Ambrosius. — 
Geoffrey, British History, vi. 6; viii. 1 
(1142). 

Vortigern, a drama put forward by 
Henry W. Ireland (1796) as a newly dis- 
covered play by Shakespeare. It was 
brought out at Drury Lane Theatre by 
John Kemble. Dr. Parr declared it to 
he his opinion that the play was genuine. 

Mrs. Siddons. writing to Mrs. Piozzi, says: "AUsensible 
persons are convinced that I'urligern is a most audacious 
imposture. If not, I can only say that Shakespeare's 
writings are more unequal than those of any other man 
(April •>, lryfy.— Fitzgerald, Livct of the Ke'nibies, i. &JS. 

Vortigern and Hengist. The 
account of the massacre of the Long- 
Knives, given by Geoffrey, in his British 
History, vi. 15, differs greatly from that 
of the Welsh Triads (see Stoxehexge a 
Tkophy, p. 947). Geoffrey says that 
Hengist came over with a large army, at 
which king Vortigern was alarmed. To 
allay this suspicion, Hengist promised to 
send back all the men that the king did 
not require, and begged Vortigern to 
meet him in conference at Ambrius ( Am- 
bresbury), on May-day. Hengist, in the 
mean time, secretly armed a number of 
his soldiers with "long knives," and told 
them to fall on the Britons during the 
conference, when he uttered the words, 
" Nemet oure Saxas." This they did, 
and 4o0 "barons and consuls " fell. It 
does not appear from this narrative that 
the slaughter was due "to the treachery 
of Vortigern," but was wholly the work 
of Hengist. Geoffrey calls the earl of 
Gloucester " Eldol," and not " Eidiol." 

Vor'tigern's Tower, like Penel'- 
ope's web, is a work ever beginning and 
never ending. Vortigern was told by his 
magicians to build a strong tower for his 
own security; so he commanded his work- 



men to build one on mount Erir, but 
whatever they built one day was wholly 
swallowed up by the earth during the 
night. — Geoffrev, British History, vi. 17 
(1142). 

Vos non Vobis. The tale is that 
Virgil wrote an epigram on Augustus 
Caesar, which so much pleased the em- 
peror that he desired to know who was 
the author. As Virgil did not claim the 
lines, one Bathyllus declared they were 
his. This displeased Virgil, and he Avrote 
these four words, Sic vos non vobis . . . 
four times as the commencement of four 
lines, and Bathyllus was requested to 
finish them. This he could not do, but 
Virgil completed the lines thus : 

Sic vos non vohis niditicatis aves ; 

Sic ros non vobis rillera fertis oves ; 
Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes; 
Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves. 
Not for yourselves your nests ye song-birds build ; 

Not for yourselves ye sheep your fleeces bear ; 
Not for yourselves your hives ye bees have filled ; 
Not for yourselves ye oxen draw the share. 

E. C. B. 

Vox et praBterea Ninil. A Spar- 
tan, pulling a nightingale, and finding 
only a very small body, exclaimed, 

Qatva tv rir eaat, Kai oi/div a\\o (" Voice art 

thou, and nothing more "). — Plutarch, 
Apophthegmata Laconica. 

Vran (Bendigeid, i.e. "Blessed"), king 
of Britain and father of Caradawc (Ca- 
ractacus). He was called "Blessed" 
because he introduced Christianity into 
this island. Vran had shared the cap- 
tivity of his son, and had learned the 
Christian faith during his seven years' 
detention in Home. 

Vran or Bran the Blessed, son of Llyr, first brought the 
faith of Christ to the nation of the Cymry from Rome, 
where he was seven years a hostage for his son Caradawc, 
whom the Romans made prisoner through craft and the 
treachery of Aregwedd Foeddawg [Carti*mandua\— 
}\*Uh Triads, xxxv. 

Vran's Caldron restored to life 
whoever was put therein, but the re- 
vivified never recovered speech. (See 
Medea's Kettle, p. 627.) 

"I will give thee." said Bendigeid Vran, "a caldron, 
the property of which >s that if one of thy men be slain 
to-day. and be cast tnerein to-morrow, he will be as well 
as he was at the best, except that he will not regain his 
speech." — The Jiabinogion ("Branwen," etc., twelfth 
century ). 

Vrienee (King), one of the knights 
of the Round Table. He married Morgan 
le Fay, half-sister of king Arthur. — Sir 
T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur 
(1470). 

Vulcan's Badge, the badge of 
cuck oldom. Vulcan was the husband of 
Venus, with whom Mars intrigued. 



VULNERABLE PARTS. 



1076 



WADE. 



We know 
Better than he have worn Vulcan's badge. 
(?) Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus, act ii. sc. 1 (1593). 

Vulnerable Parts. 

Achilles was vulnerable only in the 
heel. When his mother Thetis dipped 
him in the river Styx, she held him by 
the heel, and the water did not touch this 
part. — A Post-Homeric Story. 

Ajax, son of Telamon, could be 
wounded only behind the neck ; some say 
only in one spot of the breast. As soon 
as he was born, Alcides covered him with 
a lion's skin, which rendered the whole 
body invulnerable, except in a part where 
the skin had been pierced by Hercules. 

Ant^os was wholly charmed against 
death so long as he touched the earth. — 
Lucan, Pharsalia, iv. 

Ferracute (3 syl.) was only vulner- 
able in the naval. — Turpin, Chronicle of 
Charlemagne. 

He is called Ferrau, son of Landfusa, 
by Ariosto, in his Orlando Furioso. 

Megissogwon was only vulnerable at 
one tuft of hair on his head. A wood- 
pecker revealed the secret to Hiawatha, 
who struck him there and killed him. — 
Longfellow, Hiawatha, ix. 

Orillo -was impervious to death unless 
one particular hair was cut off ; wherefore 
Astolpho, when he encountered the robber, 
only sought to cut off this magic hair. — 
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso. 

Orlando was invulnerable except in 
the sole of his foot, and even there nothing 
could injure him except the prick of a 
pin. — Italian Classic Fable. 

Siegfried was invulnerable except 
in one spot between the shoulders, on 
which a leaf stuck when he dipped his 
body iu dragon's blood. — The Nibelungen 
Lied. 

%* The Promethean unguent rendered 
the body proof against fire and wounds 
of any sort. Medea gave Jason some of 
this unguent. — Classic Story. 

Vulture (The Black), emblem of the 
ancient Turk, as the crescent is of the 
modern Ottoman empire. 

And that black vulture, which with dreadful wing 
O'ershadows half the earth, whooe dismal sight 

Frightened the Muses from their native spring, 
Already stoops, and flags with weary wing. 

Phineas Fletcher, The FurjJe Jiland, vii. (1633). 

Vulture Hopkins. John Hopkins 
was so called from his rapacious mode of 
acquiring money. He was the architect 
of his own fortune, and died worth 

£.300,000 (in 1732). 



%* Pope refers to John Hopkins in the 
lines : 

When Hopkins dies, a thousand lights attend 
The wretch who, living, saved a candle 'end. 



w. 

Wabster (Michael), a citizen o* 
Perth.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth 
(time, Henry IV.). 

Wabun, son of Mudjekeewis ; the 
Indian Apollo. He chases darkness over 
hill and dale with his arrows, wakes man, 
and brings the morning. He married 
Wabun- Annung, who was taken to heaven 
at death, and became the morning star. 
— Longfellow, Hiawatha (1855). 

Wabun - Annung, the morning 
star, a country maiden who married 
Wabun the Indian Apollo. — Longfellow, 
Hiawatha (1855). 

Wackbairn (Mr.), the schoolmaster 
at Libberton. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Waekles (Mrs. and the Misses), of 
Chelsea, keepers of a "Ladies' Seminary." 
English grammar, composition, geo- 
graphy, and the use of dumb-bells, by 
Miss Melissa Waekles ; writing, arith- 
metic, dancing, music, and general fasci- 
nation, by Miss Sophy Waekles ; needle- 
work, marking, and samplery, by Miss 
Jane Waekles ; corporal punishment and 
domestic duties by Mrs. Waekles. Miss 
Sophy was a fresh, good-natured, buxom 
girl of 20, who owned to a soft impeach- 
ment for Mr. Swiveller, but as he held 
back, she married Mr. Cheggs, a well-to- 
do market gardener. — C. Dickens, The 
Old Curiosity Shop, viii. (1840). 

Wade (Miss), a handsome young 
woman, brought up by her grandmother, 
with a small independence. She looked 
at every act of kindness, benevolence, 
and charity with a jaundiced eye, and 
attributed it to a vile motive. Her 
manner was suspicious, self-secluded, 
and repellent ; her temper proud, fiery, 
and unsympathetic. Twice she loved — in 
one case she jilted her lover, in the 
other she was herself jilted. The latter 
was Henry Gowan, who married Pet the 
daughter of Mr. Meagles, and in con- 



WADMAN. 



1077 



WALBECK. 



sequence of this marriage, Miss Wade 
bated Gowan, his wife, the Meagleses, 
and all their friends. She enticed Tatty- 
coram away from Mr. Meagles, and the 
two beautiful young women lived to- 
gether for a time, nursing their hatred of 
man to keep it warm. — C. Dickens, Little 
Dorrit, ii. 21 (1857). 

Wadman ( Widow), a comely widow, 
who would full fain secure uncle Toby 
for her second husband. Amongst other 
wiles, she pretends to have something in 
her eye, and gets uncle Toby to look for 
it. As the kind-hearted hero of Namur 
does so, the gentle widow gradually 
places her face nearer and nearer the 
captain's mouth, under the hope that he 
will kiss and propose. — Sterne, The Life 
and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (1759). 

Wa'gemin (3 syl.), the cry of the 
young lads and lasses of the North 
American tribes, when in harvesting they 
light upon a crooked and mildewed ear 
of maize, emblematic of old age. 

And whene'er a youth or maiden 
Found a crooked ear in husking, . . . 
Blighted, mildewed, or misshapen. 
Then they laughed and sang together, 
Crept and limped about the corn-fields 
Mimicked in their gait and gestures 
Some old man bent almost double, 
Singing singly or together, 
" Wagemin, the thief of corn-fields ! " 

Longfellow, Hiawatha, xiii. (1855). 

Wagner, the faithful servant and 
constant companion of Faust, in Mar- 
lowe's drama called The Life and Death 
of Dr. Faustus (1589) ; in Goethe's Faust 
(German, 1798) ; and in Gounod's opera 
of Faust (1859). 

Wagner is a type of the pedant He sacrifices himself to 
books as Faust does to knowledge . . . the dust of folios 
is his element, parchment the source of his inspiration. 
... He is one of those who, in the presence of Niagara, 
would vex you with questions about arrow-headed in- 
scriptions ... or the origin of the Pelasgi.— Lewes. 

Wa'hela, Lot's wife, who was con- 
federate with the men of Sodom, and gave 
them notice when a stranger came to visit 
her husband. Her sign was smoke by day 
and fire by night. Wahela was turned into 
a pillar of salt. — Jallalo'ddin, Al Zamakh. 

Wa'ila (3 syl.), wife of Noah, who 
told the people her husband was dis- 
traught. 

The wife of Noah [Wdtla] and the wife of Lot [Wd- 
hela] were both unbelievers, . . . and it shall be said 
unto them at the last day, " Enter ye into hell fire, with 
those who enter therein."— Al Koran, lxvL 

"Wainamoi'neii, the Orpheus of 
Finnish mythology. His magic harp 
performed similar wonders to that of 
Orpheus (2 syl.). It was made of the 
bones of a pike ; that of Orpheus was 



of tortoiseshell. The " beloved " of 
Wainamoinen was a treasure called Sam- 
po, which was lost as the poet reached 
the vejge of the realms of darkness ; the 
"beldved" of Orpheus was Euryd'ice, 
who was lost just as the poet reached the 
confines of earth, after his descent into 
hell. 

%* See Kalewala, Rune, xxii. It is 
very beautiful. An extract is given in 
Baring Gould's Myths of the Middle Ayes, 
440-^44. 

"Waistcoat {The M. B.), the clerical 
waistcoat. M. B. means "Mark [of the] 
Beast." These waistcoats are so called 
because they were first worn (in the 
middle of the nineteenth century) by 
clergymen who were supposed to have 
popish tendencies. 

Waitwell, the lackey of Edward 
Mirabell, and husband of Foible gover- 
nante of the household of lady Wishfort. 
By his master's request, Waitwell perso- 
nates sir Roland, and makes love to lady 
Wishfort, but the trick is discovered 
before much mischief is done. — W. Con- 
greve, The Way of the World (1700). 

Wakefield (Harry), the English 
drover killed by Robin Oig. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Two Drovers (time, George 
III.). 

Wakeman [Sir George), physician 
to Henrietta Maria queen of Charles I. — 
Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Walbeck (Perkin) assumed himself 
to be Richard duke of York, the younger 
son of Edward IV., supposed to be mur- 
dered by order of Richard III. in the 
Tower. 

Parallel Instances. The youngest son 
of Ivan IV. of Russia was named Di- 
mitri, i.e. Demetrius,. He was born in 
1581, and was mysteriously assassinated 
in 1591, some say by Godounov the suc- 
cessor to the throne. Several impostors 
assumed to be Dimitri, the most remark- 
able appeared in Poland in 1603, who 
was recognized as czar in 1605, but 
perished the year following. 

Martin Guerre, in the sixteenth cen- 
tury, left his wife, to whom he had been 
married ten years, to join the army 
in Spain. In the eighth year of his 
absence, one Arnaud du Tilh assumed to 
be Martin Guerre, and was received by 
the wife as her husband. For three years 
he lived with her, recognized by all her 
friends and relations, but the return of 



WALDECK. 



1078 



WALKING STEWART. 



Martin himself dispelled the illusion, 
and Arnaud was put to death. 

The great Tichborne case was a similar 
imposition. One Orton assumed to be sir 
Roger Tichborne, and was even acknow- 
ledged to be so by sir Roger's mother ; 
but after a long and patient trial it was 
proved that the claimant of the Tichborne 
estates was no other than one Orton of 
Wapping. 

In German history, Jakob Rehback, a 
miller's man, assumed, in 1345, to be Wal- 
demar, an Ascanier margraf. Jakob was 
a menial in the sen-ice of the margraf. 

Waldeck (Martin), the miner, and 
hero of a story read by Lovel to a picnic 
party at the ruins of St. Ruth's Priory. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, 
George III.). 

Walde 'grave (2 syl.), leader of the 
British forces, which joined the Hurons 
in extirpating the Snake Indians, but he 
fell in the fray (pt. i. 18). 

Julia Waldegrave, wife of the above. 
She was bound to a tree with her child 
by some of the Indians during the attack. 
Outalissi, a Snake Indian, unbound them, 
took them home, and took care of them ; 
but the mother died. Her last request 
was that Outalissi would carry her child 
to Albert of Wy'oming, her friend, and 
beg him to take charge of it. 

Henry Waldegrave, the boy brought by 
Outalissi to Albert. After staying at 
Wyoming for three years, his English 
friends sent for him (he was then 12 
years old). When grown to manhood, 
he returned to Wyoming, and was mar- 
ried to Gertrude ; but three months after- 
wards Outalissi appeared, and told them 
that Brandt was coming with his English 
soldiers to destroy the village. Both 
Albert and Gertrude were shot in the 
attack ; and Henry joined the army of 
Washington. — CampSell, Gertrude of 
Wyoming (1809). 

%* Campbell accents Wj r oming on the 
first syllable, but the accent is generally 
thrown on the second. 

"Waldemar Fitzurse (Lord), a 
baron following prince John of Anjou 
(brother of Richard Cceur de Lion). — Sir 
W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Waldstetten (The countess of), a 
relative of the baron. He is one of the 
characters in Dounerhugel's narrative. — 
Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

"Wales. Geoffrey says, after the 



famine and pestilence which drove Cad- 
wallader into Armorica (Bretagnc), the 
people were no longer called Britons but 
Gualenses, a word derived either from 
Gualo their leader, or Guales their queen, 
or from their barbarism. — British History, 
xii. 19 (1142). 

%* Milner says the Welsh are those 
driven west by the Teutonic invaders 
and called Wilisc-men ("strangers or 
foreigners") ; Corn-wall was called "West 
Wales," and subsequently the Corn (Latin, 
cornu) or horn held by the Walls. — 
Geography. 

The Saxon wealh, plu. wealhas or weal- 
as, "foreigners," meaning "not of Saxon 
origin," and also "slaves or subjugated 
men," is the correct origin of the word. 

Wales (South). At one time the 
whole eastern division of South Wales 
was called Gwent, but in its present re- 
stricted sense the word Gwent is applied 
to the county of Monmouth only. 

W"alk (Knave) is meant for colonel 
Hewson, generally called "Walk, 
Knave, Walk," from a tract written by 
Edmund Gayton, to satirize the party, 
and entitled Walk, Knaves, Walk. — S. 
Butler, Hudibras (1663-78). 

Walker (Dr.), one of the three great 
quacks of the eighteenth century, the 
others being Dr. Rock and Dr. Timothy 
Franks. Goldsmith, in his Citizen of the 
World, has a letter (lxviii.) wholly upon 
these three worthies (1759). 

Walker (Helen), the prototype of Jeanie 
Deans. Sir W. Scott caused a tombstone 
to be erected over her grave in Irongray 
churchyard, Kirkcudbright [Ke.koo' '.bry~\. 

Walker (Hookey), John Walker, out- 
door clerk to Longman, Clementi, and 
Co., Cheapside. He was noted for his 
hooked nose, and disliked for his official 
duties, which were to see that the men 
came and left at the proper hour, and 
that they worked during the hours of 
work. Of course, the men conspired to 
throw discredit on his reports ; and hence 
Avhen any one draws the " long-bow," the 
hearer exclaims, " Hookey Walker ! " as 
much as to say, " I don't believe it." 

Walking Gentleman (A). Thomas 
Colley Grattan published his Highways 
and Byeways under this signature (1825). 

Walking Stewart, John Stewart, 
an English traveller, who walked through 
Hindustan, Persia, Nubia, Abyssinia, the 
Arabian Desert, Europe, and the North 



WALKING-STICK. 



1079 



WALTHAM'S CALF. 



American states ; "crazy beyond the reach 

of hellebore, yet sublime and divinely be- 
nignant. ... He had seen more of the 
earth's surface, and had communicated 
more with the children of the earth, than 
anv man before or since." — De Quincey 
(1856). 

Walking-Stick (Henry VIIL's), 
the great Danish club shown in the 
armoury of the Tower. 

Walkingshaw (Miss), mistress of 
the chevalier Charles Edward the Young 
Pretender. — Sir W. Scott, Redyauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

"Wallace's Larder, the dungeon of 
Ardrossau, in Ayrshire, where Wallace 
had the dead bodies thrown when the 
garrison was surprised by him in the 
reign of Edward I. 

" Douglas's Larder" is a similar phrase, 
meaning that horrible compound of dead 
bodies, barrels of flour, meal, wheat, 
malt, wine, ale, and beer, all mixed 
together in Douglas Castle by the order 
of lord James Douglas, when, in 1306, the 
garrison was surprised by him. 

Wallenrode ( The earl of), an Hun- 
garian crusader. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

"Waller, in love with Lydia lady's- 
maid to Widow Green. His love at first 
was not honourable, because his aristo- 
cratic pride revolted at the inferior social 
position of Lydia ; but when he knew 
her real worth, he loved her, proposed 
marriage, and found that she was the 
sister of Trueworth, who had taken 
service to avoid an obnoxious marriage. 
— S. Knowles, The Love-Chase (1837). 

"Waller's Plot, a plot organized, in 
1643, by Waller the poet, against the 
parliamentary party. The object was to 
secure the king's children, to seize the 
most eminent of the parliamentarians, to 
capture the Tower, and resist all taxes 
imposed for the support of the parlia- 
mentary army. 

"Walley (Richard), the regicide, whose 
story is told by major Bridgenorth (a 
roundhead) at his dinner-table. — Sir W. 
Scott, Feveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

"Wallflowers, young ladies in a ball- 
room, who have no partners, and who sit 
or stand near the walls of the ball-room. 

"Walnut Tree. Fuller says: "A 
walnut tree must be manured by beating, 



or else it will not bear fruit." Falstaff 
makes a similar remark on the camo- 
mile plant, "The more it is trodden on, 
the faster it grows." The almond and 
some other plants are said to thrive by 
being bruised. 

A woman, a spaniel, and walnut tree. 

The more you beat them, the better they be. 

Taylor, the " water-poet" (1630). 

Walnut Web. WTien the three 
princes of a certain king were sent to find 
out "a web of cloth which would pass 
through the eye of a fine needle," the 
White Cat furnished the youngest of the 
three with one spun by the cats of her 
palace. 

The prince . . . took out of his box a walnut, which he 
cracked . . . and saw a small hazel nut. which he cracked 
also . . . and found therein a kernel of wax. ... In this 
kernel of wax was hidden a single grain of wheat, and in 
the grain a small millet seed. . . . On opening the millet, 
he drew out a web of cloth 400 yards long, and in it was 
woven all sorts of birds, beasts, and fishes ; fruits and 
flowers ; the sun, moon, and stars ; the portraits of kings 
and queens, and many other wonderful designs. — Comtesse 
DAunoy, fairy Tales ("The White Cat," 1682). 

Walsingham, the affianced of Helen 
Mowbray. Deceived by appearances, he 
believed that Helen was the mistress of 
lord Athunree, and abandoned her ; but 
when he discovered his mistake, he mar- 
ried her. — S. Knowles, Woman's Wit, 
etc. (1838). 

Walsingham (Lord), of queen Eliza- 
beth's court. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Walter, marquis of Saluzzo, in Italy, 
and husband of Grisilda, the peasant's 
daughter (q.v.). — Chaucer, Canterbury 
Talcs ("The Clerk's Tale," 1388). 

*** This tale, of course, is allegorical ; 
lord Walter takes the place of deity, and 
Grisilda typifies the true Christian. In 
all her privations, in all her sorrows, in 
all her trials, she says to her lord and 
master, " Thy will be done." 

Walter (Master), "the hunchback," 
guardian of Julia. A worthy man, liberal 
and charitable, frank and" honest, who 
turns out to be the earl of Rochdale and 
father of Julia. — S. Knowles, The Hunch- 
back (1831). 

Walter [Furst], father-in-law of 
Tell. — Rossini, Guqlielmo Tell (opera, 
1829). 

Waltham's Calf (As wise as), a 
thorough fool. This calf, it is said, ran 
nine miles when it was hungry to get 
suckled by a bull. 

Doctor Daupa'tus. Bachler bachelera'tus, 
Drouken as a mouse At the ale-house . . . 



WALTHEOF. 



1080 



WANDERING WOOD. 



Under a notaries slgne Was made a diuine ; 
As wise as Waltom's calf. 
John Skelton, Coign Clout (time, Henry VIII.). 

Waltheof {The abbot), abbot of St. 
Withold's Priory. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Waltheof {Father), a grey friar, con- 
fessor to the duchess of Rothesay. — Sir 
W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Walton {Lord), father of Elvi'ra, 
who promised his daughter in marriage 
to sir Richard Forth, a puritan officer ; 
but Elvira had already plighted her love 
to lord Arthur Talbot, a cavalier. The 
betrothal was set aside, and Elvira mar- 
ried Arthur Talbot at last. — Bellini, // 
Puritani (opera, 1834). 

Walton {Sir John de), governor of 
Douglas Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Wamba, "the son of Witless," the 
jester of Cedric the Saxon of Rother- 
wood. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I.). 

Wampum, a string or belt of whelk- 
shells, current with the North American 
Indians as a medium of exchange, and 
always sent as a present to those with 
whom an alliance or treaty is made. 

Peace be to thee ! my words this belt approve. 
Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 14 (1800). 
Our wampum league thy brethren did embrace. 

Ditto, i. 15. 

Wanderers. It is said that gipsies 
are doomed to be wanderers on the face 
of the earth, because they refused hospi- 
tality to the Virgin and Child when the 
holy family fled into Egypt. (See Wild 
Huntsman.) — Aventinus, Annalium Boi- 
orum, libri septem (1554). 

Wandering Jew {The), Kartaph'i- 
los (in Latin Cartaphilus), the door-keeper 
of the judgment hall, in the service of 
Pontius Pilate. The tradition is that 
this porter, while haling Jesus before 
Pilate, struck Him, saying, " Get on 
faster ! " whereupon Jesus replied, " I 
am going fast enough ; but thou shalt 
tarry till I come again." 

%* The earliest account of this tradi- 
tion is in the Book of the Chronicles of 
the Abbey of St. Alban's, copied and con- 
tinued by Matthew Paris (1228). In 1242 
Philip Mouskes, afterwards bishop of 
Tournay, wrote the " rhymed chronicle." 

Kartaphilos, we are told, was baptized 
by Ananias, who baptized Paul, and re- 



ceived the name of Joseph. — See Book of 
the Chronicles of the Abbey of St. Alban's. 

Another tradition says the Jew was 
Ahasue'rus, a cobbler, and gives the story 
thus : Jesus, overcome by the weight of 
the cross, stopped at the door of Ahasue- 
rus, when the man pushed Him away, 
saying, "Be off with you!" Jesus re- 
plied, "I am going off truly, as it is 
written ; but thou shalt tarry till I come 
again." 

* # * This legend is given by Paul von 
Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig, in 1547. — 
See Greve, Memoirs of Paul von Eitzen, 
Hamburgh (1744). 

In Germany, the Wandering Jew is as- 
sociated with John Buttadaeus, who was 
seen at Antwerp in the thirteenth, fifteenth, 
and sixteenth centuries, and at Brussels 
in 1774. 

%* Leonard Doldius of Niirnberg, in 
his Praxis Alchymia? (1604), says the Jew 
Ahasuerus is sometimes called Buttadaeus. 

In France, the name given to the Jew is 
Isaac Laquedem or Lakedion. 

%* See Mitternacht, Dissertatio in 
Johan., xxi. 19. 

Salathiel ben Sadi is the name of the 
Wandering Jew in Croly's novel entitled 
Salathiel (1827). 

Eugene Sue introduces a Wandering 
Jew in his novel called Le Juif Errant 
(1845). Gait has also a novel called The 
Wandering Jew. 

Poetical versions of the legend have 
been made by A. W. von Schlegel, Die 
Warnung ; by Schubert, Ahasuer ; by 
Goethe, Aus Meinem Leben, all in German. 
By Mrs. Norton, The Undying One, in 
English ; etc. The legend is based on 
St. John's Gospel xxi. 22. "If I will 
that he tarry till I come, what is that to 
thee?" The apostles thought the words 
meant that John would not die, but tra- 
dition has applied them to some one else. 

Wandering Knight {The), El 
Donzel del Febo ("the Knight of the 
Sun"), is so called in the Spanish ro- 
mance entitled The Mirror of Knighthood. 

Eumen'edes is so called in Peele's Old 
Wives' Tale (1590). 

Wandering Willie, the blind 
fiddler, who tells the tale about sir Robert 
Redgauntlet and his son sir John. — Sir 
W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Wandering Wood, which contained 
the den of Error. Error was a monster, 
like a woman upwards, but ending in a 
huge dragon's tail with a venomous sting. 
The first encounter of the Red Oobs 



WANTLEY. 



1081 



WARDLE. 



Knight was with this monster, whom he 
slew. — Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 1 (1590). 
%* When piety {the Red Cross Knight) 
once forsakes the oneness of truth 
( Una), it is sure to get into " Wandering 
Wood," where it will be attacked by 
" Error." 

Wantley (Dragon of), a monster 

slain by More of More Hall, who procured 
a suit of armour studded with spikes, 
and, proceeding to the lair, kicked the 
dragon in its mouth, where alone it was 
vulnerable. — Percy, Jieliques of Ancient 
Poetry. 

One of Carey's farces is entitled The 
Dragon of Wantley. 

Wapping of Denmark (The), 
Elsinore (3 syl.). 

War. The Seven Weeks 1 War was 
between Prussia and Austria (1866). 

The Seven Months' War was between 
Prussia and France (1870-71). 

The Seven Years' War was between 
Austria and Prussia (1756-1763). 

The Thirty Years' War was between 
the protestants and papists of Germanv 
(1618-1648). 

The Hundred Years' War was between 
England and France (1340-1453). 

"War-Cries. At Senlac the English 
had two, " God Almighty ! " and " Holy 
Cross ! " The latter was probably the 
cry of Harold's men, and referred to 
Waltham Cross, which he held in special 
reverence. 

The Norman shout was "God help 
us !" 

The Welsh war-cry was " Alleluia ! " 

Loud, sharp shrieks of " Alleluia ■ " blended with those 
of " Out ! Out ! Holy Crosse I "—Lord Lytton, Harold. 

%* " Ouct ! Ouct ! " was the cry in 
full flight, meaning that the standards 
were to be defended with closed shields. 

The old Spanish war-cry was " St. 
Iago ! and close, Spain ! " 

Mount, chivalrous hidalgo ; not in vain 
Revive the cry, " St. Iago 1 and close, Spain 1 " 

Byron, Age of Bronze, vii. (1821). 

*** Cervantes says the cry was " St. 
Iago ! charge, Spain ! " 

Mr. Bachelor, there is a time to retreat as well as to 
advance. The cry must always be, "St. Iago! charge, 
Spain ! "—Don Quixote, II. i. 4 (1615). 

In the battle of Pharsalia, the war-cry 
of Pompey's army was " Hercules In- 
victus!" and of Caesar's army, "Venus 
Victrix ! " 

War of Wartburg, a poetic con- 
test at Wartburg Castle, in which Vogel- 



weid triumphed over Heinrich von 
Ofterdingen. 

They renewed the war of Wartburg, 
Which the l>ard had fought before. 
Longfellow, Walter von der Vojelwcid. 

Ward (Artemus), Charles F. Browne 
of America, author of His Book of Goaks 
(1865). He died in London in 1867. 

Ward (Dr.), a footman, famous for 
his "friars' balsam." He was called to 
proscribe for George II., and died 1761. 
Dr. Ward had a claret stain on his left 
cheek, and in Hogarth's famous picture, 
"The Undertakers' Arms," the cheek is 
marked gules. He forms one of the 
three figures at the top, and occupies the 
right hand side of the spectator. The 
other two figures are Mrs. Mapp and Dr. 
Taylor. 

Warden (Henry), alias Henry Well- 
wood, the protestant preacher. In the 
Abbot he is chaplain of the lady Mary at 
Avenel Castle. — Sir W. Scott, The Monas- 
tery (time, Elizabeth). 

Warden (Michael), a young man of 
about 30, well-made and good-looking, 
light-hearted, capricious, and without 
ballast. He had been so Avild and ex- 
travagant that Snitchey and Craggs told 
him it would take six years to nurse his 
property into a healthy state. Michael 
Warden told them he was in love with 
Marion Jeddler, and her, in due time, he 
married. — C. Dickens, The Battle of Life 
(1846). 

Warden Pie (A), a pie made of 
Warden pears. 

Myself with denial I mortify 
With a dainty bit. of a warden pie. 

The Friar of Orders Gray. 

Wardlaw, land-steward at Osbaldi- 
stone Hall. — Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, 
George I.). 

Wardlaw (Henry of), archbishop of St. 
Andrew's. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Wardle (Mr.), an old country gentle- 
man, who had attended some of the meet- 
ings of " The Pickwick Club," and felt 
a liking for Mr. Pickwick and his three 
friends, whom he occasionally entertained 
at his house. 

Miss [Isabella'] Wardle, daughter of Mr. 
Wardle. She marries Augustus Snod- 
grass, M.P.C. 

Miss Emily Wardle, daughter of Mr. 
Wardle. She marries Mr. Trundle. — C. 
Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). 



WARDOUR. 



1082 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



"Wardour (Sir Arthur) of Knock- 
winnock Castle. 

Isabella Wat^dour, daughter of sir 
Arthur. She marries lord Geraldin. 

Captain Reginald Wardour, son of sir 
Arthur. He is in the army. 

Sir Richard Wardour or "Richard 
with the Red Hand," an ancestor of sir 
Arthur. — Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

"Ware (Bed of), a great bed, twelve 
feet square, assigned by tradition to the 
earl of Warwick the " king maker." 

A mighty large bed \the bed o r honour], bigger by 
half than the great bed of Ware ; ten thousand people 
may lie in it together and never feel one another. — G. 
Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer (1707). 

The bed of Og king of Bashan, which 
was fourteen feet long, and a little more 
than six feet wide, was considerably 
smaller than the great bed of Ware. 

His bedstead was a bedstead of iron . . . nine cubits 
was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, 
after the cubit of a man. — Dent. Hi. 11. 

Waring (Sir Walter), a justice of the 
peace, whose knowledge of the law was 
derived from Matthew Medley, his facto- 
tum. His sentences were justices' justice, 
influenced by prejudice and personal 
feeling. An ugly old hag would have 
found from him but scant mercy, while a 
pretty girl could hardly do wrong in sir 
Walter's code of law. — Sir H. B. Dudley, 
The Woodman (1771). 

Warman, steward of Robin Hood 
while earl of Huntingdon. He betrayed 
his master into the hands of Gilbert 
Hoode (or Hood), a prior, Robin's uncle. 
King John rewarded Warman for this 
treachery by appointing him high sheriff 
of Nottingham. 

The ill-fac't miser, bribed on either hand, 
Is Warman, one the steward of his house. 
Who, Judas-like, betraies his liberal! lord 
Into the hands of that relentlesse prior 
Calde Gilbert Hoode, uncle of Huntington. 
Skelton, Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington 
(Henry Villi). 

Warming-Pan Hero ( The), James 
Francis Edward Stuart (the first Pre- 
tender). According to the absurd story 
set afloat by the disaffected at the time 
of his birth, he was not the son of Mary 
d'Este, the wife of James II., but a na- 
tural child of that monarch by Mary 
Beatrice of Modena, and he had been 
conveyed to the royal bed in a warming- 
pan, with the intention of palming him 
off upon the J3ritish people as the legiti- 
mate heir to the throne. 

Warner, the old steward of sirCharles 
Cropland, who grieves to see the timber 



of the estate cut down to supply the ex- 
travagance of his young master. — G. Col- 
man, The Poor Gentleman (1802). 

Warning-Givers. 

Alasnam's Mirror. This mirror 
remained unsullied when it reflected a 
chaste and pure-minded woman, but be- 
came dim when the woman reflected by 
it was faithless, wanton, or light. — Ara- 
bian Nights (" Prince Zeyn Alasnam "). 

Ants. Alexander Ross says that the 
" cruel battle between the Venetians and 
Insubrians, and also that between the 
Liegeois and the Burgundians in w r hich 
30,000 men were slain, were both presig- 
nifled by combats between two swarms of 
ants." — Arcana Microcosmi (appendix, 
219). 

Bah man's Knife (Prince). When 
prince Bahman started on bis exploits, 
he gave his sister Parizade a knife which, 
he told her, would remain bright and 
clean so long as he was safe and well, but, 
immediately he was in danger or dead, 
would become dull or drop gouts of blood. 
— Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters "). 

Bay Trees. The withering of bay 
trees prognosticates a death. 

Tis thought the king is dead . . . 
The bay trees iu our country are all withered. 

Shakespeare, Richard II. (1597). 

N.B. — The bay was called by the 
Romans "the plant of the good angel," 
because " neyther falling sicknes, neyther 
devyll, wyll infest or hurt one in that 
place whereas a bay tree is." — Thomas 
Lupton, Syxt Book of Notable Thinges 
(16(30). 

Bee. The buzzing of a bee in a room 
indicates that a stranger is about to pay 
the house a visit. 

Birtha's Emerald Ring. The duke 
Gondibert gave Birtha an emerald ring 
which, he said, would preserve its lustre 
so long as he remained faithful and true, 
but would become dull and pale if he 
proved false to her. — Wm. Davenant, 
Gondibert. 

Brawn's Head (T/ie). A boy brought 
to king Arthur's court a brawn's head, over 
which he drew his wand thrice, and said, 
" There's never a traitor or a cuckold who 
can carve that head of brawn." — Percy, 
Peliques ("The Boy and the Mantle"). 

Canace's Mirror indicated, by its 
lustre, if the person whom the inspector 
loved was true or false. — Chaucer, Canter- 
burg Talcs (" The Squire's Tale "). 

Candles. The shooting forth of a parcel 
of tallow called a winding-sheet, from the 
top of a lighted candle, gives warning to 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



1083 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



the house of an approaching death ; but a 
bright spark upon the burning wick is 
the promise of a letter. 

Cats on the deck of a ship are said 
to "carry a gale of wind in their tail," or 
to presage a coming storm. When cats 
are very assiduous in cleaning their ears 
and head, it prognosticates rain. 

Cattle give warning of an earthquake 
by their uneasiness. 

Children Playing Soldiers on a 
road is said to forebode approaching war. 

Coals. A cinder bounding from the 
fire is either a purse or a coffin. Those 
which rattle when held to the ear are 
tokens of wealth ; those which are mute 
and solid indicate sickness or death. 

Corpse Candles. The vjnis fatuus, 
called by the Welsh canhwy/l cyrph or 
"corpse candle," prognosticates death. If 
small and of pale blue, it denotes the death 
of an infant ; if large and yellow, the 
death of one of full age. 

Captain Leather, chief magistrate of Belfast, in 1690. 
being shipwrecked" on the Isle of Man, was told that 
thirteen of his crew were li>st, for thirteen corpse candles 
had been seen moving towards the churchyard. It is a 
fact that thirteen of the men were drowned in this 
wreck. — Sacheverell, I tie of Man, 15. 

Cradle. It forebodes evil to the child 
if any one rocks its cradle when empty. 
— American Superstition. 

Crickets. Crickets in a house are a 
sign of good luck, but if they suddenly 
leave it is a warning of death. 

Crow (.4). A crow appearing to one on 
the left hand side indicates some im- 
pending evil to the person ; and flying 
over a house, foretells evil at hand to some 
of the inmates. (See below, " Raven.") 

&epe sinistra cava prsedixit ab ilice cornex, 

Virgil, Eclogue, L 

Crowing of a Cock. Themistocles 
was assured of his victory over Xerxes 
by the crowing of a cock, on his way to 
Artemisium the day before the battle. — 
Lloyd, Stratagems of Jerusalem, 285. 

Crowing of a hen indicates approach- 
ing disaster. 

Death - Warnings in Private 
Families. 

1. In Germany. Several princes of 
Germany have their special warning-givers 
of death. In some it is the roaring of a 
lion, in others the howling of a dog. In 
some it is the tolling of a bell or striking 
of a clock at an unusual time, in others it 
is a bustling noise about the castle. — The 
Living Library, 284 (1621). 

2. In Berlin. A White Lady appears 
to some one of the household or guard, 
to announce the death of a prince of 



Ilohenzollem. She was duly seen on the 
eve of prince Waldemar's death in 1879. 

3. In Bohemia. "Spectrum foeminium 
vestitu lugubri apparere solet in arce 
quadam illustris familiae, antequam una 
ex conjugibus dominorum illorum e vita 
decebat." — Debrio, Disquisitiones Magicce, 
592. 

4. In Great Britain. In Wales the 
corpse candle appears to warn a family 
of impending death. In Carmarthen 
scarcely any person dies but some one 
sees his light or candle. 

In Northumberland the warning light is 
called the person's waff, in Cumberland 
a swarth, in Ross a task, in some parts of: 
Scotland a fye-token. 

King James tells us that the wraith oi: 
a person newly dead, or about to die, 
appears to his friends. — Demonology, 125. 

Edgewell Oak indicates the coming 
death of an inmate of Castle Dalhousie by 
the fall of one of its branches. 

5. In Scotland. The family of Roth- 
murchas have the Bodachau Dun or the 
Ghost of the Hill. 

The Kinchardines have the Spectre of 
the Bloody Hand. 

Gartinbeg House used to be haunted by 
Bodach Gartin. 

The house of Tulloch Gorms used to be 
haunted by Maug Monlach or the Girl 
with the Hairy Left Hand. 

Death-watch (The). The tapping 
made by a small beetle called the death- 
watch is said to be a warning of death. 

The chambermaids christen this worm a " Death-watch," 

Because, like a watch, it always cries "click ; " 

Then woe be to those in the house who are sick, 

For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost, 

If the maggot cries " click " when it scratches a post 

Swift 

Divining-Rod {The). A forked hazel 
rod, suspended between the balls of the 
thumbs, was at one time supposed to indi- 
cate the presence of water-springs and 
precious metals by inclining towards the 
earth beneath which these things might 
be found. Dousterswivel obtained money 
by professing to indicate the spot of 
buried wealth b3 r a divining-rod. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Antiquary. 

Dogs. The howling of a dog at night 
forebodes death. 

A cane pramso funere disce mori. 

R. Keuchen, Crepundia, 113 (1662). 

Capitollnus tells us that the death" of 
Maximums was presaged by the howling 
of dogs. Pausanias (in his Messenta) 
says the dogs brake into a fierce howl just 
before the overthrow of the Messenians. 
Fincelius says the dogs in Mysinia flocked 
together and howled just before the over- 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



1084 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



throw of the Saxons in 1553. Virgil says 
the same thing occurred just previous to 
the battle of Pharsalia. 

Dogs give warning of death by scratch- 
ing on the floor of a house. 

Dotterels. 

When dotterels do first appear. 
It shows that frost is very near ; 
But when that dotterels do go. 
Then you may look for heavy snow. 

Salisbury Saying. 

Dreams. It will be remembered that 
Joseph, the husband of Mary, was warned 
by a dream to flee from Judaea, and when 
Herod was dead he was again warned by 
a dream to "turn aside into the parts of 
Galilee."— Matt. ii. 13, 19, 22. 

In the Old Testament, Pharaoh had a 
warning dream of a famine which he was 
enabled to provide against. — Gen. xli. 
15-36. 

Pharaoh's butler and baker had warn- 
ing dreams, one being prevised thereby 
of his restoration to favour, and the other 
warned of his execution. — Gen. xl. 5-23. 

Nebuchadnezzar had an historic dream, 
which Daniel explained. — Dan. ii. 1, 31-45. 

Abimelech king of Egypt was warned 
by a dream that Sarah was Abraham's 
wife and not his sister. — Gen. xx. 3-16. 

Jacob had an historic dream on his way 
to Haran. — Gen. xxviii. 12-15. 

Joseph, son of Jacob, had an historic 
dream, revealing to him his future great- 
ness. — Gen. xxxvii. 5-10. 

Daniel had an historic dream about 
four beasts which indicated four king- 
doms (Dan. vii.). Whether his "visions" 
were also dreams is uncertain (see chs. 
viii., x.). 

It would require many pages to do 
justice to this subject. Bland, in his 
Popular Antiquities, iii. 134, gives "A 
Dictionary of Dreams" in alphabetic 
order, extracted from The Royal Dream- 
Book. 

Drinking-Horns. King Arthur had 
a horn from which no one could drink 
who was either unchaste or unfaithful. 
The cuckold's horn, brought to king 
Arthur's court by a mysterious boy, gave 
warning of infidelity, inasmuch as no 
one unfaithful in love or unleal to his 
liege lord could drink therefrom without 
spilling the liquor. The coupe enchante'e 
possessed a similar property. 

Eagle. Tarquinius Priscus was as- 
sured that he would be king of Rome, by 
an eagle, which stooped upon him, took 
off his cap, rose in the air, and let the 
cap fall again upon his head. 

A-ristander assured Alexander of his 



victory over Darius at the battle of Arbela, 
by the flight of an eagle. — Lloyd, Strata- 
gems of Jerusalem, 290. 

Ear (The). If the left ear tingles or 
burns, it indicates that some one is talk- 
ing evil of you ; if the right ear, some 
one is praising 3'ou. The foreboded evil 
may be averted by biting the little finger 
of the left hand. 

Laudor et adverso, sonat auris, Isedor ab ore ; 
Dextra bono tinnit niurmure, lseva malo. 

R. Keuchen, Cre/jundia, 113 (1G62) 

Epitaphs (Reading). If you would 
preserve your memory, be warned against 
reading epitaphs. In this instance the 
American superstition is the warning- 
giver, and not the act referred to. 

Fir Trees. " If a firr tree be touched, 
withered, or burned with lighting, it is 
a warning to the house that the master 
or mistress thereof shall shortly dye." — 
Thomas Lupton, Syxt Book of Notable 
Thinges, iii. (1660). 

Fire. The noise occasioned when the 
enclosed gas in a piece of burning coal 
catches fire, is a sure indication of a 
quarrel between the inmates of the house. 

Florimel's Girdle would loosen or 
tear asunder if any woman unfaithful or 
unchaste attempted to put it on. — Spen- 
ser, Faery Queen. 

Gates of Gundof'orus (The). No one 
carrying poison could pass these gates. 
They were made of the horn of the horned 
snake, by the apostle Thomas, who built 
a palace of sethym wood for this Indian 
king, and set up the gates. 

Grotto of Ephesus ( The) contained a 
reed, which gave forth musical sounds 
when the chaste and faithful entered it, 
but denounced others by giving forth 
harsh and discordant noises. — Lord 
Lytton, Tales of Miletus, iii. 

Hare Crossing the Road (A). It 
was thought by the ancient Romans that 
if a hare ran across the road on which a 
person was travelling, it was a certain 
omen of ill luck. 

Lepus quoque occurrens in via, infortunatum iter pr»- 
sagit et ominosum.— Alexander ab Alexandre, Geniatium 
Dierum, libri VI. v. 13 p. 685. 

Nor did we meet, with nimble feet, 

One little fearful lepus, 
That certain sign, as some divine, 
Of fortune bad to keep us. 

Ellison, Trip to Benurell, lx. 

Hoopoe (The). The country people 
of Sweden consider the appearance of the 
hoopoe as the presage of war. — Pennant, 
Zoology, i. 258. 

Lizauds warn men of the approach of 
a serpent. 

Looking-glasses. If a looking-glass 
is broken, it is a warning that some one 



WAR XING-GIVERS. 



1085 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



in the house will ere long lose a friend. 
Grose says it " betokens a mortality in 
the family, commonly the master.'' 

To break a looking-glass is prophetic 
that the person will never get married ; 
or, if married, will lose the person wedded. 

Magpies are prophetic birds. A com- 
mon Lincolnshire proverb is, "One for 
sorrow, two for mirth, three for a wed- 
ding, four for death;" or thus: " One for 
sorrow, two for mirth, three a wedding, 
four a birth." 

Augurs and understood relations have. 
By ma-:otpics and chough* and rooks, brought forth 
Tile secret st man of blood. 

Shakespeare, M'icbeth (1606). 

Alexander Ross tells us that the battle 
between the British and French, in which 
the former were overthrown in the reign 
of Charles VIII., was foretold by a 
skirmish between magpies and jackdaws. 
— Arcana Mtcrocosmi (appendix, 219). 

Mantle (T/ie Teat). A boy brought 
to king Arthur's court a mantle, which no 
one could wear who was unfaithful in 
love, false in domestic life, or traitorous 
to the king. If any such attempted to 
put it on, it puckered up, or hung slouch- 
ingly, or tumbled to pieces. — Percy, 
Jieiiques (" The Boy and the Mantle "). 

Meteors. Falling stars, eclipses, 
comets, and other signs in the heavens, 
portend the death or fall of princes. 

Meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven ; 

The pale-faced moon l.K>ks bloody on the earth . . . 

These signs forerun the death or fall of kings. 

Shakespeare, llick-ird II., act ii. sc. 4 (1597). 

Consult Matt. xxiv. 29 ; Luke xxi. 25. 

Mile axd Rats. If a rat or mouse, 
during the night, gnaw our clothes, it is 
indicative of some impending evil, perhaps 
even death. 

Nos auteni ita leves, atque inconsiderati sumus, ut si 
mures corroserint aliquid quorum est opus hoc unuin, 
xnonstrum puremus 1 Ante vero Marsicum helium quod 
Clypeos Lanuvii — mures rosisseut. maxumum id porten- 
tum haruspices esse dixeruut. Quasi vero quicquam 
lateral, mures diem noctem aliquid rodentes, scuta an 
cribra corroserint . . . cum vestis a soricibus roditur, 
plus tiruere suspicionem futuri mali. quam prsesens dam- 
num dolere. L'nde iilud eleganter dictum est Catonis. 
qui cum esset consultus a quoiam, qui sibi erosas esse 
CalLas diceret a soricibus, respondit ; non esset illud 
moustrum ; sed vere monstrum habendum fuisse, si 
gorices a Caligis roderentur. — Cicero, Divinatio, ii. 27. 

Mole-spots. A mole-spot on the 
armpits promises wealth and honour ; 
on the ankle bespeaks modesty in men, 
courage in women ; on the right breast 
is a sign of honesty, on the left forebodes 
povert}' ; on the chin promises wealth ; 
on the right ear, respect, on the left fore- 
bodes dishonour ; on the centre of the 
fore/iead bespeaks treachery, sullenness, 
and untidiness ; on the right temple fore- 
shows that you will enjoy the friendship 



of the great ; on the left temple forebodes 
distress ; on the right foot bespeaks wis- 
dom, on the left, rashness ; on the right 
side of the heart denotes virtue, on the 
left side, wickedness ; on the knee of a 
man denotes that he will have a rich 
wife, if on the left knee of a woman, she 
may expect a large family ; on the lip 
is a sign of gluttony and talkativeness ; 
on the neck promises wealth ; on the 
nose indicates that a man will be a 
great traveller ; on the thigh forebodes 
poverty and sorrow ; on the throat, wealth 
and health ; on the wrist, ingenuity. 

Moon (The). W hen the " mone lies 
sair on her back, or when her horns are 
pointed towards the zenith, be warned in 
time, for foul weather is nigh at. hand." 
— l)r. Jamieson. 

Foul weather may also be expected 
" when the new moon appears with the 
old one in her arms." 

Late, late yestreen I saw the new moone 

Wi' the auld mooue in her arme, 
And I feir, 1 feir, my deir master, 

That we wiil come to harme. 

The ballad of Sir Patrick Spence. 

To see a new moon for the first time 
on the right hand, and direct before you, 
is lucky ; but to see it on the left hand, 
or to turn round and see it behind you, is 
the contrary. 

If you nrst see a new moon through 
glass, your wish will come to pass. 

Nails. A white spot on the thumb 
promises a present ; on the index finjer 
denotes a friend ; on the long: finjer, a foe ; 
on the third finjer, a letter or sweetheart ; 
on the little finjer, a journey to go. 

In America, white spots on the nails 
are considered lucky. 

Nourgehax's Bracelet gave warn- 
ing of poison by a tremulous motion of 
the stones, which increased as the poison 
approached nearer and nearer. — Comte de 
Caylus, Oriental Tales ("The Four Talis- 
mans '"). 

Opal turns pale at the approach of 
poison. 

Owls. The screeching of an owl fore- 
bodes calamity, sickness, or death. On 
one occasion an owl strayed into the 
Capitol, and the Romans, to avert the 
evil, underwent a formal lustration. 

The Roman senate, when within 

The city walls an owl was seen, 

Did cause their clergy with lustrations . . . 

The round-faced prodigy t' avert. 

Butter. Uaxiibrat, II. iii. 707 (1664). 

The death of Augustus was presaged 
by an owl singing [screeching] upon the 
top of the Curia. — Xiphilinus, Abridgment 
of Dion Cassius. 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



108G 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



The death of Comm&dus Antonius, the 
emperor, was forboded by an owl sitting 
on the top of his chamber at Lanuvium. 
— Julius Obsequens, Prodigies, 85. 

The murder of Julius Ciesar was pre- 
saged by the screeching of owls. 

The bird of night did sit, 
E"en at noonday, upon the market-place, 
Hooting and shrieking. 

jeare, Julius Ceesar, act i. sc. 3 (1607). 



The death of Valentinian was presaged 
by an owl, which perched on the top of a 
house where he used to bathe. — Alexander 
Ross, Arcana Microcosmi (appendix, 
218). 

Antony was warned of his defeat in 
the battle of Actium by an owl flying 
into the temple of Concord. — Xiphilinus, 
Abridgment of Dion Cassius. 

The great plague of Wurtzburg, in 
Franconia, in 1542, was foreboded by the 
screeching of an owl. 

Alexander Ross says : " About twenty 
years ago I did observe that, in the house 
where I lodged, an owl groaning in the 
window presaged the death of two emi- 
nent persons, who died there shortly 
after. ' ' — A rca na Microcosmi. 

Peacocks give warning of poison by 
ruffling their feathers. 

Pkkviz's String of Pearls (Prince). 
When prince Perviz went on his exploit, 
he gave his sister Parizade a string of 
pearls, saying, " So long as these pearls 
move readily on the string, you may feel 
assured that I am alive and well ; but if 
they stick fast, they will indicate to you 
that I am dead." — Arabian Nights (" The 
Two Sisters "). 

Pigeons, It is considered by many a 
sure sign of death in a house ii a white 
pigeon perches on the chimney. 

Pigs running about with straws in their 
mouths give warning of approaching rain. 

Rats forsaking a ship forebode its 
wreck, and forsaking a house indicate 
that it is on the point of falling down. 
(See " Mice.") 

Ravens. The raven is said to be the 
most prophetic of "inspired birds." It 
bodes both private and public calamities. 
"To have the foresight of a raven" is a 
proverbial expression. 

The great battle fought between Bene- 
ventum and Apicium was portended by a 
skirmish between ravens and kites on the 
sauie spot. — Jovianus Pontanus. 

An irruption of the Scythians into 
Thrace was presaged by a skirmish be- 
tween crows and ravens. — Nicetas. 

Cicero was warned of h s approaching 
death by s^ine ravens fluttering about 



him just before he was murdered by 
Popilius Cienas. — Macaulay, History of 
St. Kilda, 176. 

Alexander Ross says: "Mr. Draper, a 
young gentleman, and my intimate friend, 
about four or five years ago had one or 
two ravens, which had been quarrelling 
on the chimney, fly into his chamber, 
and he died shortly after." — Arcana 
Microcosmi. 

Rhinoceros's Horns. Cups made of 
this material will give warning of poison 
in a liquid by causing it to effervesce. 

Salt spilt towards a person indicates 
contention, but the evil may be averted 
by throwing a part of the spilt salt over 
the left shoulder. 

Prodige, subverso casu leviore salino, 
Si tual venturum conjicis omen ; adest. 

R. Keuchen, Crepundia. 215 (1662). 

Shears and Sieve (The), ordeals by 
fire, water, etc., single combats, the 
cosned or cursed morsel, the Urim and 
Thummim, the casting of lots, were all 
employed as tests of innocence or guilt 
in olden times, under the notion that God 
would direct the lot aright, according to 
Dan. vi. 22. 

Shoes. It was thought by the 
Romans a bad omen to put a shoe on the 
wrong foot. 

Augustus, having b* oversight, 
Put on his left shoe for his right. 
Had like to have been slain that day 
By soldiers niutin'ing for pay. 

Butler, Hudibras. 
Auguste . . . restoit immobile et constern6 lorsqu'il 
lui arrivoit par megarde de mettre le Soulier droit au 
pied gauche. — St. Foix, EssaU tur Paris, v. 145. 

Shooting Pains. All sudden pains 
are warnings of evil at hand. 

Timeo quod rerum gesserim hie, ita dorsus totus prurit. 
— Plautus, Miles tiloriosus. 

By the pricking of my thumbs, 
Something evil this way comes. 

Shakespeare. Macbeth (IG<>6). 

Sneezing. Once a wish, twice a kiss, 
thrice a letter, and oftener than thrice 
something better. 

Sneezing before breakfast is a forecast 
that a stranger or a present is coming. 

Sneezing at night-time. To sneeze 
twice for three successive nights denotes 
a death, a loss, or a great gain. 

Si duas sternutationes fiant omni nocte ab aliquo, et 
illud continuitur per tres nodes, siguo est >iiu«l aliquia 
vel alalia de donio morietur vel aliud damnum domui 
continget, vel maximum lucrum. — Hornmaunus, D« 
Miraculis Mortuorum, ll>3. 

Eustathius says that sneezing to the 
left is unlucky, but to the right lucky. 
Hence, when Themistocles was offering 
sacrifice before his engagement with 
Xerxes, and one of the soldiers on his 
right hand sneezed, Kuphnmtides the 
soothsayer declared the Greeks would 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



1087 



WARWICK. 



surely gain the victory. — Plutarch, Lives 
("Themistocles"). 

Soot on Bars. Flakes of sheeted 
soot hanging from the bars of a grate 
foretell the introduction of a stranger. 

Nor less amused havo I quiescent watched 
The sooty films that play upon the bars 
Pendulous, and foreboding . . . some stranger's near 
approach. 

Cowper, Winter Evening. 

Sophia's Picture, given to Mathias, 
turned yellow if the giver was in danger 
or in temptation ; and black if she could 
not escape from the danger or if she 
yielded to the temptation. — Massinger, 
The Picture (1629). 

Spiders indicate to gold-searchers 
where it is to be found. 

Stag's Horn is considered in Spain to 
give warning of an evil eye, and to be a 
safeguard against its malignant influences. 

Stone. To find a perforated stone is 
a presage of good luck. 

Swallows forecast bad weather by 
flying low, and tine weather by flying 
high. 

Teeth wide apart warn a person to 
seek his fortune away from his native 
place. 

Thunder. Thunder on Sunday por- 
tends the death of some learned man, 
judge, or author; on Monday, the death 
of women ; on Tuesday, plenty of grain ; 
on Wednesday, the death of harlots, or 
bloodshed ; on Thursday, plenty of sheep, 
cattle, and corn ; on Friday, the death of 
some great man, murder, or battle; on 
Saturday it forebodes pestilence or sick- 
ness. — Leonard Digges, A Prognostica- 
tion Everlasting of Pyght Good Ejfecte 
(1556). 

Tolling Bell. You will be sure of 
tooth-ache if you eat while a funeral bell 
is tolling. Be warned in time by this 
American superstition, or take the con- 
sequences. 

Veipsey, a spring in Yorkshire, called 
" prophetic," gives due warningof a dearth 
by rising to an unusual height. 

Venetian Glass. If poison is put 
into liquor contained in a vessel made of 
Venetian glass, the vessel will crack and 
fall to pieces. 

Warning Stones. Bakers in Wilt- 
shire and in some other counties used to 
put a certain kind of pebble in their ovens, 
to give notice when the oven was hot 
enough for baking. When the stone 
turned white, the oven was fit for use. 

Water of Jealousy {The). This 
was a beverage which the Jews used to 
assert no adulteress could drink without 



bursting. — Five Philosophical Questions 
Answered (1653). 

White Rose (The). A white rose 
gave assurance to a twin-brother of the 
safety or danger of his brother during 
his absence. So long as it flourished and 
remained in its pride of beauty, it indi- 
cated that all went well, but as it drooped, 
faded, or died, it was a warning of 
danger, sickness, or death. — The Tain- 
Brothers. 

Witch Hazel. A forked twig of witch 
hazel, made into a divining-rod, was suit- 
posed, in the fifteenth, sixteenth, aud 
seventeenth centuries, to give warning of 
witches, and to be efficacious in discover- 
ing them. 

Worms. If, on your way to a sick 
person, you pick up a stone and find no 
living thing under it, it tells you that the 
sick person will die, but if you find there 
an ant or worm, it presages the patient's 
recovery'. 

Si visitans a?grum, lapidem mventum per viam attollat, 
et sub lapide inveniatur vermis se movens. aut formioa 
vivens, faustum omen est, et indicium fore ut aj^er con- 
valescat, si nihil invenitur res est conclamata et certa 
mors. — Buchardus, Drvcretorum, lib. xix. 

"Warren (Widow), "twice married 
and twice a widow." A coquette of 40, 
aping the airs of a girl ; vain, weak, and 
detestable. Harry Dornton, the banker's 
son, is in love with her daughter, Sophia 
Freelove ; but the widow tries to win the 
young man for herself, by advancing 
money to pay off his friend's debts. When 
the father hears of this, he comes to the 
rescue, returns the money advanced, and 
enables the son to follow his natural in- 
clinations by marrying the daughter 
instead of the designing mother. 

A girlish, old coquette, who would rob her daughter, 
and leave her husband's son to rot in a dungeon, that she 
might marry the first fool she could find.— Holcroft. The 
Road to Ruin, v. 2 (17ST2). 

Wart ( Thomas), a poor, feeble, ragged 
creature, one of the recruits in the army 
of sir John Falstaff. — Shakespeare, 2 
Henry IV., act iii. sc. 2 (1598). 

War-wick (The earl of), a tragedy 
by Dr. T. Franklin. It is the last days 
and death of the " king maker" (1767). 

Warwick (The House of). Of this house 
it is said, " All the men are without fear, 
and all the women without stain." This 
brag has been made by man}* of our noble 
families, and it is about as complimentary 
as that paraded of queen Victoria, that 
she is a faithful wife, a good mother, 
and a virtuous woman. It is to be hoped 
that the same may be said of most of her 
subjects also. 



WARWICK LANE. 



1088 



WAT'S DYKE. 



"Warwick Lane (City), the site of 
the house belonging to the Beauchamps, 
earls of Warwick. 

Washington of Africa {The). 
William Wilberforce is so called by lord 
Byron. As Washington was the chief 
instrument in liberating America, so 
Wilberforce was the chief instigator of 
slave emancipation. 

Thou moral Washington of Africa. 

Don Juan, xiv. 82 (1824). 

Washington of Colombia, Simon 
Bolivar (1785-1831). 

Wasky, sir Iring's sword. 

Right through the head-piece straight 

The knight sir Hagan paid. 
With his resistless Wasky, 

That sharp and peerless blade. 

Mbelungen lied, 35 (1210). 

Wasp, in the drama called Bartholo- 
mew Fair, by Ben Jonson (1614). 

Benjamin Johnson [1065-1742], commonly called Ben 
Johnson, . . . seemed to be proud to wear the poet's 
double name, being particularly great in all that author's 
plays that were usually performed, viz., "Wasp," "Cor- 
baacio," " Morose," and " Ananias." — Chetwood, History 
of the Stage. 

%* " Corbaccio," in The Fox; "Mo- 
rose," in The Silent Woman ; and "Ana- 
nias," in The Alchemist. 

Waste Time Utilized. 

Baxter wrote his Saint's Everlasting 
Best on a bed of sickness (1615-1691). 

Bloomfield composed The Farmer's 
Boy in the intervals of shoemaking (1766- 
1823). 

Bbamah (Joseph), a peasant's son, 
occupied his spare time when a mere bo} r 
in making musical instruments, aided by 
the village blacksmith. At the age of 
16, he hurt his ankie while ploughing, and 
employed his time while confined to the 
house in carving and making woodwares. 
In another forced leisure from a severe 
fall, he emploj'ed his time in contriving 
and making useful inventions, which 
ultimately led him to fame and fortune 
(1749-1814). 

Bunyan wrote his Pilgrim's Progress 
while confined in Bedford jail (1628- 
1688). 

Burritt (Elihu) made himself ac- 
quainted with ten languages while plying 
his trade as a village blacksmith (Hebrew, 
Greek, Syriac, Spanish, Bohemian, Polish, 
Danish, Persian, Turkish, and Ethiopic). 
His father was a village cobbler, and 
Elihu had only six months' education, 
and that at the school of his brother 
(1811-1879). 

Carey, the missionary and Oriental 
translator, learnt the rudiments of Eastern 



languages while employed in making and 
mending shoes (1761-1834). 

Clement (Joseph), son of a poor weaver, 
was brought up as a thatcher, but, by 
utilizing his waste moments in self-edu- 
cation and works of skill, raised himself 
to a position of great note, giving em- 
ployment to thirty workmen (1779-1844). 

Cobbett learnt grammar in the waste 
time of his service as a common soldier 
(1762-1835). 

DAguesseau, the great French chan- 
cellor, observing that Mde. DAguesseau 
always delayed ten or twelve minutes 
before she came down to dinner, began 
and completed a learned book of three 
volumes (large quarto), solely during 
these " waste minutes." This work went 
through several editions (1668-1751). 

Etty utilized indefatigably every spare 
moment he could pick up when a journey- 
man printer (1787-1849). 

Ferguson taught himself astronomy 
while tending sheep in the service of a 
Scotch farmer (1710-1776). 

Franklin, while working as a journey- 
man printer, produced his Dissertation on 
Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain 
(1706-1790). 

Miller (Hugh) taught himself geology 
while working as a mason (1802-1856). 

Paul worked as a tentmaker in intervals 
of travel and preaching. 

%* This brief list must be considered 
only as a hint and heading for enlarge- 
ment. Of course, Henry Cort, William 
Fairbairn, Fox of Derby, H. Maudslay, 
David Mushet, Murray of Leeds, J. 
Nasmyth, J. B. Neilson, Roberts of 
Manchester, Whitworth, and scores of 
others will occur to every reader. Indeed, 
genius for the most part owes its success 
to the utilization of waste time. 

Wastle ( William), pseudonym of 
John Gibson Lockhart, in Blackwood's 
Magazine (1794-1854). 

Wat Dreary, alias Brown Will, 
a highwayman in captain Macheath's 
gang. Peachum says " he has an under- 
hand way of disposing of the goods he 
stole," and therefore he should allow him 
to remain a little longer " upon his good 
behaviour." — Gay, The Beggar's Opera, 
i. (1727). 

Wat's Dyke, a dyke which runs 
from Flintshire to Beachley, at the mouth 
of the Wye. The space between Wat's 
Dyke and Offa's Dyke was accounted 
neutral ground. Here Danes and Saxons 
might traffic with the British without 



WATER. 



1089 WATLING STREET OF THE SKY. 



molestation. The two dykes are in 
some places as much as three miles 
asunder, but in others they approach 
within 500 yards of each other. 

Archdeacon Williams says that Offa's 
Dyke was never a line of defence, and 
that it is certainly older than Oii'a, as 
five Roman roads cross it. 

There is a famous thing 
Called Offa's D>ke. that reacheth far in length. 
All kinds of ware the Danes might thither bring ; 
It was free ground, and called the Britons' strength. 
\\ ;u> 1>> ke. likewise, about the HON was -et. 
Between which two both Danes and Britons met 
Iu traffic. 

Churchyard. Worthineu of Wale* (15S7). 

"Water (The Dancing), a magic spring 
of water, which ensured perpetual youth 
and beautv. — Comtesse D'Aunov, Fairy 
Tales ("Chefy and Fairstar," 16*2). 

Water ( The Yelloic), a magic spring of 
water, which had this peculiarity : If 
only a few drops of it were placed in a 
basin, no matter how large, they would 
fill the basin without overflowing, and 
form a fountain. — Arabian Nights (" The 
Two Sisters "). 

Water-Poet (The), John Taylor, 
the Thames waterman (1580-1654). 

Water Standard, Cornhill. This 
was the spot from which miles were 
measured. It stood at the east end of 
the street, at the parting of four ways. 
In 1582 Peter Morris erected there a 
water standard for the purpose of supply- 
ing vrater to Thames Street, Gracechurch 
Street, and Leadenhall ; and also for 
cleansing the channels of the streets 
towards Bishopsgate, Aldgate, the Bridge, 
and Stocks' Market. — Stow, Survey of 
London, 459 (1598). 

%* There was another water standard 
near Old bourne. 

Any substantial building for the supply 
of water was called a standard; hence 
the Standard in Cheap, made in 1430 by 
John Wills, mayor, " with a small stone 
cistern." Our modern drinking-foun- 
tains are " standards." 

Water- Wraith, the evil spirit of 
the waters. 

By this the storm grew loud apace. 
The water-wraith was shrieking. 

Campbell, Lord UUins Daughter. 

Water from the Fountain of 
Lions, a sovereign remedy for fevers of 
every kind. — Arabian Nights ("Ahmed 
and Pari-Banou "). 

Water made Wine. Alluding to 
the first miracle of Christ, Richard Cra- 
sh aw says (1643) : 

The conscious water saw its God. and blushed. 



Water of Jealousy (The). This was 
a beverage which the Jews used to affirm 
no adulteress could drink without burst- 
ing. — Fine Philosophical Questions An- 
swered (1653). 

Water of Life. This water has the 
property of changing the nature of poison, 
and of making those salutary which were 
most deadly. A fairy gave some in a phial 
to Fiorina, and assured her that however 
often she used it, the bottle would alwavs 
remain full. — Comtesse D'Aunov, Fairy 
Tales (" Fiorina," 1682). 

Water of Youth. In the Basque 
legends we are told of a "water," one 
drop of which will restore youth to the 
person on whom it is sprinkled. It will 
also restore the dead to life, and the en- 
chanted to their original form. This 
legend is widely spread. It is called 
"the dancing water" in the tale called 
The Princess Fairstar, by the comtesse 
D'Aunoy (1682). 

Waters (Father of), Irawaddy in Bur- 
mah. The Mississippi in North America. 

Waterman (The), Tom Tug. It is 
the title of a ballad opera by Charles 
Dibdin (1774). (For the plot, see Wilel- 

MIXA BCXDLE.) 

Watkins ( William), the English at- 
tendant on the prince of Scotland. — Sir 
W. Scott. Fair Maid of Pei'th (time, 
(Henry IV.). 

Watkin's Pudding (Sir), a famous 
Welsh dish ; so named from sir Watkin 
Lewis, a London alderman, who was very 
fond of it. 

Watling Street and the Foss. 

The vast Roman road called Watling 
Street starts from Richborough, in Kent, 
and, after passing the Severn, divides into 
two branches, one of which runs to 
Anglesey, and the other to Holy Head. 

The Foss runs north and south from 
Michael's Mount, in Cornwall, to Caith- 
ness, the northern extremity of Scotland. 

Those two mighty ways, the Watling and the Foss . . . 

. . . the first doth hold her way 

From Dover to the farthst of fruitful Anglesey ; 

The second, south and north, from Michael's utmost 

mount 
To Caithness, which the farth'st of Scotland we account. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xiii. 11613). 
Secundaria principalis dicitur " Watelingstreate," ten- 
dens ab euro-austro in zephyrum septentrionalem. In- 
cipit enim a Dovaria. tendens per medium Cantiae. juxta 
London, per S. Albanum, Dunstapium, Stratfordiam, 
Towcestriam, Litleburne, per monteui Gilberti juxra 
Salopian], delude per Stratton et per medium Willi*. 
usque Cardigan. — Leland, Itinerary of England (11V2) 

Watling Street of the Sky (The), 
the Milky Way. 

4 A 



WATTS. 



1090 



WAYLAND WOOD. 



Watts {Dr. Isaac). It is said that 
Isaac Watts, being beaten by his father 
for wasting his time in writing verses, 
exclaimed : 

O father, pity on me take, 

And I will no more verses make. 

Ovid, the Latin poet, is credited with a 
similar anecdote : 

Parce, precor, genitor, poshac non versificabo. 

Wauch {Mansie), fictitious name of 
D. M. Moir, author of The Life of Mansie 
Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith, written by 
himself (1828). 

Waverley, the first of Scott's histo- 
rical novels, published in 1814. The 
materials are Highland feudalism, mili- 
isivy bravery, and description of natural 
scenery. There is a fine vein of humour, 
and a union of fiction with history. The 
chief characters are Charles Edward the 
Chevalier, the noble old baron of Brad- 
wardine, the simple faithful clansman 
Evan Dhu, and the poor fool Davie Gel- 
latley with his fragments of song and 
scattered gleams of fancy. 

Scott did not prefix his name to Waverley, being afraid 
that it might compromise his poetical reputation. — 
Chambers, English Literature, ii. 586. 

Waverley ( Captain Edward) of Waver- 
ley Honour, and hero of the novel called 
by his name. Being gored by a stag, he 
resigned his commission, and proposed 
marriage to Flora M'lvor, but was not 
accepted. Fergus M'lvor (Flora's brother) 
introduced him to prince Charles Edward. 
He entered the service of the Young 
Chevalier, and in the battle of Preston 
Pans saved the life of colonel Talbot. The 
colonel, out of gratitude, obtained the 
pardon of young Waverley, who then 
married Rose Bradwardine, and settled 
down quietly in Waverley Honour. 

Mr. Richard Waverley, the captain's 
father, of Waverley Honour. 

Sir Everard Waverley, the captain's 
uncle. 

Mistress Rachel Waverley, sister of sir 
Everard.— Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Wax (A lad o') f a spruce young man, 
like a model in wax. Lucre"tius speaks 
of persona cerea, and Horace of the 
waxen arms of Telephus, meaning beauti- 
ful in shape and colour. 

A man, youns lady • lady, such a man 

As all the world Wny. he"» a man o' wax. 

Shakespeare, Homto mid Juliet (J095). 

Way of the World ( The), a corned v 
by W. Congreve (1700). The "way of 
\]xa world" is to tie up settlements to 



wives, to prevent their husbands squan- 
dering their wives' fortunes. Thus, Fain- 
all wanted to get into his power the 
fortune of his wife, whom he hated, but 
found it was "in trust to Edward Mira- 
bell," and consequently could not be 
tampered with. 

Way to Keep Him ( The), a comedv 
by A. Murphy (1760). The object of 
this drama is to show that women, after 
marriage, should not wholly neglect their 
husbands, but should try to please them, 
and make home agreeable and attractive. 
The chief persons are Mr. and Mrs. 
Lovemore. Mr. Lovemore has a virtuous 
and excellent wife, whom he esteems and 
loves ; but, finding his home insufferably 
dull, he seeks amusement abroad ; and 
those passions which have no play at 
home lead him to intrigue and card- 
playing, routes and dubious society. The 
under-plot is this : Sir Bashful Constant 
is a mere imitator of Mr. Lovemore, and 
lady Constant suffers neglect from her 
husband and insult from his friends, 
because he foolishly thinks it is not comme 
il faut to love after he has married the 
woman of his choice. 

Ways and Means, a comedy by 
Colman the younger (1788). Random 
and Scruple meet at Calais two young 
ladies, Harriet and Kitty, daughters of 
sir David D under, and fall in love with 
them. They come to Dover, and acci- 
dentally meet sir David, who invites them 
over to Dunder Hall, where they are intro- 
duced to the two young ladies. Harriet is 
to be married next day, against her will, to 
lord Snolts, a stumpy, " gummy" noble- 
man of five and forty ; and, to avoid this 
hateful match, she and her sister agree to 
elope at night with the two young guests. 
It so happens that a series of blunders 
in the dark occur, and sir David himself 
becomes privy to the whole plot, but, to 
prevent scandal, he agrees to the two 
marriages, and discovers that the young 
men, both in family and fortune, are 
quite suitable to be his sons-in-law. 

Wayland (Launcelot) or Wayland 
Smith, farrier in the vale of Whitehorse. 
Afterwards disguised as the pedlar at 
Cumnor Place.— Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Wayland Wood (Norfolk), said to 
be the site where "the babes in the 
wood" were left to perish. According 
to this tradition, " Wayland Wood " is a 
corruption of Wailing Wood. 



WEALTH MAKES WORTH. 



1091 



WEDDING DAY. 



Wealth makes Worth. 

A nnin of wealth is dubbed a man of worth. 

Pope, Imitations of Horace, vi. 81 (1734). 
Et genus, et formam, regina Pecunia donat. 
Ac bene nuuimatuin decorat Suadela Venusque. 

Horace, JEpist., vi. 
Beauty and wisdom money can bestow, 
Venus and wit to wealth their honours throw. 

E. C. B. 

Wealtheow (2 syl.), wife of Hroth- 
gar king of Denmark. 

Wealtheow went forth ; mindful of their races, she . . . 
greeted the men in the hall. The freeboru lady first 
handed the cup to the prince of the East Danes. . . . The 
Luly of the Helniings then went aboutevery part . . . she 
gave treasure-vessels, until the opportunity occurred that 
she (a queen hung round with rings) . . . bore forth the 
mead-cup to Beowulf. . . . and thanked God that her will 
was accomplished, that an earl of Denmark was a guarantee 
against crime. — Beouicl/ (Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth century). 

Wealthy (Sir William), a retired City 
merchant, with one son of prodigal pro- 
pensities. In order to save the young man 
from ruin, the father pretends to be dead, 
disguises himself as a German baron, and, 
with the aid of coadjutors, becomes the 
chief creditor of the young scapegrace. 

Sir George Wealthy, the son of sir 
William. After having run out his 
money, Lucy is brought to him as a cour- 
tezan ; but the young man is so moved 
with her manifest innocence and tale of 
sorrow that he places her in an asylum 
where her distresses would be sacred, 
" and her indigent beauty would be 
guarded from temptation." Afterwards 
she becomes his wife. 

Mr, Richard Wealthy, merchant, the 
brother of sir William ; choleric, straight- 
forward, and tyrannical. He thinks 
obedience is both law and gospel. 

Lucy Wealthy, daughter of Richard. 
Her father wants her to marry a rich 
tradesman, and, as she refuses to do 
so, turns her out of doors. She is 
brought to sir George Wealth}' as a fille 
de joie ; but the young man, discerning 
her innocence and modesty, places her 
in safe keeping. He ultimately finds out 
that she is his cousin, and the two 
parents rejoice in consummating a union 
so entirelv in accordance with both their 
wishes.— Foote, The Minor (1760). 

Weary-all Hill, abo% r e Glaston- 
bury, to the left of Tor Hill. This spot 
is the traditional landing-place of Joseph 
of Arimathea ; and here is the site 
(marked by a stone bearing the letters 
A. I. a.d. xxxi.) of the holy thorn. 

When the saint arrived at Glastonbury, 
rceary with his long journey, he struck 
his staff into the ground, and the staff 
became the famous thorn, the site being 
called " Wearv-all Hill." 



Weather port {Captain), a naval 
officer. — Sir W. Scott, The Tirate (time, 
William III.). 

Weaver-Poet of Inverary (Tlie), 
William Thorn (1799-1850). 

Wea'zel (Timothy), attorn ey-at-1 aw 
at Lestwithiel, employed as the agent of 
Pen ruddock. — Cumberland, The Wheel of 
Fortune (1778). 

Web in a Millet Seed (The). 
This was a web wrapped in a millet seed. 
It was 400 yards long, and on it were 
painted all sorts of birds, beasts, and 
fishes ; fruits, trees, and plants ; rocks and 
shells ; the sun, moon, and stars; the like- 
nesses of all the kings and queens of the 
earth, and many other curious devices. 

The prince took out of a ruby box a walnut, which he 
cracked, . . . and saw inside it a small hazel nut, which 
he cracked also, and found inside a kernel of wax. He 
peeled the kernel, and discovered a corn o wheat, and in 
the wheat a grain of millet, which contained the wel>. — 
Comtesse D Aunoy, Fairy jaies ("The White Cat," 1082). 

Wedding. The fifth anniversary is 
the Wooden Wedding, because on that 
occasion the suitable offerings to the wife 
are knick-knacks made of wood. 

The twenty-fifth anniversary is called 
the Silver Wedding, because the woman 
on this occasion should be presented with 
a silver wreath. 

The fiftieth anniversary is called the 
Golden Wedding, because the wreath or 
flowers presented should be made of gold. 
In Germany, the marriage ceremony 
was repeated on the fiftieth anniversary. 
In 1879 William, king of Prussia and 
emperor of German} 1- , celebrated his 
"golden wedding." 

The seventy-fifth anniversary is called 
the Diamond Wedding, because the correct 
present to the wife of such a standing 
would be a diamond. This period is 
shortened into the sixtieth anniversary. 

Mr. T. Morgan Owen, of Bronwylfa, 
Rhyl, says there are in Llannefydd 
churchyard, near Denbigh, the two fol- 
lowing inscriptions : — 

(1) Iohn and Elin Cnven, married 1579, 
died 1659. Announced thus : 

Whom one nuptial bed did containe for 80 years do 
here remaine. Here lietb the body of Elin, wife of Iohn 
Owen, who died the 25 day of March, 1659. Here lieth the 
body of Iohn Owen, who died the 23 day of August, 1659. 

(2) Katherine and Edward Iones, mar- 
ried 16o8, died 1708. Announced thus : 

They lived amicably together in matrimony 70 years. 
Here lyeth the body of Katherine D;ivies, the wile of 
Edward Iones, who was buried the 27 day of May, 1708, 
aged 91 years. Here the budy of Edward Ioiies, son of Iohn- 
ap-David, Gent,, lyeth, who was buried the 14 day of May, 
1708, aged 91 years.— Times, July 4, ls79 weekly edition) 

Wedding Day (The), a comedy by 



WEEPING PHILOSOPHER. 



1092 



WELLBORN. 



Mrs. Inchbald (1790). The plot is this : 
Sir Adam Contest lost his first wife by 
shipwreck, and "twelve or fourteen 
years " afterwards he led to the altar 
a young girl of 18, to whom he was 
always singing the praises of his first 
wife — a phoonix, a paragon, the ne plus 
ultra of wives and women. She did 
everything to make him happy. She 
loved him, obeyed him ; ah ! "he would 
never look upon her like again." On the 
wedding day, this pink of wives and 
women made her appearance, told how 
she had been rescued, and sir Adam was 
dumfounded. " He was happy to bewail 
her loss," but to rejoice in her restora- 
tion was quite another matter. 

"Weeping Philosopher (The), He- 
raclltos, who looked at the folly of man 
with grief (fl. B.C. 500). (See Jeddler.) 

Weir (Major), the favourite baboon 
of sir Robert Redgauntlet. In the tale of 
"Wandering Willie," sir Robert's piper 
went to the infernal regions to obtain the 
knight's receipt of rent, which had been 
paid ; but no receipt could be found, 
because the monkey had carried it to the 
castle turret. — Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Weissnichtwo [Vice-neckt-vo], no- 
where. The word is German for " I 
know not where," and was coined by 
Carlyle (Sartor Besartus, 1833). Sir W. 
Scott has a similar Scotch compound, 
" Kennaquhair " (" I know not where "). 
Cervantes has the "island of Trapoban" 
(i.e. of " dish-clouts," from trapos, the 
Spanish for "a dish-clout"). Sir Thomas 
More has "Utopia" (Greek, ou topos, "no 
place "). We might add the " island of 
Medama" (Greek, "nowhere"), the 
"peninsula of Udamoges " (Greek, "no- 
where on earth "), the country of " Ken- 
nahtwbar," etc., and place them in the 
great " Nullibian " ocean ("nowhere"), 
in any degree beyond 180° long, and 90°lat. 

Wel'ford, one of the suitors of "the 
Scornful Lady " (no name is given to 
the lady). — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Scornful Lady (1616). 

"Well. Three of the most prominent 
Bible characters met their wives for the 
first time by wells of water, viz., Isaac, 
Jacob, and Moses. 

Eliezer met Rebekah by a well, and 
arranged with Bethuel for her to become 
Isaac's wife. — Gen. xxiv. 

Jacob met Rachel by the well of Haran. 
■ — Gen. xxix. 



When Moses fled from Egypt into the land 
of Midian, he " sat down by a well," and 
the seven daughters of Jethro came there 
to draw water, one of whom, named Zip- 
porah, became his wife. — Exod. ii. 15-21. 

The princess NausicSa, daughter of 
Alcinoos king of the Phaeacians, was 
with her maidens washing their dirty 
linen in a rivulet, when she first encoun- 
tered Ulysses. — Homer, Odyssey, vi. 



Well. "A well and a green vine run- 
ning over it," emblem of the patriarch 
Joseph. In the church at Totnes is a 
stone pulpit divided into compartments, 
containing shields decorated with the 
several emblems of the Jewish tribes. 
On one of the shields is "a well and a 
green vine running over it." 

Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a 
well ; whose branches run over the wall. — Gen. xlix. 22. 

Well of English Undented. So 

Spenser calls Chaucer. 

Dan Chaucer, well of English unclefilecl, 

On Fame's eternal bead-roll worthy to be filed. 

Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 2 (1596). 

Welland, a river of England, which 
passes by Stamford, etc., and empties 
itself into the Wash. Drayton speaks of 
an ancient prophecy which brought to 
this river great reverence : 

That she alone should drown all Holland, and should see 
Her Stamford ... as renowned for liberal arts . . . 
As they in Cambridge are, or Oxford ever were. 

Polyotbion, xxiv. (1622). 

*** The "Holland" here referred to 
is not the Netherlands, but a district of 
Lincolnshire so called. (See Holland, 
p. 448.) 

Well-Beloved (The), Charles IV. of 
France, Le B ien-Aime (1368, 1380-1422). 

Louis XV. of France, Le Bien-Aime 
(1710, 1715-1774). 

Well-Founded Doctor (Tlie), 
^gidius de Colonna ; also called " The 
Most Profound Doctor" (Doctor Fundatis- 
simus et Thcologorum Princeps) ; some- 
times surnamed " Romanus," because he 
was born in the Campagna di Roma, but 
more generally "Colonna," from a town 
in the Campagna (1247-1316). 

Wellborn (Francis, usually called 
Frank), nephew of sir Giles Overreach, 
and son of sir John Wellborn, who "bore 
the whole sway " of Northamptonshire, 
kept a large estate, and was highly 
honoured. Frank squandered away the 
property, and got greatly into debt, but 
induced lady Allworth to give him her 
countenance, out of gratitude and respect 
to his father. Sir Giles fancies that the 



WELLER. 



1093 



WERE-WOLF. 



rich dowager is about to marry his 
nephew, and, in order to bring about this 
desirable consummation, not only pays 
all his debts, but supplies him liberally 
with ready money. Bein^ thus freed 
from debt, and having sown bis wild oats, 
young Wellborn reforms, and lord Lovell 
gives him a " company." — Massinger, A 
New Way to Pay Old Debts (1G25). 

Weller (Samuel), boots at the White 
Hart, and afterwards servant to Mr. 
Pickwick, to whom he becomes devotedly 
attached. Rather than leave his master 
when he is sent to the Fleet, Sam Weller 
gets his father to arrest him for debt. 
His fun, his shrewdness, his comparisons, 
his archness, and his cunning on behalf 
of his master are unparalleled. 

Tony Weller, father of Sam ; a coach- 
man of the old school, who drives a coach 
between London and Dorking. Naturally 
portly in size, he becomes far more so in 
his great-coat of many capes. Tony 
wears top-boots, and his hat has a low 
crown and broad brim. On the stage- 
box he is a king, elsewhere he is a mere 
greenhorn. He marries a widow, land- 
lady of the Marquis of Granby, and his 
constant advice to his son is, "Sam, 
beware of the widders." — C. Dickens, 
The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

"Wellington of Gamblers {The). 
Lord Rivers was called in Paris Le Wel- 
lington des Joueurs. 

Wellington's Horse, Copenhagen. 
It died at the age of 27. 

Wemmick, clerk of Mr. Jaggers the 
lawyer. He lived at Walworth. Wem- 
mick was a dry man, rather short in 
stature, with square, wooden face. ' ' There 
were some marks in the face which might 
have been dimples if the material had 
been softer." His linen was frayed ; he 
wore four mourning rings, and a brooch 
representing a lady, a weeping willow, 
and a cinerary urn. His eyes were small 
and glittering ; his lips small, thin, and 
mottled ; his age was between 40 and 50 
years. Mr. Wemmick wore his hat on 
the back of his head, and looked straight 
before him, as if nothing was worth look- 
ing at. Mr. Wemmick at home and Mr. 
Wemmick in his office were two distinct 
beings. At home, he was his " own 
engineer, his own carpenter, his own 
plumber, his own gardener, his own Jack- 
of-all- trades," and had fortified his little 
wooden house like commodore Trunnion 
(q.v.). His father lived with him, and 



he called him "The Aged." The old 
man was very deaf, but heated the poker 
with delight to fire off the nine o'clock 
signal, and chuckled with joy because 
he could hear the bang. The house had 
a "real flagstaff," and a plank which 
crossed a ditch some four feet wide and 
two feet deep was the drawbridge. At 
nine o'clock p.m. Greenwich time the 
gun (called "The Stinger") was fired. 

The piece of ordnance was mounted in a separate 
fortress constructed of lattice-work. It was protected 
from tie weather by an ingenious little tarpaulin con- 
trivance in the nature of an umbrella. — C. Dickens, Great 
Expectation, xxv. (1860). 

(This is a bad imitation of Smollett. 
In commodore Trunnion such a conceit is 
characteristic, but in a lawyer's clerk not 
so. Still, it might have passed as a good 
whim if it had been original.) 

Wenlock (Wild Wenlock), kinsman of 
sir H ugo de Lacy constable of Chester. His 
head is cut off by the insurgents. — Sir W. 
Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Weno'nah, mother of Hiawatha and 
daughter of Noko'mis. Nokomis was 
swinging in the moon, when some of her 
companions, out of jealousy, cut the 
ropes, and she fell to earth " like a 
falling star." That night was born her 
first child, a daughter, whom she named 
Wenonah. In due time, this lovely 
daughter was wooed and won by Mudje- 
kee'wis (the west wind), and became the 
mother of Hiawatha. The false West 
Wind deserted her, and the young mother 
died. 

Fair Nokomis bore a daughter, 
And she called her name Wenonah. 

Longfellow, Hiawatha, iii. (1853). 

Went worth (Eva), the beau-ideal 
of female purity. She was educated in 
strict seclusion. De Courcy fell in love 
with her, but deceived her; whereupon 
she died calmly and tranquilly, elevated 
by religious hope. (See Zaira.) — Rev. 
C. R. Maturin, Women (a romance, 1822). 

"Wept. "We wept when we came 
into the world, and every day tells us 
why." — Goldsmith, The Good-Natured 
Man, i. 1 (1768). 

W"erburg (St.), born a princess. By 
her prayers, she drove the wild geese 
from Weedon. 

She falleth in her way with Weedon, where, 'tis said, 
St. Werburg, princely born — a most religious maid — 
From those peculiar fields, by prayer the wild geese drove. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiiL (16£i). 

Were- Wolf (2 syl.), a man-wolf, a 
man transformed into a wolf temporarily 
or otherwise. 



WERNER. 



1094 



WEST INDIAN. 



Oft through the forest dark. 
Followed the were-wolfs bark. 

Longfellow, The Skeleton in Armour. 

"Werner, the boy said to have been 
crucified at Bacharach, on the Rhine, by 
the Jews. (See Hugh of Lincoln.) 

The innocent boy who, some years back, 
Was taken and crucified by the Jews 
In that ancient town of Bacharach. 

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851). 

Werner or Kruitaner (count of 
Siegendorf), father of Ulric. Being 
driven from the dominions of his father, 
he wandered about for twelve years as a 
beggar, hunted from place to place by 
count Stral'enheim. At length, Stra- 
lenheim, travelling through Silesia, was 
rescued from the Oder by Gabor (alias 
Ulric), and was lodged in an old tumble- 
down palace, where Werner had been 
lodging for some few days. Here Wer- 
ner robbed the count of a rouleau of gold, 
and next day the count was murdered by 
Ulric (without the connivance or even 
knowledge of Werner). When Werner 
succeeded to the rank and wealth of 
count Siegendorf, he became aware that 
his son Ulric was the murderer, and de- 
nounced him. Ulric departed, and Wer- 
ner said, "The race of Siegendorf is past." 
— Byron, Werner (1821). 

(This drama is borrowed from "Kruitz- 
ner or The German's Tale," in Miss H. 
Lee's Canterbury 'Tales, 1797-1805.) 

"Werther, a young German student, 
of poetic fancy and very sensitive dis- 
position, who falls in love with Lotte (2 
syl.) the betrothed and afterwards the 
wife of Albert. Werther becomes 
acquainted with Lotte's husband, who in- 
vites him to stay with him as a <ruest. In 
this visit his love blazes out into a ter- 
rible passion, and after vainly striving 
to fight it down, he puts an end to his 
misery by shooting himself. — Goethe, 
Sorrows of Young Werther — 1774. 

*$* Goethe represents himself, or 
rather one of the moods of his mind, in 
the character of Werther. The catas- 
trophe, however, is borrowed from the 
fate of a schoolfellow of his named Jeru- 
salem, who shot himself on account of a 
hopeless passion for a married woman. 
"Albert" and "Lotte" were sketched 
from his friends Albert and Charlotte 
Kestner, a young couple with whom he 
had relations not unlike those of Wer- 
ther in the early part of the story with 
the fictitious characters. 

Werther of Politics. The marquis 



of Londonderry is so called by lord 
Byron. Werther, the personification of 
maudlin sentimentality, is the hero of 
Goethe's romance entitled The Sorrows of 
Werther (1774). 

It is the first time since the Normans, that England has 
been insulted by a minister who could not speak English, 
and that parliament permitted itself to be dictated to in 
the language of Mrs. Malaprop. . . . Let us hear no more 
of this man, and let Ireland remove the ashes of her 
Grattan from the sanctuary of Westminster. Shall the 
Patriot of Humanity repose by the Werther of Politics? 
— Byron, Don Juan (preface to canto vi., etc., 1824). 

Wer'therism (th—t), spleen, me- 
grims from morbid sentimentality, a 
settled melancholy and disgust of life. 
The word is derived from the romance 
called The Sorrows of Werther, by Goethe 
(1774), the gist of which is to prove 
" Whatever is is wrong." 

Wessel (Peder), a tailor's apprentice, 
who rose to the rank of vice-admiral of 
Denmark, in the reign of Christian V. 
He was called Tor'denskiold (3 syl.), cor- 
rupted into Tordenskiol (the "Thunder 
Shield "), and was killed in a duel. 

North Sea ! a glimpse of Wessel rent 
Thy murky sky. . . . 
From Denmark thunders Tordenskiol ; 
Let each to heaven commend his soul, 
And fly. 

Longfellow, King Christian [V.\, 

Wessex, Devonshire, Somersetshire, 
Wiltshire, and their adjacents. Ivor son 
of Cadwallader, and Ini or Hiner his 
nephew, were sent to England by Cad- 
wallader when he was in Rome, to 
" govern the remnant of the Britons." 

As the generals, [he] 

His nephew Ivor chose, and Hiner for his pheer; 
Two most undaunted sp'rits these valiant Britons were, 
The first who Wessex won. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 

(The kingdom of Wessex was founded 
in 495 by Cerdic and Cynric, and Ini was 
king of Wessex from 688 to 720. Instead 
of being a British king who ousted the 
Saxons, he was of the royal line of 
Cerdic, and came regularly to the succes- 
sion.) 

West Indian (The), a comedy by 
R. Cumberland (1771). Mr. Belcour, the 
adopted son of a wealth}' Jamaica mer- 
chant, on the death of his adopted father 
came to London, to the house of Mr. 
Stockwell, once the clerk of Belcour, 
senior. This clerk had secretly married 
Belcour's daughter, and when her boy was 
born it was " laid as a foundling at her 
father's door." Old Belcour brought the 
child up as his own son, and at death 
"bequeathed to him his whole estate." 
The young man then came to London as 
the guest of Mr. Stockwell, the rich mer- 



WESTERN. 



1095 



WHETSTONE CUT, ETC. 



chant, and accidentally encountered in 
the street Miss Louisa Dudley, with whom 
he fell in love. Louisa, with her father 
captain Dudley, and her brother Charles, 
all in the greatest poverty, were lodging 
with a Mr. Fulmer, a small bookseller. 
Belcour gets introduced, and after the 
usual mistakes and hairbreadth escapes, 
makes her his wife. 

Western (Squire), a jovial, fox-hunt- 
ing country gentleman, supremely igno- 
rant of book-learning, very prejudiced, 
selfish, irascible, and countrified ; but 
shrewd, good-natured, and very fond of 
his daughter Sophia. 

Philip, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, was in 
character a squire Western, choleric, boisterous, illiterate, 
se'.!i-li, absurd, and cowardly. — Osborne, Secret Hittory, 
i. 218. 

Squire Western stands alone ; imitated from no proto- 
type, and in himself an inimitable picture of ignorance, 
prejudice, irascibility, and rusticity, united with natural 
shrewdness, constitutional good humour, and an in- 
stinctive affection for his daughter. — Encyc lirit.. Art. 
" Fieldiiuj." 

Sophia Western, daughter of squire 
Western. She becomes engaged to Tom 
Jones the foundling. — Fielding, luin 
Jones (1749). 

There now are no squire Westerns, as of old; 

And our Sophias are not so emphatic, 
But fair as them [sic J or fairer to behold. 

Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 110 (1824). 

Westlock (John), a quondam pupil 
of Mr. Pecksniff ("architect and land 
surveyor"). John Westlock marries 
Ruth, the sister of Tom Pinch. — C. 
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1843). 

Westminster Abbey of Den- 
mark ( The), the cathedral of Roeskilde, 
some sixteen miles west of Copenhagen. 

Westmoreland, according to fable, 
is West-Mar-land. Mar or Marius, son 
of Arviragus, was king of the British, 
and overthrew Rodric the Scythian in the 
north-west of England, where he set up 
a stone with an inscription of this victory, 
" both of which remain to this day." — 
Geoffrey, British History, iv. 17 (1142). 

Westward Hoe, a comedy by 
Thomas Dekker (1607). The Rev. Charles 
Kingslev published a novel in 1854 en- 
titled Westward Ho! or The Voyages and 
Adventures of Sir Amyas Leigh in the 
Reign of Queen Elizabeth. (See East- 
ward Hoe.) 

Wetheral (Stephen), surnamed 
" Stephen Steelheart," in the troop of 
lord Waldemar Fitzurse (a baron follow- 
ing prince John). — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 



Wetherell (Elizabeth), Miss Susan 
Warner, authoress of The Wide Wtdc 
World (1852), Queechy (1853), etc. 

Wetzweiler (Tid) or Le Glorious, 
the court jester of Charles " the Bold " 
duke of Burgundy.— Sir W. Scott, Quen- 
tin jrarward (time, Edward IV.). 

Whachum, journeyman to Sid- 
rophel. He wa3 Richard Green, who 
published a pamphlet of base ribaldry, 
called JIudibras in a Snare (1667). 

A jialtry wretch he had. half-starved. 
That him in place of zany served, 
HigntWhacliiini. 

S. BuUer, Sudibrat, ft 3 (1664). 

Whally Eyes, i.e. Whale-like eyes. 
Spenser says that "Whally eyes are 



sign of jealousy.' 
24 (1590). 



-Faery Queen, I. iv. 



W"hang, an avaricious Chinese miller, 
who, by great thrift, was pretty well off, 
but, one day, being told that a neighbour 
had found a pot of money which he had 
dreamt of, began to be dissatisfied with 
his slow gains and longed for a dream 
also. At length the dream came. He 
dreamt there was a huge pot of gold 
concealed under his mill, and set to work 
to find it. The first omen of success was 
a broken mug, then a house-tile, and at 
length, after much digging, he came to a 
stone so large that he could not lift it. 
He ran to tell his luck to his wife, and the 
two tugged at the stone, but as they re- 
moved it, down fell the mill in utter ruins. 
— Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, lxx. 
(1759). 

What Next ? a farce by T. Dibdin. 
Colonel Clifford meets at Brighton 
two cousins, Sophia and Clarissa Touch- 
wood, and falls in love with the latter, 
who is the sister of major Touchwood, 
but thinks her Christian name is Sophia, 
and so is accepted by Sophia's father, who 
is colonel Touchwood. Now, it so hap- 
pens that major Touchwood is in love 
with his cousin Sophia, and looks on 
colonel Clifford as his rival. The major 
tries to outwit his supposed rival, but 
finds they are both in error, that it is 
Clarissa "whom the colonel wishes to 
marry, and that Sophia is quite free to 
follow the bent of her own and the 
major's choice. 

Wheel of Fortune (TJie), a comedy 
by R. Cumberland (1779). 

*** For the plot and tale, see Pexrud- 
dock. 

Whetstone Cut by a Razor. 



WHIMS. 



1096 



WHITE BIRDS. 



Whist {Father of the game of), 
Edmond Hoyle (1672-i769). 

Whistle ( The). In the train of Anne 
of Denmark, when she went to Scotland 
with James VI., was a gigantic Dane of 
matchless drinking capacity. He had an 
ebony whistle which, at the beginning of 
a drinking bout, he would lay on the table, 
and whoever was last able to blow it, was 
to be considered the " Champion of the 
Whistle." In Scotland the Dane was de- 
feated by sir Robert Laurie of Maxwelton, 
who, after three days' and three nights' 
hard drinking, left the Dane under the 
table, and "blew on the whistle his 
requiem shrill." The whistle remained 
in the family several years, when it was 
won by sir Walter Laurie, son of sir 
Robert ; and then by Walter Riddel of 
Glenriddel, brother-in-law of sir Walter 
Laurie. The last person who carried it 
off was Alexander Ferguson of Craig- 
darroch, son of " Annie Laurie," so well 
known. 

*** Burns has a ballad on the subject, 
called The Whistle. 

Whistle. The blackbird, says Drayton, 
is the only bird that whistles. 

Upon his dulcet pipe the merle doth only play. 

Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

"Wliistled. " He whistled as he went, 
for want of thought." — Dryden, Cymon 
and Iphigenia. 

Whistler (The), a young thief, 
natural son of sir G. Staunton, whom be 
shot after his marriage with Effie Deans. 
— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Whistling. Mr. Townley, of Hull, 
says, in Rotes and Queries, August 2, 
1879, that a Roman Catholic checked his 
wife, who was whistling for a dog: " If 
you please, ma'am, don't whistle. Every 
time a woman whistles, the heart of the 
blessed Virgin bleeds." 

V ne poule qui chante le coq et une fille qui siffle por- 
tent ma'iheut dans la maison. 
La poule ne doit point chanter devant le coq. 

A whistling woman and a crowing hen 

Are neither good for God or men. 

Whitaker (Bichard), the old steward 
of sir Geoft'ery Peveril. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peverilof the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Whitchurch, in Middlesex (or Little 
Stanmore), is the parish, and William 
Powell was the blacksmith, made cele- 
brated by Handel's Harmonious Black- 
smith. Powell died 1780. 

White Birds. Some Mohammedans 



Accius Navius, the augur, cut a whet- 
stone with a razor in the presence of Tar- 
quin the elder. 

In short, 'twas his fate, unemployed or in place, sir, 

To eat mutton cold, and cut blocks with a razor. 

Goldsmith, Retaliation ("Burke" is referred to, 1, 74). 

Whims (.Queen), the monarch of 
Whimdom, or country of whims, fancies, 
and literary speculations. Her subjects 
were alchemists, astrologers, fortune- 
tellers, rhymers, projectors, schoolmen, 
and so forth. The best way of reaching 
this empire is "to trust to the whirlwind 
and the current." When Pantagruel's 
ship ran aground, it was towed off by 
7,000,000 drums quite easily. These 
drums are the vain imaginings of whim- 
syists. Whenever a person is perplexed 
at any knotty point of science or doctrine, 
some drum will serve for a nostrum to 
pull him through. — Rabelais, Pantagruel, 
v. 18, etc. (1545). 

Whim'sey, a whimsical, kind- 
hearted old man, father to Charlotte and 
"young" Whimsey. 

As suspicious of everybody above him, as if he had been 
bred a rogue himself. — Act i. 1. 

Charlotte Whimsey, the pretty daughter 
of old Whimsey ; in love with Monford. 
— James Cobb, The First Floor. 

Whip with Six Lashes, the " Six 
Articles " of Henry VIII. (1539). 

Whipping "Boy. A boy kept to be 
whipped when a prince deserved chas- 
tisement. 

Baknaby Fitzpatrick stood for Ed- 
ward VI. 

D'Ossat and Du Perron, afterwards 
cardinals, were whipped by Clement VIII. 
for Henri IV. of France. — Fuller, Church 
History, ii. 342 (1G55). 

Mungo Murray stood for Charles I. 

Raphael was Hogged for the son of 
the marquis de Leganez, but, not seeing 
the justice of this arrangement, he ran 
away. — Lesage, Gil Bias, v. 1 (1724). 

Whisker, the pony of Mr. Garland, 
Abel Cottage, Finchley. 

There approached towards him a little, clattering, jing- 
ling, four-wheeled chaise, drawn by a little, obstinate- 
looking, rough-coated pony, and driven by a little, fat, 
placid-faced old gentleman. Beside the little old gentle- 
man sat a little old lady, plump and placid like himself, 
and the pony was coming along at his own pace, and 
doing exactly as he pleased with the whole concern. If 
the old gentleman remonstrated by shaking the reins, the 
pony replied by shaking his head. It was plain that the 
utmost the pony would consent to do was to go in his own 
way, . . . after his own fashion, or not at all.— C. Dickens, 
The Old Curiosity Shop, xiv. (1840). 

Whiskerandos (Don Fero'lo), the 
sentimental lover of Tilburina. — Sheridan, 
The Critic, ii. ] (1779). 



WHITE CAT. 



1097 WHITE HORSE OF WANTAGE. 



believe that the spirits of the faithful (if 
neither prophets nor martyrs) abide 
under the throne of God, in the form of 
white birds. Martyrs are green birds, 
and prophets are taken to paradise direct 
in propria persona. 

White Cat ( The). A certain queen, 
desirous of obtaining some fairy fruit, 
was told she might gather as much as 
she would if she would give to them the 
child about to be born. The queen 
agreed, and the new-born child was 
carried to the fairies. When of marriage- 
able age, the fairies wanted her to 
marry Migonnet a fairy-dwarf, and, as 
she refused to do so, changed her into a 
white cat. Now comes the second part. 
An old king had three sons, and promised 
to resign the kingdom to that son who 
brought him the smallest dog. The 
youngest son wandered to a palace, where 
he saw a white cat endowed with human 
speech, who gave him a dog so tiny that 
the prince carried it in an acorn shell. 
The father then said he would resign his 
crown to that son who brought him home 
a web, 400 yards long, which would pass 
through the eye of a needle. The White 
Cat gave the prince a toil 400 yards long 
packed in the shale of a millet grain. The 
king then told his sons he would resign his 
throne to that son who brought home the 
handsomest bride. The White Cat told 
the prince to cut off its head and tail. 
On doing so, the creature resumed her 
human form, and was acknowledged to 
be the most beautiful woman on the earth. 

Her eyes committed theft upon all hearts, and her 
sweetness kept them captive. Her shape was majestic, 
her air noble and modest, her wit flowing, her maimers 
engaging. In a word, she was beyond everything that 
was lovely.— Com tesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The White 
Cat." 1682). 

White Clergy (The), the parish 
priests, in contradistinction to The Black 
Clergy or monks, in Russia. 

White Cross Knights, the 
Knights Hospitallers. The Knights 
Templars wore a red cross. 

The White Cross Knight of the adjacent isle. 
Robert Browning, 1 he Return of the Druses, i. 

White Devil of Wallaehia. 
George Castriota, known as "Scander- 
becr," was called by the Turks "The 
White Devil of Wallaehia " (1404-1467). 

White Elephant (King of the), a 
title of the kings of Ava and Siam. 

White Fast (The), the day of atone- 
ment in the Jewish synagogues. 



White Friars (The), the Carmelites, 
who dress in white. 

%* There is a novel by Miss Robinson 
called White Friars. 

White Hoods (or Chaperons Blancs), 
the insurgents of Ghent, led by Jean 
Lyons, noted for their fight at Minne- 
water to prevent the digging of a canal 
which they fancied would be injurious to 
trade. 

Saw the fight at Minnewater, saw the "White Hoods" 
moving west. 

Longfellow, The Belfry of Bruges. 

White Horse (-4), the Saxon banner, 
still preserved in the royal shield of the 
house of Hanover. 

A burly, genial race has raised 
The White Horse standard. 

T. Woolner, My Beautiful Lady. 

White Horse (Lords of the), the old 
Saxon chiefs, whose standard was a 
white horse. 

And tampered with the lords of the White Horse. 
Tennyson, Guinevere. 

White Horse of the Peppers, 
a sprat to catch a mackerel. After the 
battle of the Boyne, the estates of many 
of the Jacobites were confiscated, and 
given to the adherents of William III. 
Amongst others, the estate of the Peppers 
was forfeited, and the Orangeman to 
whom it was awarded went to take pos- 
session. " Where was it, and what was 
its extent?" These were all-important 
questions ; and the Orangeman was led 
up and down, hither and thither, for 
several days, under pretence of showing 
them to him. He had to join the army 
by a certain day, but was led so far a- 
field that he agreed to forego his claim 
if supplied with the means of reaching 
his regiment within the given time. 
Accordingly, the "white horse," the 
pride of the family, and the fastest 
animal in the land, was placed at his 
disposal, the king's grant was revoked, and 
the estate remained in the possession of 
the original OAvner. — S. Lover, Stories and 
Legends of Ireland (1832-34). 

White Horse of Wantage (Berk- 
shire), cut in the chalk hills. The horse 
is 374 feet long, and may be seen at the 
distance of fifteen miles. It commemorates 
a great victory obtained by Alfred over 
the Danes, called the battle of iEscesdun 
(Ashdown), during the reign of his brother 
Ethelred in 871. (See Red Horse.) 

In this battle all the flower of the barbarian youth wad 
there slain, so that neither before nor since was ever ?uch 
a destruction known since the Saxons first gained Britain 
by their arms.— Ethehverd, Chronicle, ii. A. (571. (8ee 
also Asser, Life of A Ifred, year S71.) 



WHITE KING. 



1098 



WHITE ROSE. 



White King, the title of the emperor 
of Muscovy, from the white robes which 
these kings were accustomed to use. 

Sunt qui principem Moscovise Album. Regem nuncu- 
pant. Ego quidem causam diligenter quaerebam, cur 
regis albi nomine appellaretur cum nemo principum 
Moscovise eo titulo antea [Basilius Ivanwich] esset usus. 
. . . Credo autem ut Persam nunc propter rubea tegu- 
menta capitis " Kissilpassa " (i.e. rubeum caput) recant; 
ita reges Moscovise propter alba tegumenta "Albos 
Reges " appellari. — Sigismund. 

*** Perhaps it may be explained thus : 
Muscovy is always called "Russia Alba," 
as Poland is called " Black Russia." 

White King. So Charles I. is called by 
Herbert. His robe of state was wbite 
instead of purple. At his funeral the 
snow fell so thick upon the pall that it 
was quite, white. — Herbert, Memoirs 
(1764). 

White Lady (The), "La Dame 
d'Aprigny," a Norman fe'e, who used to 
occupy the site of the present Rue de St. 
Quentin, at Bayeux. 

La Dame Abonde, also a Norman fee. 

Vocant dominam Abundiam pro eo quod domibus, 
quas frequentant, abundantiam bonorum temporalium 
prsestare putantur non aliter tibi sentiendum est ueque 
aliter quam quemadmodum de illis audivistL— William 
of Auvergne (1248). 

White Lady (TJie), a ghost seen in 
different castles and palaces belonging to 
the royal family of Prussia, and supposed 
to forebode the death of some of the royal 
family, especially one of the children. 
The last appearance was in 1879, just prior 
to the death of prince Waldemar. Twice 
she has been heard to speak, e.g. : In 
December, 1628, she appeared in the 
palace at Berlin, and said in Latin, " I 
wait for j udgment ; " and once at the castle 
of Neuhaus, in Bohemia, when she said 
to the princess, in German, "It is ten 
o'clock ;" and the lady addressed died in a 
few weeks. 

There are two white ladies, in fact — one 
the countess Agnes of Orlamunde, and 
the other the princess Bertha von Rosen- 
berg, who lived in the fifteenth century. 
The former wa<* buried alive in a vault in 
the palace. She was the mistress of a 
margrave of Brandenburgh, by whom 
she had two sons. When the prince be- 
came a widower, Agnes thought he would 
marry her, but he made the sons an ob- 
jection, and she poisoned them, for which 
crime she was buried alive. Another 
version is that she fell in love with 
the prince of Parma, and made away 
with her two daughters, who were an 
obstacle to her marriage, for which crime 
she was doomed to " walk the earth " as 
an apparition. 



The princess Bertha is troubled because 
an annual gift, which she left to the 
poor, has been discontinued. She appears 
dressed in white, and carrying at her side 
a bunch of keys. 

It may interest those who happen to be learned in 
Berlin legends, to know that the White Lady, whose 
visits always precede the death of some member of the 
royal family, was seen on the'eve of prince Wald-mnr's 
death. A soldier on guard at the old castle was the 
witness of the apparition, and in his fright fled to the 
guard-room, where he was at once arrested for deserting 
his post.— Brief, April 4, 1879. 

White Lady of Avenel (2 syl), 
a tutelary spirit. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

White Lady of Ireland (The), 

the benshee or domestic spirit of a family, 
who takes an interest in its condition, 
and intimates approaching death by wail- 
ings or shrieks. 

White Man's Grave (The), Sierra 
Leone, in Africa. 

White Merle (The). Among the 
old Basque legends is one of a "white 
merle," which, by its singing, restores 
sight to the blind. — Rev. W. Webster, 
Basqiie Legends, 182 (1877). 

*** The French have a similar story, 
called Le Merle Blanc. 

White Moon (Knight of the), Sam- 
son Carrasco. He assumed this cog- 
nizance Avhen he went as a knight-errant 
to encounter don Quixote. His object 
was to overthrow the don in combat, and 
then impose on him the condition of 
returning home, and abandoning the pro- 
fession of chivalry for twelve months. 
By this means he hoped to cure the don 
of his craze. It all happened as the 
barber expected : the don was overthrown, 
and returned to his home, but soon died. 
— Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iv. 12, etc. 
(1615). 

White Mount in London (The), 
the Tower, which the Welsh bards insist 
was built by the Celts. Others ascribe 
" the Towers of Julius " to the Romans ; 
but without doubt they are a Norman 
foundation. 

Take my head and bear it unto the White Mount, in 
London, and bury it there, with the face towards France. 
— The Mabinogion (" Branwen," etc., twelfth century). 

White Queen (The), Mary queen of 
Scots (La Heine Blanche) ; so called by the 
French, because she dressed in white in 
mourning for her husband. 

White Rose (The), the house of 
York, whose badge it -was. The badge 
of the house of Lancaster was the Red 
Rose. 



WHITE ROSE OF ENGLAND. 1099 



WHITTINGTON. 



Richard de la Pole is often called " The 
White Rose." 

Wliite Rose of England {The). 
Perkin Warbeck was so called by Mar- 
garet of Burgundy sister of Edward IV. 
(*-1499). 

"Wliite Rose of Raby ( The), Cecily, 
wife of Richard duke of York, and mother 
of Edward IV. and Richard III. She was 
the youngest of twenty-one children. 

%* A novel entitled The White Hose of 
Bab}/ was published in 179-4. 

White Rose of Scotland (The), 
lady Katherine Gordon, the [? fifth] 
daughter of George second earl of Huntly 
by his second wife [princess Anuabella 
Stuart, youngest daughter of James I. 
of Scotland]. She married Richard of 
England, styled "duke of York," but 
better known as " Perkin Warbeck." 
She had three husbands after the death 
of " Richard of England." Probably 
lady Katherine was called the " White 
Rose" from the badge assumed by her 
first husband " the White Rose of York," 
and "Scotland" was added from the 
country of her birth. Margaret of Bur- 
gundy always addressed Perkin Warbeck 
as " The White Rose of England." 

White Rose of York ( The), Edward 
Courtney earl of Devon, son of the marquis 
of Exeter. He died at Padua, in queen 
Mary's reign (1553). 

White Surrey, the favourite charger 
of Richard III. 

Saddle White Surrey for the field to-morrow. 
Shakespeare, Hiduird III. act v. sc. 3 (1597). 

White Tsar of His People. The 

emperor of Russia is so called, and claims 
the empire of seventeen crowns. 

White Widow (The), the duchess 
of Tyrconnel, wife of Richard Talbot lord 
deputy of Ireland under James II. After 
the death of her husband, she supported 
herself by her needle. She wore a white 
mask, and dressed in white. — Pennant, 
Account of London, 147 (1790). 

White Witch (A), a. "witch" who 
employs her power and skill for the 
benefit and not the harm of her fellow- 
mortals. 

Whites (The), an Italian faction of 
the fourteenth century. The Guelphs of 
Florence were divided into the Blacks 
who wished to open their gates to Charles 
de Valois, and the Whites who opposed 
him. The poet Dante was a "White," and 



when the " Blacks " in 1302 got the upper 
hand, he was exiled. During his exile 
he composed his immortal epic, the Divina 
Commedia. 

Whitecraft (John), innkeeper and 
miller at Altringham. 

Dame Whitecraft, the pretty wife of 
the above. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Whitfield of the Stage (The). 
Quin was so called by Garriek (1716- 
1779). Garriek himself is sometimes so 
denominated also. 

Whitney (James), the Claude Duval 
of English highwaymen. He prided him- 
self on being "the glass of fashion and 
the mould of form." Executed at Porter's 
Block, near Smithfield (1660-1694). 

Whit-Sunday. One of the etymo- 
logies of this word is Wit or Wisdom 
Sunday ; the day on which the Spirit of 
Wisdom fell upon the apostles. 

This day Whitsonday is cald. 
For wisdom and wit serene fald. 
Was zonen to the apostles as this day. 

Camb. Unit. MSS. ltd., i. 1, p. 234. 

W nittington (Dick), a poor orphan 
country lad, who heard that London was 
"paved with gold," and went there to 
get a living. When reduced to starving 
point, a kind merchant gave him employ- 
ment in his family to help the cook, but 
the cook so ill treated him that he ran 
away. Sitting to rest himself on the 
roadside, he heard Bow bells, and they 
seemed to him to say, "Turn again, 
Whittington, thrice lord mayor of Lon- 
don ; " so he returned to his master. 
By-and-by the master allowed him, with 
the other servants, to put in an adventure 
in a ship bound for Morocco. Richard 
had nothing but a cat, which, however, he 
sent. Now it happened that the king of 
Morocco was troubled by mice, which 
Whittington's cat destroyed ; and this so 
pleased his highness that he bought the 
mouser at a fabulous price. Dick com- 
menced business with this money, soon 
rose to great wealth, married his master's 
daughter, was knighted, and thrice elected 
lord mayor of London — in 1398, 1406, and 
1419. 

%* A cat is a brig built on the Nor- 
wegian model, with narrow stern, pro- 
jecting quarters, and deep waist. 

Another solution is the word achat, 
"barter." 

Keis, the son of a poor widow of Siraf, 
embarked for India with his sole pro- 
perty, a cat. He arrived at a time when 



WHITTLE. 



1100 



WIDOW. 



the palace was so infested by mice and 
rats that the}' actually invaded the king's 
food. This cat cleared the palace of its 
vermin, and was purchased for a large 
sum of money, which enriched the 
widow's son. — Sir William Ouseley (a 
Persian stoiy). 

Alphonso, a Portuguese, being wrecked 
on the coast of Guinea, had a cat, which 
the king bought for its weight in gold. 
With this money Alphonso traded, and 
in five years made £6000, returned to 
Portugal, and became in fifteen years the 
third magnate of the kingdom. — Descrip- 
tion of Guinea. 

*** See Keightley, Tales and Popular 
Fictions, 241-266. 

Whittle {Thomas), an old man of 63, 
who wants to cajole his nephew out of 
his lady-love, the Widow Brady, only 23 
3 r ears of age. To this end he assumes 
the airs, the dress, the manners, and the 
walk of a beau. For his thick flannels, 
he puts on a cambric shirt, open waist- 
coat, and ruffles ; for his Welsh wig, he 
wears a pigtail and chapeau bras ; for his 
thick cork soles, he trips like a dandy in 
pumps. He smirks, he titters, he tries to 
be quite killing. He discards history and 
solid reading for the Amorous Repository, 
Cupid's Revels, Hymen's Delight, and 
Ovid's Art of Love. In order to get rid 
of him, the gay young widow assumes 
to be a boisterous, rollicking, extrava- 
gant, low Irishwoman, deeply in debt, 
and utterly reckless. Old Whittle is 
thoroughly alarmed, induces his nephew 
to take the widow off his hands, and gives 
him £5000 for doing so. — Garrick, The 
Irish Widow (1757). 

Who's the Dupe ? Abraham Doiley, 
a retired slop-seller, with £80,000 or more. 
Being himself wholly uneducated, he is a 
great admirer of " laming," and resolves 
that his daughter Elizabeth shall marry 
a great scholar. Elizabeth is in love 
with captain Granger, but the old slop- 
seller has iixed his heart on a Mr. Gradus, 
an Oxford pedant. The question is 
how to bring the old man round. Gradus 
is persuaded to change his style of 
dress to please the lady, and Granger is 
introduced as a learned pundit. The old 
man resolves to pit together the two 
aspirants, and give Elizabeth to the best 
scholar. Gradus quotes two lines of 
Greek, in which the word panta occurs 
four times ; Granger gives some three or 
four lines of English fustian. Gradus 
tells the old man that what Granger said 



was mere English ; but Doiley, in the 
utmost indignation, replies, " Do you 
think I don't know my own mother 
tongue ? Off with jour pantry, which you 
call Greek ! t'other is the man for my 
money ; " and he gives his daughter to the 
captain. — Mrs. Cowley, Who's the Dupe ? 

Whole Duty of Man (The). Sir 
James Wellwood Moncrieff, bart., was so 
called by Jeffrey (1776-1851). 

Wicket Gate (The), the entrance to 
the road which leads to the Celestial City. 
Over the door is written : " Knock, and 

IT SHALL. BE OPENED UNTO YOU." — 

Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 

Wickfield (Mr.), a lawyer, father of 
Agnes. The "'umble" Uriah Heep was 
his clerk. 

Agnes Wickfield, daughter of Mr. Wick- 
field ; a young lady of sound sense and 
domestic habits, lady-like and affection- 
ate. She is the second wife of DavM 
Copperfield. — C. Dickens, David Copper- 
field (1849). 

Wickham (Mrs.), a waiter's wife. 
Mrs. Wickhank was a meek, drooping 
woman, alwaj^s ready to pity herself or 
to be pitied, and with a depressing habit 
of prognosticating evil. She succeeded 
Polly Toodles as nurse to Paul Dombey. 
— C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). 

Wiclevista, Wicliffism. 

Some of them barke, Clatter and carpe, Of that heresy art 
Called Wicleuista, The deuelishe dogmatisla. 

J. Skelton, Coiyn Clout (lime, Henry VIII.). 

Wicliffe, called "The Morning Star 
of the Reformation " (1324-1384). 

Widdrington (Roger), a gallant 
squire, mentioned in the ballad of Chevy 
Chase. He fought "upon his stumps," 
after his legs were smitten off. (See 
Benbovv.) 

Widenostrils (in French Bringue- 
narilles), a huge giant, who "had swal- 
lowed every pan, skillet, kettle, frying- 
pan, dripping-pan, saucepan, and caldron 
in the land, for want of windmills, his usual 
food." He was ultimately killed by "eating 
a lump of fresh butter at the mouth of a 
hot oven, by the advice of his physician." 
— Kabelais, Pantag'ruel', iv. 17 (15-15). 

Widerolf, bishop of Strasbourg (997), 
was devoured by mice in the seventeenth 
year of his episcopate, because he sup- 
pressed the convent of Seltzen on the 
Khine. (See Hatto.) 

Widow (Goldsmith's), in the Deserted 
Village, par. 9. "All the blooming flush 
of life is fled " from Auburn : 



WIDOW. 



1101 



WIG. 



AH hut yon widowed, solitary thing. 
That feebly liends beside the plashy spring; 
She, wretched matron, forced in age, for bread, 
To strip the brook, with mantling cresses spread, 
To pick her wintry faggot from the thorn, 
To seek her nightly shed, and weep till morn; 
She only left of all the harmless train, 
The sad historian of the pensive plain. 

Her name was Catherine Geraghty. 

Widow (The), courted by sir Hudi- 
bras, was the relict of Amminadab Wilnier 
or Willmot, an independent, slain at Edge- 
hill. She was left with a fortune of £200 
a year. The knight's " Epistle to the 
Lady " and the " Lady's Reply," in which 
she declines his offer, are usually ap- 
pended to the poem entitled Hiuhbras. 

Widow Blackacre, a perverse, 
bustling, masculine, pettifogging, litigious 
woman. — Wycherly, The Plain Dealer 
(1677). 

Widow Flockhart, landlady at 
Waverley's lodgings in the Canongate. — 
Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George 

Widow's Curl (A), a small re- 
fractory lock of hair that will not grow 
long enough to be bound up with the 
tresses, but insists on falling down in a 
curl upon the forehead. It is said that 
this curl indicates widowhood. 

Widow's Peak (A), a point made 
in some foreheads by the hair projecting 
towards the nose like a peak. It is said 
to indicate widowhood. 

Wieland's Sword, Balmung. It 
was so sharp that it cleft Amilias in 
twain without his knowing it ; when, 
however, he attempted to stir, he fell 
into two pieces. — Scandinavian Mythology. 

Wiever (Old), a preacher and old 
conspirator. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Wife (The), a drama by S. Knowles 
(1833). Mariana, daughter of a Swiss 
burgher, nursed Leonardo in a dangerous 
sickness — an avalanche had fallen on him, 
and his life was despaired of, but he 
recovered, and fell in love with his young 
and beautiful nurse. Leonardo intended 
to return to Mantua, but was kept a 
prisoner by a gang of thieves, and Ma- 
riana followed him, for she found life 
intolerable without him. Here count 
Florio fell in love with her, and obtained 
her guardian's consent to marry her ; but 
Mariana refused to do so, and was ar- 
raigned before the duke (Ferrardo), who 
gave judgment against her. Leonardo 
was at the trial disguised, but, throwing 



off his mask, was found to be the real 
duke supposed to be dead. He assumed 
his rank, and married Mariana; but, 
being called to the wars, left Ferrardo 
regent. Ferrardo, being a villain, hatched 
up a plot against the bride of infidelity 
to her lord, but Leonardo would give no 
credit to it, and the whole scheme of 
villainy was fully exposed. 

%* The tale of Shakespeare's Mid- 
summer Nighfs Dream hinges on a similar 
" law of marriage." 

Wife for a Month (^4), a drama 
by Beaumont and Fletcher (1G24). The 
"wife" is Evanthe (3 syl.), the chaste 
wife of Valerio, parted by Frederick the 
licentious brother of Alphonso king of 
Naples. She repels his base advances, 
and, to punish her, he offers to give her 
to any one for one month, at the end of 
which time he is to die. No one wiil 
accept the offer, and the lady is restored 
to her husband. 

Wife of Bath, one of the pilgrims 
to the shrine of Thomas a Becket. — 
Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (1388). 

Wife of Bath's Tale. One of 

king Arthur's knights was condemned to 
death for ill using a lady, but Guinever 
interceded for him, and the king gave 
him over to her to do what she liked. 
The queen said she would spare his life, 
if, by that day twelve months, he would 
tell her " What is that which woman 
loves best ? " The knight made inquiry 
far and near for a solution, but at length 
was told by an old woman, that if he 
would grant her a request, she would tell 
him the right answer to the queen's ques- 
tion. The knight agreed. The answer 
suggested was this : Women like best to 
have their own way and to be paramount; 
and the request she made was that he 
would marry her. This the knight at 
first revolted from, because she was poor, 
old, and ugly. The woman then asked 
him which he preferred, to have her as she 
was and a faithful wife, or to have her 
young and fair. He replied he would 
leave the decision with her. Whereupon 
she threw off her mask, and appeared 
before him young, beautiful, and rich. — 
Chaucer, Canterbury 2 ales (1388). 

*** This tale is borrowed from Gower's 
Confessio Amantis, i., where Florent 
promises to marry a deformed old hag, 
who taught him the solution of a riddle. 

Wig, the Latin pilucca, "a head of 
hair," through the French perruque (our 



WIGGED PRINCE. 



1102 



WILD HORSES. 



periwig). In the middle of the eighteenth 
century, there were thirty-three different 
sorts of wigs in use : the artichoke, bag, 
barrister's, bishop's, brush, bush, buckle 
chain, chancellor's, corded Avolf's paw, 
count Saxe's mode, the crutch, the cut 
bob, the detached buckle, the drop, 
Dutch, full, half natural, Jansenist bob, 
judge's, ladder, long bob, Louis, periwig, 
pigeon's wing, rhinoceros, rose, scratch, 
she-dragon, small back, spinage seed, 
staircase, Welsh, and wild boar's back. 

His periwig was large enough to have loaded a camel, 
and lie bestowed upon it at least a bushel of powder. — 
Brown, letters (time, Charles II.). 

Wigged Prince (The Best). The 
guardian, uncle-in-law, and first cousin 
of- the duke of Brunswick was called 
" The Best Wigged Prince in Christen- 
dom." 

Wight (Isle of). So called from 
Wihtgar, great-grandson of king Cedric, 
who conquered the island. — The Anglo- 
Saxon Chronicle. 

%* Of course, this etymology is not 
philologically correct. Probably gvoyth, 
"the channel" (the channel island), is 
the real derivation. 

Wigmore Street (London). So 
called from Harley earl of Oxford and 
Mortimer, created baron Harley of Wig- 
more, in Herefordshire (1711). 

Wild (Jonathan), a cool, calculating, 
heartless villain, with the voice of a 
Stentor. He was born at Wolverhamp- 
ton, in Staffordshire, and, like Jack 
Sheppard, was the son of a carpenter. 

He had ten maxims : (1) Never do 
more mischief than is absolutely necessary 
for success ; (2) Know no distinction, but 
let self-interest be the one principle of 
action ; (3) Let not your shirt know the 
thoughts of your heart ; (4) Never for- 
give an enemy ; (5) Shun poverty and 
distress ; (6) Foment jealousies in your 
gang ; (7) A good name, like money, 
must be risked in speculation ; (8) Coun- 
terfeit virtues are as good as real ones, 
for few know paste from diamonds ; (9) 
Be your own trumpeter, and don't be 
afraid of blowing loud ; (10) Keep hatred 
concealed in the heart, but wear the face 
of a friend. 

Jonathan W T ild married six wives. 
Being employed for a time as a detective, 
he brought to the gallows thirty-live 
highwaymen, twenty-two burglars, and 
ten returned convicts. He was himself 
executed at last at Tyburn for house- 
breaking (1682-1725). 



Daniel Defoe has made Jonathan Wild 
the hero of a romance (1725). Fielding 
did the same in 1743. The hero in these 
romances is a coward, traitor, hypocrite, 
and tyrant, unrelieved by human feeling, 
and never betrayed into a kind or good 
action. The character is historic, but 
the adventures are in a measure fictitious. 

Wild Boar of Ardennes, William 
de la Marck.— Sir W. Scott, Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

*** The count de la Marck was third 
son of John count de la Marck and 
Aremberg. He was arrested at Utrecht, 
and beheaded by order of Maximilian 
emperor of Austria, in 1485. 

Wild Boy of Hameln, a human 
being found in the forest of Herts- 
wold, in Hanover. He walked on all 
fours, climbed trees like a monkey, fed 
on grass and leaves, and could never be 
taught to articulate a single Avord. He 
was discovered in 1725, was called "Peter 
the Wild Boy," and died at Broadway 
Farm, near Berkhampstead, in 1785. 

*** Mdlle. Lablanc was a wild girl 
found by the villagers of Soigny, near 
Chalons, in 1731. She died in Paris in 
1780. 

Wild-Goose Chase ( TJie), acomedy 
by Beaumont and Fletcher (1652). The 
"wild goose" is Mirabel, who is 
" chased " and caught by Oriana, whom 
he once despised. 

Wild Horses (Death by) The hands 
and feet of the victim were fastened to 
two or four wild horses, and the horses, 
being urged forward, ran in different 
directions, tearing the victim limb from 
limb. 

Mettius Suffetius was fastened to 
two chariots, which were driven in op- 
posite directions. This was for deserting 
the Roman standard (b.c. 669). — Livy, 
Annals, i. 28. 

Salcede, a Spaniard, employed by 
Henri III. to assassinate Henri de Guise, 
failed in his attempt, and was torn limb 
from limb by four wild horses. 

Nicholas de Salvado was torn to 
pieces by wild horses for attempting the 
life of William prince of Orange. 

Balthazar de GERBARDwas similarly 
punished for assassinating the same prince 
(1584). 

John Chastel was torn to pieces by 
wild horses for attempting the life of 
Henri IV. of France (1594). 

Francois Ravaillac suffered a similar 



WILD HUNTSMAN. 



1103 



WILDING. 



death for assassinating the same prince 
(1610). 

"Wild Huntsman {The), a spectral 
hunter with dogs, who frequents the 
Black Forest to chase wild animals. — Sir 
W. Scott, Wild Huntsman (from Burger's 
ballad). 

%* The legend is that this huntsman 
was a Jew, who would not suffer Jesus to 
drink from a horse-trough, but pointed 
to some water collected in a hoof-print, 
and bade Him go there and drink. — Kuhn 
von Sehwarz, Xordd. Sagcn, 499. 

The French story of Le Grand Veneur 
is laid in Fontainebleau Forest, and is 
supposed to refer to St. Hubert. — Father 
Matthieu. 

The English name is " Heme the 
Hunter," once a keeper in Windsor Forest. 
— Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, 
act iv. sc. 4. 

The Scotch poem called Albania con- 
tains a full description of the wild hunts- 
man. 

%* The subject has been made into a 
ballad by Burger, entitled Der Wilde 
Jdger. 

"Wild Man of the Forest, Orson, 
brother of Valentine, and nephew of king 
Pepin. — Valentine and Orson (fifteenth 
century). 

Wild Oats, a drama by John O'Keefe 
(1798). 

"Wild Wenlock, kinsman of sir 
Hugo de Lacy, besieged by insurgents, 
who cut off his head. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

"Wildair (Sir Harry), the hero of a 
comedy so called by Farquhar (1701). 
The same character had been introduced 
in the Constant Couple (1700), by the same 
author. Sir Harry is a gay profligate, 
not altogether selfish and abandoned, but 
very free and of easy morals. This was 
Wilks's and Peg Woffington's great part. 

Their Wildairs, sir John Brutes, lady Touchwoods, and 
Mrs. Frails are conventional reproductions of those wild 
gallants and demireps which figure in the licentious 
dramas of Dryden and Shadwell.— Sir W. Scott. 

*** " Sir John Brute," in The Provoked 
Wife (Yanbrugh) ; "lady Touchwood," 
in The Belle's Stratagem (Mrs. Cowley) ; 
"Mrs. Frail," in Congreve's Love for 

Lute. 

Wildblood of the Vale {Young 
Dick), a friend of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — 
Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 



Wilde {Johnny), a small farmer of 
Rodenkirchen, in the isle of Kiigen. One 
day, he found a little glass slipper belong- 
ing to one of the hill-folk. Next day, a 
little brownie, in the character of a mer- 
chant, came to redeem it, and Johnny 
Wilde demanded as the price "that he 
should find a gold ducat in every furrow 
he ploughed." The bargain was con- 
cluded, but before the year was over he 
had worked himself to death, looking for 
ducats in the furrows which he ploughed. 
— Rugen Tradition. 

Wildenhaim (Baron), father of 
Amelia. In his youth he seduced Agatha 
Friburg, whom he deserted. Agatha bore 
a son, Frederick, who in due time became 
a soldier. Coming home on furlough, he 
found his mother on the point of star- 
vation, and, going to beg alms, met the 
baron with his gun, asked alms of him, and 
received a shilling. He demanded more 
money, and, being refused, collared the 
baron, but was soon seized by the keepers, 
and shut up in the castle dungeon. Here 
he was visited by the chaplain, and it 
came out that the baron was his father. 
As the baron was a widower, he married 
Agatha, and Frederick became his heir. 

Amelia Wildenhaim, daughter of the 
baron. A proposal was made to marry 
her to count Cassel, but as the count was 
a conceited puppy, without " brains in 
his head or a heart in his bosom," she 
would have nothing to say to him. She 
showed her love to Anhalt, a young 
clergyman, and her father gave his con- 
sent to the match. — Mrs. Inchbald, Lovers' 
Vows (altered from Kotzebue, 1800). 

Wildfire ( Madge), the insane daughter 
of old Meg Murdochson the gipsy thief. 
Madge had been seduced when a girl, and 
this, with the murder of her infant, had 
turned her brain. — Sir W. Scott, Heart 
of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Wilding (Jack), a young gentleman 
fresh from Oxford, who fabricates the 
most ridiculous tales, which he tries to 
pass off for facts ; speaks of his adven- 
tures in America, which he has never 
seen ; of his being entrapped into mar- 
riage with a Miss Sibthorpe, a pure 
invention. Accidentally meeting a Miss 
Gran tarn, he sends his man to learn her 
name, and is told it is Miss Godfrey, an 
heiress. On this blunder the "fun" of 
the drama hinges. When Miss Godfrey 
is presented to him, he does not know her, 
and a person rushes in who declares she is 
his wife, and that her maiden name was 



WILDING. 



1104 



WILFORD. 



Sibthorpe. It is now Wilding's turn to 
be dumfounded, and, wholly unable to 
unravel the mystery, he rushes forth, 
believing the world is a Bedlam let loose. 
— S. Foote, The Liar (1761). 

Wilding (Sir Jasper), an ignorant but 
wealthy country gentleman, fond of fox- 
hunting. He dresses in London like a 
fox-hunter, and speaks with a "Hoic! 
tally-ho ! " 

Young Wilding, son of sir Jasper, about 
to marry the daughter of old Philpot for 
the dot she will bring him. 

Maria Wilding, the lively, witty, high- 
spirited daughter of sir Jasper, in love 
with Charles Beaufort. Her father wants 
her to marry George Philpot, but she 
frightens the booby out of his wits by 
her knowledge of books and assumed 
eccentricities. — Murphy, The Citizen 
(1757 or 1761). 

Wildrake, a country squire, delight- 
ing in horses, dogs, and field sports. He 
was in love with ''neighbour Constance," 
daughter of sir William Fondlove, with 
whom he used to romp and quarrel in 
childhood. He learnt to love Constance ; 
and Constance loved the squire, but knew 
it not till she feared he was going to 
marry another. When they each dis- 
covered the state of their hearts, they 
agreed to become man and wife. — S. 
Knowles, The Love-Chase (1837). 

Wildrake (Roger), a dissipated royalist. 
— Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Com- 
monwealth). 

Wilelmi'na [Bundle], daughter of 
Bundle the gardener. Tom Tug the 
waterman and Robin the gardener sought 
her in marriage. The father preferred 
honest Tom Tug, but the mother liked 
better the sentimental and fine-phrased 
Robin. Wilelmina said he who first did 
any act to deserve her love should have 
it. Tom Tug, by winning the waterman's 
badge, carried oft' the bride. — C. Dibdin, 
The Waterman (1774). 

Wilfer (Reginald), called by his wife 
R. W., and by his fellow-clerks Rumty. 
He was clerk in the drug-house of Chick- 
sey, Stobbies, and Veneering. In person 
Mr. Wilfer resembled an overgrown 
cherub ; in manner he was shy and re- 
tiring. 

Mr. Reginald Wilfer was a poor clerk, so poor indeed 
that he had never yet attained the modest object of his 
ambition, which was to wear a complete new suit of 
clothes, hat and boots included, at one time. His black 
hat was bi own before he could afford a coat ; his panta- 
loons were white at the seams and knees before he could 



buy a pair of boots; his boots had worn out before he 
could treat himself to new pantaloons; and by the time ho 
worked round to the hat again, that shining modern article 
roofed in an ancient ruin of various periods.— Ch. iv. 

Mrs. Wilfer, wife of Mr. Reginald. 
A most majestic woman, tall and angular. 
She wore gloves, and a pocket-handker- 
chief tied under her chin. A patronizing, 
condescending woman was Mrs. Wilfer, 
with a mighty idea of her own importance. 
" Viper ! " " Ingrate ! " and such like 
epithets were household words with her. 

Bella Wilfer, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. 
Wilfer. A wayward, plaj'ful, affection- 
ate, spoilt beauty, " giddy from the 
want of some sustaining purpose, and 
capricious because she was always 
fluttering among little things." Bella 
was so pretty, so womanly, and yet so 
childish that she was always captivating. 
She spoke of herself as "the lovely 
woman," and delighted in "doing the 
hair of the family." Bella Wilfer married 
John Harmon (John Rokesmith), the 
secretary of Mr. Boffin " the golden 
dustman." 

Lavinia Wilfer, youngest sister of Bella, 
and called "The Irrepressible." Lavinia 
was a tart, pert girl, but succeeded in 
catching George Sampson in the toils of 
wedlock. — C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend 
(1864). 

"Wilford, in love with Emily, the 
companion of his sister Miss Wilford. 
This attachment coming to the knowledge 
of Wilford's uncle and guardian, was 
disapproved of by him ; so he sent the 
young man to the Continent, and dis- 
missed the young lady. Emily went to 
live with Goodman Fairlop, the wood- 
man, and there Wilford discovered her in 
an archery match. The engagement was 
renewed, and ended in marriage. — Sir H. 
B. Dudley, TJie Woodman (1771). 

Wilford, secretary of sir Edward Mor- 
timer, and the suitor of Barbara Rawbold 
(daughter of a poacher). Curious to know 
what weighed on his master's mind, he 
pried into an iron chest in sir Edward's 
library; but while so engaged, sir Edward 
entered, and threatened to shoot him. He 
relented, however, and having sworn Wil- 
ford to secrecy, told him how and why he 
had committed murder. Wilford, unable 
to endure the watchful and jealous eye of 
his master, ran away ; but sir Edward 
dogged him from place to place, and at 
length arrested him on the charge of 
theft. Of course, the charge broke down, 
Wilford was acquitted, sir Edward con- 
fessed himself a murderer, and died. (See 



WILFORD. 



1105 



WILL-O'-WISP. 



Williams, Caleb.) — G. Colman, The 
Iron Chest (1796). 

*** This is a dramatic version of God- 
win's novel called Caleb Williams (1794). 
"Wilford is "Caleb Williams," and sir 
Edward Mortimer is " Falkland." 

Wilford, supposed to be earl of Roch- 
dale. Three things he had a passion for : 
"the finest hound, the finest horse, and 
the finest wife in the three kingdoms." 
It turned out that Master Walter "the 
hunchback" was the earl of Rochdale, and 
Wilford was no one. — S. Knowles, The 
Hunchback (1831). 

Wilford (Lord), the truant son of lord 
Woodville, who fell in love with Bess, 
the daughter of the "blind beggar of 
Bethnal Green." He saw her by accident 
in London, lost sight of her, but resolved 
not to rest night or day till he found her ; 
and, said he, " If I find her not, I'm 
tenant of the house the sexton builds." 
Bess was discovered in the Queen's Arms 
inn, Romford, and turned out to be his 
cousin. — S. Knowles, The Beggar of 
Bethnal Green (1834). 

"Wilfred, " the fool," one of the sons 
of sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone of Osbal- 
distone Hall.— Sir W. Scott, Bob Bog 
(time, George I.). 

"Wilfrid, son of Oswald Wycliffe ; in 
love with Matilda, heiress of Rokeby's 
knight. After various villainies, Oswald 
forced from Matilda a promise to marry 
Wilfrid. Wilfrid thanked her for the 
promise, and fell dead at her feet. — Sir 
W. Scott, Bokebg (1813). 

"Wilfrid or Wilfrith (St.). In 681 

the bishop Wilfrith, who had been bishop 
of York, being deprived of his see, came 
to Sussex, and did much to civilize the 
people. He taught them how to catch 
fish generally, for before they only knew 
how to catch eels. He founded the 
bishopric of the South Saxons at Selsey, 
afterwards removed to Chichester, founded 
the monastery of Ripon, built several 
ecclesiastical edifices, and died in 709. 

St Wilfrid, sent from York into this realm received 
(Whom the Northumbrian folk had of his see bereaved), 
And on the south of Thames a seat did him afford. 
By whom the people first received the saving word. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, XL (1613). 

Wilhelm Meister [Mice.ter], the 
hero and title of a philosophic novel by 
Goethe. This is considered to be the first 
true German novel. It consists of two 
parts published under two titles, viz., 
The Apprenticeship of Wilhelm Meister 



(1794-9G), and The Travels of Wilhelm 
Meister (1821). 

Wilkins (Beter), Robert Pultock of 
Clement's Inn, author of The Life ami 
Adventures of Beter Wilkins, a Cornish 
Man (17oO). 

The tale is this : Peter Wilkins is a 
mariner, thrown on a desert shore. In 
time, he furnishes himself from the wreck 
with many necessaries, and discovers that 
the country is frequented by a beautiful 
winged race called glumms and gawreys, 
whose wings, when folded, serve them 
for dress, and when spread, are used for 
flight. Peter marries a gawrey, by name 
Youwarkee, and accompanies her to 
Nosmnbdsgrsutt, a land of semi-darkness, 
where he remains many years. 

Peter Wilkins is a work of uncommon beautv. — 
Coleridge, Table Talk (1335). 

"Wilkinson (James), servant to Mr. 
Fairford the lawyer. — Sir W. Scott, Bed- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Will (Belted), William lord Howard, 
warden of the western marches (1563- 
1610). 

His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt, 
Hung in a broad and studded belt ; 
Hence, in rude phrase, the Borderers still 
Called noble Howard "Belted Will." 
Sir W. Scott, Lay JM,st of the Last Minstrel (1805). 

Will Laud, a smuggler, with whom 
Margaret Catchpole (q.v.) falls in love. 
He persuades her to escape from Ipswich 
jail, and supplies her with a seaman's 
dress. The two are overtaken, and Laud 
is shot in attempting to prevent the re- 
capture of Margaret. — Rev. R. Cobbold, 
Margaret Catchpole. 

Will and Jean, a poetic storv by 
Hector Macneill (1789). Willie Gair- 
lace was once the glory of the town, and 
he married Jeanie Miller. Just about this 
time Maggie Howe opened a spirit shop 
in the village, and Willie fell to drinking. 
Having reduced himself to beggary, he 
enlisted as a soldier, and Jeanie had "to 
beg her bread." Willie, having lost his 
leg in battle, was put on the Chelsea 
" bounty list ; " and Jeanie was placed, 
by the duchess of Buccleuch, in an alms- 
cottage. Willie contrived to reach the 
cottage, and 

Jean ance mair, in fond affection, 
Clasped her Willie to her breast. 

Will-o'-Wisp or Will-with-a-wisp. 
Here Will is no proper name, but a 
Scandinavian word equivalent to mislead- 
ing or errant. Icelandic villa ("a-going 
astray"), villr ("wandering"). "I am 
4 B 



WILLET. 



1106 WILLIAM OF CLOUDESLEY. 



will what to do" (i.e. "at a loss"). 
German, irr-wisch. 

Willet (John), landlord of the May- 
pole inn. A burly man, large-headed, 
with a flat face, betokening profound 
obstinacy and slowness of apprehension, 
combined with a strong reliance on his 
own merits. John Willet was one of 
the most dogged and positive fellows 
in existence, always sure that he was 
right, and that every one who differed 
from him was wrong. He ultimately 
resigned the Maypole to his son Joe, and 
retired to a cottage in Chigwell, with a 
small garden, in which Joe had a May- 
pole erected for the delectation of his 
aged father. Here at dayfall assembled 
his old chums, to smoke, and prose, and 
doze, and drink the evenings away ; and 
here the old man played the landlord, 
scoring up huge debits in chalk to his 
heart's delight. He lived in the cottage 
a sleepy life for seven years, and then 
slept the sleep which knows no waking. 

Joe Willet, son of the landlord, a 
broad-shouldered, strapping young fellow 
of 20. Being bullied and brow-beaten 
by his father, he ran away aud enlisted 
for a soldier, lost his right arm in 
America, and was dismissed the service. 
He returned to England, married Dolly 
Varden, and became landlord of the 
Maypole, where he prospered and had 
a large family. — C. Dickens, Bamaby 
Xudje (1841). 

William, archbishop of Orange, an 
ecclesiastic who besought pope Urban on 
his knees to permit him to join the 
crusaders, and, having obtained permis- 
sion, led 400 men to the siege of Jerusa- 
lem. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

William, youngest son of William 
Rufus. He was the leader of a large 
army of British bowmen and Irish volun- 
teers in the crusading army. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem Delivered, iii. (1575). 

*** William Rufus was never married. 

William, footman to Lovemore, sweet 
upon Muslin the lady's-maid. He is 
fond of cards, and is a below-stairs imi- 
tation of the high-life vices of the latter 
half of the eighteenth century. — A 
Murphy, The Way to Keep Him (1760). 

William, a serving-lad at Arnheim 
Castle.— Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein 
(time, Edward IV.). 

William (Lord), master of Erlingford. 
His elder brother, at death, committed 



to his charge Edmund the rightful heir, 
a mere child ; but William cast the child 
into the Severn, and seized the inherit- 
ance. One anniversary, the Severn over- 
flowed its banks, and the castle was 
surrounded ; a boat came by, and lord 
William entered. The boatman thought 
he heard the voice of a child — nay, he 
felt sure he saw a child in the water, and 
bade lord William stretch out his hand 
to take it in. Lord William seized the 
child's hand ; it was lifeless and clammy, 
heavy and inert. It pulled the boat 
under water, and lord William was 
drowned, but no one heard his piercing 
cry of agonv. — R. Southey, Lord William 
(a ballad, 1804). 

William and Margaret, a ballad 
by Mallet. William promised marriage 
to Margaret, deserted her, and she died 
" consumed in early prime." Her ghost 
reproved the faithless swain, who "quaked 
in every limb," and, raving, hied him to 
Margaret's grave. There 

Thrice he called on Margaret's name, 

And thrice he wept full sore ; 
Then laid his cheek to her cold grave, 

And word spake never more. 

William I. king of Prussia and 
emperor of Germany, called Kaiser Tar- 
tuffe (1797- ). (See Tartuffe, p. 

977.) 

William king of Scotland, in- 
troduced by sir W. Scott in Hie Talisman 
(1825). 

William of Cloudesley (3 syl.), 
a north country outlaw, associated with 
Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough 
( Clement of the Cliff). He lived in Engle- 
wood Forest, near Carlisle. Adam Bell 
and Clym of the Clough were single men, 
but William had a wife named Alyce, 
and "children three" living at Carlisle. 
The three outlaws went to London to ask 
pardon of the king, and the king, at the 
queen's intercession, granted it. He then 
took them to a field to see them shoot. 
William first cleft in two a hazel wand 
at a distance of 200 feet ; after this he 
bound his eldest son to a stake, put an 
apple on his head, and, at a distance of 
" six score paces," cleft the apple in two 
without touching the boy. The king was 
so delighted that he made William "a 
gentleman of fe," made his son a royal 
butler, the queen took Alyce for her 
" chief gentlewoman," and the two com- 
panions were appointed yeomen of the 
bed-chamber. — Percy, Reliqucs (" Adam 
Bell," etc.), I. ii. 1. 



WILLIAM OF GOLDSBROUGH. 1107 



WILSON. 



William of G oldsbrough, one of 
the companions of Robin Hood, mentioned 
in Grafton's Olde and Auncient Pamphlet 
(sixteenth century). 

William of Norwich (Saint), a 
child said to have been crucified by the 
Jews in 1137. (See Hugh of Lincoln 
and Weknkr.) 

Two boys of tender age, those saints ensue. 
Of Norwich William was. of Lincoln Hugh, 
Whom th' unbelieving Jews (rebellious that abide), 
In mockery of our Christ, at Easter crucified. 

Drayton, I'olyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

William-with-the-Long-Sword, 
the earl of Salisbury. He was the natural 
brother of Richard Coeur de Lion. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard 
I.). 

Williams (Caleb), a lad in the ser- 
vice of Falkland. Falkland, irritated by 
cruelty and insult, commits a murder, 
which is attributed to another. Williams, 
by accident, obtains a clue to the real 
facts ; and Falkland, knowing it, extorts 
from him an oath of secrecy, and then 
tells him the whole story. The lad, find- 
ing life in Falkland's house insupportable 
from the ceaseless suspicion to which he 
is exposed, makes his escape, and is pur- 
sued by Falkland with relentless perse- 
cution. At last Williams is accused by 
Falkland of robbery, and the facts of the 
case being disclosed, Falkland dies of 
shame and a broken spirit. (See Wil- 
ford.) — W. Godwin, Caleb Williams 
(1794). 

%* The novel was dramatized by G. 
Colman, under the title of The Iron Chest 
(1796). Caleb Williams is called "Wil- 
ford," and Falkland is " sir Edward 
Mortimer." 

Williams (Ned), the sweetheart of 
Cicely Jopson, farmer, near Clifton. 

Farmer Williams, Ned's father. — Sir 
W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). 

Willie, clerk to Andrew Skurliewhit- 
ter the scrivener. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Willieson (William), a brig-owner, 
one of the Jacobite conspirators under the 
laird of Ellieslaw.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Willie wald of Geierstein ( Count), 
father of count Arnold of Geierstein alias 
Arnold Biederman (landamman of Unter- 
walden). — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier- 
stein ftime, Edward IV.). 

Will-o'-the-Flat, one of the hunts- 



men near Charlie's Hope farm. — Sir W. 

Scott, Guy Manncrinij (time, George II.). 

Willoughby (Lord), of queen Eliza- 
beth's court. — Sir W. Scott, Kenilvcorth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Willy, a shepherd to whom Thomalin 
tells the tale of his battle with Cupid 
(eel. iii.). (See Thomalin.) In eel. 
viii. he is introduced again, contending 
with Perigot for the prize of poetry, 
Cuddy being chosen umpire. Cuddy de- 
clares himself quite unable to decide the 
contest, for both deserve the prize. — 
Spenser, The Shepheardes Calendar (1579). 

Wilmot. There are three of the name 
in Fatal Curiosity (1736), by George 
Lillo, viz., old Wilmot, his wife Agnes, 
and their son young Wilmot supposed to 
have perished at sea. The young man, 
however, is not drowned, but goes to 
India, makes his fortune, and returns, 
unknown to any one of his friends. He 
goes in disguise to his parents, and 
deposits with them a casket. Curiosity 
induces Agnes to open it, and when she 
sees that it contains jewels, she and her 
husband resolve to murder the owner, 
and appropriate the contents of the 
casket. No sooner have they committed 
the fatal deed than they discover it is 
their own son whom they have killed ; 
whereupon the old man stabs first his 
wife and then himself. 

The harrowing details of this tragedy are powerfully 
depicted ; and the agonies of old Wilmot constitute one 
of the most appalling and affecting incidents in the 
drama. — K. Chambers, English Literature, i. 592. 

Old Wilmot's character, as the needy man who had 
known better days, exhibits a mind naturally good, but 
prepared for acting eviL — Sir W. Scott, The Drama. 

Wilmot (Miss Arabella), a clergyman's 
daughter, beloved by George Primrose, 
eldest son of the vicar of Wakefield, 
whom ultimatelv she marries. — Gold- 
smith, Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 

Wilmot (Lord), earl of Rochester, of 
the court of Charles II.— Sir W. Scott, 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Wilsa, the mulatto girl of Dame 
Ursley Suddlechop the barber's wife. — 
Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

Wilson (Alison), the old housekeeper 
of colonel Silas Morton of Milnwood. — 
Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles 
II.). 

Wilson (Andrew), smuggler ; the com- 
rade of Geordie Robertson. He was 
hanged. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 



WILSON. 



1108 



WINDMILLS. 



Wilson (Bob), groom of sir William 
Ashton the lord keeper of Scotland. — Sir 
W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Wilson (Christie), a character in the 
introduction of the Black Dwarf, by sir 
W. Scott. 

Wilson (John), groom of Mr. Godfrey 
Bertram laird of Ellangowan. — Sir W. 
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Wilton (Ralph de), the accepted snitor 
of lady Clare daughter of the earl of 
Gloucester. When lord Marmion over- 
came Ralph de Wilton in the ordeal of 
battle, and left him for dead on the field, 
lady Clare took refuge in Whitby Con- 
vent. Uy Mar m ion's desire she was 
removed from the convent to Tantallon 
Hall, where she met Ralph, who had 
been cured of his wounds. Ralph, being 
knighted by Douglas, married the lady 
Clare.— Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808). 

"Wimble ( Will), a character in Addi- 
son's Spectator, simple, good-natured, 
and officious. 

*** Will Wimble in the flesh was 
Thomas Morecroft of Dublin (*-1741). 

Wimbledon (The Philosopher of), 
John Home Tooke, who lived at Wimble- 
don, near London (1736-1812). 

Winchester, in Arthurian romance, 
is called Camelot. 

It swam down the stream to the city of Camelot. i.e. 
in English, Winchester.— Sir T. Malory, History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 44 (1470). 

Winchester (The bishop of), Lancelot 
Andrews. The name is not given in the 
novel, but the date of the novel is 1620, 
and Dr. Andrews was translated from 
Ely to Winchester in February, 1618- 
19 ; and died in 1626.— Sir W. Scott, 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Wind Sold. At one time, the Fin- 
landers and Laplanders drove a profitable 
trade by the sale of winds. After being 
paid, they knitted three magical knots, 
and told the buyer that when he untied 
the first he would have a good gale ; 
when the second, a strong wind ; and 
when the third, a severe tempest. — Olaus 
Magnus, History of the Goths, etc., 47 
(1658). 

King Eric of Sweden was quite a po- 
tentate of these elements, and could 
change them at pleasure by merely 
shifting his cap. 

Bessie Millie, of Pomo'na, in the 
Orkney Islands, helped to eke out her 



living (even so late as 1814) by selling 
favourable winds to mariners, for the 
small sum of sixpence per vessel. 

Winds were also at one time sold at 
mont St. Michel, in Normandy, by nine 
druidesses, who likewise sold arrows to 
charm away storms. These arrows were 
to be shot off by a young man 25 years 
of age. 

%* Witches generally were supposed 
to sell wind. 

'Oons! I'll marry a Lapland witch as soon, and live 
upon selling contrary winds and wrecked vessels.— W. 
Congreve, Love for Love, iii. (1695*. 

In Ireland and in Denmark both, 
Witches for gold will sell a man a wind, 
Which, in the corner of a napkin wrapped, 
Shall blow hiin safe unto what coast he will. 

Summer, Last Will and Test. (1600). 

%* See note to the Pirate " Sale of 
Winds " ( Waverley Novels, xxiv. 136). 

Winds (The), according to Hesiod, 
were the sons of Astraeus and Aurora. 

You nymphs, the winged offspring which of old. 
Aurora to divine Astraeus bore. 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Winds and Tides. Nicholas of 
Lyn, an Oxford scholar and friar, was a 
great navigator. He " took the height of 
mountains with his astrolobe," and taught 
that there were four whirlpools like the 
Maelstrom of Norway — one in each quarter 
of the globe, from which the four winds 
issue, and which are the cause of the 
tides. 

One Nicholas of Lyn 

The whirlpools of the seas did come to understand, ... 

For such immeasured pools, philosophers agree, 

I' the four parts of Uie world undoubtedly there be. 

From which they have supposed nature the winds doth 

raise, 
And from them too proceed the flowing of the seas. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xix. (1622). 

Windmill with a Weather- 
cock Atop (Ihe). Goodwyn, a puritan 
divine of St. Margaret's, London, Avas so 
called (1593-1651). 

Windmills. Don Quixote, seeing 
some thirty or forty windmills, insisted 
that they were giants, and, running a tilt 
at one of them, thrust his spear into the 
sails ; whereupon the sails raised both 
man and horse into the air, and shivered 
the knight's lance into splinters. When 
don Quixote was thrown to the ground, 
he persisted in saying that his enemy 
Freston had transformed the giants into 
windmills merely to rob him of his 
honour, but notwithstanding, the wind- 
mills were in reality giants in disguise. 
This is the lirst adventure of the knight. 
— Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 8 (1605). 

Windmills. The giant Widenostrils 
lived on windmills. (See Widenos- 



WINDSOR. 



1109 



WINKLE. 



trii.8.) — Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 17 
(1545). 

"Windsor (The Rev. Mr.), a friend of 
Master Georcre Heriot the king's gold- 
smith.— Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel 
(time, James I.). 

"Windsor Beauties (Tlie), Anne 
Hyde duchess of York, and her twelve 
ladies in the court of Charles II., painted 
by sir Peter Lely at the request of Anne 
Hyde. Conspicuous in her train of 
Hebes was Frances Jennings, eldest 
daughter of Richard Jennings of Stand- 
ridge, near St. Alban's. 

"Windsor Sentinel (The) who 
heard St. Paul's clock strike thirteen, was 
John Hatfield, who died at his house in 
Glasshouse Yard, Aldersgate, June 18, 
1770, aged 102. 

"Windsor of Denmark (The), the 
castle of Cronborg, in Elsinore. 

"Windy-Cap, Eric king of Sweden. 

[Told] of Erick's cap and Elmo's light. 

Sir W. Scott, Rukeby, ii. 11 (1813). 

"Wine. If it makes one stupid it is 
vin d'ane ; if maudlin, it is vin de cerf 
(from the notion that deer weep) ; if 
quarrelsome, it is vin de lion; if talka- 
tive, it is vin de pie ; if sick, it is via de 
pore ; if crafty, it is vin de renard ; if 
rude, it is vin de singe. To these might 
be added, vin de chevre, when an amorous 
effect is produced ; vin de coucou, if it 
makes one egotistical ; and inn de cra- 
paud, when its effect is inspiring. 

Wine (1814). In 1858 a sale took 
place in Paris of the effects of the late 
duchesse de Raguse, including a pipe of 
Madeira. This wine was fished up in 
1814 from the carcase of a ship wrecked 
at the mouth of the Scheldt in 1778, and 
had lain there till 1814. Louis XVIII. 
bought it, but part of it was presented to 
the French consul, and thus it came into 
the cellar of the due de Raguse. At the 
sale, forty-four bottles were sold, and 
the late baron Rothschild bought them 
for their weight in gold. 

Wine (Three- Men). Very bad wine is 
so called, because it requires one man to 
hold the drinker, a second to pour the 
wine down his throat, and the third man 
is the victim himself. 

Abraham Santa Clara, the preaching 
friar, calls the wine of Alsace "three- 
men wine." 

"Wine-Mixer (The Most Famous 



British), Quintanona, the go-between of 
Guinevere and sir Launcelot. From an 
old ballad, it seems that Quintanona set 
sir Launcelot the task of bringing to her 
" the bonnie white-foot deer," an animal 
attended by seven lions and a lioness. 
This deer had already been the death of 
many champions. It was in reality a 
prince who had been transformed into a 
deer by the incantations of his father. 

"Wingate (Master. Jasper), the steward 
at Avenel Castle.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

"Winged Horse (A), the standard 
and emblem of ancient Corinth, in con- 
sequence of the fountain of Pire'ne, near 
that city, and Peg'asus the winged 
horse of Apollo and the Muses. 

"Winged Lion (The), the heraldic 
device of the republic of Venice. 

They'll plant the winged lion in these halls. 
Robert Browning, The Jielurn of the Dru*et, r. 

"Wingfleld, a citizen of Perth, whose 
trade was feather-dressing. — Sir W. 
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Wingfield (Ambrose), employed at Os- 
baldistone Hall. 

Lancie Wingfield, one of the men 
employed at Osbaldistone Hall. — Sir W. 
Scott, Bob Roy (time, George I.). 

"Wing-the-"Wind (Michael), a ser- 
vant at Holvrood Palace, and the friend 
of Adam Woodcock.— Sir W. Scott, T/ie 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

"Winifrid (St.), patron saint of 
virgins ; beheaded by Caradoc for refus- 
ing to marry him. The tears she shed 
became the "fountain called " St. Wini- 
frid's Well," the waters of which not 
only cure all sorts of diseases, but are so 
buoyant that nothing sinks to the bottom. 
St. Winifrid's blood stained the gravel 
in the neighbourhood red, and her hair 
became moss. Drayton has given this 
legend in verse in his Pol yolbion, x. (1612). 

"Winkle (Nathaniel), M.P.C., a young 
cockney sportsman, considered by his 
companions to be a dead shot, a hunter, 
skater, etc. All these acquirements are, 
however, wholly imaginary. He marries 
Arabella Allen. — C. Dickens, The Pick- 
wick Papers (1836). 

Winkle (Rip van), a Dutch colonist of 
New York, who met a strange man in a 
ravine of the Kaatskill Mountains. Rip 
helped the stranger to carry a keg to a 



WINKLEBRED. 



1110 



WISDOM. 



wild retreat among rocks, where he saw 
a host of strange personages playing 
6kittles in mysterious silence. Rip took 
the first opportunity of tasting the keg, 
fell into a stupor, and slept for twenty 
years. On waking, he found that his 
wife was dead and buried, his daughter 
married, his village remodelled, and 
America had become independent. — 
Washington Irving, Sketch-Book (1820). 

The tale of Epimenides, of Peter Klaus, 
of the Sleeping Beauty, the Seven 
Sleepers, etc., are somewhat similar. 
(See Sleeper, p. 919.) 

Winklebred or Winklebrand 

(Louis), lieutenant of sir Maurice de 
Bracy a follower of prince John. — Sir W. 
Scott, Ivanhoe (time Richard I.). 

"Winnie (Annie), an old sibyl, who 
makes her appearance at the death of 
Alice Gray. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lam- 
mermoor (time, William III.). 

"Winter, the head servant of general 
Witherington alias Richard Tresham. — 
Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter 
(time, George II.). 

Winter. (See Seasons, p. 884.) 

Winter King (The), Frederick V., 
the rival of Ferdinand II. of Germany. 
He married Elizabeth daughter of James 
I. of England, and was king of Bohemia 
for just one winter, the end of 1619 and 
the beginning of 1620 (1596-1632). (See 
Snow King, p. 927.) 

Winter Queen (The), Elizabeth, 
daughter of James I. of England, and 
wife of Frederick V. "The Winter King." 
(See Snow Queen, p. 927.) 

Winter's Bird (The), the wood- 
cock. 

How nobler to the winter bird to say, 
" Poor stranger, welcome from thy stormy way . . . 
The food and shelter of my valleys share." 
Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcot], Island of Innocence (1809). 

Winter's Tale (The), by Shake- 
speare (1604). Leontes king of Sicily 
invites his friend Polixenes to visit him. 
During this visit the king becomes 
jealous of him, and commands Camillo 
to poison him ; but Camillo only warns 
Polixenes of the danger, and flees with 
him to Bohemia. When Leontes hears 
thereof, his rage is unbounded ; and he 
casts his queen Hermi'one into prison, 
where she gives birth to a daughter, 
which Leontes gave direction should 
be placed on a desert shore to perish. 
In the mean time, he is told that 



Hermione, the queen, ia dead. The 
vessel containing the infant daughter 
being storm-driven to Bohemia, the child 
is left there, and is brought up by a shep- 
herd, who calls it Perdita. One day, in 
a hunt, prince Florizel sees Perdita and 
falls in love with her ; but Polixenes, his 
father, tells her that she and the shepherd 
shall be put to death if she encourages the 
foolish suit. Florizel and Perdita now flee 
to Sicily, and being introduced to Leontes, 
it is soon discovered that Perdita is his 
lost daughter. Polixenes tracks his son 
to Sicily, and being told of the discover}', 
gladly consents to the union he had 
before forbidden. Pauli'na now invites 
the royal party to inspect a statue of 
Hermione in her house, and the statue 
turns out to be the living queen. 

The plot of this drama is borrowed 
from the tale of Pandosto or The Triumph 
of Time, by Robert Greene (1583). 

We should have him back 
Who told the Winter's Tale to do it for us. 

Tennyson, Prologue of The Princess. 

Winterblossom (Mr. Philip), " the 
man of taste," on the managing com- 
mittee at the Spa.— Sir W. Scott, St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Winter sen (The count), brother of 
baron Steinfort, lord of the place, and 
greatly beloved. 

The countess Wintersen, wife of the 
above. She is a kind friend to Mrs. 
Haller, and confidante of her brother the 
baron Steinfort. — Benjamin Thompson, 
The Stranger (1797). 

Winterton (Adam), the garrulous 
old steward of sir Edward Mortimer, in 
whose service he had been for forty-nine 
years. He was fond of his little jokes, 
and not less so of his little nips, but he 
loved his master and almost idolized him. 
— G. Colman, The Iron Chest (1796). 

Win-the-Fight (Master Joachin), 
the attorney employed by major Bridge- 
north the roundhead. — Sir W. Scott, 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Wirral (The), the long, square-ended 
peninsula between the Mersey and the 
Dee. 

Here there are few that either God or man with good 
heart love. 

Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight. 

Wisdom (Honour paid to). 

Anachaksis went from Scythia to 
Athens to see Solon. — iElian, De Varia 
JJistoria, v. 

Apoli.onios Tyanjkus (Cappadocia) 
travelled through Scythia and into India 



WISDOM PERSECUTED. 



1111 



WISE MEN. 



as far as the river Phison to see Hiarchus. 
— Philostratos, Life of Apollonios, ii. last 
chapter. 

Bkn Jonson, in 1619, travelled on foot 
from London to Scotland merely to see 
W. Drummond, the Scotch poet, whose 
genius he admired. 

Livy went from the confines of Spain 
to Rome to hold converse with the learned 
men of that city. — Pliny the Younger, 
Epistle, iii. 2. 

Plato travelled from Athens to Egypt 
to see the wise men or magi, and to visit 
Archytas of Tarentum, inventor of several 
automatons, as the Hying pigeon, and of 
numerous mechanical instruments, as the 
screw and crane. 

Pythagoras went from Italy to Egypt 
to visit the vaccinators of Memphis. — 
Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras, 9 (Kuster's 
edition). 

Sheba (The queen of) went from "the 
uttermost parts of the earth " to hear and 
see Solomon, whose wisdom and great- 
ness had reached her ear. 

Wisdom Persecuted. 

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae held opi- 
nions in natural science so far in advance 
of his age that he was accused of impiety, 
cast into prison, and condemned to death. 
It was with great difficulty that Pericles 
got the sentence commuted to fine and 
banishment. 

AvERROis, the Arabian philosopher, was 
denounced as a heretic, and degraded, in 
the twelfth Christian century (died 1226). 

Bacon (Friar) was excommunicated 
and imprisoned for diabolical knowledge, 
chiefly on account of his chemical re- 
searches (1214-1294). 

Bruno (Giordano) was burnt alive for 
maintaining that matter is the mother 
of all things (1550-1600). 

Crosse (Andrew), electrician, was 
shunned as a profane man, because he 
asserted that certain minute animals of 
the genus Acarus had been developed by 
him out of inorganic elements (1784- 
1855). 

Dee (Dr. John) had his house broken 
into by a mob, and all his valuable 
library, museum, and mathematical in- 
struments destroyed, because he was so 
wise that " he must have been allied with 
the devil " (1527-1608). 

Feargil. (See " Virgilius.") 

Galileo was imprisoned by the In- 
quisition for daring to believe that the 
earth moved round the sun and not the 
sun round the earth. In order to get his 



liberty, he was obliged to "abjure the 
heresy ; " but as the door closed he mut- 
tered, E pur simuove ("But it does move, 
though"), 1564-1642. 

Gerrert, who introduced algebra into 
Christendom, was accused of dealing in 
the black arts, and was shunned as a 
" son of Belial." 

Grosted or Grosseteste bishop of 
Lincoln, author of some two hundred 
works was accused of dealing in the black 
arts, and the pope wrote a letter to Henry 
III., enjoining him to disinter the bones of 
the too-wise bishop, as they polluted the 
very dust of God's acre (died 1253). 

Faust (Dr.), the German philosopher, 
was accused of diabolism for his wisdom 
so far in advance of the age. 

Peyrere was imprisoned in Brussels 
for attempting to prove that man existed 
before Adam (seventeenth century). 

Protagoras, the philosopher, was 
banished from Athens, for his book On 
the Gods. 

Socrates was condemned to death as 
an atheist, because he was the wisest of 
men, and his wisdom was not in accord- 
ance with the age. 

Virgilius bishop of Saltzburg was 
compelled by pope Zachary to retract his 
assertion that there are other " worlds " 
besides our earth, and other suns and 
moons besides those which belong to our 
system (died 784). 

Geologists had the same battle to fight, 
and so has Colenso bishop of Natal. 

Wise (The). 

Albert II. duke of Austria, "The Lame 
and Wise" (1289, 1330-1358). 

Alfonso X. of Leon and Castile (1203, 
1252-1284). 

Charles V. of France, Le Sage (1337, 
1364-1380). 

Che-Tsou of China (*, 1278-1295). 

Comte de las Cases, Le Sage (1766- 
1842). 

Frederick elector of Saxony (1463, 
1544-1554). 

James I., "Solomon," of England 
(1566, 1603-1625). 

John V. duke of Brittanv, "The Good 
and Wise " (1389, 1399-1442). 

Wise Men (The Seven): (1) Solon 
of Athens, (2) Chilo of Sparta, (3) Thales 
of Miletos, (4) Bias of Priene, (5) Cleo- 
bulos of Lindos, (6) Pittacos of Mitylene, 
(7) Periander of Corinth, or, according 
to Plato, Myson of Chenae. All flourished 
in the sixth century B.C. 

First soLo.v, who made the Athenian laws ; 
While Chilo, in Sparta, was famed for his saws ; 



WISE MEN OF THE EAST. 



1112 



WITCH. OF EDMONTON. 



In Miletos did Thales astronomy teach ; 
BlA5 used in Priene his morals to preach ; 
Clkobulos, of Lindos, wa handsome and wise; 
Mitylenfi 'gainst thraldom saw Pittacos rise ; 
PERIANDER is s;iid to have gained, thro' his court, 
The title that MrsoN, the Cheniaii, ought. 

E. C. B. 

One of Plutarch's brochures in the 
Moralia is entitled, " The Banquet of the 
Seven Wise Men," in -which Periander is 
made to give an account of a contest 
at Chalcis between Homer and Hesiod. 
The latter won the prize, and caused this 
inscription to be engraved on the tripod 
presented to him : 

This Hesiod vows to the Heliconian nine, 
In Chalcis won from Homer the divine. 

Wise Men of the East. Klop- 
stock, in The Messiah, v., says there 
were six " Wise Men of the East," who, 
guided by the star, brought their gifts to 
Jesus, "the heavenly babe," viz., Ha'dad, 
Sel'ima, Zimri, Mirja, Be'led, and 
Sun'ith. (See Cologne, Three kings 
of.) 

"Wisest Man. So the Delphic oracle 
pronounced Soc'rates to be. Socrates 
modestly made answer, 'Twas because 
he alone had learnt this first element of 
truth, that he knew nothing. 

Not those seven sages might him parallel ; 
Nor he whom Pythian nrnid did whilome tell 
To be the wisest man that then on earth did dwell. 
Phin. Fletcher. The Purple Island, vL (1633). 

Wisheart (The Rev. Dr.), chaplain 
to the earl of Montrose. — Sir W. Scott, 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Wishfort (Lad;/), widow of sir 
Jonathan Wishfort ; an irritable, im- 
patient, decayed beauty, who painted 
and enamelled her face to make herself 
look blooming, and was afraid to frown 
lest the enamel might crack. She pre- 
tended to be coy, and assumed, at the age 
of 60, the airs of a girl of 16. A trick 
was played upon her by Edward Mira- 
bell, who induced his lackey Waitwell to 
personate sir Rowland, and make love 
to her ; but the deceit was discovered 
before much mischief was done. Her 
pet. expression was, "As I'm a person." — 
W. Congreve, The Way of the World 
(1700). 

Wishing-Cap (The), a cap given to 
Fortunatus. He had only to put the cap 
on and wish, and whatever he wished he 
instantly obtained. — Straparola, Fortu- 
natus. 

"Wishin^-Rod (The), a rod of pure 
gold, belonging to the Nibelungs. Who- 
ever possessed it could have anything he 
desired to have, and hold the whole world 



j in subjection. — The Nibelungen Lied, 1160 
j (1210). 

Wishing-Sack (The), a sack given 
by our Lord to a man named "Fourteen," 
because he was as strong as fourteen men. 
Whatever he wished to have he had only 
to say, "Artchila murtchila ! " ("Come 
into my sack "), and it came in ; or 
"Artchila murtchila!" ("Go into my 
sack"), and it went in. 

%* This is a Basque legend. In Gas- 
coigne it is called " Ramee's Sack" (Le 
Sac de la Rame'e). " Fourteen " is some- 
times called " Twenty-four," sometimes 
a Tartaro or Polypheme. He is very 
similar to Christoph'eros. 

"Wisp of Straw, given to a scold as 
a rebuke. 

A wisp of straw were worth a thousand crowns. 
To make this shameless callet know herself. 

Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI. act ii. sc. 2 (1595). 

Wit — SimpHcity. It was said of 
John Gay that he was 

In wit a man, simplicity a child. 

*** The line is often flung at Oliver 
Goldsmith, to whom, indeed, it equally 
applies. 

"Witch.. The last person prosecuted 
before the lords of justiciary (in Scot- 
land) for witchcraft was Elspeth Rule. 
She was tried May 3, 1709, before lord 
Anstruther, and condemned to be burned 
on the cheek, and banished from Scotland 
for life. — Arnot, History of Edinburgh, 
366, 367. 

Witch-Finder, Matthew Hopkins 
(seventeenth century). In 1645 he 
hanged sixty witches in his own county 
(Essex) alone, and received 20s. a head 
for every witch he could discover. 

Has not the present parliament 

Mat Hopkins to the devil sent. 

Fully empowered to treat about. 

Finding revolted witches out t 

And has not he within a year 

Hanged three score of them in one shire ! 

S. Butler, Hudibras. ii. 3 (1664). 

"Witch of Atlas, the title and 
heroine of one of Shelley's poems. 

Witch of Balwer'y, Margaret 
Aiken, a Scotchwoman (sixteenth cen- 
tury). 

Witch of Edmonton (The), called 
"Mother Sawyer." This is the true 
traditional witch; no mystic hag, no 
weird sister, but only a poor, deformed 
old woman, the terror of villagers, and 
amenable to justice. 

Why should the envious world 
Throw all their scandalous malice upon me? 



WITCH'S BLOOD. 



1113 



WOBBLER. 



Because I'm J>oor, deformed, and ignorant, 
And, like a bow, buckled and bent together 
Bv some more Strong in mischiefs than myself. 

The Witch of Edmonton (by Rowley, Dekker, 
and Ford, 1658). 

"Witch's Blood. Whoever was suc- 
cessful in drawing blood from a witch, 
was free from her malignant power. 
Hence Talbot, when he sees La Pucelle, 
exclaims, "Blood will I draw from thee; 
thou art a witch ! " — Shakespeare, 1 Henry 
VI. act i. sc. 5 (1592). 

Witherington ( General) alias Richard 
Tresham, who first appears as Mr. Matthew 
Middlemas. 

Mrs. Withering/ton, wife of the general, 
alias Mrs. Middlemas (born Zelia de 
Moneada). She appears first as Mrs. 
Middlemas.— Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Wititterly (Mr. Henry), an impor- 
tant gentleman, 38 years of age ; of 
rather plebeian countenance, and with 
very light hair. He boasts everlastingly 
of his grand friends. To shake hands 
with a lord was a thing to talk of, but to 
entertain one was the seventh heaven to 
his heart. 

Mrs. Wititterly [Julia'], wife of Mr. 
Wititterly, of Cadogan Place, Sloane 
Street, London ; a faded lady living in 
a faded house. She calls her page 
Alphonse (2 syl.), " although he has the 
face and figure of Bill." Mrs. Wititterly 
toadies, the aristocracy, and, like her 
husband, boasts of her grand connec- 
tions and friends. — C. Dickens, Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). (See Tibbs, p. 1004.) 

Witi'za. (See Vitiza.) 

Witling of Terror, Bertrand Ba- 
rere ; also called "The Anacreon of the 
Guillotine" (1755-1841). 

Wits. " Great wits are sure to mad- 
ness near allied." — Dryden. 

%* The idea is found in Seneca : Nul- 
lum magnum ingenium absque mixtura 
dementia est. Festus said to Paul, 
"Much learning doth make thee mad" 
(Acts xxvi. 24). 

Wits (Your Jive). Stephen Hawes ex- 
plains this expression in his poem of 
Graunde Amoure, xxiv., from which we 
gather that the five wits are : Common 
wit, imagination, fantasy, estimation, 
and memory (1515). 

Alas, sir. how fell you besides your five wits? 
Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, act iv. sc. 2 (1602). 

Wittenbold, a Dutch commandant, 



in the service of Charles II. — Sir W. 
Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Wittol (Sir Joseph), an ignorant, 
foolish simpleton, who says that Bully 
Buff " is as brave a fellow as Cannibal." 
— Congreve, The Old Bachelor (1693). 

Witwould (Sir Wilful), of Shrop- 
shire, half-brother of Anthony Witwould, 
and nephew of lady Wishfort. A mixture 
of bashf ulncss and obstinacy, but when in 
his cups as loving as the monster in the 
Tempest. He is "a superannuated 
old bachelor," who is willing to marry 
Millamant ; but as the young lady prefers 
Edward Mirabell, he is equally willing to 
resign her to him. His favourite phrase 
is, " Wilful will do it." 

Anthony Witwould, half-brother to sir 
Wilful. " He has good nature and does 
not want wit." Having a good memory, 
he has a store of other folks' wit, which 
he brings out in conversation with good 
effect. — W. Congreve, The Way of the 
World (1700). 

Wives as they Were and Maids 
as they Are, a comedy by Mrs. Inch- 
bald (1797). Lady Priory is the type of 
the former, and Miss Dorrillon of the 
latter. Lady Priory is discreet, domestic, 
and submissive to her husband ; but Miss 
Dorrillon is gay, flighty, and fond of 
pleasure. Lady Priory, under false pre- 
tences, is allured from home by a Mr. 
Bronzely, a man of no principle and a 
rake ; but her quiet, innocent conduct quite 
disarms him, and he takes her back to her 
husband, ashamed of himself, and resolves 
to amend. Miss Dorrillon is so involved 
in debt that she is arrested, but her father 
from the Indies pays her debts. She also 
repents, and becomes the wife of sir George 
Evelyn. 

Wives of Literary Men. The 
following were unhappy in their wives : — 
Addison, Byron, Dickens, Dryden, Albert 
Durer, Hooker, Ben Jonson, W. Lilly 
(second wife), Milton, Moliere, More, Sadi 
the Persian poet, Scaliger, Shakespeare, 
Shelley, Socrates, Wycherly, etc. The 
following were happy in their choice : — 
Thomas Moore, sir W. Scott, Wordsworth, 
etc. The reader can add to the list, which 
will serve as a heading. 

Wizard of the North, sir Walter 
Scott (1771-1832). 

Wobbler (Mr.), of the Circumlocu- 
tion Office. When Mr. Clennam, by the 
direction of Mr. Barnacle, in another de- 
partment of the office, called on this gentle- 



WOEFUL COUNTENANCE. 



1114 



WOLSEY. 



man, he was telling a brother clerk about 
a rat-hunt, and kept Clennam waiting a 
considerable time. When at length Mr. 
Wobbler chose to attend, he politely said, 
" Hallo, there ! What's the matter ? " Mr. 
Clennam briefly stated his question ; and 
Mr. Wobbler replied, "Can't inform you. 
Never heard of it. Nothing at all to do 
with it. Try Mr. Clive." When Clen- 
nam left, Mr. "Wobbler called out, "Mister ! 
Hallo, there ! Shut the door after you. 
There's a devil of a draught ! " — Charles 
Dickens, Little Dorrit, x. (1857). 

'Woeful Countenance (Knight of 
the). Don Quixote was so called by 
Sancho Panza, but after his adventure 
with the lions he called himself "The 
Knight of the Lions." — Cervantes, Don 
Quixote, I. iii. 5 ; II. i. 17 (1605-15). 

"Wolf. The Neuri, according to 
Herod(5tos, had the power of assuming 
the shape of wolves once a year. 

One of the family of Antjeus, accord- 
ing to Pliny, was chosen annually, by lot, 
to be transformed into a wolf, in which 
shape he continued for nine years. 

Lyca'on, king of Arcadia, was turned 
into a wolf because he attempted to test 
the divinity of Jupiter by serving up to 
him a "hash of human flesh." — Ovid. 

Veret'icus, king of Wales, was con- 
verted by St. Patrick into a wolf. 

Wolf (A), emblem of the tribe of Ben- 
jamin. 

Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf: in the morning he 
shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the 
spoil.— Oen. xlix. 27. 

Wolf. The last wolf in Scotland was 
killed in 1680, by Cameron of Lochiel 
\Loh.keeV\. 

The last wolf in Ireland was killed in 
Cork, 1710. 

Wolf. The she-wolf is made by Dante 
to symbolize avarice. When the poet 
began the ascent of fame, he was first met 
by a panther (pleasure), then by a lion 
(ambition), then by a she-wolf, which 
tried to stop his further progress. 

A she-wolf, . . . who in her leanness seemed 
Full of all wants, , . . with such fear 
O'erwhelmed me . . . that of the height all hope 1 lost. 
Dantfi, Inferno, i. (1300). 

Wolf (To cry), to give a false alarm. 

Yow-wan'g, emperor of China, was 
greatly enamoured of a courtezan named 
Pao-tse, whom he tried by sundry ex- 
pedients to make laugh. At length he 
hit upon the following plan: — He caused 
the tocsins to be rung, the drums to be 
beaten, and the signal-fires to be lighted, 



as if some invader was at the gates. Pao- 
tse was delighted, and laughed immo- 
derately to see the vassals and feudatory 
princes pouring into the city, and all the 
people in consternation. The emperor, 
pleased with the success of his trick, 
amused his favourite over and over again 
by repeating it. At length an enemy 
really did come, but when the alarm was 
given, no one heeded it, and the emperor 
was slain (b.c. 770). 

Wolf duke of Gascony, one of 

Charlemagne's paladins. He was the 
originator of the plan of tying wetted 
ropes round the temples of his prisoners 
to make their eye- balls start from their 
sockets. It was he also who had men 
sewn up in freshly stripped bulls' hides, 
and exposed to the sun till the hides, in 
shrinking, crushed their bones. — L'Epine, 
Croquemitaine, iii. 

Wolf of France (SJie-), Isabella 
la Belle, wife of Edward II. She mur- 
dered her royal husband "by tearing out 
his bowels with her own hands." 

She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs. 
That tear'st the bowels of thy mangled mate. 

Gray, The Bard (1757). 

Wolfs Head. An outlaw was said 
to carry on his shoulders a " wolf's head," 
because he was hunted down like a wolf, 
and to kill him was deemed as meritorious 
as killing a wolf. 

Item foris facit, 'omnia que dncis sunt, quia a tempore 
quo utlagatus est Caput gekit Lupinim, ita: ut impune 
ab omnibus interfiei possit — Bracton, ii. 35. 

Wolves. The Greeks used to say 
that "wolves bring forth their young 
only twelve days in the year." These are 
the twelve days occupied in conveying 
Leto from the Hyperboreans to Delos. — ■ 
Aristotle, Hist. Animal., vii. 35. 

Wol'fort, usurper of the earldom of 
Flanders. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Wolfsbane, a herb so called, because 
meat saturated with its juice was at one 
time supposed to be a poison for wolves. 

Wolsey (Cardinal), introduced by 
Shakespeare in his historic play of Henry 
VIII. (1601). 

West Digges [1720-1786] is the nearest resemblance of 
"Cardinal Wolsey" I have ever seen represented. — 
Davies, J)ra»tatic MiscelUwiet. 

Edmund Kean [1787-1833], in "Macbeth," "Hamlet." 
"Wolsey," " Coriolanus," etc., never approached within 
any measurable distance of the learned, philosophical, 
and majestic Kemble [1757-1823 J. —Lift of V. At. Young. 

Wolsey. " Had I but served my God," 
etc. (See Served My God.) 



WOMAN-BEATING. 



1115 



WOMEN, ETC. 



Woman-Beating. 

The man that lays his hand upon a woman. 
Save in the way of kindness, is a wretch 
Whom 'twere gross flattery to name a coward. 

J. Tobin, The Honeymoon, ii. 1 (1804). 

"Woman changed to a Man. 
Iphis, daughter of Lygdus and Telethusa 
of Crete. The story is that the father 
gave orders if the child about to be born 
proved to be a girl, it was to be put to 
death ; and that the mother, unwilling to 
lose her infant, brought it up as a boy. 
In due time, the father betrothed his child 
to Ianthe, and the mother, in terror, prayed 
for help, when Isis, on the day of mar- 
riage, changed Iphis to a man. — Ovid, 
Metaph., ix. 12 ; xiv. 699. 

C^knkus [Se.nuce] was born of the 
female sex, but Neptune changed her into 
a man. ^Eneas, however, found her in the 
infernal regions restored to her original 
sex. 

Tire'sias was converted into a woman 
for killing a female snake in copulation, 
and was restored to his original sex by 
killing a male snake in the same act. 

D'Eon de Beaumont was one of those 
epicene creatures that no one knew which 
sex he belonged to. 

Hermaphroditos was of both sexes. 

"Woman killed with Kindness 
(A), a tragedy by Thos. Heywood (1600). 
The "woman" was Mrs. Frankford, who 
was unfaithful to her marriage vow. Her 
husband sent her to live on one of his 
estates, and made her a liberal allowance ; 
she died, but on her death-bed her husband 
came to see her, and forgave her. 

"Woman made of Flowers. 

Gwydion son of Don " formed a woman 
out of flowers," according to the bard 
Taliesin. Arianrod had said that Llew 
Llaw Gyffes (i.e. " The Lion with the 
Steady Hand ") should never have a wife 
of the human race. So Math and Gwy- 
dion, two enchanters, 

Took blossoms of oak, and blossoms of broom, and 
blossoms of meadow-sweet, and produced therefrom a 
maiden, the fairest and most graceful ever seen, and bap- 
tized her Blodeuwedd, and she became his bride. — The 
Mabinogion (" Math," etc., twelfth century). 

"Woman reeoneiled to her Sex. 

Lady Wortley Montague said, "It goes 
far to reconcile me to being a woman, 
when I reflect that I am thus in no danger 
of ever marrying one." 

Woman that deliberates (The). 

The woman that deliberates is lost. 

Addison, Cato, iv. 1 (1713). 

"Woman's "Wit or Love's Dis- 
guises, a drama by S. Knowles (1838). 



Hero Sutton loved sir Valentine de Grey, 
but offended him by waltzing with lord 
Athunree. To win him back, she assumed 
the disguise of a quakeress, called herself 
Ruth, and pretended to be Hero's cousin. 
Sir Valentine fell in love with Ruth, and 
then found out that Ruth and Hero were 
one and the same person. The contem- 
poraneous plot is that of Helen and Wal- 
singham, lovers. Walsingham thought 
Helen had played the wanton with lord 
Athunree, and he abandoned her. Where- 
upon Helen assumed the garb of a young 
man named Eustace, became friends with 
Walsingham, said she was Helen's brother ; 
but in the brother he discovered Helen 
herself, and learnt that he was wholly 
mistaken by appearances. 

"Women (The Nine Worthy) : (1) 
Minerva, (2) Semiramis, (3) Tomvris, 
(4) Jael, (5) DebSrah, (6) Judith," (7) 
Britomart, (8) Elizabeth or Isabella of 
Aragon, (9) Johanna of Naples. 

By'r lady, maist story-man, I am well afraid thou hast 
done with thy tulkc. I had rather have hard something 
sayd of gentle and ineeke women, for it is euill example! 
to let them understand of such sturdye ni.inlye women a? 
those have been which erewhile thou hast tolde of. They 
are quicke enow, I warrant you, noweadays. to take hart- 
a-grace, and dare make warre with their husbandes. I 
would not vor the price o' my coate, that Joue my wyfa 
had herd this yeare ; she would haue carried away your 
tales uf the nine worthy women a dele zoner than" our 
minister's tides aneilt Sarah, Rebekah, Ruth, and the 
ministering women, 1 warrant you. — John Feme, Dia- 
logue on Heraldry (" Columel's reply to Torquatus "). 

%* " Hart-a-grace," a hart permitted 
by royal proclamation to run free and 
unharmed for ever, because it has been 
hunted by a king or queen. 

"Women of Abandoned Morals. 

Barbara of Cilley, second wife of the 
emperor Sigismund, called " The Messa- 
llna of Germany." 

Berry (Madame de), wife of the due de 
Berry (youngest grandson of Louis 
XIV.). 

Catherine II. of Russia, called "The 
Modern Messalina " (1729-1796). 

Giovanna or Jean of Naples. Her 
first love was James count of March, who 
was beheaded. Her second was Came- 
cioli, whom she put to death. Her next 
was Alfonso of Aragon. Her fourth was 
Louis d'Anjou, who died. Her fifth was 
Rene', the brother of Louis. 

Isabelle of Bavaria, wife of Charles 
VI., and mistress of the duke of Bur- 
gundy. 

Isabelle of France, wife of Edward 
II. , and mistress of Mortimer. 

Julia, daughter of the emperor Augus- 
tus. 



WONDER. 



1116 



WOODCOURT. 



Marozia, the daughter of Theodora, 
and mother of pope John XI. The in- 
famous daughter of an infamous mother 
(ninth century). 

Messali'na, wife of Claudius the 
Roman emperor. 

Wonder (The), a comedy by Mrs. 
Centlivre ; the second title being ^4 
Woman Keeps a Secret (1714). The 
woman referred to is Violante, and the 
secret she keeps is that donna Isabella, 
the sister of don Felix, has taken refuge 
under her roof. The danger she under- 
goes in keeping the secret is this : Her 
lover, Felix, who knows that colonel 
Briton calls at the house, is jealous, and 
fancies that he calls to see Violante. 
The reason why donna Isabella has sought 
refuge with Violante" is to escape a mar- 
riage with a Dutch gentleman whom she 
dislikes. After a great deal of trouble 
and distress, the secret is unravelled, and 
the comedy ends with a double marriage, 
that of Violante with don Felix, and that 
of Isabella with colonel Briton. 

Wonder of the World (The). 

Gkrbert, a man of prodigious learn- 
ing. When he was made pope, he took 
the name of Sylvester II. (930, 999-1003). 

Otto III. of Germany, a pupil of Ger- 
bert. What he did deserving to be called 
Mirabilia Mundi nobody knows (980, 
983-1002). 

Frederick II. of Germany (1194, 
1215-1250). 

Wonders of Wales (The Seven): 
(1) The mountains of Snowdon, (2) 
Overton churchyard, (3) the bells of 
Gresford Church, (4) Llangollen bridge, 
(5) Wrexham steeple (? tower), (6) Pystyl 
Rhaiadr waterfall, (7) St. Winifrid's 
well. 

Wonders of the World (The 

Seven). 

The pyramids first, which in Egypt were laid ; 
Next liabylon's garden, for Amytis made ; 
Then Mausdlos's tomb of affection and guilt : 
Fourth, the temple of /Han, in Ephesus built; 
The colostoi of Rhodes, cast in brass, to the sun ; 
Sixth, Jupiter's statue, by Phidias done ; 
The pharos of Egypt conies last, we are told, 
Or the palace of Cyrus, cemented with gold 

E. C. B. 

Wonderful Doctor, Roger Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

Wood (Babes in the), a baby boy and 
girl left by a gentleman of Norfolk on 
his death-bed to the care of his brother. 
The boy was to have £300 a year on 
coming of age, and little Jane £500 as a 



wedding portion. The uncle promised to 
take care of the children, but scarcely 
had a year gone by when he hired two 
ruffians to make away with them. The 
hirelings took the children on horseback 
to Wayland Wood, where they were left 
to die of cold and hunger. The children 
would have been killed, but one of the 
fellows relented, expostulated with his 
companion, and finally slew him. The 
survivor compromised with his conscience 
by leaving the babes alive in the wood. 
Everything went ill with the uncle from 
that hour: his children died, his cattle 
died, his barns were set on fire, and he 
himself died in jail. 

%* The prettiest version of this story 
is one set to a Welsh tune ; but Percy has 
a version in his Reliques of Ancient English 
Poetry. 

Wood (The Maria), a civic pleasure- 
barge, once the property of the lord 
mayors. It was built in 1816 by sir 
Matthew Wood, and was called after his 
eldest daughter. In 1859 it was sold to 
alderman Humphrey for £410. 

Wood Street (London) is so called 
from Thomas Wood, sheriff, in 1491, who 
dwelt there. 

Wood'cock (Adam), falconer of the 
lady Mary at Avenel Castle. In the 
revels he takes the character of the ; '■abbot 
of Unreason."— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Woodcock (Justice) , a gout}'-, rheu- 
matic, crusty, old country gentleman, 
who invariably differed with his sister 
Deb'orah in everything. He was a bit 
of a Lothario in his young days, and still 
retained a somewhat licorous tooth. 
Justice Woodcock had one child, named 
Lucinda, a merry girl, full of frolic and 
fun. 

Deborah Woodcock, sister of the justice ; 
a starch, prudish old maid, who kept 
the house of her brother, and disagreed 
with him in everything. — Isaac Bicker- 
staff, Love in a Village (17G2). 

Woodcocks live on Suction. 
These birds feed chiefly by night, and, 
like ducks, seem to live on suction, but 
in reality they feed on the worms, snails, 
slugs, and the little animals which swarm 
in muddy water. 

One cannot live, like woodcocks, upon suction. 

Byron, Don Juan, il. 67 (1819). 

Woodcourt (Allan), a medical man, 
who married Esther Summerson. Hia 



WOODEN GOSPELS. 



1117 



WOODMAN. 



mother was a Welsh woman, apt to prose 
on the subject of Morgan-ap-Kerrig. — C. 
Dickens, Bleak House (1852). 

Wooden Gospels (The), card- 
tables. 

After supper were brought in the wooden gospels, and 
the books of the four kings [cards].— Rabelais, Gar- 
gantua. i. 39 (1533). 

Wooden Horse (The). Virgil tells 
us that Ulysses had a monster Avooden 
horse made by Epeos after the death of 
Hector, and gave out that it was an offer- 
ing to the gode to secure a prosperous 
voyage back to Greece. By the advice 
of Sinon, the Trojans dragged the horse 
into Troy for a palladium ; but at night 
the Grecian soldiers concealed therein 
were released by Sinon from their con- 
cealment, slew the Trojan guards, opened 
the city gates, and set tire to Troy. Are- 
tlnos of Miletus, in his poem called The 
Destruction of Troy, furnished Virgil with 
the tale of "the Wooden Horse" and 
u the burning of Troy " (fl. B.C. 776). 

A remarkable parallel occurred in Sara- 
cenic history. Arrestan, in Syria, was 
taken in the seventh century by Abu 
Obeidah by a similar stratagem. He 
obtained leave of the governor to deposit 
in the citadel some old lumber which 
impeded his march. Twenty large boxes 
filled with men were carried into the 
castle. Abu marched off ; and while the 
Christians were returning thanks for 
the departure of the enemy, the soldiers 
removed the sliding bottoms of the boxes 
and made their way out, overpowered 
the sentries, surprised the great church, 
opened the city gates, and Abu, entering 
with his army, took the city without 
further opposition. — Ockley, History of 
the Saracens, i. 185 (1718). 

The capture of Sark affords another 
parallel. Sark was in the hands of the 
French. A Netherlander, with one ship, 
asked permission to bury one of his crew 
in the chapel. The French consented, 
provided the crew came on shore wholly 
unarmed. This was agreed to, but the 
coffin was full of arms, and the crew soon 
equipped themselves, overpowered the 
French, and took the island. — Percy, 
Anecdotes, 249. 

Swoln with hate and ire, their huge unwieldly force 
Came clustering like the Greeks out of the wooden horse. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 

Wooden Horse (The), Clavileno, the 
wooden horse on which don Quixote and 
Sancho Panza got astride to disenchant 
Antonomas'ia and her husband, who were 
shut up in the tomb of queen Maguncia 



of Candava. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
II. iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

Another wooden horse was the one given 
by an Indian to the shah of Persia as a 
New Year's gift. It had two pegs ; by 
turning one, it rose into the air, and by 
turning the other, it descended wherever 
the rider wished. Prince Firouz mounted 
the horse, and it carried him instan- 
taneously to Bengal. — Arabian Nights 
(" The Enchanted Horse "). 

Reynard says that king Cram part made 
for the daughter of king Marcadiges a 
wooden horse which wt uld go a hundred 
miles an hour. H is son Clamades mounted 
it, and it flew out of the window of the 
king's hall, to the terror of the young 
prince. — Alkman, Reynard the Fox (1498). 
(See Cam bu scan, p. 154.) 

Wooden Spoon. The last of the 
honour men in the mathematical tripos at 
the examination for degrees in the Uni- 
versity of Cambridge. — See Dictionary of 
Phrase and Fable. 

Sure my invention must be down at zero, 
And I grown one of many " wooden spoons" 
Of verse (the name with which we Cantabs please 
To dub the last of honours in degrees). 

Byron, Don Juan, iii. 110 (1820). 

Wooden Sword (He wears a). Said 
of a person who rejects an offer at the 
early part of the day, and sells the article 
at a lower price later on. A euphemism 
for a fool ; the fools or jesters were fur- 
nished with wooden swords. 

Wooden Walls, ships made of 
wood. When Xerxes invaded Greece, 
the Greeks sent to ask the Delphic oracle 
for advice, and received the following 
answer (b.c. 480) : — 

Pallas hath urged, and Zeis, the sire of all. 
Hath safety promised in ;i wooden wall ; 
Seed-time and harvest, sirt s shall, weeping, tell 
How thousands fought at Salamis and fell. 

E. C. B. 

Wooden Wedding, the fifth an- 
niversary of a wedding. It used, in 
Germany, to be etiquette to present gifts 
made of wood to the lady on this occa- 
sion. The custom is not wholly aban- 
doned even now. 

Woodman (The), an opera by sir 
H. Bate Dudley (1771). Emily was the 
companion of Miss Wilford, and made 
with Miss Wilford's brother "a mutual 
vow of inviolable affection ; " but Wil- 
ford's uncle and guardian, greatly disap- 
proving of such an alliance, sent the 
young man to the Continent, and dis- 
missed the young lady from his service. 
Emily went to live with Goodman Fair- 



WOODSTAL. 



1118 



WORLD. 



lop, the woodman, and there Wilford 
discovered her in an archery match. The 
engagement was renewed, and terminated 
in marriage. The woodman's daughter 
Dolly married Matthew Medley, the fac- 
totum of sir Walter Waring. 

Woodstal (Henry), in the guard of 
Richard Coeur de Lion. — Sir W. Scott, 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

"Woodstock, a novel by sir W. Scott 
(1826). It was hastily put together, but 
is not unworthy of the name it bears. 

Woodville (Hdrry), the treacherous 
friend of Penruddock, who ousted him 
of the wife to whom he was betrothed. 
He was wealthy, but reduced himself to 
destitution by gambling. 

Mrs. Woodville (whose Christian name 
was Arabella), wife of Harry Woodville, 
but previously betrothed to Roderick Pen- 
ruddock. When reduced to destitution, 
Penruddock restored to her the settlement 
which her husband had lost in play. 

Captain Henry Woodville, son of the 
above ; a noble soldier, brave and high- 
minded, in love with Emily Tempest, 
but, in the ruined condition of the family, 
unable to marry her. Penruddock makes 
over to him all the deeds, bonds, and 
obligations which his father had lost in 
gambling. — Cumberland, The Wheel of 
Fortune (1779). 

Woodville (Lord), a friend of general 
Brown. It was lord Woodville's house 
that was haunted by the "ladv in the 
Sacque."— Sir W. Scott, The Tapestered 
Chamber (time, George III.). 

Woollen. It was Mrs. Oldfield, the 
actress, who revolted at the idea of being 
shrouded in Woollen. She insisted on 
being arrayed in chintz trimmed with 
Brussels lace, and on being well rouged 
to hide the pallor of death. Pope calls 
her " Narcissa." 

"Odious! In woollen? 'Twould a saint provoke ! " 
Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke. 
" No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace 
Wrap my cold limhs and shade my lifeless face; 
One would not, sure, be frightful when one's dead! 
And, Betty, give this cheek a little red." 

Pope, Moral Essays, i. (1731). 

Wopsle (Mr.), parish clerk. He had 
a Roman nose, a large, shining, bald fore- 
head, and a deep voice, of which he was 
very proud. " If the Church had been 
thrown open," i.e. free to competition, Mr. 
Wopsle would have chosen the pulpit. 
As it was, he only punished the "Aniens " 
and gave out the psalms ; but his face 
always indicated the inward thought of 



" Look at this and look at that," meaning 
the gent in the reading-desk. He turned 
actor in a small metropolitan theatre. — C. 
Dickens, Great Expectations (1860). 

Work (Endless), Penelope's web (p. 
747) ; Vortigern's Tower (p. 1075) ; wash- 
ing the blackamoor white ; etc. 

World ( Tlie End of the). This ought 
to have occurred, according to cardinal 
Nicolas de Cusa, in 1704. He demon- 
strates it thus : The Deluge happened in 
the thirty-fourth jubilee of fifty years 
from the Creation (a.m. 1700), and there- 
fore the end of the world should pro- 
perly occur on the thirty-fourth jubilee 
of the Christian era, or a.d. 1704. The 
four grace years are added to compensate 
for the blunder of chronologists respect- 
ing the first j r ear of grace. 

The most popular dates of modern 
times for the end of the world, or what is 
practically the same thing, the Millen- 
nium, are the following : — 1757, Sweden- 
borg ; 1836, Johann Albrecht Ben gel, 
Erklarte Offenbarung ; 1843, William 
Miller, of America; 1866, Dr. John 
Cumming ; 1881, Mother Shipton. 

It was very generally believed in 
France, Germany, etc., that the end of 
the world would happen in the thou- 
sandth year after Christ ; and therefore 
much of the land was left uncultivated, 
and a general famine ensued. Luckily, 
it was not agreed whether the thousand 
years should date from the birth or the 
death of Christ, or the desolation would 
have been much greater. Many charters 
begin with these words, As the world is 
now drawing to its close. Kings and 
nobles gave up their state : Robert of 
France, son of Hugh Capet, entered the 
monastery of St. Denis ; and at Limoges, 
princes, nobles, and knights proclaimed 
" God's Truce," and solemnly bound 
themselves to abstain from feuds, to 
keep the peace towards each other, and 
to help the oppressed. — Hallam, T7ie 
Middle Ages (1818). 

Another hypothesis is this : As one 
day with God equals a thousand years 
(Psalm xc. 4), and God laboured in crea- 
tion six days, therefore the world is to 
labour 6000 years, and then to rest. 
According to this theory, the end of the 
world ought to occur a.m. 6000, or a.d. 
1996 (supposing the world to have been 
created 4o04 years before the birth of 
Christ). This hypothesis, which is widely 
accepted, is quite safe for another century 
at least. 



WORLD WITHOUT A SUN. 



1119 



WORTHY. 



World without a Sun. 

And say, without our hopes, without our fears. 
Without the home Uiat plighted love endears, 
Without the smile from partial beauty won. 
Oh 1 what were man ? — a world without a sun. 

Campbell, Pleasure* of Uope, it. (179U). 

Worldly Wiseman (Mr.), one 
who tries to persuade Christian that it is 
very bad policy to continue his journey 
towards the Celestial City. — Bunyan, 
Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 

Worm (Man is a). 

The learu'd themselves we Book-worms name , 

Tlie blockhead is a Slow-worm ; 
Thy nymph whose tail is all on flame 

Is aptly termed a Glow-worm ; 
The flatterer an Earwig grows ; 

Thus worms suit all conditions ; — 
Misers are Muck-worms ; Silk-worms beaus : 

And Death- watches physicians. 

Pope. To Mr. John Moore (1733). 

Worms (Language of). Melampos 
the prophet was acquainted with the lan- 
guage of worms, and when thrown into a 
dungeon, heard the worms communicat- 
ing to each other that the roof overhead 
would fall in, for the beams were eaten 
through. He imparted this intelligence 
to his jailers, and was removed to another 
dungeon. At night the roof did fall, and 
the king, amazed at this foreknowledge, 
released Melampos, and gave him the 
oxen of Iphiklos. 

Worse than a Crime. Talley- 
rand said of the murder of the due 
d'Enghien by Napoleon I., " It was 
worse than a crime, it was a blunder." 

Worthies (The Nine). Three Gen- 
tiles : Hector, Alexander, Julius Caesar ; 
three Jews: Joshua, David, Judas Mac- 
cabaeus ; three Christians : Arthur, Char- 
lemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon. 

Worthies of London (The Nine). 

1. Sir William Walworth, fish- 
monger, who stabbed Wat Tyler the 
rebel. For this service king Richard II. 
gave him the " cap of maintenance " and 
a " dagger " for the arms of London (lord 
mayor 1374, 1380). 

2. Sib Henry Pritchard or Picard, 
vintner, who feasted Edward III., the 
Black Prince, John king of Austria, the 
king of Cyprus, and David of Scotland, 
with 5000 guests, in 1356, the year of his 
mayoralty. 

3. Sir William Sevenoke, grocer. 
" A foundling, found under seven oaks." 
He fought with the dauphin, and built 
twenty almshouses, etc. (lord mayor 
1418). 

4. Sir Thomas White, merchant 
tailor, who, during his mayoralty in 1553, 



kept London faithful to queen Mary 
during Wyatt's rebellion. Sir Thomas 
White was the son of a poor clothier, and 
began trade as a tailor with £100. He 
was the founder of St. John's College, 
Oxford, on the spot where two elms grew 
from one root. 

5. Sir John Bo.nham, mercer, com- 
mander of the army which overcame 
Solyman the Great, who knighted him on 
the field after the victory, and gave him 
chains of gold, etc. 

6. Sir Christoi'her Croker, vint- 
ner, the first to enter Bordeaux when it 
was besieged. Companion of the Black 
Prince. He married Doll Stodie. 

7. Sir John Hawkwood, tailor, 
knighted by the Black Prince. He is 
immortalized in Italian history as Gio- 
vanni Acuti Cavaliero. He died in Padua. 

8. Sir Hugh Caverley, silk-weaver, 
famous for ridding Poland of a monstrous 
bear. He died in France. 

9. Sir Henry Maleverer, grocer, 
generally called "Henry of Cornhill," a 
crusader in the reign of Henry IV., and 
guardian of "Jacob's Well." — R. John- 
son, The Nine Worthies of London (1592). 

Worthington (Lieutenant), "the 
poor gentleman ; " a disabled officer and 
a widower, very poor, "but more proud 
than poor, and more honest than proud." 
He was for thirty years in the king's 
army, but was discharged on half-pay, 
being disabled at Gibraltar by a shell 
which crushed his arm. His wife was 
shot in his arms when his daughter was 
but three years old. The lieutenant put 
his name to a bill for £500 ; but his friend 
dying before he had effected his insur- 
ance, Worthington became responsible 
for the entire sum, and if sir Robert 
Bramble had not most generously paid 
the bill, the poor lieutenant would have 
been thrown into jail. 

Emily Worthington, the lieutenant's 
daughter; a lovely, artless, affectionate 
girl, with sympathy for every one, and a 
most amiable disposition. Sir Charles 
Cropland tried to buy her, but she re- 
jected his proposals with scorn, and fell 
in love with Frederick Bramble, to whom 
she was given in marriage. — G. Colman, 
The Poor Gentleman (1802). 

W"orthy, in love with Melinda, who 
coquets with him for twelve months, and 
then marries him. — G. Farquhar, T/ie 

Recruiting Ojficer (1705). 

Worthy (Lord), the suitor of lady 
Reveller, who was fond of play. She be- 



WOUVERMANS. 



1120 



WRONGHEAD. 



came weary of gambling, and was united 
in marriage to lord Worthy. — Mrs. 
Centlivre, The Basset Table (1706). 

Wouvermans (The English), Abra- 
ham Cooper. One of his best pieces is 
"The Battle of Bosworth Field." 

Richard Cooper is called "The British 
Poussin." 

"Wrangle (Mr. Caleb), a hen-pecked 
young husband, of oily tongue and 
plausible manners, but smarting under 
the nagging tongue and wilful ways of 
his fashionable wife. 

Mrs. Wrangle, his wife, the daughter 
of sir Miles Mowbray. She was for ever 
snubbing her young husband, wrangling 
with him, morning, noon, and night, and 
telling him most provokingly " to keep 
his temper." This couple lead a cat-and- 
dog life : he was sullen, she quick- 
tempered ; he jealous, she open and 
incautious. — Cumberland, First Love 
(1796). 

Wrath's Hole (T7ie), Cornwall. 
Bolster, a gigantic wrath, wanted St. 
Agnes to be his mistress. She told him 
she would comply when he filled a small 
hole, which she pointed out to him, with 
his blood. The wrath agreed,- not know- 
ing that the hole opened into the sea ; and 
thus the saint cunningly bled the wrath 
to death, and then pushed him over the 
cliff. The hole is called " The Wrath's 
Hole " to this day, and the stones about it 
are coloured with blood-red streaks all 
over. — Polwhele, History of Cornwall, i. 
176 (1813). 

Wray (Enoch), " the village patri- 
arch," blind, poor, and 100 years old ; 
but reverenced for his meekness, resig- 
nation, wisdom, piety, and experience. — 
Crabbe, The Village Patriarch (1783). 

Wrayburn (Eugene), barrister-at- 
law ; an indolent, idle, moody, whim- 
sical young man, who loves Lizzie 
Hexam. After he is nearly killed by 
Bradley Headstone, he reforms, and 
marries Lizzie, who saved his life. — C. 
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

"Wren (Jenny), whose real name was 
Fanny Cleaver, a dolls' dressmaker, and 
the friend of Lizzie Hexam, who at one 
time lodged with her. Jenny was a little, 
deformed girl, with a sharp, shrewd face, 
and beautiful golden hair. She sup- 
ported herself and her drunken father, 
whom she reproved as a mother might 
reprove a child. " Oh," she cried to 
him, pointing her little finger, "you bad 



old boy ! Oh, you naughty, wicked crea- 
ture ! What do you mean by it?" — C. 
Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864). 
Write about it. 

To thee explain a thing till all men doubt it, 
And write about it, goddess, and about it. 
Pope, The Jhmciad, i. (came in after ver. 177 in the first 
edition, but was omitted in subsequent ones). 

Writing on the Wall (The), a 
secret but mysterious warning of coming 
danger. The reference is to Belshazzar's 
feast (Ban. v. 5, 25-28). 

Wrong (All in the), a comedy by A. 
Murphy (1761). The principal characters 
are sir John and lady Restless, sir William 
Bellmont and his son George, Beverley 
and his sister Clarissa, Blandford and his 
daughter Belinda. Sir John and lady Rest- 
less were wrong in suspecting each other 
of infidelity, but this misunderstanding 
made their lives wretched. Beverley was 
deeply in love with Belinda, and was 
wrong in his jealousy of her, but Belinda 
was also wrong in not vindicating herself. 
She knew that she was innocent, and felt 
that Beverley ought to trust her, but she 
gave herself and him needless torment 
by permitting a misconception to remain 
which she might have most easily re- 
moved. The old men were also wrong: 
Blandford in promising his daughter in 
marriage to sir William Bellmont's son, 
seeing she loved Beverley ; and sirWilliam, 
in accepting the promise, seeing his son 
was plighted to Clarissa. A still further 
complication of wrong occurs. Sir John 
wrongs Beverley in believing him to be 
intriguing with his wife ; and lady Rest- 
less wrongs Belinda in supposing that 
she coquets with her husband ; both were 
pure mistakes, all were in the wrong, but 
all in the end were set right. 

Wronghead (Sir Francis), of Bum- 
per Hall, and M.P. for Guzzledown ; a 
country squire, who comes to town for 
the season with his wife, son, and eldest 
daughter. Sir Francis attends the House, 
but gives his vote on the wrong side ; 
and he speuds his money on the hope of 
obtaining a place under Government. His 
wife spends about £100 a day on objects 
of no use. His son is on the point of 
marrying the "cast mistress" of a 
swindler, and his daughter of marrying 
a forger ; but Manly interferes to pre- 
vent these fatal steps, and sir Francis 
returns home to prevent utter ruin. 

Lady Wronghead, wife of sir Francis ; 
a country dame, who comes to London, 
where she squanders money on worthless 
objects, and expects to get into "society." 



WURZBURG. 



1121 



XAVIER DE BELSUNCE. 



Happily, she is persuaded by Manly to 
return home before the affairs of her hus- 
band are wholly desperate. 

Squire Richard [Wronghcad], eldest 
son of sir Francis, a country bumpkin. 

Miss Jenny [Wronghead], eldest 
daughter of sir Francis ; a silly girl, who 
thinks it would be a fine thing to be 
called a "countess," and therefore be- 
comes the dupe of one Basset, a swindler, 
who calls himself a " count."' — Vanbrugh 
and Cibber, The Provoked Husband (1726). 

"Wurzburg on the Stein, Hochheim 
on the Main, and Bacharach on the Rhine 
grow the three best wines of Germany. 
The first is called Steinwine, the second 
hock, and the third muscadine. 

"Wyat. Henry Wyat was imprisoned 
by Richard III., and when almost 
starved, a cat appeared at the window- 
grating, and dropped a dove into his 
hand. This occurred day after day, and 
"Wyat induced the warder to cook for 
him the doves thus wonderfully obtained. 

Elijah the Tishbite, while he lay hidden 
at the brook Cherith, was fed by ravens, 
who brought "bread and flesh" every 
morning and evening. — 1 Kings xvii. 6. 

"WyHe (Andrew), ex-clerk of bailie 
Nicol Jarvie. — Sir W. Scott, Hob Hoy 
(time, George I.). 

Wynebgwrthucher, the shield 
of king Arthur. — The Mabinogion 
(" Kilhwch and Olwen," twelfth cen- 
tury). 

"Wynkyn. de "Worde, the second 
printer in London (from 1491-1534). 
The first was Caxton (from 1476-1491). 
"Wynkyn de Worde assisted Caxton in 
the new art of printing. 

Wyo'ming, in Pennsylvania, pur- 
chased by an American company from 
the Delaware Indians. It was settled by 
an American colony, but being subject 
to constant attacks from the savages, the 
colony armed in self-defence. In 1778 
most of the able-bodied men were called 
to join the army of Washington, and in 
the summer of that year an army of 
British and Indian allies, led by colonel 
Butler, attacked the settlement, mas- 
sacred the inhabitants, and burnt their 
houses to the ground. 

* + * Campbell has made this the subject 
of a poem entitled Gertrude of Wyoming, 
but he miscalls the place "Wy'oming, and 
makes Brandt, instead of Butler, the 
leader of the attack. 



On Susquehana's side fair Wyoming, 
. . . once the loveliest land of all 
That see the Atlantic wave their morn restore. 
Campbell, fcerfrud* of Wyoming, i. (1809). 

WyviU ( William de), a steward of 
the field at the tournament. — Sir W. 
Scott, Jvanhoe (time, Richard I.). 



Xan'adu, a city mentioned by Cole- 
ridge in his Knbla Khan. The idra of 
this poem is borrowed from the Pilgrimage 
by Purehas (1613), where Xanadu is 
called " Xaindu." It is said to have 
occurred to Coleridge in a dream, but the 
dream was that of memory only. 

Xanthos. the horse of Achilles. He 
spoke with a human voice, like Balaam's 
ass, Adrastos's horse (ArTon), Fortunio's 
horse (Comrade), Mahomet's "horse" (Al 
Borak), Saleh's camel, the dog of the 
seven sleepers (Katmir), the black pigeons 
of Dodona and Amnion, the king of 
serpents (Tcmliha), the serpent which 
was cursed for tempting Eve, the talk- 
ing bird called bulbul-hezar, the little 
green bird of princess Fairstar, the White 
Cat, cum quibusdam aliis. 

The mournful Xanthus (says the bard of old) 
Of Peleus' warlike son the fortune told. 
Peter Pindar [Dr. WolcotJ, The Loutiad, v. (1809). 

Xantippe (3 syl.), wife of Socrates ; 
proverbial for a scolding, nagging, peevish 
wife. One day, after storming at the 
philosopher, she emptied a vessel of dirty 
water on his head, whereupon Socrates 
simply remarked, "Aye, aye, we always 
look for rain after thunder." 

Xantip'pe (3 syl.), daughter of Cimo'nos. 
She preserved the life of her old father in 
prison by suckling him. The guard mar- 
velled that the old man held out so long, 
and, watching for the solution, discovered 
the fact. 

Euphra'sia, daughter of Evander, pre- 
served her aged father while in prison 
in a similar manner. (See Grecian 
Daughter.) 

Xavier de Belsunce (27". Francois), 
immortalized by his self-devotion in ad- 
ministering to the plague-stricken at 
Marseilles (1720-22). 

%* Other similar examples are Charles 
4 c 



XENOCRATES. 



1122 



YARROW. 



Borro'meo, cardinal and archbishop of 
Milan (1538-1584). St. Roche, who died 
in 1327 from the plague caught by him 
in his indefatigable labours in minister- 
ing to the plague-stricken at Piacenza. 
Mompesson was equally devoted to the 
people of Eyain. Our own sir John 
Lawrence, lord mayor of London, is less 
known, but ought to be held in equal 
honour, for supporting 40,000 dismissed 
servants in the great plague. 

Xenoc'rates (4 syl.), a Greek philo- 
sopher. The courtezan Lai's made a 
heavy bet that she would allure him from 
his " prudery ; " but after she had tried 
all her arts on him without success, she 
exclaimed, *' I thought he had been a 
living man, and not a mere stone." 

Do you think I am Xenocrates, or like the sultan with 
nimble legs? There you leave me tite-d-tdte with Mrs. 
Holier, as if my heart were a mere flint. — Benjamin 
(Thompson, The Stranger, iv. 2 1797). 

Xerxes denounced. — See Plu- 
tarch, Life of 1'hemistocles, art. " Sea- 
Fights of Artemisium and Salamis." 

Minerva on the bounding prow 
Of Athens stood, and with the thunder's voice 
Denounced her terrors on their impious heads [the 

Persian*], 
And shook her burning aegis. Xerxes saw. 
From Hentcle'um on the mountain's height. 
Throned in her golden air, he knew the sign 
Celestial, felt unrighteous hope forsake 
His faltering heart, and turned his face with shame. 
Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Xime'na, daughter of count de Gor- 
mez. The count was slain by the Cid for 
insulting his father. Four times Ximena 
demanded vengeance of the king ; but the 
king, perceiving that the Cid was in love 
with her, delayed vengeance, and ulti- 
mately she married him. 

Xit, the royal dwarf of Edward VI. 

Xury, a Moresco boy, servant to 
Robinson Crusoe. — Defoe, Adventures of 
Robinson Crusoe (1719). 



Y, called the " Samian letter." It 
was used by Pythagoras of Samos as a 
symbol of the path of virtue, which is 
owe, like the stem of the letter, but once 
deviated from, the further the two lines 
are carried the wider the divergence be- 
comes. 



Ya'hoo, one of the human brutes 
subject to the Houyhnhnms [ Whin.hims] 
or horses possessed of human intelligence. 
In this tale, the horses and men change 
places : the horses are the chief and ruling 
race, and man the subject one. — Swift, 
Gulliver's Travels (1726). 

Yajui and Majuj,the Arabian form 
of Gog and Magog. Gog is a tribe of 
Turks, and Magog of the Gilan (the Geli 
or Gelae of Ptolemy and Strabo). Al 
Beidawi says they were man-eaters. 
DhuTkarnein made a rampart of red-hot 
metal to keep out their incursions. 

He said to the workmen, "Bring me iron in large 
pieces till it fill up the space between these two moun- 
tains . . . [then] blow with your bellows till it make the 
iron red hot" And he said further, "Bring me molten 
brass Uiat I may pour upon it." When this wall was 
finished, Gog and Magog could not scale it, neither could 
they dig through it. — Al Kordn, xviii. 

Yakutsk, in Siberia, affords an exact 
parallel to the story about Carthage. 
Dido, having purchased in Africa as much 
land as could be covered with a bull's 
hide, ordered the hide to be cut into thin 
slips, and thus enclosed land enough to 
build Byrsa upon. This Byrsa ("bull's 
hide ") was the citadel of Carthage, round 
which the city grew. 

So with Yakutsk. The strangers bought 
as much land as the} 7 could encompass 
with a cow-hide, but, by cutting the hide 
into slips, they encompassed enough land 
to build a city on. 

Yama, a Hindu deity, represented by 
a man with four arms riding on a bull. 

Thy great birth, O horse, is to be glorified, whether 
first springing from the firmament or from the water, 
inasmuch as thou hast neighed, thou hast the wings of the 
falcon, thou hast the limbs of the deer. Trita harnessed 
the horse which was given by Yama ; Indra first mounted 
him ; Gandharba seized his reins. Vasus, you fabricated 
the horse from the sun. Thou, O horse, art Yama ; thou 
artAditya; thou art Trita; thou art Soma.— The liig 
Veda, ii. 

Ya'nien, lord and potentate of Panda- 
Ion (hell). — Hindu Mythology. 

What worse ttian this haUi Yamen's hell in store? 
SouUiey, Curse of Kehama, ii. (1809). 

Yar'ico, a young Indian maiden with 
whom Thomas Inkle fell in love. After 
living with her as his wife, he despicably 
sold her in Barbadoes as a slave. 

* + * The story is told by sir Richard 
Steele in The Spectator, II ; and has been 
dramatized by George Colman under the 
title of Inkle and Yarico (1787). 

Yarrow or Achillea MUlefo'lium. 
Linnaeus recommends the bruised leaves 
of common yarrow as a most excellent 
vulnerary and powerful styptic. 

[The hermit gathers] 
The yarrow, wherewithal! he stops the wound-made gore. 
Drayton, J'olvolbion, xiii. 11613). 



YARROW. 



1123 



YEW IN CHURCHYARDS. 



Farrow (T/te Flower of). Mary Scott 
was so called. 

Yathreb, the ancient name of 
Medina. 

When a party of them said, "0 inhabitants of Yathreb, 
there is noplace of security for you here, wherefore return 
home ;"a part of them asked leave of the prophet to depart. 
— A I Kor&n, xxxiii. 

Yellow Dwarf (The), a malignant, 
ugly imp, who claimed the princess All- 
fair as his bride ; and carried her off to 
Steel Castle on his Spanish cat, the very 
day she was about to be married to the 
beautiful king of the Gold-Mines. The 
king of the Gold-Mines tried to rescue her, 
and was armed by a good siren with a 
diamond sword of magic power, by which 
he made his way through every difficulty 
to the princess. Delighted at seeing his 
betrothed, he ran to embrace her, and 
dropped his sword. Yellow Dwarf, 
picking it up, demanded if Gold-Mine 
would resign the lady, and on his refusing 
to do so, slew him with the magic sword. 
The princess, rushing forward to avert the 
blow, fell dead on the body of her dying 
lover. 

Yellow Dwarf was so called from his complexion, and 
the orange tree he lived in. . . . He wore wooden shoes, 
a coarse, yellow stuff jacket, and had no hair to hide his 
larjze ears. — Conitesse D'Auuoy, Fairy Talcs fThe 
Yellow Dwarf/' 1682). 

Yellow River ( Tlie). The Tiber was 
called Flatus TiOeris, because the water is 
much discoloured with yellow sand. 

Vorticibus rapidis et multa flavus arena. 

VirgiL 
While flows the Yellow River. 

While stands the Sacred Hill, 
The proud Ides of Qmntilis [15^ July] 
Shall have such honour still. 
Macaulay, Lays ('" BatUe of the Lake Regillus,'' 1842). 

%* The "Sacred Hill" (Mons Sacer), 
so called because it was held sacred by the 
Roman people, who retired thither, led by 
Sicinius, and refused to return home till 
their debts were remitted, and tribunes of 
the people were made recognized magis- 
trates of Rome. On the loth July was 
fought the battle of the lake Regillus, 
and the anniversary was kept by the 
Romans as a fete day. 

Yellow River of China is so called from 
its colour. The Chinese have a proverb : 
Such and such a thing will occur when the 
Yellow £icer runs clear, i.e. never. 

Yellow "Water ( The), a. water which 
possessed this peculiar property : If only 
a few drops were put into a basin, no 
matter how large, it would produce a 
complete and beautiful fountain, which 
would always fill the basin and never 
overflow it. — Arabian Xijhts. 



In the fairy tale of Chcry and Fair star, 
by the comtesse D'Aunoy, "the dancing 
water" did the same (1682). 

Much of Bacon's life was passed in a visionary world 
. . . amidst buildings more sumptuous than the palace of 
Aladdin, and fountains more woudertul than the golden 
water of Parizade [t.».J— Macaulay. 

Yellowley (Mr. Triptolemus), the 
factor, an experimental agriculturist of 
Stourburgh or Harfra. 

Mistress Baby or Barbary Yellowley, 
sister and housekeeper of Triptolemus. 

Old Jasper Yellowley, father of Trip- 
tolemus and Barbarv. — Sir W. Scott, The 
Pirate (time, William III.). 

Yellowness, jea|oosy. Nym says 
(referring to Ford), " I will possess him 
with yellowness." — Shakespeare, Merry 
Wives of Windsor, act i. sc. 4 (1601). 

Ye'men, Arabia Felix. 

Beautiful are the maid? that glide 
On summer eves through Yemen's dales. 
T. Moore, Lalla Uookh {•■ The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

Yenadiz'ze, an idler, a gambler; 
also an Indian fop. 

With my nets you never help me ; 
At the door my nets are hanging. 
Go and wring them, yenadizze. 

Longfellow, Biawatha, ri. (1855). 

Yendys (Sydney), the nom de plume of 
Sydney Dobell (1824- ). 

*** "Yendys" is merely the word 
Sydney reversed. 

Yeru'ti, son of Quiara and Monnema. 
His father and mother were of the Guarani 
race, and the only ones who escaped a 
small-pox plague which infested that part 
of Paraguay. Yeriiti was born after his 
parents migrated to the Mondai woods, 
but his father was killed by a jagiiar just 
before the birth of Mooma (his sister). 
When grown to youthful age, a Jesuit 
pastor induced the three to come and live 
at St. Joachin, where was a primitive 
colony of some 2000 souls. Here the 
mother soon died from the confinement 
of city life. Mooma followed her ere 
long to the grave. Yeruti now requested 
to be baptized, and no sooner was the 
rite over, than he cried, " Ye are come 
for me ! I am quite ready ! " and instantly 
expired. — Southey, A Tale of Paraguay 
(1814). 

Yew in Churchyards. The yew 
was substituted for "the sacred palm," 
because palm trees are not of English 
growth. 

But for encheson, that we have not olyve that berith 
grained leef, algate therefore we take ewe instead of palme 
and olyve.— Caxton, Directory for Keeping Festival* 
(1483). 



YEZAD. 



1124 



YORKSHIRE TRAGEDY. 



Yezad or Yezdam, called by the 
Greeks Oroma'zes (4 syl.), the principle 
of good in Persian mythology, opposed 
to Ahriman or Arimannis the principle of 
evil. Yezad created twenty-four good 
spirits, and, to keep them from the power 
of the evil one, enclosed them in an egg ; 
but Ahriman pierced the shell, and hence 
there is no good without some admixture 
of evil. 

Yezd (1 syl.), chief residence of the 
fire-worshippers. Stephen says they have 
kept alive the sacred fire on mount Ater 
Quedah ("mansion of fire") for above 
3000 years, and it is the ambition of every 
true fire-worshipper to die within the 
sacred city. 

From Yezd's eternal " Mansion of the Fire," 
Where aged saints in dreams of heaven expire. 
T. Moore. Laila Jiookh (" The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

Ygerne [£.(/er»'], wife of Gorlois 
lord of Tintag'il Castle, in Cornwall. 
King Uther tried to seduce her, but Ygerne 
resented the insult ; whereupon Uther 
and Gorlois fought, and the latter was 
slain. Uther then besieged Tintagil 
Castle, took it, and compelled Ygerne "to 
become his wife. Nine months after- 
wards, Uther died, and on the same day 
was Arthur born. 

Then Uther, in his wrath and heat, besieged 
Ygerne within Tintagil . . . and entered in . . . 
Enforced she was to h ed him in her tears, 
And with a shameful .swiftness. 

Tennyson, Coming of A rthur. 

Ygg'drasil', the great ash tree which 
binds together heaven, earth, and hell. 
Its branches extend over the whole earth, 
its top reaches heaven, and its roots hell. 
The three Nomas or Fates sit under the 
tree, spinning the events of man's life. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

By the Urdar fount dwelling, 

Day by day from the rill, 
The Nomas besprinkle 

The asli Yggdrasil. 

Lord Lytton, Harold, viii. (1850). 

Yguerne. (See Ygkrne.) 

Yn'iol, an earl of decayed fortune, 
father of Enid. He was ousted from his 
earldom by his nephew Ed'yrn (son of 
Nudd), called "The Sparrow-Hawk." 
When Edyrn was overthrown by prince 
Geraint' in single combat, he was com- 
pelled to restore the earldom to his uncle. 
He is described in the Mabinogion as "a 
hoary-headed man, clad in tattered gar- 
ments." — Tennyson, Idylls of the King 
("Enid"). 

He says to Geraint : " I lost a great earldom as well as a 
city and castle, and this is how I lost them: I had 
a nephew, . . . and when he came to his strength he 
dun i.-imlt'il of me his property, but I withheld it from him. i 



So he made war upon me, and wrested from me all that 
I possessed."— The Mabinogion ("Geraint, the Son o* 
Erbin," twelfth century). 

Yoglan (Zacharias), the old Jew 
chemist, in London. — Sir W. Scott, 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Yohak, the giant guardian of the 
caves of Babylon. — Southey, Thalaba the 
Destroyer, v. (1797). 

Yor'ick, the king of Denmark's jester ; 
"a fellow of infinite jest and most ex- 
cellent fancy." — Shakespeare, Hamlet 
Prince of Denmark (1596). 

Yorick, a humorous and careless parson, 
of Danish origin, and a descendant of 
Yorick mentioned in Shakespeare's Ham- 
let. — Sterne, Tristram Shandy (1759). 

Yorick, the lively, witty, sensible, and heedless parson, 
is . . . Sterne himself.— Sir W. Scott. 

Yorick (Mr.), the pseudonym of the 
Rev. Laurence Sterne, attached to his 
Sentimental Journey through France and 
Italy (1768). 

York, according to legendary history, 
was built by Ebrauc, son of Gwendolen 
widow of king Locrin. Geoffrey says it 
was founded while " David reigned in 
Judaea," and was called Caer-brauc. — 
British History, ii. 7 (1142). 

York (New), United States, America, 
is so called in compliment to the duke of 
York, afterwards James II. It had been 
previously called " New Amsterdam " by 
the Dutch colonists, but when in 1664 its 
governor, Stuyvesant, surrendered to the 
English, its name was changed. 

York (Geoffrey archbishop of), one of 
the high justiciaries of England in the 
absence of Richard Coeur de Lion. — Sir 
W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard 
I.). 

York (James duke of), introduced by- 
sir W. Scott in Woodstock and in Peveril 
of the Feak. 

Yorke (Oliver), pseudonym of Francis 
S) T lvester Mahony, editor of Fraser's 
Magazine. It is still edited under the 
same name. 

Yorkshire Bite (^4), a specially 
'cute piece of overreaching, entrapping 
one into a profitless bargain. The monkey 
who ate the oyster and returned a shell to 
each litigant affords a good example. 

Yorkshire Tragedy (The), author 
unknown (1604), was at one time printed 
with the name of Shakespeare. 



YOUNG. 



1125 



YSOLDE. 



Young. "Whom the gods love die 
young." — Herodotos, History. (See Nutcs 
and Queries, October 5, 1879.) 

*** Quoted by lord Byron in reference 
to 1-Iaidee.— Don Juan, iv. 12 (1820). 

Young America. J. G. Holland 
says: "What we call Young America is 
made up of about equal parts of irre- 
verence, conceit, and that popular moral 
quality familiarly known as brass." 

Young Chevalier (2'hc), Charles 
Edward Stuart, grandson of James II. 
He was the second pretender (1720- 
1788). 

Young England, a set of young 
aristocrats, who tried to revive the courtly 
manners of the Chesterfield school. They 
wore white waistcoats, patronized the pet 
poor, looked down upon shopkeepers, and 
were imitators of the period of Louis XIV. 
Disraeli has immortalized their ways and 
manners. 

Young Germany, a literary school, 
headed by Heinrich Heine [Hi.?iy^, whose 
aim was to liberate politics, religion, and 
manners from the old conventional tram- 
mels. 

Young Ireland, followers of Daniel 
O'Connell in politics, but wholly opposed 
to his abstention from war and insur- 
rection in vindication of "their country's 
rights." 

Young Italy, certain Italian re- 
fugees, who associated themselves with 
the French republican party, called the 
Carbonnerie Democratique. The society 
was first organized at Marseilles by Maz- 
zini, and its chief object was to diffuse 
republican principles. 

Young Roscius, William Henry 
West Betty. When only 12 years old, he 
made £34,000 in fifty-six nights. He 
appeared in 1803, and very wiselv retired 
from the stage in 1807 (1791-1874). 

Young-and-Handsome, a beauti- 
ful fairy, who fell in love with Alidorus 
" the lovely shepherd." Mordicant, an 
ugly fairy, also loved him, and confined 
him in a dungeon. Zephyrus loved 
Young-and-Handsome, but when he found 
no reciprocity, he asked the fairy how he 
could best please her. " By liberating the 
lovely shepherd," she replied. " Fairies, 
you know, have no power over fairies, but 
you, being a god, have full power over 
the whole race." Zephyrus complied with 
this request, and restored Alidorus to the 
Castle of Flowers, when Young-and- 



Handsome bestowed on him perpetual 
youth, and married him. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("Young-and- 
Handsome," 1682). 

Youwarkee, the name of the gawrey 
that Peter Wilkins married. She in- 
troduced the seaman to Nosmnbdsgrsutt, 
the land of flying men and women. — R. 
Pultock, Peter Wilkins (1750). 

Ysaie le Triste [E.say' IS Truest], 
son of Tristram and Isold (wife of king 
Mark of Cornwall). The adventures of 
this 3 r oung knight form the subject of a 
French romance called Isaie le Triste 
(1522). 

I did not think it necessary to contemplate the exploits 
. . . with the gravity of Isaie le Triste. — Dunlop. 

Ysolde or Ysonde (2 syl.), sur- 
named " The Fair," daughter of the king 
of Ireland. When sir Tristram was 
wounded in fighting for his uncle Mark, 
he went to Ireland, and was cured by the 
Fair Ysolde. On his return to Cornwall, 
he gave his uncle such a glowing account 
of the young princess that he was sent 
to propose offers of marriage, and to con- 
duct the lady to Cornwall. The brave 
young knight and the fair damsel fell in 
love with each other on their voyage, 
and, although Ysolde married king Mark, 
she retained to the end her love for sir 
Tristram. King Mark, jealous of his 
nephew, banished him from Cornwall, 
and he went to Wales, where he per- 
formed prodigies of valour. In time, his 
uncle invited him back to Cornwall, but, 
the guilty intercourse being renewed, he 
was banished a second time. Sir Tris- 
tram now wandered over Spain, Ermonie, 
and Brittany, winning golden opinions 
by his exploits. In Brittany, he married 
the king's daughter, Ysolde or Ysonde of 
the Wliite Hand, but neither loved her nor 
lived with her. The rest of the tale is 
differently told by different authors. 
Some say he returned to Cornwall, re- 
newed his love with Ysolde the Fair, and 
was treacherously stabbed by his uncle 
Mark. Others say he was severely 
wounded in Brittany, and sent for his 
aunt, but died before her arrival. When 
Ysolde the Fair heard of his death, she 
died of a broken heart,, and king Mark 
buried them both in one grave, over which 
he planted a rose bush and a vine. 

Ysolde or Ysonde or Ysolt of the 
White Hand, daughter of the king of 
Brittany. Sir Tristram married her for 
her name's sake, but never loved her nor 
lived with her, because he loved his aunt 



YTENE. 



1126 



ZACHARIA. 



Ysolde the Fair (the young wife of king 
Mark), and it was a point of chivalry for 
a knight to love only one woman, whether 
widow, wife, or maid. 

Ytene [E.tee'.ne], New Forest, in 
Hampshire. 

So when two boars in wild Ytene bred. 

Or on Westphalia's fattening chestnuts fed, 

Gnash their sharp tusks, and roused with equal fire, 

Dispute the reign of some luxurious mire. 

In the black flood they wallow o'er and o'er. 

Till their armed jaws distill with foam and gore. 

Gay, Trivia, iii. 45 (1712). 

Yuhid'thiton, chief of the Az'tecas, 
the mightiest in battle and wisest in 
council. He succeeded Co'anocot'zin (5 
syl.) as king of the tribe, and led the 
people from the south of the Missouri to 
Mexico. — Southey, Madoc (1805). 

Yule (1 syl.), Christmas-time. 

I craved leave no longer, but till Yewle. 

G. Gascoigne, The Fruites of Warre, 115 (died 1557). 

Ywaine and Gawin, the English 
version of " Owain and the Lady of the 
Fountain." The English version was 
taken from the French of Chrestien de 
Troves, and was published by Ritson 
(twelfth century). The Welsh tale is in 
the Mabinogion. There is also a German 
version by Hartmann von der Aue, a 
minnesinger (beginning of thirteenth 
century). There are also Bavarian and 
Danish versions. 

Yvetot [Eve. toe], a town in Nor- 
mandy ; the lord of the town was called 
le roi oV Yvetot. The tale is that Clotaire 
son of Clovis, having slain the lord of 
Yvetot before the high altar of Soissons, 
made atonement to the heirs by con- 
ferring on them the title of king. In the 
sixteenth century the title was exchanged 
for that of prince souverain, and the 
whole fiction was dropped not long after. 
Beranger has a poem called " Le Roi 
d' Yvetot," which is understood to be a 
satirical fling at the great Napoleon. 
The following is the first stanza: 

II etait un roi Yvetot 

Peii connu dans l'histoire ; 
Se levant tard, se couchant t6t, 

Dormant, fort bien sans gloire, 
Et coufonne par Jeanneton 
D'un simple bonnet de coton. 

Dit on : 
Oh ! oh 1 oh ! oh 1 Ah ! ah I ah ! ah I 
Quel bon petit roi c"etait; la 1 14 ! la I 

Beranger. 
A king there was, " roi d'Yvetot" clept, 

But little known in story, 
Went soon to hed, till next day slept, 

And soundly without glory. 
His royal brow in cotton cap, 
Would Jan net, when he took his nap, 

Enwrap. 
Oh 1 oh ! oh 1 oh ! Ah 1 ah 1 ah 1 ah 1 
A famous king he ; La I la 1 la I E. C. B. 



Zabarell, a learned Italian com- 
mentator on works connected with the 
Aristotelian system of philosophy (1533- 
1589). 

And still I held converse with Zabarell . . . 
Stufft noting-books ; and still my spaniel slept. 
At length he waked and yawned ; and by yon s 
For aught I know, he knew as much as I. 

Marston (died 1634). 

Zabidius, the name in Martial for 
which "Dr. Fell" was substituted by 
Tom Brown, when set by the dean of 
Christ Church to translate the lines : 

Non amo te, Zabidi, nee possum dicere quare ; 
Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te. 
I love thee not, Zabidius— 

Yet cannot tell thee why ; 
But this I may most truly say, 
I love thee not, not I. 

E C. B. 

Imitated thus : 

I do not like thee, Dr. Ftll— 
The reason why, I cannot tell ; 
But this I know, and know full well, 
I do not like thee. Dr. Fell. 
Tom Brown (author of Dialoguts of the Dead). 

Zabir (Al). So the Mohammedans 
call mount Sinai. 

When Moses came at our appointed time, and his Lord 
spake unto him, he said, "O Lord, show me thy glory, 
that I may behold thee;" and God answered, "Thou 
shalt in no wise behold me ; but look towards this 
mountain [Al Zabir], and if it stand firm in its place then 
shalt thou see me." But when the Lord appeared with 
gloiy, the mount was reduced to dust. — Al KorAn, viL 

Zab'ulon, a Jew, the servant of Hip- 
polyta a rich lady wantonly in love 
with Arnoldo. Arnoldo is contracted to 
the chaste Zeno'cia, who, in turn, is 
basely pursued by the governor count 
Clo'dio. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The 
Custom of the Country (1647). 

Zab'ulus, same as Diabolus. 

Gay sport have we had to-night with Zabulus. 

Lord Lytton, Harold, viii. (1850). 

Zaccoc'ia, king of Mozambique, who 
received Vasco da Gama and his crew 
with great hospitality, believingthemtobe 
Mohammedans ; but when he ascertained 
that they were Christians, he tried to 
destroy them. — Camoens, Lusiad, i., ii. 
(1509). 

Zacharia, one of the three ana- 
baptists who induced John of Leydcn te 
join the revolt of Westphalia and Hol- 
land. On the arrival of the emperor, the 
anabaptists betrayed their dupe, but 
perished with him in the flames of the 
burning palace. — Meyerbeer, Le Prophete 
(1849). 



ZADIG. 



127 



ZANGA. 



Zadig, the hero and title of a novel 
by Voltaire. Zadig is a wealthy young 
Babylonian, and the object of the novel 
is to show that the events of life are 
beyond human control. 

ZadTtiel (3 syl.), angel of the planet 
J u pi ter . — Je to ish My thology . 

Zad'kicl, the pseudonym of lieutenant 
Richard James Morrison, author of Pro- 
phetic Almanac, Handbook of Astrology, 
etc. 

Zadoc, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, is Sancroft archbishop of 
Canterbury. 

Zadoc the priest, whom shunning power and place, 
His lowly mind advanced to Darid'o grace. 

Pt. i. (1681). 

Zaide (2 syl.), a young slave, who pre- 
tends to have been ill-treated by Adraste 
(2 syl.), and runs to don Pedre for protec- 
tion. Don Pedre sends her into the 
house, while he expostulates with Adraste 
"for his brutality." Now, Adraste is in 
love with Isidore, a Greek slave kept by 
don Pedre, and when Zaide is called forth, 
Isidore appears dressed in Zai'de's clothes. 
"There," says don Pedre, "take her 
home, and use her well." " I will," says 
Adraste, and leads off Isidore. — Moliere, 
Lc Sicilien ou V Amour Peintre (1667). 

Zaira, the mother of Eva Wentworth. 
She is a brilliant Italian, courted by de 
Courcy. When deceived by him, she 
meditates suicide, but forbears, and sees 
Eva die tranquilly, and the faithless de 
Courcy perish of remorse. — Rev. C. R. 
Maturin, Women (a novel, 1822). 

Zakkum or Al Zakkum, the tree of 
death, rooted in hell, as the tree of life 
was in Eden. It is called in the Koran 
" the cursed tree " (ch. xvii.). The fruit 
is extremely bitter, and any great evil or 
bitter draught is figuratively called al 
Zakkum. The damned eat its bitter 
fruits and drink scalding hot water 
(ch. xxxvii.). 

The unnllayable bitterness 
Of Zaccoum's fruit accurst 
Soutbey, Thalaba the Destroyer, vii. 16 (1797). 
Is this a better entertainment, or is it of the tree al 
Zakkum?— Al Kor&n, xxxvii. 

Zala, a peculiar ceremony of saluta- 
tion amongst the Moors. 

Zambo, the issue of an Indian and a 
negro 

Zambullo {Don Cleopfias Leandro 
Perez), the person carried through the 
air by Asmodeus to the steeple of St. 



Salvador, and shown, in a moment of 
time, the interior of every private dwell- 
ing around.— Lesage, The Devil on Two 
Sticks (1707). 

Cleaving the air at a excater rate than don Cleophas 
leandro Perez Zamhulln and his familiar.— C. Dickens, 
The Old Curiosity Shop (1840). 

Zani'harir' (At), that extreme cold 
to which the wicked shall be exposed 
after they leave the flames of hell or have 
drunk of the boiling water there. — Sale, 
Al Koran, vi. (notes). 

Zam'ora, youngest of the three 
daughters of Balthazar. She is in love 
with Rolando, a young soldier, who fancies 
himself a woman-hacer, and in order to 
win him she dresses in boy's clothes, and 
becomes his page, under the name of 
Eugenio. In this character, Zamdra wins 
the heart of the young soldier by her 
fidelity, tenderness, and affection. Whan 
the proper moment arrives, she assumes 
her female attire, and Rolando, declaring 
she is no woman but an angel, marries 
her.— J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). 

Zamti, the Chinese mandarin. His 
wife was Mandane, and his son Hamet. 
The emperor of China, when he was about 
to be put to death by Ti'murkan' the 
Tartar, committed to Zamti's charge his 
infant son Zan^phimri, and Zamti brought 
up this "orphan of China" as his own 
son, under the name of Etan. Twenty 
years afterwards, Zamti was put to the 
rack by Timurkan, and died soon after- 
wards. — Murphy, The Orphan of China 
(1761). 

Zanga, the revengeful Moor, the ser- 
vant of don Alonzo. The Moor hates 
Alonzo for two reasons: (1) because he 
killed his father, and (2) because he struck 
him on the cheek ; and although Alonzo 
has used every endeavour to conciliate 
Zanga, the revengeful Moor nurse3 his 
hate and keeps it warm. The revenge he 
wreaks is : (1) to poison the friendship 
which existed between Alonzo and don 
Carlos by accusations against the don, 
and (2) to embitter the love of Alonzo for 
Leonora his wife. Alonzo, out of jealousy, 
has his friend killed, and Leonora makes 
away with herself. Having thus lost his 
best beloved, Zanga tells his dupe he has 
been imposed upon, and Alonzo, mad with 
grief, stabs himself. Zanga, content with 
the mischief he has done, is taken away 
to execution. — Edward Young, The Re- 
venge (1721). 

*** " Zanga " was the great character of 
Henry Mossop (1729-1773). It was also 



ZANONI. 



1128 



ZEAL. 



a favourite part with J. Kemble (1757- 
1823). 

Zano'ni, hero and title of a novel by 
lord Bulwer Lytton. Zanoni is supposed 
to possess the power of communicating 
with spirits, prolonging life, and pro- 
ducing gold, silver, and precious stones 
(1842). 

Zany of Debate. George Canning 
was so called by Charles Lamb in a sonnet 
printed in The Champion newspaper. 
Posterity has not endorsed the judgment 
or wit of this ill-natured satire (1770- 
1827). 

Zaphimri, the "orphan of China," 
brought up by Zamti, under the name of 
Etan. 

Ere yet the foe burst in, 
"Zamti," said he, " preserve my cradled infant; 
Save him from ruffians ; train his youth to virtue . . ." 
He could no more ; the cruel spoiler seized him. 
And dragged my king, from yonder altar dragged him, 
Here on the blood-stained pavement; while the queen 
And her dear fondlings, in one mangled heap, 
Died in each others' anns. 

Murphy, The Orphan of China, iii. 1 (1761). 

Zaphna, son of Alcanor chief of 
Mecca. He and his sister Palmira, being 
taken captives in infancy, were brought 
up by Mahomet, and Zaphna, not knowing 
Palmira was his sister, fell in love with 
her, and was in turn beloved. When 
Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, he em- 
ployed Zaphna to assassinate Alcanor, 
and when he had committed the deed, 
discovered that it was his own father he 
had killed. Zaphna would have revenged 
the deed on Mahomet, but died of poison. 
— James Miller, Mahomet the Impostor 
(1740). 

Zara, an African queen, widow of 
Albuca'cim, and taken captive by Manuel 
king of Gmna'da, who fell in love with 
her. Zara, however, was intensely in love 
with Osmyn (alias prince Alphonso of 
Valentia), also a captive. Alphonso, being 
privately married to Alme'ria, could not 
return her love. She designs to liberate 
Osmyn ; but, seeing a dead body in the 
prison, fancies it to be that of Osmyn, 
and killsherself by poison. — W. Congreve, 
The Mourning Bride (1097). 

*** "Zara" was one of the great cha- 
racters of Mrs. Siddons (1755-1831). 

Zara (in French Zaire), the heroine 
and title of a tragedy by Voltaire (1733), 
adapted for the English stage by Aaron 
Hill (1735). Zara is the daughter of 
Lusignan dOutremer king of Jerusalem 
and brother of Nerestan. Twenty years 
ago, Lusignan and- his two children 



had been taken captives. Nerestan was 
four years old at the time ; and Zara, a 
mere infant, was brought up in the 
seraglio. Osman the sultan fell in love 
with her, and promised to make her his 
sultana ; and as Zara loved him for him- 
self, her happiness seemed complete. 
Nerestan, having been sent to France to 
obtain ransoms, returned at this crisis, 
and Osman fancied that he observed a 
familiarit}' between Zara and Nerestan, 
which roused his suspicions. Several 
things occurred to confirm them, and at 
last a letter was intercepted, appointing a 
rendezvous between them in a " secret 
passage " of the seraglio. Osman met 
Zara in the passage, and stabbed her to 
the heart. Nerestan was soon seized, and 
being brought before the sultan, told him 
he had slain his sister, and the sole object 
of his interview was to inform her of her 
father's death, and to bring her his dying 
blessing. Osman now saw his error, 
commanded all the Christian captives to 
be set at liberty, and stabbed himself. 

Zaramilla, wife of Tinacrio king of 
Micomicon, in Egypt. He was told that 
his daughter would succeed him, that she 
would be dethroned by the giant Panda- 
filando, but that she would find in Spain 
the gallant knight of La Mancha, who 
would redress her wrongs, and restore her 
to her throne. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, 
I. iv. 3 (1G05). 

Zaraph, the angel who loved Nama. 
It was Nama's desire to love intensely 
and to love holily, but as she fixed her 
love on an angel and not on God, she 
was doomed to abide on earth till the day 
of consummation ; then both Nama and 
Zaraph will be received into the realms 
of everlasting love. — T. Moore, Loves of 
the Angels (1822). 

Zauberflote (Die), a magic flute, 
which had the power of inspiring love. 
When bestowed by the powers of dark- 
ness, the love it inspired was sensual 
love ; but when by the powers of light, 
it became subservient to the very highest 
and holiest purposes. It guided Tami'no 
and Pami'na through all worldly dangers 
to the knowledge of divine truth (or the 
mysteries of Isis). — Mozart, Die Zauber- 
flote (1791). 

Zayde, the chief character in a French 
romance by Mde. Lafayette (seventeenth 
century). 

Zeal (Arabella), in Shadwcll's comedy 
The Fair Quaker of Deal (1617). 



ZEDEKIAH. 



1129 



ZENOCIA. 



This comedy was altered by E. Thomp- 
son in 1720. 

Zedekiah., one of general Harrison's 
servants. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Ze'gris and the Abencerra'ges 
[A' .vcn.ce.rah' .kc], an historical romance, 
professing to be history, and printed at 
Alca'la in 1604. It was extremely popu- 
lar, and had a host of imitations. 

Zeid, Mahomet's freedman. " The 
prophet" adopted him as his son, and 
gave him Zeinab (or Zenobia) for a wife ; 
but falling in love with her himself, Zeid 
gave her up to the prophet. She was 
Mahomet's cousin, and within the pro- 
hibited degrees, according to the Koran. 

Zeinab or Zenobia, wife of Zeid 
Mahomet's freedman and adopted son. 
As Mahomet wished to have her, Zeid 
resigned her to the prophet. Zeinab was 
the daughter of Amima, Mahomet's aunt. 

Zei'nah (2 syl.), wife of Hodei'rah (3 
syl.) an Arab. She lost her husband and 
all her children, except one, a boy named 
Thal'aba. Weary of life, the angel of 
death took her. while Thalaba was yet a 
youth. — Southev, Thalaba the Destroyer 
(1797). 

Zeleu'cus or Zaleucus, a Locren- 
sian lawgiver, who enacted that adulterers 
should be deprived of their eyes. His 
own son being proved guilty, Zeleucus 
pulled out one of his own eyes, and one 
of his son's eyes, that "two eyes might 
be paid to the law." — Valerius Maximus, 
De Factis Dictisque, v. 5, exl. 3. 

How many now will tread Zeleucus' steps * 

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Zel'ica, the betrothed of Azim. "When 
it was rumoured that he had been slain in 
battle, Zelica j oined the haram of the Veiled 
Prophet as " one of the elect of paradise." 
Azim returned from the wars, discovered 
her retreat, and advise"d her to flee with 
him, but she told him that she was now the 
prophet's bride. After the death of the 
prophet, Zelica assumed his veil, and 
Azim, thinking the veiled figure to be 
the prophet, rushed on her and killed her. 
— T. Moore, Lalla Rookh ("The Veiled 
Prophet," etc., 1817). 

ZeHs, the daughter of a Persian officer. 
She was engaged to a man in the middle 
age of life, but just prior to the wedding 
he forsook her for a richer bride. The 
father of Zelis challenged him, but was 
killed. Zelis now took lodging with a 
courtezan, and went with her to Italy ; 



but when she discovered the evil courses 
of her companion, she determined to be- 
come a nun, and started by water for 
Rome. She was taken captive by cor- 
sairs, and sold from master to master, 
till at length Hingpo rescued her, and 
made her his wife. — Goldsmith, A Citizen 
of the World (1759). 

Zelma'ne (3 syl), the assumed 
name of Pyr'ocles when he put on female 
attire. — Sir Philip Sidney, Arcadia (1590). 

Sir Philip has preserved such a matchless decorum that 
PjtocIC-s* manhood suffers no stain for the effeminacy of 
Zelmane.— C. Lamb. 

Zeln'co, the only son of a noble 
Sicilian family, accomplished and fasci- 
nating, but spoilt by maternal indulgence, 
and at length rioting in dissipation. In 
spite of his gaiety of manner, he is a 
standing testimony that misery accom- 
panies vice. — Dr. John Moore, Zeluco (a 
novel, 1786). 

Ze'mia, one of the four who, next in 
authority to U'riel, preside over our earth. 
— Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Zemzcm, a fountain at Mecca. The 
Mohammedans say it is the very spring 
T.hich God made to slake the thirst of 
Ishmael, when Hagar was driven into the 
wilderness by Abraham. A bottle of this 
water is considered a very valuable pre- 
sent, even by princes. 

There were also a great many bottles of water from the 
fountain of Zemzeni, at Mecca. — Arabian Sights ("The 
Purveyor's Story' ")• 

Zemzem, a well, where common 
believers abide, who are not equal to 
prophets or martyrs. The prophets go 
direct to paradise, and the latter await 
the resurrection in the form of green 
birds. — Al Koran, 

Zenel'ophon, the beggar-girl who 
married king Cophet'ua of Africa. She 
is more generally called Penel'ophon. — 
Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. 
6C 1 (1594). 

Zenjebil, a stream in paradise, flowing 
from the fountain Salsabil. The word 
means " ginger." 

Their attendants [in paradise] shall go round with 
vessels of silver, . . . and there shall be given to them to 
drink cups of wine mixed with the water of ZenjebiL— 
Al Koran, lxxvi. 

Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who 
claimed the title of " Queen of the East." 
She was defeated by Aurelian and taken 
prisoner in a.d. 273. 

Zeno'cia, daughter of Chari'no, and 
the chaste troth-plight wife of Arnoldo. 
While Arnoldo is wantonly loved by the 



ZEPHALINDA. 



1130 ZEUXIS AND PARRHASIOS. 



rich Hippol 'yta, Zenocia is dishonourably- 
pursued by the governor count Clo'dio. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of 
the Country (1647). 

Zephalinda, a young lady who has 
tasted the delights of a London season, 
taken back to her home in the country, 
to find enjoyment in needlework, dull 
mints, and rooks. 

She went from opera, park, assembly, play, 

To morning walks, and prayers three hours a day ; 

To part her time 'twixt reading and Bohea, 

To muse, and spill her solitary tea. 

O'er her cold coffee trifle with her spoon. 

Count the slow clock, and dine exact at noon. 

Pope, Epistle to Miss Blount (1715). 

Zeph'on, a cherub who detected Satan 
squatting in the garden, and brought him 
before Gabriel the archangel. The word 
means " searcher of secrets." Milton 
makes him "the guardian angel of para- 
dise." 

Ithuriel and Zephon, with winged speed 
Search thro' this garden, leave unsearched no nook ; 
But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge, 
Now laid perhaps asleep, secure of liana. 

Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 788 (1665). 

Zephyr. (See Morgank, p. 660.) 

Zerbinette (3 syl.), the daughter of 
Argante (2 syl.), stolen from her parents 
by gipsies when four years old, and brought 
up by them. Le'andre, the son of seignior 
Ge'ronte, fell in love with her, and mar- 
ried her ; but the gipsies would not give 
her up without being paid £1500. Scapin 
wrung this money from Ge'ronte, pretend- 
ing it was to ransom Leandre, who had 
been made a prisoner by some Turks, 
who intended to sell him in Algiers for a 
slave unless his ransom was brought 
within two hours. The old man gave 
Scapin the money grudgingly, and Scapin 
passed it over to the gipsies, when a 
bracelet led to the discovery that Zer- 
binette was the daughter of seignior 
Argante, a friend of Leandre's father, 
and all parties were delighted at the 
different revelations. — Moliere, LesFour- 
bervcs de Scapin (1671). 

%* In the English version, called The 
Cheats of Scapin, by Thomas Otway, 
Zerbinette is called " Lucia,"' her father 
Argante is called "Thrifty," Leandre is | 
Anglicized into " Leander," Ge'ronte be- | 
comes " Gripe," and the Sum of money is 
£200. 

Zerbi'no, son of the king of Scotland, 
and intimate friend of Orlando. — Ariosto, 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Zerli'na, a rustic beauty, about to be 
married to Masetto, when don Giovanni 



allured her away under the promise of 
making her a fine lady. — Mozart, Don 
Giovanni (opera, 1787). 

Zerli'na, in Auber's opera of Fra 
Diavolo (1830). 

Zesbet, daughter of the sage Oucha 
of Jerusalem. 8he had four husbands at 
the same time, viz., Abdal Motallab (the 
sage), Yaarab (the judge), Abou'teleb (a 
doctor of law), and Temimdari (a soldier). 
Zesbet was the mother of the prophet 
Mahomet. Mahomet appeared to her 
before his birth in the form of a venerable 
old man, and said to her : 

" You have found favour before Allah. Look upon me ; 
1 am Mahomet, -the great friend of God, he who is to en- 
lighten the earth. Thy virtues, Zesbet, and thy beauty 
have made me prefer thee to all the daughters of Mteca. 
Thou shalt for the future be named Aminta (sic J." Then, 
turning to the husbands, he said, "You have seen me; 
she is yours, and you are hers. Labour, then, with a holy 
zeal to bring me into the world to enlighten it. All men 
who shall follow the law which I shall preach, may have 
four wives ; but Zesbet shall be the only woman who 
shall be lawfully the wife of four husbands at once. It is 
the least privilege I can grant the woman of whom I 
choose to be born."— Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tale* 
(" History of the Birth of Mahomet," 1743). 

(The mother of Mahomet is generally 
called Amina, not Aminta*) 

Zeus (1 syl.), the Grecian Jupiter. 
The word was once applied to the blue 
firmament, the upper sky, the arch of 
light ; but in Homeric mythology, Zeus is 
king of gods and men ; the conscious em- 
bodiment of the central authority and 
administrative intelligence which holds 
states together ; the supreme ruler ; the 
sovereign source of law and order ; the 
fountain of justice, and final arbiter of 
disputes. 

Zeuxis and Parrhas'ios. In a 

contest of skill, Zeuxis painted some 
grapes so naturally that birds pecked at 
them. Confident of success, Zeuxis said 
to his rival, " Now let Parrhasios draw 
aside his curtain, and show us his pro- 
duction." "You behold it already," 
replied Parrhasios, " and have mistaken 
it for real drapery." Whereupon, the 
prize was awarded to him, for Zeuxis 
had deceived the birds, but Parrhasios 
had deceived Zeuxis. 

My no's painting of a cow was mis- 
taken by a herd of bulls for a living 
animal ; and Apelles's painting of the 
horse Bucephalos deceived several mares, 
who ran about it neighing. 

Quintin Matsys, of Antwerp, fell in 
love with Lisa, daughter of Johann Alan- 
dyn ; but Maudyn vowed his daughter 
should marry only an artist. Matsys 
studied ]>ainting, and brought his first 



ZILLAH. 



1131 



ZOHAK. 



picture to show Lisa. Mandyn was not 
at home, but had left a picture of his 
favourite pupil Frans Floris, represent- 
ing the "fallen angels," on an easel. 
Quintin paintftd a bee on the outstretched 
limb, and when Mandyn returned he 
tried to brush it off, whereupon the de- 
ception was discovered. The old man's 
heart was moved, and he gave Quintin 
his daughter in marriage, saying, " You 
are a true artist, greater than Johann 
Mandyn." This painting is in Antwerp 
Cathedral. 

Velasquez painted a Spanish admiral 
so true to life that king Felipe IV., 
entering the studio, thought the painting 
was the admiral, and spoke to it as such, 
reproving the supposed officer for being 
in the studio wasting his time, when he 
ought to have been with the fleet. 

Zillall, beloved by Hamuel a brutish 
sot. Zillah rejected his suit, and Hamuel 
vowed vengeance. Accordingly, he gave 
' out that Zillah had intercourse with the 
devil, and she was condemned to be 
burnt alive. God averted the flames, 
which consumed Hamuel, but Zillah 
stood unharmed, and the stake to which 
she was bound threw forth white roses, 
" the first ever seen on earth since para- 
dise was lost." — Southey. (See Rose, 
p. 845, col. 1, last art.) 

Zimmerman (^4 dam), the old 
burgher of Soleure, one of the Swiss 
deputies to Charles "the Bold" of Bur- 
gundy. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Zim'ri, one of the six Wise Men of 
the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 

Zimri taught the people, but they treated him with 
contempt ; yet, when dying, he prevailed on one of them, 
and then expired.— Klopstock, The Messiah,, v. (1771). 

Zimri, in Dry den's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, is the second duke of 
Buckingham. As Zimri conspired against 
Asa king of Judah, so the duke of Buck- 
ingham "formed parties and joined fac- 
tions." — 1 Kings xvi. 9. 

Some of the chiefs were princes in the land : 
In the first rank of these did Zimri stand, — 
A man so various that he seemed to be 
Not one, but all mankind's epitome ; 
Stiff in opinion, always in the wrong, 
Was everything by turns, and nothing long. 

Pt. i. (1681). 

ZineTbi {Mohammed), king of Syria, 
tributary to the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid ; 
of very humane disposition. — Arabian 
Nights ("Ganem, the Slave of Love"). 

Zineu'ra, in Boccaccio's Decameron 
(day 11, Nov. 9), is the " Imogen " of 



Shakespeare's Cgmbeline. She assumed 
male attire with the name of Sicurano 
da Finale (Imogen assumed male attire 
and the name Fidelt") ; Zineura's husband 
was Bernard Lomellin, and the villain 
was Ambrose (Imogen's husband was 
Posthumus Leonatus, and the villain 
Iachimo). In Shakespeare, the British 
king Cymbeline takes the place assigned 
by Boccaccio to the sultan. 

Ziska or Zizka, John of Trocznov, 
a Bohemian nobleman, leader of the 
Hussites. He fought under Henry V. at 
Agincourt. His sister had been seduced 
by a monk ; and whenever he heard the 
shriek of a catholic at the stake, he called 
it "his sister's bridal song." The story 
goes that he ordered his skin at death to 
be made into drum-heads (1360-1424). 

%* Some say that John of Trocznov 
was called " Ziska " because he was " one- 
eyed ; " but that is a mistake — Ziska was a 
family name, and does not mean "one- 
eyed," either in the Polish or Bohemian 
language. 

For ever)' P*ge of paper shall a hide 
Of yours be stretched as parcment on a drum 
Like Ziska's skin, to beat alarm to all 
Refractory vassals. 

Pyron, Werner, L (1822). 
But be it as it is. the time may come 
His name [Xapoleon's] shall beat th' alarm like Ziska'i 
drum. 

Byron, Age of Bronze, iv. (1819). 

Zobeide [Zo-bay' -de~\ , half-sister of 
Amine. She had two sisters, who were 
turned into little black dogs by way of 
punishment for casting Zobeide and "the 
prince " from the petrified city into the 
sea. Zobeide was rescued by the "fairy 
serpent," who had metamorphosed the 
two sisters, and Zobeide was enjoined to 
give the two dogs a hundred lashes every 
day. Ultimately, the two dogs were re- 
stored to their proper forms, and married 
two calenders, " sons of kings ; " Zobeide 
married the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid ; 
and Amine was restored to Amin, the 
caliph's son, to whom she was already 
married. — Arabian Nights ("History of 
Zobeide"). 

"While the caliph was absent from 
Bagdad, Zobeide caused his favourite 
(named Fetnab) to be buried alive, .for 
which she was divorced. — Arabian Nights 
(" Ganem, the Slave of Love "). 

Zohak, the giant who keeps the 
"mouth of hell." He was the fifth of 
the Pischdadian dynasty, and was a lineal 
descendant of Shedad "king of Ad. He 
murdered his predecessor, and invented 
both flaying men alive and killing thern 



ZOHARA. 



1132 



ZULZUL. 



by crucifixion. The devil kissed bim 
on the shoulders, and immediately two 
serpents grew out of his back and fed 
constantly upon him. He was dethroned 
by the famous blacksmith of Ispahan', 
and appointed by the devil to keep hell- 
gate.— D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque Orientale 
(1697). 

Zohara, the queen of love, and mother 
of mischief. When Harut and Marut 
were selected by the host of heaven to be 
judges on earth, they judged righteous 
judgment till Zohara, in the shape of a 
lovely woman, appeared before them with 
her complaint. They then both fell in 
love with her and tried to corrupt her, 
but she flew from them to heaven ; and 
the two angel-judges were for ever shut 
out. 

The Persian Magi have a somewhat 
similar tradition of these two angels, but 
add that after their "fall," they were 
suspended by the feet, head downwards, 
in the territory of Babel. 

The Jews tell us that Shamhozai, "the 
judge of all the earth," debauched him- 
self with women, repented, and by way 
of penance was suspended by the feet, 
head downwards, between heaven and 
earth. — Bereshit rabbi (in Gen. vi. 2). 

Zohauk, the Nubian slave ; a dis- 
guise assumed by sir Kenneth. — Sir W. 

Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Zoilos (in Latin Zoilus), a gram- 
marian, witty, shrewd, and spiteful. He 
was nicknamed "Homer's Scourge" 
(Homero-mastix), because he assailed the 
Iliad and Odyssey with merciless severity. 
He also flew at Plato, Isoc'rates, and 
other high game. 

The Sword of Zoilos, the pen of a critic. 

Zoilus. J. Dennis, the critic whose 
attack on Pope produced The Dunciad, 
was so called (1657-1733). 

Zoleikha (3 syl.), Potiphar's wife. 
— Sale, Al Koran, xii. (note). 

Zone. Tennyson refers to the zone 
or girdle of Ori'on in the lines : 

Like those three stars of the airy giant's zone, 
. That glitter burnished by the frosty dark. 

The Princess, v. (1830). 

Zophiel [Zo.fel], "of cherubim the 
swiftest wing." The word means " God's 
spy." Zophiel brings word to the heavenly 
host that the rebel crew were preparing a 
6econd and fiercer attack. 

Zophiel. of cherubim the swiftest wing, 
Came flying, and in mid-air aloud thus cried : 
"Arm, warriors, arm for fight." 

Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 535 (1665). 



Zorai'da (3 syl.), a Moorish lady, 
daughter of Agimora'to the richest man 
in Barbary. On being baptized, she 
had received the name of Maria ; and, 
eloping with a Christian captive, came 
to Andalusi'a. — Cervantes, Bon Quixote, 
I. iv. 9-11 (" The Captive," 1605). 

Zorphee (2 syl.), a fairy in the 
romance of Amadis de Gaul (thirteenth 
century). 

Zosimus, the patriarch of the Greek 
Church.— Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Zounds, a corrupt contraction of 
"his wounds," as zooks is "his hooks," 
and z'death "his death." Of course, by 
"his" Jesus Christ is meant. "Odd 
splutter" is a contraction of Gots plut und 
hur nails ("God's blood and the nails"). 
Sir John Perrot, a natural son of Henry 
VIII., was the first to use the oath of 
"God's wounds," which queen Elizabeth 
adopted, but the ladies of her court 
minced it into zounds and zouterkins. 

Zulal, that soft, clear, and delicious 
water which the happy drink in para- 
dise. 

"Ravishing beauty, universal mistress of hearts," re- 
plied I ; " thou art the water of Zulal. I burn with the 
thirst of love, and must die if you reject me."— Comte 
de Caylus, Oriental Tales [" The Basket," 1743). 

Zuleika [Zu.lee'.kah], daughter of 
Giaffer \_Djaf .fir'} pacha of Aby'dos. 
Falling in love with Selim, her cousin, 
she flees with him, and promises to be his 
bride ; but the father tracks the fugitives 
and shoots Selim, whereupon Zuleika 
dies of a broken heart. — Byron, Bride of 
Abydos (1813). 

Never was a faultless character more delicately or more 
justly delineated than that of lord Byron's " Zuleika." 
Her piety, her intelligence, her strict sense of duty, and 
her undeviating love of truth appear to have been origin- 
ally blended in her mind, rather than inculcated by 
education. She is always natural, always attractive, 
always affectionate; and it must be admitted that her 
affections are not unworthily bestowed.— George Ellis. 

Zulichium (The enchanted princess 
of), in the story told by Agelastes the 
cynic, to count Robert. — Sir W. Scott, 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Zulzul, the sage whose life was saved 
in the form of a rat by Gedy the youngest 
of the four sons of Corcud. Zulzul gave 
him, in gratitude, two poniards, by the 
help of which he could climb the highest 
tree or most inaccessible castle. — Gueu- 
lette, Chinese Tales ("Corcud and His 
Four Sons," 1723). 



APPENDICES. 



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 



A. 


= 


Afterpiece. 


B. 


= 


Burlesque 


B.C. 


s= 


Burlesque comedy. 


B.O. 


=s 


Burlesque opera. 


B.T. 


ss 


Burlesque tragedy. 


Bd. 


ss 


Ballad. 


Bd.F. 


= 


Ballad farce. 


Bd.O. 


ss 


Ballad opera. 


Bl. 


— 


Ballet. 


Blta. 


ss 


Burletta. 


C. 


ss 


Comedy. 


CD. 


ss 


Comic drama. 


C.H. 


= 


Come'die historique. 


CO. 


s= 


Comic opera. 


Cdta. 


=: 


Comedietta or comedetta. 


Cl.C 


ss- 


Classical comedy. 


Cl.Cdta. 


= 


Classical comedietta. 


Cl.D. 


— 


Classical drama. 


C1.P1. 


= 


Classical play. 


Cl.T. 


ss 


Classical tragedy. 


Ct.E. 


= 


Court entertainment. 


Ct.S. 


— 


Court show. 


D. 


s= 


Drama. 


D.E. 


s= 


Dramatic entertainment. 


D.H. 


ss 


Drama historique. 


D.N. 


ss 


Dramatic novel. 


D.Pc. 


= 


Dramatic piece. 


D.Pm. 


ss 


Dramatic poem. 


D.R. 


ss 


Dramatic romance. 


D.S. 


ss 


Dramatic satire. 


Dom.l). 


— 


Domestic drama. 


E. 


ss 


Entertainment. 


F. 


— 


Farce. 


F.C 


ss 


Farce comedy. 


Fy.C 


ss 


Fairy comedy 


G.EMeLS. - 


Grand Eastern melodramatic 






spectacle. 


G.O.R. 


ss 


Grand operatic romance. 


H.C 


ss 


Historic comedy. 


H.D. 


— 


Historic drama. 


H.P1. 


as 


Historic play. 


H.R. 


.ss 


Historic romance. 


H.T. 


ss 


Historic tragedy. 


He.Pl. 


s= 


Heroic play. 


Int. 


ss 


Interlude. 


l.D. 


— 


Irish drama. 


L.D. 


ss 


Lyrical drama. 


L.P1. 


ss 


Lyrical play. 


M. 


= 


Masque. 


Mel. 


ss 


Melodrama. 


Mei.O. 


= 


Melodramatic opera. 



Mel.R. 


= 


Melodramatic romance. 


Mu.C 


= 


Musical comedy. 


Mu.D. 


= 


Musical drama. 


Mu.E. 


ss 


Musical entertainment. 


Mu.F. 


ss 


Musical farce. 


Mu.Pl. 


= 


Musical play. 


Mu.Sp. 


ss 


Musical spectacle. 


Mu.Tr. 


ss 


Musical trifle. 


Mys. 


ss 


Mystery. 


Myt.D. 


= 


Mythological drama. 


N.Blta. 


ss 


Nautical burletta. 


N.CO. 


ss 


Nautical comic opera. 


N.COpta 


. ss 


Nautical comic operetta 


N.D. 


ss 


Nautical drama. 


N.O. 


ss 


Nautical opera. 


N.P1. 


= 


Nautieal play. 


0. 


=3 


Opera. 


O.Bf. 


ss 


Opera hmffe. 


O.Blta. 


= 


Operatic burletta. 


O.C 


ss 


Opera comique. 


O.D. 


— 


Operatic drama. 


O.E. 


= 


Operatic entertainment 


O.Ex. 


= 


Operatic extravaganza. 


O.F. 


ss: 


(jperatic farce. 


Op.C 


— 


Operatic comedy. 


Opta. 


= 


Operetta. 


Or. 


— 


Oratorio. 


P. 


ss: 


Pastoral. 


P.O. 


ss 


Pastoral opera. 


PL 


ss 


Play. 


Pn. 


z=. 


Pantomime. 


Pn.Bl. 


'ss 


Pantomimic ballet. 


Pr.C 


ss 


Prize comedy. 


Pr.T. 


ss 


Prize tragedy. 


Pt.C 


ss 


Petit comedy. 


Pt.Pc. 


ss 


Petit piece. 


R.D. 


— 


Romantic drama. 


R.T. 


ss 


Romantic tragedy. 


S.D. 


ss 


Sacred drama. 


S.T. 


=s 


Sacred tragedy. 


Sat.C 


ss 


Satiric comedy. 


Sat.D. 


ss 


Satiric drama. 


Sen.D. 


ss: 


Sensational drama. 


T. 


ss 


Tragedy. 


T.C 


— 


Tragi-comedy. 


T.L. 


ss 


Tragedie lyrique. 


T.O. 


= 


Tragedji-opera. 


V. 


ss 


Vaudeville. 


* 


ss 


UrJcnoivn. 


Etc. 


— 


With some other author oi 
autliors. 



Notwithstanding the length of this list, there are some dramatic pieces very difficult to classify. 



APPENDIX I. 

AUTHORS AND DATES OF DRAMAS AND OPERAS. 



If any discrepancy is observed between the dates given in this list and those in the body of the 
book, the dates here given are to be preferred. It must be borne in mind that the date of tome 
plays is purely conjectural, and can be assigned only approximately; and in not a few instances 
authorities differ. Great labour has been bestowed on this list to make it trustworthy. 



Abdelazer or The Moor's Rerenge, 1670, Mrs. 

Behn. C. 
Abel, 18th cent., Alfieri. T.O. 
Abroad and at Home, 1764-1817, Holman. CO. 
Absalon, 1590, Peele. T. 
Accomplices (The), about 1790, Goethe. C. 
Achille in Sciro, 1736, Metastasio. 0. (written in 

eighteen days; music by Leo). 
Acis and Galatea, 1683, Campistron. 0. (music 

by Lulli). 
Acis and Galatea, 1 735, Handel. 0. 
Adelaide du Guesclin, 1734, Voltaire. T. 
Adelgitha, 1806, Lewis. PI. 
Adelmorn or The Outlaw, 1801, Lewis. D. 
Adherbal, 1687, Lagrange. T. 
Adopted Child, * Birch. Mu.D. 
Adriano in Siria, 1731, Metastasio. 0. (music 

by Caldara). 
Adrienne Lecouvreur, 1849, MM. Legouve and 

Scribe. C. 
.Esop, 1697, Vanbrugh (borrowed from Bour- 

sault's JEsope, 1696). 
Africaine(//), 1865, Meyerbeer. 0. 
Africans (3nV), 1808, Colman. PI. 
After Dark, 19th cent., Boucicault. 
Agamemnon, 1566, Studley. T. (Seneca's play 

done into English). 
Agamemnon, 1738, Thomson. T. 
Agamemnon, printed 1783, Alfieri. T. 
Agesilas, 1666, Corneille. T. 
Agis, 1758, Home. T. 
Agis (Agide), printed 1783, Alfieri. T. 
Agnes de Vere. 1834, Buckstone. 
Agnese, about 1820, Paer. 0. 
AgreeablejMirprise, 1798, O'Keefe. C. 
'. Ah! que ~1' Amour est Agreable ! 1862, Dela- 
' porte. C. 

Aladdin, 1824, Bishop. 0. 

Alarcos, 1839, Disraeli. T. 

Alarming Sacrifice, about 1849, Buckstone. F. 

Albumazar, 1634, B. (a comedy). 

Alceste, 1690, Lagrange. T. 

Alceste, 1769, Gliick. 0. (libretto by Calzabigi ). 

Alchemist (The), 1610, Jonson. C. (altered into 

The Tobacconist). 
Alcibiade, 1688, Campistron. T. 



Alcibiades, 1675, Otway. T. 

Alessandro nelF Indie, 1729, Metastasio. 0. 

Alexander and Campaspe, etc., 1583, Lyly. 

Myt.D. 
Alexander the Great (second title of The Rival 

Queens), 1678, Lee. T. 
Alexandre, 1665, Racine. T. 
Alexina, 1866, Knowl.es. PI. 
Alfonso King of Castile, 1801, Lewis. H.P1. 
Allied, 1724, Avne or his pupil Barney. 0. 
Alfred, i778. Home. H.l'l. 
Alfred or The Roast Beef of Old England, 1740, 

J. Thomson and Malloch. M. 
AH Baba, 1833. Cherubini. 0. 
Aline Reine de Golconde, 1767, Sedaine. 0. 
All Fools, 1605, Chapman. C. 
All for Fame, 1807, Cherry. C. 
All for Love or the World Well Lost, 1678, 

Dryden. T. 
All for Money, 1578, Lupton. T.C. 
All in the Wrong, 1761, Murphy. C. 
All is Vanity or The Cynic's Defeat, * Alfred 

Thompson. Cl.Cdta. 
All the World's a Stage, * Jackman. F. 
All's Well that Ends Well 1598, Shakespeare. C. 
Almansor. (See " Conquest of Granada.") 
Almeria, 1698, Handel. 0. 
Almeyda Queen of Grenada, 1796, Miss Lee. T. 
Alonzo, 1773, Home. T. 
Alphonsus King of Arragon, posthumous 1594. 

Greene. C. 
Alsatia (The Squire of), 1688, Shadwell. C. (often 

called The Gentleman of Alsatia). 
Alzire, 1736, Voltaire. T. (done into English by 

Hill, A'zira, 1738). 
Amadis de Grece, 1704, Lamotte. 0. 
Amant Difficile (/,'), 18th cent., Lamotte. C. 
Amant Jaloux (//), 1778, G retry. 0. 
Amants Magnifiques, 1670, Moliere. C. 
Amasis, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
Ambassadrice, 1837, Scribe. O.C. 
Ambitious Stepmother (Tlie), 1698, Rowe. T. 
Ambitious Vengeance, 18th cent., Merry. 
Amelia, 1768, Cumberland. (This is The Sum- 
mer's Tale cut down into an afterpiece.) 
Amends for Ladies, 1618, Field. C. 



1136 



APPENDIX I. 



American Cousin {Our), 19th cent., Tom Taylor 

andSothero. C. 
Americans (The), about 1770, Arnold. 0. (music 

by Braham). 
Ami de la Maison, 1772, Marmontel. 0. (music 

by Gretry). 
Amoroso King of Little Britain, 1818, Planche. C. 
Amorous Bigot, 1690, Shadwell. C. 
Amorous Warre, 1648, Mayne. C. 
Amour (V) et l'Opinion, 1781-1857, Brifaut. C. 
Amour Medecin, 1665, Moliere. C. 
Amours de Diable, 1852, St. Georges. O.C. 
Amphitryon, 1668, Moliere. C. 
Amphitryon, 1690, Dryden. C. 
Amphitryon, 1781, Sedaine. 0. (See "Jack 

Juggler.") 
Amphitryon, 1782, Andrieux. C. 
Anacreon, 1766, Sedaine. CO. 
Anacreon, 1832, Cherubini 0. 
Anaximandre, 1782, Andrieux. C. 
Andrew of Hungary, 1839, Landor. T. 
Andria, before 1530, Anon. C. (Terence's play 

d ne into English). 
Andromaque, 1667, Racine. T. (See " The Dis- 
tressed Mother.") 
Andromaque, 1683, Campistron. T. 
Andronic, 1686, Campistron. T. 
Angelica. 1722, Metastasio. 0. (music by Por- 

poraY 
Anglais a Bordeaux (L'), 18th cent., Favart. O.C. 
Anglomane, 1752, Saurin. C. 
Animal Magnetism, 1 785, Inchbald. F. 
Anna Bolena, 1830, Donizetti. 0. 
Anna Boleyn, about 168o, Banks. T. 
Anne Boleyn, 1821, Milman. T. 
Annette et Lubin, 18th cent., Favart. O.C. 
Ano Despues de la Boda, 1825, Gil y Zarate. 
Antidote (The), posthumous 1805, Alfieri. C. 

(on mixed governments). 
Antigone, 1633, Rotrou. Cl.D. (imitated from 

the Antigone of Sophocles). 
Antigone, 1783, AUieri. T. 
Antiochus et Cleopatre, 1717, Deschamps. T. 
Antipodes, 1638, Brome. C. 
Antonio and Mellida, 1602, Marston. T. 
Antonio or The Soldier's Keturn, 1801, Godwin. T. 
Antonio's Revenge, 1602, Marston. T. 
Antony, 1590, lady Pembroke. T. 
Antony, 1831, Dumas. T. 
Antony and Cleopatra, 1608, Shakespeare. T. 

(See " Cleopatra.") 
Appearance is Against Them, * Anon. F. 
Appius and Virginia, 1574, R. B — . T.C. 
Appius and Virginia, 1654, Webster. T. (See 

" Virginia.") 
Apprentice (The), 1751 or 1756, Murphy. F. 
Arab (The), 1783, Cumberland. T. 
Arden of Fevershafn, 1592, Anon. H.T. (altered 

in 1739 by Lillo). 
Argalus and Parthenia, about 1620, Glap- 

thorne. PI. 
Ariane, 1672, T. Corneille. T. 
Aristodemus, 1825, Monti. T. (rendered into 

Fiench, 1854, by DupliSsis). 
Arisfomene, 1749, Marmontel. T. 
Armida, 1777, Gliick. O. (libretto by Calzabigi). 
Arminius, 1684, Campistron. T, 
Avminius, 1798, Murphy. T. 
Armourer ( The), 1793, Cumberland. CO. 
Aimourer of Nantes, 1863, Balfe. O. 
Arrah na Poglie, 19th cent., Boucicault. l.D. 



Arraignment of Paris, 1584, Peele. Ct.S. or M. 

Artaserse, before 1730, Metastasio. O. 

Artaxerxes, 1762, Arne. 

Artaxerxes, 1831, Dorn. 0. 

Artemire, 1720, Voltaire. T. 

Artifice, 1721, Centlivre. C. 

As You Like It, 1600, Shakespeare. C (The 
quarry of this play was Lodge's novel called 
Kosalynde, 1590.) 

Asdrubal, 1647, Jacob Montfleury. T. 

Assignation (The), 1672, Dryden. C 

Assignation (The), 1807, Miss Lee. C 

Assommoir (//), 1878, Zola. D. (See "Drink.") 

At Home, 1818, C Mathews. E. 

Athalia, 1733, Handel. Or. 

Athalia, 1844, Mendelssohn. O. 

Athalie, 1690, Racine. T. 

Atheist's Tragedy ( The), 1 7th cent., Tourneur. T. 

Athelwold, 1732, Hill. T. 

Athelwold, 1842, W. Smith. T. 

Athenais, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 

Athenian Captive, 1838, Talfourd. Cl.Pl. 

Atonement or Branded for Life, 1863, Muskerry. 
D. (Us Miserables of Victor Hugo drama- 
tized). 

Attila, 1667, Corneille. T. 

Attila, 19th cent., Verdi. 0. 

Attilio Regolo, 1740, Metastasio. 0. 

Atys, 1780, Piccini. 0. 

Auchindrane. (See " Ayrshire Tragedy.") 

Auction of Pictures, 18th cent., Foote. F. 

Augusto (L'), 1665, Amore. T. 

Aureliano in Palmira, 1814, Rossini. 0. 

Aurengzebe, 1675, Dryden. He.Pl. 

Author (The), 1757, Foote. F. 

Avant, Pendant, et Apres, before 1822, Scribe. V. 

Avare (/,'), 1667, Moliere. C 

Avocat Patclin (/.'), 1706. De Brueys. F. (This 
was a reproduction of a comedy attributed to 
Blanchet, who died 1519; but Bouillet says 
it was more ancient still.) 

Ayrshire Tragedy, 1830, sir W. Scott. T. 



Babes in the Wood, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
Bague de Therese, 1861, Carmouche. C 
Bajazet, 1672, Racine. T. 
Balder's Dod, 1773, Kvald or Ewald. D. 
Ball (The), before 1642, Shirley. C 
Ballo in Maschera (Un), 1861, Verdi. 0. 
Banishment of Cicero, 1761, Cumberland. D.Pm. 
Banker's Daughter (The), 1879, B. Howard. D. 
Bankrupt (The), 18th cent., Foote. F. 
Barbarossa, 1755, Brown. T. 
Barbier de Seville (Le), 1775, Beaumarchais. C 
Barbiere di Siviglia, 1780, Paisiello. 0. 
Barbiere di Siviglia, 1816, Rossini. 0. (sir H. 

Bishop altered it). 
Barmecides (Les), 1778, Laharpe. T. 
Barnwell. (See " George Barnwell.") 
Barry (Mde. du), 1836, Ancelot. V. 
Bartholomew Fay re, 1614, Jonson. C 
Bashful Lover, 1636, Massinger. C. 
Bashful Man (llie), 18th cent., Moncrioff. CD. 
Basil (Count), 1798, J. Baillie. T. (the passion 

of" love"). 
Basset Table, 1706. Centlivre. C 
Bastion et Bastienne, 18th cent., Favart. O.C 
Battaile de Danes, 1851, Scribe and Legouve\ C 
Battle of Alcazar, 1 594, Peele. T. 
Battle of Hastings, 1778, Cumberland. T. 



DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 



1137 



Rattle of Hermann, 19th cent., Kleist. H.D. 
Battle of Hexham, I7s9, Column. C. 
Battle of Sedgmoor, about 1675, duke of Buck- 
ingham. F. 
Bear- Hunters, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
Beatrice di Tenda, 1833, Bellini. 0. 
Beau's Duel, 1703, Centlivre. C. 
Beauty, 1616, Jonson C. 
Beaux' Stratagem, 1707, Farquhar. C. 
Becket. (See " Thomas a B' cket.") 
Beggar of Bethnal Green, 1834, Knowles. C. 

(■^ee " Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green.") 
Beggar?/ Bush, 1622, Fletcher (Beaumont died 

1616). C. 
Beggar's Opera, 1727, Gay. CO. (music by Lin- 
ley. Dr. Pepusch adapted music to this 

opera). 
Belisaire, 1645, Rotrou. T. 
Belisarius, 1757-1823, Kemble. 
Bellamere Earl of Carlisle, * * T. 
Belle Arsene (Im), 1775, Favart. O.C. (music 

by Monsigny). 
Belle He'lene (Im), 1865, Offenbach. O.C. 
Belle's Stratagem (The), 1780, Mrs. Cowley. C. 
Bells (Tie), 1x74, Erekinann-Chatrian, adapted 

from The Polish Jew (q.v.). 
Belphegor, 1856, C. Webb and L. Buckingham. 

D. (translate from the French of Deanery 

and Fournier). 
Belshaz/ar, 1821, Milman. Cl.D. 
Benevolent Tar (Tut), * Cross. Mu.E. 
Benyowski, 1811, kotzebue. (The English ver- 
sion is called The Virgin of the Sun.) 
Berenice, 1670, Racine. T. (the hero and 

heroine meant for Louis XIV. and Henrietta 

of England). 
Bertram, 1816, Maturin. T. (copyright was 

£525). 
Bertrand et Raton, 1833, Scribe. C. 
Betsy, ls79, Burnard (from the French). 
Better Late than Never, before 1814, Andrews. C. 
Beverley, 1748, Saurin. D. 
Bianea. 1817, Ingemann. T. 
Bianca, 1859. Balfe. 0. 
B ckerstaff s Burying, 1710, Centlivre. C. 
Bijou Perdu, 1855, Adam. Pt.Pc. (libretto by 

Deforges). 
Billy Taylor, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
Birth, 19ih cent., Robertson. C. 
Birth of Merlin, 1662, Rowley. C. 
Biter (The). 1705, Rowe. C. 
Black Domino, 1841, an English version of 

Scribe's Le Domino Noir, 1837. O.C. 
Black-Eved Susan, 1822, Jerrold. N.D. 
Black Horse (The), before 1620, Fletcher. PL 

(See " PaUemon and Arcyte.") 
Black Prince, 1669, lord Orrery. H.P1. 
Blackness, 1616, Jonson. C. 
Blisht'd B ing (^4). 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
Blind Bargain, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Blind Beggar oi Alexandria, 1598, Chapman. PI. 
Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, 1659, Day. C. 

(S^e " Beggar of Bethnal Green.") 
Blind Girl, 1801, Morton. C. 
Bloody Brother, 1639, Beaumont and Fletcher. T. 
Blot on the 'Scutcheon, 19th cent., R. Browning T. 
Blue Beard, 1797, Sedaine. CO. (music by 

G re try). 
Blue Beard, 1798, Colman. Mu.Sp. (music by 

Kelly). 
Boadicea, 1753, Glover T. 



Bohemian Girl, 1844, Balfe. 0. (burlesqued by 
H. J. Byron in The Bohemian Gyurl). 

Bohemians or Rogues of Paris, 1863, Stirling. D. 

Bohemienne, 1862, St. Georges. O.C. 

Boite d' Argent, L858, Dumas./ife. C 

Bold Stroke for a Husband," 1782, Mrs. Cow- 
ley. C 

Bold Stroke for a Wife, 1717, Centlivre. C 

Bombastes Furioso, 1790, Rhode-. F. 

Bon Fils, 1785, Florian. C. 

Bon Menage, 1782, Florian. C. 

lion Pere, 1783, Florian. C 

Bon Ton, 1760, Burgoyne. C 

lion Ton, 1776, Garriek. F. (the above curtailed). 

Bondman (Tlit), 1623, Malinger and Field. T. 

Bondman (The), 1780, Cumberland. 

Bondman (The), 1x08-1870, Balfe. O. 

Bonduca, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. T. 
(converted by Thomas Sberidan into a 
spectacle). 

Bonne Mere, 1784, Florian. C 

Bothwell, * Ware. D. 

Bourgeois Gentilhomme, 1670, Moliere. C. 

Bourgeoises a-la-Mode, 1654, Dancourt. C. 

Bourse (1m,), 1856, 1'onsaid. F. 

Box Lobby Challenge (The), 1794, Cumberland. C 

Box and Cox, 1764-1838, Morton. F. 

Bradamante, 1580, Gamier. T. 

Braganza (The Duke of), 1735, Jepbson. T. 

Bravo (The), 1833, Buckstoue. Mel. (Cooper's 
novel dramatized). 

Breach of Promise, 19th cent., Robertson. C 

Bride (The), 1808, Korner. PI. 

Bride of Messina, 1303, Schiller. T. 

Bride's Tragedy (The), 1822, Beddoes. T. 

Brides of Aragon (Tfte), 1823, Beer. T. 

Brier Cliff, 1842, George Morris. D. 

Brighton. (See " Saratoga.") 

Britannicus 1669, Racine. T. 

Broken Heart, 1633, Ford. T. 

Brother Sam, 19th cent., Oxenford, Sothern, and 
Buckstone. C. 

Brother and Sister, 1633, Ford. T. 

Brothers (The), before 1642, Shirley. PI. 

Brothers (TV), 1752, Young. T. 

Brothers (The), 1769, Cumberland. C. 

Brutus, about 1690, Miss Bernard. T. 

Brutus, 1730, Voltaire. T. 

Brutus (Junius), 1783, Alfieri. T. 

Brutus (Junius), 1828, Andrieux. T. 

Brutus ,, Lucius Junius), 1679, Lee. T. 

Brutus (Lucius Junius), 1 784, Duncombe. T. 

Brutus (Marcus), 1783, Alfieri. T. 

Brutus and Cassius, 1764-1811, Chenier. T. 
(See " Conspiracy of Brutus.") 

Brutus or The Fall of Tarquin, 1820, Payne. T. 

Bubbles of the Day, 1842, Jerrold. C 

Buffoon (Sir Hercules), 1622-1681, Lacy. C 

Bull. (See "John Bull.") 

Bury Fair, 1689, Sh. dwell. C 

Busiris, 1719, Young. T. (copyright was £34). 

Bussv d'Ambois, 1603, Chapman. T. 

Busy Body (The), 1708, Centlivre. C 

By Royal Command, 19th cent., Stirling. CO. 

Byron's Conspiracy, 1 604, Chapman. T. 



Cabal and Love, 1783, Schiller. T. 
Cadi Dupe (U), 1761, Monsigny. O.C 
Caelina or L'Enfant du Mystere, 1800, Guilbert 
de Pixerecourt. Mel. 

4 D 



1138 



APPENDIX I. 



Cain, 1822, Byron. Mys. 

Caio Gracco, 1720, Leo. 0. (See " Gracchus.") 

Oaius Gracchus, 1815, Knowles. HI 

Caius Gracchus, 1825, Monti. H.T. ircndercd 

into French, 1854, by Duplissis). 
Gaius Marius, 1680, Otway. T. 
Calandria {La), 1490, Bibbi. C. (the first Italian 

comedy). 
Calife de Bagdad, 1799, Boieldieu. 0. 
Galisto, about 1679, Crowne. M. 
Callisthene, 1780, Piron. T. 
Calypso. 1779, Curuberliiiid. 
Calypso, 1803, Winter. O. . (See " Gracchus."; 
Camaraderie {La), 1837, Scribe. C. 
Cambises (Kihg), 1573, Preston. C. 
Cambyses, before 1724, Settle. T. 
Camnia, 1661, T. Corneille. T. 
Camp {The), 1780, Sheridan. Mu.D. 
Campaign or L >ve in the East, 1783, Jephson. O. 
Campaspe. (See " Alexander and Campaspe," 

"Cupid and Campaspe.") 
Caprices of a Lover {The), 1769, Goethe. C. 
Captain (The), 1613, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
Captifs {Les), 1635, Rotrou. C. (imitated from 

the C'aptivioi Plautus). 
Captive {The), 1769, Bickerstaft. 
Car.ictacus, 1756, Mason. T. 
Caractacus, 1808, Bishop. Pn.Bl. 
Caravanne {La), 1783, Gretry. O. 
Card of Fancy, 1601, Greene. C. 
Cardinal {The), 1652, Shirley. 
Careless Husband {The), 1704, Cibber. C. 
Careless Shepherdess ( The), 1656, T. G[offe]. T.C. 
Carlos {Don), 1676, Otway. T. 
Carlos {Don), 1787, Schiller. T. 
Carmelite {The), 1785, Cumberland. T. 
Carnival of Venice, 1781, Tickell. CO. 
Cassandre, 1677-1758, Lagrange. O. 
Cassius, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
Caste, 19th cent.. Robertson. C. 
Castilian (Th.), 1844, Talfourd. 
CasAe Spectre, 1797, Lewis. DR. 
Castle of Andalusia, 1798, O'Keefe. 
Castle of Sorento, * Heart well. Mu.E. 
Castor and Pollux, 1770, Bernard. O. 
Catch Him Who Can, 1808, Hook. 
Caterino Conara, 1844, Donizetti. O. 
Catherine Grev. 1837, Balfe. O. 
Catherine of Heilbroiiti, 1776-1811, Kleist. C. 
Catiline, 1822, Croly. T. 
Catiline's Conspiracy, 1611, Jonson. T. 
Cato, 1713, Addison. I'. 
Caton d'Utique, 1715, Dechamps. O. (music 

by Vinci and by Leo). 
Catone in Utica, 1726, Metastasio. T. (music 

by Leo). 
Catspaw, .ibout 1850, Jerrold. 
Ce qui Plait aux Femmes, 1860, Ponsard. C. 
Cecchina {La), 1760, Piccini. O. 
Cenci, 1819, Shelley. T. 
Cenerentola (La), 1817, Rossini. O. 
Chaine (Une), 1841, Scribe. C. 
Chalet (l.e), 1834, Adam.. O.C. (libretto by 

Scribe). 
Challenge for Beauty (A), about 1689, Hey- 

wood. T.C. 
Chances {The), 1620, Fletcher (Beaumont died 

1616). C. (altered first by the duke of 

Buckingham, and then by Uarrick, into a 

farce). 
Changem'iit dTTniforme, 183C, Dennery. D. 



CO. 



Chanson de Fortunio, 1861 , Offenbach. O.Bf. 
Chaperon Rouge (Le), 1818, Boieldieu. O. 
Chapter of Accidents (The), 1780, Miss Lee. C. 
Charlatanisme (Le), before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
Charles L, 1750, Havard. H.U. 
Charles L, 1828, E. Cobham Brewer. H.T. 
Charles I., 1830, Miss Mitford. H.D. 
Charles I., 1853, Gurney. H.P1. (See " Crom- 
well.") 
Charles I., 1878, Wills. H.P1. (This is the play 

which Irving acted in.) 
Charles VI., 1841, Halevy. O. (libretto by 

Delavigne). 
Charles VII., 1831, Dumas. H.D. 
Charles IX., 1789, Chenier. H.D. 
Charles XIL, 1826, Planche. H.D. 
Charles le Temeraire, 1814, Guilbert de Pixere- 

court. D. 
Charlotte Corday, 1850, Ponsard. T. 
Chasse a St. Germain, 1860, Deslandes. D. 
Chatelet (Mde. du), about 1834, Ancelot. V. 
Cheats of Scapin, 1677, Otway. F. (from 

Moliere's Fourberies de Scapin, 1671. C). 
Chercheuse l'Esprit (Im), 18th cent., Favart. 

O.C. 
Chevalier a-la-Mode, 1652, Dancourt. C. 
Chiende Montargis(Le),1814, Guilbert de Pixere- 

court. D. 
Chiens du Mont St. Bernard, 1838, Antier. T. 
Child of Nature, 1753-1821, lnch)>ald. D. 
Children of the Wood, 1815, Morton. C 
Choleric Man, 1775, Cumberland. C 
Cbosroes, 1649, Rotrou. T. 
Christine, 1830, Dumas. H.P1. 
Chris-tine a Fontainebleau, 1829, Soulie. D.R. 
Christine en Suede, 1829, Brault. H.P1. 
Christmas, 1616, Jephson. 
Christophe C lomb, 1815, Guilbert de Pixera- 

court. D. 
Chronicle History of Leir King of Kngland, 1573, 

Anon. H.PI. (This was the quarry of 

Shakespeare's King Lear.) 
Chrononhotonthologos, 1734, Carey. B.O. 
Cid (The), 1621, Guillielm de Castro. T. 
Cid (The), 1636, Corneille. T. (au adaptation of 

the above). 
China, 1639, Corneille. D.H. 
China's Conspiracy, 1640, T. Cibber. T. (copy-' 

right was £13). 
Cinthia's Revels. (See " Cynthia's Revels.") 
Circassian's Bride {The), 1809, Bishop. 0. 
Ciro Riconosciuto, 1739, Leo. O. 
Citizen (The), 1761, Murphy. F. 
Citizen General (The), 1793, Goethe. C 
City Madam (The), 1659, Massinger. C. 
City Match, 1639, Mayne. C. 
City Politics, 1672, Crowne. C. 
City Wit (The), about 1610, Brome. 
City of the Plague, 1816, Wilson. 
Clandestine Marriage, 1766, Colman the Elder 

and Uarrick. C. (based on The False Concord, 

by Town ley, 1760). 
Clari, the Maid of Milan, 1822, Payne. Mu.D. 

(music by Bishop), 
Clavijb, 1774, Goethe. D. 
Clementina, 1774, Kelly. T. 
Clenienza di Tito, 1734, Metastasio. 0. (music 

by Leo). 
Clem nza di Tito, 1791, Mozart. 0. 
Cleomen. s, 1692, Dryden. 
Cleone, 1710, Dodsley. T. 



C 



DRAMAS, OPERAS. ETC. 



1139 



Cleopatra, 1601, Daniel. T. 
Cleopatra, 1773, acted 1775, Alfieri. T. 
Cleopatre, lcao, Mairet. T. 
Cleopatre, 1 7 r» o , Marmontel. T. 

Cleopat.ro Captive, 15.")0, Jodelle. T. (Antony 

and Cleopatra, 1608, Shakespeare. T.) 
Clitandie, 1632, Corneille. 
Closerie des Genets (La), 1846, Soulie. D. 
Clotilde, 1832, Soulie. T. 
Clytemnestta, 1823, Beer. T. 
Cockle. (See " Sir John Cockle at Court.") 
Cocu Iinaginaire, 1660, Moliere. C. 
Colinette a la C ur, 18th C( nt.. Gretry. 0. 
Colleen Bawn, i860, Boucicault. C. 
Columbus, 179s, Morton. 11.1*1. 
Comedienne (La), 1816, Andrieux. C. 
Comediens (A*s), 1819, Delavigne. C. 
Comedy of Errors, 1593, Shakespeare. C. (first 

mention 159s). 
Comical Gallant, 1707, Dennis. C. (This is The 

Merry Wires of Windsor, by Shakespeare, 

1596, new set.) 
Comical Lovers (The), 1671-1757, C. Cibber. C. 

(copyright was £10 15s.). 
Comical Revenge, 1664, Etherege. C. 
Commissary (The), 1765, Foote. F. 
Committee (Th<), 1670, Howard. C. (See 

"Honest Thieves.") 
Common Conditions, 1576, * C. 
Complaint of Uosamond, 1562-1619, Daniel. T. 
Comte d'Ory (U), 182s, Scribe. 0. 
Comtesse d'Kscarbagnas, 1672, Moliere. C. 
Comus, 1634, Milton. M. (music by Lawes). 
Com us, 1738, A me. 0. 
Confederacy (The), 1705, Vanbrugh. C. 
Confederates (The), about 1720, Breval. Sat.D. 
Conquest of Granada, 1670, Dryden. He.Pl. 
Conrad, 1772, Maguocavallo. Pr.T. 
Conscience or The Bridal Night, 1823, Haynes. 
Conscious Ixjvers (The), 1722, Steele. C. 
Conseiller Rapporteur (Le), 1841, Delavigne. C. 
Conspiracy (The), 1612-1690, H. Kiliigrew. T. 
Conspiracy (The), 1789, Jephson. T. 
Conspiracy of Brutus, 1691, Antoni. T. (See 

"Julius Caesar.") 
Conspiracy of the Fazzi, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
Constant Couple (The), 1700, Farquhar. C. 
Contes de la Reine de Navarre (Les), 1850, Scribe 

and Lenouve. 
Contested Election (The), 19th cent., Tom 

Taylor. 
Contract (TJte), 1780, T. Franklin. C. 
Contrivances (The), 1715, Carey. Bd.O. 
Convivado de Iledra, 1626, Tirso de Molino, 

whose name was Tellez. C. (This is the 

original of all the Don Juans.) 
Cophte (Tlie Grand), 1792, Goethe. C. 
Coquette (Thr), before 1766, Molloy. C. 
Coquette du Village, 1715, Dufresny. C. 
Coresus et Callirhoe, 1696, Lafosse. T. 
Coriolan, 1781, Laharpe. T. 
Coriolanus, 1610, Shakespeare. T. (See "In- 
vader of His Country.") 
Coriolanus, 1747, Thomson. T. 
Cornelia, 1594, Kyd. T. (from Garnier's tragedy 

Cornelit), 
Cornelie, 1591, Gamier. T. 
Cornette Jaune, 1864, Carmouche C. 
Coronation (The), 17th cent., either J. Fletcher 

or Shirley. C. 
Corsaire (The), 1856, Adam. B. 



Corsican Brothers, 1848, Boucicault. D. 

Cosa Kara (La), 17*6, Martini. O. (The Eng- 
lish version is called The Sieye of Belgrade.) 

Cosi Fan Tutte, 1790, Mozart. 0. 

Cosmo de .Medici, 1827, Home. T. 

Count Egmont, 1788, Goethe. T. 

Count of Narbonne, 1765, Jephson. T. (Wal- 
pole's Castle of Otranto dramatized). 

Counters of Salisbury, 1767, Ilartson. T. 

Country Attorney (The), 1793, Cumberland. C. 

Country Girl (The), 17th cent., Brewer. C. 

Country Girl (The), 18th cent., Garrick. C. 
(altered from The Country Wife, by Wy- 
cherly). 

Country House, 1715, Vanbrugh. F. 

Country Wife, 1675, Wyeherly. C. (See 
" The Country Girl.") 

Courageous Turk,' 1632, Goflf. T. 

Courier of Lyons, 1852, Stirling. D. 

Couronne de Bluets, 1836, lloussaye. 

Court Beggar (The), about 1640 Brome. C. 

Courtley Nice (Sir), 1685, Crowne. C. 

Covivando de Piedro. (See -Convivado," etc.) 

Coxcomb (The), posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
and Fletcher. C. 

Cozeners (The), about 1760, Foote. F. 

Creation (The), 1798, Haydn. Or. 

Creusa, 1754, Whitehead. T. 

Crispin Gentilhomme, 1640-1685, Ant. J. Mont- 
fleury. C. 

Critic (TJir), 1779, Sheridan. A. ("Sir Fret- 
ful Plagiary " is meant for Cumberland.) 

Critique (Im), 1662, Moliere. C. 

Crociato in Egitto (II), 1825, Meyerbeer. 0. 

Cromwell, 1827, Victor Hugo. H.P1. (See 
"Charles I.") 

Cross Purposes, 1842, O'Brien. F. 

Crown Diamonds, 1842 (English version of 
Diamante de la Couronne, qv.). 

Cruel Gift, 1707, Centlivre. 

Crutch and Toothpick, 1879, Sims. B. 

Cupid and Campaspe, 1583, Lyly. L.D. 

Cupid and Psyche, 19th cent., Miiller. L.D. 

Cupid's Revenge,1615,Beaumontand Fletcher. C. 

Cure for Romance, 1819, Thomson. C. 

Cure for the Heartache, 1811, Morton. C. 

Cure of Saul, 1770, Arnold. 0. 

Curfew (The), 1770-1804, Tobin. PI. 

Custom of the Country, posthumous 1647, 
Beaumont and Fletcher. T. 

Cutter of Coleman Street, 1644, Cowley. C. 

Cymbeline, 1605, Shakespeare. T. 

Cymon, 1716-1779, Garrick. D.R. 

Cymon and Iphigenia, 1631-1701, Dryden. 

Cynthia's Revels, 1600, Jonson. 

Cyrus the Great, about 1695, Banks. T. 



Daddy O'Dowd, 19th cent., Boucicault. I.D. 
Daisy Farm (The), 1871, H. J. Byron. Dom.D. 
Dame Blanche (La), 1829, Boieldieu. O.C. 

(libretto by Scribe). 
Dame Medecin (La), 1640-1685, Ant. J. Mont- 

fleurv. C. 
Dame Voilee, 1838, Balfe. O. 
Dame aux Camelias, 1S48, Dumas fils. C. 
Dames Capitaines (Les), 1857, Reber. 0. 
Damoiselle a Marier (La), before 1822, Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Damon and Pythias, 1566, Edwardes. T. (See 

" Ferrex and Porrex.") 



1140 



APPENDIX I. 



Damon and Pythias, 1825, Banim. PL 
Daranes, 1743, Hill. 

Darius, 1603, published 1607, lord Stirling. T. 
Dark Glen uf Ballyfoill (The), 19th cent., 

Stirling. I.D. 
Daughter (The), 1836, Knowles. I). 
Daughter of St. Mark, 1844, Balfe. 0. 
Daughter of the Isles, 1861, Leslie. 0. 
David, 1724-1803, Klopstock. T. 
David, 1834, Nmkonim. Or. 
Days of Yore. 1796, Cumberland. C. 
De Montfort, 1798, Baillie. T. 
De Paris a Corbell, etc., 1854, Demoliere. C. 
Deaf and Dumb, 1785, Holcroft. H.D. 
Death Fetch, 1830, Home. D. 
Death of Adam, 1724-1803, Klopstock. T. 
Death of Marlowe, 1827, Home. T. 
Death of Nero, 1690, Pechantre. T. 
Death of Robert Eail of Huntington, in two 

parts, 1601, Heywoorl. PL (See " Robin 

Hood.") (This play is by some attributed 

to Ant. Munday and Chetrle.) 
Debates in the Police Friend, 19th cent.,Herz. V. 
Deborah, 1733, Handel. Or. 
Deformed Transformed, 1821, Byron. D. 
Degel (Le), 1864, Saidou. 
Delinquent {The), 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Demafoonte, 1719, Metastasio. O. (music by 

Leo). 
Demetrio, 1731, Metastasio. O. (music by 

Caldara). 
D^mocrite, 1700, Regnard. C. 
Demophon, 1791, Cherubini. O. 
Dependant (The), 1798, Cumberland. C. 
D<'pit Amoureux, 1654, Moliere. C. 
Der Freischiitz, 1822, Weber. O. (libretto by 

Kind). 
Dervis (he), 1811, Scribe. O. 
Deserted Daughter, 1785, Holcroft. C. (altered 

into The Sien ard). 
Deserter (The), 1770, Dibdin. Mu.D. (from Le 

Deserteur). 
Deserteur (Lc\ 1769, Sedaine. CO. (music by 

Monsigny). 
Destruction of Jerusalem, 1680, Crowne. T. 

(Milman wrote The Fall of Jerusalem, 

1820. Cl.T.) 
Deuce is in Hiin (The), 1763, Colman the 

Elder. F. 
Deux Amis (Les), 1770, Beaumarchais. D. 
Deux Aveugles {Les), 1855, Offenbach. O.Bf. 
Deux Billets (Us), 1779, Florian. C. 
Deux Hommes pour un Placard, 1860, De- 

sarbre.8. F. 
Deux Journees, 1800, Cherubini. O. 
Deux Jumeaux de Bergame, 1781, Florian. C. 
Deux Papas Tres-Bien, 1845, Labiche. C. 
Deux Precepteurs (Us), before 1822, Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Devil an Ass (Tlie), 1616, Jonson. C. 
Devil of a Wife (The), 17th cent., Jevon. 
Devil to Pay (TV). 1731, Coffey. Bd.F. 
Devil upon Two Sticks, 1768, Foote. F. 
Devil's Charter, 1607, Barnes. T. 
Devil's Law-Case, 1613, Webster. 
Devin du Village (Le), 1752, words and music 

by Rousseau. Opta. 
Diable a l'l cole, 1842, Boulanger. CO. 
Diable a Quatre (Ac), 1756, Sedaine. CO. 
Diamants tie la Couronne (Les), 1841, .Auber. 

O. (See " Crown Diamonds.") 



Diane et Endymion, 1787, Piccini. O. 
Dido, 1731, Reed. T. 

Dido, 1783, Marmontel. O. (music by Piccini). 
Dido Queen of Carthage, 1594, Marlowe and 

Nash. T. 
Dido and jEneas, 1657, Purcell. O. 
Didone Abbandonata, 1724, Metastasio. O. 

(music by Sarro and by Vinci). 
Die Zauberfiote. (See "Zauberfiote.") 
Dieu et la Bayadere, 1830, Scribe. O. 
Dinorah, 1859, Meyerbeer. 0. 
Dioclesian, 1690, Purcell. 0. 
Diogenes and His Lantern, 19th cent., Tom 

Taylor. 
Dionysius, 1748, Marmontel. T. (Deny 8 le 

Tyrant). 
Dipiomate (Le), 1827, Delavigne and Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Disappointment (The), 1684, Southerne. C. 
Discarded Son (The), 1854, Godfrey. C. (This 

is an English version of Un Pils de Famille ; 

see " The Queen's Shilling.") 
Discontented Colonel, 1638, Suckling. C 
Discovery ( the), 1763, Mrs. Sheridan. C 
Distrait (Le), 1697, Regnard. C 
Distressed Mother (The), 1712, Philips. T. 

(Racine's tragedy Andromaque Anglicized). 
Divine Olimpiade, 1719, Metastasio. 0. (music 

by Leo). 
Divorce (The), posthumous 1805, Aifieri. C 
Djengis Khan ou LaConquete de la Chine, 1837, 

Anicet Bourgeois. T. 
Dr. Last in His Chariot, 1769, Foote and Bicker- 
staff. F. (based on Le Malade Imaginaire, 

by Moliere, 1673). 
Dr. Magnus, 1864, Cormon. D. 
Dog of Montargis, 1815. Mel. (an English ver- 
sion of the Chien de Montargis, of Guilbert 

de Pixerecourt). (There is another French 

drama, calted Le Chien d'Aubry, on the 

same subject.) 
Doigts de Fee (Les), 1858, Scribe and Legouve. 

O.C 
Domino Noir (Le), 1837, Auber. O.C. (libretto 

by Scribe). (See " Black Domino.") 
Don Ca»sar de Bogan, 19th cent., Boucicault. 
Don Carlos, 1676, Otway. T. 
Don Carlos, 1787, Schiller. T. 
Don Felix, 1714, Centlivre. C. (same as The 

Wonder). 
Don Garcia, 1785, Aifieri. T. 
Don Giovanni, 1787, Mozart. 0. (libretto by 

L. da Ponte). Sir H. Bishop recast this 

opera. (See "Giovanni" and "Convivado.") 
Don Juan, 1665, Moliere. C (imitated from 

the Convirado, q.v.). 
Don Juan, 1665, Gliick. 0. 
Don Juan, 1673, Thomas Corneille. C (from 

the Spanish comedy Convivado, q.v.). 
Don Juan, 1802, Kalkbrenner. 0. 
Don Juan d'Autriehe, 1835, Delavigne. C 
Don Pasquale, 1843, Donizetti. 0. 
Don Pedre, 1857, Cormon. D. 
Don Pedro, 1795, Cumberland. D. 
Don Pedro de Portugal, 1828, Gil y Zarate. D. 
Don Sebastian, 1690, Dryden. T. 
Don Sebastiano, 1843, Donizetti. 0. (composed 

in two months). 
Donna del Laeo (Iai), 1821, Rossini. 0. 
Doom of Devorgoil, 1829, sir W. Scott. PL 
Double Dealer (The), 1694, Congreve. C. 



DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 



1141 



Double Falsehood, IT 21, Theobald. 

Double Gallant, 170", Libber. C. (copyright was 
£16 2s. &d.). 

Double Marriage, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 

Double Veuvage, 1701, Dufresny. C. 

Double or Quits. (See " Quitte," etc.) 

Douglas, 1756, Home. T. (based on the tale of 
<;il Morice). 

Dragon of Wantley, 1715, Carey. B.O. 

Dr.. guns de la Keine, 1841, Decourcelle. C. 

Dragoons ( The), 1879, Hersee. (This is an Eng- 
lish version of fJes Dragons de Yillars, a 
couiic opera by Maillart.) 

Drama of utile, ls50, E. B. Browning. 

Dramatist (77(e), 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 

Draines du Cabaret, 1864, Dumanoir. D. 

Dream at Sea, before 133s, Buck^one. Mel. 

Dreams, 1 9th ctnt., Robertson. C. 

Drink, 1879. C. Read. D. (from L'Assommoir, by 
Mons. Zola, 1878). 

Druid or The Vision of Fingal, 1815, Thomson. 

Drummer ('/7(e), 1715, Addison. C. 

Duchess de la Valliere, 1S36, Lytton. T. 

Duchess of Guise, 1^3*, Flotow. 0. 

Duchess of Malfy, 1623, Webster. T. 

Duenna (77ie), 1775, Sheridan. Op.C. (music 
by Linley). 

Duke of Braganza, 1785, Jephson. T. 

Duke of Guise, 1682, Dryden. T. 

Duke of Lerma, * Robert Howard. 

Duke of Millaine, 1623, Massinger. T. (imita- 
tion of Shakespeare's Othello). 

Duke's Mistress, 163s. Shirley. 

Dumb Knight. 1633, Machin. 

Dumb Lady, 1623-1681, Lacy. C. 

Dundreary Married and Done for {I^ord), 19th 
cent., H. J. Byron and Sothem. C. (See 
" Lord Dundreary.") 

Dune (Thr\ 1765. Mrs. Sheridan. C. 

Dupe. (See '• Who's the Dupe i ") 

Duplicity, 1781, Holcroft. C. 

Dutch Courtesan {The), 1605, Marston. C. 



Earl Godwin, 1796. Anne Yearsley. T. 

Karl of Essex, 1678, Th. Corneille. T. (.Essex). 

Earl of Essex, 1690, Banks. T. 

Earl of Essex, 1745, Jones. T. 

Earl of Huntingdon. (See "Death of Robert . . .") 

Earl of Warwick, 1767, Dr. T. Franklin. T. 

(See " Warwick.") 
Earl of Westmoreland, 1765, H. Brooke. T. 
East Indian. 1800, Lewis. C- 
Eastward Hoe! 1605, Jonson, Chapman, etc. 

Sat.D. (to ridicule the Scotch). 
Eccentric Love. 1799, Cumberland. C. 
Echo et Xarcisse, 1778, Glilck. O. 
Eclair. (See " L'Eclaire.") 
Ecole. (See " L' cole.") 
Ecossaise (/,'), 1764, Voltaire, C. (in which 

Freron is gibbeted). 
Edith, before 1809, Dounman. T. 
Edward I., 1593, Peele. H.Pl. 
Edward 11., 1592, Marlowe. H.T. (Shakespeare's 

Bichard II. is in imitation of it, 1597.) 
Edward IV., in two parts, 17th cent., Heywood. 

H.Pl. 
Edward and Kleonora, 1739, Thomson. T. 
Edward the Black Prince. 1640, Shirley. H.T. 
Edwin, 1678-1755, Jefferys. T. 
Edwin the Fair, 1843, Taylor. H.D. 



E.lwy and Elgiva, 1795. Mde. D'Arblay. T. 

Egmont {Count), 1788, Goethe. T. 

Elavi, 1816, Bishop. O. 

Elder Brother, 1637, Beaumont and Fletcher. 

Elfrid or The Fair Inconstant, 1710, Hill. 

Elfrida, 1752, Mason. T. 

Elfrida, 1*56. Balfe. O. 

El llyder, * Barrymore. G.K.Mel.S. 

Elijah, 1846, Mendelssohn. Or. 

Elba, 1794, Cherubini. 0. 

Elisca, 18th cent., Gretry. O. 

Elixir d' Amour (//), 1845, Donizetti. 0. 

Ellen Wan-ham, about 1834, Buckstoue. D. 

(writaen for Mrs. Yates). 
Elmerick, 1739, Lillo. T. 
Elves (77(e), ls35, Heiberg. Fy.C. 
Elvira, 1760. Mallet. T. 
Emilia Galotti, 1772, Lessing. T. 
Emma, 19th cent., Herz. D. 
Emma di Resburgo, 1820, Meyerbeer. 0. 
Emperiquea {l.es), 1698, De Brueys. C. 
Emperor of the East, 1638, Anun. 
Empress <>f Morocco, 164S-1724, Settle. T. 
En avant les Chinois ! 1858, Labiche. C. 
Enchantress (7V), 19th cent , Balfe. 0. 
Endimione, 1721, Motastasio. Mu.D. 
Endymion and the Man in the Moon, 1591, 

Lyly. Myt.D. 
Enfant du Peuple (Cn), 1847, Labrousse. C. 
Enfants d'Edouard (7>es), 1833, Delavigne. H.D. 
English Fleet. 17^9-1802, Arnold. Mu.D. 
English Gentleman {The), 19th cent., H. J. 

Byron. C. 
English Merchant, 1767, Colman. C. 
English Princess or Death of Richard III., 1712, 

Carvl. T. 
English Traveller (TV), 1633, Heywood. T.C. 
Englishman in Paris, 1753, Foote. F. 
Englishman returned from Paris, 1757, Foote. F. 
Enrico di Borgogna, 1818, Donizetti. O. 
Enseignement Mutuel, 1846, Nus. C. 
Envies de Mde. Godard, 1848, C.rmouche. C. 
Epicharis et Neron, 1793, Legouve. T. 
Epiccene or The Silent AVomun, 1609, Jou- 

son. C. 
Epsom Wells, 1673, Shadwell. C. 
Erisrone, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
Erik VII., 19th cent., Boje. T. 
Eriphyle, 1732, Voltaire. T. 
Ermina or The Chaste Lady, 1670, Flecknoe. D. 
Ernani, 1830, Victor Hugo." R.T. 
Ernani, 1841, Verdi. 0. 
Esclave de Camoens, 1843, Flotow. 0. 
Esmeralda, 1333, Victor Hugo. R.D. (An 

English version by H. J. Byron.) 
Esperidi {Gli Orti), 1722, Metastasio. 0. (music 

by Porpora). 
Esprit de Contradiction, 1700, Dufresny. F. 
Essex. (See '• Earl of Es~ex.") 
Esther, 1689, Racine. S.T. 
Esther, 1720, Handel (first performance 

1732). Or. 
Esule di Granada, 1823, Meyerbeer. O. 
Eteocle, 1799, Legouve. T. 
Etoile de Xord (/.'), 1854, Meyerbeer. 0. 

(libretto by Scribe). 
Etoile de Seville (L'), 19th cent., Balfe. 0. 
Etourdis {Les), 1783, Andrieux. C. 
Eugene Aram, 1831, W. G. Wills. D. (lord 

Lytton's novel dramatized). 
Eugenie, 1767, Be;.umarchais. D. 



1142 



APPENDIX I. 



Eugenie, One Drama of a Trilogy, 1749-1832, 

Goethe. T. 
Euphosine et Coradin, 1790, Hoffmann. O.C. 

(music by Mehul). 
Euryanthe, 1825, Weber. 0. 
Eurydice, 1731, Mallet. T. 
Evadne or The Statue, 1819, Sheil (The Traitor, 

by Shirley, 1631, reset). 
Evasion de Marie Stuart, 1822, Guilbert de 

Pixerecourt. D. 
Tvening Love, 1631-1701, Dryden. 
Every Man in His Humour, 1596, improved 

1598, Jonson. C. (Garrick reset this 

comedy.) 
Every Man out of His Humour, 1599, Jonson C. 
Everv One has His Fault, 1791, Inchbald. C. 

(realized £700). 
Exiles of Siberia, 1789, Aude. D. 
Extremes or Men of the Day, 1859, O'Rourke 

(i.e. E. Falconer). 
Ezio, 1728, Metastasio. O. 



Facheux (Us), 1661, Moliere. C. 

Fair Maid of the Inn, posthumous 1647, Beau- 
mont and Fletcher. C. 

Fair Penitent (The), 1703, Rowe. T. 

Fair Quaker of Deal, 1617, Ch. Shadwell. C 
(altered by Ed. Thompson). 

Fair Quarrel, 1617, Middleton and Rowley. C. 

Fair Rosamond. (See " Rosamond.") 

Faire Maide ol the Exchange, 1615, Heywood. 

Faithful Friend, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 

Faithful Shepherdess, 1610, Fletcher. P. 

Fall of Jerusalem, 1820, Milman. Cl.T. (Crowne 
wrote, in 1680, The Destruction of Jeiu- 
salem. T.) 

Fall of Portugal, 1808, Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pin- 
dar). T. 

Fall of Robespierre, 1794, Coleridge. T. 

Fall of the Giants, 1763, Gliici;. O. 

False Concord, 1760, Townley. C. (See "Clan- 
destine Marriage.") 

False Delicacy, 1764, Kelly. C. 

False Friend, 1672-1726, Vanbrugh. C. 

False Impressions, 1796, Cumberland. C. 

False One, 1619, Fletcher (Beaumont died 
1616). T. 

Falstaff, 1838, Balf ■-•. O. 

Famille Benoiton (7xi), 1865, Sardou. D. 

Famille Poisson (La), 18th cent., Poisson. C. 

Famille Renneville (La), 1802, Demoliere. D. 

Famille au Temps de Luther (Une), 1836, Dela- 
vigne. T. 

Famille de Lusignv (La), 1830, Soulie. D 

Family Legend, 1810, Baillie. T. 

Famous Victories of Henry V. (The), 1578, 
Anon. H.l'l. (This was the quarry of 
Shakespeare's Henry V.) 

Fanatioo per la Musica, 1799, Mayor. 0. 

Fancies Chaste and Noble, 163S, Ford. D. 

Fanisca, 1805, Cherubini. O. 

Farm- House (The), 1757-1823, Kemble. F. 

Farmer (The), 1788, Shield. O. 

Farmer's Wife (The), 1780, Dibdin, junior. CO. 

Fashionable Levites, 1752-1820, Macnally. C. 

Fashionable Lover ( The), 1772, Cumberland. C. 

Fata Morgana, 1838, Heiberg. Fy.C. 

Fatal Curiosity, 1736, Lillo. T. 

Fatal Discovery, 1769, Home. T. 

Fatal Dowry. 1632, Malinger and Field. T. 



Fatal Extravagance, 1730, Mitchell. T. (altered 

by Hill, in 1746). 
Fatal Love, 1648-1724, Settle. T. 

Fatal Marriage, 1692, Southerne. T. (See 
" Isabella or The Fatal Marriage.") 

Fatal Revenge, 1807, Maturin. T. 

Fatal Vision, 1716, Hill. T. 

Father Baptiste, 19th cent., Stirling. D. 

Father's, Vengeance, 1748-1825, earl of Car- 
lisle. T. 

Faucon (U), 1772, Sedaine. O.C. (music by 
Monsiguy). 

Faussaires Anglaises (Les), 1833, Cormon. D. 

Fausse Magie (La), 1775, Marmontel. O. (music 
by Gretry). 

Faust, pt. i. 1798, ii. 1828, Goethe. T.or rather 
a dramatic poem. (B. Bernard produced an 
English version.) 

Faust e Margherito, 1859, Gounod. O. 

Faustus (Dr.), 1589, Marlowe. T. 

Favorita, 1843, Donizetti. O. 

Fazio, 1815, Milman. T. 

Fee Urgele (La), 18th cent., Favart. O.C. 

Feinte par Amour (La), 18th cent., Dorat. C. 

Felix, 1777, Sedaine. O.C. (music by Mon- 
signy). 

Felix (Don). (See " The Wonder.") 

Felton (John), 1852, Stirling. H.P1. 

Female Dramatist, 1782, Colman. Mu.F. 

Female Officer, 1757-1823, Kemble. F. 

Femme Jalouse (La), 1726, Joly. C. 

Femme Jug(' et Partie (Im), 1666, Moutfleury. 
C. (reduced to three acts by Leroy, 1821). 

Femme a Deux Maris (La), 1802, Guilbert do 
Pixerecourt. V. 

Femmes Savantes (Les), 1672, Moliere. C. 

Femmes Soldats (Les), 1809, Dartois. C. 

Femmes Tenibles (Us), 1858, Dumanoir. D. 

Femmes et le Merite des Femmes, 1824, An- 
tier. C. 

Femmes et le Secret, 1843, Deadde. C. 

Fenelon 1793, Chenier. T. (An English ver- 
sion by Merry.) 

Fernande, 1868, Sardou. C. (adapted by S. 
Edwards). 

Ferrex and Porrex, 1561-62, Buckhurst. T. 
(called Gorboduc by sir P. Sidney. The 
first three acts by Norton, the last two by 
Sackville lord Buckhurst. First Fnglish 
tragedy). (See " Damon and Pythias " and 
" Ralph Roister Doister.") 

Festin de Pierre. (See " Don Juan.") 

Few (The), posthumous 1805, Alfieri. C. (on 
the subject of Oligarchies). 

Fidele Berger (Le), 1837, Adam. O.C. 

Fidelio, 1791, Beethoven. 0. 

Fiesco, 1783, Schiller. T. 

Fiesque, 1824, Ancelot. T. (a French version 
of the above). 

Figaro. (See " Mariage de . . ." aud " Nozze . . .") 

Filippo II., 1783, Alfieri. T. 

Fille de Jephte, 1814, Meyerbeer. Or. (See 
" Jephte.") 

Fille de l'Exile (La), 1819, Guilbert de Pixere- 
court D. 

Fille des Bois, 1S00, Weber. O. 

Fille du Cid (La), 1840, Delavigne. T. 

Fille da Diable, I860, Thiboust. D. (See " Fils 
du Diable.') 

Fille du Regiment, 1S40, Donizetti. O.C. 

Filles de Marbre (Us), 1853, Barriere. D. 



DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 



1143 



Fib Ingr&ts ou L'Ecole des Peres, 1723, Piron. C. 
Fils Naturel, 1757, Diderot. C. (See "Natural 

Son.") 
Fils do Famille (Fu), 1853. Bayard and Bieville. 

C. (See " The Discarded Son.") 
Fils de la Nuit, 1857, Sejour. D. 
Fils du Diable, 1860, Deadde. D. (See "Fille 

du Diable.") 
Financier et le Savetier {I^e), 19th cent., Offen- 
bach. O.Bf. 
Finestrina (/xt), posthumous 1805, Alfieri. C. 

(scene laid iu hell). 
Finta (iianiiniera {1m.), 1774, Mozart. 0. 
Fiole de Cagliostro {La), 1835, Brisebarre. D. 
First Floor (The), 1756-1818, Cobb. F. 
First Love, 1795, Cumberland. C. 
Fleurette, 1833, Labrousse. C. 
Flitch of Bacon, 1778, Dudley. Mu.F. (music 

by Shield). 
Flitting Day {The), 19th cent., Herz. D. 
Florinda, 1699, Handel. O. 
Flowers of the Forest, 1847, Buckstone. R.D. 
Flying Dutchman, about 1830, Fitzball. Mel. 
Flying Scud, 1863, Boucicault. D. 
Folios Amoureuses, 1704, Regnard. C. 
Follies of a Day {The), 1745-1809, Holcroft. C. 
Folly as it Flies, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Fontainbieau. 1747-1833, 0'K.eefe. 
Fool of Quality, 17th cent., Poisson. C. 
Fool's Revenge (77(e), 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
Fopling Flutter {Sir), 1676, Etherege. C. 

(second title of The Man of Mode). 
Forced Marriage {The), 1758, Armstrong. T. 
Forgery, 1832, Buckstone. Mel. 
Formosa, 19th cent., Boucicault. 
Fortresse du Danube {La), 1805, Guilbert de 

Pixerecourt. Mel. 
Fortunate Isles, 1626, B. Jonson. M. 
Fortuuatus {Old) or The Wishing-Cap, 1600, 

Dekker. C. 
Fortune's Fool, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Fortune s Frolic, about 1800, Al.ingham. F. 
Fortunes of Nigel, sir W. Scott's novel 1822, 

dramatized by A. Halliday. 
Foseari (/ due), 19th cent., Verdi. 0. 
Foscari {Tin ), 1826, Miss Mitchell. H.T. 
Fos.ari {The Tivo), 1821, Byron. H.T. 
Foul Play, 19th cent., C. Reade. 
Foundling {T»e), 1748, E. Moore. C. 
Foundling of the Forest, * Dimond. PI. 
Four P's {Palmer, Pardoner, Poticary, Pedlar), 

1530, J. Heywood. Int. 
Four Plays in One, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 

and Fletcher. C. 
Four 'Prentices of London, 1632, Herwood. H.P1. 
Four Sons of Aymon, 1843, Balfe. O. 
Fourbries de Scapin, 1671, Moliere. C. (See 

" Cheats of Scapin.") 
Fox. (See " Volpone.") 
Fra Diavolo, 1830, Auber. O.C. (libretto by 

Scribe). (Fra Diavolo, by H. J. Byron.) 
Francis I., 1823, F. A. Kemble. H.P1. 
Francois I. a Madrid, 1826, Brifaut. T. 
Fredolpho, 1818, Maturin. 
Freethinker {The), 1774, Lessing. D. 
Freischiitz {Der), 1822, "Weber. O: (libretto by 

Kind). 
Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, 1588, Greene. C. 

(first acted in 1591, first printed 1594). 
Fugitive {The), before 1803, J. Richardson. C. 
Funeral or Grief a-la-Mode, 1701, Steele. C. 



Gageure Imprevue {Tai), 1772, Sedaine. C. 

Galant Jardinier, 1667, Daucourt. C. 

Gallamhea, 1592, Lyly. 

Galotti. (See " Emilia Galotti.") 

Game at Chess, 1624, Middleton. PL 

Game of Speculation, 19th cent., Slingsby 
Lawrence (i.e. G. H. Lewes). (See " Specu 
lation.") 

Gamester {Tfv), 1637, Shirley. T. 

Gamester {The), 1709, Centlivre. T. 

Gamester {The), 1753, E. Moore. T. 

Gaunner Gurton's Noodle, 1551, Mr. S. Master 
of Arts (said to l*- bishop Still ; but he was 
under nine years i»f age at th • date given. 
It was acted in 1575, when Still was 32. 
This was our socond comedy). (See " Rois- 
ter Doister' and '• Mesogonus.*') 

Garcon de Ferme (/><), 1861, Brisebarre. D. 

Gay Deceivers, 1804, Clman. F. 

Gazza Ladra {Iai), 1817, Rossini. CO. 

Gemma di Vergi, 1835, Donizetti. 0. 

Generous Conqueror, 1702, Higgons. 

Genevieve di Brabant, 19th cent., Offenbach. CO. 

Gentle Shepherd, 1725, Ramsay. P. (altered in 
1786, by Tickell). 

Gentleman Dancing-Master, 1673, Wycheriy. C 

Gentleman Ushor, 1617, Chapman. C 

Gentleman of Alsatia {The), 16>8, Shadwell. C. 
(sum times called The Squire of Alsatia). 

Genviere, before 1*22, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 

George Barnwell, 1730, Lillo. T. 

George Dandin, 166*, Moliere. C 

George-a-Green, 1587, Greene. C 

Geta, 1687, Pochantre. T. 

Gil Bias, 1750, E. Moore. C 

Giovanni {Don), 1787, Mozart. 0. (libretto by 
L. da Ponte). (See " Don Juan.") 

Giovanni {Don), 1»39, Landor. (See "Don 
Giovanni.") 

Giovanni in London, 1687-1770, M-nciieff. O.Ex. 

Gipsy Warning, 1838, Benedict. O. 

Giralda, 1850, Adam. O.C. 

Girl's Romance {A), 1879, Boucicault. D. 

Girls {The), 1879, H. J. Byron. C. 

Gisele, 1841, Adam. B. 

Giulio Sabino, 1781, Sarti. 0. 

Giulio Sabino, 1784, Cherubini. O. (a pupil of 
Sarti). 

Giuseppe, 1732, Metastasio. 0. 

Giustino, 1712, Metastasio. T. (aged 14). 

Gladiateur, 1841, Altenheim. T. 

Glencoe, 1840, Alford. T. 

Gli Orti Esperidi. (See " Orti . . .") 

Going to the Bad, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 

Gold-Mine or Miller of Grenoble, 1854, Stir- 
ling. D. 

Golden Pippin, 1765, O'Hara. 

Good-Xatured Man {The), 1768, Goldsmith. C. 

Good Soldier {The), about 1660, Ironi R. Poisson. 

Good for Nothing, 1851, Buckstone. CD. 

Gorboduc. (See " Ferrex and Porrex.") 

Gotham Election, 1715, Centlivre. C 

Gotz von Berlichingen, 1773, Goethe. D. (trans- 
lated by sir W. Scott). 

Gracchus, 1 792, Chenier. T. (See " Caio Gracco.") 

Gracchus {Caius), 1815, Knowles. H.T. 

Gracchus {Caius), 1825, Monti. H.T. 

Grand Cophte. (See " Cophte.") 

Grateful Servant, 1635, Shirley. PL 

Great Casimir {The), 1879, Leigh. Mu.D. (music 
by Lecocq ; from the French). 



1144 



APPENDIX I. 



Great-Dnke of Florence, 1630, Massinger. C. 

Grecian Daughter, 1772, Murphy. T. 

Green Bushes, 1345, Buckstone. D. 

Green Domiuq, 1810, Korner. PL 

Green's Tu Quoque. 1 6th cent., Cooke. C. 

Gregory VII., 1832, Home. T. 

Grey {Lady Jam), 1715, Rowe. T. (copyright 
was £75 5s.). 

Grey (Lady Jane), 1876, Tennyson. T. 

Grief A-la-Mode, 1702, Steele. C. 

Griselda, 1774-1839, Paer. 0. 

Groutleur {Le), 1691, De Brueys. C. 

Grotius, 1761-1819, Kotzebue. 

Grutio on ihe Stream {The), 19th cent., Stir- 
ling. D. 

Guardian {The), 1639, Massinger. C. (altered in 
1759, by Garrick). 

Guebres, 1762, Voltaire. T. 

Guglielmo Tell. (See " Tell.") 

Gustave III., 1833, Scribe. 0. 

Gustave or Le Napolitain, 1825, Anicet Bour- 
geois. D. 

Gustavus Vasa, 1733, Piron. T. 

Gustavus Vasa, 1739, Brooke. T. 

Gustavus Vasa, 1797, Kotzebue. T. 

Guy Mannering, 1816, Terry. Mu.Pl. (music 
by Bishop). (This is a dramatized ver- 
sion of sir W. Scott's novel so called, 
1815/; 



Habit de Cour, 1818, Antier. D. 

Haine d'TJne Feiume (La), before 1822, Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Half-Pay Officer, 1706-1767, Molloy. C. 
Halidon Hili, 1822, sir W. Scott. A dramatic 

sketch, in three acts. 
Hamlet Prince of Denmark, 1596, Shakespeare. 

T. (printed 1603) 
Handsome Hernani, 1879, H. J. Byron. B. 
Happiest Day of My Life {The), 19th cent., 

Buckstone. 
Ha-lckin Patriot {The), 1772, Ewald. D. 
Harold, 1875, Tennyson. H.P1. 
Harry Gavlove {Sir), 1772, Miss Marshall. C. 
Hartford Bridge, 1754-1829, Shield. Mu.F. 
Haunted Tower {The), 1793, Cobb. Mu.D. 

(music by Storace^ 
Haydee, 1847, Auber. ' 0. 
He Would if He Could, 1764, Bickerstaff. C. 
He's Much to Blame, 179C, Holcroft. C. 
Heaven and Earth, 1819. Byron. Mys. 
Heir-at-Law {The), 1797, Colman. C. (See 

" Lord's Warmingpan.") 
Heir of Vironi, 1817, Pocock. Mu.D. (music by 

Whittaker). 
Heiress {The), 1781, Burgoyne. C. 
Helen and Paris, 1768, Gliick. O. (libretto by 

Oalzabigi). 
Helping Hands, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
Hetvetius, 1802, Andrieux. C. 
Henri III., 1829, Dumas. H.D. 
Henri IV., 1725, Brckingham. H.D. 
Henri IV., 1834, Balfe, O. {Enrico IV.). 
Henri IV. en Famille, 1828, Deforges. D. 
Henrietta the Forsaken, about 1835, Buck- 
stone. C. 
Henriette Deschamps, 1863, Carre. D. 
Henry 11., 1773, a drama produced by adding 

.together the two subjoined. 
Henry II. King of England, with the death of 



Rosamond, 1693, ascribed both to Bancroft 
and to Mountford. H.T. 
Henry and Rosamond, 1749, Hawkins. H.T. 

1 Henry IV., 1598, Shakespeare. H.P1. (printed 

1598). 

2 Henrv IV., 1598, Shakespeare. H.P1. (printed 

1600). 

Henry V., 1599, Shakespeare. H.P1. (printed 
1600). (This play was suggested by that 
called The Famous Victories of Henry V.) 

Henry V., 1723, Hill. H.P1. 

1 Henry VI., 1592, Shakespeare. H.P1. (alluded 

to by Nash, in I'ie-ce Penniless, 1592). 

2 Henry VI., 1594, Shakespeare. H.P1. 

3 Henry VL, 1595, Shakespeare. H.P1. 
Henry VIII., 1601, Shakespeare. H.Pl. (Knight, 

1613). 
Henry VIII., 1791, Chenier. D.H. {Henri 

VIII.). 
Heraclides {Les), 1752, Marmontel. T. 
Hercule, 1643, Rotrou. Cl.T. (imitated from 

the Hercules Furens of Euripides). 
Hercules Fureus, 1561, J. Heywood. T. (Seneca's 

play done into English). 
Hercules G5ta?us, 1581, Studley. D. (Seneca's 

play done into English). 
Hernani. (See " Ernani " and " Handsome Her- 
nani.") 
Hero and Leander, 1637, Marlowe. T. 
Hero and Leander, * Jackman. O.Blta. 
Herr Burckhurd and His Family, 1827, Herz. 

Dom.D. 
Hertford Bridge. (See "Hartford Bridge.") 
Hieronimo. (See " Jeronimo.") 
High Life Above Stairs, 1776, Garrick. F. 
High Life Below Stairs, 1759, Townley. F. 
High-Mettled Racer, 1771-1841, Dibdin. Mu.Tr. 
Highland Fair, 1729, Mitchell. Bd.O. 
Highland Reel, 1798, O'Keefe. 
Hints for Husbands, 1806, Cumberland. C. 
His Last Legs, 19th cent., B. Bernard. 
History of Madoc, 1647, Beaumont aid Fletcher. 
History of Orlando Furioso, posthumous 1594, 

Greene. C. 
Hit or Miss, 1782-1835, Poeock. C. 
H.M.S. Pinafore. (See " Pinafore.") 
Hoffman, 1631, Anon. 

H< g hath lost His Pearl {The), 1613, R. Tailor. C. 
Hollander {The), about 1620, Glapthorne. C. 
Holofernes, 1554, Anon. T. 
Home, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
Home for Home, 1879, Lee. V. 
Homme a Trois Visages (Z/), 1801, Guilbert de 

Pixerecourt. V. 
Honest Lawyer, 1616, S.S. C. 
Honest Man's Fortune, posthumous 1647, Beau- 
mont and Fletcher. C. 
Honest Thieves {The), 1774-1826, Knight. F. 

{The ('( mmittee, C., reset). 
Honest Whore {The), 1635, Dekker. C. 
Honest Yorkshireman, 1736, Carey. F. 
Honeycombs {Folly), 1760, Colman. D.N. 
Honeymoon {The), 1804, Tobin. C. (suggested 

by Shakespeare's comedy The Taming of the 

Shrew). 
Honneur de Mamere, 1837, Boule. 
Honourable Ambition, 1751, Holberg. C. 
Honourable Delinquent, 1749-1811, Jovel- 

lanos. C. 
Hood. (S e " Robin Hood.") 
Horaces {Les), 1639, Corneille. T. 



DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 



1145 



House or the Home (The). 19th cent., Tom 

Taylor. 
Housekeeper {The), 1835, Jerrold. C. (a story 

of Jacobite times). 
How to Grow Rich, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Huguenots (/,«■*), ls33, Meyerbeer. 0. (libretto 

by Scribe). 
Huitre et les f'laideurs (/.<•), 1769, Sedaine. O.C. 
Humourist (The), 1671, Shadwell. 0. 
Humourous Lieutenant, posthumous 1647, 

Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
Hunchback {The), 1831, Knowles. C. 
IIurlo-Thrumbo, 1729, S. Johnson. F. (not 

Dr. S. Johnson). 
Huron (Ae), 1769, Marmontel. 0. (music by 

<; retry). 
Husband His Own Cuckold, 18th cent., C. 

Dry den. C. 
Husband at Sight, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
Hussard de Feltheim, 1827, Duponty. 
Hussites {The), 1761-1819, Kotzel.ue. D. 
Hypocrite {The), 1768, Bickerstaff. C. (This is 

The yortjuror modernized, 1706; and Thy. 

Nonjuror is an English version of Moliere's 

Tartuffe, 1664.) 
Hyppolyte, 1733, Rameau. 0. 
Hyppolytus, 1581, Studley. T. (Seneca's play 

done into English). 
Hyrden af Tolosa, 19th cent., Ingemann. 
Hyren the Fair Greek, 1584, Peele. 



Idle Business or Man who has no Time, 1750, 

Holberg. C. 
Idomcneo, 1781, Mozart. 0. 
If I had a Thousand a Year, 1764-1838, Mor- 
ton. C. 
Ifigenia in Aulide, 1788, Cherubini. 0. (See 

" Iphigenia.") 
Ill Beginning hasa Good End {An), 1613, Ford. C. 
Ill- Treated II Trovatore, 1855, H. J. Byron. F. 
Illustrious Stranger, 1772-1849, Kenney. C. 
Immanuel, 1853, Leslie. Or. 
Impertinent {The), 1750, Desmahis. F. 
Important de Cour (//), 1693, De Brueys. C. 
Impostor {The), 1789, Cumberland. C. 
Impromptu de Campagne {L'), 17th cent., R. 

Poisson. C. 
Impromptu de l'Hotel de Conde, 1664, Mont- 

fleury. C. (written in rivalry of Moliere's 

Impromptu de Tie; sailles). 
Impromptu de Versailles, 1663, Moliere. C. 
In Quarantine, * Ware. C. 
Inconstant {The), 1702, Farquhar. C. 
Indian Emperor, 1665, Dryden. He.Pl. 
Indian Queen {The), 1664, Dryden and Howard. 

He.Pl. 
Indians in England {The), 1761-1819, Kotze- 

bue. D. 
Indiscret {L'), 1725, Voltaire. C. 
Ines de Castro, 1723, Lamotte. T. 
Ines de Cordoue, 1696, Bernard. T. 
Inez de Castro, 1590, Ferreira. T. 
Inflexible Captive {The), 1774, H. More. T. 
Ingranno Infelice, 1812, Ros>ini. 0. 
Inkle and Yarico, 1787, Colman. Mu.Pl. 
Ino et Melicerte, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
Insatiate Countess {Tht), 1613, Marston. T. 
Insolvent {The), 1738, Hill. 
Intrigue and Love, 1783, Schiller. T. {Kabale 

und Liebe). 



Intriguing Chambermaid, 1733, Fielding. F. 
Invader of His Country, 1709, Dennis. T. 

(This is Shakespeare's Coriolanus reset.) 
Invincibles (Hie), L820, Morton. C 
Ion, l>o:{, Schlegel. Cl.T. 
Ion, 1835, Talfourd. Cl.T. 
Ipermestra, 1744, Metastasio. 0. (written in 

nine days). 
Iphigenia in Anils, 1776, Gliick. 0. (libretto by 

Calzabigi). 
Iphigenia in I'auris, 1779, Cluck. 0. (libretto 

by Calzabigi). 
Iphigenia in Tauris, 1786, Goethe. Cl.D. 
Iphigenia in Tauris, 1792, Piccini. 0. 
Iphigenie, 1637, Rotrou. Cl.D. (imitated from 

the Iphigenia of Euripides). 
Iphigenie, 1674, Racine. Cl.D. (in imitation of 

Euripides). 
Iphigenie {Sacrifice d), 1861, Dennery. Cl.D. 
Irato (A'), 1807, Menu). O.B. 
Irene, 1749, Johnson. T. 
Irish Lion {The), 19th cent.. Buckstone. 
Irish Widow {Tht), 1757, Carrick. F. 
lrlandais (A') ou L'Esprit National, .1831, 

Antier. 
Iron Age, 1532, Heywood. C. 
Iron Chest, 1796, Colman. Mu.D. (music by 

Storace). 
Isaac Comnenus, 1830, H. Taylor. 
Isabella or The Fatal Marriage, 1692, Southerne. 

T. (same as Fatal Xarriaye). 
Isabelle et Gertrude, 18th cent., Gretry. 0. 
Isabelle or Woman's Life, about 1836, Buck- 

stone. D. 
Island Princess, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 

and Fletcher. 
Isle of Palms {The), 1812, Wilson. 
Israel in Egypt, 1738, Handel. Or. 
Isse, 1699, Lamotte. P.O. 
R^ipile, 1732. Metastasio. 0. 
Istamine, 1817, Victor Hugo. Cl.T. 
Italiana en Algeri, 1813, Rossini. 0. 
Its Never too Late to Mend, 1878, Reade. C. 

(the novel so called dramatized). 



Jack Drum's Entertainment, 1601, Anon. C. 

Jack Juggler, about 1535, Anon (based on the 
Amphitruo of Plautus). (See "Amphi- 
tryon.') 

Jaloux {Le), 1708, Dnfresny. C. 

Jaloux Desabuse {Lt), 1700, Campistron. C. 

James IV., posthumous 1594. (ireene. H.P1. 

Jane Grey {Lady). (See "Grey.") 

Jane Shore, 1713, Rowe. T. (copyright was 
£50 15s.). 

Jane Shore, 19th cent., W. G. Wills. 

Janet's Pride, 19th cenr., Boucicault. Sen.D. 

Janetta, 1840, Auber. 0. 

Jardinier {le), 1771, Sedaine. O.C. 

Jealous Lovers {Tue), before 1630. Randolph. C. 

Jealous Wife {The), 1761, Colman the Elder. C. 
(from Fieiding s Tom Jon<s). 

Jean Dacier, 1876, Lomon. T. 

Jean de Paris, 18:2. BoieLiieu. 0. 

Jeannot et Colin, 1780, Florian. C. 

Jephte {Fillt de), * Plessis Mornay. 

Jepht - {Fille de), 1814. Meyerbeer. 0* 

Jephtha, 1546, Chi istopherson. T. 

Jephtha, 1554, Buchanan. T. 

Jephtha, 1751, Handel. Or. 



1146 



APPENDIX I. 



Jeronlmo, 1599, Kyd. T. (See " Spanish Tra- 
gedy.") 

Jeune Henri, 1797, Mehul. O.C. 

Jeunesse de Luther, 1843, Carre. 

Jeunesse de Richelieu {La), 1833, Ancelot. V. 

Jew (The), 1795, Cumberland. C. 

Jew and Doctor, 1771-1841, Dibdin. Mu.Tr. 

Jew of Malta (The Rich), 1586, Marlowe. T. 
(Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice is 1598. 
The two plays are evidently allied.) 

Jeweller of Amsterdam (The), posthumous 1647, 
Beaumont and Fletcher. 

Jewess (Tut), 1835, Balfe. 0. 

Joan of Arc, 1801, Schiller. T. (Jungfrau von 
Orleans). 

Joan of Arc, 1808-1870, Balfe. 0. 

Joanna Montfaucon, 1808, Cumberland. D.R. 

Jocasta, 1566, Gascoigne and Kinwelmarsh. T. 
(from the PluBnusm of Euripides ; one of 
our earliest dramas). 

John (King), 1596, Shakespeare. H.T. (first 
mentioned 1598). (This play was suggested 
by that entitled The Troublesome Reign of 
King John.) (See " Kynge Johan.") 

John Bull, 1805, Colman. 0. 

John Cockle at Court (Sir), 1737, Dodsley. F. 

John Felton, 1852, Stirling. H.P1. 

John Joms, 19th cent., Buckstone. 

John Oldcastle (Sir), printed 1600, Munday and 
Drayton (printed in 1601, with the name of 
Shakespeare on thetitie-page, and contained 
in Pope's edition of Shakespeare). 

John Street, 19th cent., Buckstone. 

John Woodvil, 1802, Lamb. T. 

John-a-Kent, etc., 1595, Munday. 

John of Paris, 1782-1835, Pocock. C. 

John of Procida, 1840, Knowles. T. 

Joseph, 1816, Mehul. Or. 

Joshua, 1747, Handel. Or. 

Joueur (Le), 1696, Regnard. C. 

Journee a Versailles, 1814, Duval. 

Journey to London. (See "Provoked Hus- 
band.") 



Juan. (See " Don Juan.") 
Judas Maccabasus, 1746, Handel. 



Or. 



Judith, 1857, Leslie. Or. 

Judge ^Not or The Scales of Justice, 19th cent., 

Stirling. D. 
Jugement de Midas, 1741-1813, Gretry. O. 
Jugglers (Tie), * Ware. D. 
Jugurtha, 1689, Pechantre. T. 
Jugurtha, 1677-1758, Lagrange. T. 
Juif Errant (1a), 19th cent., Halevy. O. (libretto 

by Scribe). 
Juive (La), 1835, Halevy. O. (libretto by 

Scribe). 
Julia or The Italian Lover, 1786, Jephson. T. 
Julian and Agnes, 1800, Sotheby. 
Julius Caesar, 1605, earl of Stirling. H.T. 
Julius Caspar, 1607, Shakespeare. H.T. (See 

" Conspiracy of Brutus.") 
Junius Brutus, 1828, Andrieux. T. (See 

" Brutus.") 
Jupiter, 1771, Sheridan and Halhed. Blta. 



Killing no Murder, 1811, Hook. 
Kindheart's Dream, 1592, diet tie. C. 
King Arthur, before 1695, Purcell. O. 
King Rene's Daughter, 19th cent., Herz. L.D. 
Can English version by Martin). 



King Sigurd, 19th cent., BJje. T. 

King and No King, 1619, Fletcher. T. 

King and the Miller of Man?field, 1737, Dodsley. 

F. (See " Sir John Cockle at Court.") 
King of the Alps, 1832, Buckstone (adapted from 

the German). 
King's Rival (The), 19th cent., Tom Taylor, etc 
Kiolanthe, 1840, Balfe. O. 
Knight of Malta, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
Knight of the Burning Pestle, 1613, Beaumont 

and Fletcher. C. 
Knights (The), 1754, Foote. F. 
Know Your Own Mind, 1777, Murphy. C. 
Kb'nig Saul, 1839, Gutzikow. O. (See " Saul.") 
Kynge Johan, 1550, * T. (See "John.") 



Ladies' Battle, 1851, Robertson. C. (from the 

Frencli of Scribe and Legouve, 1851). 
Ladie's Trial (A), 1638, Ford. D. 
Lady Jane Grey. (See " Grey.") 
Lady of Lyons, 1838, lord Lytton. C. 
Lady of Pleasure (The), 1594-1666, Shirley. C. 
Lady of the Desert (The), 1859, Stirling. D. 
Lady's Frolic, before 1774, Love. 
Lady's Last Stroke (The), 1703-1758, Theo. 

Cibber. C. (copyright was £32 5s.). 
Lady's Privilege, about 1620, Glapthorne. C. 
Lame Lover, 1770, Foote. F. 
Lancashire Witches (The), 1682, Shadwell. C. 
Laodamia, 1689, Miss Bernard* T. 
Lara, 1864, Cormon. 
Last Days of Pompeii, 1 835, Buckstone. D. (lord 

Lytton 's novel dramatized). 
Last Year, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
Last of the Family (Tlie), 1795, Cumberland. C. 
Latude, 1834, Guilbert de Pixerecuiirt. 
Laugh When You Can, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Law of Java (The), 1822, Colman. Mu.D. 
Law of Lombardy (Tfie), 1779, Jephson. T. 
Laws of Candy, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
Leap in the Dark (A), 1850, Buckstone. Doin.D. 
Leap- Year or The Ladies' Privilege, 19th cent., 

Buckstone. C. 
Lear (King), 1605, Shakespeare. T. (printed 

1608). (This play was suggested by one 

called The Chionicle History of Leir Ktng 

of Enqland, 1578.) 
L'£clair, before 1860, Halevy. O.C. 
L'Ecole des Amants, 1718, Joly. C. (See 

" School for Lovers.") 
L'Ecole des Femmes, 1662, Moliere. C. (See 

" School for Wives.") 
L'Ecole deJaloux, 1640-1685, A. J.Montfieury. C. 
L'tcole des Maris, 1661, Moliere. C. 
L'Kcole des Vieillards, 1823, Delavigne. C. 

(See " School.") 
Led Astray, 1873, Boucicault. C. 
Legataire Universel, 1708, Regnard. C. 
Legend of Florence, 1840, Hunt. D.R. 
L'Elisire d'Amour, 1832, Donizetti. O. 
Lend Me Five Shillings, 1764-1838, Morton. F. 
Leonard, 1863, Brisebarre. D. 
Les 20,000 Francs, 1832, Boule. D. 
Lesson (^1) for Ladies, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
Lethe, 1743, Garrick. 
L'ttourdi, 1653, Moliere. C. 
Liar (The), 1762, Foote. F. (See " Menteur.") 
Libertine (The), 1676, Shadwell. C. 
Liberty Asserted, 1704, Dennis. T. 
Life, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 



DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 



1147 



jLife-Buoy (The), 1566-1638, Hoskins. D. 
Light Heart, 1574-1637, Jonson. 
L'lle du Prince Touton, 1854, Dennery. 
Lily of Killarney, 1862, Benedict. 0. 
Lily of the Desert (The), 1859. Stirling. R.D. 
Linda di Cliamourni, 1842, Donizetti. 0. 
Lingua or The Five Senses, 17th cent., Brewer. D. 
Lionel and Clarissa, 18th cent., Bickerstaff. 0. 

(music hy Dibdin). 
Little French Lawyer, posthumous 1647, Beau- 
mont and Fletcher C. 
Little i ed Riding-Hood, 19th cent., Tom Tay- 
lor. 
Lock and Key, 1755-1834, Hoare (music by 

Shield). 
Lodoiska, 1791, Kemble. Mu.D. (music by 

Storace). 
Lodoiska, 1800, Mayer. Mu.D. 
Lohengrin, 1848, Wagner. 0. 
Lombardi, 1843, Verdi. 0. 
London Assurance, 1841, Boucicault. C. 
Long Strike, 19th cent., Boucicault. D. 
Looking-Glass for London, ete., 1539, Greene 

and Lodge. C. 
Lord Dundreary Married and Done For, 19th 

cent., H. J. Byron and Sothem. 0. 
Lord of the Manor, before ls?33, C. Dibdin, 
junior. CO. (altered from Burgoyne, 1783 ; 
music by Jackson). 
Lord's Warmingpan (Tlie), 1825 (same us 

Colman's tieir-at-baw). 
Lorenzo, 1755-1798, Merry. T. 
Lost at Sea, 19th cent., Boucicault. D. 
Louis IX., 1819, Ancelot. T. 
Louis XL, 1832, Delavigne. H.D. (An English 

version in 1846 by Boucicault.) 
Louise de Lignerolles, 1838, Legouve. D. 
Love, 1840, Knowles. I). 
Love-Chase (The), 1837, Knowles. C. 
Love Laughs at Locksmiths, 1803, Col man. F. 
Love, Law, and Physic, 1772-1849, Kenney. C. 
Love Makes a Man, 1700, Cibber. C. 
Love-Riddelig (chivalrous love), 1816, Inge- 

mann. D. 
Love Tricks, 1626, Shirley. C. 
Love Triumphant, 1694, Dryden. C. 
Love a-la-Mode, 1759, Macklin. F. 
Love and Police, 19th cent., Herz. V. 
Love and War, 1792, Jephson. F. 
Love at First Sight, 1730-1805, King. C. 
Love at a Venture, 1706, Centlivre. C. 
Love for Love, 1695, Congreve. C. 
Love in a Bottle, 1698, Farquhar. C. 
Love in a Camp, 1747-1833, 0'Keefe. C. 
Love in a Maze, 1844, Boucicault. C. 
Love in a Tub, 1664, Etherege. C. 
Love in a Village, 1763, Bickerstaff. O.F. (music 

by Arne). 
Love in a Wood, 1672, Wycherly. C. 
Love in the City, 1735-1787, Bickerstaff. C. 

(See "The Romp.") 
Love of King David, etc., 1596, Peele. S.D. 
Love's Contrivances, 1703, Centlivre. C. 
Love's Cure, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
Love's Disguises, 1838, Knowles. C. 
Love's Dominion, 1668, Flecknoe. D.Pc. 
Love's Labour's Lost, 1594, Shakespeare. C. 

(printed 1598). 
Love's Last Shift, 1696, Cibber. C. 
Love's Metamorphosis, 1 553-1600, Lyly. Myt.D. 
Love's Mistress, 1631, Heywood. C. 



Love's Pilgrimage, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 

and Fletcher. 
Love's Riddle, 1618-1667, A. Cowley. C. 
Lore's Sacrifice, 1633, Ford. 
Love's Stroke of Genius, 19th cent., Herz. V. 
Love's Tricks or The School of Compliments, 

1625, Shirley. C. 
Lovers' Melancholy, 1628, Ford. 
I Lovers' Progress, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
Lovers' Quarrels, 1730-1805, King. Int. (See 

" Mistake.") 
Lovers' Vows, 1*00, Inchbald. PI. (Kotzebue's 

play, 1798, Anglicized). (By this play Mrs. 

inchbald cleared £150.) 
Lovesick King (The), 17th cent., Brewer. C. 
Loyal Brother (The), 16^2, Southerne. T. 
Loyal Subject, 1618, Fletcher (Beaumont died 

1616). 
Lucia di Lammermoor, 1835, Donizetti. O. 

(composed in six weeks). 
Lucidi (/), 1539, Angelo. C. 
Lucio Silla, 1773, Mozart. O. 
Lucius Junius Brutus. (See " Brutus.") 
Lucretia Borgia, 1831, Victor Hugo. R.T. 
Lucrezia di Borgia, 1834, Donizetti. O. 
Luisa Miller, 19th cent., Verdi. O. 
Luke the Labourer, 1828, Buckstone. Mel. 
Lust's Dominion, * Marlowe (died 1593). T. 

(finished by Dekker). 
Lving Lover (The), 1704, Steele. C. 
Lying Valet, 1740, Garrick. F. 



Ma Tante Aurore, 1802, Boieldieu. O. 
Macbeth, 1606, Shakespeare. T. (music by 

Lock, 1672). 
Macbeth, 19th cent., Verdi. O. 
Mad Lover, 1617, Fletcher (Beaumont died 

1C16). 
Mad Lover, 1637, Massinger. 
Mad World, 1608, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
Mad World, My Masters (.4), 1608, Middleton. C. 
Madame Diogene, etc., 1854, Desarbres. C. 
Madame Favart, 1878, Offenbach. CO. 
Madame du Barry, 1836, Ancelot. V. 
Madame du Chatelet, about 1834, Ancelot. V. 
Maestro di Capella, 1797, Dellamaria. 
Magician no Conjuror, 1755-1798, Merry. 
Magicienne (La), 19th cent., Halevy. O. 
Magnetic Lady, 1632, Jonson. C 
Magnifique (Le), 1672-1731, Lamotte. C. 
Mahomet, 1738, Voltaire. T. (done into 

English by Miller, 1740). 
Maid Marian (The), 1822, Bishop. O. 
Maid in the Mill, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 

and Fletcher, or Rowley and Fletcher. C. 
Maid of Artois, 1836, Balfe. O. 
Maid of Bath, 1771, Foote. F. 
Maid of Honour, 1637, Massinger. T.C. 
Maid of Honour, 1808-1870, Balfe. O. 
Maid of Mariendorpt, 1838, Knowles. D. 
Maid of Milan (dart, the), 1822, Payne. Mu.D. 

(music by Bishop). 
Maid of Orleans, 1801, Schiller. T. (See " Joan 

of Arc") 
Maid of Saxony, 1842, George Morris. O. 
Maid of the Mill, 1765, Bickerstatf. O.F. (music 

by Arnold). (See " Maid in the Mill.") 
Maid of the Oaks (The), 1779, Burgoyne. D.E. 
Maid's Metamorphosis. (See "Maydes Meta- 

morphosis." , > 



1148 



APPENDIX I. 



Muid's Tragedy, 1610, Beaumont and Fletcher. T. 

(Waller altered the fifth act). 
Maids and Bachelors, 18th cent., Skefnngton. C. 
Maids as I'hey Are, etc., 1797, inchbald. C. 
Maiden Queen (The), 1667, Dryden. H.P1. 
Maire du Palais (Le), 1823, Ancelot. T. 
Maitreen Droit (Le), 1760, Monsigny. O.C. 
Malade Imaginaire(Le), 1673, Moliere. C. (See 

"Dr. Last in His Chariot.") 
Malati and Madhava, 8th cent., Bbavabhouti. 

R.T. (translated by Wilson in his Indian 

Theatre). 
Male Coquette, 1758, Garrick. F. 
Malecontent (The), before 1600, Marston and 

Webster. C. 
Mamilia, 1593, Greene. 
Man Bewitched, 1710, Centlivre. C. 
Man of Honour (The), 19th cent., Boucicault. C. 
Man of Mode, 1676, Etherege. C. 
Man of the World, 1764, Macklin. C. (Its ori- 
ginal title was The Freeborn Scotchman.) 
Management, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Manfred, 1817, Byron. T. 
Manfredi, 1825, Monti. T. (A version in 

French, by Duplissis, 1854.) 
Maniac (Tht), 1810, Bishop. O. 
Manlius Capitolinus, 1684, Lafosse. T. (imitated 

from Otway's Venice Preserved). 
Manteau (Le), 1826, Andrieux. C. 
Manuel, 1817, Maturin. T 
Maometto Secundo, 1822, Rossini. O. 
Marechal Ferrent (Le), ISth cent., Philidor. O.C. 
Marechaux de l'Empire (Les), 1856, Anicet Bour- 
geois. D. 
Margaret of Anjou, 1727-1812, Jerningham. T. 
Margery or The Dragoness, 1696 -1743, Carey. F. 
Margherita d' Anjou, 1822, Meyerbeer. O. (See 

"Margaret . . ..") 
Marguerite d'Anjuu, 1810, Guilbert de Pixere- 

court. D. 
Mari Impromptu, 1836, Duval. C. 
Mari Retrouve, 1662, Dancourt. C. 
Mari dans du Coton, 1862, Thiboust. 
Mari qui Lance sa Femme, 1864, Deslande or 

Labiche. C. (it is attributed to both). 
Maria Padilla, 1838. Ancelot. T. 
Maria Stuarda, 1785, Alfieri. T. (See " Mary 

Stuart.") 
Mariage Fait et Rompu, 1721, Dufresny. C. 
Mariage Force, 1664, Moliere. C. 
Mariage Infantin (Le), before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
Mariage d'Argent (Le), 1827, Scribe. C. 
Mariage de Figaro, 1784, Beaumarchais. C. 

(See " Nozze . . .") 
Mariage de Rien (Le), 1640-1685, Ant. J. Mont- 

fleury. C. 
Mariages Samnites (Les), 1741 -1813, Gretry. O. 
Mariamne, 1623, Hardy. T. 
Mariamne, 1640, P. T. L'Ermite. T. 
Mariamne, 1724, Voltaire. T. 
Marian, 1754-1829, Shield. O. 
Marianne, 1718, Fen ton. T. 
Marie de Brabant, 1825, Ancelot. D.Pm. 
Marino Faliero, 1819, Byron. T. 
Marino Faliero, 1829, Delavigne. T. 
Marino Faliero, 1835, Donizetti. O. 
Marion Delorme, 1829, Victor Hugo. R.D. 
Maritana (a mosaic, by Wallace, of Jiuy Bias 

and \otre Dame). 
Marius, 1791, Arnault. T. 
Mar!u e (Cuius), 16S0, Otway. T. 



Marius and Sylla, 1594, Lodge. H.P1. 
Marmaduke Maxwell (Sir), 1827, Cunning- 
ham. C. 
Marplot, 1711, Centlivre. C. 
Marquis Caporal, 1864, Sejour. D. 
Marquis d'Argencourt, 1857, Dupenty. D. 
Marquis de Keinlis, 1879, Lomon. 
Marriage a-la-Mode, 1674, Dryden. C. 
Married Life, 1834, Buckstoue. C. 
Married Man (The), 1789. Inchbald. C. (realized 

£100). ^ 

Martha, 1858, Flotow. O. 
Martyr of Antioch, 1821, Milman. T. 
Martyrs (Les), 1840, Donizetti. O. (from Cor- 

neille's Polyeucte). 
[Mary] Queen of Scots, about 1693, Banks. T. 
Mary (Queen), 1877, Tennyson. T. 
Mary Stuart, 1800, Schiller. T. 
Mary Stuart, 1840, Haynes. T. (See "Maria 

Stuarda " and " Evasion de . . .") 
Mary Tudor, 1833, Victor Hugo. T. 
Masaniello, 1772-1849, James Kenney. 
Masaniello, 1814, Ingemann. T. 
Masaniello, about 1820, Carafa. O. 
Masaniello, 1828, Auber. 0. (libretto by 

Scribe). (This is often called 1m Muette de 

Portici). 
Masks and Faces, 19th cent., Tom Taylor, etc. 
Masnadieri (/), 19th cent., Verdi. O. 
Masque ( 7ft*), 1612, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
Masque de Velours, 1860, Delaporte. D. 
Masque of Calisto, 1676, Crowne. M. 
Massacre of Paris, 1530, Marlowe. T. 
Massacre de Syrie, 1860, Sejour. 
Match at Midnight, 1633, Rowley. C. 
Matilda, 1775, T. Franklin, I . 
Matrimonio Segreto (II), 1793, Cimarcsa. O. 
Matrimony (see above), 1794, Kenney. C. 
Maures d'Espagne (Les), 1804, Guilbert de 

Pixerecourt. D. 
May Queen, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
Maydes Metamorphosis, 1553-1600, Lyly. Myt.D. 
Mayor of Garratt, 1763, Foote. F. 
Mayor of Queenborough (Thi), 17th cent., Mid- 

dleton. C. 
Meadows of St. Gervaise (The), * Ware. F.C. 

(translated from the French). 
Measure for Measure, 1603, Shakespeare. C. 

(based on Promos and Casmndra, 1578, by 

Whetstone ; acted at Whitehall, 1604). 
Medea, 1566, Studley. T. (Seneca's play done 

into English). 
Medea, 1761, Glover. T. 
Medea, 1795, Ch^rubini. O. 
Medea, about 1820, Mayer. O. 
Medecin Malgre Lui, 1666, Moliere. C. (See 

"Mock Doctor.") 
Mcdecins (Les), 1863, Nus. D. 
Medee, 1635, Corneille. T. 
Medee, 1695, Longepierre. T. 
Medee, 1853, Lcgouve. T. 
Medus, 1739, Deschamps. T. 
Meduse, 1677-1758, Lagrange. O. 
Melanie, 1770, Laharpe. T. 
Meleagre, 1677-1758. I.agrange. T. 
Melicerte, 1666, Moliere. C. 
Melite, 1629, Corneille. C. 
Melmoth, 1820, Maturin. T. 
Menage en Ville, 1864, Barriere. PI. 
Menechmes, 1637, Rotrou. C. (imitated from 

Plautus). 



DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 



1149 



Mcnochmes (f.es), 1705, Regnard. C. 
Menteur, 1642, Corneille. C. (See " Liar.") 
Merchant Pirate, 19th cent, Stirling. D. 
Merchant of Bruges, before 1830, Kiunaird. PI. 

(altered trom Beaumon; and Fletcher). 
Merchant of Venice, 1598, Shakespeare. D. (See 

"Jew of Malta.") 
Mere Coupable (Im), 1792, Beaumarchais. D. 
Meridien, L852, DesUndes. D. 
Merlin in Love, 1759, Hill. C. 
Merope, 1713, Ifaffei. T. 
Merope, 173*, Voltaire. T. 
Merope, 1749, Jeflerys or Hill (ascribed to 

both). 
Merope, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
Merope, 1859, Matthew Arnold. 
Merry Wives of Windsor, 1596, Shakespeare. 

C. (printed 1602). (See "Comical Gal- 
lant.") 
Mery 1'lay between the Pardoner and the Frerc 

(A), 1533, J. Hey wood. C. 
Mesogonus, 1560, Thomas Rychardes. C. (only 

lour acts extant). 
Messiah {The), 1741, Hand 1. Or. (libretto by 

Jennens). 
Metamorphosed Gipsies, 1574-1637, Jonson. C. 
Metamorphoses de l'Amour, 19th cent., Brohan. 

C. (See " Love's Metamorphoses.") 
Metromanie ou Le Poete, 1738, Piron. C. 

(said to be the best comedy iu the French 

language). 
Michaelmas Term, 1607, Middleton. 
Michel et Cristine, before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
Microcosmus, ab ut 1600, Nabbes. M. 
Midas, 1553-1600, Lyly. Myt.D. 
Midas, 1764, O'Hara. Blta. 
Midas (Jugement de), 1741-1813, Gretrv. 0. 
Midnight Hour (The), 1793, Iuchbal'd. Pt.C. 

(realized £130). 
Midsummer Night's Dream, 1592, Shakespeare. 

Fy.C. (printed 1600). 
Midsummer Night's Dream, 1843, Mendelssohn. 
Milkmaid (The), 1771-1841, Dibdin. Mu.D. 
Miller and His Men, 1813, Pocock. Mel. (music 

bv Bishop). 
Miller of Mansrield (The), 1737, Dodsley. D.E. 

(The second part is Sir John Cockle at 

( ourt.) 
Mines de Pologne (Les), 1803, Guilbert de 

Pixerecourt. 
Minister (The), 1797, Lewis. T. (adapted from 

Schiller). 
Minna von Barnhelm, 1767, Lessing. D. 
Minor (The), 1760, Foote. F. 
Mirandola, 1821, Procter. T. (copyright was 

£525). 
Mirra, 1783, Alfieri. 
Misanthrope, 1666, Moliere. C. 
Misanthropy and Repentance, 1797, Kotzebue. 

D. (called in English The Stranger). 
Miser (Th"\ 1672, Shadwell. (See below.) 
Miser (The), 1707-1754, Fielding. C. (from 

L'Avare. by Moliere, 1667). 
Miserables (Les), 1864, Hugo, junior. D. (his 

father's novel, 1863, dramatized). 
Misogonist (The), 1780, Lessing. D. 
Misogonus, 1560, printed 1577, Rychardes. C. 

(one of our earliest plays). 
Miss Sarah Samson, 1755, Lessing (music by 

Mendelssohn and Nicolav). 
Miss in Her Teens, 1747, Garrick. F. 



Mistake (7V), 1672-1726, Vanbrugh. C. (altered 
by King into hmmri Quarrelt). 

Mithridate, 1673, Racine. T. (imitated from 

Euripides). 
Mithridate, 1770, Mozart. 0. 
Mithridates, 167 1. Lee. T. 
Mock Doctor (The), 1733, Fielding. F. (This is 

lye Medecin Malgre Lui of Moliere, 1666, 

converted into a farce.) 
Modern Antiques, 1747-1*33, O'Keefe. C. 
Moeura do Temps (Les), 1750, Saurin. C. 
Mega! Tale (The), * Anon. F. 
Moise in Lgitto, 1818, Rossini. O. 
Mon Gigot et Mon Gendre, 1861, Antier. 
Monastere Abandonna, 1816, Guilbert de Pixere- 
court. 
Money, 1X40, Lytton. C. 
Mods. Ragout, about 1669, Lacy. C. 
Moms. Thomas, 1619, Fletcher (Beaumont died 

1616). C. 
Mons. Jonson, 1767, MoncriefF or Taylor 

(attributed to both). F. 
Mons. D'Olive, 1557-1634, Chapman. C. 
Mods, le Due, 1879, Val Prinsep. PI. 
Mont.rgis. (See "Chien.") 
Montezuma, 1772, Sacchini. 0. 
Mont fort (De), 179», Bail lie. T. (the passion 

of "hate"). 
Montrose, 1782-1835, Pocock. 
More Ways than One, 1785, Mrs. Cowley. C. 
Mort d'Abel, 1792, Legouve. T. (imitated from 

Cesser and Klopstock). 
Mort de Calas, 1791, Chenier. T. 
Mort de Henri IV., 1806, Legouve. T. 
Mother Bombie, 1594, Lyly. Ct.E. 
Mother Goose, 1771-1841, Dibdin. Pn. 
Mother Pantom, 1771-1841, Dibdin. C. 
Mount Sinai, ls31, Neukomm. Or. 
Mounraine. rs (The), 1793, Colman. C. 
Mourning Bride, 1697, Congreve. T. 
Mousqueuires (Les), 19th cent., Halevy. O.C. 
M.P., 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
Much Ado about Nothing, 1600, Shakespeare. C. 
Muet (&), 1691, D- Brueys. C. 
Muetie de Portici (Aa). (See " Masaniello.") 
Muette d- la Foret, 1828, Antitr. 
Muse in Livery, 1732, Dodsley. C. 
Muses in Mourning, 1749, Hill. C. 
Muses' Looking-Glass (The), 1605-1634, Ran* 

dolph. C. 
Mustapha, 1739, Mallet. PL 
My Nightgown and Slipp rs, 1799, Colman. C. 
Mv Spouse and 1, 1771-1841, Dibdin. O.F. 
Myrrha, 1783. Alfieri. T. 
Mysteres d'Udolphe (Les), 1798, Guilbert de 

Pixerecourt. Mel. 
Mysterious Husband (The), 1783, Cumberland. C. 
Mysterious Mother, 1768, Walpole. T. 



Nabob (The), about 1779, Foote. F. 

Nabob ( The), 1879, Buraard (an English ver- 
sion of Les Trente Millions de Gladiateurs, 
by Labiche and Gille). 

Nabucco, 1842, Verdi. 0. 

Nabucodonosor, 19th cent., Verdi. 0. 

Nancy, 1696-1743. Carey. 

Nanine, 1749, Voltaire. C. 

Narionne. (See " Count of Narbonne.") 

Nathan the Sage, 1779, Lessing. D. 

Nations (Les), 1851, Banville. O. 



1150 



APPENDIX I. 



Native Land, 1823, Bishop. 0. 

Natural Daughter {The), 1792, Goethe. C. 

Natural Son (The), 1786, Cumberland. C. (See 

" Fib Natural.") 
Neck or Nothing, 1766, Garrick or King. F. 

(ascribed to both). 
Nell Gwynne, 1832, Jerrold. C. 
Nero, 1675, Lee. T. 
Neione, 1700, Handel. 0. 
Nervous Man, 19th cent., B. Bernard. C. 
Never too Late, 1590, Greene. C. 
Never too Late to Mend (It's), 1878, Reade. C. 
New Inn or The Light Heart, 1630, Jonson. C. 
New Peerage (Tiie), 1830, Miss Lee. C. 
New Way to Pay Old Debts. 1625, Massinger. C. 
New Wonder, a Woman Never Vext, 1532, 

Rowley. C. 
Nice Firm (A), 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
Nice Valour, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
Nicholas Flam, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
Nicomede, 1671, J. Dancer. T.C. (from P. Cor- 

neille). 
Niebelungen, 1850, Wagner. O. 
Night Waiker, 1640, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
Nine Points of the Law, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
Ninette a la Cour, 18rh cent., Favart. O.C. 
Ninus II., 1814, Biifant. T. 
No Song no Supper, 1790, Hoare. Mu.E. (music 

bv Storace). 
No Wit like Woman's, 1657, Greene. C. 
Noble Gentleman, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
Nobleman (The), 17th cent., Tourneur. T.C. 

(The manuscript of this play was destroyed 

by the cook of Mr. Warburton the Somerset 

herald.) 
Nobody and Somebody, 1606, Trundell. 
Noces de Gamache, 1827, Mendelssohn. 0. 
Nonjuror (The), 1706, Cibber. C. (from Moliere's 

Tartuffe; copyright was £105). 
Nonne Sanglante, 1854, Delavigne. 0. (music 

by Gounod). 
Norma, 1831, Bellini. O. (libretto bv Romani). 
Northern Lass (The), 1632, Brome. C. 
Northward Hoe! 1607, Dekker. 
Not so Bad as we Seem, about 1851, lord Lytton. C. 
Notaire Obligeant, 1650, Dancourt. C. 
Note of Hand or Trip to Newmarket, 1777, 

Cumberland. C. 
Notoriety, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Notre Dame, 19th cent., Victor Hugo. D. 
Nouveau Pourceaugnac, before 1822, Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Nouveau Seigneur du Village, 1813, Boieldieu. O. 
Nozze di Figaro, 1786, Mozart. 0. (See 

"Manage de Figaro.") (Sir H. Bishop 

altered this opera.) 
Ntiit Blanche ( Une), 19th cent., Offenbach. O.Bf. 
Nuit <ie Noel [La), 1848, Reber. 0. 
Nuits Tinibles, 1821, St. Georges. O.C. 



Oberon, 1616, Jonson. C. 

Oberon, 1824, W( ber. O. (libretto by Planche). 

Oberto di Bonif'azio, 1839, Verdi. O. 

Octavia, 1566, Nuce. T. (Seneca's play done into 

English). 
Octavia, 1783, Alfieri. T. (See "Virtuous 

Octavia.") 
Octavius, 1761-1819, Kotzebue. H.D. 
Octoroon, 1861, Boucicault. D. 
Oden, 1756-1829, Leopold. T. 



Odette, 1832, Deadde. D. 

CEdipe, 1659, Corneille. T. 

(Edipi; 1718, Voltaire. T. 

GMipe, 1781, Sacchini. O. 

0-:dipe Rol, 1798, Chenier. T. 

GMipe a Colone, 1796, Chenier. T. 

O^dipe chez Aiimete, 1778, Ducis. T. 

OZdipus, 1563, Nevyle. T. (Seneca's play done 
into English). 

GMipus, before 1690, Dryden and Lee. 

Ginone, 1804, Kalkbrenner. O. 

Giuvres du Demon (Les), 1854, Boule. D. 

Old Bachelor, 1693, Congreve. C. 

Old Fortunatus. (See " Fortunatus.") 

Old Heads and Young Hearts, 1843, Bouci- 
cault. C. 

Old Law (The), 1599, Middleton and Rowley. C. 
(altered by Massinger). 

0!d Maid (The), 1761, Murphy. F. 

Old Maids, 1841, Knowles. C. 

Old Martin's Trials, 19th cent., Stirling. Dom.D. 

Old Troop, 1672, Lacy. C. 

Old Wives' Tale, 1590, Peele. C. (Milton's 
Comus is indebted to this comedy.) 

Oldcastle (Sir John), 1600, Munday and Dray- 
ton. T. (one of the " spurious plays " of 
Shakespeare). 

Olimpiade, 1719, Leo. O. 

Olive (b'). (See " Mons. D'Olive.") 

Olivia, 1878, W. G. Wills. C. (a dramatic 
version of Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield). 

Olympiade, 1761, Piccini. O. 

Olympie, 1800, Kalkbrenner. O. 

Olympie, 1820, Brifaut. O. (music by Spontini). 

Oncle Valet, 1798, Dellamaria. O.C. 

Ondine, 1816, Hoffmann. O. 

One or a Monarchy, posthumous 1805, Alfieri. 
C. (subject, Darius chosen king by the 
neighing of his horse). 

One o'clock or The Wood Demon, 1811, Lewis. 
G.O.R. 

One Snowy Night, * Ware. C. (translated from 
the French). 

Opera Comique, 1799, Dellamaria. O.C. 

Orators (The), 1762, Foote. F. 

Ordinary (The), 1647, Cartwright. 

Oreste, 1750, Voltaire. T. 

Ore.^te et Pylade, 1695, Lagrange. T. 

Orestes, 1783, Alfieri. T. 

Orfeo, 1483, Poliziano. (See " Orpheus.") 

Orfeo, 1764, Gliick. 0. (libretto by Calzabigi). 

Orientales (Les), 1828, V. Hugo. R.D. 

Originaux (Us), 1693, Lamotte. 

Orlandino, 1526, Folengo. B. 

Orlando Furioso. 1594, Greene. (See " Bombastes 
Furioso.") 

Ormasdes, 1612-1690, Henry Killigrew. 

Oroonoko, 1696, Southerne. T. (Mrs. Behn's 
novel dramatized). 

Orphan (The), 1680, Otway. T. 

Orphan of China (The), 1761, Murphy. T. (Vol- 
taire's Orphelin de la Chine). 

Orphan of the Frozen Sea, 1856, Stirling. N.D. 

Orphee, 1677-1758, Lagrange. 0. 

Orphelin de la Chine (U), 1760, Voltaire. T. 

Orpheus and Eurydice, 1705, Dennis. T. (See 
" Orfeo.") 

Orpheus and Eurydice, 1730-1805, King. 

Orti Esperidi ((Hi), 1722, Metastasio. O. (music 
by Porpora). 

Oscar and Malvina, 1764-1829, Shield. O. 



DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 



1151 



Otello, 1816, Rossini. 0. 
Othello, 1602, Shakespeare. T. 
Othon, 1664, Corneille. T. 

Our American Cousin, 19th cent.. ToraTay lor. C. 

Our Boys, 1875, H J. Byron. C. 

Our Clerks.. 19tli cent., Tom Taylor. 

Our Mary Anne. 19th cent., Buckstone. 

Ours, 19th cent., Roberison. C. 

Ours et la Pacha {f.es), before 1822, Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Outtara-Kama-Tscheritra, 8th cent., Bhava- 

bhouti. Myt.D. (translated by Wilson in 

Ins Indian Theatre). 
Overland Route, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. C. 



Padlock {The), 1768, Bickerstaff. O.F. 
Page {The), 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Palace of Truth, 19th cent , Gilbert; Fy.C. 
Pahemon and Arcyte, 1566, Edwardes. D. 
Palestine, 1775-1847, Crotch. Or. 
Pallantusand Kudora, 1611-1685, T.Killigrew.T. 
Pamela, before 1770. Love. C. 
Panel {TJte), 1757-1823, Kemble. (This is 

BickerstafPs comedy of 'Tis Well 'tis no 

Worse nset.) 
Panurge, 17s5, Gretry. 0. 
Papal Tyranny, 1745, Cibber. T. 
Paracelsus, 1836, R. Browning. 1>. 
Parasitaster, 1606, Marston. C. 
Paria {I a:), 1821, Delavigne. T. 
Paria {The), 1826, Beer. T. (the above in English). 
Paris et Londres, 1827, Dartois. 
Paiisien (Le), 1838, Delaporte. 
Parisina, 1833. Donizetti. O. 
Parliament of Love, 1625, Massinger. C. 
Parolle et Izidura, 1703-1758, Theo. Cibber. C. 

(copyright was £36 10s.). 
Parson's Wedding, 1666, Killigrew. 
Parted, 1799-1838, Reeve. C. 
Pasquale {Don), 1843, Donizetti. 0. 
Passions {Plays of the), 1798-1812, J Baillie. 

C. and T. 
Past Ten o'clock, 1771-1841, Dibdin. 
Pastorale Comique, 1666, Moliere. 
Patient Grissil, 1603 C'hettle and Dekker. C. 

(drawn from a novel by Boccaccio). 
Patrician's Daughter, 19th cent., W. Alarston. T. 
Patron {The), 1764, Foote. F. 
Pattie and Peggie, 1739, T. Cibber. B.O. 
Paul, 1836, Mendelssohn. Or. 
Paul Pry, 19th cent., Poole. F. 
Paul and Virginia, 1756-1818, Cobb. Mn.E. 
Paul and Virginia, 1768-1844, Mazzhingi. O. 
Paul and Virginia, * Favieres. T. 
Pauline, 1841, I,abrousse. C. 
Payable on Demand, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
Pedre {Don), 1857, Cormon. D. 
Pedro de Portugal {Don), 1828, Gil y Zarate. D. 
Peep Behind the Curtain, 1767 (ascribed to 

Garrick and to King). F. 
Pelayo, 18th cent., Jovellanos. T. 
Pelerin Blanc {Le), 1811, Guilbert de Pixere- 

court. 
Pelopides, 1763, Voltaire. T. 
Penelope, 1785, Marmontel. O. (music by 

Piccini). 
Percy, 1777, Hannah More. T. 
Pere'de Famille, 1758, Diderot. C. 
Pericles Prince of Tyre, 1609, Shakespeare. T. 
Perjured Husband, 1700, Centlivre. C. 



Perk in Warbeck, 1635, Ford. H.D. 

Perie Noire, 1862, Sardou. 

Perplexed Couple {The), 1706-1767, Molloy. C. 

Perplexed Lovers, 1712, Centlivre. C. 

Persian Prince, 1682, Southerne. T. 

Pertharite, 1653, Corneille. T. 

Pewterer {The), 1747, Holbery. B.C. 

Phsedra and Hippolytus, 1680, Smith (realized 

£50l\ 
Pharamond, 1736, Cahusac. T. 
Phedre, 1677, Racine. T. (imitated from 

Euripides). 
Phedre et Hippolyte, 1677, Pradon. T. (a rival 

play)- 

Philaster or Love Liesa-Bleeding, 1622, Fletcher 

(Beaumont died 1616). T. 
Philip II., 1783, Allien. V. 
Philip von Artevelde, 1834, H. Taylor. D.Pm. 
Philippe II., 1764-1811, Chenier. D. 
Philoctete, 1783. Laharpe. T. 
Philosopfee saasleSavoiF {Le), 1765, Sedaine. C. 
Philosopher's Stone {The), 19th cent., Tom 

Taylor. 
Philtre ~{Le), 1830, Scribe. O. 
Phoenix {The), 1607, Middleton. 
Phrenologist, 1835, Coyne. 
Phrosine et Melidor, 1794, Mehul. O.C. 
Piccolino, 1875, Gniraud. O. (libretto by 

Sardou). 
Picture {The), 1629, Massinger. 
Pierce Penniless {Supplication of), 1592, Nash. 
Pierre et Catherine, 1829, St. Georges. 
Pierre le Grand, 1854, Meverbeer. 0. 
Pilgrim {The), 1621, Fletcher (Beaumont died 

1616). (Altered by Vanbrui;h in 1699.) 
Pilot {The), 19th cent., Fit/ball. N.Blta. 
Pinafore {H.M.S.), 1878, Gilbert and Sullivan. 

N.C.Opta. 
Piperman's Predicaments, * Ware. F. (trans- 
lated). 
Pippa Passes, 19th cent., R. Browning. 
Pirata {II), 1806-1835, Bellini. 0. 
Pirates, 1763-1796, Storace. Mu.D. 
Pizarro, 1799, Sheridan. T. (from Kotzebue's 

drama The Spaniard in Peru, 1797). 
Plaideurs {Les), 1668, Racine. C. (imitated 

from the Wasps of Aristophanes). 
Plain De.der, 1677, Wycherly. C. 
Platonic Love, 1707, Centlivre. C. 
Play, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
Plays of the Passions, 1798-1812, J. Baillie. T. 

andC. 
Plot and Passion, 19th cent., Tom Taylor, etc. 
Plus Beau Jour de la Vie (Le), before 1822, 

Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
Poetaster {The), 1601, Jonson. Sat.C. (in which 

Dekker is satirized as " Crispinus "). 
Poets {The), 1774, Alfieri. F. 
Polidoro, 1788, Bandettini. 
Polinice, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
Polish Jew {The), * Ware. D. (altered into The 

Bells, 1874). 
Polly Honeycombe, 1760, Colman. D.N. 
Polyeucte, 1610, Corneille. T. 
Polyxene, 1686, Lafosse. T. 
Pompee, 1592, Gamier. T. 
Pompee, 1641, Corneille. T. 
Pompey the Great, 1595, Kyd. T. (borrowed 

from the Pompee of Gamier). 
Poor Gentleman, 1802, Colman. C. 
Poor Jack, 19th cent., Buckstone. 



1152 



APPENDIX I. 



Poor Soldier, 1798, O'Keefe. 0. (music by 

Shield). 
Pope als Metaphysiker, 1754, Lessing (music by 

Mendelssohn). 
Popping the Question, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
Popularite, 1838, Delavigne. C. 
Postilion de Lonjumeau (Le), 1836, Adam. O.C. 
Poulet et Poulette, 1878, Herve. B.O. 
Pourceaugnac (Moris.), 1669, Moliere. C. 
Precieuses Ridicules, 1659, Moliere. C. 
Premier Jour de Bonheur {Le), 1868, Auber. 0. 
Presumptive Evidence, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
Pretty Esmeralda and Captain Phoebus of Ours, 

1879, H. J. Bvron. B. 
Pride shall have a Fall, 1825, Croly. C. 
Priestess (The), 1855, Sargent. 
Prince Dorus, 19th cent., Tom Tavlor. 
Prince of Homburg, 1776-1811, Kleist. D. 
Princesse Aurelie (Le), 1828, Delavigne. C. 
Princesse d' Elide, 1664, Moliere. C. 
Princesse de Navarre, 1743, Voltaire. 0. 
Prisoner of State, 1847, Stirling. D. 
Prisoner of War, 1-37, Jerrold. C. 
Prisonnier (U), 1796, Dellamaria. O.C. 
Procureur Arbitre(te), 17th cent., R. Poisson. C. 
Prodigal Son (The), 1739-1802, Arnold. 0. 
Prometheus Bound, 1850, E. Browning. T. 
Prometheus Unbound, 1820, Shelley. CI.D. 
Promos and Cassandra 1578, Whetstone. C. 
(This is the quarry of Shakespeare's Measure 
for Measure.) 
Proneurs (Lfis) or La Tartuffe Litteraire, 18 th 
cent., Dorat. Sat.D. (directed against 
D'Alembertand his set). 
Proof, 1878, Burnard. (This is an English version 

of Vne Cause Celcbre.) 
Prophete(/y€), 1849, Meyerbeer. 0. (libretto by 

Scribe). 
Prophetess (The), 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
Proserpina, 1804, Winter. 0. 
Proserpine, 1801, Paisiello. O. 
Protecteur fU), 1781-1857, Brifaut. C. 
Provoked Husband, 1726, Vanbrugh. C. (left 
unfinished by Vanbrugh, and called The 
Journey to Jx>nion. Gibber finished the 
play, and changed the name). 
Provoked Wife, 1697, Vanbrugh. C. 
Provost of Bruges, 1836, Knovvles. T. 
Psyche, 1671, Moliere. C. 
Psyche, 1675. Shadwell. 
Pulcherie, 1672, Corneille. 
Puritan (The) or The Widow of Watling Street, 

1607, * 
Puritani (f), 1834, Bellini. O. (libretto by 

Pepoli). 
Puritan's Daughter, 1861, Balfe. 0. 
Purse (The) or The Benevolent Tar, * Cross. 

Mu'.E. 
Pygmalion, 1809, Cherubini. 0. 
Pygmalion and Galatea, 19th cent., Gilbert D. 
Pyrame et Thisbe, 1632-1698, Pradon. T. 
Pyrame et Thisbe, 1677-1758, Lagrange. 0. 
Pyrrhus King of Egypt, 1695^ Hopkins. T. 



Quaker (The), 1777, Dibdin. CO. 
Quarantine (The), * Ware. C. 
Queen Juta of Denmark, 19th cent., Boje. T. 
Queen Mab, 1760, Burney. O. 
Queen Mary [of England], 1877 Tennyson. T. 
(See " Mary Tudor.") 



Queen of Corinth, 1647, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
Queen of Scots (The), about 1700, Banks. T. 
Queens, 1616, Jonson. 
Queen's Shilling (T/ie), 1879, Godfrey. C. (an 

English version of Un Fiis de Famille; 

see also " The Discarded Son.") 
Qui Femme a, Guerre a, about 1830, Brohan. C. 
Quitte ou Double, about 1830, Brohan. C. 



Rabagas, 1872, Sardou. C. 
Rage, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Ragout. (See " Mons. Ragout.") 
Raising the Wind, 1772-1849, Kenney. F. 
Rake and His Pupil (The), 1834, Buckstone. C. 
Ralph Roister Doister, 1534, Udal (the first 
English comedy). (See " Gammer Gurton's 
Needle " and " Mesogonus.") 
Ram Alley or Merry Tricks, 1611, Barry. 
Rambling Lady, before 1726, Southerne. C. 
Rape of Lucrece (The), before 1565, Heywood 

T. (S'e " Lucretia.") 
Re Teodoro, 1785, Paisiello. 0. 
Rebels (The), 1749-1832, Goethe. C. 
Recess ( The), 1785, Miss Lee. 
Reconciliation Normande, 1719, Dufresny. C. 
Reconciliation or The Two Brothers, 1797, 

Kotzebue. D. 
Recruiting Officer (Tloe), 1705, Farquhar. C. 
Recruiting Sergeant (The), 1735-1787, Bicker- 
staff. Mu.E. 
Reculer pour Mieux Sauter, 1854, Dartois. C. 
Red Cross Knight, 1794, Hoiman. 
Regent (Le), 1831, Ancelot. V. 
Register Office (The), 1723-1787, Reed. F. 
Regolo (Attilio), 1740, Metastasio. 0. (See 

" Regulus.") 
Regular Fix, 1764-1838. Morton. C. 
Regulus, 1632-1698, Pradon. T. 
Regulus, 1734-1780, C. J. Dorat. T. 
Rehearsal (The), 1671, duke of Buckingham. C. 
Reinald, 19th cent., lngemann. 
Rein" de Chypre (La), 1799-1862, Halevy. 0. 
Reine de Golconde. (See " Aline," etc.) 
Reine de Saba, 1862, Gounod. 0. (libretto by 

Curre). 
Relapse (The), 1697, Vanbrugh (altered by She- 
ridan into The Trip to Scarborough, 1777). 
Remorse, 1797, acted 1813, Coleridge. T. 
Rendezvous Bourgeois (/>es), 1794, Hoffmann. 

O.C. (music by Mehul). 
Renegado ( The), 1624, Massinger. 
Rent Day, 1830, Jerrold. C. (His offer of the 

copyright for £5 was refused.) 
Rescued, 1879, Boucicault. Sen.D. 
Retaliation, 1752-1820, Macnally. F. 
Retour de Nepoleon, 1841, Sejour. D. 
Retribution, 1850, Bennett and Tom Taylor. H.P. 
Revenge, 1721, Young. T. 
Revenger's Tragedy (The), 17th cent., Tour- 

neur. T. 
Revers de la Medaille (Lc), 1861, Demoliere. 
Review (The) or Wags of Windsor, 1798, Col- 

nian. F. 
Rich Jew of Malta, 1586, Marlowe. T. 
Rich and Poor, 1812, Lewis. CO. 
Richard Cceur de Lion, 1781, Sedaine. 0. (music 

by Gretry). 
Richard Coeur de Lion, 1782, Burgoyne. H.R. 

(the above Anglicized). 
Richard Coeur de Lion, 1752-1820, Macnally. 0. 



DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 



1153 



Richard Cceur do Lion, 1863, Benedict. 0. 
Richard II., 1597, Shakespeare. H.D. (imitated 

from Marlowe's Edward II., 1592). 
Richard III., 159V, Shakespeare. H.T. 
Richard Duke of York, 1600, * 
Richelieu, 1839, lord Lytton. H.Pl. 
Richelieu (Iai Jeunesse d>), 1833, Ancelot. V. 
Rienzi, 1828, Miss Mitford. T. 
Rienzi, 1841, Wagner. 0. (libretto by Jack- 
son). 
Right Woman, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 

and Fletcher. C. 
Rigoletto, 1852, Verdi. 0. (libretto from Victor 

Hugo). 
Rimini (Francesco, di), 1819, Pellico. T. (an 

episode in Dante's Inferno). 
Rinaldo, 1711, Hill. 0. (music by Handel ; 

tins was the first piece he set to music). 
Rirai Candidates, 1775, Dudley. C. 
Rival Ladies, 1663, Dryden. C. 
Rival Modes, 1726, Moore. C 
Rival Queens, 1678, Lee. T. (See " Alexander 

the Great.") 
Rivals {The), 1775, Sheridan. C. 
Rivals (The), 1830, Balfe. 0. (/ Rivali). 
Road to Ruin, 1792, Holcroft. C. 
Roaring Girl {The), 1611, Middleton. C. 
Rob Roy, 1832, Flotow. 0. 
Rob Roy Mac Gregor, 1782-1835, Pocock. O.D. 

(from sir W. Scott's novel). 
Robbers (The), 1781, Schiller. T. 
Robbers of Calabria, * Lane. D. (adapted). 
Robert le Diable, 1831, Meyerbeer. 0. (libretto 

by Scribe). 
Robin Hood, pt. i. 1597, Munday. D. 
Robin Hood, pt. ii. 1598, Chettle. D. 
Robin Hood, 1741, Dr. Arne and Burney. 0. 
Robin Hood, 1787, O'Keefe. 0. (music by 

Shield). 
Robin Hood, 1752-1820 Macnally. CO. (See 

" Death of Robert Earl of Huntington.") 
Robin des Bois, 1824, Weber. 0. 
Robinson Crusoe, 1805, Guilbert de Pixere- 

court. V. 
Robinson Crusoe, 1806, Pocock (the above in 

English). 
Rock of Rome, 1849, Knowles. H.Pl. 
Roderigo, 1706, Handel. 0. 
Rodogune, 1646, Corneille. T. 
Rodolphe, before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Po. 
Roef-Krage, 1770, Ewald. D. 
Roi Faineant (Le), 1830, Ancelot. T. 
Roi d'Yvetot {Le), 1842, Adam. O.C. (suggested 

by Beranger's song). 
Roi et le Fermier, 1762, Sedaine. O.C. (music 

by Monsigny). 
Roister Doister (Ralph), 1534, Udal. C. (This 

was the first English comedy. For the first 

European comedy, see " Calandria.") 
Roland, 1778, Piccini. 0. 
Roland for an Oliver, 1819, Morton. C. 
Rolla, 1798, Kotzebue. T. 
Rolla, 1799, Lewis. T. (from the above). 
Rollo, posthumous 1639, Beaumont and Fletcher. 
Roman Actor, 1626, Massinger. 
Roman Comique (Le), 1861, Offenbach. O.Bf. 
Roman Father, 1741, Whitehead. T. 
Roman Revenge, 1753, Hill. 
Roman d'Une Heure or La Folle Gageurc, 1803, 

Hoffmann. C. 
Romance for an Hour, 1771, Kelly. 



Rome Sauvee, 1752, Voltaire. T. 

Romeo and Juliet, 1595, Shakespeare. T. 
(printed 1597). 

Romeo et Juliette, 1828, Soulie. T. (imitated 
from the above). 

Romildare Constanza, 1819, Meyerbeer. 0. 

Romp ( The), * Anon CO. (altered lrom Bicker- 
staff's l.ove in the City). 

Rosalinda, 1702, Lockman. Mu.D. 

Hosamond, 1728, Addison. 0. (music by Arne). 

Rosamond (Fair), 1879, Tennyson. T. 

Rosamond (The Fair), 1812, Korner. T. (See 
" Rosmonda.") 

Rose Blanche (La) et la Rose Rouge, 1809, Guil- 
bert de Pixerecourt. D. (See " Two Ro.-cs.") 

Rose de St. Fleur (La), 19th cent., Offenbach. 
O.Bf. 

Rose et Colas, 1764, Sedaine. O.C. 

Rose of Arragon, 1842, Knowles. D. 

Rose of Castille, 1857, Balfe. 0. 

Rosiere de Salency {La), 1774, Gretry. 0. 

Rosiere et Norrice, 1842, Barriere. I). 

Rosina, 1767, Mrs. Brooke. 0. 

Rosina, 1783, Shield. 0. 

Rosmonda, 1525, Rucelleri. T. 

Rosmunda, 1783, Alfieri. T. (based on Ban- 
dello's novel). 

Rosmunda, 1840, Gil y Zarate. (See " Henry " 
and " Complaint.') 

Rosten i Oerken, 1815, Ingemann. 

Rough Diamond, 19th cent., Buckstone. Cdta. 

Rover (The), 1680, Mrs. Behn. C. 

Roxana, 1772, Magnocavallo. T.(a prize play). 

Royal Command (By), 19th cent., Stirling. CO. 

Royal Convent, 1708, Rowe. T. 

Royal King and Loyal Subject (The), 1737, Hey- 
wood. T.C 

Royal Martyr {The), 1669, Dryden. T. 

Royal Shepherdess, 1669, Shadwell. 

Rubans d'lvonne, 1850, Thiboust. 

Rugantio, 1805, Lewis. Mel. 

Ruines de Babylone {Les), 1810, Guilbert de 
Pixerecourt. 

Ruines de Vaudemont, 1845, Boule. 

Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, 1040, Beaumont 
and Fletcher. C (altered by Garrick). 

Runaway (The), 1776, Mrs. Cowley. C 

Rural Felicitv, 1834, Buckstone. 

Ruy Bias, 1840, Victor Hugo. R.D. (Fechter pro- 
duced a bad English version about 1863.) 



Sabots de la Marquis, 1854, Boulanger. O.C. 
Sacrifice dTphigenie, 1861, Dennery. T. (See 

"Iphigenie.") 
Sad Shepherd (left at death unfinished, lo31\ 

Jonson. P. 
Sailor's Daughter (The), 1800, Cumberland. C. 
St. Genest, 1641, Rotrou. T. 
St. Patrick's Day, 1775, Sheridan. C. 
St. Peter, 1866, Benedict. Or. 
Saint's Tragedy, 1848, Kingsley. T. 
Samor, 1818, Milman. 
Samson, 1742, Handel. Or. 
Samson Agonistes, 1671, Milton. CLT. 
Sapho, 1850, Gounod. 0. 
Sappho and f'haon, 1584, Lyly. Myt.D. 
Saratoga, 19th cent., B. Howard (brought out in 

London under the title of Brighton). 
Sardanapalus, 1819, Byron. T. 
Satanella, 1858, Balfe. 0. 

4 E 



1154 



APPENDIX I. 



Satiro-mastix, 1602, Dekker. Sat.C. (in which 

Ben Jonson is satirized under the name of 

" Horace, Junior "). 
Saucy Valets, 1730-1805, King. 
Saul, 1738, Handel. Or. 
Saul, 1739, Hill. T. 
Saul, 1782, Alfieri. T. 
Saul, 1801, Kalkbrenner. Or. 
Saul (Konig), 1839, Gutzikow. O. 
Sawney the Scot, 1622-1681, Lacy. & 
Scapegoat (The), * Poole. F. 
Scholar (TJie), 1791-1868, Lover. C. 
Scholar (The), 19th cent., Buckstone. 
School, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
School for Arrogance, 1745-1809, Hokroft. C. 
School for Authors, 1770-1804, Tobin. C. 
School for Grown Children, 1826, Morton. C. 
School for Grown Gentlemen, 1827, Morton. C 
School for Lovers, 1762, Whitehead. C. (See 

"L'ficole des Amants.") 
School for Scandal, 1777, Sheridan. C. ("Charles " 

and " Joseph Surface " are copies of Fielding's 

" Tom Jones " and " Blifil.") 
School for Wives, 1774, Kelly. C. (See 

" L'tcole des Femmes.") 
School of Reform, 1817, Morton. C. (See 

" L'Ecole.") 
Scipio Africanus, 1729, Beckingham. T. (from 

Pradon's Scipion V Africain). 
Scipion l' Africain, 1632-1698, Pradon. T. 
Scornful Lady, 1616, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 
Scourge of Villanie, 1598, Marston. 
Scowerers (The), 1691, Shadwell. C. 
Scythes, 1761, Voltaire. T. 
Sea-Captain (The), 1839, Lytton. C. 
Sea- Voyage (The), posthumous 1647, Beaumont 

and Fletcher. C. 
Search after Happiness, 1773, H. More. P. (Her 

first production. Aged 17.) 
Seasons (The), 1800, Haydn. O. 
Sebastian. (See " Don Sebastian.") 
Second Maiden's Tragedy, before 1620, Anon. 

T. (ascribed to Chapman). 
Second Thoughts, 19th cent., Buckstone. 
Secret (Le), 1793, Hoffmann. O.C. (music by 

Mehul). 
Secrets Worth Knowing, 1798, Morton. C. 
Secretaire et le Cuisinier (Le), before 1822, Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Sejanus, 1603, Jonson. T. 
Sejonr Militaire, 1813, Auber. O. 
Selindra, 1611-1685, Thomas KMigrew. 
Semele, 1698, COngreve. O. 
Semiramide, 1729, Metastasio. 0-, 
Semiramide, 1819, Meyerbeer. Oi 
Semiramide, 1823, Rossini. O. 
Semiramis, 1748, Voltaire. T. 
Serail, 1782, Mozart. 0; 
Serious Family, * Barnetb. 
Serious Family (A)\ about 1850, BuckstoiWi 
Sertorius, 1662, Corneille. T. 
Servius Tullius, 1826, Bouzique. T. 
Sesostris, 1687, Amore. T. 
Shaughraun, 19th cent., Boucicault. D. 
She Stoops to Conquer, 1773, Goldsmith. C. 
She Would andShe Would Not, 1703, Cibbcr. C. 
She Would if She Could, 1668, Ktherege. C. 
Shepherd of Tolosa, 1829, Ingemann. 
Shepherd's Artifice, 17,57, Dibdin. 
Shoemaker's a Gentleman (A), 17th cent., Row- 
ley. C. 



Shore. (See "Jane Shore.") 

Si j'etais Roi, 1854, Adam. Pt.Pc. 

Sicilian Vespers, 1772-1849, Kenney. 

Sicilian Vespers, 1819, Delavigne. T. (See 

" Vespers.") 
Sicilien ou L'Amour Peintre, 1667, Moliere. C. 
Siege of Aguileia, 1760, Home. 
Siege of Belgrade, 1796, Cobb. CO. (music by 

Storace; an English version of La Cosa 

Rara). 
Siege of Berwick, 1727-1812, Jerningham. T. 
Siege of Calais, 1762-1836, Colman. H.D. 
Siege of Damascus, 1720, Hughes. T. 
Siege of Grenada, 1671, Dryden. H.P1. 
Siege of Ischia, 1778-1824," Kemp. 0. 
Siege of Rhodes, 1656, Davenant. O. 
Siege of Rochelle, 1835, Balfe. O. 
Siege of Sinope, 1765, Miss Brooke. 
Siege of Urbin, 1611-1685, Thomas Killigrew. 
Silent Woman (The), 1609, Jonson. C. 
Silvia, 1731, Lillo. 
Single, about 1835, Buckstone. C. 
Sir Courtley Nice, 1685, Crowne. C. 
Sir Fopling Flutter, 1676, Etherege. C. (the 

second title of The Man of Mode). 
Sir George Etherege's Comical Revenge, 1642- 

1689, Mrs. Behn. C. 
Sir Harry Gaylove, 1772, Miss Marshall. C. 
Sir Harry Wildair, 1701, Farquhar. C. 
Sir Hercules Buffoon, 1622-1681, Lacy. C. 
Sir John Cockle at Court, 1737, Dodsiey. F. 
Sir John Oldcastle. (See " Oldcastle.") 
Sir Marmaduke Maxwell, 1827, Cunningham. C 
Sir Salomon or The Cautious Coxcomb, 1715 

Caryl. C. 
Sir Thomas Overbury's Life and Untimely 

Death, 1614, Ford. T. 
Sir Thomas Overbury, 1726, Savage. T. (brought 

him £200). 
Sir Walter Haleigh, 1720, Sewell. T. 
Sirene (La), 1844, Scribe. O.C. 
Siroe (II), 1728, Metastasio. O. 
Sisters (The), 1769, Mrs. Lennox. C. 
Slave (The), 1816, Bishop. O. 
Slave Lite, 19th cent., Tom Taylor, etc. 
Sleeping Beauty, 18th cent., Skeffington. Pn. 
Snake in the Grass, 1759, Hill. C. (altered by 

Buckstone, 19th rent.). 
Society, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 
Sofonisbe, 1718, Leo. O. (See "Sophonisba," 

etc.) 
Soiree a la Bastille, 1845, Decourcelle. C. 
Soiree d'Auteuil (La), 1804, Andrieux. G. 
Soldier (The), 1791-1868, Lover. 
Soldier's Daughter (Tfie), 1804, Cherry. C. 
Soldier's Fortune, 1681, Otway. C. 
Soldier's Return, 1805, Hook. C. 
Soliman II., 18th ceut. Favart. O.C. 
Solliciteur (Le), before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
Solomon, 1748, Handel. Or. 
Solomon, 1748, Klopstock. T. 
Sbmnambule (Im), 1819, Delavigne. D. 
Sonnambula, 1831, Bellini. O. (libretto by 

Scribe). 
Sophi (Ihe), 1641, Denham. T. 
Sophonisba, 1514, Trissino. T. (the first 

Italian tragedy). (See •• Ferrex," etc.) 
Sophonisba or The Wonder of Women, 1605, 

Marston. T. (See " Sofonisbe.") 
Sophonisba, 1729, Thomson. T. 
Sophonisba, 1783, Allien. T. 



DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 



1155 



Sophonisbe, 1630, Mairet. T. (imitated from 

Trissino; the first French tragedy). 
Sophonisbe, 17th cent., Corneille. T. 
Sophonisbe, 1677-1 75S, Lugrange-Chancel. T. 
Sorcerer {The), 18T6, Gilbert and Sullivan. Opta. 
Sorciere (U\), 1863, Bourgeois and Barbier. 
Sordella, 19th cent., It. Browning. 
Sosies, 1639, Kotrou. C. 
Sot tovijour8 Sot, 1693, De Brueys. 
Spaniard in Peru (The), 1797, Kotzebue. T. 

(The English version is called 1'izarro.) 
Spanish Curate (The), 1622, Fletcher (Beaumont 

died 1616). C. 
Spanish Dollars, 1807, Cherry. M.D. 
Spanish Fryar (The), 16X0, Dryden. C. 
Spanish Gipsy, 1C5.;, Middlcton and Rowley. C. 
Spanish Tragedy (The) or Jeronimo Mad Again, 

1605, Kyd. T. (forming pt. ii. to Jeronimo). 
Spartacus, 1746, Saurin. T. 
Spartan Dame (The), 1719, Southerne. T. 
Speculation, 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 
Speed the Plough, 1798, Morton. C. 
Sprigs of Laurel, 1747-1833, CKeefe. M.F. 

(music by Shield). 
Squeeze to the Coronation, 1821, Thomson. 
Squire of Alsatia (The), 16S8, Shadwell. C. 

(same as Gentlemau of Alsatia). 
Stage Coach, 1704, Farquhar. C. 
Staple of News (The), Jonson. C. 
Star of Seville. 1842, Mrs. Butler (born Kemble). 
State Prisoner, 1847, Stirling. 
State of Innocence, 1673, Dryden. D.Pm. (a. 

dramatic version of Milton's Paradise Lost). 
Statira, 17th cent., Pradon. T. 
Stella, 1776, Goethe. D. 
Stella, 1843, Anicet Bourgeois. D. 
Stepmother (The), 1748-1825, earl of Carlisle 

(Byron's uncle). T. 
Steward (The). (This is merely The Deserted 

Daughter, of Holcroft, 1785, reset.) 
Stilicon, 1660, T. Corneille. T. 
Still Waters Run Deep, 19th cent., Tom Tay- 
lor. C. 
Stolen heiress, 1703, Centlivre. C. 
Stolen Kisses, 19th cent., P. Merritt. C. 
Strafford, 1836, R. Browning. H.T. 
Stranger (The), 1797, B. Thompson. D. (from 

Misanthropy and Repentance,hj Kotzebue). 

(Thompson's version was greatly altered 

in 1798 by Sheridan. It is the latter alone 

which is acted.) 
Straniera (La), 1806-1835, Bellini. O. 
Stratonice, 1792, Hoffmann. O.C. (music by 

Mebul). 
Streets of London, 1362, Boucicault. D. 
Struensee, 1827, Beer. T. 
Such Things Are, 1786, lnchbald. PI. (realized 

£410 12s.). 
Suite du Mentuer (La), 1803, Andrieux. C. 
Sullen Lovers, 1668, Shadwell. C. 
Sultan (The), 1775, Bickerstaff. F. 
Summer's Last Will, etc., 1600, Nash. 
Summer's Tale, 1768, Cumberland. CO. (music 

by Bach, Arne, and others. It was cut down 

by Cumberland into Amdia, an afterpiece). 
Sun's Darling (The), 1624, Ford. M. 
Supplication of Pierce Penniless, etc.. 1592, 

Nash. 
Supplice d'un Homme, 1865, Thiboust. 
Supposes, 1566, Gascoigne. C. (from Gli Sup- 
positi, of Ariosto ; one of our earliest dramas). 



Surena, 1674, Conville. T. 

Surprise (Agreeable), 1798, O'Keefe. C. 

Surrender of Calais, 1791, Colman. C. 

Suspicious Husband (The), 1747, Hoadly. C. 

Svend Dyring's House, 19th cent., Herz. R.D. 

Svend Grathe, 19th cent., Boje. T. 

Sweethearts, 1874, Gilbert. C. 

Sweethearts and Wives, 1772-1849, Kenney. 
Mu.C. (music by Nathan). 

Sweetman, the Woman-Hater, 1640, Anon. C. 

Swindler (The). 1764-1838, Morton. C. 

Sword and the Hand, 1832, Beer. T. 

Sylvain, 1770, Marmontel. O.C. (music by 
G retry). 

Sylvana, 1809, Weber. O. ( Tllis is The Wood- 
girl altered.) 

Sylvester Daggerwood, 1795, Colman. C. 

Sylvia., 1731, Lillo. 



Tableau Parlant (Le), 1769, Gretry. O. 

Tailors (The), * Anon. B.T. 

Tale of Mantua, 1830, Knowles. 

'J ale of Mystery, 1745-1809, Holcroft. Mel. 

Tale of a Tub, 1618, Jonson. (His last comedy. 

Its object was to hold up luigo Jones to 

ridicule.) 
Tamburlaine, 1585, Marlowe. T. (See "Ti- 

mour.") 
Tamerlan, 17th cent., Pradon. T. 
Tamerlan et Bajazet, 1806, Bishop. Bl. 
Tamerlane, 1703, Rowe. T. 
Tamerlane, 1722, Leo. O. 
Taming of the Shrew, 1593, Shakespeare. C. 

(See " The Honeymoon.") 
Tancred and Gismunda, 1568, by Hatton and four 

other members of the Inner Temple. T. 

(based on an Italian novel). 
Tancred and Sigismunda, 1745, Thomson. T. 
Tancrede, 1760, Voltaire. T. 
Tancredi, 1813, Rossini. O. 
Tannhauser, 1845, Wagner. 0. 
Tante (La) et le Neveu, 1781-1857, Bri- 

faut. C. 
Tarare, 1787, Beaumarchais. O. 
Tartuffe, 1664, Moliere. C. (See "The Non- 
juror.") 
Tasso (T>rquato), 1790, Goethe. T. 
Tasso Refriede, 1819, Ingemann. D. 
Taste, 1752, Foote. F. 
Taverne des Etudiants (La), 1854, Sardou. 
Tekeli, 1803, Guilbert de Pixerecourt. Mel. 

(done into English by Hook). 
Tell (Gvglielmo), 1829, Rossini. O. (Sir H. 

Bishop altered this opera.) 
Tell (Guillaume), 1766, Lemiere. T. 
Tell (Guillaume), 1772, Sedaine. 0. 
Tell (Wilhrlm), 1804, Schiller. T. 
Tell (William), 1840, Knowles. T. 
Tell (William), 19th cent., Talfourd. F. 
Temistocle, 1738, Metastasio. D. 
Tempest (Tlie), 1609, Shakespeare. C. (first 

mentioned 1611). 
Tempest (The), 1668, Dryden. C. (the above 

altered). 
Temple de la Gloire, 1744, Voltaire. O. 
Tender Husband (The), 1703, Steele. C. 
Tete de Mort (La), 1827, Guilbert de Pixere- 
court. V. 
Theagene et Chariclee, 1662, Racine. T. 
Thebaide (La), 1664, Racine. T. 



1156 



APPENDIX I. 



Thebals, 1581, Newton. T. (Seneca's play done 

into English). 
Themistocle. (See " Temistocle.") 
Theodosius or The Force of Love, 1676, 

Lee. T. 
Therese, the Orphan of Geneva, * Kerr. Mel.R. 

(adapted). 
Thesee, 1690, Lafosse. T. 
Theseus, 1715, Handel. 0. 
Thierry and Theodoret, 1621, Fletcher (Beau- 
mont died 1616). 
Thieves of Paris, 1856, Stirling. D. 
Thimble Rig {The), 19th cent., Buckstone. F. 
Thirty Years of a Woman's Life, before 1834, 

Buckstone. 
Thomas. (See " Mons. Thomas.") 
Thomas a Becket, 1780, Tennyson. T. 
Thomas and Sally, 1696-1743, Carey. Mu.E. 
Three BlacK S^als (The), 1864, Stirling. H.D. 
Three Strangers (The), 1835, Miss Lee. C. 
Three Weeks after Marriage, 1776, Murphy. F. 
Tbyestes, 1560, J. Hey wood (Seneca's play done 

into English). 
Thyestes, about 1680, Crowne. T. 
Tibere, 1764-1811, Chdnier. T. 
Ticket-of-Leave Man, 1863, Tom Taylor. 
Time Works Wonders, 1845, Jerrold. C. 
Timocrate, 1656, T. Coraeille. T. 
Timocrate, 1723, Leo. O. 
Timoleon, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
Timoleon, 1794, Chenier. T. 
Timon of Athens, 1609, Shakespeare. T. 
Timon of Athens, 1778, Cumberland. T. (the 

above altered). 
Timon the Misanthrope, 1678, Shadwell. T. 
Timour the Tartar, 1812, Lewis. Mel. (See 

" Tamerlane.") 
Tipperary Legacy, 1847, Coyne. C. 
'Tis Pity She's a Whore, 1633, Ford. D. 
'Tis Well 'tis no Worse, 1735-1787, Bickerstaff. 

C. (See •' The Panel.") 
Tito, 1791, Mozart. O. 
Titus Andronicus, 1593, (?) Shakespeare. T. 

(first mentioned 1600). 
Titus and Berenice, 1672, Otway. 
To-Night, Uncle, 1878, H. J. Byron. 
To Oblige Benson, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
To Parents and Guardians, 19th cent., Tom 

Taylor. 
Tobacconist -(The), before 1780, Gentleman. F. 

(This is merely Jonson's comedy, Tlie Alcfie- 

mist, 1610, altered and reduced.) 
Tom Jones, 1740, Reed. CO. 
Tom Thumb, 1730, Fielding. B.O. (altered in 

1778 by O'Hara, music by Dr. Arne). 
Tom Tyler, 1661 (second edition), no name. 
Tonson. (See " Mons. Tonson.") 
Tony Lumpkin in Town, 1778, O'Keefe. 
Too Many or Democracy, posthumous 1805, 

Alfieri. C. 
Toreador (Le), 1S49, Adam. O.C. 
Tour de Londres, 1855, Nus. D. 
Town and Country, 1807, Morton. C. (brought 

hinj in £1000). 
Toy-Shop, 1729, Dodsley. D.S. 
Traitor (The), 1631, Shirley. T. (See " Evadne.") 
Traviata (La), 1856, Verdi. O. 
Trente Millions de Gladiateurs (Les), 19th cent., 

Labichc and Gillc (See - Nabob.") 
Tresor (Le), 1803, Andrieux. C. 
Trial by Jury , 1875, Gilbert and Sullivan. Opta. 



Trick upon Trick, 1710.. Hill. C. 
Trinuzzia (La), 1540, Angelo. C. 
Triomphe des Arts (Le), 1672-1731, Lamotte. O. 
Trip to Calais (.4), 1721-1777, Foote. F. 
Trip to Kissengen (A), 19th cent., Tom Tay- 
lor. 
Trip to Scarborough (A), 1777, Sheridan. (This 

is The Relapse of Vanbrugh altered.) 
Trip to Scotland (A), 1780, Whitehead. F. 
Tristan and Isolde, 1865, Wagner. O. 
Troade (La), 1632-1698, Pradon. T. 
Troas, 1559, J. Hey wood. T. (Seneca's play done 

into English). 
Troilus and Cressida, 1602, Shakespeare. T. 

(printed 1609). 
Troilus and Cressida, 1679, Dryden. T. (the 

above altered). 
Trois Cousins, 1664, Dancourt. C. 
Trois Rivaux (Les), 1758, Saurin. C. 
Trois Sultanes (Les), 18th cent., Favart. C. 
Troja Distrutta, 1663, Andrea. T. 
Troublesome Reign of King John, 1578, Anon. 

H.P1. (the quarry of Shakespeare's King 

John). 
Trovatore (II), 1853, Verdi. O. (based on the 

drama of Gargia Guttierez, 15th cent.). 
True Widow, 1679, Shadwell. C. 
Tu Quoque, 1599, Greene. 
Turcaret, 1708, Lesage. C. 
Turco in Italia, 1814, Rossini. O. 
Turk and No Turk, 1785, Colman. Mu.C. 
Turkish Mahomet, 1584, Peele. 
Turnpike Gate, 1774-3 826, Knight. F. 
Twelfth Night, etc., 1602, Shakespeare. C. 
Twin Rivals, 1706, Farquhar. 
'Twixt Axe and Crown, 1870, Taylor. H.P1 
Two Foscari (The), 1821, Byron. (The Foscari, 

1826, Miss Mitchell.) 
Two Gentlemen of Verona, 1595, Shakespeare. 

C. (first mentioned 1598). 

Two Klingsbergs (The), 1761-1819, Kotzebue. 

D. (his best play, but not yet translated 
into English). 

Two Loves and a Life, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 

Two Misers, 1767, O'Hara. 

Two Noble Kinsmen, posthumous 1634, Beau- 
mont and Fletcher. 

Two Roses (Tlie), 1878, Albery. V. (from the 
French). (See '« Rose Blanche," etc.) 

Two Strings to your Bow, 1792, Jephson. F. 

Two to One, 1784, Colman. C. 

Tyrannic Love, 1631-1701, Dryden. 



Ulysses, 1706, Rowe. Myt.D. 

Uncle, 19th cent., H. J. Byron. C. 

Uncle John, 1833, Buckstone. 

Uncle Too Many, 1828, Thomson. C. 

Under the Earth, 1868. R.D. (Hard Times, by 

Dickens, dramatized). 
Underbarnet, 19th cent., Ingemann. 
Une Cause Celebre. (See " Proof.") 
Une Chasse a St. Germain, 1860, Deslandes. D. 
Une Faute, before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
Unequal Match (An), 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
Unfinished Gentleman, * Selby. 
Unnatural Combat, 1621, Massinger. 
Up All Night, 1730-1805, King. Mu.I). (music 

by Dr. Arnold). 
Upholsterer (The), 1758, Murphy. F. 
Used Up, 1845, Boucicault. C. 



DRAMAS, OPERAS, ETC. 



1157 



Vacancies (fes), 1659, Dancourt. C. 
Val d'Andorre (U), 19th cent., Halevy. O.C. 
Valentine, 1820, Guilbert de Pixeiecourt. 
Valentinian, 1617, Fletcher (Beaumont died 

1616). T. (altered by the earl of Rochester). 
Valerie, 1822, Scribe. C. 
Valsei (i.e. Wallace) or the Hero of Scotland, 

1772, Perabo. T. (a prize play). 
Vampire (U), 1820, Carmouche (done into 

English by BoucicauH). 
Vanderdecken, 1878, * A poetic drama (based 

on Ihe Flying Dutchman). 
Vautour (Afons.), 1805, Duval. 
Venceslas, 1647, Rotrou. T. 
Vendanges de Suresnes, 1657, Dancourt. C. 
Vendetta, 1846, Stephens. 
Venice Preserved, 1682, Otway. T. (copyright 

was £15). 
Venitieune (La), 1834, Anicet Bourgeois. D. 
Venoni, 1809, Lewis. D. 
Venus and Adonis, 1703-1758, Theo. Cibber. C. 

(copyright was £5 7s.). 
Vepres Siciliennes (tes), 1819, Delavigne. T. 
Verre d'Eau (U), 1842, Scribe. C. 
Very Woman (^i), 1631, Massinger. 
Vespers of Palermo, 1823, Hemans. T. 
Veuve de Malabar, 1799, Kalkbrenner. O. 
Vicar of Wakefield (The). (This novel was 

dramatized in 1819 ; turned into an opera 

in 1823; S. Coyne produced a dramatic 

version in 1850, in conjunction with Tom 

Taylor; and W. G. Wills in 1878, under 

the name of Olivia.) 
Victims, 19th cent., Tom Taylor. 
Victorine, 1831, Buckstone. 
Videna, 1854, Heraud. T. 
Vie de Cafe, 1850, Dupenty. 
Vieux Chateau, 1799, Dellamaria. 0. 
Vieux Fat (Le), 1810, Andrieux. C. 
Vieux Garcon (Le), before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
Vieux Peches (Les), 1833, Dumanois. D. 
Village (The), 1806, Cherry. C. 
Village Coquettes, 1835, Hullah. O. 
Village Wedding, before 1770, Love. P. 
Vindimiatrice (Le), 18th cent., Gretry. O. 
Vira-Rama-Tscheritra, 8th cent., Bhavabhouti. 

Myt.D. (translated by Wilson in his Indian 

Theatre). 
Virgin Martyr, 1622, Massinger and Dekker. T. 
Virgin Unmasked (The), about 1740, Fielding. 

Mu.F. 
Virgin of the Sun (The), ld!2, Bishop. O. (This 

is Kotzebue's fienyoicski.) 
Virginia, 1654, Webster. T. 
Virginia, 1760, Miss Brooke. T. 
Virginia, 1783, Alfieri. T. 
Virginia, 1756-1829, Leopold. T. 
Virginie, 1683, Campistron. T. 
Virginie, 1786, Laharpe. T. 
Virginius, 1820, Know les. T. 
Virtuoso (The), 1676, Shadwell. C. 
Virtuous Octavia, 1598, Brandon. H.P1. 
Visite a Bedlam ( Une), before 1822, Scribe. Pt.Pc. 
Vologese, 1744, Leo. O. 
Volpone or the Fox, 1605, Jonson. C. 
Volunteers (The), 1693, Shadwell. C. 
Vortigern and Rowena, 1796, Ireland. T. 
Votary of Wealth (Tlie), 1792, Holman. C. 



Wags of Windbor. (See " Review.") 



Walking Statue, 1710, Hill. 

Wallace. (See " Valsei.") 

Wallenstein (Aluertus), about 1620, jGlaptborne. 
H.D. 

Wallenstein, 1799, Schiller. (An English ver- 
sion by Coleridge, 1800.) 

Walloons (The), I7s2, Cumberland. 

Walter Raleigh (Sir), 1720, Sevvell. T. 

War, 19th cent., Robertson. C. 

War to the Knife, 1865, H. J. Byron. 

Warwick, 1763, l^aharpe. T. (In 1767 appeared 
the English version by Franklin.) 

Wat Tyler, 1794, Southey. 

Waterman (The), 1774, Dibdin. Bd.O. 

Way of the World (The), 1700, Congreve. C. 

Way to Get Married (The), 1796, Morton. C. 

Way to Keep Him (The), 1760, Murphy. C. 

Wuys and Means, 1788, Colman. C. 

We Fly by Night, 1806, Colman. F. 

Weak Points, 19th cent., Buckstone. 

Weathercock (The), about 1810, Allingham. 

Wedding Day, 1629, Shirley. C. 

Wedding Day, 1790, Inchbald. F. (realized 
£200). 

Welcome and Farewell, 1837, Harness. D. 

Wenceslaus. (See " Venceslas.") 

Werner, 1821, Byron. T. (based on one of Miss 
Lee's Canterbury Tales). 

Wert her, 1817, Duval. F. 

West Indian. 1771, Cumberland. C. 

Westward Hoe! 1607, Dekker and Webster. C. 

What Next? 1771-1841, Dibdin. F. 

What You Will, 1607, Marston. C. (What You 
Will is the second title of Shakespeare's 
comedy of Twlfth Night.) 

Wheel of Fortune (The), 1779. Cumberland. C. 

Which is the Man? 1743-1809, Mrs. Cowiev. C. 

White Devil (The), 1612, Webster. T. 

White Lady of Berlin Castle, 1875. C. Win- 
chester. T. 

Who is She ? 19th cent., Stirling. Pt.C 

Who wants a Guinea? 1805, Colman. F. 

Who's the Dupe ? 1743-1809, Mrs. Cow- 
ley. F. 

Wicked World (The), 19th cent., Gilbert. Fy.C. 

Widow (The), 1653, Beaumont and Fletcher. 

Widow of Delphi, 1780. Cumberland. 0. 

Widow's Tears (A), 1557-1634, Chapman. C. 

Wile (The), 1833, Knowles. I). 

Wife for a Month, 1624, Fletcher (Beaumont died 
1616). T.C. 

Wife We'll Managed, 1715, Centlivre. C. 

Wife's Excuse, before 1726, Southerne. C. 

Wives as They Were, etc.. 1797, Inchbald. C. 

Wild Gallant, 1663, Dryden. C. 

Wild-Goose Chase, 1619, Fletcher. C. (first pub- 
lished 1652). 

Wild Oats, 1798, O'Keefe. C. 

Wildair (Sir Harry), 1701, Karquhar. C. 

Willielm Tell. (See " Tell.") 

Will (The), 1765-1841, Reynolds. C. 

Winning a Husband, 19th cent., Buckstone. 

Winter's Tale, 1604, Shakespeare. C. (first 
mentioned 1611). (The source of this play 
was a novel called Pandosto or The Triumph 
of Time, 1588, by Robert Greene. See 
" Zapolya.") 

Wisdom of Dr. Dodypoll, 1600, Lyly. C. 

W r it at Several Weapons, posthumous 1647, 
Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 

Wit in a Constable, about 1620, Glapthorne. C 



1158 



APPENDIX I. 



Wit without Money, posthumous 1639,Beaumont 
and Fletcher. C. 

Wit's Last Stake, 1730-1805, King. C. 

Witch {The), 1604, Middleton. T.C. (Shakespeare 
borrowed his witches in Macbeth from this 
play.) 

Witch of Edmonton, 1658, Eowley, Tourneur, 
e',c. T.C 

Wives. (See under " Wife.") 

Woman Captain, 1680, Shadwell. C. 

Woman-Hater, 1607, Beaumont and Fletcher. C. 

Woman in Red, 1849, Coyne. 

Woman in the Moon, 1598, Lyly. Myt.D. 

Woman Killed with Kindness (A), before 1603, 
third edition 1617, Heywood. T. - 

Woman's Place, posthumous 1647, Beaumont and 
Fletcher. C. 

Woman's Prize, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
and Fletcher. C. 

Woman's Wit, 1838, Knowles. C. 

Woman's a Weathercock, 1612, Field. C. 

Women, Beware of Women, 17th cent., Middle- 
ton. C. (from the Italian). 

Women Pleased, posthumous 1647, Beaumont 
and Fletcher. C. 

Wonder {The), 1714, Centlivre. C. 

Wonder of Women. (See " Sophonisba," Mars- 
ton.) 

Wonderful Year, 1603, Dekker. C. 

Wood Demon (The), 1811, Lewis. Mel. 

Woodgirl {The), 1800, Weber. O. (See "Syl- 
vana.") 



Woodman {The), 1771, Dudley. CO. 

Woodvil. (See " John Woodvil.") 

Word of Nature {The), 1797, Cumberland. C. 

Word to the Wise, 1767, Kelly. C. 

World (The), 1772-1849, Kenney. C 

Wounds of Civil War, 1594, Lodge. H.P1. 

Wreck Ashore, 1830, Buckstone. Mel. 



X. Y. Z., 1810, Colman. F 



Yorkshire Tragedy {The), 1604, Anon, (at one 
time printed with the name of Shakespeare). 
Young Admiral {The), 1633, Shirley. PI. 



Zaire, 1733, Voltaire. T. 
Zaire, 1815, Winter. O. 
Zapolya, 1818, Coleridge. T. (founded on Tht 

Winter's Tale, by Shakespeare). 
Zara, 1735, Hill. T. (an English version oi 

Voltaire's Zaire). 
Zauberfiote {Die), 1791, Mozart. O. 



Zelinda, 1772, Calini. C (a prize play) 
Zemire et Azor, 1771, Marmontel. O. (i 

Gretry). 
Zenobia, 1758, Piccini. O. 
Zenobia, 1768, Murphy. T. 
Zobeide, 1772, Craddock. 
Zora'ide di Granata, 1822, Donizetti. O. 
Zorinski, 1809, Morton. 



by 



(Altogether, 2517.) 



APPENDIX II. 

DATES OF POEMS, NOVELS, ETC., REFERRED TO 
IN THIS BOOK. 

EXPLANATION OF CONTRACTIONS. 



Adv. = Adventure. 

Alex. = Alexandrian (12 or 13 syl. 

metre). 

Alleg. = Allegory. 

alt.rh. = Alternate rhyme. 

Autobiog. = Autobiography. 

b.v. = Blank verse. 

Bal. = Ballad. 

Biog. = Biography. 

Biog.Rom. = Biographical romance. 

C.Bal. = Comic ballad. 

Ch.Ode. = Choral ode. 

Col.Sat. = Colloquial satire. 

d.m. = Different metres. 

D.Pm. = Didactic poem or poetry. 

Des.Pm. = Descriptive poem. 

Dial. = Dialogue. 

Dr.Pm. = Dramatic poem. 

E.Sap. = English sapphic. 

Eel. = Eclogue. 

Eleg. = Elegy. 

Ent. = Entertainment. 

Ep. = Epic poem. 

Es. = Essay or essays. 

H.C. = Heroi-comic. 

H.M. = Heroic or 10 syl. metre. 

H.Hy. = Heroic hymn. 

H.St. = Heroic stanzas. 

Hex. = Hexameter. 

Hist. =s History. 

Hist.Nov. = Historic novel. 

Hist.Rom. = Historic romance. 



Hy. = Hymn or hymns. 

lamb. = Iambic metre, v - 

lron.Tr. = Ironical treatise. 

Irr.m. = Irregular metre. 

Lg. = Legend. 

Mon. = Monody 

N .Ode. = Naval ode. 

Nov. == Novel. 

oc. = Octosyllabic metre. 

ot.r. = Ottava rima. 

p. = Poetry. 

P. Pr. = .Poe t ic prose. 

Past. = Pastoial or pastorals. 

Past. Bal. = Pastoral ballad. 

Fn. = Pindaric metre or ode. 

Pn.Odo. = Pindaric ode. 

Po.Epis. = Political epistle. 

Po.Rom. = Political romance. 

Po.Sat. = Political satire. 

Po.Skt. = Political skit. 

pr. — Prose. 

Pr.Alleg. = Prose allegory. 

Pr.Ep. = Prose epic. 

rh. = Rhyme. 

Rom. = Romance. 

Sat. = Satire. 

Sp.m. = Spenserian metre. 

St. = Stanzas of 4 or more lines. 

ter.rh. = Ternary rhyme. 

Topog. = Topographical. 

Troch. == T< ochaic, i.e. - w 

v. = Verse or verses. 



ENGLISH AND AMERICAN. 
Addison (Joseph), 1672-1719. 
Campaign, 1705. (The "Victory of Blenheim.) 

H.M.; rh. 
Freeholder, 1715. Es. ; pr. 
Guardian, 1713. Es. ; pr. 
Poems, 1719. 

Spectator, 1711-12, 1714. Es. ; pr. 
Tatler, 1709-11. Es. ; pr. 

(For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
Akenside (Mark), 1721-1770. 
Naiads, 1767. H.Hy. 
Odes, 1745. 
Pleasures of Imagination, 1744(3 bks.). H.M. ; 

b.v. 



Arbuthnot (Dr. John), 1660-1735. 

History of John BulL 1712. Po.Skt. ; pr. 
Armstrong (Dr. John), 1709-1779. 

Art of Preserving Health (The), 1744 
(4 bks.). D.Pm. ; H.M. ; b.v. 

Bailey (Philip James), 1816- 

Age (The), 1858. Col.Sat. ; p. 

Angel World (The), 1850 ; p. 

Festus, 1S39. Dr.Pm. ; d.m. 

Mystic (The), 1855; p. 
Barbour (John), 1320-1395. 

Bruce (The), 1375 (13,000 lines). Scotch Ep.; oe 
(Written at the request of David Bruce.) 
Bkattie (James), 1735-1803. 

Minstrel, pt. i. 1773, ii. 1774 (2 bks.). Sp.m 



1160 



APPENDIX II. 



Beckford {William'), 1761-1844. 

Vathek, 1784. Tale ; pr. 
Blackmore (Sir Richard), 1650-1729. 
Creation, 1712 (7 bks.). H.M.; rh. 
Prince Arthur, 1696 (6 bks.). Ep. 
Blair (Robert), 1699-1747. 

Grave (The), 1743. H.M. ; b.v. 
Browne (William), 1590-1645. 
Britannia's Pastorals, 1613 (2 bks. ea. 5 songs); 

d.m. 
Shepherd's Pipe, 1614 (7 Eel.). 
Bulwer. (See " Lytton.") 
Bcnyan (John), 1628-1688. 

Holy War (The), 1682. Alleg. ; pr. 
Pilgrim'sProgress,pt.i. 1678, ii. 1684. Alleg.; pr. 
Burney (Miss, afterwards Mde. d'Arblay), 

1752-1840. 
Evelina, 1778. Nov. 
Burns (Robert), 1759-1796 (Scotch lyric poet). 
Auld Lang Syne, 179! (not original). 
Cotter's Saturday Night, 1787. Sp.m. 
Death and Dr. Hornbook, 1787 ; 6 line St. 
Duncan Gray, 1792. 
For a' that an' a' that, 1796 ; 8 line St. ; 8s, 

alt.rh. 
Green Grow the Rashes, 0, 1787 ; 4 line St. ; 

8s and chorus. 
Hallowe'en, 1787 ; 8 line St. ; 8s and an 

Adonic; alt.rh. 
Highland Mary, 1792 ; 8 line St. ; 8.7. 
Mary Morrison, 1793; 8 line St. ; 8s, alt.rh. 
Scots wha hae, 1793. Sapphic. 
Tarn O'Shanter, 1791. lamb. ; 8s, rh. 
To Mary in Heaven, 1788 ; 4 line St. ; 8s, alt.rh. 
To a Mountain Daisy, 1786. 
To a Mouse, 1785. 
Twa Dogs (Cajsar and Luath), 1787. Dial. ; 

8s, rh. 
Burton (Rev. Robert), 1576-1640. 
Anatomy of Melancholy, 1621. Mosaic of 

Quotations; pr. 
Butler (<amuel), 1612-1680. 
Elephant in the Moon, 1654. Sat. on the 

Royal Society ; H.M. ; rh. 
Hudibras, pt. i. 1663, ii. 1664, hi. 1678 (ea. 3 

cant.). Sat. on the puritans ; oc. 
Byron (Lord George Gordon), 1788-1824. 
Age of Bronze, 1821. (Napoleon.) H.M. ; rh. 
Beppo, 1820. A Venetian story ; Sp.m. 
Bride of Abydos, 1813. Irr.m. 
Chiide Harold, canto i. 1809, ii. 1810, Hi. 1816, 

iv. 1817. Des.Pm. ; Sp.m. 
Corsair, 1814. H.M.; rh. 
Don Juan, cantos i. ii. 1819, iii.-v. 1820, vi.-xvi. 

1824; ter.rh. 
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, 1809. 

Sat.; H.M.; rh. 
Giaour, 1813. Irr.m. ; rh. 
Hebrew Melodies, 1815 ; d.m. 
Hours of Idleness, 1807 ; d m. 
Island, 1819 (4 cant.). H.M. ; rh. 
Lament of Tassn, 1817. H.M. ; rh. 
Lara, 1814. (Sequel of The Corsair.) H.M. ; rh. 
Mazeppa, 1819 ; oc. 
Parisina, 1816. Irr.m. 
Prisoner of Chillon, 1816. Irr.m. 
Prophecy of Dante, 1819 (3 cant.). H.M. ; rh. 
Siege of Corinth, 1816. Irr.m. 
Vision of Judgment, 1820. (George III.) Skit 

on Southey's poem ; ter.rh. 

(For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 



Campbell (Thomas), 1777-1844. 
Exile of Erin, 1801. Bal. 
Gertrude of Wyoming, 1809 (3 pts.). Sp.m. 
Hohenlinden, 1801. E.Sap. 
Pilgrim of Glencoe, 1841. 
Pleasures of Hope, 1799 (2 pts.). H.M. ; rh. 
Reullura (i.e. beautiful star), 1817. Ode. 
Theodoric, 1824. H.M.;rh. 
Ye Mariners of England, 1801. N.Ode. 
Carlyle (Thomas), 1795- 
Frederick the Great, vols. i. ii. 1858, iii. iv. 

1862. Biog. ; pr. 
French Revolution, 1837. Hist. ; pr. 
Sartor Resartus, 1833. Autobiog. of Teufels- 

drb'ekh of Weisanichtwo, i.e. Mr. Shoddy of 

Nowhere ; pr. 
Chaucer (Geoffrey), 1328-1400. 
Assembly of Fowls (694 v.). 
Book of the Duchess (1334 v.). 
CanterburyTales,133S(22p.; 2pr.). H.M.;rh. 
Chaucer's Dream (2235 v.). 
Court of Love (1442 v.). 
Flower of the Leaf (595 v.). 
House of Fame (3 bks.) ; oc. 
Parliament of Birds, 1358. 
Romaunt of the Rose, about 1360 (from the 

Roman de la Rose of Lorris and Meung) ; 

7701 v. ; oc. 
Treatise on the Astrolabie, 1391 (a fragment); 

pr. 
Troylus and Cresseyde, 1369 (5 bks.). Based 

on the Filostrato of Boccaccio. 
Churchill (Charles), ^The British Juvenal," 

1731-1764. 
Apology to Critical Reviewers, 1761. Sat.; 

H.M.; rh. 
Author (The), 1763. Sat. ; H.M.; rh. 
Candidate ( The), 1764. Sat.; H.M. ; rh. 
Duellist (The), 1763. Sat.; H.M. ; rh. 
Epistle to Hogarth, 1764. Sat. ; H.M.; rh. 
Farewell (The), 1762. Sat.; H.M.; rh. 
Ghost (The), 1762. Sat. (directed against Dr. 

Johnson); H.M. ; rh. 
Gotham, 1764 (3 bks.). Sat. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Independence, 1764. Sat. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Night(anEpistletoLloyd),1762. Sat. ;H.M.;rh. 
Prophecy of Famine, 1762. Po.Squib. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Rosciad(TAe), 1761. Sat.; H.M.; rh. 
Times (The), 1764. Sat.; H.M.; rh. 
Coleridge (Samuel Taylor), 1772-1834. 
Ancient Mariner, 1797 (7 pts.). St. ; 8.6. 
Christabel,pt. i.l797,ii.l800,published 1816; oc 
Fears in Solitude, 1798. 
France, 1797. Ode. 
Friend (The), 1812; pr. 
Juvenile Poems, 1794; d.m. 
Love, 1797. 

Ode to the Departing Year, 1798. Ch.Ode. 
Religious Musings, 1790. H.M. ; b.v. 
Table Talk, posthumous 1«35 ; pr. 
Collins (Wilkie), 1824- (novels). 
After Dark, 1856. 
Antonia, 1851. 
Basil, 1858. 
Dead Secrets, 1858. 
Hide and Seek, 1853. 
No Name, 1863. 
Woman in White, 1861. 

Etc., etc. 
Collins ( William), 1720-176& 
Odes, 1745-46. 



DATES OF POEMS AND NOVELS. 



1161 



Oriental Eclogues, 1742. H.M. ; rh. 

Passions (The), 1746. Pn.Ode. 
Ooofbb (Fenimore), 1789-1851 (novels). 

Afloat and Ashore, 1844. 

Borderers. 

Bravo (Ttte), 1831. 

Crater ('flit) or Vulcan's Peak, 1847. 

Deerelayer (The), 1841. 

]) .-trover (The), 1841. 

Eve Effingham. 

Headsman of Berne, 1833. 

Heathcotes. 

Heidenmauer, 1832. 

History of a Pocket-handkerchief, 1843. 

Homeward Bound. 

Jack Tier, 1848 (Red Rover recast). 

Last ot the Mohicans, 1826. 

Lionel Lincoln, 1825. 

Miles Wallingford, 1844. 

New Myers, 1843. 

Notions of a Travelling Brother, 1828. 

Oak Openings, 1848. 

Outward Bound. 

Pathfinder, 1840. 

Pilot, 1823. 

Pioneers, 1823. 

Prairie, 1826. 

Precaution, 1819. 

Red Rover, 1826. 

Sea Lions, 1849. 

Spy, 1822. (The War of Independence.) 

Two Admirals (The), 1842. 

"Water Witch, 1830. 

Wavs of the Hour, 1850. 

Wept of Wishton Wish (The), 1827. 

Wing and Wing, 1842. 

Wyandotte, 1843. 
Etc , etc. 
Cotton (Dr. Xathaniel), 1707-1788. 

(8) Visions in Verse, 1751 ; oc. 
Cowley (Abraham), 1618-1667. 

Carmina, 1662. 

Davideis, lt>35 (4 bks.). Ep. (incomplete) ; 
H.M. ; rh. 

Four Ages of England, 1657. 

Mistress, 1647 (a collection of love verses). 

Pindaric Odes, 1663. 

Po?m on the Civil War, 1662. 

Poetic Blossoms, 1633. 

Puritan and Papist, 1643. 

Tragical History of Pyramus and Thisbe, 1628 
(aged 10). 
Cowpek (William), 1731-1800. 

Boadicea, 1790. B.il.; St.; 7s. 

Charity, 1782. H.M. ; rh. 

Conversation, 1782. H.M. ; rh. 

Expostulation, 1782. H.M. ; rh. 

Homer translated, 1791. H.M. ; b.v. 

Hope, 1782. H.M.; rh. 

John Gilpin, 1782. C.Bal. ; St. ; 8.6. 

Miscellaneous Poems, 1793 ; d.m. 

Olney Hymns, 1779; d.m. 

Progress "of Error, 1782. H.M. ; rh. 

Retirement, 1782. H.M.;rh. 

Table Talk, 1782. Dial. ; H M. ; rh. 

Task (The), 1785 (6 bks.). H.M. ; b.v. 

Truth, 1782. H.M. ; rh. 
Ckabbe (George), 1754-1832. 

Borough (The), 1810 (24 letters). H.M. ; rh. 

Hall of Justice (The), 1807 (2pts.). Dial.; St. ; 8s. 

Library (The), 1807. H.M.;rh. 



Newspaper (The), 1785. H.M. ; rh. 
Parish Register, 1807 (3 pts.). H.M. ; rh. 
Sir Eustace Grey, 1807. (Madhous ■.) Dial. ; 
St. ; Ss. 

(21) Tales, 1819 (based on facts). H.M. ; rh. 

(22) Tales of the Hall, 1819 (based on facts). 
H.M.; rh. 

Village, 1807 (2 bks.). H.M. ; rh. 
CUNHTHUHAM (John), 1729-1773. 

Evening, 17U0. Lyric; 4 line St. ; 8s, alt.rh. 
Morning, 1766. Lyric; 4 line St.; 8s, alt.rh. 
Noon, 1706. Lyric; 4 line St.; 8s, alt.rh. 

Daniel (Samuel), 1562-1619. 

A History of the Civil Wars between the 

Houses of York and Lancaster (8 bks.) ; 

8 line St. ; H.M.; rh. 
Defoe (Daniel), 1661-1731. 

Apparitions (History of), 1727; pr. 
Captain Carleton, 1728. Biog.Rom. ; pr. 
Captain Singleton, 1720. Biog.Rom. ; pr. 
Colonel Jack, . Biog.Rom. ; pr. 

Dumb Philosopher (The), 1719 ; pr. 
Duncan Campbell, 1720. Biog.Rom.; pr. 
Fortunate Mistress (The) or Roxana, 1724; pr. 
History of the Devil (The 1'olitical), 1726 ; pr. 
Hymn to the Pillory, 1703; p. ; oc. 
John Sheppard, 1724. Biog.Kom. ; pr. 
Jonathan Wiid, 1725. Biog.Rom. ; pr. 
Jure Divino, 1706. 

Moll Flanders, 1721. Biog.Rom. ; pr. 
Plague of London, 1722. Hist. Rom. ; pr. 
Religious Courtship, 1722. 
Robinson Crusoe, 1719. Tale of Adv. ; pr. 
Shortest Way with Di>senters, 1702. (Against 

the high-church party, for which he was 

pilloried.) Iron.Tr. ; pr. 
Speculum Crape-gownorum, 1682. 
True-born Englishman, 1699. (In defence of 

William III.) Po.Sat. ; p.; H.M.; rh. 
Denham (Sir John), 1615-1668. 

Cooper's Hill, 1643. H.M. ; rh. 
Dibdin (Charles), 1745-1814. 

Sea Songs, 1790; d.m. 
Dickens (Charles), 1812-1870 (novels). 
American Notes, 1842. 
Barnabv Rudge, 1841. 
Battle of Life, 1846. 
Bleak House, 1852. 
Chimes, 1844. 

Cricket on the Hearth, 1845. 
David Copperfield, 1849. 
Dr. Marigold's Prescription, 1865 (Christmas 

number). 
Domoey and Son, 1846. 
threat Expectations, 1860. 
Hard Times, 1854 

Haunted House (The), 1859 (Christmas num- 
ber). 
Haunted Man, 1848. 

Holly Tree Inn (?%e),1855 (Christmas number). 
Little Dorrit, 1857. 
Martin Chuzzlewit, 1843. 
Master Humphrey's Clock, 1840. 
Message from the Sea (A), 1860 (Christmas 

number). 
Mrs. Lirriper's Lodgings, 1863 (Christmas 

number). 
Mugby Junction, 1866 (Christmas number). 
Mystery of Edwin Drood (a fragment), 1870. 
Nicholas Nkkleby, 1838. 



1162 



APPENDIX II. 



No Thoroughfare, 1867 (Christmas number). 

Old Curiosity Shop, 1S40. 

Oliver Twist, 1837. 

Our Mutual Friend, 1864. 

Pickwick Papers, 1*36. 

Round of Stories (A), 1852 (Christmas num- 
ber). 

Sketches by Boz, 1835. 

Somebody's Luggage, 1862 (Christmas num- 
ber). 

St. George and the Dragon, 1866 (Christmas 
number). 

Tale of Two Cities, 1859. 

Tenants at Will, 1864 (Christmas number). 

Tom Tiddler's Ground, 1867 (Christmas 
number). 

Uncommercial Traveller (The). 
N.B.— The Christmas numbers are only in 

part by Dickens. 
Disraeli ( Benjamin), lord Beaconsfield, 1805- 
(novels). 

Alroy (Wondrous Tale of). 

Coningsby. 

Contarini Fleming. 

Henrietta Temple. 

Lothair, 1870. 

Revolutionary Epic, 1834 ; p. 

Rise of Iskander. 

Sybil. 

Tancred. 

Venetia. 

Vivian Grey, 1827. 

Young Duke. 
(For Alarcos, see Appendix I.) 
Drayton (Michael), 1563-1631. 

Barons* Wars (The), 1595. (The civil wars of 
Edward II.) ; 8 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 

Battle of Agincourt, 1627 ; 8 line St.; H.M. ; 
rh. 

England's Heroic Epistles, 1598 ; p. 

Moses's Birth and Miracles, 1593. H.M. ; alt.rh. 

Muse's Elysium (The), 1630; p. 

Nymphidia or The Court of Fairy, 1627 ; 
8 line St. ; 8.7. 

Polyolbion, songs i.-x. 1612, xi.-xviii. 1613, 
xix.-xxx. 1622 (30 songs). Topog. ; Alex. 

Shepherd's Garland, 1593; p. 
Dryden (John), 1631-1700. 

Absalom and Achitophel, pt. i. 1681, ii. 1682. 
(On Monmouth's rebellion.) Po.Sat. ; 
H.M. ; rh. Pt. ii. chiefly by Tate. 

Alexander's Feast, 1697. Pn.Ode. 

Annus Mirabilis, 1667. (On the year 1666.) St.; 
H.M.; alt.rh. 

Astrasa Redux, 1660. (On the Restoration.) 
H.M. ; alt.rh. 

Cromwell (Death of), 1658. Eleg. ; H.M. ; 
alt.rh. 

Fables, begun 1698, finished 1700 (7500 v.). 

Hind and the Panther, 1687 (3 pts). (In de- 
fence of the Church of Home. The " Hind " 
is the Church of Koine, the "Panther" the 
Church of England.) AIL g. ; H.M. ; rh. 

Lord Hastings (Death of). Eleg.; H.M.; rh. 
(This was his first poem.) 

MacKlcckuoe, 1682. Sat. on Shadwell ; II M. ; 
rh. 

Religio Laici, 1682. (The faith of a layman of 
the Anglican Church. Against deists, sec- 
tarian*, and dissenters.) D.Pm.; II. M.; rh. 

Song lor St. Cecilia, 1087. Ch.Ode. 



Virgil translated, begun 1694, finished 1696. 

H.M. ; rh. 
(For the 28 dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
Dunbar (William), 1465-1530 (Scotch poet). 
Golden Targe (The), * 

Thrissil and the Rose (The), 1504. (James 
IV. was the " thistle," and his bride Mar- 
garet the " rose") ; 7 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Dvicr (Rev. John). 1700-1758. 

Fleece (The), 1758 (4 bks.). H.M.; b.v. 
Grongar Hill, 1727. Des.Pm. ; oc. 
Ruins of Rome, 1740. H.M. ; b.v. 

English Spy (7%e),1826, C. W. Westmacott. 
" The Turkish Spy," by John Paul Marana, 
1637-82. 

Falconer (William), 1730-1769. 

Shipwreck, 1762 (3 cant.). H.M.; rh. 
Fielding (Henry), 1707-1754 (novels). 

Amelia, 1751 (copyright was £1000). 
(" Amelia " is sketched from Fielding's 
wife, and " Booth " is Fielding himself.) 
Jonathan Wild, 1743. 

Joseph Andrews, 1742. (A quiz on Richard- 
son's Pamela.) 
Journey from this World to the Next, 1735. 
Tom Jones, 1749 (copyright was £600 + 100). 

(English life in the 18th cent.) 
True Patriot, 1745. 

(For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
Fletcher (Dr. c?i7es),xl580-1623. 
Christ's V ictory and Triumphs (4 poems), 1610 ; 
8 line St. ; 10 syl. and an Alex. 
Fletcher (Phineas), 1584-1660. 
Purple Island (The), 1633 (12 cant.). Alleg.Pm.; 
1 line St.; 10 syl. and an Alex. (The 
" Purple Island " is the human body.) 
Fosbroke (Tlwmas Dudley), 1770-1842. 
Encyclopa?dea of Antiquities, 1824; pr. 
Foreign Topography, 1828 ; pr. 

Gall (Richard), 1776-1801 (Scotch lyric poet). 
Farewell to Ayrshire, * (erroneously ascribed 

to Burns) ; 8 line St. ; 8.7, alt.rh. 
My only Jo and Dearie O, * 8 line St. ; 8s, 
alt.rh. 
Garth (Sir Samuel), 1657-1719. 

Dispensary (The), 1699 (6 cant.). H.M. ; rh. 
Gay (John), 1688-1732. 
(11) Ballads, 1725; d.m. 
Black-eyed Susan, 1725. Song; 6 line St.; 

8.8 8.8.10.10. 
Dione, * Past, tragedy ; H.M. ; rh. 
(14) Epistles, 1709-22 ; p. ; d.m. 
Fables, 1726 (pt. i. 50 ; pt. ii. 16) ; oc. 
Fan (The), 1713 (3 bks.). H.M. ; rh. 
Rural Sports, 1713 (2 cant,). H.M. ; rh. 
Shepherd's Week (The), 1714 (6 Past.). H.M. ; 

rh. 
Trivia, 1712 (3 bks.). H.M. ; rh. 

(For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
Geoffrey of Monmouth, ? 1082-1154. 

Historia Britonum, 1142. Lat. pr. 
Gibbon [Edward), 1737-1794. 

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776- 
88. Hist.; pr. 
Glovkr (Richard), 1712-17S5. 

Admiral Hosier's (ihost, 1739. Hal.; Troch. 
St.; B.I. (This was a very parallel case to 
that of sir Richard Granville, the subject of 



DATES OF POEMS AND NOVELS. 



11G3 



T' nnyson's ballad (p. 405). The incident 

is given p. 456, q.v.) 
Athenais (The), * (The Continuation of 

:,n>,idas) ; b.v. 
Lconidas, 1737 (12 bks.). Ep. ; b.v. 

(For bis two tragedies, see Appendix I.) 
Godwin (Francis), 1561-1633. 

Man in the Moon, posthumous 1633 ; pr. 
Nuntius lnanimatus in Utopia, 1629; pr. 
Godwin (William), 1756-1836. 
Caleb Williams, 179-4. Nov. 
Golden Legend (The), James de Varagine, 

1230-1298. (See "Longfellow.") 
Historia Lombardina, seu Legenda SanetA, 

usuallr called " Leg<>uda Aurea," about 1292. 
Goldsmith (Oliver), 1728-1774. 
Bee, 1759-60. Es. ; pr. 
Citizen of the World, 1759 (123 letters); pr. 
Deserted Village, 1769 D.Pm. ; H.M.; rh. 

(Griffin gave him £105 for the copyright.) 
Double Transformation (The), 1765. A tale in 

v.; oc. 
Earth and Animated Nature (The), 1774; pr. 
Edwin and Angelina. (See " Hermit.") 
Elegy on a Mad Dog, 1765. St.; 8.C. 
(24) Essays, 1765; pr. 

Haunch of Venison (A\ 1765. Po.Epis. ; Alex. 
Hermit (The), 1765. Bal.; 4 line St. ; 8.6. 
Retaliation, 1774. Poem; 11 syl., rh. 
Traveller (Ths\ 1765. D.Pm. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Vicar of Wakefield, 1766. Nov. 

(For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
GOWEK (John), 1327-1402. 

(50) Balades, 1350 (in French). 
ConfessioAmantis, 1393. A poet. Dlal.inEng.; 

oc. (Written at the request of Richard II.) 
Speculum Meditantis, 1370 (in French). No 

known copy of this poem exists. 
Vox Clamantis, 1381 (in Latin). This poem 

was never printed. 
Gray (Thomas), 1716-1771. 
Bard, 1757. Pn.Ode. 
Elegy in a Country Churchyard, 1749. H.M. ; 

4 line St. ; alt.rh. 
Eton College, 1747. Ode; 10 line St. ; 8.C. 
Progress of Poes y, 1757. Pn.Ode. 

Haliburton (Ttiomas C), 1796-1865. 

English in America, 1851; pr. 

Nature and Human Nature, 1855 ; pr. 

Old Judge, 1849 ; pr. 

Sam Slick or The Clockmaker (The), 1S37 ; pr. 
Hall (Joseph), "The Christian Seneca," 1574- 
1656. 

Satires, 1597 (3 bks.). H.M.; rh. 
Ha wes (Stephen), in the reign of Henry VII. 

Exemple of Vertu, 1530 ; p. 

Passe-tyme of Plesure, 1506, printed 1517. 
( The History of Graunde Amoure and La 
Belle Pucell) ; 7 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Hbhans (Mrs.), 1793-1835 (poetry ; d.m.). 

Domestic Affections, 1812. 

Forest Sanctuary, 1826. 

Hymns for Childhood, 1834. 

Lays of Leisure Hours, 1829. 

Records of Women, 1828. 

Sceptic (The), 1821. 

Songs of the Affections, 1830. 
Henry the Minstrel (Blind Harry), 1355- 
1446 (Scotch poet). 

Wallace, 1407 (11 bks.). Ep. ; H.M. ; rh. 



Herrkut (George), 1593-1632. 

Priest to the Temple (Tlie) or The Country 

Parson, 1652 ; pr. 
Temple (Ihe) or Church, 1633; p.; d.m. 
Herfrest ( The Red Boolcof) or " Mabinogion," 
12th cent. (Tales of the early British) ; pr. 

Johnson t. Dr. Samuel), 1709-1784. 

Idler, 1758. Es. ; pr. 

Life of Savage, 1744 j pr. 

London, 1738. Sat.; H.M.; rh. 

Rambler, 1750-52. Es. ; pr. 

Rasselas, 1759. Tale ; pr. 

Vanity of Human Wishes, 1749. Sat. ; JI.M. ; rh. 
(For Irene, see Appendix T.) 
Johnson (/tichard), ? 1560-? 1627. 

Nine Worthies of London, 1592; pr. 

Seven Champions, 1617 ; pr. 

Keats (Jolin), 1796-1820 (poet). 
Endymion, 1817. Rom. in v.; H.M. ; rh. 
Eve of St. Agnes, 1820. Sp.m. 
Hyperion, 1820. H.M.; b.v. 
Isabella, 1820. 
Lamia, 1820. 

Ode to the Grecian Urn, 1820. 
Ode to the Nightingale, 1820; 10 lino St.; 
H.M. and one short line. 

Langland ( William), about 1332-1400. 

Vision of Piers Plowman, 1362. Sat. poem 
(Ang.-Sax. alliterative poetry). 
Longfellow (Henry Wadsivorth), 1807- 

Ballads, etc., 1841. 

Belfry of Bruges, 1846; 2 line St.; 15 syl., rh. 

Evangeline, 1847 (2 pts.). Hex. 

Golden Legend (The), 1851. Dr.Pm. 

Hiawatha, 1855 (22 staves). An Indian Alleg. ; 
Troch. ; 8 syl., not rh. (The most original 
production of the cent.) 

Hyperion, 1840. Rom. in pr. 

Kavanagh, 1849. A poetico-philosophical tale. 

Miles Standish, 1858. Hex. 

Outre-mer, 1835. (His first work); pr. 

Poems on Slavery, 1842; d.m. 

Seaside (The) and the Fireside, 1850. 

Spanish Student (The), 1843. Dr.Pm. 3 acts. 

Tales of a Wayside Inn, 1863; p. 

To a Child, 1848. Iir.m. 

Voices of the Night, 1841 ; p. 
Lyttelton (George, lord), 1709-1773. 

Monody, 1747. Pn.Ode. 

Progress of Love, 1727 (4 eel.). H.M. ; rh. 
Lytton (Edward Lytton Bulwer, lord), 1805- 
1873. 

Alice. 

Arthur (King), 1848. Ep. ; 6 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 

Athens, its Rise and Fall, 1837 ; pr. 

Caxtonia, 1863. Nov. 

Caxtons, 1851. A domestic Nov. 

Devereux, 1830. Nov. 

Disowned, 1829. Nov. 

England and the English, 1833 ; pr. 

Ernest Maltravers, 1837. Nov. 

Eugene Aram, 1831. Nov. 

Eva, 1842. A poem. 

Falkland, 1827. (His first Nov.; 

Godolphin, * Nov. 

Harold, 1850. Hist.Nov. 

Ismael, 1820. An Oriental *ale. 

Kenelm Chillingly. Nov. 



1164 



APPENDIX II. 



Last Days of Pompeii, 1835. Hist.Nor. 

Last of the Barons, 1849. Hist.Nov. 

Leila and Calderon, 1838. 

Lucretia, 1849. Nov. 

Miletus {Lost Tales of). 

My Novel, 1852. Nov. 

New Timon, 1846 ; p. 

Night and Morning, 1837. Nov. 

O'Neil or The Rebel, 1826. Tale in v. 

Parisians, 1873. Nov. 

Paul Clifford, 1830. Nov. 

Pelham, 1828. (His second Nov.) 

Pilgrims of the Rhine, 1834. Nov. 

Rienzi, 1836. Hist.Nov. 

St. Stephen's, 1861. A poem. 

Sculpture, 1825. 

Strange Story, 1861. Nov. 

Weeds and Wildflowers, 1826; d.m. (His first 

production.) 
What Will He do with It ? 1860. Nov. 
Zanoni, 1842. Nov. 

(For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 

Mabinoglou (The) or the "Red Book of 
Hergest," 12th cent. (Tales of the early 
British) ; pr. (Welsh). 
Macaulay (Thomas Babington Macaulay, lord), 
1800-1859. 
Armada (The), 1832 (a fragment). Alex.; rh. 
Ivry, a Song of the Huguenots, 1824. Alex. ; rb. 
(4) Lays of Ancient Rome, 1842 • p. 
Mackenzie (Henry), 1745-1831. 

Man of Feeling, 1771. Nov. 
Macpherson (Janies), 1738-1796. 

Poems of Ossiari, 1760-63. P.Pr. 
Magazines and Reviews. 
Academy, 1869. 
Athenasum, 1828. 
Belgravia, 1866. 
Blackwood, 1817. 
Cornhill, 1859. 
Edinburgb Review, 1802. 
Gentleman's Magazine, 1731. 
Notes and Queries, 1849. 
Quarterly Review, 1809. 
Saturday Review, 1855. 
Mallei (David), 1700-1765. 

Edwin and Emma, 1760. Bal.; 4 line St. ; 8.6. 
William and Margaret, 1760. Bal.; 4 line 
St. ; 8.6. 
Malory (Sir Thomas), 1430-?1496. 
Morte d' An bur or History of Prince Arthur 
1470. Rom. 
Milton (John), 1608-1674. 
Arcades, 1632. Eut. ; rh. 
Death of an Infant, 1625 (Milton was 17). 

H.M. ; 7 line St., with an Alex.; rh. 
L' Allegro, 1645. Troch.; 7s, rh. 
Lycidas, 1638. Mon. ; H.M. ; rh. 
May Morning. 1630. Song; 10.8. 
Morning of Christ's Nativity, 1629. H.M. ; 
7 line St., with an Alex. ; rh. It is followed 
by " The Hymn;" 8 line St. ; 6.10.8.10, rh. 
Paradise Lost, 1665 (12 bks.). Ep. ; H.M. ; b.v. 
Paradise Regained, 1671 (4 bks.). Ep. ; H.M. ; 

b.v. 
Penseroso (II), 1645. Iamb. ; 8s, rh. 
Psalms, 1623. 
Smectymnuus (Apology for), 1642. (Against 

Episcopacy); pr. 
Vacation Exercise, 1627 (aged 19). H.M. ; rh. 



(For Comus and Samson Agonistes, see 

Appendix I.) 
Montgomery (James\ 1771-1854. 

Greenland, 1810 (5 cant.). D.Pm. ; H.M. ; rh. 

Hymns, 1853 ; d.m. 

Miscellaneous Poems, 1803-20 ; d.m. 

Pelican Island, 1827. D.Pm. ; H.M. ; b.v. 

Prison Amusements, 1795, 1796 ; d.m. (He was 
imprisoned in the castle of York for publish- 
ing in the Iris, of which he was editor, 
an article upon the taking of the Bastille.) 

Songs of Zion, 1822 ; d.m. 

Wanderer of Switzerland {The), 1806 (6 pts.) ; 
4 line St.; 7s, rh. 

West indies, 1809 (4 pts.). (On the abolition 
of the slave trade.) H.M. ; rh. 

World before the Flood, 1812 (10 cant.). Ep. ; 
H.M. ; rh. 
Montgomery (Robert), 1807-1855 (poetry). 

Death, 1828. 

Luther, 1843. 

Messiah, 1843. 

Omnipresence of the Deity, 1828. H.M. ; rh. 
• Sacred Meditations, 1847. 

Satan, 1829. 

Virion of Heaven, 1828. 

Vision of Hell, 1828. 
Moore (Tlwmas), 1779-1852. 

Anacreon, 1800 (translations from the Greek). 

Ballads and Songs, from 1806 ; d.m. 

Epicurean, 1827. Nov. ; pr. 

(6) Fables of the Holy Alliance, 1822. 

Fudge Family in Paris, 1818 (12 letters in v.). 

Irish Melodies, 1807-14 (9 Nos.) ; d.m. 

Lalla Rookh, 1817 (4 tales). Oriental Rom.; 
pr. and v. ; d.m. 

Loves of the Angels, 1822 (3 stories in v.). 

National Airs, 1823 (3 Nos.) ; d.m. 

Odes, 1806, etc. 

Rhymes on the Road, 1819 (8 extracts). 

Sacred Songs, 1824 (2 Nos.) ; d.m. 

Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress, 1818 (5 
Nos.) ; p. 

Tom Little, 1S08. Poems, chiefly amatory, 
published under this pseudonym ; d.m. 

Torch of Liberty, 1814 ; 4 line St. ; 8.9. 

Twopenny Post-bag, 1813 (8 "intercepted" 
letters versified). 
More (Airs. Hannah), 1745-1833. 

Ccelebs in Search of a Wife, 1809. Nov. 

Sacred Dramas, 1782. H.M. ; b.v. 

Search after Happiness, 1773. Past, drama. 
(For acting dramas, see Appendix 1.) 
More (Sir Thomas), 1480-1535. 

Utopia, 1516. Po.Rom. ; pr. 
Morris (George), 1802- 

Woodman, Spue that Tree, 1853. Song. 
Morris ( William), 1S34- (poetry). 

Defence of Gucnevere, 1858. 

Earthly Paradise, 1868. 

Life and Death of Jason, 1867. 

Otway (Thomas), 1651-1685. 
Windsor, 1686. H.M. ; rb. 

Parnell (Thomas), 1679-1718. 

Battle of the Frogs and Mice, 1700 (3 bks.). 

Mock Epic, from the Greek. H.M. ; rh. 
Fairy Tale (.1), Edwin and Sir Topaz, 1698. 
(In the ancieni Fug. style) ; t; line St. ; 8.6. 
(Probably suggested to Hums his Tarn 
O'Shanter.) 



DATES OF POEMS AND NOVELS. 



11G5 



Hermit (The), 1710. (From the Talmud.) 

H.M.; rb. 
Night-piece on Death; 8s, rh. (Goldsmith 

preferred this poem to Gray's famous 

Elegy, which it probably suggested.) 
Pbtek Pindar (John Woicot), 1733-1819. 
Birthday Ode, 1786. (The visit of George III. 

to Whitbread's brewery.) Irr.m. 
Boz/vand Piozzi, 1796. A town Eel. in 2 pts. ; 

Dial.; H.M. ; rh. 
Lousiad. An H.C. poem in 5 cantos. Canto i. 

1786. (A lampoon on George III., who saw 

a louse in his green peas served at table, 

and ordered his cooks to have their heads 

shaved in future.) H.M. ; rh. 
(15) Lyric Odes, 1782. Sat. on the Royal 

Academicians ; d.ui. 
Ode upon Ode. 1785. (The collection contains 

"The King (George III.) and the Apple 

Dumplings.") Irr.m. 
Orson ai:d Ellen, 1796. A. legendary tale in 

5 cantos ; 4 line St. ; 8.6. 
Pilgrims and the Peas (The), 1782. (One of the 

early Lyric Odes.) Irr.m. 
Pindariaiia or Peter Pindar's Portfolio, 1796. 
Razor Seller (The), 1732. (One of the early 

Lyric Odes.) Irr.m. 
Tristia or the Sorrows of Pindar, 1796. St. ; 

H.M.; alt.rh. 
Whitbread's Brewery visited by their Majes- 
ties. (See " Birthday Ode.") 
Philips (Ambrose), 1671-1749 (whig poet), 

nicknamed Xamby- t'amby Philips. 
(6) Pastorals (called by Tickell "the finest in 

the language "), 1748. H.M.;rh. 
PHiLirs (John), 1676-1703 (tory poet). 
Blenheim, 1705. ELM.; b.v. 
Cyder, 1706 (2 bks.). Georgic ; H.M.; b.v. 
Splendid Shilling (The), 17o~3. (A parody on 

the style of Milton.) H.M.; b.v. 
Poe (Edgar), lsll-1849. 

Bel Is (2%e), about 1331. (Word-painting.)Irr.in. 

Eureka, 1848. A prose poem. 

Raven, about 1831 ; 6 line St. ; 16.15, and 

Adonic of 7. 
Pollok (Robert), 1799-1827. 
Course of Time (The), 1827 (10 bks.). Ep. ; 

H.M. ; b.v. 
Pope (Alexander), 1683-1744. 

Bathos or The Art of Sinking, 1727. 

Dunciad, pts. i.-iii. 1726, publ. 1728, iv 1742. 

H.M.; rh. 
Elegvon an Unfortunate Ladv, 1717. H.M. ; rh. 
Eluisa to Abelard, 1717. ELM. ; rh. 
Epilogue to the Satires, 1733. H.M. ; rh. 
Essay on Criticism, 1709. D.Pm. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Essay on Man, 1733 (4 epist.). D.Pm.; H.M.;rh. 
Iliad, i.-iv. 1715, completed 1719 (begun 1713). 

H.M.; rh. 
Mess:ah, 1711. Sacred Eel. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Miscellaneous Poems, 1709; d.m. 
Moral Essavs, 1731 (5 epist.). H.M. ; rh. 
Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, 1703. Pn. 
Odvssev, 1725 (begun 1721). H.M. ; rh. 
(4) Pastorals, 1709". H.M. ; rh. 
Rape of the Loeic, 1712. H.C. poem in 5 cantos. 

H.M.; rh. 
Satins, 1734. H.M.; rh. (Free imitations 

of the satires and epistles of Horace.) 
Temple of Fame, 1711. H.M. ; rh. 
Windsor Forest, 1704, 1713. H.M. ; rh. 



Prior (Matthev:), 1664-1721. 

Alma, 1717 (3 cant.). D.Pm. ; Iamb. ; 8s, rh. 

Carmen Seculare, 1700. Irr.m. 

City Mouse and Country Mou*e, 1683. (In 
ridicule of Dryden's Hind and Panther.) 

Solomon. 1718 (3 bks.). H.M. ; rh. 
Plltuck (fioherl), ? 1724-? 1771. 

Peter Wilkins, 1750. Rom. ; pr. 

Quarles (Francis), 1592-1641. 

Alphabet of Elegies (The), 1625. (On Dr. 

Aylmer.) 
Emblems, 1635; d.m. 
Enchiridion of Meditations, 1641. Fs. and 

Ap horisms. 
Loyal Convert, 1644. 
Song of Anarch us. 

Richard of Cirencester (Richardus Corinen- 
si-), 1320-1401 (historian). 

De Situ Britannia?, 1355. Lat. pr. 

Historic ab Heiiiiista ad Ann. 1348. Lat. pr. 
Richardson (.Samuel), 1689-1761 (novelist). 

Clarissa Harlowe, 1748. 

Pamela, 1740. 

Sir Charles Grandison, 1753. 
Ridley (James), I 1722- r 1777 (pseudonym, sir C. 
Morell). 

Tales of the ^enii, 1751 ; pr. 
Ritsun (Josepti), 1752-1803. 

Ancient Songs, etc., 1790 ; d.m. 

Robin Hood Ballads, 1795; d.m. 

Scottish Songs, 1794; d.m. 
Rochester (John Wilmot, tarl of), 1647-1680. 

My Dear Mistress has a Heart, 1663 ; 2 St. 
of 8 lin?s; 8.9. (Spolforth selected these 
words for a glee, 4 voices.) 

Upon Nothing. * 3 lin^ St. ; 10.10.14, triple rh. 
Rogers (Samuel), 1763-1855. 

Columbus, 1812 (.2 cant.). H.M.; rh. 

Human Life, 1819. D.P. ; H.M.; rh. 

Italy, 1823 (pt. i. 22 subjects ; pt. h. 24 sub- 
jects). H.M. ; b.v. 

Jacqueline, 1814. Iamb. ; 8s, rh. 

Pleasures of Memory, 1792 (2 pts.). D.Pm. : 
H.M. ; rh. 

Superstition, and other Poems, 1736-1805; d.m. 

Table Talk, posthumous 1856 ; pr. 

Sackville (Thomas), earl of Dorset, 1536-1603. 
Mirrour tor Magistraytes, 1557. D.Pm. ; 7 Una 

St.; H.M.; rh. 

(For Gorhjduc, see Appendix I.) 
Savage (Richard), 1698-1743. 
Bastard (The), 1728. H.M. ; rh. 
Wanderer (The), 1729 (5 cant.). D.Pm. ; H.M. ; 

rh. 
Scot (Reginald^. 1545-1599. 

Discoverie of W'itchcraft, 1584; pr. (This book 

was burnt by the common hangman. Sir 

W. Scott wrote letters on demonology and 

witchcraft.) 
Scott {Sir Walter), 1771-1832. 

Abbot, 1820 (time, Elizabeth). Nov. 

Anne of Geierstein, 1829 (time, Edward IV.). 

Nov. 
Antiquary, 1816 (time, George III.). Nov. 
Aunt Margaret's Mirror (time, William III.). 

Tale. 
Battle of Sempach, 1818. St. ; 8.6. 
Betrothed, 1825 (time, Henry II.). Nov. 



1166 



APPENDIX -II. 



Black Dwarf, 1816 (time, Anne). Nov. 
- Border Minstrelsy, 1805 (Thomas the Rhymer, 
pts.), etc. 
Bridal of Triermain, 1813 (3 cant.). Rom. in 

v. ; 8s, rh. 
Bride of Lammermoor, 1819 (time, William 

III.). Nov. 
Castle Dangerous, 1831 (time, Henry I.). Nov. 
Count Robert of Paris, 1831 (time, Rufus). Nov. 
Demonology and Witchcraft, 1830 (letters) ; pr. 
Fair Maid of Perth, 1828 (time, Henry IV.).Nov. 
Fire King (The), 1801. Bal. ; Alex. ; rh 
For a' that an' a' that, 1814. Song ; 8 line 

St, ; 8.7. 
Fortunes of Nigel, 1822 (time, James I.). Nov. 
Frederick and Alice, 1801. Bal. ; St. ; 8s. 
Guy Mannering, 1815 (time, George II.). Nov. 
Harold the Dauntless, 1817 (6 cant.). Rom. 

in v. ; 8s, rh. 
Heart of Midlothian, 1818 (time, George II.). 

Nov. 
Helvellyn, 1805. Bal. ; 8 line St. ; Alex. ; alt.rh. 
Highland Widow, 1827 (time, George II.). Tale. 
History of Napoleon, 1827. Hist. ; pr. 
Hunting Song, 1808 ; 8 line St. ; 7s. 
lvanhoe, 1819 (time, Richard 1.). Nov. 
Kenilworth, 1821 (time, Elizabeth). Nov. 
Lady of the Lake, 1809 (6 cant.). Rom. in 

v. ; 8s, rh. 
Laird's Jock (time, Elizabeth). Nov. 
Lay of the Last Minstrel, 1805 (6 cant.). Rom. 

in v. ; 8s, rh. 
Legend of Montrose, 1819 (time, Charles I.). 

Nov. 
Lord of the Isles, 1815 (6 cant.). Rom. in 

v. ; 8s, rh. 
Marmion, 1808 (6 cant.). Rom. in v. ; 8s, rh. 
Monastery, 1820 (time, Elizabeth). Nov. 
Noble Moringer (The), 1819. Bal. ; Alex. ; rh. 
Old Mortality, 1816 (time, Charles II.). Nov. 
Peveril of the Peak, 1823 (time, Charles II.). 

Nov. 
Pirate, 1821 (time, William III.). Nov. 
Quentin Durward, 1823 (time, Edward IV.). 

Nov. 
Redgauntlet, 1824 (time, George III.). Nov. 
Rob Roy, 1817 (time, George I.). Nov. 
Rokeby, 1813 (6 cant.). Rom. in v. ; 8s, rh. 
St.Ronan's Well, 1825 (time, George IJ I.). Nov. 
Surgeon's Daughter, 1827 (time, George II.). 

Nov. 
Tales of a Grandfather, 1827. Hist, of Scot- 
land (3 series) ; pr. 
Talisman, 1825 (time, Richard I.). Nov. 
Tapestered Chamber (time, George III.). Tale. 
Two Drovers, 1827 (time, George III."). Tale. 
Vision of Don Roderick, 1811. Sp.m. 
Waverley, 1814 (time, George II.). Nov. 
Wild Huntsman (The), 1796. Bal. ; St. ; 8s, 

alt.rh. 
William and Helen, 1796. Bal. ; St. ; 8.6, rh. 
Woodstock, 1826 (time, Commonwealth). Nov. 
Seldkn (John), 1584-1654. 

Table Talk, posthumous 1689 ; pr. 
Titles of Honour, 1614 ; pr. 
Shakksi'KAKK ( William), 1564-1616. 

Lover's Complaint, 1609 ; 7 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Passionate Pilgrim, 1599; 14lineSt.; H.M.;rh. 
Rape of Lncrece, 1594 ; 7 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
(l54)Sonnels, 1598. 
Venus and Adonis, 1593 ; 6 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 



Shelley (Percy Bysthe), 1792-1822. 
Adonais, 1821. A Mon. on Keats. 
Alastor or The Spirit of Solitude, 1816. 

H.M.; b.v. 
Arethusa, 1820. Ode. 
Cloud (The), 1820. Ode. 
Epipsychidion, 1821. 
J ulian and Maddalo, 1820. " A Conversation." 

H.M.; rh. 
Ode to the West Wind. 
Queen Mab, 1813 (aged 18), in rhythm not 

rhyme. 
Revolt of Islam, 1817 (12 cant.). Sp.m. 
Rosalind and Helen. Dial. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Skylark (lhe), 1820. Ode ; 5 line St. ; 7.7.7.7.13. 
Witch of Atlas, 1820 (composed in three days). 

(For his dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
Shenstone ( William), 1714-1763. 
(26) Elegies, 1743-46. 
Jemmy Dawson, 1745. Bal. ; 8s. 
Judgment of Hercules, posthumous 1764. 

D.I'm.; H.M.; rh. 
Odes, Songs, and Ballads, 1750-54 ; d.m. 
Pastoral Ballad, 1743 (4 pts.) ; 8 line St. ; 8s, rh. 
Progress of Taste, posthumous 1764 (4 pts.) ; 

8s, rh. 
Schoolmistress, 1758. Sp.m. 
Written at an Inn at Henley, 1741. (In praise 

of inn life) ; 4 line St. ; 8s, rh. 
SlDNKY (Sir Philip), 1554-1586. 

Arcadia, 1580, published 1590-93. An heroic 

romance; P.Pr. 
Astrophel and Stella (a collection of songs 

and sonnets), posthumous 1591 ; d.m. 
Defence of Poesie, 1583, published 1595; pr. 
Smollett (Tobias), 1721-1771 (novels). 
Adventures of an Atom, 1769. 
Ferdinand Count Fathom, 1753. 
Humphry Clinker, 1770. 
Peregrine Pickle, 1751. 
Roderick Random, 1748. 
Sir Launcelot Greaves, 1760. 
SoMERVirxE (William), 1692-1742. 
Chase (The), 1735. H.M. ; b.v. 
Southey (Robert), 1774-1843. 
All for Love or A Sinner Well Saved, 1829 

(9 pts.) ; 5 line St. ; 8.6. 
Battle of Blenheim, 1798. Bal. ; 6 line St.; 8.6. 
Bishop Bruno, 1798. Bal. ; 4 line St.; 9s. 
Bishop Hatto (eaten by rats), 1799. Bal. 
(4) Botany Bay Eclogues, 1794. H.M.; b.v. 
CataractofLodore,1820.(Word-painting.)Irr.m. 
Curse of Kehama, 1809 (24 subdivisions). A 

Rom. in rh.; Irr.m. 
Devil's Walk (The), 1830. Bal. 
Doctor (The), 1834. Nov. ; pr. 
(9) English Eclogues, 1798-1803. H.M.; b.v. 
Holly Tree (The), 1798. Ode; 6 line St.; 8.4. 
InchcapeRock(rAe), 1802. Bal.; 4 line St. ; 8s. 
Joan of Arc, 1795 (10 bks.). Ep. ; H.M. ;, b.v. 
Madoc, 1805 (pt. i. in 18 subdivisions; pt. ii. 

in 27 subdivisions). Ep. ; b.v. 
Mary, the Maid of the Inn, 1796. Bal. ; 5 line 

St.; 8.6. 
Metrical Tales, 1804 ; d.m. 
Old Woman of Berkeley, 1798. Bal. ; 4 line 

St.; 8.6. 
Pig (Defence of the), 1798. "A colloquial 

poem." H.M. ; b.v. 
Pilgrim of Compostella (The), 1829 (1 pis.). A 

Lg. in v. 



DATES OF POEMS AND NOVELS. 



1167 



Roderick, the Last of the <;<>ths, b trim 1809, 
finished 1814 (24 subdivision). Ep.; 
H.M.; b.v. 
St. Patrick's Purgatory, 1601. Bal . ; 6 line St. 
Tale of Paraguay, 1*14 (4 cant.). Span. 
Thahtethe Destroyer, 1880 (12 bks.). Dr.rm.; 

rhythm not rhyme. 
Vision of Judgment, 1822 (12 subdivisions). 

(The apotheosis of George 111.) Hex. 
Well of St. Kevne {The), 1798. Bal.; 4 line 

St.; 11.7. 

(Kor Wat T ; ;ler, see Appendix I.) 
BpkRSEB {Edmund), 1553-1599. 

Astropbel, 1594. A Past. Ehg. ; 6 line St. ; 

H M.; rh. 
Colin Clout s Come Home Again, 1591 (?1594). 

H.M.; alt.rh. 
Court of Cupid (The), * (lost). 
Daphnaida, 1592 (7 fits). An Eleg. in 7 line 

St.; HAL, with an Alex. 
Dreams, 1680 (lost). 
Dying Pelican (The), 15S0 (lost). 
Epithalamium, 1595. A marriage song; 18 

line St.; H.M.; rh. 
Faery Queen, bks. i.-iii. 1590, iv.-vi. 1596 (6 

allegorical romances, partly connected). 

Sp.m. 
(4) Hymns, 1596 (Love, Beauty, Heavenly 

Love, Heavenly Beauty). 
Legends, * (lost). 

Mother Hubberd's Tale, 1591. H.M. ; rh. 
Muiopotmos or The Fate of the Butterfly, 

1590. 55 6-line St.; H.M.; rh. 
Pr. thalamion, 1596. Spousal verses. 
Purgatory of Lovers. * (lost). 
Ruins of Rome, 1590 (33 sonnets of Bellay 

translated). 
Ruins of Times 1590; 97 St.; Sp.m. 
Shepheardes Calendar, 1579 (12 Eel.); dm. 
Slomlnr, 1579 (lost). 
Sonnets, 1592-93 (lost). 

Tears of the Muses, 1590 ; 6 line St. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Virgil's Gnat, about 1588. (A translation of 

the Ctrfex); 8 line St.; H.M., with an 

Alex.; rh. 
Visions of the World's Vanity, 1590 (12 

sonnets). 

(His nine " comedies" are all last.) 
Sterne (Lawrence), 1713-1768. 

Sentimental Journey, 1768; pr. (It was in- 
tended to be jottings in a journey through 

France and Italy, but he never reached 

Italy.) 
Tristram Shandy, 1759-67. Nov. 
Stow (John), 1525-1605. 
Annals of England, 1580 ; pr. 
Summary ot the Chronicles of England, 1561 ; pr. 
Survey of London, 1593; pr. 
Stowe (Mrs. Beecher), 1814- 
Dred, 1856. Nov. 
Minister's Wooing. 1859. Nov. 
Pearl of Orr's Island, 1862 ; pr. 
Sunny Memories, etc., 1654; pr. 
Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852. Nov. 
Swift (Jonathan), 1667-1745. 

Arguments for the Abolition of Christianity, 

1708. Sat.; pr. 
Battle of the Books, 1704. A burlesque Alleg. ; 

pr. 
Cadenus and Vanessa, 1713. Iamb. ; 8s, rh. 
City Shower (Description of a), 1710. H.M. ; rh. 



Draper's Letters, 1724. (Against Wood's 

halfpence and farthings) ; pr. 
Gulliver's Travels, 1727. Tales; pr. 
Polite Conversation, 1736; pr. 
Predictions, 1708 (Ajt.it d' esprit under :ho 

pseudonym of Isaac Bickerstaff). 
(26) Riddles. 1724: p.; 8s. 
Stella (Tu), 1720-26 (Birthday Ode oach yea*) 

Iamb. ; BB. 
Tale of a Tub, 1704. Sat. in pr. on Calvin, 

Luther, and the pope. 
SwiKBCBKE (Algernon p.), 1837- 
Poems and Ballads, 1666 ; d.m. 

Tales of the Genii, by sir Clms.Morell (the 
pseudonym of Rev. James Ridley), 1764; pr. 
Tann.wull (Robe,n, 1774-1810 (Scotch poet). 

Flower of Dumblane {The), 1807. Song; 8 line 
•St. ; Alex.; alt.rb. 
Tennyson (Alfred), 1*09- 

Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854. St. ; 7a. 

Dying Swan, 1830 (3 subdiYisions) ; d.m. 

Early Poems ; d.m. 

Enoch Aides, 1864, H.M. ; b.v. 

Hero and Leander, 1830. 

(7) Idylls ot the King, 1858-59. H.M. ; b.v. 

In Memoriam, 1650(131 subdivisions); 4 fine 
St.; Bs, rh. 1.4.2.3. 

Lady Clara VeredeVere, 1833 ; 8 line St ; 8s, rh. 

Lilian, 1830. 

Lockstey Hall, 1633 ; 2 line St. ; 15s, rh. 

Lotus-Eater, 1633. H.M.; rh. 

Mariana, 1>30 (2 pts.). 

Maud, 1855 (3 pts.) ; d.m. 

Mermaid, 1630 ; d.m. 

Miller's Daughter, 1833 ; 8 line St. ; 8a, alt.rh. 

riana, 1630. Bal. 

Princess (Tfo ), 1630 (7 pts.). H.M. ; b.v. 

Revenge (The), 1876. Naval song. 

Siege of Lucknow, 1^79. 

Wellington (Death of the Duke of), 1852. Ode. 
(For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
Thackeray ( William. MaLepea e), loll-l«63. 

Adventures of Philip, 1861. Nov. 

Barry Lynd< n, 1653. Nov. 

Book (f Snobs, 1846; pr. 

English Humourists, 1653; pr. 

Esmond, 1852. Nov. 

Four Georges, 1860. Lectures ; pr. 

Newcomes, 1855. Nov. 

Pendennis, 1850. Nov. 

Vanity Fair, 1646-48. Nov. 

Virginians, 1859. Nov. 
Thompson (Will ia m), 1738-1766. 

Sickness, 1746 ; p. 
Thomson (Alexander). 1762-1803. 

Paradise of Taste, 1790 (5 cant) ; d.m. 
Thomson (James), 1700-1748. 

Autumn, 1730. Des.Pm. ; H.M.; b.v. 

Britannia, 1734. H.M. ; b.v. 

Castle of Indolence, 1748 (2 cant.). Sp.m. 

Liberty, 1735 (5 pts.). H.M. ; b.v. (Thought 
by Thomson himself to be his best poem.) 

Rule Britannia, 1740. Song; Iamb. ; 8s ; 4 line 
St., with 2 of chorus Troch. (Written for 
the masque called Alfred.) 

Seasons (complete), 1730. 

Spring, 1728. Des.Pm. ; H.M. ; b.v. 

Summer, 1727. Des.Pm.: H.M.; b.v. 

Winter, 1726. Des.Pm.; H.M.; b.v. 
(For his dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 



1168 



APPENDIX II. 



TlCKELL (Thomas), 1686-1740. 
Colin and Lucy, about 1720. Bal. ; 8 line St. ; 
Iamb.; 8.6. (Gray calls it " the prettiest in 
the world.") 
EJegy on Addison, 1719. H.M.; rh. (Dr. 
Johnson says, " A more sublime and elegant 
funeral poem is not to be found. . .") 
Imitation of the prophecy of Nereus, 1715. 
(On the Jacobite outbreak.) Iamb. ; 8s, rh. 
Kensington Garden, about 1730. A Rom. in 
v.; ELM.; rh. (He also translated bk. I. 
of Homer's Iliad, which many prefer to 
Pope's version.) 
Tom and Jerry, by Pierce Egan, 1821-22 ; 8s. 
Turkish Spy, by John Paul Marana, 1637- 

82 ; pr. (See " English Spy.") 
Tussek (Thomas), 1515-1580. 

Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, 

1557 (57 chap.). D.Pm. ; d.m. 
Points of Housewifery, about 1563. D.Pm.; d.m. 

Valentine and Orson, 15th cent. ; pr. 
Vaux (Thomas, lord), 1510-1557. 
" 1 Loath that I did Love," 1550 ; 4 line St. ; 
6.6.8.6, alt.rh. (This poem is very interest- 
ing, because the Gravedigger in Hamlet 
quotes it : 

A pickaxe and a spade, 

And eke a shrouding sheet, 
A house of clay for to be made 
For such a guest most meet.) 

Wace (Robert), about 1090-1183. 

Brut d'Angleten-e(Anglo-Norman Rom., 1155). 

Hist.Rom. in v. ; 8s. 
Roman de Rou (i.e. Rollo), 1170 (2 pts.). (The 

dukes of Normandy to 1170) ; pt. i. Alex. ; 

pt. ii. 8s. 
Waller (Edmund), 1605-1687. 

Divine Love, 1685 (6 cant.). H.M. ; rh. 
Fear of God, 1686 (2 cant). H.M. ; rh. 
Instructions to a l'ainter, 1665. H.M. ; rh. 
Invasion and Defeat of the Turks, 1683. 

H.M.; rh. 
To My Lord Protector, 1656. Panegyric ; 4 

lino St. ; H.M.; rh. 
To the King (Charles II.), on His Restoration, 

1660. H.M.; rh. 
Welcome to the Prince of Orange, 1677 ; 4 line 

St. ; 8s, alt.rh. 
Wakken (Samuel), 1807- 
Diavy of a Late Physician, 1830 ; pr. 
Lily and the Bee, 1851. 
Now and Then, * Nov. 
Ten Thousand a Year, 1839-41. Nov. 
Wauton (Thomas), 1728-1790. 
History of English Poetry, vol. i. 1774, ii. 

17.78, iii. 1781; pr. 
Triumph oi' lsis, 1749. (A poetic reply t> 

Mason.) H.M.; rh. 
Watts (Isaac), 1674-1748. 
Divine Songs, 1726; d.m. 
Hora? Lyrics, 1706; d.m. 
Hymns, 1707 ; d.m. 
Logic, 1725; pr. 
Moral Songs, 1730; d.m. 
Palinode (;t), 1721; 8s, rh. 
Psalms of David, 17 19; d.m. 
WEBSTER (Rev. W.), 1827- 
Basque Legends, 1877 ; pr. 
Basque Poetry, 1875. 



West (Dr. Gilbert), 1706-1756. 

Pindar's Odes translated, 1749. Pn. 
Wilkie (William), 1721-1772 (Scotch poet). 

Epigoniad, 1753. (Called the Scotch Iliad.) 
Ep. ; H.M. ; rh. 
Willis {Nathaniel P.), 1807-1867 (poet). 

Absalom, 1846. 

Hagar, 1846. 

I^per (The), 1846. 
Wokdswokth (William), 1770-1850. 

Descriptive Sketches in Verse, 1793. H.M. ; rh. 

Ecclesiastical Sketches, 1822 (3 pts.). Sonnets. 

Evening Walk, 1793. H.M. ; rh. 

Excursion, 1814 (9 bks.). D.Pm.; H.M. ; Kv. 

Goody Blake and Harry Gill, 1798. Bal.; 8 
line St. ; 9.8. 

Idiot Boy (The), 1819 ; 5 line St. ; 8.6. 

Lyrical Ballads, 1798 ; d.m. 

Memorials of a Tour in Scotland, 1803, 1814 ; 
d.m. 

Memorials of a Tour on the Continent, 1820; 
d.m. 

Ode, 1803-6. 

Pet Lamb (The), 1793. Past.Bal. ; Alex. 

Peter Bell, 1819 (3 pts.) ; 5 line St. ; 8s. 

Prelude, 1850. 

Sonnets to Liberty, 1802-16. 

Waggoner (The), 1819 (4 cant.); 8s. 

We are Seven, 1793. Bal. ; 8.7. 

White Doe of Rhylstone, 1815 (7 cant.); 8s. 
The poems of Wordsworth are arranged 

thus : — 

1. Poems referring to the period of Child- 

hood (15). 

2. Juvenile pieces (4). 

3. Poems of the Imagination (31). 

4. Miscellaneous Sonnets (93). 

5. Memorials of a Tour in Scotland, 1803 (1 5). 

6. „ „ „ „ 1814 (4). 

7. Poems on the Naming of Places (6). 

8. Inscriptions (13). 

9. Sonnets to Liberty (25). 

10. Odes (44). 

11. Memorials of a Tour on the Continent (36). 

12. Ecclesiasticd Sketches, pt. i. (37), ii. (36), 

iii. (33). 

13. The River Duddon Sonnets (35). 

14. Poems of Sentiment and Affection (35). 

15. Poems referring to the period of Old Age 

(5). 

16. Epitaphs and Elegiac Poems (14). 

17. The Waggoner. 

18. Peter Bell. 

19. The White Doe. 

20. The Excursion. 

Young (Edivard), 1684- 1765. 

Centaur not Fabulous (The), 1754; pr. 
Death of Queen Anne, 1714. H.M. ; rh. 
Epistle to Lord Lansdowne, 1712. H.M. ; rh. 
(2) Epistles to Pope, 1730. H.M.; rh. 
Force of Religion or Vanquished Ixrve, 1715. 

(On the execution of lady Jane Grey.) H.M. ; 
rh. 
Imperium Pelagi, 1729. A naval lyric (5 

strains); 6 line St.; 8.10. 
Last Day, 1713. H.M. ; rh. 
Night Thoughts, 1742-46(9 nights). H.M.; b.v. 
Resignation, 1701 (2 pts.); 4 line St. ; 8.6. 
Universal Passion (The). Sat. (By this he 

realized above £3000.) 



DATES OF POEMS AND NOVELS. 



1109 



FOREIGN. 

.ZEsop, Fables, about B.C. 570. GreeTc Ep. ; Hex. 
Amadis de Gaul, b gun by Vasco de Lobeira, 

14th cent. ; finished by sundry hands, 15th 

cent. Old French pr. 
Arabian Nigrhts, first published in Paris 

by Antony Galland, 1704-17. The best are 

Indian; the sentimental love tales are 

Persian; the witty, comical ones are Arabic. 

Arabic pr. tales. 
Argonauts {Tlie), by Apollonius Rhodius, 

about b.c. 200 (4 bks). Greek Ep. ; Hex. 

Translated into English by Fawkes and 

Green, 1780; and in English verse by W. 

Preston 1803. H.M. ; rh. 

Chinese; Tales, by Gueulette, 1723. French pr. 

Chrestien de Troyes, the Chevalier au 
Lion, Chevalier de l'Epee, Sir Lancelot du 
Lac, in metrical French (before 1200). 

Chronicles of Albericus Trium Fontium, 1242. 
Ixitin pr. 

Cid {The), 1040-1099. The Spanish Chronicle of 
the Cid, 13th cent., first printed in 1541, and 
a second by Medina del Campo, in 1552. 
The Spanish Poem of the Cid dates from 
1207, and 102 ballads on the Cid in Spanish 
were published in 1615. Southey published 
an excellent Knglish Chronicle in 1808. 
Lockhart has rendered eight of them into 
English ballads; and George Dennis has 
strung together, in pros'' and verse, a con- 
nected tale of the great Spanish hero, 1845. 
(The Cid, in Spanish romance, occupies the 
same position as Arthur in English story, 
Charlemagne in French, and Theodorick in 
German.) 

Contes de Fees, by Claude Perrault, 1697. 
French pr. fairy tales. 

Creation or La Premiere Semaine, by Du 
Bartas, about 1570. French Ep.; H.M. 
English version by Joshua Sylvester, 1605. 

Decamebon, by Boccaccio, 1350. Italian pr. 

tales. An English version by G. Standfast, 

and by many others. 
Diable Boiteux (Devil on Two Sticks), by 

Lesage, 1707. French pr. tale. 
Divina Comedia, by Dante : Inferno 1300, Pur- 
gatory 1308, Paradise 1311. Italian Ep. 

poems. English translations by lioyd, 1785 ; 

Cary, 1814, b.v. ; Wright, 1833, triple rh. ; 

Caley, 1851-55, ter.rh. ; Pollock, 1854, b.v. ; 

etc. 
Don Quixote, by Cervantes, pt. I. 1605, II. 

1615. Sjxinish Nov. English versions by 

Durfey, Jarvis, Motteux, Skelton, Smollett 

1755, Wilmot, etc All in pr. 

Fables, by Lafontaine, 1668. French; d.m. 
Fairy Tales, by la comtesse D'Aunoy, 1682. 
French pr. 

Gargantua, by Rabelais, 1533. French Nov. 

English version by Urquhart and Motteux, 

1653. 
Gil Blas, by Lesage, bks. i.-iii. 1715, iv.-vi. 

1724, vii.-xii. 1735. French Nov. English 

version by Smollett ; pr. 



Goblin Stories, by the brothers Grimm, 1812. 

German pr. 
Goethe, 1?49-1832 {German). 
Achilliad {The), about 1800. 
Farbenlehre, 1810. 

Hermann and Dorothea, 1797. Poem. 
Metamorphosis of Plants, 1790. Es. 
Werther, 1774. Rom. 

Wilhelm Mei&ter,pt. i. 1794-96, ii. 1821. Rom. 
(For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
Gulistan {Garden of Hoses), by Saadi, 13th 
cent. Persian p. 

Henrtade, by Voltaire, 1724 (10 chants). 

French Ep. ; rh. 
Herbelot (//), Bibliotheque Orientate, an 

Oriental Miscellany, 1697. French pr. 
Hitopadesa, an epitome of the Pancha Tantra, 

5th cent. B.C. Hindu. 
Homer, Iliad (24 bks.), composed in the prime 

of his life, about b.c. 962. Greek Ep. ; Hex. 
Odyssey (24 bks.), composed in maturer age, 

about B.C. 927. Gre>-k Ep. ; Hex. 
These poems were first reduced to writing by 

Pisistratos of Athens, b.c. 531. English 

versions by Chapman, Alex., Iliad 1603, 

Odyssey 1614; Cowper, H.M., b.v., 1791; 

Pope, H.M., rh., Iliad 1719, Odyssey 1725; 

lord Derby, Iliad 1864 ; Worsley, Odyssey, 

Sp.m., 1861 ; etc., etc. 

Jerusalem Delivebed, by Tasso, 1575. Italian 
Ep. English version by Hoole ; H.M. ; rh. ; 
1762. 

IiOkrnan, Fables, contemporary with David 
and Solomon. Arabian ; d.m. 

,. Portu- 
„j Fanshawe, 
1655 ; and by Mickle, H.M., rh., 1775. 

Messiah, by Klopstock, bks. i.-iii. 1748, iv.-xv. 
1771. German Ep. There are English ver- 
sions both in pr and v. 

Metamorphoses, about a.d. 6, Ovid (in 15 
bks.). Latin; Hex. English version by 
Dr. Garth, assisted by Dryden, Congreve, 
Rowe, and several others, 1716. H.M. ; rh. 

Moral Tales, by Marmontel, 1761. French^x. 

Nibeltjngen Lied, 1210 (in 39 adventures). 
From Snorro Sturleson's Edda. Old Ger- 
man Ep. Transplanted into Germany by 
the minnesingers. English version by 
Lettsom, 1850 ; Alex. 

Oriental Tales, by comte de Caylus, 1740. 
French pr. 

Orlando Flrioso, by Ariosto, 1516. Italian 
Rom. ; p. English version by Harrington, 
1634; an abridged version by Hoole, H.M., 
rh., 1783; and a third by W. S. Rose, 1823 
(unabridged). 

Orlando Innamorato, by Bojardo, 1495 (in 3 
bks., unfinished). Italian Rom. ; p. Three 
more books were added, in 1531, by Agos- 
tini; and the whole was remodelled by 
Berni. 

Pancha Tantra, a collection of Hindu fables, 

6th cent. B.C. Hindu. 
Pantagruel, by Rabelais, 1545. French Nov. 

4 F 



ilUU OUIUUIUII, -rt / U,U IVLIl , U.UI. 

Lusiad, by Camoens, 1572 (in 10 bks.). 
guese Ep. English versions by F 

i<?rr . 1 U,. ivr:„i.i„ II HI _u ■■* 



1170 



APPENDIX II. 



English version by Urquhart and Motteux, 

1653. 
Paul and Virginia, by St. Pierre, 1788. French 

tale ; pr. 
Pheedrus, Fables, about a.d. 25, chiefly from 

jEsop. Latin v. 
Pharsalta {The), by Lucan, about a.d. 60 (in 

10 bks.). Latin Ep. ; Hex. English version 

by Rowe, 1729 ; and a literal translation by 

Riley, in Bohn's series. 
Pilpay, Fables, compiled from the Pancha 

Tantra and other sources, 4th cent. B.C. 

Indian. 
Pliny, Natural History, about a.d. 77. Latin 

pr. English version by Bostock and Riley, 

in Bohn's series. 
Plutarch, Parallel Lives, about a.d. 110-13. 

Greek pr. English version by Langhorne, 

1771; another by Dryden and others, re- 
edited by Clough. All in pr. 

Reynard the Fox, 1498. German pr. 

Romance of the Rosrc, by Guillaume de Lorris, 
13th cent. Continuation by Jean de Meung, 
14th cent. French Rom. ; p. English 
poetic version by Chaucer, in 8 syl. v., about 
1360. 



Telemachcs, by Fenelon, 1700 (in 24 bks.). 

French pr. Ep. English version by Dr. 

Hawkesworth, 1810; pr. 
Thkbaid, by Statius, about a.d. 86 (in 12 bks.) 

Latin Ep. ; Hex. An English version by 

Pope, Stephens, Lewis, and Howard. 

H.M.; rh. 

Undine, by De la Motte Fouque, 1813. An Eng- 
lish version was published by Routledge 
and Sons, in 1875. 

Victor Hugro, 1802- (French poet and 
novelist). 

Autumn Leaves, 1832 ; p. 

La^-t Days of a Condemned Criminal, 1829. 

Miserables (Les), 1862. Nov. 

Notre Dame de Paris, 1831. Nov. 

Odes and Ballads, vol. i. 1822, ii. 1826 ; d.m. 

Orien tales (Les), 1828. 

Travailleurs de la Mer, 1866. 
(For dramatic pieces, see Appendix I.) 
Virgil, iEneid (in 12 bks.), B.C. 27-20. Latin 
Ep.; Hex. English version by Dryden, 
H.M., rh., 1697; another by Conington, 
1866 ; and one in literal pr. by Davidson, in 
Bohn's series. 



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